Transcriber’s Note: Italic text is enclosed in _underscores_.




SNIPING IN FRANCE




_By the Same Author._


  WHERE BLACK RULES WHITE--HAYTI
  THROUGH THE HEART OF PATAGONIA
  HUNTING CAMPS IN WOOD AND WILDERNESS
  THROUGH TRACKLESS LABRADOR

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

The Sniper-Observer-Scout.]




  SNIPING IN FRANCE

  With Notes on the Scientific Training of
  Scouts, Observers, and Snipers


  BY
  MAJOR H. HESKETH-PRICHARD
  D.S.O., M.C.

  _WITH A FOREWORD_
  BY
  GENERAL LORD HORNE OF STIRKOKE
  G.C.B., K.C.M.G., etc.


  _Illustrations by ERNEST BLAIKLEY, Artists’
  Rifles, late Sergeant-Instructor at the First
  Army School of S.O.S., the late Lieut. B. Head,
  The Hertfordshire Regt., and from Photographs._


  _NEW YORK_:
  _E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY
  681, FIFTH AVENUE_




_Printed in Great Britain._




FOREWORD

BY GENERAL LORD HORNE, G.C.B.


It may fairly be claimed that when hostilities ceased on November 11th,
1918, we had outplayed Germany at all points of the game.

Perhaps as a nation we failed in imagination. Possibly Germany was
more quick to initiate new methods of warfare or to adapt her existing
methods to meet prevailing conditions. Certainly we were slow to adopt,
indeed, our souls abhorred, anything unsportsmanlike.

Had it been left to us, “Gas” would have taken no part in the Great
European War.

But, however lacking in imagination, however slow to realize the
importance of novel methods, once we were convinced of their necessity,
once we decided to adopt them, we managed by a combination of brains
and energy, pluck and endurance, not only to make up the lost ground,
but to take the lead in the race. In proof of this statement I would
instance Heavy Field Artillery, High Explosives, Gas, Work in the Air,
etc., and many other points I could mention in which Germany started
ahead of us, including Sniping, Observation and Scouting.

And for our eventual superiority we owe much to individuals, men who,
like the author of this book, Major Hesketh-Prichard, combined expert
knowledge with untiring energy, men who would not be denied and could
not recognize defeat.

In the early days of 1915, in command of the 2nd Division, I well
remember the ever-increasing activity of the German sniper and the
annoyance of our officers and men in the trenches. I can recall the
acquisition by the Guards’ Brigade, then in the Brickfields of Cuinchy
with Lord Cavan as Brigadier, of two rifles fitted with telescopic
sights and the good use made of them. It was the experience of 1915
that impressed upon us the necessity of fighting for superiority in all
branches of trench warfare, amongst which sniping held an important
position. It was therefore a great satisfaction to me upon my arrival
from the battlefields of the Somme in the autumn of 1916 to find
Major Hesketh-Prichard’s School firmly established in the First Army
area, thanks in a great measure to the support and encouragement of
Lieut.-General Sir Richard Haking, the Commander of the Eleventh Corps.

From that time onwards, owing chiefly to the energy, enthusiasm, tact
and personality of its Commandant, the influence of the Sniping,
Observation and Scouting School spread rapidly throughout the British
Forces in France. Of its ups and downs, of its troubles and its
successes, and of its ultimate triumph, Major Hesketh-Prichard tells
the tale with modesty typical of the man.

I may be permitted to add my testimony that in each phase of the war,
not only in the trenches, but in the field, we found the value of the
trained sniper, observer and scout.

This book is not only a record of a successful system of training,
valuable as such to us soldiers, but also will be found to be full of
interest to the general reader.




CONTENTS


  CHAP.                                                             PAGE

     I.--THE GENESIS OF SNIPING                                        1

    II.--THE SNIPER IN THE TRENCHES                                   25

   III.--EARLY DAYS WITH THE XI. CORPS AND FIRST ARMY                 56

    IV.--THE FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF SCOUTING, OBSERVATION AND
           SNIPING                                                    71

     V.--SOME SNIPING MEMORIES                                        94

    VI.--AN OBSERVER’S MEMORIES                                      114

   VII.--THE CURRICULUM AND WORK AT FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.      144

  VIII.--WILIBALD THE HUN                                            164

    IX.--THE CAT                                                     176

     X.--THE TRAINING OF THE PORTUGUESE                              184

    XI.--THE MODERN SCOUT                                            191


  APPENDICES

  APPENDIX A.--PROGRAMME FOR TRAINING OBSERVERS                      211

  APPENDIX B.--GENERAL COURSE AT FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.         214

  APPENDIX C.--I. CARE OF ARMS, GROUPING AND RANGE PRACTICES         222

               II. PATROLLING AND SCOUTING                           232

               III. THE STALKING TELESCOPE                           239

               IV. FRONT LINE OBSERVATION AND REPORTS                246

               V. SOME USES OF SCOUTS, OBSERVERS AND SNIPERS IN
                 ATTACK AND DEFENCE AND OPEN WARFARE                 253

               VI. THE ENFIELD 1914 PATTERN “SNIPER’S RIFLE”         259




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


  The Sniper-Observer-Scout                               _Frontispiece_

  The Sniper’s End                                        _Facing p._ 28

  Examination of a German Prisoner                                    30

  Outside the Snipers’ Post.--“Shut the loopholes. I’m coming in”
                                                                      38

  Telescopic Sights. “Nurse your Target.” 1. “Not yet.” 2. “Now!”
                                                                      44

  Spotting the Enemy Sniper                                           46

  XI Corps Sniping School. Imitation German Trench used for
    spotting targets, etc.                                            64

  Method of inserting Loophole. 1. Original Section of Parapet;
    2. How bags are arranged and fixed round loophole to imitate
    original parapet (Gray’s Boards.); 3. Parapet reconstructed
    with loophole                                                     64

  XI Corps Sniping School. Showing the best form of parapet to
    conceal loopholes, and the wrong type of parapet for concealing
    snipers’ loopholes                                                66

  Section of typical German Parapet. Showing concealed loopholes
    made through tins, bags, etc.                                     66

  First Army School of S.O.S.                                         72

  First Army School of S.O.S. No. 1. Flat Parapet. The easiest
    possible form of parapet to spot movement behind--practically a
    death-trap                                                        74

  First Army School of S.O.S. No. 2. Same parapet as in No. 1 after
    five minutes’ alteration                                          76

  First Army School of S.O.S. Sniper’s Robe on a 6ft. 4in. man in
    the open                                                          88

  Find the Sniper. (The flat cap gives him away)                      92

  Find the Sniper (Look for the rifle barrel)                         94

  Telescopic Sights. With Periscopic Prism--Aldis. With Winchester.
    With German telescopic sight (showing use at night)               98

  Inside the Observation Post                                        122

  Lovat Scouts: Battle observers                                     126

  The Fatal Cap                                                      142

  First Army School of S.O.S. Comparison of sniper’s robe as
    opposed to ordinary kit firing over a turnip heap                144

  First Army School of S.O.S. Typical German Loophole Disguises in
    Earth Parapet                                                    148

  1. There are two snipers here--one in uniform and one in a
    “sniper’s robe”                                                  150

  2. A contrast showing the drawbacks of uniform and a “correct”
    position                                                         152

  First Army School S.O.S. Showing effects and importance of light
    and shade                                                        156

  Night-work in No Man’s Land                                        194




SNIPING IN FRANCE




CHAPTER I

THE GENESIS OF SNIPING


Readers of this book must realize the necessarily very narrow and
circumscribed point of view from which it is written. It is simply an
account of some memories of sniping, observation and scouting in France
and Flanders, and its purpose is to preserve, as far as may be, in
some form the work and training of a class of officers and men whose
duties became ever more important as the war progressed. It is in the
hope that the true value of sniping and scouting will continue to be
recognized in the future training of our armies, as it certainly was
recognized in the later years of the war, that this book is written.

The idea of organized sniping was not a new one to me when I went out
to France in May, 1915. I had been there before, in the previous March,
and had seen the immense advantages which had accrued to the Germans
through their superiority in trench warfare sniping.

It is difficult now to give the exact figures of our losses. Suffice it
to say that in early 1915 we lost eighteen men in a single battalion in
a single day to enemy snipers. Now if each battalion in the line killed
by sniping a single German in the day, the numbers would mount up. If
any one cares to do a mathematical sum, and to work out the number of
battalions we had in the line, they will be surprised at the figures,
and when they multiply these figures by thirty and look at the month’s
losses, they will find that in a war of attrition the sniper on this
count alone justifies his existence and wipes out large numbers of the
enemy.

But it is not only by the casualties that one can judge the value of
sniping. If your trench is dominated by enemy snipers, life in it is
really a very hard thing, and _moral_ must inevitably suffer. In many
parts of the line all through France and Belgium the enemy, who were
organized at a much earlier period than we, certainly did dominate us.
Each regiment and most soldiers who have been to France will remember
some particular spot where they will say the German sniping was more
deadly than elsewhere, but the truth of the matter is that in the
middle of 1915 we were undergoing almost everywhere a severe gruelling,
to say the least of it.

When I went out in May, 1915, I took with me several telescopic-sighted
rifles, which were either my own property or borrowed from friends. I
was at the time attached to the Intelligence Department as an officer
in charge of war-correspondents, and my work gave me ample opportunity
to visit all parts of the line. Whenever I went to the line I took
with me, if it was possible, a telescopic-sighted rifle, and I found
that both brigades and battalions were soon applying to me to lend
these rifles. In this way opportunities arose of visiting the line and
studying the sniping problem on the spot.

One day I remember I was going through the trenches in company with
the Australian Correspondent, Mr. Gullett, when we came to a very
smart notice board on which was painted the word “Sniper,” and also an
arrow pointing to the lair in which he lay. The sniper, however, was
not in the lair, but was shooting over the top of the parapet with a
telescopic-sighted rifle. These rifles were coming out from England at
that time in very small numbers, and were being issued to the troops.

I had for many years possessed telescope-sighted rifles, and had some
understanding of their manipulation as used in big-game shooting. In a
general way I could not help thinking that they were unsportsmanlike,
as they made shooting so very easy, but for shooting at rabbits with
a small-bore rifle, where you only wounded your rabbit unless you
hit him in the head, they were admirable and saved a great deal of
unnecessary suffering.

But to return to the sniper. Much interested, we asked him how he
liked his rifle, and he announced that he could put a shot through the
loophole of the iron shields in the German trenches “every time.” As
the German trenches were six hundred yards away, it seemed to me that
the sniper was optimistic, and we asked him if he would let us see
him shoot. I had with me a Ross glass which I always carried in the
trenches, and when the sniper shot I saw his bullet strike some six
feet to the left of the plate at which he was aiming. He, however, was
convinced from the sound that it had gone clean through the loophole!
He had another shot, and again struck well to the left. I had a look
at his sight, which was a tap-over fitting, and seeing that it was a
little out of alignment I questioned the sniper as to how much he knew
about his weapon. It is no exaggeration to say that his knowledge was
limited.

From this moment all telescope-sighted rifles became a matter of great
interest to me, and it was not long before I came to the conclusion
that about 80 per cent. were quite useless, much worse, in fact, than
the ordinary open sights, in the hands in which they were. The men
using them had in most cases hardly any knowledge of how their sights
were aligned. A tap or a knock and the rifle was straightway out of
shooting.

For the benefit of the untechnical reader it will be well here
to remark that if a telescopic sight set upon a 4-inch base is
one-hundredth of an inch out of its true alignment, it will shoot
incorrectly to the extent of 9 inches at 100 yards, and, of course, 18
inches at 200 yards, and 54 inches at 600 yards. The sights had been
issued without instruction, were often handed over as trench-stores,
and were served out by quartermaster-sergeants who very often looked on
them as egregious fads.

It seemed to me that here was something definite to go upon towards
that organization of sniping in which I so much desired to have a
hand. That evening I laid the matter before my Commanding Officer,
Lieut.-Colonel A.G. Stuart, of the 40th Pathans, than whom surely no
finer officer went to the war. He was killed in 1916 by a chance bullet
a mile behind the trenches, when he was serving near Ypres as G.S.O.1
to the 50th Division.

He listened with both sympathy and interest. “You say,” said he, “that
all or nearly all the telescope-sighted rifles you have seen are so
incorrect as to be worse than useless. Are you quite sure of this?”

“Quite sure,” said I. “And that is only one side of it. The men have
no idea of concealment, and many of them are easy targets to the Hun
snipers.”

“The proper authorities should move in the matter,” said Colonel Stuart.

“There don’t seem to be any proper authorities, sir. The officers know
no more than the men about these sights, and what I want to do is this:
If it is possible I should like to be appointed as sniping expert to
some unit. I believe I could save hundreds of lives even in a brigade
the way things are.”

Colonel Stuart said nothing, so I went on:

“Will you help me to get a job of this kind, sir? I am asking because
it seems absurd for a fellow like me who has spent years after big game
to let men go on being killed when I know perfectly well that I can
stop it.”

“Are you sure of that?”

“I am quite willing, sir, to go to any unit for a fortnight’s trial,
and if I do not make good, there will be no harm done.”

“Well,” said Colonel Stuart at length, “we will talk to people about it
and see what they say.”

After that, Colonel Stuart often questioned me, and I pointed out to
him our continued and heavy losses, the complete German superiority,
the necessity not only of a course of training but, more important
still, the selection of the right men to train and also their value
to Intelligence if provided with telescopes, and made a dozen other
suggestions, all very far-reaching.

When I look back now on these suggestions, which came from a very
amateur soldier of no military experience, I can only marvel at Colonel
Stuart’s patience; but he was not only patient, he was also most
helpful and sympathetic. Without him this very necessary reform might,
and probably would, have been strangled at birth, or would have only
come into the Army, if it had come at all, at a much later time.

Colonel Stuart not only allowed me to speak of my ideas to various
officers in high command, but even did so himself on my behalf. I was
amazed at the invariable kindness and courtesy that I met on every
hand. I used to introduce myself and say: “Sir, I hope you will forgive
me if I speak about a thing I am awfully keen on--sniping, sir. The
Huns got twelve of the Blankshires in this Division on their last tour
of duty, and I think we could easily beat them at this if we had proper
training and organization.” And then I would lay out my plans.

But, though people listened, there were immense difficulties in the
way, and these might never have been surmounted, although quite a
number of Corps and Divisional G.O.C.’s had said to me: “If you can get
away from your job at G.H.Q., come here and be our sniping expert. We
shall be very glad to have you.”

Still, as I say, there is a thing in the Army called “Establishment,”
and there was no Establishment for a sniping officer, and if the matter
were put through the War Office it would probably take some months, I
knew, to obtain an establishment. Colonel Stuart, however, once I had
convinced him, backed me up in every possible way, going to see the
M.G.G.S., Third Army, Major-General Sir A.L. Lynden-Bell, who was in
full sympathy with the idea. It was thus that the matter was mentioned
to Sir Charles Monro, commanding the Third Army, and Colonel Stuart
arranged with Brigadier-General MacDonogh, now Lieut.-General Sir
George MacDonogh, who was then in command of the Intelligence Corps, to
allow me to serve with the Third Army as sniping expert.

John Buchan,[A] who was at that time the _Times_ correspondent on the
Western Front, also gave the idea great encouragement. He had seen for
himself the awful casualties that we were suffering, and considered the
scheme which I laid out to be a sound one.

    [A] Afterwards Lieut.-Col. John Buchan, Director of Information.

Sir Charles Monro, in talking over the matter, made a remark which I
have always remembered.

“It is not,” he said, “only that a good shot strengthens his unit,
but he adds to its _moral_--he raises the _moral_ of his comrades--it
raises the _moral_ of the whole unit to know that it contains several
first-class shots.”

These are not the exact words which Sir Charles used, but they are as
near them as I can remember.

       *       *       *       *       *

Now that I had got my chance I was at first extremely happy, but
later, as I could not go to my new work at once, I became a little
nervous of failure, and pictured myself unsuccessful in my attempt to
dominate the German snipers. I began to wish that I had gone to my work
a month earlier, for when the Third Army took over from the French, the
Germans offered any amount of targets, whereas I now heard that they
were becoming more cautious. I, therefore, cast about for some way in
which I might hope to make certain of success, and to this end, having
conceived a plan, I went down to Neuve Chapelle, where my friend,
Captain A.C. Gathorne-Hardy, 9th Scottish Rifles, since killed at Loos
leading his men and within ten yards of the German wire, was in the
line. We obtained from the old German trenches a number of the large
steel plates from behind which the German snipers were wont to shoot,
and these I took home with me to England, for I had obtained a week’s
leave before taking up my new duties.

I proceeded to try on these plates all kinds of rifles, from the
Jeffreys high velocity .333 to heavy elephant guns of various bores,
and was delighted to find that the bullets from the .333, as well as
the elephant guns, pierced them like butter. Here, again, Colonel John
Buchan came to my assistance, and obtained for me a fund, to which Lord
Haldane, Lord Glenconner and Lord Finlay kindly contributed the money,
and which enabled me to purchase the necessary rifles. Later on, Mr.
St. Loe Strachey, the editor of _The Spectator_, continued to keep up
my fund, which really was of incalculable value to us, and out of which
everything from dummy heads purchased at Clarkson’s to football jerseys
for the splendidly-appointed Sniping School, which finally eventuated,
were purchased.

At length I was free of my work at G.H.Q., and went down to the Third
Army, where I was attached to the 7th Corps, the 4th Division, and the
10th and 12th Infantry Brigades.

It would be out of place to describe in detail the days that followed.
Suffice it to say that very early in the proceedings it became clear
that snipers must always work in pairs, one man shooting and one man
finding the targets with the telescope. The regulation issue of the
latter was at the time, I think, about eight telescopes per battalion,
and these were used by the Signallers, but Lord Roberts’ Fund,
administered with extraordinary energy by Mr. Penoyre, came to the
rescue, and soon a certain number of telescopes dribbled down into the
4th Division line. As to the heavy and armour-piercing rifles, they did
their work exceedingly well, and no doubt caused a great surprise to
the enemy.

One day I obtained leave to go to Amiens, where I visited the French
Camouflage Works, and found to my delight that they had made a number
of papier-mâché models of the heads and shoulders of British soldiers.
Of these I was able to purchase a large quantity, and had no longer
any need to buy in London, where the heads were rather theatrical
properties than the real thing. The uses to which the heads were put
were varied. They were, in these early days before they were too much
advertised (for they afterwards became an issue in our Army), most
useful in getting the enemy to give a target. It was also possible, by
showing very skilfully the heads of Sikhs or Ghurkas in different parts
of the line, to give the German Intelligence the impression that we
were holding our line with Indian troops, and I have no doubt they were
considerably worried to account for these movements.

One day I received orders from Army Headquarters telling me that
Colonel Langford Lloyd, D.S.O., had now started a telescopic-sight
school in the 10th Corps area, and ordering me to go there and to
collaborate with Colonel Lloyd in a book upon sniping and telescopic
sights. I went and found a splendid school running, in which the
instruction in telescopic sights was rapidly correcting these rifles in
the 10th Corps.

I had the opportunity at Colonel Lloyd’s school of learning a great
deal that I did not know about telescopic sights, and many other
matters in which Colonel Lloyd is a past master. He listened with great
interest to the various ruses, of which there was now quite a long
list, that we had employed in the trenches.

We wrote our pamphlet on sniping and telescopic sights, a pamphlet
which, owing to a change in the Army Command, was never published, and
shortly after my visit to Colonel Lloyd I received the intimation that
my trial time with the Third Army had been successful, and that steps
would now be taken to get me placed permanently upon its strength. In
the meantime, I went from brigade to brigade, burning with eagerness
to make organized sniping a definite fact. The instruction took place
both in and out of the trenches, and during the course of it we had
many interesting experiences. As soon as people began to talk about
sniping as a new and interesting subject, our arrival in the trenches
became rather trying, as we were certainly looked upon as something in
the light of performing animals who would give some kind of a show of
greater or less interest. But the Higher Command soon put a stop to
this, and thence-forward we were allowed to plough our lonely furrow.

It would be difficult to describe the various days spent in the
trenches, or the duels that took place there; but each one threw fresh
light upon sniping and showed the enormous extent to which it might be
developed. I will make some reference to these days in later chapters.

As I have stated, snipers always worked in pairs, one observing, the
other shooting, and soon we found that the notes kept by the observer
were invaluable from an Intelligence point of view. If a line was
well covered with snipers’ posts, nothing could happen in the enemy
line without our snipers’ observers reporting it--no work could be
done, no alteration in the parapet made. Successful observation was,
in my experience, first obtained in the 10th Brigade, commanded by
Brigadier-General Hull,[B] by the 2nd Seaforth Highlanders. They had an
extraordinarily keen Commanding Officer, who provided his men with good
telescopes.

    [B] Afterwards Major-General Sir A. Hull, K.C.B.

We now began all through the 7th Corps to start sniping sections
consisting of trained snipers and observers, and the success of the
movement grew very rapidly. The German began to cower in his trenches,
and as time wore on our casualties grew less and less. My life at this
time was an extraordinarily interesting and strenuous one. Moving
from brigade to brigade, I would often find splendid arrangements
for testing the telescopic sights, and as often none at all. A horse
before breakfast, on which I would set forth to find a range, followed
by an hour in the Pioneer’s shop, pasting up targets made out of old
_Daily Mails_ on to frames--the snipers of the brigade paraded at nine
o’clock, the march to the improvised range, shooting the telescopic
sights at the target, and after dark a lecture in some barn, was often
the order of the day.

I think in these early days that I was exceedingly fortunate in having
something definite to show. The telescopic sights were often very much
out of shooting, and no one understood the cure. I think many thought
for the first time that there was something in this sniping movement
when a sniper missed the target three times running at 70 yards, and a
little later, after his rifle had been manipulated, scored three bulls
on end.

One thing that struck me was the extraordinary interest taken by all
Brigade Commanders in every detail of the work. I do not say, nor do
I think, that at the beginning they looked on my coming with unmixed
favour. Once I walked into a Brigade Headquarters, and while waiting in
the passage heard a voice say:

“Who is this blighter who is coming?” And then someone gave my name.
Then a voice said: “Plays cricket, doesn’t he?”

I could not help laughing, but as I say, in the very early days every
Brigade Major and G.O.C. had to be converted to a belief in sniping.
Often and often the Brigade Commanders would spend hours on the first
day at the range, and I think that without exception when they saw the
incorrect rifles being made correct, they once and for all decided in
my favour. On my second visit to these Brigades, I was almost always
made the guest of the Brigadier-General and received with a kindness so
great as to be really overwhelming. Things, in fact, were going very
well indeed for the work which one hoped would soon spread through the
whole B.E.F., for to my delight one day I received a letter from Major
Collins, then G.S.O.2 to the Second Army, whom I had informed of my
appointment as sniping expert, to say that General Plumer was starting
an Army Sniping School in the Second Army, and asking for any notes I
might have.

But one morning while shooting on the range I heard that Sir Charles
Monro and his staff had gone to Gallipoli. I had been so keen on
my work that I had not pushed the matter of getting my appointment
regularized, but now I realized that its tenure might become very
insecure. Indeed, as a matter of fact when I did raise the question
I was informed by G.H.Q. that if I did not keep quiet I should be
recalled.

In 1915, the Third Army was far and away the best sniping Army in
France. There was hardly an incorrect sight in the 10th or 7th Corps,
and scores of officers and hundreds of men had been through courses
at Colonel Lloyd’s 10th Corps School, or with me. It was while I was
with one of the Infantry Brigades of the 37th Division that I received
a letter which gave me immense pleasure. It was to the effect that
Lieut.-General Haking, the Corps Commander of the 11th Corps in the
First Army, wished to borrow me, so that I might lecture on sniping to
his Corps, and go through their telescopic sights. Here was a splendid
chance of carrying the work outside my own Army.

About this time I was attached to the Third Army Infantry School, then
just formed under its first and very capable Commandant, Brig.-General
R.J. Kentish, D.S.O. I lectured there on sniping and started a range
and demonstrations, but I found myself lecturing to Company Commanders,
whereas I ought to have been doing so to sniping officers, in order
to get the best results. The Company Commanders liked, or appeared to
like, the lectures, but, in the Army phrase, it was “not their pidgin,”
and I soon felt that I should do better work nearer the line.

From the school, however, I journeyed up into the First Army area,
and went through the sights and fulfilled my engagement with the 11th
Corps. I think these days as the guest of the various Corps Commanders
of the First Army--for I was passed on from the 11th Corps to the 3rd,
and from the 3rd to the 1st--were the best days I had in France, for
the extraordinary keenness in the First Army was very marked. It was
here that I had to go through the ordeal of having to lecture to the
Guards Divisional Staff and Snipers at nine o’clock in the morning.
In lecturing, even on an interesting subject like sniping, it has
always seemed to me much easier to be successful in a warm room at five
o’clock rather than in a cold one at nine.

After finishing with the First Army and correcting some 250 telescopic
sights, I went back to the Third Army Infantry School. Here I found
that the Army Commander of the Third Army, Sir E. H. H. Allenby, had
applied for my services for the Third Army, and had received the reply
that these could be granted provided I relinquished the staff pay I
was receiving and was willing to accept instead the lower rate of an
Infantry Captain. This, of course, I agreed to do. Evidently, however,
there was some further hitch, for I received no pay for the next eight
months, nor did I dare to raise the question lest I should be sent back
to G.H.Q.

I remember one General saying to me upon this question, not without a
smile, “You are not here officially, you know, and any Germans you may
have killed, or caused to be killed, are, of course, only unofficially
dead.”

I will conclude this chapter with a letter that I wrote in November,
1915, which gives my impressions at that date.

        MY DEAR ----

    Since I have been with the 3rd Army, I have had an Officer from
    every battalion in the 7th Corps through my course. These Officers
    in their turn train snipers, and so the thing permeates quickly
    and, I think, with really good results.

Sniping seems to me to be the art of--

I.--Finding your mark.

II.--Defining your mark.

III.--Hitting your mark.

With regard to No. I, it is absolutely essential that the use of the
telescope should be taught from the stalking or big-game point of view.
If we had one Officer teaching it in every battalion of our Army in
France, we should kill a lot of Germans, and not only this but the task
of Intelligence Officers would be greatly facilitated. With four good
telescopes on every battalion front, very little can happen in the
enemy line without our knowing it. There are a good many telescopes in
France.

With regard to defining a mark. It is here that telescope sights help
us, but telescope sights in the hands of a man who does not thoroughly
understand them are utterly useless. I have had a great many through
my hands, and in every ten I have had to correct about six after they
have been in the trenches a short time. I wish every battalion had
an Officer who could correct and shoot telescopic sights. It is very
important that he should be thoroughly knowledgeable, because a rifle
barrel must not have too many shots fired through it. With a new barrel
a good shot can nearly always get a 3-inch group, but after 600 or
1000 shots have been fired through the barrel the group becomes more
scattered. It is therefore necessary that the man who regulates the
rifle behind the trenches should be able to do so with as few shots as
possible.

Another point is,--that men must be trained to understand and believe
in their telescopic-sighted rifles. One Brigade I had for instruction,
on the third day of instruction with 16 snipers shooting, got 17 hits
on a model of a human head at 430 yards in the first 21 shots. Some of
the rifles used by these men had been 6 or 8 inches off at 100 yards
until regulated. In all they got 27 hits in 48 shots on the head,
shoulder hits not counted.

Also I have been having Officers through a regular course. I give them
first of all 20 objects, such as models of heads of French, British
and German soldiers, periscopes, rifle barrel, pickaxe, fire lighted,
etc. These objects are shown for fifteen seconds each from a trench,
and those under instruction have to write a list of what they can
see with a telescope from 600 or 700 yards away. It is wonderful how
quickly they come on. After a short time they can spot the colour of
the pieces of earth thrown up from the trench under observation. Then I
give them a hillside to examine. On this hillside I place a couple of
objects which are easy to find, perhaps the heads of a Frenchman and an
Englishman. I also put in two carefully concealed loopholes, which they
usually fail to find. This teaches thoroughness of search.

The construction of loopholes is most important. In this we are behind
the Germans. There is one form of double loophole, which I am keen to
see more universally adopted. The plate is placed in the parapet, and
two feet behind it a second plate is placed in grooves along which it
will slide. Not once in a hundred times does the German at whom one is
shooting get his bullet through both loopholes.

The drainpipe loophole is also very good. If put in at an angle, it is
very difficult for a German to put a bullet down it. In fact if the
drainpipe is put in low in the parapet, the brave Hun has to come clean
over the top of his own parapet to shoot down it at all.

I am also keen on teaching our fellows to open loopholes sanely.
I usually lie in front watching, and it is rarely that, if I shot
straight, I should not be able to kill or wound nine of every ten men
who open them. Loopholes should, of course, be opened from the side,
and a cap badge exposed before they are looked through. If the German
does not fire for 75 seconds, one may conclude that it is fairly safe.
These little simple-sounding precautions can save so many lives.

I cannot help feeling that sniping, even in these days of many
specialists, should be organized and improved. My aim has always been
to work in with battalions. Some are better than others, naturally so,
but always without exception I have found them very keen on improving
sniping.

The use of snipers in attack is another point. If you have a man who
can hit a model of a human head once in every 2 shots at 400 yards--and
I will undertake to get most men up to this standard who can shoot
decently--we shall kill some machine gunners in our next advance. Also
when a German is shooting at our troops coming down a road through an
aperture made by the removal of a brick from a wall, as they have often
done, how useful to have a fellow who can put a bullet through the
aperture.

Of course no telescopic sight should ever be touched, except as far as
moving the focussing sleeve goes, by anyone who does not understand it
thoroughly. When the object-glass becomes dirty or fogged with wet,
snipers often unscrew it. Unless they put it back in its exact original
position, they of course alter the shooting of the rifle hopelessly.
They also unscrew the capstan heads, which are for the lateral
regulation of the sighting. I have seen telescopic sights which were 30
inches out at 100 yards, or about 25 feet at 1000 yards. These things
would be impossible under a keen sniping Officer.

One thing I am certain snipers can do. They can make it very hot for
the enemy’s forward artillery observing Officers. If when the enemy
shell our trenches, one can get on the flank, one can often spot a
Hun Officer observing. The thing to do then is to lay a telescope on
through a drainpipe loophole near by. If you pack in the rifle on to a
bed of sandbags so that the pointer of the telescopic sight rests just
_under_ the place where the Hun pops up, it is possible to take aim
and fire the rifle in from two to four seconds. It is very important
that the man who is to shoot should look through the big telescope and
get a map of the trench opposite into his brain. Our telescopic sights
magnify about 3½ and one can often make a successful shot by shooting
six inches or a foot left or right, or above or below a white stone or
some prominent object in the opposing parapet, even when you cannot
define the Hun’s head very clearly through the sight.

I have seen this done. It is a very good sign when the Hun’s
field-glasses fall on the wrong side of the parapet.

Another thing to which we might give attention is the use of decoys. I
have had some made for me by the French.

I am quite convinced if I were asked to give the Germans the impression
that we had been relieved by Sikhs, Gurkhas or Frenchmen, that I could
do so, so wonderful are the models made for me by the French sculptor.
It is impossible to tell them from the real thing if skilfully exposed
at 100 yards, unless the light is very strong, and at 300 and 400 yards
it is quite impossible.

In fact as long as trench warfare lasts, I believe much can be done in
many small ways, if desired. But 1200 or 1500 telescopic sights in the
hands of trained men and four times as many optical sights, _if full
value is got out of them_, might along our line shorten the German army
of many a valuable unit before the spring.

Again and again battalions report two, three or four Germans shot by
their snipers in a single day; if you reduce these claims by half
or even if each battalion snipes but one Hun a day--and this is an
absurdly low estimate where adventitious sights are skilfully used, the
loss to the Germans would be great.

I have received the most kindly welcome possible from everybody, and in
many cases, almost in all, the Corps have been asked to let me go back
to give further instruction. All Brigadiers are very keen indeed to get
a high standard of sniping, and many of them feel that to do this is
almost impossible unless the snipers are trained to their rifles until
their belief in their own powers of hitting a mark, however small,
becomes fixed.

As I think of sniping all day and often dream about it at night, I
could write you a lot more on the subject, of which I have only touched
the fringes. If we organize sniping, we can get solid and tangible
results by killing the enemy and _saving the lives of our own men_.
Only those who have been in a trench opposite Hun snipers that had the
mastery, know what a hell life can be made under these conditions.

I don’t think the Germans are better snipers than our men, except that
they are more patient and better organized and better equipped. I have
found out a good deal about the German sniping organization, but this
is too long to go into now. I have said nothing of piercing and blowing
in German plates with heavy and .333 rifles. You can shut up their
sniping very promptly for a time in this way.




CHAPTER II

THE SNIPER IN THE TRENCHES


I

In my last chapter I attempted to give some history of the small
beginnings of organized sniping, and I will now turn to the actual work
of sniping in the line.

Sniping, which is to be defined in a broad way as the art of very
accurate shooting from concealment or in the open, did not exist as
an organized thing at the beginning of the war. The wonderful rapid
fire which was the glory of the original expeditionary force was not
sniping, nor was it, beyond a certain degree, accurate. Its aim was to
create a “beaten zone” through which nothing living could pass; and
this business was not best served by very accurate individual shooting.
Rather it was served by rapid fire under skilled fire-control. But when
we settled down to trench warfare, and the most skilful might spend a
month in the trenches without ever seeing, except perhaps at dawn, the
whole of a German, and when during the day one got but a glimpse or
two of the troglodytic enemy, there arose this need for very accurate
shooting. The mark was often but a head or half a face, or a loophole
behind which lurked a German sniper, and no sighting shot was possible
because it “put down the target.” The smallest of big game animals did
not present so small a mark as the German head, so that sniping became
the highest and most difficult of all forms of rifle shooting. At it,
every good target shot, though always useful, was not necessarily
successful, for speed was only less necessary than accuracy, and no
sniper could be considered worthy of the name who could not get off his
shot within two seconds of sighting his target.

So much for the sniper in trench warfare, of which a certain clique
in the Army held him to be the product. The officers who believed
this prophesied that when warfare became once more open, he would be
useless. This proved perhaps one of the most short-sighted views of the
whole war, for when it became our turn to attack, the sniper’s duties
only broadened out. Should a battalion take a trench, it was the duty
of snipers to lie out in front and keep down the German heads during
the consolidation of their newly-won position by our men, and were we
held up by a machine-gun in advance, it was often the duty of a couple
of snipers to crawl forward and, if possible, deal with the obstruction.

I am here, however, going ahead of my narrative, but I want early
in this book to state definitely that the sniper is not, and from
the first, as I saw him, _never was meant to be, a product of trench
warfare_. In modern war, where a battalion may be held up by a
machine-gun, it is invaluable to have in that battalion a number of
picked shots who can knock that machine-gun out. For this purpose in
some of our later attacks a sniper carried armour-piercing ammunition,
and did not shoot at the machine-gunners, but at the machine-gun
itself. A single hit on the casing of the breech-block, and the
machine-gun was rendered useless.

In the Army there has always been in certain quarters a prejudice
against very accurate shooting, a prejudice which is quite
understandable when one considers the aims and ends of musketry. While
sniping is the opportunism of the rifle, musketry is its routine. It
would obviously never do to diminish the depth of your beaten zone
by excess of accuracy. But this war, which, whatever may be said to
the contrary--and much was said to the contrary--was largely a war of
specialists, changed many things, and among them the accurate shot or
sniper was destined to prove his extraordinary value.

But a great deal that I have said in the foregoing paragraphs only
became clear later, and at the moment of which I am writing, September
and October, 1915, the superiority lay with the Germans, and the
one problem was to defeat them at a game which they had themselves
started. For it was the Germans, and not the British, who began sniping.

That the Germans were ready for a sniping campaign is clear enough, for
at the end of 1914 there were already 20,000 telescopic sights in the
German Army, and their snipers had been trained to use them. To make
any accurate estimate of how many victims the Hun snipers claimed at
this period is naturally impossible, but the blow which they struck for
their side was a heavy one, and many of our finest soldiers met their
deaths at their hands. In the struggle which followed there was perhaps
something more human and more personal than in the work of the gunner
or the infantryman. The British or Colonial sniper was pitted against
the Bavarian or the Prussian, and all along the front duels were fought
between men who usually saw no more of their antagonists than a cap
badge or a forehead, but who became personalities to each other, with
names and individualities.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

The Sniper’s End.]

Only the man who actually was a sniper in the trenches in 1915 can know
how hard the German was to overcome. At the end of 1914 there were,
as I have said, 20,000 telescopic sights in the German Army, and the
Duke of Ratibor did good work for the Fatherland when he collected all
the sporting rifles in Germany (and there were thousands of them) and
sent them to the Western front, which was already well equipped with
the military issue. Armed with these the German snipers were able
to make wonderfully fine shooting. Against them, lacking as we did
a proper issue of telescopic-sighted rifles, we had to pit only the
blunt open sights of the service rifle, except here and there where
the deer stalkers of Scotland (who possessed such weapons) lent their
Mannlichers and their Mausers. But for these there was no great supply
of ammunition, and many had to be returned to their cases for this
reason.

At this time the skill of the German sniper had become a by-word, and
in the early days of trench warfare brave German riflemen used to lie
out between the lines, sending their bullets through the head of any
officer or man who dared to look over our parapet. These Germans,
who were often Forest Guards, and sometimes Battle Police, did their
business with a skill and a gallantry which must be very freely
acknowledged. From the ruined house or the field of decaying roots,
sometimes resting their rifles on the bodies of the dead, they sent
forth a plague of head-wounds into the British lines. Their marks
were small, but when they hit they usually killed their man, and the
hardiest soldier turned sick when he saw the effect of the pointed
German bullet, which was apt to keyhole so that the little hole in the
forehead where it entered often became a huge tear, the size of a man’s
fist, on the other side of the stricken man’s head. That occasional
snipers on the Hun side reversed their bullets, thus making them into
dum-dums, is incontrovertible, because we were continually capturing
clips of such bullets, but it must also be remembered that many bullets
keyholed which were not so reversed. Throughout the war I saw thousands
of our snipers’ bullets, and I never saw one which had been filed away
or otherwise treated with a view to its expanding upon impact.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

Examination of a German Prisoner]

At that time in the German Army there was a system of roving snipers;
that is, a sniper was given a certain stretch of trench to patrol,
usually about half-a-mile, and it was the duty of sentries along his
beat to find and point out targets for him. This information I got from
a prisoner whom I examined soon after I went down to the trenches.
Indeed, I used to go any distance to get the chance of examining
a prisoner and so learn something of the German organization. One
deserter gave quite a lot of information. He had the Iron Cross, and
was a sergeant. One of the scenes that always remains with me is
the examination of this man on a rainy, foggy night by the light of
a flaring smoky lamp in the room of an _estaminet_ just behind the
lines. As time went on it became very difficult for a German prisoner
to lead me astray with wrong information. There were so many questions
to which one got to know the answers, and which must be more or less
common knowledge to German riflemen. The demeanour of prisoners was
very diverse. Some would give no answers--brave fellows these, whom
we respected; others would volunteer a good deal of false statement;
others yet again were so eager to answer all questions that when they
did not know they made a guess. But one way and another, through them
all I gained an immense amount of information as to the German sniping
organization.

It would appear that the telescopic-sighted rifles in the German army
were served out in the ratio of six per company, and that these rifles
were issued not to the private soldiers who shot with them, but to
N.C.O.’s who were responsible for their accuracy, and from whom the
actual privates who used the rifles obtained them, handing them back at
given intervals for inspection. In the top of the case of each German
telescopic sight were quite short and very clear instructions, a very
different matter to the conditions obtaining upon our side, where very
often, as I have before stated, the man using the telescopic sight knew
nothing about it.

On one occasion I had gone down on duty to a certain stretch of trench
and there found a puzzled-looking private with a beautiful new rifle
fitted with an Evans telescopic sight.

“That is a nice sight,” said I.

“Yessir.”

I examined the elevating drum, and saw that it was set for one hundred
yards. “Look here,” I said, “you have got the sight set for a hundred.
The Hun trenches are four hundred yards away.”

The private looked puzzled.

“Have you ever shot with that rifle?” I asked.

“No, sir.”

“Do you understand it?”

“No, sir.”

“How did you get it?”

“It was issued to me as trench stores, sir.”

“Who by?”

“The Quartermaster Sergeant, sir.”

Certainly many a German owed his life in those earlier days to the
fact that so many of the telescopic-sighted rifles in the British
Expeditionary Force were incorrectly sighted to the hold of the men
using them. By this I mean that some men hold tightly and some men hold
loosely, and there may be a difference at a hundred yards of six inches
in the shooting of the same rifle in different hands. To hand over the
rifle as “trench stores,” in which case it would be shot by different
men of different battalions, was simply to do away with the accuracy
which formed its only asset.

But to return to the examination of German prisoners. One point cropped
up over and over again, and this was the ease with which German snipers
quite frankly owned that they were able to distinguish between our
officers and men in an attack, because, as one said naïvely: “the
legs of the officers are thinner than the legs of the men.” There are
hundreds and hundreds of our officers lying dead in France and Flanders
whose death was solely due to the cut of their riding breeches. It is
no use wearing a Tommy’s tunic and a webbing belt, if the tell-tale
riding trousers are not replaced by more commonplace garments.

In 1915 there were very few loopholes in the British trenches, whereas
the Germans had a magnificent system. In early days when I used to be
told at Brigade Headquarters that there was a German sniper at such and
such a map reference, and I was to go and try to put him out of action,
I very rarely found a loophole from which I could reconnoitre him, and
as every German sniper seemed to be supported on either flank by other
German snipers, looking for him with one’s head over the top of the
parapet was, if made a continual practice, simply a form of suicide. I
used, therefore, to have a couple of sandbags filled with stones and
rubble placed as inconspicuously as possible on the top of the parapet.
No ball will pierce a sandbag full of stones, and it was thus that one
got the opportunity of a good look at the German trenches without fear
of receiving a bullet from either flank.

At this time the efforts to camouflage our loopholes were
extraordinarily primitive--indeed, concealment was nearly impossible in
the form of parapet then in use. Many of our units took an actual pride
in having an absolutely flat and even parapet, which gave the Germans
every opportunity of spotting the smallest movement. The parapets were
made of sandbags beaten down with spades, and it is not too much to say
that along many of them a mouse could not move without being observed
by the most moderate-sighted German sniper. It was curious how some
few commanding officers stuck to these flat parapets in the face of
all casualties and the dictates of common-sense, even after the High
Command had issued orders upon the subject. At a later date a trial
was instituted, and proved that in spotting and shooting at a dummy
head exposed for two and four seconds over a flat parapet, the number
of hits was three to one, as compared with the same exposure when made
over an imitation German parapet.

Over on the other side of No Man’s Land the German trenches presented
a quite different appearance from ours--ours being beaten down, as I
have said, until they made as clear a line as a breakwater. The German
trenches were deeper, with much more wire in front, and from our point
of view looked like the course of a gigantic mole which had flung up
uneven heaps of earth. Here and there, a huge piece of corrugated iron
would be flung upon the parapet, and pinned there with a stake. Here
and there stood one of those steel boxes, more or less well concealed
under a heap of earth, from which set rifles fired all night. Here and
there lay great piles of sandbags, black, red, green, striped, blue,
dazzling our eyes. It was said that the Germans used the pink and red
ones to look round, because they approximated to flesh colour, but this
was no doubt apocryphal. But what was not apocryphal was the fact that
the Germans had a splendid parapet behind which a man could move and
over which he could look with comparative impunity, whereas we in this
respect gave heavy hostages to fortune.

There was one protection which was always sound, and which could be
put into immediate operation, and that was to teach our men to hang as
many rags as possible upon our wire, and wherever else they could in
the region of our parapet. These fluttering rags continually caught
the German eyes, which were drawn by the movement of the rags in the
wind. It is possible that, if the truth were recognized, those simple
little rags saved many a life during the course of the war. Of course,
there were battalions in which attempts had been made to remedy these
defects, as there was one type of officer whom one occasionally came
across. This was the soldier who had done a certain amount of stalking,
or big-game shooting, and it is not too much to say that wherever
there was such an officer, there were usually two or three extra
telescopes and telescopic-sighted rifles, and various well-concealed
posts from which to use them. The Intelligence report, which was each
day forwarded to Brigade, was also full and accurate. Indeed, the truth
of the matter forced itself upon me, as I spent day after day in the
trenches. _What was wanted, apart from organization, was neither more
nor less than the hunter spirit._ The hunter spends his life in trying
to outwit some difficult quarry, and the step between war and hunting
is but a very small one. It is inconceivable that a skilled hunter
in a position of command should ever allow his men to suffer as our
men sometimes did in France. It was all so simple and so obvious. The
Canadian Division and, later, the Canadian Corps was full of officers
who understood how to deal with the German sniper, and early in the war
there were Canadian snipers who were told off to this duty, and some of
them were extraordinarily successful. Corporal, afterwards Lieutenant,
Christie, of the P.P.C.L.I., was one of the individual pioneers of
sniping. He had spent his life hunting in the Yukon, and he simply
turned the same qualities which had brought him within the range of the
mountain sheep to the downfall of Fritz the Forest Guard.

In the long monotony of the trenches during that bleak winter of 1915,
the only respite besides work which was possible to our soldiers was
the element of sport and excitement introduced by sniping and its
more important and elder sister, observation. Sniping in a dangerous
sector--and there were many of these--was really neither more nor less
than a very high-class form of big game shooting, in which the quarry
shot back. As to danger, there are in Africa the lion, the elephant,
the buffalo and the rhinoceros, and though the consensus of instructed
opinion agrees that in proportion more hunters come back feet foremost
from lion hunting than from the pursuit of the three other forms of
dangerous game, yet I suppose that no one would dispute that the German
sniper, especially when he is supported on either flank by _Kamaraden_,
was far more dangerous in the long run than any lion.

In sniping, as the movement grew and sections were formed, one relied
to an enormous extent upon the skill of the section to which the
individual sniper belonged. A really first-rate man in a bad section
was thrown away. First-rate men under a moderate officer were thrown
away, and, worse than all, a good section under a good officer, who
were relieved by the slack and poor section of another battalion, often
suffered heavy casualties through no fault of their own.

Thus, the Royal Blankshires, who have an excellent sniping
organization, build half-a-dozen skilfully-hidden posts for observation
and sniping purposes. All kinds of precautions, which have become
second nature, are taken to prevent these posts being given away to
the enemy. The telescopes used are carefully wrapped in sandbags,
their sunshades carefully extended lest the sun should, by flashing
its reflection upon the object glass, give away the position. The
loopholes in dry weather are damped before being fired through, and,
most important of all, no one but the C.O., the sniping officer,
and the snipers and observers are allowed in the posts. If anyone
else enters them there are for him heavy penalties, which are always
enforced. The result is that the Blankshires have a good tour of duty,
lose no casualties to enemy snipers, and get splendid detail for their
Intelligence reports.

They are relieved, however, by the Loamshires. The C.O. of this
Battalion does not believe very much in sniping. He has a way of saying
that sniping will “never win the war.” He has, it is true, a sniping
section because, and only because, his Brigadier and his Divisional
General are keen about sniping, and continually come into the trenches
and inquire about it. But the Loamshire sniping section is a pitiable
affair. They take over from the Royal Blanks.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikles._

OUTSIDE THE SNIPERS’ POST.

“Shut the loopholes. I’m coming in.”]

“These are jolly good observation posts,” says the Royal Blanks sniping
officer. He is the real thing, and he dreams of his job in the night.
“But one has to be a bit careful not to give them away. I never let my
fellows use the one in Sap F until the sun has worked round behind us.”

“Aw--right oh!” says the Loamshire opposite number.

“One has to be a bit careful about the curtains at the back of those
loopholes in Perrier Alley. The light’s apt to shine through.”

“Aw--right oh!” says the Loamshire officer.

“We are leaving our range-cards.”

“Aw--right oh!”

So the keen Royal Blanks officer and his keen section go out into rest
billets, and do not visit the trenches again till they come back to
take over from the Loamshires.

“Well, how are the posts?” asks the Royal Blanks officer, cheerily.

“Pretty rotten; they were all busted up the first day.”

“Damn! They took us a fortnight to build.”

“Well, they are busted up all right.”

“Did your fellows give them away, do you think?”

“Oh, no!”

Now, as a matter of fact, the moment the Royal Blankshires were out of
the trenches the Loamshire snipers, who knew no better, had used the
O.P.s for promiscuous firing, and the posts which had been so jealously
guarded under the Blankshire régime had been invaded by Loamshire
officers and men in need of a view of the German trenches--or of sleep.
The curtains that kept the loopholes dark had been turned back. The
result was as might have been expected. The watching German, who had
suffered from those posts without being able to locate them when the
Blankshires were in the trenches, now spotted them, rang up their guns,
and had them demolished, not without casualties to the Loamshires.
So the work was all to be done again--but no sooner does the keen
Blankshire officer build up a post than the slack Loamshire officer
allows it to be given away. It is now a case for the Royal Blanks C.O.
to take up with the Loamshire C.O.

Such were the difficulties of the keen officer when the opposite number
of the relieving battalion was a “dud.”

Conscientiousness is a great quality in an officer, but in the Sniping,
Scouting and Observation Officer something more was needed. To obtain
success, real success, it was necessary that his should be a labour of
love. He must think and dream of his work at all hours and all times,
and it was wonderful how many came to do this. In the battalion the
Intelligence and Sniping officer had always a sporting job, and if he
suffered in promotion (as do nearly all specialists in any great Army)
yet he had the compensations which come to an artist in love with his
work.

There were at this time one or two other factors in the situation
to which I must allude in order that the reader may understand the
position as it was then. The enemy had an immense preponderance in
trench weapons such as _minenwerfer_. The result was that a too
successful bout of British sniping sometimes drew a bombardment. The
activity of snipers was therefore not always welcome to short-sighted
officers, who distinctly and naturally objected to the enemy riflemen
calling in the assistance of the parapet-destroying engines of war, in
which they so outclassed us.

Soon, however, it was realized that the state of things obtaining while
the German held the mastery of aimed rifle-fire could not be permitted
to continue--the casualties were too great--and I will now give some
account of the instruction and experience in the trenches that went on
while we were attempting to capture the sniping initiative from the
enemy.


II

Towards the end of October, 1915, I was ordered to report to the 48th
Division, then holding a line in the neighbourhood of Hebuterne. I was
to proceed to Divisional Headquarters behind Pas, and was there ordered
to Authie, where a number of officers were to come for instruction.
This instruction was, as usual, to be divided between the back areas
and the front line. I had applied for the services of my friend,
Lieut. G.M. Gathorne-Hardy, an experienced shot, and skilled user of
the telescope, who had been many shooting trips in different parts of
the world with me and others. At Authie we at once settled down to
work; the officers going through a course which need not be detailed
here. Suffice it to say that the telescopic-sighted rifles of all
the battalions in the Division were shot and corrected, and various
plans which we had formed for the destruction of German snipers were
rehearsed.

On the third day arrangements were made by Division as to which
trenches we were to visit, and after duly reporting at Brigade
Headquarters in a dug-out in Hebuterne, we proceeded upon our way.

It is not an easy thing to instruct five or six officers in the line in
sniping--the number is too large--so as soon as we entered the trenches
I divided my class into three parties, and assigned to each an area in
which to look for German snipers, Gathorne-Hardy and I going from one
group to another.

At the point at which we entered the front line trenches, our line was
a little higher than that of the enemy, so that the initial advantage
was certainly with us, and almost at once G. (for so I shall refer to
Capt. Gathorne-Hardy) spotted a German sniper who was just showing
the top of his cap at the end of a sap. He was about three hundred
and fifty or four hundred yards away, and though we watched him for
half-an-hour, he gave no target. So we moved on. Examining the enemy
line was enthralling work, as he had, even at that time, begun his
campaign of skilled concealment, and was apt to set periscopes in
trees, and steel boxes in all sorts of positions.

To spot and actually place these upon the map was as important a duty
of the sniper as killing the enemy by rifle fire. For, once discovered,
such strong points and emplacements could be dealt with by our
artillery.

But to return. G. and I, after visiting the sections, acted together
as shooter and observer. After spending a couple of hours examining
the enemy line, we got into a disused trench and crawled back to a
little bit of high ground from which we were able to overlook a group
of poplar trees which grew between the lines, and which were said to be
the haunt of a very capable German sniper.

Nothing, however, was to be seen of him, though we could clearly make
out the nest he had built in one of the trees and, on the ground, what
appeared to be either a dead man lying in the long grass or a tunic.

While we were here a message came down to say that No. 1 group had seen
a party of nine Germans, and had wounded one of them. No. 2 party had
not been successful.

At the time of which I write the Germans were just beginning to be a
little shy of our snipers on those fronts to which organization had
penetrated, and it was clear that the time would arrive when careful
Hans and conscientious Fritz would become very troglodytic, as indeed
they did. We had, therefore, turned our minds to think out plans and
ruses by which the enemy might be persuaded to give us a target. We had
noticed the extraordinary instinct of the German Officer to move to a
flank, and thinking something might be made out of this, we collected
all our officers and went back to the place where G. and I had spotted
the Hun sniper or sentry at the end of the sap. A glance showed that he
was still there.

I then explained my plan, which was that I should shoot at this sentry
and in doing so, deliberately give away my position and rather act the
tenderfoot, in the hope that some German officer would take a hand in
the game and attempt to read me a lesson in tactics.

[Illustration: TELESCOPIC SIGHTS. “NURSE YOUR TARGET.”

  1 “Not yet.”      2. “Now!”
]

On either flank about 150 yards or so down the trench I placed the
officers under instruction with telescopes and telescopic-sighted
rifles, explaining to them that the enemy snipers would very possibly
make an attempt to shoot at me from about opposite them. I then
scattered a lot of dust in the loophole from which I intended to fire,
and used a large .350 Mauser, which gave a good flash and smoke. As the
sentry in the sap was showing an inch or two of his forehead as well
as the peak of his cap, I had a very careful shot at him, which G., who
was spotting for me with the glass, said went about twelve inches too
high.

The sentry, of course, disappeared, and I at once poured in the whole
magazine at a loophole plate, making it ring again, and by the dust
and smoke handsomely giving away my own position. I waited a few
minutes, and then commenced shooting again. Evidently my first essay
had attracted attention, for two German snipers at once began firing at
me from the right flank. At these two I fired back; they were almost
exactly opposite the party under instruction, and it was clear that,
if the party held their fire, the Germans would probably give fine
targets. As a matter of fact, all that we hoped for actually happened,
for the exasperated German snipers, thinking they had to deal only with
a very great fool, began to fire over the parapet, their operations
being directed by an officer with an immense pair of field-glasses.
At the psychological moment, my officers opened fire, the large
field-glasses dropped on the _wrong_ side of the parapet, as the
officer was shot through the head, and the snipers, who had increased
to five or six, disappeared with complete suddenness. Nor did the enemy
fire another shot.

It should be borne in mind, in reading the above, how great a plague
were the skilled German snipers to us. One of them might easily cause
thirty or forty casualties. Later in the war we had, on our side,
many a sniper who killed his fifty or even his hundred of the enemy.
Besides, as I have pointed out, in these early days of trench warfare
the continual attrition caused by German snipers was very bad for
_moral_.

At a later date we found a means by which we were able at once to find
the position of any German sniper. For this purpose we used a dummy
head made of papier-mâché.

The method of using was as follows: When a German sniper was giving
trouble, we selected a good place opposite to him, and drove two
stakes into our own parapet until only about a foot of them remained
uncovered. To these we nailed a board on which was fashioned a groove
which exactly fitted the stick or handle attached to the dummy head.
This stick was inserted in the groove and the dummy head slowly pushed
up above our parapet.

If the enemy sniper fired at and hit the head, the entry and exit of
the bullet made two holes, one in the front, and one in the back of the
hollow dummy head.

The head, immediately on the shot, was pulled down by whoever was
working it in as natural a manner as possible. The stick on which it
was mounted was then replaced in the groove, but _exactly the height
between the two glasses of a periscope lower_ than the position in
which it was when shot through.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

Spotting the Enemy Sniper.]

Now all that remained to do was to place the lower glass of the
periscope opposite the front hole in the head, and apply the eye to the
rear hole and look into the periscope, the upper glass of which was
above the parapet.

In this way we found ourselves looking along the path of the bullet,
_only in the opposite direction to that in which it had come_, and, in
the optical centre of the two holes, would be seen the German sniper
who had fired the shot, or the post which concealed him.

Once found he was soon dealt with.

In trials at First Army Sniping School, we were able by this invention
to locate sixty-seven snipers out of seventy-one.

Some of those who wanted to give the dummy head a specially life-like
appearance, placed a cigarette in its mouth, and smoked it through a
rubber tube.

It is a curious sensation to have the head through which you are
smoking a cigarette suddenly shot with a Mauser bullet, but it is one
that several snipers have experienced.

After the incidents last described, we went up towards the flank, where
the 4th Division lay alongside the 48th. It was in this Division that
the 2nd Seaforth Highlanders had just played a delightful trick on the
enemy. Someone in the battalion had obtained a mechanical stop, one of
those ticking bits of mechanism which are made with a view to saving
the employment of a human “stop” at covert-shoots. This particular
stop was guaranteed to tick loudly for hours.

The Seaforths were facing the Germans across a very wild piece of No
Man’s Land. One night some adventurous and humorous spirit crawled out
and placed the “stop” about sixty yards from the German parapet, and
then set it going. The Germans at once leaped to the conclusion that
the tick-tick-tick was the voice of some infernal machine, which would,
in due time, explode and demolish them. They threw bombs, and fired
flares, and officers and men spent a most haggard and horrible night,
while opposite them the Scotsmen were laughing sardonically in their
trenches. The whole incident was intensely typical of the careless and
grim humour with which the Scottish regiments were at times apt to
regard the Hun.

Another battalion at a much later date, when the Germans had become
very shy, and mostly spent their off-duty hours in deep dug-outs, had
the brilliant idea of preparing a notice board on which was printed in
large letters and German: “Bitter Fighting in Berlin,” and then, in
smaller type, some apocryphal information. This notice it was their
plan to raise, having first posted their snipers, who would be sure to
obtain shots at the Huns who attempted to read the smaller lettering
with their field-glasses. I do not think, however, that this plan
was ever actually carried out. This was fortunate, since, though
ingenious, the idea was not sound, as it would inevitably have led to
a heavy bombardment of the trenches in which the notice was shown, and
the game would not have been worth the candle.

To continue, however, with our day. Late in the afternoon, no Germans
having shown themselves since the shooting of the officer--a heavy
bombardment broke out on the right flank, and we hurried in that
direction, as experience had taught me that the German Forward
Observation Officers often did their spotting for the guns from the
front-line trench on the flank of the bombarded area.

Sure enough, we soon picked up one of those large dark artillery
periscopes, shaped like an armadillo. It was being operated by two men,
as far as could be seen. One of them wore a very high peaked cap, and
was at once called “Little Willie;” the other had a black beard. The
nearest point to which we could approach was more like five than four
hundred yards, and though we waited till dark, Little Willie did not
show more than his huge cap peak and an inch or two of forehead. As
evening fell, we went out of the trenches without having fired, as soon
after our arrival the bombardment had ceased, and Little Willie never
gave a good target, and the bearded man had disappeared. I did not wish
to disturb the German F.O.O.’s in their post; as, now that they were
discovered, arrangements could be made to deal with them when next
they were observing.

The opportunity occurred three days later, when, after a very long
vigil, an officer shot Little Willie, and the same evening a Howitzer
battery wiped out the post for good and all.

As, when Little Willie met his end, he was just in the act of spotting
the first shots for his battery, which had opened on our front
line trenches, his death probably saved us some casualties, for it
temporarily stopped the activities of his guns.

It was not only the number of the enemy that our snipers shot that was
so important. It was often the psychological moment at which they shot
them that gave their work an extra value.

In the autumn of 1915 there came high winds following frosty nights.
It was clear that a heavy fall of the leaf would take place on the
following days. I therefore asked, and obtained leave from the 4th
Division, to which I was at the time attached, to drop instructional
work, and instead to go into the trenches in order to spot enemy
snipers and artillery observation officers’ posts. On my way down I
called at Headquarters, where I was told that a very troublesome sniper
was operating at Beaumont Hamel. This man had killed a number of our
fellows. He was supposed to live in a pollarded willow, one of a row
not very far from Jacob’s Ladder, which will be remembered by all who
were on that front in 1915. There was on that day a certain amount of
mild shelling of the communication trenches, but before the advent of
gas-shells this rarely caused trouble in the daytime, except to those
who had to repair the breaches. On the day in question I was alone with
my batman, who, I can say, without fear of libel, shot better than he
“batted,” for he had been chosen because he was a marksman. Arrived in
the front line, we at once set about trying to locate the sniper. As
a rule, in such a case, the enemy one seeks is taking a siesta, but
this was not so now, for as soon as I looked over the parapet a bullet,
striking low, knocked some dust into my eyes. At this point, you must
understand, our trenches were shaped like an arm, with a crooked elbow,
the crook or turn of the elbow being at the bottom of a hill. In front
lay Beaumont Hamel, where in the German lines when I arrived a soldier
had hung out his shirt to dry. Between us and Beaumont Hamel lay a wild
piece of No Man’s Land, with some dead ground on the Beaumont Hamel
side, and at the bottom of the hill the row of willows from which the
sniper was supposed to operate.

As these willow trees were out of sight from the place where I had been
fired at, I did not put down that shot to the sniper, whom we will call
Ernst. In this I was probably wrong, as transpired later.

All that morning we tried to locate Ernst, who had four more shots at
me, but all that I had learned at the end of it (when I imagine Ernst
went off for a well-earned siesta) was that he was a good shot, as
though obviously some distance away, he had made quite good practice.
We most carefully examined the pollarded willows, and spotted one or
two good snipers’ posts, especially one at the bottom of a hedge, but
as far as Ernst was concerned he had all the honours.

The next day I was occupied all the morning with an enemy artillery
O.P. which was destroyed by howitzer fire, and it was not till after
lunch that I could turn my attention once more to Ernst.

This time I began at the bottom of the hill. There were no loopholes,
so it was a case of looking over, and almost at once Ernst put in a
very close shot, followed again by a second which was not so good. The
first shot had cut the top of the parapet just beside my head, and I
noticed that several shots had been fired which had also cut the top
of the sandbags. Behind the line of these shots was a group of trees,
and as they stood on slightly higher ground I crawled to them, and at
once saw something of great interest. In the bole of one of the trees a
number of bullets had lodged, all within a small circle. Crouching at
the base of the tree, and with my head covered with an old sandbag, I
raised it until I could see over the parapet fifty yards in front, and
found at once that the line of these shots, and those which had struck
the tree behind my head, were very nearly the same, and must have been
fired from an area of No Man’s Land, behind which it looked as if dead
ground existed on the enemy’s side, and probably from a large bush
which formed the most salient feature of that view.

I then went back to the trenches, and warned all sentries to keep a
good look-out on this bush and the vicinity. Very soon one of them
reported movement in the bush. With my glass I could see a periscope
about three feet above the ground in the bush, which was very thick.
Being certain, as the periscope was raised so high, and as it had only
just been elevated, that it was held in human hands, I collected half a
dozen riflemen and my batman, and giving them the range, and the centre
of the bush as a target, ordered them to open fire. On the volley the
periscope flew backwards and the activities of Ernst ceased forthwith.

It was this experience of looking along the path of the enemy’s bullets
that led directly to the invention for spotting enemy snipers, which I
have described earlier in this chapter.

No one can deny that Ernst was a gallant fellow, lying out as he did
between the lines day after day. Whether he was killed or not who can
say, but I should think the odds are that some bullets of the volley
found their billet. At any rate, sniping from that quarter ceased.

I have now given enough description of the work and training which was
going on at that time in the Third Army in the line. The aim and end of
all this work was the formation of sniping sections in each battalion,
consisting of sixteen privates with two N.C.O.’s under an officer.

I had realized that my whole problem turned upon the officer. If I
could succeed in obtaining fifteen or twenty officers who would be
simply fanatics in their work, it was perfectly clear that the sniping
movement would spread like wildfire throughout the Army. Already we had
got together an immense amount of detail concerning the German sniping
organization, and had begun not only to challenge his superiority,
but also to enforce our own. It is wonderful what can be done in a
single week by sixteen accurate shots along the length of line held by
a battalion. You must understand also that the success of the German
sniping rested largely upon the deeds of certain crack snipers, who
thoroughly understood their work, and who each one of them caused us
heavy casualties. The first work to be done in the trenches was the
organized annihilation of these skilled German snipers, and I think
this was the easier in that they had it their own way for so long.

As time went on, the reports from the brigades were very good; one
Brigadier[C] even going so far as to wire me: “Only one Hun sniper
left on my front. Can you lend me your elephant rifle?” In this
particular brigade the Brigadier informed me that he had not lost a man
through enemy sniping in four months.

    [C] Later Major-Gen. Sir Guy Bainbridge, K.C.B.

Sniping, I think, or let us say the sniping campaign, may be divided
into four parts. During the first, the Germans had the mastery. During
the second, our first aim was to kill off the more dangerous German
snipers and to train our own to become more formidable. The third
was when the Germans had fairly gone to ground and would no longer
give us a chance. The idea now was to invent various ways in which
to induce them to give a target, and the final period came at a much
later date, when great battles were being fought, and the work of
sniping was beginning to merge into that of scouting, and snipers were
being trained in great numbers to deal with the new situations that
were arising every day as the Germans altered their tactical plans of
defence.




CHAPTER III

EARLY DAYS WITH THE 11TH CORPS AND FIRST ARMY


Towards the end of 1915 my services were again borrowed by the
First Army, this time to take a class of Sniping and Intelligence
officers through the course of sniping and observation which was
already in operation in the Third Army, and also to lecture to a
G.H.Q. Intelligence Class on the Observation and Intelligence side of
sniping--a big subject.

I went up the long road through Doullens, Frévent and St. Pol, which I
had traversed so many times from the days when it was impassable with
French soldiers before the Battle of Loos to the quieter times which
had now dawned. During the war one had very few relaxations of any
kind. Shooting was forbidden, games were difficult for the unattached
Ishmaelite to obtain, and often for long periods it was impossible to
get any change of thought. The long drives to all parts of the line
held by the British Army, which were part of my work, were, therefore,
exceedingly pleasant by contrast. Wherever there was a battle I used
to try and get to it at the earliest possible moment, in order to have
the opportunity of examining the German trenches, for as time went on
sniping became more and more scientific, and the Germans were always
starting some new method which had to be countered. One of the most
important points was to obtain specimens of each issue of their steel
plates, in order to experiment on them with all kinds of bullets.

But to return to the First Army Class. We were allotted a curious range
on the outskirts of the town of Bethune, then a thriving community,
which had been hardly shelled at all, although well within the battle
area. Our rifle-firing took place under cover, and each target appeared
through a series of holes cut in a number of brick walls which crossed
the range at right angles. The noise in the room of the cottage which
formed the 200-yards firing-point was deafening, but as the weather was
both wet and cold head-cover had its advantages.

The class which assembled consisted of a picked officer from each
Division, twelve in all. Some I lost sight of afterwards, but two, at
least, of this class rose to command their battalions, and one was
awarded the double D.S.O., another the M.C. and Bar, and several more
single decorations.

In order that the class might be taught the manipulation of telescopic
sights, all the rifles of the 1st Corps which were fitted with these
sights or with optical sights were sent down, together with the snipers
who shot them, in order that the rifles might be tested for accuracy.
As at that time there had been no real organization or instruction in
the use of adventitious sights in the Corps, it is not to be wondered
at that most of these were incorrect. Of the first eighty, fifty-nine
were quite valueless until regulated, and we were hard put to it to
correct them as party after party arrived.

At length a party of Scottish Rifles came, every one of whose weapons
was entirely correct. They were under the command of a young officer
who, when the trial of his men’s rifles was over, saluted and said to
me:

“Will I stay and help you with the other rifles, sir?”

“Do you understand telescopic sights?”

“Yes, sir.”

“Have you done much shooting?”

“Yes, sir.”

“Won anything?”

“The King’s Prize, and the Scottish Open Championship, and the
Caledonian Shield, sir.”

“What is your name?”

“Gray, sir.”

That evening Corps Staff was rung up and Gray was straightway appointed
Corps Sniping Officer. Suffice it to say, that in a few weeks the
German snipers had been dealt with in a way that must have amazed them.

Later on, Gray’s Division moved into the 11th Corps, where I have
always thought that sniping on some sectors reached its high-water
mark as far as the year 1916 was concerned. Afterwards he became my
assistant at the 11th Corps School, and later at the First Army School.
He finally proceeded to the U.S.A., with the rank of Major, to spread
the light there. In this he was most successful, receiving the thanks
of the Divisional General to whose Division he was attached for the
extraordinary efficiency of his work. In my experience of sniping
officers in France, two are outstanding, and he was one of them. The
other was Major O. Underhill, 1st K.S.L.I.

Our class on that queer range in Bethune lasted a fortnight and was
instrumental in getting me a bout of sick leave; for when, as part of
the instruction, we had to make a trench and build into it various
posts such as snipers use, we found ourselves working in an extremely
noisome atmosphere. As far as we could make out, the greater part of
the town drainage seemed to be at no great distance under the ground in
which we had to dig. The result was a bout of trench fever. The time
I spent at home was not, however, wasted, as I was able to collect
large numbers of telescopes and get the various courses for sniping
instruction written down, which was useful, as I was continually
receiving applications for a syllabus from units outside the Third Army.

When I returned to France I was again attached to the Third Army, but
not to the Infantry School, who had secured the services of Captain
Pemberthy during my absence. This very capable officer did splendid
work for the Third Army. Instead, I went down the line and resumed my
old work of instructing brigades and battalions. I also went to the
Indian Cavalry Divisions.

At this time, I remember, volunteers who possessed a knowledge of the
fitting of telescopic sights were asked for in the 7th Corps. The
result was exceedingly typical. One private, who sent in his name,
stated that he was well acquainted with telescopic sights and their
fittings, having been for four years employed by Messrs. Daniel Fraser
of Leith Street Terrace, Edinburgh, the well-known firm of gun and
rifle makers, whose work on telescopic sights stands so deservedly
high. The staff who unearthed this applicant did not continue to
congratulate themselves on having produced exactly the article wanted,
when, through a letter to Messrs. Fraser, it transpired that, though
it was quite true that the man had been employed by them, the position
that he had held in the firm was that of errand boy, and that his
knowledge of telescopic sights was consequently not one which they felt
they could confidently recommend.

During these days I went back to many of the brigades to which I had
been attached six months previously. The casualties among snipers
had not been very heavy and we had fairly obtained the upper hand.
At this period troops were massing for the Battle of the Somme, in
which the Third and Fourth Armies took part. The use of the telescope
was now a matter of immense interest, as Intelligence wanted all the
facts they could get about the enemy, and consequently instruction in
glass-work for battalion and brigade observers became more and more
sought after, and I trained many observers for Major-General Hull,
G.O.C. 56th Division. Just at this period, however, there was a change
in my fortunes, and I was ordered to proceed to the First Army, to
the command of which Sir Charles Monro had just succeeded after his
wonderful performance in Gallipoli. I therefore left the Third Army
area and went by rail to Aire-sur-Lys, in order to report to First Army
Headquarters, which was situated in that town.

It would be absurd to deny that I was very glad to be attached to
the First Army, where the keenness which I had seen on my visit at
Christmas time to the various Corps Commanders was glorious. Arriving
at Aire I reported to the Town Major, and was allotted a room in the
hotel called “Le Clef d’Or.” Here I was eating my dinner when the Town
Major came across and wanted to know if an officer of my name was
present. He said that a car was waiting outside, and that I was to go
direct to the Army Commander’s château to dine and stay the night.

The next day the Army Commander questioned me very closely about
sniping, and about all that had occurred with regard to it since he had
seen me last. He then informed me that I was to be attached to the 11th
Corps, and that my orders were the same as they had been under him in
the Third Army--to make good shots, and as many of them as possible.

The 11th Corps, since my previous visit, had started a sniping school,
where they were putting through five officers and twenty men on short
courses. The school was situated on the far side of the Forest of
Nieppe, near a place called Steenbecque. I was ordered to make this
school my headquarters. It was in charge of Lieut. Forsyth M.C. of the
6th Black Watch. A more curious and picturesque-looking spot for a
school it would be hard to imagine. The headquarters were in a little
Flemish farmhouse, kept by an exceedingly close-fisted family, and the
range, which had firing points at one, two, three and five hundred
yards, was neither more nor less than a long sloping cornfield. A most
satisfactory point about the range--which was an excellent one--was
that it was within two hundred yards of headquarters, so that after
parade hours were over an immense amount of voluntary work was done
upon it. It was here that we first began to tend towards the really
much longer and more detailed course of instruction which we afterwards
amplified to a vastly greater extent at First Army School, as soon as
the courses were lengthened to seventeen days’ duration.

From the first it may be said that the men and officers who came upon
all these courses were extraordinarily keen. They liked sniping, and
still more, observation, because they felt that here, at last, in the
great impersonal war, was an opportunity for individual skill. The
more imaginative of them realized also the enormous possibilities of
the trained observer. In other chapters I will give several instances
of the observation of small details which have had consequences of the
most far-reaching nature. I think that this feeling of the ever-present
possibility of the opportunity of being able to do a big thing formed
part of the fascination of the S.O.S. courses--S.O.S. in this case
meaning, “Sniping, Observation and Scouting,” and not “Service of
Supply,” as it does in the American Army.

It has been said, and truly, that soldiers are pretty destructive, but
the fact remains that hundreds of privates, N.C.O.’s and officers went
through their shooting courses in the Steenbecque cornfield, which was
traversed in all directions by narrow paths, and yet it was difficult
to find any downtrodden ears of corn. Our one difficulty was that at
one of the firing points the corn grew up and obscured the targets. It
had, therefore, to be cut to the area of about ten yards. I do not know
what the claim sent in by the farmer was for this damage, but as far as
claims were concerned nothing was ever missed by the Flemish peasant.

Although it was my Headquarters I used only to spend the first two
days of every course at the school; the other days I passed attached
to various divisions and brigades, and in this way became conversant
with the trench line of the Corps along the whole length of which I
inspected the snipers’ posts. The 33rd Division, who were holding the
line opposite Violaines and the Brick-stacks, had had a tremendous duel
with the German snipers. This line has always been a difficult one from
the sniper’s point of view, as the Germans had, unfortunately, the best
of it as to position. The Brick-stacks made ideal sniping-posts, and
there were many other points of vantage which were very much in their
favour. It shows, however, what a first-class sniping officer can do
when it is realized that the 33rd Division who, when they went into the
trenches, found the Germans very much in the ascendant, soon reduced
them to a more fitting state of mind.

[Illustration: XI CORPS SNIPING SCHOOL.

Imitation German Trench used for spotting targets, &c. Note snipers’
loophole and observation hole in tree.]

[Illustration: METHOD OF INSERTING LOOPHOLE.

1. Original Section of Parapet

2. How bags are arranged and fixed round loophole to imitate original
parapet. (Gray’s Boards.)

3. Parapet reconstructed with loophole.

  _Drawings by_]      [_Basil Head._
]

It was here that Gray--the sniping officer in question--had a trying
experience. One day while making his tour of duty, an officer told him
that there was a sniper who was causing them trouble. Gray asked
where he was, and was led without words to the part of our trench
opposite which the German sniper was supposed to lie. Gray, being
signed to do so by his guide, looked over, only to be saluted at about
ten yards’ range with a bullet which whizzed by his ear.

“That’s him,” said the officer delightedly. “I knew he was pretty
close. But what am I to do? He shoots if one tries to spot where he is.”

“Have you never heard of the sniperscope, you ----?” demanded Gray.

“By Jove, the very thing!” cried the officer, and it was not long
before the German sniper was reduced to impotence.

But to return to the 11th Corps School. Work there was certainly
strenuous. There was nothing to do in the village and nothing to do
in Morbecque. The nearest place of relaxation was Hazebrouck, and
Hazebrouck was out of bounds. The result was that having an interesting
course with plenty of rifle shooting competitions, together with
occasional mild cricket and football, officers and men were able
to concentrate upon the work in hand, and certainly their shooting
improved with amazing quickness.

About this time the 33rd Division moved south, and Lieut. Gray
was attached to the School, where he soon left the impress of his
personality and methods.

One of the difficulties that we had always found in the First Army was
due to the fact that our trenches, as far at any rate as the Neuve
Chapelle-Fauquissart area was concerned, were very shallow, and, indeed
we lived rather behind breastworks than in trenches. To make loopholes
in these breastworks was exceedingly difficult, but Gray invented a
system which we christened “Gray’s Boards” which fairly met the case.
Thus, if he wished to put in a concealed iron loophole plate, he
first of all cut a square of wood of exactly similar size. In this he
fashioned a loophole to correspond with the loophole of the iron plate.
He then wired the wooden plate on to the iron plate, and having rolled
and stuffed a number of sandbags in exact imitation of the parapet in
which he wished to insert his loophole, he tacked these with a hammer
and tacks upon the wooden board. The whole loophole was then built in
at night. These loopholes of his were rarely discovered, and they had
also the added advantage that if a bullet struck them it did not ring
upon the iron plate, as it had to pierce the wooden board first, so the
posts were never given away by sound.

It was at the 11th Corps School that we first constructed exact
imitations of German trenches and German sniping posts; in fact, in one
way or another, a great deal of pioneer work was put in there, and the
school prospered exceedingly.

[Illustration: XI CORPS SNIPING SCHOOL.

  Best form of parapet to conceal loopholes.
                Wrong type of parapet for concealing snipers’ loopholes.
]

[Illustration: SECTION OF TYPICAL GERMAN PARAPET.

Showing concealed loopholes made through tins, bags, &c. Note--The
steel shields on top are dummies.

  _Drawings by_]      [_Basil Head._
]

The chief reason, I think, for the success of the school was the great
personal interest taken in it by the Corps Commander, Sir R. Haking,
who would come out from his headquarters at Hinges and inspect the
school at frequent intervals, as did also Brigadier-General W. Hastings
Anderson, then B.G.G.S. of the Corps. We were inspected in July by the
Army Commander, and from time to time officers from other theatres of
war and from other armies visited us.

In a meadow near the school was a small pond, full of fish, which it
was the ambition of Gray and myself to catch. There was only room for
two fishermen at a time, and only on one occasion was a fish caught.
This we gave to the farmer who owned the pond, and I presume he ate
it, for he was up at Headquarters early the next day inquiring for a
“_médecin_!”

Still, nothing could be more delightful than after three or four
strenuous days, on each of which one walked perhaps eight or ten miles
of trenches, to sit before that funny little pool in the French meadow,
and forget there was a war.

At the time of which I write, the Corps which formed the First Army
were the 11th, the 1st and the 4th. The 3rd had gone to the Battle of
the Somme. The 1st Corps had a sniping school, which, at a later date,
reached an extraordinarily high pitch of efficiency under Captain Crang
and the late Lieut. Toovey, the author of “The Old Drum Major” and
well-known Bisley shot. It was a party commanded by Captain Crang which
went into the Portuguese trenches, where it was reported the Germans
were showing themselves rather freely, and made a big bag. The 4th
Corps also had a good school, but they soon moved out of the Army to
the south. In fact, when I first went there, the system in the First
Army was that which I had always advocated, to have Corps Schools of
sniping and observation. The difficulty, of course, was that there was
still no establishment, and that sniping schools did not officially
exist. This was quite a common thing in the war, for when I first went
to the large Third Army Infantry School, with a score of instructors, a
large staff, and a couple of hundred N.C.O. and officer pupils, it did
not exist officially.

While I was at the 11th Corps School, the War Office at last officially
acknowledged my existence as a sniping-officer to the extent that I
received my pay, which had been withheld for several months.

After various tours of inspection and work with other Army Corps, I
was ordered by the Army Commander to form an Army School of Sniping.
Greatly rejoicing, Gray and I borrowed a car from the Army and set out
to search through the broad lands of the Pas de Calais. These were
delightful days, but search as we would, it was exceedingly difficult
to find any place in the area of the First Army which would suit our
purpose. It was all too flat. I remember that we once very nearly
decided upon a queer little hill, not very far from Hinges, called Mont
Bernenchon, but luckily we went on further and at last came to the
village of Linghem. Above the village on a high plateau lies an old
civilian range backed by a large rifle butt. The plateau on which the
range is situated is of considerable extent, and upon its slopes (it
was July) bloomed heather and gorse.

“Why,” said Gray, “the place is trying hard to be like Scotland!”

The plateau gave us a range of eight hundred yards and plenty of room
for playing fields, which the Army always consider to be absolutely
necessary to the well-being of a school--one reason, I think, that the
health of our men was so good.

Having decided that here was the ideal place for our projected First
Army Sniping School, Gray and I were disgusted to see the fresh tracks
of a motorcar. It was quite clear that somebody else had discovered
and had an eye upon our find. We did not even wait for a cup of coffee
at the local _estaminet_ but got on board our car and went full speed
to Army Headquarters, where we informed the Staff that we had decided
upon our location, and were told that as no one else had applied for
it, it should be ours. We were only just in time for as we afterwards
discovered the Royal Flying Corps had decided to apply for it.

All’s well, however, that ends well, and a little later on we left
the 11th Corps School with great regret, and set forth on a lorry for
Linghem to found the First Army Sniping School.

Often afterwards I used to go across to see how things were getting
along at the dear old 11th Corps School. The last time I was there,
before it was taken over by a Second Army formation, it was a wintry
day with snow falling. I must say that I was glad that I had never been
attached there during winter, for what had been a smiling cornfield
was now a sea of yellow and glutinous mud. The little _becque_ or
stream which ran between our stop-butt and our targets had overflowed,
and Lieut. Hands, who had succeeded to the command of the school, was
urging some one hundred and fifty odd German prisoners to reconstruct
the stop-butt itself. The scene really might have been upon the German
“Eastern Front.”




CHAPTER IV

THE FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF SCOUTING, OBSERVATION AND SNIPING


The First Army Sniping School was formed for the purpose of training
officers, who might act as Instructors in the various Corps Schools,
Brigades and Battalions throughout the Army.

The system of Corps Schools was, as I have said, peculiar to the
First Army, who, for the next year and a half, turned out three
snipers to any other Army’s one. Further, the First Army School became
recognized throughout the B.E.F. as the training place of observers
with the telescope. Indeed, at a later date, we were overwhelmed with
applications from Corps and Divisions in other Armies who wished to
send observers for a course. This was especially the case before any
big movement, and we might almost have guessed where an advance was
contemplated by the applications for the training of observers by the
units concerned.

However, all this occurred at a later date, and I must pick up my
narrative when we left the 11th Corps School in the lorry. Those
who were to start the First Army School got aboard after an early
breakfast. They were only six in number, Lieut. Gray, Armourer
Staff-Sergeant Carr, Private Fensome (an extremely capable and skilled
carpenter), myself and two batmen. We took with us all the spares we
could obtain from the 11th Corps School as well as a lot of sniping kit
belonging to Gray and myself.

As we rode through the country in the direction of Aire we passed
a huge desolate camp which, I believe, had once been inhabited by
Australians. No doubt it had boasted a guard at one time, but it
had now fallen into sad disrepair, the Flemish peasantry having
appropriated all the stoves and most of the wooden walls. A little
further on we came upon two or three Armstrong huts standing in a
field adjacent to the deserted camp, and as these were in better
preservation, and we had no Armstrong hut of our own, it seemed a pity
to leave them for the French, so we set to and took one down and loaded
it on the lorry. This was, no doubt, a very wrong thing to do, but when
you have no “establishment,” you can have no conscience either, or, at
least, if you allow yourself such a luxury you will find that your job
becomes impossible.

[Illustration: First Army School of S.O.S.]

Presently we rolled into Aire over the canal bridge, which was
afterwards destroyed by long-range guns, and in Aire we made the little
purchases which are necessary for the formation of officers’ and men’s
messes. We then passed through the old town by the Cathedral. Army
Headquarters had moved away, and there was now only the Town Major and
one or two A.S.C. columns in possession. On the far side of Aire we
took the Lambres and St. Hilaire Road, and passed on through the level
country. As we turned off through Lambres, we saw, rising in front of
us, the high ridge which formed the plateau on which our school was
to be situated, and not long afterwards we rode into the village of
Linghem. The lorry then went round and disembarked our Armstrong hut
upon the plateau, where we at once erected it, and a fortunate thing
it was that we did so, for that night there were some heavy showers
of rain which would have destroyed a good deal of our kit, and more
especially our target-paper and dummy heads, had we not put them under
proper shelter.

And now, I think, began one of the most interesting periods which I
spent in France. Various fatigue men were added to the Staff, and a
working party from the Army Service Corps was sent up. We were rather
amused to see that the men of this working party, who had been well
behind the line for at least a year previously, thought it quite an
adventure to come up to the school. When they rolled up their sleeves
for digging, we noticed, too, that their arms were white, forming
in this a great contrast to our fatigue men. It was necessary to
dig trenches, make stop-butts, build snipers’ posts and observation
posts, and all this hard work the A.S.C. working party tackled with
extraordinary energy. We put up goal-posts, and they had a game of
football each evening. Several of the A.S.C. party, I believe, were
professional football players of repute.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.

No. 1 Flat Parapet. The easiest possible form of parapet to spot
movement behind--practically a death-trap.]

But it would be tedious to describe the growth of the school step by
step. Suffice it to say that, beginning with a class of a dozen to
fifteen officers, who were dealt with by two officer instructors, our
classes grew until we had twenty-five officers and forty or fifty
N.C.O.’s at each course. But the actual teaching was only one side of
the work of the school, for it was soon thoroughly known throughout the
Army that if any Division, Brigade or Battalion wanted its telescopic
sights tested, or if any individual sniper found himself shooting
incorrectly, all that had to be done was to apply to the First Army
Sniping School. The divisional snipers came up in ’busloads, and
single snipers often came on foot. This continual testing of rifles
kept Armourer Staff-Sergeant Carr busy both on the range and in
his armourer’s shop. Fortunately, as well as being an excellent
armourer, Sergeant Carr was also a shot of no mean order, having shot
in the King’s Hundred at Bisley.

The school had not been long in existence before the Canadian Corps
came into the Army. They were then holding the line which they
afterwards immortalized opposite the Vimy Ridge, and we were at once
struck at the school by their great energy and keenness. There is no
doubt that as a sniper, scout or intelligence officer, the Canadian
shows the greatest initiative, and during the long period, well over
a year, which they remained in the Army, our school was voluntarily
visited by two Canadians for every one Britisher. They were most
extraordinarily helpful, too, and if ever I wanted the services of some
Canadian officer for a particular purpose, they were almost always
granted, and not only that, but he was on the spot within a few hours
of my application.

At first the greater part of our teaching dealt with sniping, but
as time went on the curriculum was much extended. Map reading,
intelligence work, the prismatic compass, the range-finder, instruction
on crawling, ju-jitsu and physical drill were all added. In addition
to these, we had continual demonstrations of the effect of all kinds
of bullets, both British and German, on the armoured steel plates
used by us and by the enemy. We formed a museum, which became quite
famous, and in which were various exhibits of German and British
sniping paraphernalia. We also had many photographs, and again and
again officers who had been through the course at the school sent up
contributions. It was said that anyone going through the museum could
really gain a very good idea of the development of sniping during the
war, and this was by no means an exaggeration.

I soon found that the officers and men who came to the school were
really in need of a clear mental change, and this we attempted to
provide by giving long hours to games.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.

    No. 2. Same parapet as in No. 1 after five minutes’ alteration.
    Sandbags have been thrown on top. A man in a sandbag-covered helmet
    is looking over at A, and a man in a cap is looking between the
    sandbags at B. N.B.--Bags must be filled with broken stone or
    shingle to be bullet-proof; but should be sparsely used in case of
    bombardment.
]

For many months the school was “unofficial,” but at last, on the 24th
November, 1916, more than fifteen months after I had begun serving as
a sniping officer, we were granted a “provisional establishment.” Up
to this time, it was terribly hard to keep the school running, not
to speak of the Corps Schools, which were its offshoots. The real
difficulty was that when each division moved, all its personnel moved
with it, and thus it came about that, seven weeks after the First Army
School was started, Lieut. Gray’s division moved out of the Army, and
he was recalled to it; in spite of applications from Headquarters that
he might be allowed to remain and continue the good work he was doing,
this was refused, and he went down to the Somme to be made officer
in charge of trolleys, or sports, or some such appointment. The mere
fact that he was a King’s Prizeman and perhaps the best shot and the
most capable sniper in the B.E.F. made not one whit of difference. All
these qualities are, no doubt, of the highest use in an officer in
charge of trolleys!

On Gray’s departure there set in for me a very strenuous time, for
at the same moment the Commandant of the 11th Corps School was also
spirited away. I found an officer who had been through the course at
the First Army School to take his place, and at the same time it became
necessary to find a Commandant for the 1st Corps Sniping School. I
had at this time no assistant myself, and was dealing with a class of
fifteen officers, as well as sometimes as many as fifty snipers, who
came up from the line for a day’s instruction. My N.C.O.’s, however,
stepped nobly into the breach, and Armourer Staff-Sergeant Carr took
over the explanation of telescopic sights--work which lay entirely
outside his duties. At that time there were ten or fifteen patterns of
these sights in the Army, and each officer on the course had to learn
to manipulate every one of them. In fact, the course was a pretty stiff
one, and, over-worked as I was, it was difficult to be certain how much
knowledge the officer students carried away with them, so I started
an examination paper on the last day, which was of a very searching
nature. The full marks were a hundred, and this paper was continued
until the school closed down after the Armistice. Again and again we
had classes, the least successful member of which obtained seventy-five
of the hundred marks.

During the period in which I was alone after Lieut. Gray’s departure,
an officer attended the school who became my assistant, Lieut. N.
Hands, of the 11th Warwickshire Regiment. I had great difficulty in
obtaining his services, but finally his General exchanged a month of
them for some lectures on Sniping by me. As I was taken in a car to and
from the lectures--and as they were to be given after parade hours, it
did not interfere with my work--this was a very pleasant arrangement,
but Hands had not been with me long when there was another upheaval at
the 11th Corps School. The 61st Division left, and Lieut. Benoy, who
was in charge of the school, left with it. So Hands went across and
took over the 11th Corps School. He afterwards proceeded with the 11th
Corps to Italy, where he was awarded the Military Cross, and did fine
work.

However, after another period of running the school alone on Hands’
departure, Army Headquarters sent me Second Lieut. Underhill, of the
1st K.S.L.I. Underhill had been wounded at Ypres, and came out for
instructional duties. The story of his being sent to the school is
an amusing one, in the light of after experience, for he was the
most tremendous worker that I have ever known. He arrived at Army
Headquarters at eight o’clock in the morning, and two hours later,
feeling unhappy at still having nothing to do, he went to the G.S.O.1,
and asked if he could not be put to work. The G.S.O.1, who was my very
good friend, seeing from his papers that Underhill had passed through
Hythe, and was stated to be competent as an instructor, sent him out
to me, and thus it was that I at last obtained a permanent assistant,
and a better no man could have had. Our establishment was still only
a tentative one, and it was not until some months later that we were
allowed the two extra officers and four extra N.C.O.’s, and the dozen
scouts and fatigue-men, who made up our staff.

Underhill had, by that time, been promoted to Temporary Captain, for
good services, and became Adjutant, and Captain Kendall, of the 4th
Warwickshire Regiment, who, after a course at the School, had become
attached to the Royal Flying Corps as Intelligence Officer, took over
the intelligence duties and map reading at the school. Lieut. W.B.
Curtis, of the 31st Canadian Infantry, became scouting officer: he
had had nearly two years’ experience between the lines, and had been
decorated on three occasions.

Our N.C.O.’s, too, were the very pick of the Army. There was
Armourer-Staff Sergeant Carr, Sergeant Slade, of the Essex Yeomanry,
Sergeant Hicks, of the 1st Rifle Brigade, and Sergeant Blaikley, of the
Artists’ Rifles. All these N.C.O.’s became in time amazingly proficient
at their work. I have never heard a more clear exposition of the
compass than that given by Sergeant Hicks, who, while one squad was
firing, would sit down under the bank with the other, and explain to
them all the mysteries of the magnetic North.

The physical training of the school was in the hands of Sergeant-Major
Betts (Coldstream Guards), one of Colonel Campbell’s magnificent
gymnastic staff.

Sergeant Blaikley, who had drawn for _Punch_ from time to time,
was invaluable as an artist, and it was he who drew our Christmas
card--“Der Sportsmann”--depicting a German gassing stags on a Scottish
deer forest. This picture, which was very widely circulated, certainly
obtained the flattery of imitation, as the same idea was used in most
of our comic papers a month or two afterwards.

Captain Kendall was a trained surveyor, and an artist of no ordinary
merit. Whatever conundrum was brought up by officers--and a great
many were brought up--Kendall, in his own department, was certainly
unassailable.

[Illustration: Der Sportsmann.

Christmas Card (1917) of the First Army School of S.O.S. Drawn by
Ernest Blaikley.]

Besides the officers and sergeants, we had another member of the
staff who did splendid work. This was Corporal Donald Cameron of the
Lovat Scouts. Lord Lovat had visited the school, and had expressed
his satisfaction at the way in which we were teaching observation and
the use of the telescope. I asked him if he could get me a really
good stalker to assist me, and he very kindly promised to do so. As
one of his own men could not come, he sent me Corporal Cameron, who
showed the greatest keenness, and had, I think, a peculiar affection
for the last man over the stile. If ever there was a weak member in
learning the compass, Cameron would seek him out and explain it. The
results were wonderful, and certainly saved several privates from
failure. Cameron, when I asked him his age on his joining, gave it as
“offeecially forty-one.” He was a very skilful glassman, and as such
was of continual assistance to me. I remember one day when we were
trying some aspirant reinforcements for Lovat Scouts Sharpshooters, and
were looking through our glasses at some troops in blue uniforms about
six thousand yards away, most of the observers reported them as “troops
in blue uniform;” but Cameron pointed out that they were Portuguese.
His reasoning was simple. “They must be either Portuguese or French,”
said he, “and as they are wearing the British steel helmet, they must
be Portuguese.”

On my establishment, when it finally came along, there were apportioned
to me three scouts among the eleven privates to the services of whom
the school was entitled. I remember these eleven privates parading for
the first time, and I remember also attempting to pick out, with Capt.
Underhill, the three “scouts.” One of the scouts was a Salvation Army
musician, an excellent fellow, but quite unfit for his duties. Another
was an ex-barber of the White Star line, and the third had for years
been unable to break into a double. As the work of scouts with an Army
School is of supreme importance, since one uses them to personate the
enemy in scouting schemes, the employment of such men as these was
quite impossible. Good fortune here, however, came to our aid, for
some performing scouts from G.H.Q., who were giving demonstrations,
came to demonstrate to us, and were afterwards attached to the school.
These were boys under nineteen, and the three I kept ended up as past
masters of their work. By Armistice Day they had been at the school
for some eighteen months, were first-class shots, knew every detail of
the course, and could pass an examination equal to any officer. At the
physical training and ju-jitsu, which they had almost every day, they
were really young terrors. In fact, I remember a commercial joy-rider
who was visiting the school, and whom I was showing round, on seeing
two of the boys doing ju-jitsu, saying with infinite tact: “’Ere, where
do you live when you are at ’ome? I’ll keep clear o’ your street on a
dark night.”

I might add that all three boys were accomplished Association football
players, so that we always had a really first-class centre forward,
left wing and halfback upon the premises. Our Association team, for so
small a unit, was thus a very strong one, though it might have been
much stronger had not so many of the older members of the staff been
wounded.

I think the only other member of the staff that I need mention is
Sergeant Foster of the Canadians. At a later date, it became our duty
to train the Portuguese Army in sniping and shooting, and Sergeant
Foster spoke a kind of Portuguese.

I have given at full length this account of the officers and N.C.O.’s
of the school, because whatever efficiency the school obtained was
founded upon their selection. Whenever it was possible to do so, it was
always a standing order that between courses, when we sometimes had
from two days to a week free, all instructors should go to the line.
For this purpose, arrangements were made with different battalions to
receive them. This kept the school in touch with the progress of events.

I have often regretted that I did not keep a Visitors’ Book at the
First Army Sniping School, for certainly enormous numbers of visitors
came to us. Outside the officers of the B.E.F., of whom several
hundred visited the school, we had attachés and missions of various
allied and neutral powers--Japanese, Roumanian, Dutch, Spanish,
American, Italian, Portuguese, Siamese and Polish officers, as well
as large numbers of journalists, from whom, when they were not our
own accredited correspondents, I used to conceal a good deal of the
more secret parts of our work. One day, however, on being informed by
the officer-in-charge of the correspondents that they were perfectly
safe, and that I could show them anything, I showed them a small new
invention by which we were able to spot the position of German snipers.
I carefully warned them that it was not to be written about, but about
three months later I saw a large and glaring article describing the
visit of one of these journalists to the school. The description of
the invention could have been of little interest to the great public
which he served, but it was there, carefully set out. This was the only
case of a definitely-broken promise of this nature which I came across
during the war. Our own correspondents, Valentine Williams (afterwards
Captain Valentine Williams, M.C.), Philip Gibbs, Beach Thomas, Perry
Robinson, H.M. Tomlinson, Prevost Battersby, Percival Phillips,
and others who came after I left G.H.Q., were welcome and trusted
throughout the whole Army.

The feeling in the Army against the Press--for there certainly was,
at one period, such a feeling--is really very often a rather stupid
pose adopted by the younger officers, who usually copy some downright
senior; but it will always remain as long as journalistic mistakes are
made--and that will be as long as wars last.

Outside the members of the staff, we had help from time to time from
various officers who were attached for short periods of duty. Among
these was Major A. Buxton, D.S.O., of the Essex Yeomanry, who took two
classes of Lovat Scouts in observation. He was, I believe, the only
officer who was habitually successful in catching trout in the French
streams. Second Lieut. C.B. Macpherson of Balavil, a true expert with
the telescope and map, was also attached to the school for a time. He
came out at the age of sixty-two with his splendidly trained group of
Lovat Scouts Sharpshooters.

Another officer who was temporarily attached to the staff was Capt.
T.B. Barrie of the Canadian Highlanders. He first came to the school on
a course, and was afterwards lent to me by the Canadian 4th Division.
Shortly after his first visit to the school he gained two M.C.’s in a
fortnight, both in raids, in one of which he penetrated six hundred
yards behind the German line. There can have been few more gallant
officers in France, and his death later in the war was a matter of deep
regret to all who knew him.

One day Major-General the Hon. W. Lambton, commanding the 4th Division
with which I had begun my sniping duties in 1915, came to the school.
His division was then in one of the other armies, but he wished to have
observers trained, and sent up a party under Lieut. Kingsley Conan
Doyle, of the Hampshire Regiment, the son of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle,
and one of the best observation officers we had at any time. Conan
Doyle possessed an extraordinary facility for teaching and was most
successful with one or two classes of Lovat Scouts which he took. He
went back to his Division, was promoted to Captain, and acted in charge
of the Divisional Battle Observers in the big battles of 1917. It is
tragic to think that when the order came out for all medical students
to return to complete their studies Capt. Conan Doyle went back to
England; there he contracted influenza and died. This has always seemed
to me one of the saddest things in the war--to have gone through so
much, to have rendered such good service, and finally to be struck down
by the horrible influenza germ instead of the German shells among which
he had walked about so unconcernedly.

I have now given you a somewhat rambling account of the formation,
and of those who were chiefly connected with the early days, of
the First Army Sniping School. On the very day on which it was
founded, Sir Charles Monro left France to take up his appointment as
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in India. Sir Richard Haking succeeded
to the temporary command of the Army, and as it happened was the very
first visitor who ever came to First Army School. He told us that the
King was coming almost at once into the Army area, and that he wished
Gray and myself to go back to the 11th Corps School to prepare for a
Royal Inspection. This we did, but unfortunately the King was held up
in Bethune by shelling, so that there was no time for him to visit us.
We greatly regretted this, as a Royal visit would have been of enormous
value to sniping at that time.

One visitor who came to the school was of peculiar interest to me.
This was my old friend Sir Arthur Pearson, who arrived accompanied by
his son, whom I had last seen at the Boys’ Cricket classes at Lord’s
when he was first in the running for the Eton Eleven, of which he was
afterwards Captain. He was now an officer in the R.H.A. Sir Arthur
Pearson went over the whole school and asked me many questions. Though
he could not, of course, see the loopholes and all the rather technical
work which I explained to him, it was perfectly amazing to realize the
way in which he gripped it in its essentials. I think that he knew more
about sniping, scouting and observation after the hour or two he spent
at the school than I have known other men gather in a week.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.

Sniper’s Robe on a 6ft. 4in. man in the open, Hawkins position.
Distance from camera, 8 yards.]

The only ladies who visited us were Mrs. Humphry Ward and her daughter.
It was terrible weather when they came and the little path which led up
to the range, and which was really more or less the bed of a stream,
had become a glacier of ice several feet in thickness. On the range the
wind was blowing exceedingly cold, and few worse days could have been
picked for a visit. I remember Mrs. Ward saying to me that she thought
sniping--the terrible and ruthless killing of men with weapons of
precision--one of the most dreadful sides of the war. I pointed out to
her the life-saving side of sniping, and how many hundreds and probably
thousands of British officers and men were alive at that moment who, if
it were not for our snipers, would have been killed by the Germans.
Mrs. Ward quite saw the force of this argument and wrote a most
admirable account of her visit to the school. I saw this in proof, but
when it appeared the censors had clearly cut out a certain amount. Why
they had cut it out no one could ever tell. We had at that time a good
number of snipers’ robes of painted canvas at the school. The Germans
had somewhat similar robes and both sides knew that the other was
using them; but the British Censorship would never allow any mention
of these robes. You might mention something really important, some new
invention, or the effect of some new bullet, or any other matter which
would be of real assistance to the Germans, but these robes were the
one thing which seemed to interest the Press Censorship. Speaking as an
Officer-in-charge of a very technical branch of work, I can only say
that the Censorship was at times just like an ostrich hiding its head
in the sand.

Mrs. Humphry Ward went over the whole school, and I must say that
her questions probed our work more deeply than those of the average
sight-seeing officer who visited us.

Apart from visitors who came for various purposes to see the school, we
had also several officers who came on duty. Among these was Col. the
Hon. T.F. Fremantle, now Lord Cottesloe. Lord Cottesloe knew more of
telescopic sights and rifle shooting than did any of us at the school,
and there can be no doubt whatever that his visit was of the greatest
assistance to us. With him came Lieut.-Col. Robinson, who was in charge
of the manufacture of telescopic sights at Enfield, and who did so much
to assist us in a hundred different ways. I never had the opportunity
of visiting the school in England of which Lord Cottesloe was the
Commandant, but I had many officers and men who had received a sound
grounding there.

Lieut.-Col. P.W. Richardson, the well-known Bisley shot, also visited
the school. He was interested in sniping from the very earliest days,
and was probably the first officer to advocate schools for the teaching
of shooting with telescopic sights.

One evening after the school had been running well over a year I was
sitting by the mess-room fire when a couple of officers were shown in.
Both were wearing Burberrys, so that I was not able to see their rank,
but both were very young-looking. One of them said: “We looked in to
have a talk to you about schools, for we are going to start one. What
we want to know is, how this school manages to get everyone who comes
to it so damned keen on their job?”

I pointed out that we had a really interesting subject to teach, and
enlarged upon the great theory that I always used to hold that you did
not want to have officers on a course too near a big town. If you have
a good subject to teach, and can teach it intelligently, you ought to
be able to interest them enough in the course to keep their minds at
work, especially if you have at least two hours’ games for those who
want them every afternoon. If you are near a big town, it means dinners
and sweet champagne, and other things which do not conduce to accurate
shooting. Our school was rather more than four kilometres from Aire,
and no one was allowed to go there without a pass. A pass could be had
by any officer for the asking, but I found that, once the course got
its grip, except on Sunday, Aire was very little visited.

My two visitors then ran through the curriculum of the school with me,
and as the room was hot, removed their Burberrys. I then realized how
great a compliment had been paid to the School, for both were regular
soldiers of long service--as I could tell from their decorations and
medals--and high rank. Presently, they went, and I never saw them
again, nor did I learn their names, but we always thought that their
visit was about the highest compliment ever paid to the First Army
School of S.O.S.

One point that certainly struck us in our first coming to Linghem was
the delight of the inhabitants in getting a permanent school quartered
in their village. This, of course, meant prosperity to them. They had
previously had one or two battalions, and there was still a large
notice affixed on one of the houses, “Billet Officer,” but when we
came they had had no British soldiers for the last six months. We
were welcomed with open arms. White wine which started the war at 90
centimes was 1.50 a bottle. Eggs, fruit, and everything else were
cheap. When we left in 1918, that same white wine was 10 francs a
bottle, and even a potato was hard indeed to come by.

[Illustration: FIND THE SNIPER.

(The flat cap gives him away.)]

We owed much to the courtesy of the Secretary to the Maire, M.
Huart, who smoothed away every kind of difficulty. That occasional
difficulties should arise is natural enough, but the French were for
the most part extraordinarily kind. Here and there, of course, one came
across difficult people, as for instance, the determined lady who,
when a Portuguese class was quartered in the village, finding that
they drank no beer at her _estaminet_--for the Portuguese do not drink
beer, and the 10-franc _vin blanc_ was rather beyond them--refused to
allow them to draw water at her well, although it was the only decent
one in the village. I had an interview with the lady, at which she wept
copious floods of tears, and said that the Sergeant who had reported
the matter to me was a _diable_, who had always disliked her from the
first day that he saw her. But she ultimately, of course, had to give
in, under threat of having a permanent guard placed upon the well.

I have often marvelled how little friction there really was between
us and the French. If a French Army were quartered in England in the
same way that we were quartered in France, I do not for a moment
believe that our people would show towards them the same kindness and
consideration which we received from the French.

When Gray and I had spent seven very strenuous weeks at the Army School
we were both granted eight days’ leave. Immediately on our return we
were inspected by Sir Henry Horne, the new Army Commander, who came
out many times afterwards. It was always a matter of pride to the
School to have some new thing to show to the Army Commander. On one
occasion Lord Horne inspected some Lovat Scouts whom we were training
as reinforcements for our Army Groups, and after this an order came
through to us to hold ourselves ready to train all reinforcements for
Lovat Scouts throughout the B.E.F. How much Lord Horne did to encourage
and help the School no words can describe.

At this time also, or a little later, Major-General Hastings Anderson
was appointed Chief of Staff at First Army Headquarters.




CHAPTER V

SOME SNIPING MEMORIES


When first I came into the First Army area the main point which struck
me was the difference between the trenches where my work now lay and
those of the Third Army. The Third Army had, of course, taken over
from the French, and their trenches were really in the nature of deep
ditches, without any vast amount of sandbags. Sometimes these trenches
extended through a clayey formation, but more often they were in
chalk. This chalk made front line observation in the bright sunlight
somewhat trying, as there was always a dazzle in the rays reflected
from the white background. In the Third Army area also the ground was
rolling, and it was nearly always possible to obtain some kind of a
position of vantage behind the parados. For this purpose I had had a
special portable loophole made, shaped something in the form of a wide
triangle, but the back shutter of which slid along in grooves. This
back shutter was made of steel and formed a very fine protection, as
even if an enemy sniper put a bullet through the front loophole,
the bullet was stopped by the sliding shutter behind, unless, that
is, the shot happened to be fired--a twenty to one chance--along the
exact line in which one was looking through the two loopholes. A good
many of these loopholes were used in the Third Army, but I found that
conditions in the First Army rendered them of no great value.

[Illustration: FIND THE SNIPER.

(Look for the rifle barrel.)]

The First Army were holding from just south of Armentières down to Vimy
Ridge, and subsequently it held almost to Arras, but at this time their
lines did not stretch so far south. All the northern part of their
trench system was in an absolutely flat plain, where trenches were
shallow owing to the presence of water at no great depth underground,
and were really much more in the nature of breastworks. In most places
it was useless to go out behind the parados, as the ground was so low
that you got no view. This refers, at any rate, to all the northern
line, after which we entered the coal region, where posts could be dug
in the slag-heaps and in the ruins of shelled buildings. As a rule,
to put a post in a shelled building in the northern part of the line
was simply to court disaster, as these buildings, where they were near
enough to the line to admit of sniping, were continually shelled and
sprayed with machine-gun bullets. But further south buildings were
more common and might be made use of. As a rule, however, I found
that the placing of sniping posts in either buildings or trees was a
mistake. For once such posts were discovered by the enemy he had little
difficulty in ticking them off on his map and demolishing them. Of
course the same was true of posts in more open ground, but these were
much harder to spot and it is better to be shelled in the open ground
than in a house where you are liable to be hurt by falling bricks, etc.

The problem then that the First Army line presented was an interesting
one, and I have always thought it much the most difficult line to
organize for sniping of which I had knowledge.

Having learned my work in the trenches of the Third Army I found that
in the First Army I had first of all to unlearn a great deal. The
problem was essentially different, but after a year’s experience,
during which practically every portion of the Front was visited, one
collected a great number of ruses and plans. Still at first to put a
concealed loophole into the Fauquissart or Neuve Chapelle breastworks
was a really difficult problem, which indeed was only solved when, as
I have explained in an earlier chapter, “Gray’s Boards” were invented.
These were immediately successful, and from the time that they were
first used, it was easier to make a good loophole in the breastworks
than in any other part of our line.

There were here and there, all along the Army front, what may be
known as “bad spots,” that is, places where, through some advantage
of ground, the enemy dominated us. In such places our snipers had to
redouble their efforts, and even then the enemy remained a thorn in our
sides. There were other places, of course, where we had an equivalent
advantage, and there we were soon able to force the Germans to live
an absolutely troglodytic existence. In fact orders were published in
the German army on some fronts, that when a man was off duty he was to
remain in a dug-out.

Of course the greatest difficulty that we had was the continual
movement of divisions. A division would just be settling down
comfortably and getting its sniping into good order, when it would be
ordered to depart to another Army, and the incoming division would
almost always succeed in giving away some of the posts. This was a
necessary evil, and could not be helped, but the advent of a single
really bad sniping division gave an immense amount of extra work. It
was exactly as if a party of really capable sportsmen were shooting an
area for big game, or, better still, a Scottish deer forest. Imagine
these sportsmen replaced by careless and ignorant tourists. The ground
would inevitably be maltreated, the wrong beasts shot, corries shot
when the wind was unfavourable, and all the deer stampeded onto the
next forest. Of course in this case the deer did not stampede, but
plucked up courage and shot back.

This condition of things was of course impossible to remedy, but we
were luckier than other Armies, since our southern wing was formed
by the Canadian Corps, who had the same trenches for fifteen months,
and who never changed their divisions. In this Corps many of the
reliefs worked beautifully, the incoming and the outgoing sniping
officers being thoroughly in accord with each other. Major Armstrong, a
well-known British Columbian big-game shot, was Corps Sniping Officer,
and there was no keener.

[Illustration: With Periscopic Prism--Aldis.

With Winchester.

With German telescopic sight (showing use at night).

TELESCOPIC SIGHTS.

Diagrams showing point of aim.]

Of course it must be understood, as I have tried to explain before,
that in writing this book I realize that my point of view is an
exceedingly narrow one, and that I look at everything from the point
of an officer whose business it was to consider sniping, observation
and scouting of paramount importance. We were continually getting new
snipers who took the places of those who had either become casualties,
or had been put to other work. New snipers were nearly always
optimistic, and it was quite a common thing for them to think that
they were doing the enemy much more damage than was really the case. A
conversation has been known to run as follows:

“Morning, you two.”

“Good morning, sir.”

“Anything doing?”

“Smith got a ’un this morning, sir.”

“Good. How do you know?”

“He give a cry, threw up his hands and fell back.”

       *       *       *       *       *

Now this may have been correct, but, as a matter of fact, continued
observation showed that a man shot in ordinary trench warfare very very
rarely either threw up his hands or fell back. He nearly always fell
forward and slipped down. For this the old Greek rendering is best,
“And his knees were loosened.”

We soon found that a very skilled man with a telescope could tell
pretty accurately whether a man fired at had been hit, or had merely
ducked, and this was the case even when only the “head of the target”
was visible; but to be certain of his accuracy, it was necessary that
the observer should have had a long experience of his work, coupled
with real aptitude for it. The idea of how to spot whether a German was
hit or not was suggested by big-game shooting experiences. An animal
which is fired at and missed always stands tense for the fraction of
a second before it bounds away, but when an animal is struck by the
bullet there is no pause. It bounds away at once on the impact, or
falls. Thus, a stag shot through the heart commences his death rush at
once, to fall dead within fifty yards, whereas a stag missed gives that
tell-tale sudden start.

In dealing with trench warfare sniping a very capable observer soon
learned to distinguish a hit from a miss, but there were naturally many
observers who never reached the necessary degree of skill. A reason
once advanced for claiming a hit was that the Germans had been shouting
for stretcher-bearers, but a question as to what was the German word
for stretcher-bearer brought confusion upon the young sniper, whose
talents were promptly used elsewhere!

But taken long by broad the accuracy of the information given by
snipers was really wonderful. On one occasion the snipers of the 33rd
Division reported that two Germans had been seen with the number 79
upon their helmets. This information went from Battalion, through
Brigade, Division and Corps, to Army, who rather pooh-poohed the
snipers’ accuracy, as the 79th, when last heard of, had been upon the
Russian front. Within a day or two, however, the Germans opposite the
battalion to which these snipers belonged sent a patrol out of their
trenches one misty morning. The patrol fell in with our scouts, who
killed two and carried back the regulation identifications. These
proved the sentries to be correct.

It was in the same Division that in one tour of duty the snipers
reported the cap-bands of the Germans opposite as: (1) brown; (2)
yellow; (3) white. This again raised a doubt as to their accuracy; the
matter was interesting, as it seemed possible that the trenches had
been taken over by dismounted Uhlans. But before long the snipers were
once again justified. A prisoner was taken, who acknowledged that the
men of his unit had, under orders, covered the state badges on their
caps with strips of tape wound round and round the brims. Prior to
putting on this tape, he said, many of his comrades had dipped it in
their coffee.

It is only fair to say that the sniping officer of the division in
question was Lieut. Gray, and the exceeding skill of the officers and
men under him may fairly be laid at his door.

There was in the trenches a very simple way of testing the accuracy
of the sniper’s observation. The various German States, Duchies or
Kingdoms all wore two badges on their caps, one above the other, the
higher being the Imperial badge and the lower the badge of the State.
Thus, the Prussian badge is black and white, the Bavarian light blue
and white; the Saxon, green and white. These badges or, to be more
correct, cockades, are not larger than a shilling, and the colours
are in concentric rings. A series of experiments carried out at First
Army School by the Staff and some of the best Lovat Scouts proved that
these colours were indistinguisable with the best Ross telescope at
a distance of more than 150 yards, except under the most favourable
circumstances. So if ever a sniper (who, of course, knew what troops
he was faced by) reported the colours of cockades when more than 150
yards from the enemy, it was at once clear that his imagination was too
strong to admit of his useful employment with an observer’s telescope.

Another great duty of snipers was the blinding of the enemy. Thus,
if the Germans bombarded any portion of our front, their artillery
observers almost always did their work from the flank, where very often
from the front line or from some other point of vantage they spotted
and corrected the shell bursts of their gunners. On such occasions our
snipers opposite both flanks of the bombarded area broke the periscopes
of the German observers, and thus often succeeded in either rendering
them blind, or forcing them to take risks.

When Germans retaliated and shot our periscopes, we had a number of
dummies made, and by taking the entry and exit of the bullet through
the back and front of these, we were able to spot many posts from
which the Germans were firing. The result was that the enemy suffered
casualties. It is, in fact, not too much to say that in these ways we
were able from very early days to place the position of any sniper who
troubled us, and, once placed, there were many methods by which the man
could be rendered harmless.

Another point that was not without interest was the fact that
occasionally, and apparently for no reason, the Germans sighted their
rifles by firing at marks upon our parapets. If they did this in a
high wind, it might have been possible that they were trying to get
the correct wind allowance to put on their rifles; but as they often
did it, and it happened all along the line on a still morning, we felt
we must seek some other explanation. Collaboration with Intelligence
proved that this orgy of rifle sighting seemed to coincide with the
relief by one battalion of another in the trenches. It was one of the
many little straws which showed which way the wind was blowing.

The psychology of the different races of snipers was always
interesting. The English were sound, exceedingly unimaginative, and
very apt to take the most foolish and useless risks, showing their
heads unnecessarily, and out of a kind of unthinking optimism. Nor did
the death of their comrades cause them to keep their heads down, except
in the particular place where a man had been killed. Unimaginativeness
is a great quality in war, but when one is playing a very close game,
in which no points can be given away, between skilled antagonists
as we were doing in sniping, one sometimes wished for a little less
wooden-headed “bravery” so-called and a little more finesse.

The Welsh were very good indeed, their 38th Division keeping a special
sniper’s book, and their sniping officer, Captain Johnson, was very
able. I think that in early 1918, the snipers of this Division had
accounted for 387 Germans in trench-warfare.

The Canadians, the Anzacs, and the Scottish Regiments were all
splendid, many units showing an aggressiveness which had the greatest
effect on the _moral_ of the enemy. Of the Australians I had, to my
deep regret, no experience, but they always had the name of being very
good indeed.

The Americans were also fine shots, and thoroughly enjoyed their work,
but my experience of them lay simply in teaching at the school, and I
never had the opportunity of seeing them in action.

Of the Germans as a whole one would say that, with certain brilliant
exceptions, they were quite sound, but rather unenterprising, and that
as far as the various tribes were concerned, the Bavarians were better
than the Prussians, while some Saxon units were really first-rate.

I remember once being in the trenches at Ploegsteert Wood, where the
Saxons were against us, and our fellows were talking about them being
“good old fellows.” All the same, it did not do to show the breadth of
your forehead to the “good old fellows,” for they were really admirable
shots. Somehow or other this idea of the “good old fellow” rather
stuck in my mind, and I used to picture Fritz the sniper as a stout
and careful middle-aged man, who sat in his steel box with a rifle,
took no chances, and carried on his work like a respectable tradesman.
This idea of the fat bearded sniper, however, was not supported by
the telescope, through which I saw some of the most desperate and
bedraggled-looking snipers that one could wish to see. Those who
sometimes got outside their own lines were, however, I think, rather
the “wild boys,” and after we got rid of them the Germans fell back
upon a kind of sober rifle fire which made up the main bulk of their
sniping.

One point that was noticeable was the good focussing powers of the
German snipers of certain regiments, who shot very well before dawn
and towards dark. In the very crack Jäger regiments, such regiments as
were, I suppose, recruited from Rominten or Hubertusstock districts,
where the great preserves of the Kaiser lay, and in which were a large
percentage of Forest Guards, this was very noticeable. But for long
distance work, and the higher art of observation, the Germans had
nothing to touch our Lovat Scouts. This is natural enough when one
comes to consider the dark forests in which the German Forest Guards
live, and in which they keep on the alert for the slightest movement
of deer or boar. Mostly game is seen within fifty or seventy yards, or
even closer, in these sombre shades, and then it is only the twitching
of an ear or the movement of an antler lifted in the gloaming. Compare
the open Scottish hills. It was the telescope against the field-glass,
and the telescope won every time. In fact, in all the time I was in
the trenches, I never saw a German telescope, whereas I saw hundreds
and hundreds of pairs of field-glasses.

Now the best field-glass cannot compare with the telescope. Anyone who
has tried to count the points on the antlers of a stag will know this.
I had a great deal of difficulty in convincing some of our officers,
who were used to field-glasses, of this fact, but there was near by
the place at which I was quartered in early days the carved figure of
a knight in armour standing on the top of a château. This knight had
very large spurs, and I would ask student officers to try and count the
rowels with their field-glasses. They never could do so. I would then
hand them one of my beautiful Ross glasses, and there always came the
invariable question, “Where can I get a glass like this?”

The telescope sight, of course, made accurate shooting in the
half-lights very much easier, and indeed for some valuable minutes
after it had become too dark to use open sights the telescope sights
still gave a clear definition. At night they were invaluable. With a
large telescope sight which magnified five times, and which was very
kindly lent me by Lady Graham of Arran, several of us succeeded in
making a six-inch group on the target at a hundred yards by moonlight,
and even by starlight once we made a two and a half-inch group. I tried
hard to get an issue of somewhat similar sights for night firing
authorized, for when you think of the large amount of coming and going
which continues all night behind an occupied trench, there is no doubt
that plenty of targets are always presenting themselves. Even the
Government issue of telescopic sights were quite useful at night, but
their effect would have been many times increased had it been possible
to fit them for this purpose with a large object glass.

On both sides thousands upon thousands of lives were saved by wind,
since it was not easy to judge its strength in the trenches, and as the
targets aimed at were usually only half a head, the very smallest error
of judgment resulted in a miss. Once a bullet had whizzed by a German’s
ear within a few inches, a second exposure of the head was rarely made
in the same place.

Trench sniping was, in fact, as defined by Colonel Langford Lloyd,
“the art of hitting a very small object straight off and without the
advantage of a sighting shot.”

At a certain spot in our lines not very far from Auchonvillers, known
to fame as “Ocean Villas,” a German sniper had done fell work. It is
hard to say how many British lives he had taken, but his tally was not
small. He lurked somewhere in the mass of heaps of earth, rusty wire
and sandbags which there formed a strong point of the German line.
There were twenty or thirty loopholes from which he might be firing.
The problem was from which of these did his shots actually come? The
Germans had a trick of multiplying their loopholes in this fashion.
Many steel plates were shoved up on the parapet in the most obvious
positions. These were rarely shot through, but they were certainly
sometimes used. The German argument must have been that if you have
thirty loopholes, it is thirty to one against the particular one from
which you fire being under observation at that particular moment.

On our side there was no loophole whatever covering the area in which
this German sniper worked, and any attempt to spot his post had
perforce to be done over the top of the parapet. As he was simply
waiting and watching for people to look over, it was only a very
hurried and cursory glance that could be taken. At length, however, the
Hun was located by an officer, in the vicinity of two enormous steel
plates set near the top of his parapet.

As I have said, there was no loophole upon our side, so orders were
given that one should be put in during the night right opposite to
those two big plates. The next morning it was hardly light when the
German sniper shot into our new loophole, which was at once closed.
The trap was now ready, and the officer whose duty it was to deal with
the matter went one hundred yards down the trench to the right flank,
while an assistant protruded the end of a black stick which he happened
to have in his hand, keeping at the same time well to the side. At the
same moment the officer on the flank shot at the right hand of the
two big plates once, and then again. The bullets rang aloud upon the
plates, and the German sniper at the second shot betrayed himself.
Thinking as he did that the shots were fired from the open loophole
opposite to him, he fired at it, and the gas from his rifle gave away
his position. The two big plates were, of course, dummies, and he was
firing almost from ground level, and from an emplacement cleverly
concealed by a mass of broken wire. The loophole was now shut for a
moment or two, and then once again opened, the officer on the flank
having moved to a position where he could command the German sniper’s
loophole. His cap had fallen off. He had a bald head. Once found, and
unaware of the fact the sniper was soon dealt with.

One could relate very many such incidents, but they are rather grisly.
Sooner or later nearly every troublesome German sniper met his fate.

But the duty of the sniper changed as the war went on. At first his
job was to dominate the German snipers, destroy their _moral_, and
make life secure for his own comrades. At the same time there was his
Intelligence work. Later, as the warfare became more open, he proved
his value over and over again in attack. When a trench was taken, it
was his duty to get out in front and (lying in a shell-hole) to keep
the enemy heads down while his companions consolidated the newly-won
position. When an advance was held up by a machine-gun, it was the
sniper’s business to put it out of action if he could, and the list of
V.C.’s and D.C.M.’s, as well as thousands of deeds of nameless men,
prove how often he was successful. In the last advance of the Canadian
Corps, their very skilled sniping officer, Major Armstrong, told me
that a single sniper put out of action a battery of 5.9 guns, shooting
down one after another the German officer and men who served it--a
great piece of work, and one thoroughly worthy of General Currie’s
splendid Corps.

But the machine-gun was the sniper’s special target. Once, of course,
a machine-gun was spotted, or moved in the open, a single sniper was
quite capable of putting it out of action. In fact, the sniper’s duties
were legion. He had to be a really high-class shot, a good and accurate
observer, and a good judge of distance, wind and light. Suffice it that
in the more open warfare many a sniper killed his fifty Germans in a
single day, and whether as a rifleman or scout, he bore a part more
perilous than that of the rank and file of his comrades. If you who
read this know a man who served his year or two in the sniping section
of his battalion, you know one whom it is well that you should honour.

A position which was much used by German snipers is supposed to have
been trees. This was the theme of many pictures in the illustrated
papers, but as a matter of fact a high tree makes a wretched sniping
post, and I rarely allowed one to be used on our side. The Germans,
however, did extensively use the pollard willows which were so common a
feature on the First Army front. We did not use them, as I have said,
but we found that the German sense of humour appears to be much tickled
by seeing, or thinking he sees, a Britisher falling out of a tree, and
when our sniping became very good, and the enemy consequently shy of
giving a target, a dummy in a tree worked by a rope sometimes caused
Fritz and Hans to show themselves unwisely.

When the sniping was of high class on both sides, all kinds of ruses
were employed to get the other side to give a target. But one had to be
very careful not to go too far in this sort of work or trickery, lest a
_minenwerfer_ should take his part in the duel.

From time to time wild geese crossed the trenches in the winter, and
their appearance was usually a signal for a fusillade in which every
rifle and machine-gun that could be brought to bear on both sides
took part. Very rarely was one brought down, though it is possible
that along the whole front in the years of war a dozen may have been
killed. One in particular, on a wild and stormy evening, was shot by
the British and fell in the German lines. The enemy the next day
hoisted a sign on which was painted in English the words: “So many
thanks!”--which was indeed hard to bear!

There is another incident into which birds also came which occurred on
the Brick-stacks front of the First Army. It was when our sniping had
reached its high-water mark in the 11th Corps. Not very long before we
had been dominated on this front, but the 33rd Division had put all
that right.

One day Lieut. Gray was coming down the trenches on a tour of
inspection, when he found a private soldier with five partridges lying
before him on the fire step.

“How did you get them?” said Gray.

“Shot them, sir.”

“Yes, but I mean how did you get their bodies?”

“Crawled out, sir, and picked them up.”

“By daylight, and in full view of the Germans?”

“Yes, sir. It’s all right, sir; they never shoot now.”

Gray gave the private in question a good dressing-down, but the
incident was not without its significance.

One day in 1915 I was knocking about on the top of Hill 63 with a
telescope. The edge of Ploegsteert Wood abuts upon this hill, and as
I came up I saw an old cock pheasant walking about. At that moment a
shell burst very close to him. He was not hit, but he was certainly
very much dazed, for he stood stupidly watching the fumes rising from
the cavity, and had it not been for the strict orders concerning
game--and the probable arrival of more shells--I could easily have
captured him; but after a few moments, during which he sat with his
feathers all fluffed out, he gathered himself together and disappeared
into the nearest thicket.

I was always very much afraid all through the war that, having started
poison gas, the Germans might start using shot guns loaded with
buckshot for work between the trenches. Had they done so, patrolling
would have become a horrible business; but I suppose that they were
restrained by the fact either that such weapons are not allowed by the
Geneva Convention, or that the British Isles have such a supply of
shot guns and cartridges that the advantage would not remain long upon
their side. As it was, things were much more satisfactory, for there
was plenty of excitement out in No Man’s Land, what with machine-gun
bullets and rifle fire, without the added horror of a charge of small
shot in the face.

I have touched on the work of observers in the front line in this
chapter, but it will be more fully considered in the next upon the
subject of Observation, to which this side of the sniper’s work really
belongs.




CHAPTER VI

AN OBSERVER’S MEMORIES


As I have already said, when sniping was started in the B.E.F., we
owed our fairly rapid and certainly very definite success in the task
of dominating the Hun to a single factor. Whereas the German sniper
usually worked alone, we put up against him two men, one of whom, “A,”
used the telescope and kept a close watch for “targets” upon a good
sector of the enemy’s line, while “B,” his comrade, used the rifle and
shot at the “targets” which “A” found. The result was that at a hundred
points along the line you could daily hear a conversation such as this:

    A.--“Black Sandbags--left--two feet--’alf a ’Un’s ’ead showing.
    D----! he’s down!”

    B.--“Hope he’ll come up again.”

    A.--“He’s up!”

    B.--(Fires).

    A.--“Close shave--six inches high--bad luck, ole son!”

Now the total result of the above passage was in all probability not
only that a German in the trench opposite had been fired at and missed,
but that “A,” the telescope man, had seen certain details which might
prove of interest. These details “A,” at once, as a matter of routine,
entered in his log book. He enters the time--11.18 a.m. let us say.
The place is C3d.25.85 on the squared map. So far all was simple; but
the next entry as to what he had seen was important. A Hun’s head, or
a yellow-bearded Hun, or an ugly Hun, meant nothing; but a Hun wearing
a Prussian cockade, or a Hun wearing a helmet with No. 119 on the
cover--these things were of importance, and soon, under instruction,
sniper-observers gave up reporting black-bearded Germans who leaned
over the parapet, and realized the value of the all-important game
of identification. They entered besides the details already given, a
note of the action taken and the result: In the case we have imagined,
“Fired one shot--missed.”

It will be further understood that a sniper’s observer (and do not
forget that the observer’s work is much the more trying, and that “A”
and “B” change places every twenty minutes to rest the observer’s
eyes), saw a great many things happen in the enemy lines which did not
come under the heading of “targets.” Earth being thrown up usually
meant work in progress. The occurrence was, of course, noted down in
the log book, with a map reference at which it took place and the spot,
if worth while, bombarded with trench mortars. Or the observer might
spot a machine-gun emplacement, or locate a _minenwerfer_.

But it will be seen that the possibilities are endless, and as the
war went on the snipers provided a mass of detail, much of which was
confirmed by raids and identifications taken from prisoners or from the
dead, and very little could happen near the enemy’s front lines without
our Intelligence being at once aware of it.

An interesting question which arose was whether a sniper should enter
deductions as well as facts in his reports, and this question was often
asked me. The reply was that he should invariably do this provided he
marked his deductions very clearly as such.

The most brilliant piece of deduction that I came across was that of
an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, and it had a remarkable
sequel. At one point of a supposed disused trench, a cat was observed
sunning itself upon the parados. This was duly reported by the
observant sniper, and in his log book for three or four days running
came a note of this tortoise-shell cat sunning itself, always at the
same spot.

The Intelligence and Sniping Officer of the battalion, on reading
his entries, made his deduction, to wit, that the cat probably lived
near by. Now at that part of the British line there was a terrible
plague of rats, which was probably at least as troublesome upon
the German side. So our officer deduced that the cat was a luxury,
and that this being so, it had most certainly been commandeered or
annexed by enemy officers and probably lived in some enemy officer’s
headquarters--possibly a company commander’s dug-out.

Some aeroplane photographs were next taken and studied, with a result
that an enemy headquarters was discovered, located and duly dealt with
by one of the batteries of howitzers which made a speciality of such
shoots.

I give the full details of this incident in a later chapter. In fact,
in trench warfare there was a great deal of scope for deduction.

At one time, before the Germans received the large numbers of light
machine-guns which were issued in the later stages of the war, their
heavier weapons were mounted in fixed posts, which were very carefully
concealed. Sometimes these guns fired a burst at night, and we invented
a way in which it was possible to locate them. We had a large tin
structure, shaped like an oblong box and made of three walls of tin,
each some inches apart. This was mounted on straight square sticks
fixed at either end of the box. These sticks fitted into grooves which
were nailed on boards set into the parapet, and after dark were run up
until the tin box was above the parapet. Should it in this position
happen to catch even one bullet of a burst of fire, as an enemy
machine-gun sprayed our trench, it was only necessary to slide down
the legs through the grooves, and to place a periscope in front of any
hole the machine-gun bullets had made. In this way the observer found
himself looking down the course along which the bullet had come, direct
at the spot from which it was fired.

This was rather a clumsy and very uncertain device, but it was used in
a dozen other forms. Had it been invented earlier, before the issue of
light machine-guns which I have referred to above, it might have been
quite valuable, but it came too late, and was soon discarded.

To spot a hostile machine-gun emplacement was one of the most valuable
services a front-line observer could render, since of course a single
machine-gun can hold up an attack and inflict great casualties.
Therefore, when a machine-gun emplacement was spotted it was not
necessarily put out of action at once, but its map reference was noted
and sent to Intelligence, where it was filed, and action taken by the
divisional artillery at the correct time, usually just before a raid or
an attack.

On the 11th Corps front in 1916 our troops were continually making
raids, and there was a great deal of competition as to who should
make the most successful. The result was that the enemy was kept
continually upon the jump. The Germans were allowed very little sleep
during those months.

One night they decided to try and regain the lost initiative, and a
German raid was turned on, which, however, did not meet with great
success; in fact, things began to be critical for the raiders, and the
German Company Commander in charge came out into No Man’s Land to see
for himself what was amiss. There in No Man’s Land he was killed by
our men, and from his body a map was taken on which the position of no
less than eighty machine-gun emplacements was marked. At first it was
thought that the map on which these eighty emplacements were described
might be a fake intended to mislead us, but on comparing it with the
emplacements discovered during the previous weeks it was found that no
fewer than forty-two of the eighty had been spotted and ticked off,
though as yet no serious action against them had been taken.

Such a chance never comes twice, and a few nights later the gunners
blew up all the machine-gun emplacements while the South Wales
Borderers went across and raided the German trenches. To such a tune
was the raid carried out that, though a record number of prisoners were
brought in, the raiding party suffered hardly any loss themselves.

More than one officer in the war must have found himself in a dreadful
position when captured by the enemy with important maps of his own
lines in his pocket. Carelessness, darkness, or misadventure might each
or any of them be responsible, but bad as was the lot of the ordinary
prisoner, how much worse was that of one whose capture had given
valuable local information to the enemy! It is too painful a subject to
pursue.

Many people seem to think that all observation is now done from
aeroplanes, but this is absurd. The airmen can spot hostile
concentrations and do invaluable work in a hundred ways, but, as the
war went on, more and more was it recognized how necessary was the
ground-observer, for he looked at the enemy from a different angle, and
his reports were often of the highest value.

Once the Germans started a new and large form of periscope, and we
ceased destroying them at once the moment a clever observer found that
with the telescope he could read the reflection of the numbers on the
shoulder straps of the Germans who used them, thereby allowing us to
identify the opposing unit with both comfort and ease.

It was perhaps natural enough that when a sniper first won his way into
the sniping section of his battalion, he should desire to shoot rather
than to observe, yet, as a matter of fact, the observer’s was, in my
opinion, the post of honour. It was very hard work too, especially in
summer time, and more especially still in the chalk country. Some of
the happiest days of our lives were spent with the Ross telescope,
either watching the German lines from the front trenches or from some
observation post further back overlooking the wide areas that lay
behind them. On many occasions one became so interested that meals
were forgotten, as the telescope searched and waited for the artillery
observers’ observation posts.

Such a one there was at Beaumont Hamel. It was in the autumn of 1915,
and the leaves were falling, which is the best time of all for spotting
the posts of enemy observers. Right back in the village was a building
which, though it had been heavily shelled, still stood in a fairly
commanding position. A direct hit had at some previous time smashed
a jagged hole under the eaves through which one could see a beam
stretching across. It was the presence of this beam which first drew
attention to the spot, for it seemed strange that the shell should not
have carried it away. It looked, indeed, as if it had been placed there
afterwards; but it was a little back in the room behind, and it was
difficult to tell whether the shell might not have left it intact.

In the morning, when the light was bad owing to the position of
the sun, it was very hard to spot the shell hole, and the beam was
invisible, but one day when the light was very good in the afternoon,
the glass revealed five bricks standing on this broken beam. Natural
enough--but not quite so natural when the next day the five bricks had
changed their position. On the first day four had been lying along the
beam at full length and one was set upon its end. On the second day a
second had adopted the erect position.

Late in the afternoon of that clear day the officer who had observed
and who was taking interest in the five bricks saw through his 30-power
glass a German hand moving the bricks and the light glint on a pair of
German field-glasses levelled amongst them.

The second shell from our gunners removed for ever that post of
Beaumont Hamel.

That was one side of the game.

The other was when your own post got given away--as it sometimes
did--usually by the flash of a glass in some unskilled hands, by
aeroplane photographs, or by some idiot approaching the post when the
light allowed of good observation from the German line. Then the first
news you had of it was the arrival of the German shells. Followed
either the decision to stick it, or the climb, during the later stages
of the war in a gas mask, down the ladder and a dash for the nearest
dug-out.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

Inside the Observation Post.]

Once on a certain famous ridge riddled with our observation posts, I
can remember finding a path leading to every post clear in the new
fallen snow, and a German aeroplane imminent overhead. Now supposing
that plane happened to be a photographic plane, as it most probably
was, the whole of the posts would be given away as clearly as if we had
sent a map across with them marked upon it.

I can remember how we made false trails in little parties, and never
did soldiers double at a faster pace! A fall of snow helped us a great
deal as far as aeroplane photographs were concerned, and no doubt the
Germans also, but even at such times the German flying man did not come
much over our lines.

There was another post which we used for a long time, the only road
to which lay along a disused trench in which were several deep shell
holes. As this trench was full of a kind of thick dust or mud according
to the weather, and as the whole length of it had to be passed over
by crawling there was great fear that the trails of the observers
would one day be photographed from the air. At one point, therefore,
an entrenching tool was left with which each observer obliterated his
trail as far as he could. One becomes very careful in these small
details when one’s life hangs upon the issue.

Perhaps the most remarkable observation posts used during the war
were three famous ones in the French lines. At one point there was
a slight rise in front of the French position and above the German.
Both trenches cut across the Paris road, and exactly upon the top of
the rise between the trenches where the observation was best stood a
milestone on which was stated the number of kilometres to Paris.

This milestone the French photographed. The photograph was sent to the
Camouflage Works, where an exact copy of the milestone, with the number
of kilometres printed on it, was made in steel, but with an observation
eye-slit covered with gauze. Then one night a French party crept out
and removed the real milestone, putting in its stead the camouflaged
one. A tunnel from the trench was next dug, and for many months inside
that harmless-looking milestone a pair of keen French eyes noted much
of interest that happened in the German line.

In another case, a huge dead, yellow-bearded Prussian lay, on a point
of vantage, staring at the sky. He, too, was photographed and copied,
and from the hollow shell, clothed in his uniform, another observer
fulfilled his duty. A dead horse likewise was replaced and used.

In fact, the romance of observation was endless, forming, as it did,
one of the more human phases of the world-war, for here, at least, an
observer’s life was often dependent upon his own skill. Observers often
lay in full view, their lives depending upon quiescence and their art
of blending with the background.

When, at a later date, there was an issue in the British Army of
sniping robes for the use of snipers and observers--robes which
tallied with any background and were ornamented with all kinds of
dazzle painting--there was a tendency to send snipers and observers
out in front. As a rule I think this was a mistake, for the hours
out in front from dawn to dark were very long, and the observer had
to keep upon the _qui vive_ for too long a period. Also the smallest
movement would give him away, and he was rarely in a position to use
his telescope over any large area. Freedom of movement is necessary to
the observer, and as to the sniper, I always felt that it was wrong to
send him out except on a definite quest, for the man behind the trench
is always in a superior position to the man who is lying on open ground
without any chance of escape.

So far I have dealt with what is known as front line observation;
but besides this we have to consider the very wide subject of back
area observation. The sniper’s duty is to watch the enemy’s front and
support lines. The brigade observers, if any--and keen brigades were
always sending them to be trained--and the divisional observers working
from posts on their own support lines, or from some point of vantage
far behind, watched the areas lying at the back of the enemy fighting
lines as far as the glass could see.

To some of the Army Corps were attached the Lovat Scouts Sharpshooters.
This name turned out in a way really a misnomer, for the Lovats
were found to be so invaluable with the telescope that they were in
many cases forbidden to use the rifle. Many Corps also had groups of
observers formed from their Corps Cavalry. Besides these we had the
F.O.O.’s and Artillery observers who, however, do not come within the
scope of this chapter as their work is so largely for the guns.

In order to understand fully the tremendous mass of work done by
observers, you must realize that behind the lines the Major-General,
the Corps Commander, the Army Commander and the Commander-in-Chief
himself are all blind. Their brains direct the battle, but it is with
the eyes of Sandy McTosh that they see. And nobly through the war did
Sandy do his part. It is from him and his officers that the blind
General behind learns how the battle goes--that the brigade have gained
their first objective--that the --th are held up by wire--that at N26,
C4.3 at least six German battalions are massing for a counter-attack.
In the Vimy Ridge battle did not Lieut. Whamond and Sergeant Fraser
observe, and did not the guns they warned break up, a mighty
counter-attack before ever it was launched?

The duty of the battle observer is to obtain the information as to how
each phase of the battle goes, and then to get that information back to
where it should be of value.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

Lovat Scouts: Battle observers.]

The battle observer’s post or, rather, his series of posts, in an
advance, may begin in an observation post, proceed forward to a series
of shell holes and finish in a wrecked German lorry stranded upon some
convenient slope. He will use the telephone. His runners--who take back
his reports when the telephone wires are cut by shell fire--will escape
on one occasion almost unshot at; on the next gas shells will pursue
them with positive malignancy. The observer cannot observe in his gas
mask, so that gas shells are his particular enemy, and in many of the
later attacks the Germans at once drenched all possible observation
posts with gas.

But, as I say, the observer is the eye of the High Command. Far away
a General and his Chief of Staff are looking at a map. An orderly
enters and hands over a flimsy to the Chief of Staff. He reads out the
message. The General gives a sigh of relief. He knows now that the
danger spot is behind the remnants of the gallant battalions of the
381st Brigade. Sandy McTosh has made “siccar”--he has seen--he has
verified--he has got his report back. Those eyes, trained on the hill
among the deer, may have had their share, and that no small one, in the
making of history.

Battle-observing was the blue ribbon of observation. Although the first
battalion of Lovat Scouts went to Gallipoli, and later to Salonica,
only coming to their true work in France in 1918, yet since 1916
this splendid regiment was represented there by the Lovat Scouts
Sharpshooters whom I have referred to above, and of whom nine groups,
each about twenty strong, and each under an officer, were attached to a
certain Army Corps. Every man of these groups was a picked stalker and
glassman, and they were used largely for long range observation.

It fell to the First Army Sniping School to train their reinforcements.
Keener men never lived, nor more dependable. I remember once a
Zeppelin was reported as falling in the enemy back areas some six or
seven thousand yards behind the German line. This report was made by
divisional observers, but it was promptly denied by the Lovat Scouts,
who stated very gravely that there _was_ a difference between a
Zeppelin and a half deflated balloon!

Lovat Scouts Sharpshooters were trained at Beauly in map-reading,
compass work, etc., and first came out in separate groups. A little
later Lieut.-Colonel Cameron of Lochiel arrived in France to
co-ordinate their work. At this time their _raison d’être_ was not
always apparent to the units to which they were attached, and some
of them were put on to observe for enemy aeroplanes, in which work
their skill was rather thrown away. But this was largely put right by
Lochiel, whose work was invaluable. Later they were under the command
of Lieut.-Colonel Grant, and towards the end of the war, as I have
mentioned above, the First Lovat Scouts were brought home from abroad
to take up their true work of observation, just the whole period of the
war too late.

At first they were quarantined for a time, as most of them were
suffering from malaria, and from then onwards tremendous efforts were
made to train the whole regiment in the higher forms of map-reading.
It is, I believe, a fact that it was only on November 11th, the day of
the Armistice, that the order finally came through from the War Office
which settled the establishment of the Lovat Scouts with the British
Expeditionary Force.

The Lovat Scouts were intensely and rightly proud of their regiment and
its work. Once I received orders to train forty foreigners as Lovat
Scouts, and called up an old Lovat and told him so and ordered him to
make certain arrangements.

“Yes, sir,” said he and saluted.

One of my officers was lying behind a hedge observing, and on leaving
me the old Lovat walked down this hedge soliloquizing. He did not see
the officer, who, however, overheard his soliloquy. It ran thus:

“Forty Englishmen to be trained as Lovat Scouts!
Abominable!--Preposterous!--_and it can’t be done_!”

The 1st Corps had a splendid system under which the Lovat Scouts
attached to it worked. It possessed a grand group under Lieut.
Whamond, M.C., whose equal at his work I never saw in France. The
system was this: Scouts from the group were available on application to
the Corps Intelligence Office. Thus, if a battalion had been ordered to
raid the enemy trenches, the Commanding Officer of that battalion could
indent for some Lovats to go and make a reconnaissance of the enemy
wire for him. Or if a Divisional Commander thought the enemy activities
increasing, he could obtain some special pairs of Lovats to watch the
part of the line he considered threatened. The group, in fact, were at
the service of all units in the Corps, and the result was that when
they were applied for, their assistance was fully valued, and they went
always to a definite job.

Various scouts from this group used to come up to First Army School of
S.O.S. to recoup, for, during the long drawn out operations in front of
Lens, the continual use of the glass was very trying.

A story, probably apocryphal, was always told in the 1st Corps
concerning a gigantic corporal of the Lovats who stood six feet five
inches in height, and was certainly one of the strongest men in
the Army. He was talking with his companion--for the scouts worked
in pairs--when his conversation was overheard by some men of a new
formation. As the Lovats were speaking Gaelic, these men at once
jumped to the conclusion that they were listening to German, and
demanded an instant surrender.

The night was dark, but, as the story goes, it was not the new
formation who brought back the Lovats as prisoners, but the Lovats who
brought back the new formation.

The final arrangement in the B.E.F., which never took effect, allotted
groups of Lovat Scouts to each Division. At each Army there was to be a
Major in charge on the Headquarters staff, and a captain at the Corps;
but, as I have said, this system had hardly begun to operate when the
war ended.

In training glassmen, one wonderfully soon realized how impossible it
was to teach any man to use his telescope skilfully who had not been
accustomed to it from early youth. Every soldier can, of course, be
taught which end to look through, and how to focus, and such details,
but these men who began late in life never got the same value from
their glasses as did the gillies and the stalkers, and from the point
of view of accuracy they were in no way comparable. The truth, that to
use a stalking telescope well needs just as much time, practice, and
natural gift as first-class shooting, was soon recognized, and would-be
observers were sent to the First Army School from all over the B.E.F.
But work on them as we would, they never averaged anything like the
Lovat standard.

It sounds a bold statement to make, but the Lovats _never_ let one
down. If they reported a thing, the thing was as they reported it.
Certainly the men who follow the red deer of Scotland proved themselves
once again in this war to possess qualities which, let us hope, will
never pass from the British race.

As ammunition grew plentiful, and observation more and more adequate,
it naturally became less and less healthy for the German to move about
in his back areas in daylight. Thus, one day, two officers happened to
be in an observation post which was connected with the guns, when out
of a wood some thousands of yards behind the German line emerged three
figures. The light was beautiful, and as the figures came nearer and
nearer one of the officers began to take an interest.

As a rule, that observation post did not ring up the guns unless a
party of Germans over half a dozen in number was seen, but presently
the officer at the telescope spoke.

“I say?”

“Yes.”

“Get on to Stiggins” (the code name of the battery). “Tell them three
Hun officers with blue cloaks lined with light blue silk, blucher boots
and shining swords, will be at the cross-roads at H16, C45.5 in about
five minutes. Tell them they are probably Prince Eitel Fritz and Little
Willie. I will give the word when to let them have it.”

Through the glass could be clearly seen--it was afternoon, and the sun
was in a perfect position--the nonchalant way in which those three
arrogant-looking Hun officers stared about as they approached the
cross-roads.

Then, in due course, the observing officer said: “Now”--and a moment
later the shells passed over the observation post with a sound as of
the tearing of silk, and the three “princes,” blue cloaks and swords
were flying at all angles as they dashed back from the cross-roads,
only to run into another shell burst. Two fell--the other made good his
escape. It was never learned who they were.

Another incident. One very misty day two officers were in an
observation post looking out over the huge devastation of the Loos
salient. They were not in an artillery, but in an Intelligence
observation post, which, however, was linked up with the guns. Suddenly
the mist thinned, revealing far behind the German lines, 7,000 yards
away, a number of figures engaged in harvesting.

“Ring up ‘Compunction,’” said one officer, “and tell them that sixty
Huns are working on the corn at U22, A45.70.”

“By God, cancel that,” cried the other, whose eyes were still on the
telescope. “There are women among them.”

They were French women, with a sprinkling of Bavarian or Prussian
soldiers. The long distance observer saved lives, even behind the Hun
lines, as well as took them.

Sometimes it was the observer’s duty to watch a single German for days
at a time, not for the sake of watching a particular man, but because
the man happened perhaps to be a sentry on the particular piece of line
which was under observation.

I remember watching a German sentry in this way, or, rather, seeing
him from time to time from the Monday to the Thursday. He never gave
an opportunity for a shot, though periodically he used to peer quickly
over the parapet and as quickly subside; but one got quite used to his
routine. His dinner was brought him at his post, where he seemed to
remain for very long hours. Once a friend, who was engaged in painting
a notice, seemed to come and sit and talk with him. The sentry himself
was an exceedingly young German, and I should say an extraordinarily
bad sentry. He sometimes used to shoot at us if we gave him
provocation, but he was an appallingly bad shot. He was so exceedingly
young that I was very glad that I had not a rifle with me, for when at
last he did give a chance it was the Company-Sergeant-Major, who cared
not if he was young or old, who did what was necessary.

There were certain observation posts in or outside the British lines
from which no shot was ever allowed to be fired, lest the post should
be betrayed, so valuable were they for observation. From one you
could see at close range a German mounted military policeman--he was
not always mounted--directing the traffic. You could almost see the
expression on the faces of the Huns.

At another point an observation post which was linked up with the guns
had a long distance view of a straight road near a ridge running behind
the German lines, along which even in daylight Huns were wont to move
in small bodies.

One day an officer and a corporal were in this post, when the corporal
drew the attention of the officer to a single figure moving along the
road. By deduction it was that of a German officer, for every now and
again he would meet little parties of troops coming along the road in
threes and fours, not enough to shoot at.

“Sir,” said the corporal, “the officer stops each lot and kind of seems
to inspect them. I expect he is a disciplinarian.”

The officer smiled.

Some little distance further on he knew a point on the road was
registered by our guns. Before the officer came to this he gave the
word along the telephone to fire. As the shells approached the Hun
officer hurled himself to the ground, from which, after the smoke
cleared from a very nice shot, he was not seen to rise. But the
chances are he crawled away. If not, the German Army was certainly
short of an officer of “push and go.”

Of course the difference between the really skilled observer and the
makeshifts who sometimes had to act in their places came out in a very
marked degree at the longer ranges. The latter did not understand
the telescope, and were never able to focus it so as to get the best
results. In fact, when happenings were quite clear to anyone used to
the telescope, these men were all at sea and could not distinguish much.

Anyone who was a real artist with the telescope was, of course, always
trying different glasses and different magnifications. Apart from the
telescopes which I had purchased with Mr. St. Loe Strachey’s invaluable
fund, the Lady Roberts fund sent me out a number of very high-class
glasses of all magnifications, and after a great deal of experimenting
we came to the conclusion that during all the morning hours, when the
sun was facing us, we should do best for all our work with a 10-power
magnification, whereas, of course, when the sun went round behind us,
higher-powered glasses gave better results. Still, it was very rare
indeed that it was worth while to pull out the 30-power stop. Glasses
even of the same magnification vary to an amazing extent. Some are
what may be called sweet, that is, easy and restful for the eyes to
look through. Others, of perhaps exactly similar type and by the same
maker, are hard and unsatisfactory. Most of the Lovat Scouts brought
out their own glasses, nearly all Ross’s--indeed, I never knew of any
glass to compare with those made by this maker.

There was one duty of back area observers which was always interesting,
and this was watching enemy railway crossings. All these crossings
were, of course, registered by our guns, and it was the duty of the
observer to keep a good look-out on them, and when a train stopped in
the station, and consequently a good deal of traffic was held up on
either side of the railway crossing, he would ring up the guns. A few
well-placed shells would then wreak havoc upon the enemy.

A system which was extraordinarily clear and interesting was adopted by
one Corps. This Corps had, let us say, five posts manned by observers.
All these posts were linked up with artillery. Back at Corps, stretched
on an enormous table, was a large map, on which, of course, the five
observation posts were marked. The observers in the posts sent in their
daily diary of observation, and when anything in it was of importance,
it was entered on this large map. Thus, we will call the posts Tiger,
Lion, Leopard, Puma and Jaguar, the names by which they were known.
Everything observed from Lion was entered in red ink, everything from
Tiger in violet, and from the others also in different coloured inks.
It was thus possible at a single glance to tell exactly what had been
seen during the past week from each post. Of course sometimes two posts
observed the same thing, but only on the extreme limits of their area
of observation.

A good observation post was a great asset, and sore, indeed, were the
observers if it was given away. There was one such post on a certain
front which lay within six hundred yards of the enemy’s front line.
This post had been used, and had remained undiscovered for four months.
One day there was some change in the arrangement of Corps, and a smart
young staff captain arrived at the post and stated that he had orders
to take it over from the observers.

Luckily the observer officer, who shall be nameless, was in the post,
and he is reported to have addressed that staff captain as follows:

“There are two ways, sir, in which this can be done. The one would
be if you were to bring me a written authorization from the head of
Intelligence in my Corps, telling me to deliver up the post. That would
be the proper and official way. The other would be to throw me out.
Which are ye for?”

As the speaker was over six feet high, and had to pass most-doors
sideways, he remained in unmolested possession of that post.

One lingers over observation, because it was so intensely interesting.
During the long and weary period of trench warfare, when one saw so few
Germans in the ordinary course of events, it was delightful to be able
to go and look, with the help of a Ross glass, into their private life.
Many and many a time did officers say to me that one of the things
they most desired and would most enjoy would be to go for a short tour
behind the German lines and see what it all looked like. I quite agreed
with them, but by the use of the telescope we were able to visualize a
great deal of the German common task and daily round.

One early morning, when I was at First Army Sniping School, it became
necessary that a recently-joined N.C.O. who had just come out from
England, should be what Archibald Forbes’ German general called “a
little shooted.” Almost as soon as it was light we went down to the
line and crawled up through a wood which overlooked the German lines.
This wood would have been an almost ideal place for observation, and,
indeed, there were two or three observation posts there, but, as usual,
some incoming division had wanted some of the material which went to
the making of these posts and had torn it from them, thus giving them
most royally away. The result was that the woods were by no means a
health resort, as one never knew when the Germans would start shelling
them.

That summer morning, however, the sun had risen clear and bright,
throwing for a short period of time some kind of illusion over the sad
and war-worn landscape--for really after two or three years in France
one began to feel a horror of broken masonry and the ugly distortion
of war. Very rarely was a scene beautiful, on that part of the front
at any rate, but on this morning there was a tang in the air, and it
was good to be alive. With our telescopes, as soon as we reached a
point of vantage, we were able to see various slight movements in the
German lines. It was a curiously peaceful movement--fatigue parties
moving about carrying large pots full of cooked rations. In front of
us and at no great distance there was a little rounded hummock, which
had obviously been strengthened with concrete. Two men came up to this,
bearing two large pots slung upon a pole between them, and shortly
afterwards four more arrived. All went into a concrete fort which was
too large to be a pill-box. I suggested to an officer who was with me
that the place ought to be shelled, but he laughed and said: “They have
tried it a couple of times, but the shells have simply bounced off. And
now they have the place safely registered on the map, and if we come
to advance in that quarter we should put some howitzer on to it which
would do the work properly.”

Some of these German strong posts certainly did need heavy guns to
deal with them. No doubt there is a great satisfaction in having
an absolutely safe hole into which to creep when artillery fire
begins, but it is doubtful whether it is good policy to make too good
arrangements of this kind. Many Germans no doubt saved their lives by
going down their deep dug-outs and into their concrete pill-boxes, but
many more, as is common knowledge, when our men came over, stayed down
too long and were bombed to death.

But to return. Lying on that hillside in the early morning has always
remained, for no particular reason, one of my most vivid memories in
the war, probably because there was no shelling on either side, and one
had for once the opportunity of watching the enemy moving peacefully
about his tasks.

One point that struck me very strongly was the appearance of the
Germans, who were certainly very much less smart than our men. The
little round caps which the privates wore always reminded me of a
cook’s cap, and if the French steel helmet was a thing of beauty and
the British certainly not, the German was hideous beyond words. The
colour of the German uniform was splendid, and very difficult to pick
up.

When in a back area observation post, one was often watching both
Germans and British, and there is no question at all that the British
were much easier to see than the Germans. This was not because khaki
was a bad colour to blend with backgrounds, but because the tops of
the British caps were all of so much larger area than the German. The
flat-topped caps which so many of the British at one time wore were
simply an advertisement of their presence, and even the soft caps, for
wearing which officers were arrested when on leave by conscientious
A.P.M.’s, were too wide. Any flat surface worn on top of the head
is certain to catch every bit of light, and a flash of light means
movement, and draws the observer’s telescope as a magnet draws metal.

The ideal army, could I clothe it, would wear a very curious shape of
cap, with certainly an uneven outline.

But I do not need to labour this point. You have only to look at the
photographs contained in this book to see what a terrible handicap a
definite outline is.

[Illustration: The Fatal Cap.]

There was one incident of observation which, although it did not happen
often, gave one a distinct feeling of importance. Most shelling done
by the Germans was on registered cross-roads and suchlike spots, and
always when they saw a body of men of any size they would, of course,
shell it. But the observer, who usually went into his post rather
late--as in the early morning observation, owing to the mist and the
position of the sun, was impossible--often received the honour
of a special shelling all to himself. This was not the usual chance
shelling, as that, as I have said, was always done upon the roads, and
very often the observer made his way by footpaths or across the open
ground.

I think the Germans often suspected observation posts, and they paid
a compliment to observers by shelling all those who moved in their
neighbourhood.




CHAPTER VII

THE CURRICULUM AND WORK AT FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.


The making of a good shot in a course of seventeen days is no easy
matter. The First Army School of Sniping was, as I have said, founded
for the instruction of officers and N.C.O.’s who should, in their turn,
instruct, and all who came to it were supposed to be already “good
shots.” As a matter of fact the standard was wonderfully high, and we
very rarely had a hopeless case. Did such a man put in his appearance,
there was only one thing to be done, and that was to send him back to
his battalion.

Yet although a great mass of good material came to us, we were nearly
always able to improve every student’s shooting by 30 or 40 per cent.
It is wonderful what can be done in seventeen days if both the class
and the instructors are working in unison.

Each class used to begin with an inspection of rifles, followed by a
lecture on care and cleaning, at which the value of the polished barrel
was taught with no uncertain voice.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.

Comparison of sniper’s robe as opposed to ordinary kit firing over a
turnip heap. To find second sniper look for muzzle of rifle. Distance
from camera, 8 yards.]

There were many difficulties in the way of teaching shooting with
telescopic sights, when the issue of these was so limited as it was in
France. Many times officers who ought to have known better advocated
the shooting away of a mass of ammunition through telescope-sighted
rifles at ranges of five or six hundred yards. It was hard to make
these officers realize that the sole value of a telescopic rifle lay
in its extreme accuracy, and that if the rifle were continually fired
through, the barrel would become worn, and the best shot in the world,
were he using it, would find his group spreading ever more widely upon
the target. It was necessary, therefore, that the happy mean should be
struck, so every officer and N.C.O. who came to the school was ordered
to bring with him two rifles, one of them with open sights, and until a
man had proved that he could shoot really well with open sights, he was
not allowed to touch a telescopic-sighted rifle.

As a matter of fact, anyone who can make good shooting with the
ordinary service rifle will find very little difficulty in improving
his marksmanship when he is promoted to a telescopic sight.

One of the greatest difficulties that we had--the difficulty which
literally haunted the whole of instruction in France, was the fact that
the telescopic sights were set, not on top, but at the left-hand side
of the rifle. This caused all kinds of errors. The set-off, of course,
affected the shooting of the rifle, and had to be allowed for, and the
clumsy position of the sight was very apt to cause men to cant their
rifles, and some used the left eye. Worse than all, perhaps, in trench
warfare was the fact that with the Government pattern of telescopic
sight, which was set on the side of the rifle, it was impossible to see
through the loopholes of the steel plates which were issued, as these
loopholes were naturally narrow; and looking into the telescopic sight,
when the muzzle of the rifle was pointing through the loophole, one got
nothing but a fine view of the inside of the steel plate and the side
of the loophole. Why the telescopic sights were set on the sides of the
rifles was never definitely or satisfactorily explained, but it was
always said that it was done so that rapid fire should be possible. I
believe the decision was taken in the War Office, and if this is true,
and the sight was set on the side for this reason (and one can see no
other reason why it should have been so set)--then surely whoever was
responsible can have had no knowledge whatever of the use of telescopic
sights.

To take a telescope sight off a rifle occupies not two seconds of time,
and to think that a sniper could or would ever do rapid fire through a
telescope sight, or need to load with a clip, shows nothing short of
incredible ignorance. At any rate, the Germans made no such mistake,
though they made many others.

Nevertheless, the sights came out to us in this form, and by the time
that representations had been made from high quarters in France asking
that telescope sights should be set on top of the rifle, an alteration
was impossible, as it would have thrown out all the factories who were
engaged in the manufacture of these weapons. But once again, many a
German owed his life to the original decision.

To take a concrete instance. One day I was down in the trenches and
watching No-Man’s-Land with a telescope. There was a sniper beside me
who had one of my rifles, a Mauser, which had a telescope sight on the
top, and with which he was able to fire through his loophole. It was
very early in the morning, and the light had not strengthened, when
a working party of Germans appeared who had been working under cover
of some dead ground. They had but a few yards to go to regain their
own trench. The sniper who was next to me got off a shot, but two of
the snipers armed with the Government weapons a little farther along,
who were waiting at loopholes, found that neither of them could bring
their rifles to bear at the extreme angle at which the Germans were
disappearing. Both ran out from their posts to try and get a shot over
the top, but they were, of course, too late.

This is only one instance of a thing that was always happening. As we
could not get the sights altered, the First Army and the 11th Corps
arranged that their workshops should cut special sniping plates with
large loopholes for the use of snipers armed with telescope sights.
But even so it was always unsatisfactory, and the sight on the side of
the rifle had a very circumscribed field of view when used from behind
cover.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL OF S.O.S.

Typical German Loophole Disguises in Earth Parapet.]

In order to show how little telescope sights were understood, it was,
I think, in July, 1916, that Lieut.-Colonel P.W. Richardson came out
to France to lecture on telescopic sights. On his departure he sent
in a report to G.H.Q. as to the inaccuracy of these sights. Colonel
Richardson intended to draw attention only to the inaccuracy, for
there is no man who is keener on these weapons or who knows their
value better; but the authority into whose hands the report fell read
it quite differently, and a month or two afterwards there came down
to Brigades, and indeed to all our formations, the question from
G.H.Q. as to whether it would not be well to abolish telescopic sights
altogether, especially as “economy was now so urgent.” The answers that
went back to that question from G.O.C.’s were couched in no hesitating
language, so that our telescope sights were not taken away. Had they
been taken away, the German would once again have attained his sniping
superiority, and there would be many a man now alive and enjoying life
who would never have left the endless series of trenches which we
were yet destined to defend or capture.

But to get back to the course at the school. Our aim was to create good
shots in as short a time as possible, and not only must they be good
shots, but they must also be quick shots. After finding out errors in
the ordinary way by grouping, we eschewed as far as possible shooting
at targets; the round black bull on the white ground was very rarely
used, and all kinds of marks were put up in its place. The head and
shoulders was the most efficacious target, and practice was further
carried on at dummy heads carried at walking pace along trenches. In
fact, where such appliances as we had at the school are lacking, it is
far better to allow snipers to shoot at tins stuck up on sticks than to
permit them to become pottering target shots.

Speed was always the essence of sniping, and it was wonderful how,
after short practice at the disappearing head, the men began to speed
up. Competition was encouraged to the limit, and on every course a
picked team of men shot against a picked team of officers. Those who
were chosen for these matches were those who obtained the highest
scores during the course. Further, a number of prizes were offered, and
competition for these was always keen. Sometimes we had the Canadians
and Colonials shooting against what they called the “Imperials,” and
sometimes the representatives of the Scottish regiments shot against
the English.

One thing we always made a point of, and that was to take up every
shooter to his target and show him exactly what he had done. A man with
a telescope who spots each shot takes infinitely more interest in what
he is doing than does a man who merely has results signalled to him,
but going up to the target is the best method of all.

After eight days with the open sight, those who were considered
worthy passed on to practise with the telescopic. One of our great
difficulties was that the telescopic sights were so much wanted in the
line that it was hard to call them away for courses; but, as a matter
of fact, many battalions seemed to keep a telescopic sight which they
always sent on the course. It was generally a bad one, but this did
not much matter, as we were continually having snipers sent up with
the rifles they were actually using, in order that they might shoot
them at the school. Thus a man might come on a course, and if he got a
good report, might be back at the school within a week with a telescope
sight which he was thence-forward to use and which we were asked to
regulate to his hold.

[Illustration: 1. There are two snipers here--one in uniform and one in
a “sniper’s robe.”]

But I do not want to go too far into this question of shooting, and it
will not be necessary to say more than that of every hundred students
who came to a course, somewhere about seventy-five went back as
quite useful shots. We had many, of course, far above the class of
“useful,” and sometimes the competition for the champion shot of the
classes was extraordinarily keen. Considering the very small bulls and
the continually moving targets, the scores made at the school reflected
great credit upon the students.

But though there was a great deal of shooting at the school there
were many other subjects also in which students were instructed. One
of these was observation. The way that this was taught was exactly
the same that I had used from the earliest days of 1915. Two trenches
were dug at a distance of three or four hundred yards apart, and one
of these trenches was an exact imitation of a piece of German line.
Those who were to be taught observation were put with their telescopes
and note books in the other trench, while a couple of scouts dressed
in German uniforms showed themselves at certain points of the German
trench, and generally attempted to produce the exact happenings that
would occur were those under instruction watching an actual piece of
German line. Thus at one point of the trench earth would be thrown
up, and five minutes later at another a man in a helmet carrying a
pick would pass along. Here and there a loophole would be opened, and
so on. The observation class kept a look-out upon the German trench,
and noted down in their note books the time and place of all that
happened therein which they were able to observe. As far as possible,
every member of the class was given a telescope of equal power, and it
was an extraordinary thing to see how while some men sent in excellent
reports, others seemed to be quite incapable of accurate observation.

Besides teaching the use of the telescope for front line work, this
system gave a very useful practice lesson in the art of reporting
things seen. Sometimes the officers of the staff or the Lovat Scouts
attempted to crawl out of the German trench without being seen, and on
one occasion two Lovat battle observers who were resting at the school
crawled clean round an officer class unseen, and took them in the rear.
This is an easy enough thing to do when the ground is favourable, but
our trenches had been very carefully sited, so that there were at least
three or four spots in which a man crawling was well within view, and
in passing across these he had to exercise the most infinite care if he
wished to obtain success.

[Illustration: 2. A contrast showing the drawbacks of uniform and a
“correct” position.]

At night time these two trenches were used for another purpose--that
of teaching patrolling. Between them was a strip of typical No Man’s
Land with shell holes which we spent a whole day blowing up, wire,
old uniforms--in fact, everything to make it as like the real thing
as possible. After I left the school, Major Underhill had the bright
idea of putting out in this No Man’s Land a number of imitation
German dead. In the pockets of these “dead” were _soldbuchs_--that is,
the German pay-books--and various other identifications which it is
the duty of scouts to collect and send to H.Q. I think there can be
very little doubt that the conditions under which patrols worked and
practised at First Army Sniping School approached the real in a very
high degree. For instance, all our work was in competition, very often
the officers against men, or Colonials against the World. Sometimes the
defenders were supplied with pistols and Verey lights, which they fired
off just as do the Germans. The attacking patrol carried with it small
pegs with the patroller’s name marked upon them. These pegs they stuck
into the ground at the most advanced or important point which they
attained.

A certain amount of teaching of patrolling was done in the daytime by
the use of night glasses. These were the invention of Major Crum, of
the King’s Royal Rifles. On the sunniest day, once one had put on one
of these pairs of goggles, one could not see more than was possible on
the darkest night, and there is no doubt that a great deal was learnt
by watching in daylight the kind of movements that a man must make at
night.

Experience of scouting in No Man’s Land showed that our patrols were
most often spotted at the moment of leaving or returning to our own
trenches, and great stress was laid on the proper way in which to get
in and out of a trench. Another dangerous moment for the patrols was
when they made a turning movement. The man who crept out with care and
skill was apt to rise to his knees as he turned, and if a Verey light
happened to be in the air at that moment, he was thus apt to give the
whole show away.

There were many other subjects taught at the school into which I
need not go, for those interested will find them all set out in the
appendices, but special stress was always laid upon marching on compass
bearings by night. It was an amazing thing how few officers really
understood the prismatic compass, and indeed, how high a percentage of
them did not possess a compass worth understanding. The advent of the
gas mask, or box-respirator, added new difficulties to training, for
it was necessary to carry out a good deal of our work under gas alarm
conditions.

At least once on every course we had a scouting scheme. For this,
the N.C.O.’s and men were told off in small parties, each under an
officer, and were given a certain line to hold. They were to report all
details of a military nature which they saw, all transport, etc. Some
of our staff scouts were sent out early in the day, and were ordered
to try and make their way back unseen through this line, and the
staff instructors used to go out and see what they could of it. This
scouting scheme gave great individual play to the fancy of the officer
in charge of each party, and many of them used it to the full.

For some reasons a story was started that I had once gone right along
the road which was the line that was being held disguised as a French
peasant. I had never done anything of the kind, but the keenness to
spot me when I did go round was always a matter of amusement.

The training of observers at the school, as distinct from the front
line telescope work which I have described, was always extraordinarily
interesting. I give in Appendix A the exact course the Lovat Scout
reinforcement observers were put through. We were exceedingly lucky
in having at the school so many first-rate glass-men, so that it was
possible to get ahead with teaching the telescope very fairly quickly.
Sometimes through pure ignorance a young observer, or an observer new
to his work, would think he knew a great deal more than he actually
did. It was only necessary to put him down for five minutes beside a
Lovat Scout for him to rise a much wiser and less self-sufficient man!

Another branch of long-distance observation was the building of
properly concealed observation posts, and by the time the school left
Linghem, the plateau was honeycombed with posts looking in every
direction.

Very early in the school’s career, a model sniper’s post was built,
and all along one series of trenches we had model loopholes. One point
that I always found when visiting the real trenches was that nearly all
loopholes were made with three iron plates in the form of a box. This
shape of loophole very much circumscribes the angle of fire. The true
way to make a loophole is to set the two flanking plates at an angle of
at least forty-five degrees, so that the field of fire may be enlarged.

One of the most important object lessons which we used to have was
to send a sniper into the model trenches with orders to fire from
different loopholes in turn. The rest of the class then watched the
loopholes, and gave opinions as to which one the shot had come from. It
takes a considerable amount of skill to fire from a loophole without
giving away your position by the gas which comes from your rifle
muzzle. These demonstrations also taught the snipers how in the dry
weather the dust round the mouth of a loophole will invariably give it
away, and how in cold weather the smoke will hang a little.

[Illustration: FIRST ARMY SCHOOL S.O.S.

Showing effects and importance of light and shade.]

Lectures on aeroplane photographs were another side of our work, and
one which was undoubtedly very necessary. All the school trenches and,
indeed, the whole school and plateau and the woods around it had been
photographed from the air. Each officer or N.C.O. student was provided
with a photograph, and went over the actual ground, Captain Kendall
accompanying them to explain all details. In this way a practical
knowledge of what trenches looked like from the air was gained.

The demonstrations showing the use of protective colouring and the
choice of backgrounds always interested the classes very much. Often
the whole class arrived within twenty yards of a man lying within
full view without being able to spot him. On one occasion during a
big demonstration, one of the staff was lying out in a coat of the
colour and contour of sandbags on top of a trench, and the whole
party of staff officers were all round him without having spotted his
whereabouts. When I pointed him out a foreign officer who was present,
and who evidently did not understand me, thought I was referring to an
object a little further on, and in order to see it better he actually
leaped on to the camouflaged man!

As a matter of fact, this protective colouration scheme business can
very easily be overdone, for the man who lies out in the open is at the
mercy of the changes of light and shade. What is an absolute protective
background at eleven o’clock may become quite useless at twelve. But it
was necessary to teach it to a certain extent, as in open warfare the
observer and the scout have to obtain safety by concealment rather than
by cover from fire.

Another of the most useful lessons at the school was undoubtedly the
practical one of judging distance. On the average I think students
were worse at distance-judging than at any other subject, but a little
practice made an enormous difference.

_The ruling idea of the School was to make sniping as simple as
possible, and for this purpose nothing was ever used in building a post
or loophole which could not be obtained at once in any trench in the
British Army._ There were many very elaborate loopholes which could be
indented for from the Special Works Park R.E. (Camouflage), but I do
not think these were successful unless they were put in by specially
selected officers, for in sending indents to the Special Works Park,
Commanding Officers usually forgot to mention the background and the
kind of earth in which their trenches were dug.

A demonstration that used always to interest the class exceedingly
was one which showed the effect of different forms of ammunition on
various kinds of loophole plates, British and German. Some time in
1917 the Germans produced an armoured mask for snipers. This was of
steel, and of great weight and thickness, and indeed it looked as if no
bullet could possibly go through it, so much so that one of my officers
volunteered to put it on and let someone have a shot at him. This I, of
course, refused to countenance for a moment, and lucky it was, for the
first shot went clean through the armoured headpiece. Anyhow, I should
imagine, whether the shot pierced the vizor or no, the man in it must
almost certainly be stunned by a direct hit.

Although when first I became a sniping instructor, I used to have some
firing practice at five and six hundred yards, when I went to the First
Army School I gave this up. The chances of hitting a German head at
six hundred yards with a telescope sight, if there is any wind blowing
at all, are not great, for, as I have repeatedly said, a sighting
shot is not possible, and I came to the conclusion that continual
popping away with telescopic-sighted rifles at six hundred yards simply
wore out their barrels. After all, a rifle only lasts at its highest
efficiency for, in certain cases, as few as five hundred rounds, and
every shot taken through a telescope-sighted rifle shortens the life
of the barrel. We, therefore, until warfare became more open, never
went back further than four hundred yards, and our greatest difficulty
was to teach the snipers to appreciate the strength of the wind. The
system by which wind must be taught to snipers must be both very
accurate and very simple, for some of the best snipers who came to the
school had difficulty in making calculations. Usually we found that
the best way to begin to teach wind allowance was to take the man up
on the range, and for one of the staff to demonstrate against the stop
butt. The class all had telescopes, and the puff of dust gave away the
exact point at which the bullet struck. This system had the further
advantage of teaching snipers what a distance of two feet looks like at
three hundred yards. But individual practice is the only way to learn
wind-judging.

At the school we gave six different strengths of wind, gentle,
moderate, fresh, strong, very strong, and gale, and it was, of course,
in the judging of the gentle, moderate and fresh, that the difficulties
lay. Our range had this advantage, that it was a good one on which to
teach wind allowance by letting the men practise for themselves, for
there was almost always a wind blowing.

Night firing and observation by moonlight, as well as many other
schemes which the reader who is interested can see for himself in the
curriculum which is set out in the appendix, took up the rest of our
time; but, from the very earliest days, the moment the day’s work was
over we used to adjourn for games. At first we used to play rounders
and baseball of a kind. Later we made a rough golf course of three or
four holes; but as soon as we got our Establishment and the school
increased in size, games became a matter of great importance, and, as
usual, football was by far the most popular. We had throughout a very
good Association team, and sometimes were able to play two elevens on
Saturday afternoons, and all the other days there were pick-up sides
and punt-about.

In summer we played some cricket matches, and were never beaten, though
once, one lovely summer evening, we adjourned for dinner at the end of
our opponents’ second innings having fifty runs to get to win. When we
came out to get the fifty it was so dark that we only pulled it off by
one wicket.

In June, 1917, there was a conference of sniping officers at Boulogne,
and here I first met the Commandants of the S.O.S. Schools of the other
armies: Lt.-Col. Sclater, D.S.O. (2nd Army), Major Pemberthy (3rd
Army), Major Michie, D.S.O. (5th Army) and the Major commanding the
School of the 4th Army. All the above are well-known throughout the
B.E.F. for the splendid work they did.

One point which we always tried to impress on all who came to the
school was the vital necessity for snipers and observers to take
immediate action when anything unusual and not normal was seen. I give
the following instance to illustrate this essential.

One day I had been ordered to visit a certain battalion in order to go
round their sniping posts and to look over their telescope sights. As
through some mistake their telescope sights were in the line, I had to
use my own rifle to demonstrate with.

At this time I was shooting with a .350 Mauser, which, of course,
carried special ammunition, and after the lecture, as there was still
some light left, I wandered up to the line through the darkness of a
large wood. Here there was a railway cutting, across which our trenches
and those of the Germans opposing us lay. My batman was carrying my
rifle, and I descended into this cutting, where we had a post. The
Germans, at a distance of about 250 yards, had also a strong post
across the cutting. Four or five privates were keeping a look-out upon
the German line, but none of them had telescopes, and the moment I used
mine I saw a German officer who was standing up and giving directions.
I at once took my rifle only to find that my servant had left the
cartridges behind.

Although I could see the German officer quite clearly through the
telescope of the rifle, it was getting so dark that I could not pick
him up with the open sights of one I borrowed, so that an accurate shot
was out of the question; but with the telescope I was able to get an
inkling of what he was doing. Very obviously, he was superintending the
placing of a trench mortar into position with which to bombard the post
in which I was; for I could see quite a movement of men, and earth was
being continually thrown up.

It rapidly grew quite dark, and I went back and reported the matter
to the proper authority. Now the proper authority was, I thought, not
very much interested, and although I put the case very strongly, and
said I was sure the _minenwerfer_ would bombard our post next day,
it appeared from subsequent events that he took no action, nor did he
ring up the guns and ask them to demolish the German _minenwerfer_ that
night as I begged him to do. The result was that shortly afterwards our
post was demolished, with loss of life.

There is no doubt that on that evening the star of the German officer
was in the ascendant, for had I had a cartridge, the chances were
enormously against his ever having left the trenches alive, as I had
the range from the map and knew the shooting of my rifle to an inch.




CHAPTER VIII

WILIBALD THE HUN

[This and the following chapter are representative of the two sides of
sniping--_i.e._--shooting and observation. The incidents occurred.]


“Who’ve you got there?”

“Mr. Harrison, sir; killed, sir.”

A short, red-haired officer ranged up alongside the stretcher, turned
back the blanket, and somewhat hurriedly replaced it.

“Damn those pointed bullets,” he said, speaking in a detached kind of
way and half to himself. His mind was working already on its problem.

“Where did it happen?”

“Caisson Trench, sir. That sniper Wilibald.”

“When?”

“Just after nine, sir.”

“Anyone with him?”

“Sergeant Small, sir.”

The officer turned, and the stretcher-party resumed its way. He
stood watching them for a little, his thoughts roving from the
horrible way in which a pointed bullet, fired from a rifle with a
muzzle-velocity of 3,000 feet a second, will at times keyhole, to
the deeds and too-haunting personality of Wilibald the Hun. British
troops have throughout the war given names to any German sniper
whose deeds lent him a personality. Fritz is generic; but once let
a Hun impress himself by skill, and he is christened. Thus we have
known Adolfs, Wilhelms, Old Seven-trees, Bluebeard, and a hundred
others. At first, thanks to the Duke of Ratibor, who collected all
the sportsmen’s telescopic-sighted rifles in Germany--and it is proof
of German far-sightedness that a vast percentage of them took the
military cartridge--the Hun sniper took heavy toll against our blunt
open sights. Later, things happened, and the plague was stayed; but in
the days of this incident the Hun and the Briton were still striving
unevenly for mastery.

The officer turned at length, and walked slowly down the trench till
he came to company headquarters. A second-lieutenant, standing at the
entrance to the dug-out, was unloading a rifle.

“Hullo, Bill,” said the officer. “Whose rifle?”

“My batman’s.”

“What have you been doing with it?”

“Wilibald shot Jack Harrison through the head. I----”

“Don’t,” said the red-haired officer shortly.

“Why not?”

“Have you ever shot with that rifle?”

“No.”

The red-haired officer raised his eyes wearily.

“Wilibald’s bag is big enough already. Wilibald sits over there”--he
indicated the German position with a swinging movement--“in some hole
or other as snug as a bug in a rug, _with_ a telescope sighted rifle
which he knows to the inch. You go and look for him with a rifle you
don’t know to a yard. You ---- fool!”

“All right, Red. We know your hobby. Only we wish you’d deliver the
goods.”

“Meaning Wilibald?”

“Yes. Wilibald is becoming a public nuisance. He’s got nine of us,
including an officer and an N.C.O., and he’s got more than a dozen of
the West Blanks who relieve us. He’s ... Damn! that’s him.”

A shot had rung out, followed by an ejaculation. The two officers
hurried along the trench to where in a bay a consequential private was
pouring iodine into a sergeant’s cheek. Three or four other privates
were talking excitedly.

“It come from the ’Un trench.”

“It didn’t. It come from the trees in the spinney.”

“That’s right. The fifth tree.”

“Naw. The sixth.”

“Garn!”

Red, with a word, broke up the group, and addressed the sergeant:

“Hullo, Small. What’s happened?”

“I was takin’ a spy, and Wilibald ’ad a drive at me. Clipped my cheek,
’e did,” said Small, in the aggrieved voice of the N.C.O. whose dignity
has been touched.

“Then, for God’s sake, don’t take a spy, Small, until you learn how to
do it without offering a target. Let’s see your cheek. Only a scratch.
That’s lucky. Now, did you see where the shot was fired from?”

“Beyond that it come from the left flank, I did not, sir. I----”

“All right. Go and get your cheek bandaged.”

As the sergeant saluted and went off down the trench, Red, having
ordered the observers to keep a good look-out upon the enemy trench,
took off his cap, and, fixing it on his stick, told Bill to raise it
slightly above the parapet until the badge of a famous regiment glinted
in the sun, while he watched.

Nothing happened.

Red laughed.

“Wilibald’s not a dasher,” said he. “He’s a regular Hun. Probably has
some rule about not firing unless he can see half the head he’s aiming
at. ‘Shoot to kill’ is his motto. Useful man, Wilibald. I wonder if his
company commander appreciates him.”

After passing along the trench and warning its garrison not to give
unnecessary targets, Red went a round of his observers. They were
stationed at loopholes and in O.P.s.

“Keep a good look-out, and try to spot Wilibald if he fires again. The
light will be pretty good when the sun works round behind us.”

“Which part of the trench do you think he is in, sir?” asked a
lance-corporal.

“Don’t know; perhaps not in the trench at all. Some of the Royal
----shires thought he was in the spinney, and some thought he was in
the willow-trees. He got twelve of them. He must be dealt with.”

“Yes, sir,” said the lance-corporal optimistically.

It was four o’clock in the afternoon when Red, having passed down
an old disused trench in the rear of the British position, crawled
cautiously out behind the parados. Here was an area seamed with shell
holes, each half-full of green, scummy water, little piles of rotting
sandbags, rusty wire, nettles, and coarse grass. About fifty yards
behind the front line a heavy shell had fallen almost on the top of
the almost imperceptible rise which culminated at that point. This
shell hole was Red’s objective, for from it he could, he knew, get a
fair view of the German trenches. It was not a safe place to visit in
the morning, when the sun was behind the German lines, and everything
in the British stood out clearly to their Zeiss glasses; but in the
afternoon the position was reversed, and the Hun observers were in
their turn looking into the sun.

To this place Red made his way. It was long before the days of
snipers’ robes of canvas, painted yellow and green and black, which for
such work would have been useful, though the earlier patterns, cut like
a greatcoat, were difficult to crawl in. Later a pattern of overall
shape was issued, which gave free play to the knees; but, as we say,
such issues were not yet “available.”

At length, Red reached the shell hole, and slowly made a place for his
telescope among the clods of earth upon the crater-lip. Then he bent
himself to a careful study of the scene.

The line of the German trenches was marked in white, for it was a
somewhat chalky country, with here and there loophole plates sticking
gauntly up on the top of the parapet. To these Red gave no attention.
Many of them were dummies; the danger-spots, he knew, were set lower;
often upon the ground level, where, through some gap in the rusty
wire, the German sniper’s eyes watched ceaselessly for a “target.”
Very carefully Red examined the German trenches. Well he knew their
appearance. One by one he picked up the familiar landmarks; here a
machine gun emplacement, there a suspected sniper’s post. All was
quiet. Once a sentry fired, and the bullet hummed like a bee high
above him. Next, Red turned more to the business in hand--the location
of Wilibald. No easy business, since there was a great divergence of
opinion. He had been located so often; in a sniping-post by the black
sandbags--for at one point in the Hun trenches there were a number
of black sandbags; the Germans used all colours on that front. Red
turned his glass on that point. Yes, there seemed to be a post there,
but there was nothing to prove that it was tenanted. Then he tried
the spinney; but neither the third tree nor the fifth yielded up any
secret. Then the ruined house or hovel; after that, the wide expanse
of No Man’s Land. As he watched, Red remembered the words of the Corps
Commander: “There is no No Man’s Land. It must be our land right up to
the enemy trenches.” That was an ideal to live up to. But stare now as
he would, and as he continued to do for an hour, he saw nothing, could
see nothing of Wilibald. Broken wire, shell holes, sandbags, pulverized
bricks and mortar, men lying in queer positions, men whose ragged
tunics the evening wind stirred strangely, men who would never move
again.

All Red’s life he had been apt, in moments of tension, to recur to a
phrase which made a kind of background to his thoughts, and now he
found himself repeating:

“Exiled and in sorrow far from the Argive Land.”

He turned round and glanced at the sun. It was sinking red, like a
cannon-ball. Then he turned for a last look at No Man’s Land and the
Hun positions. Nothing stirred. Far away on the right, a mile or two
away, a machine gun sounded like a rapidly worked typewriter. A bat
flew and turned above the British trench fifty yards in front of him.
Red crawled back.

In the trench he met his brother officer Bill.

“Hullo, Red. Any luck?”

“No.”

Bill laughed.

“Wilibald’s some man.”

Red nodded.

That evening at mess Wilibald formed the topic of conversation. The
Colonel spoke of him very seriously.

“He must be a splendid shot,” said he. “He puts it through the loophole
in the post in Bay 16, two shots in three--at least, so Carpenter, of
the Blankshires, was telling me. Said he supposed he’d got one of those
big Zeiss telescopic sights which magnify four times. Shooting with ’em
must be as easy as falling off a log.”

“Yes, sir,” said Red.

It was a full hour before dawn that the chill woke Red in his dug-out.
His thoughts switched at once on to the subject of Wilibald. The man
had taken over twenty British lives. He pictured him waiting at his
loophole, his bearded cheek pressed to the stock of his rifle. A fine
shot, no doubt--Carpenter had said that he put two shots out of three
into the loophole of Bay 16 sniping-post.... Good shooting. ... Dashed
good. It was cold, though! The first cold morning. By Jove!----

Red had an idea. He rose and dressed hastily, his dressing consisting
of little but pulling on his boots and tunic. He took his telescope and
made his way along the dark trench until he came to Bay 16. A figure
was leaning against the side of the post. Red realized that it was
Corporal Hogg, a N.C.O. of sound sense.

“Corporal!”

“Yes, sir!”

“Anyone in the Post?”

“No, sir. You told me not to have it manned at night, lest the flash
should give it away.”

“Quite right. Now listen. I want the loophole shut. As soon as it is
light enough to shoot--at 5.15 say--I want you to open it cautiously.
Open it from the side, in case Wilibald--got that?”

“Yes, sir.”

“Understand. Loophole to be closed till 5.15 a.m. Then to be opened by
you cautiously, and from one side. I shall be out in the shell hole
behind the parados.”

Half an hour later Red crouched in the shell hole, his telescope
discarded, since its field of view was too narrow. In front of him lay
his watch, which he had synchronized with that of Corporal Hogg. The
hand marked 5.11. The moments passed. Red’s heart was beating now. He
glanced--a last glance, a very hurried glance--at his watch. It was
past the fourteen minutes! Hogg would be opening the loophole.

Bang!

A shot had rung out. From the garden--or what was once the garden--of
the razed house, not seventy yards distant, a little wisp of gas
floated away to the cold morning star. Very cautiously Red wrapped a
bit of sandbag round his telescope, and pushed it on the little plot of
turnips.

At first he saw nothing.

Then he was aware of some turnip-tops moving, when all the rest were
still. A moment later he had made out the top of Wilibald’s head,
garlanded with turnip-tops, and the upper part of Wilibald’s large
German face. This, then, was the explanation of the accurate shooting
and the long death-roll. Wilibald had been firing at short range.

Red felt it was almost uncanny.

Hitherto, in trench warfare, as far as daylight was concerned, the Huns
had seemed to him almost an abstraction, creatures apparent to the
sense of hearing certainly, but troglodytes who popped above ground for
only a passing moment, and then only to disappear. But this man, not
one hundred yards away....

Red withdrew into the shell hole, and quickly mapped out his course.
He must at once get back to his own trench. To do so meant a crawl
over what must be the skyline to Wilibald, and consequently a point
Red could hardly hope to pass unobserved. Red marked a thistle. It was
there that he would come into view. He would remain so for about ten
yards. Of course, could he once regain his own trench he could take
steps to deal with Wilibald, but at present the Hun held the better
cards. Red smiled grimly when he thought of his crawl to the shell hole
of the previous evening. To the sun, which was shining straight into
Wilibald’s eyes, he most certainly owed his life. Now that sun was
behind Wilibald.... Red started. As he neared the thistle, his heart
beat fast and quick. He passed the thistle. He felt very like a fly
crawling over an inverted plate while someone with a fly-trap waited to
strike. He was crawling straight away now. The thistle was behind him.
Another four yards--two--one--still Wilibald did not fire, and with a
deep sigh of relief Red hurled himself into the disused sap and safety.

Later the C.O. was speaking.

“So Wilibald’s gone west?”

“Yes, sir.”

“How did you spot him?”

“The cold woke me. I have noticed how the gas from a rifle hangs on
chilly days. Wilibald forgot that. He had a shot at the loophole of
No. 16 Bay Post, and I was watching, and spotted him. He was lying out
in the turnips, about seventy yards from our line. He had turnip-tops
fixed round his cap, and lay in a hole he’d dug. He must have come out
before dawn and gone back after dark. He was a pretty gallant fellow,
sir.”

The C.O. nodded.

“D----d gallant,” said he.

“I thought, sir, if you’d no objection, I’d take a patrol out and fetch
him in--for purposes of identification.”

So Wilibald was brought in. His cap, some letters in his pocket,
and his shoulder-straps were forwarded to Brigade; but his rifle,
beautifully fitted with a Zeiss telescope sight, which had taken over
twenty British lives, turned its muzzle east instead of west, and began
to take German lives instead.




CHAPTER IX

THE CAT


I

The two snipers of the Royal Midlandshires, the shooter and the
observer, were comfortably in their post. The shooter was longing for a
cigarette, which regulations forbade lest the enemy--two hundred yards
away--should see the smoke issuing from the concealed loophole; but the
observer, Private William Entworth, was studying the parapet opposite.

Suddenly he spoke:

“Line of water-tower. Red sandbag. Left. Two feet.”

Saunders’ eyes picked up the water-tower in the distance, ranged to
the parapet, found the red sandbag, then swung to the left of it. Yes,
something moving. He cuddled the stock of his rifle, and brought the
pointer in the telescope to bear. Then slowly he began to squeeze the
trigger.

“Don’t shoot.”

Entworth was only just in time.

“Why not, ole son?”

“It’s only a cat.”

“A ’Un cat! ’Ere goes.”

“Come off it. If you get shootin’ cats outer this post Mr.
Nowell’ll---- Besides, it’s rather a nice-lookin’ cat. Tortoiseshell
colour. We ’ad one in Ferrers Street ’e reminds me of.... There, ’e’s
climbin’ up on the bloomin’ parados, curlin’ round and goin’ to sleep
just as if there wasn’t no war. Shall I enter ’im?”

“Wot’s the good?”

“Dunno. Shows we was awake. ‘Time 11.25 Ac. Emma. Cat (tortoiseshell)
at K 22.C.35.45. Action taken: None.’”

So wrote Private Entworth with laborious pencil. As he finished a voice
sounded outside.

“Who’s in there?”

“Private Entworth. Private Saunders.”

“Shut the loopholes. I am coming in.”

“Well, seen anything?” questioned Mr. Nowell, the Sniping and
Intelligence Officer of the Battalion.

“They’ve been working on the post at K.22.D.85.60.”

“Seen any Huns?”

“Only a cat, sir. I’ve entered it in the log-book. It’s sunning itself
on the parados now, sir. Line of water-tower. Red sandbag.”

“Yes, I have it,” said Nowell, who had taken the telescope.

“Shall I shoot ’im, sir?”

“Why should you?”

“’E probably kills rats and makes life brighter-like for the ’Un, sir,
by so doing. There’s a glut o’ rats on this sector, sir.”

“The cat looks very comfortable. No, don’t shoot, Saunders. Entworth,
give me that log-book.”

The officer turned over the pages.

“I wonder if anyone has ever seen that cat before? Hullo, yes. Private
Scroggins and Lance-Corporal Tew two days ago in the afternoon. Here’s
the entry: ‘3.4 pip emma K.22.C.35.40. Cat on parados.’”

Nowell’s eyes showed a gleam of interest.

“Note down whenever you see that cat,” said he.

“Yes, sir.”

“And keep a bright look-out.”

“Yes, sir.”

Once more the loopholes were shut, and Nowell, lifting the curtain at
the back of the Post which prevented the light shining through, went
out.

His steps died away along the trench-boards.

“Think we’ll see it in ‘Comic Cuts’” (the universal B.E.F.
name for the Corps Intelligence Summary). “‘At K.22.C.35.45, a
tortoiseshell-coloured he-cat.’ I _don’t_ think!” said Saunders.

“Shouldn’t wonder. The cove wot writes out ‘Comic Cuts’ must ’a bin
wounded in the ’ed early on. Sort o’ balmy ’e is.”


II

Meantime we must follow Mr. Nowell down the trench. He was full of his
thoughts and almost collided round a corner with a red-hatted Captain.

“Sorry, sir,” said he, saluting.

“Righto! my mistake. Can you tell me where I shall find the I.S.O. of
this battalion?” asked the Staff Officer.

“My name’s Nowell, sir. I am the Sniping and Intelligence Officer.”

“Good. I’m Cumberland of Corps Intelligence.”

Nowell looked up with new interest. He had heard of Cumberland as a man
of push and go, who had made things hum since he had come to the Corps
a few weeks back.

“Anything you want?” continued Cumberland. “You’ve been sending through
some useful stuff. I thought I’d come down and have a talk.”

Nowell led the way to his dug-out. He had suffered long from a very
official Corps Intelligence G.S.O., whom Cumberland had just replaced.
Under the old regime it never really seemed to matter to the Higher
Intelligence what anyone in the battalion did, but now Cumberland
seemed to take an interest at once. After a quarter of an hour’s talk
Cumberland was taking his leave.

“Well,” said he, “anything you want from Corps, don’t hesitate to ask.
That’s what we’re there for, you know. Sure there isn’t anything?”

“As a matter of fact there is, but I hardly like to ask you.”

“Why not?”

“It’s such a long shot, sir.”

“Well, what is it?”

“I’d like aeroplane photos taken of K.22 squares C. and D. opposite
here. New photographs, sir.”

Cumberland was about to ask a question, but looking up he caught the
slight flush of colour that had risen in Nowell’s face.

“Righto,” he said easily. “We rather pride ourselves on quick work with
aeroplane photos up at Corps. I’ll have the squares taken to-morrow
morning if visibility is _pukka_. And the finished photos will be in
your hands by five o’clock. Good afternoon.”

Cumberland strode along the trench, and Nowell stood staring after him.

“Never asked me what I wanted ’em for,” he muttered. “Taken in the
morning; in my hands by afternoon. Why, in old Baxter’s time such
efficiency would have killed him of heart-disease. Well, let’s hope
that cat’s playing the game, and not leading a poor forlorn British
Battalion Intelligence Officer to make a fool of himself.”


III

The next afternoon the aeroplane photos duly arrived, together with a
note from Cumberland:

      “DEAR NOWELL,

    “Am sending the photographs of K.22.C. and D. taken to-day, also
    some I have looked out of the same squares which were taken six
    weeks ago. It would appear from a comparison that a good deal of
    work has been put in by the Hun round C. 3.5. It looks like a
    biggish H.Q. I have informed C.R.A. who says it will be dealt with
    at 3 pip emma to-morrow, 18th inst.

                                                      “C. CUMBERLAND,
                                                            “Capt. G.S.”


IV

It is five minutes to three on the following day, and the bright sun
which has shone all the morning has worked round behind the British
position.

In the morning two gunner F.O.O.’s have visited the trenches, compared
certain notes with Mr. Nowell, and gone back to their Observation Posts
on the higher ground. Nowell himself has decided to watch events from
the O.P. in which was laid the first scene of this history. He hurries
along to it, and calls out:

“Who’s in there?”

“Private Saunders. Private Entworth, sir.”

“Shut the loopholes. I’m coming in.”

He goes in.

“Move along, Entworth, and I’ll sit beside you on the bench and observe
with my own glass. Get yours on to the spot where the cat was. Got it?
Right. Two batteries of 6-inch Hows. are going to try and kill that
cat, Entworth, in a minute and a half from now. Zero at three o’clock.
Nice light, isn’t it?”

At these words of Nowell’s several thoughts, mostly connected with his
officer’s sanity, flashed through Entworth’s rather slow brain, but
long before they were formulated Nowell rapped out:

“Here they come.”

Sounds just like half a dozen gigantic strips of silk being torn right
across the sky were clearly audible in the Post. At the same instant
through the watching glasses heaps of earth, tin, a stove-pipe, were
hurled into the air. There were other grimmer objects, too, as the
shells rained down.

Fifteen minutes later, Mr. Nowell having gone, Private Entworth was
speaking, though his eye was still glued to his glass.

“Direct ’it right off _and_ right into a nest of ’Uns. There was ’ole
’Uns and bits of ’Uns in the air, I tell yer, Jim Saunders. Loverly
shooting, ’twas! I doubt there’s anything at C.35.45. left alive. There
is, tho’! By ---- there is! There goes that ruddy-coloured cat over the
parados like a streak, and what ’o! for Martinpunch!”


V

And finally an extract from “Comic Cuts,” the Corps Intelligence
Summary of the next day:

    “A cat having been observed by our snipers daily sleeping on the
    parados of a supposedly disused enemy trench at K.22.C.3.4. it
    was deduced from the regularity of its habits that the cat lived
    near-by, and--owing to the fact that the German trenches at this
    point are infested by rats--probably in a dug-out occupied by enemy
    officers. Aeroplane photographs were taken which disclosed the
    existence of a hitherto unlocated enemy H.Q., which was duly dealt
    with by our Artillery.”




CHAPTER X

THE TRAINING OF THE PORTUGUESE


When first we saw the Portuguese troops upon the roads of France, we
did not dream that it would fall to our lot to train them in sniping,
scouting and observation, but it did so fall, and after one or two
Portuguese officers had been attached to the school for instruction,
we were suddenly ordered to take an entire Portuguese class. This was
the first of three or four, and we usually had eight officers and forty
N.C.O.’s and men at a time.

The Portuguese were equipped largely, as is known, by the British, and
had served out to them our short service rifle. In the Portuguese Army
they use the Mauser, so our rifle was new to all ranks, and had to be
carefully explained.

Of course, the great difficulty in training Portuguese troops lay in
the necessity for the use of interpreters. One of my N.C.O.’s was able
to talk Portuguese, which was of great assistance, and from time to
time an English-speaking Portuguese officer was attached; but for the
most part none of the officers and men who came to the school could
speak a word of English, and the result, as I say, was that we had to
carry on through interpreters.

In one of the first classes there was a Portuguese sergeant who was
extremely capable, and very keen on his work. As a mark of appreciation
I gave this sergeant, when he went away, a very nice telescope. About
three weeks later the sergeant, who had spent the intervening time in
the trenches, turned up at the school and said that he wished to speak
to the Commandant. He said that he had come to thank me again for the
telescope, as it had enabled him to spot a concentration of some fifty
Germans, on to whom he had successfully directed artillery fire. He had
taken the trouble to walk out quite a number of miles--at least ten or
twelve--to inform me of his success. Poor fellow, he was afterwards
badly gassed, and when I last saw him was in a very bad way. He was a
most useful man as an observer, as he had been the master of some small
coasting craft which used to sail up and down the coast between Lisbon
and Setubal, and had knowledge of instruments.

Considering that the Portuguese troops did not know anything about our
rifle, they really came along very quickly in shooting. One of the
classes was at the school when we were informed that the Portuguese
Corps Commander and Staff and various British G.S.O.’s would come
over to see a “demonstration” two days before the course ended. The
demonstration included shooting at dummy heads exposed for four
seconds--five rounds; application on a 6-inch bulls-eye at two hundred
yards; an attack upon a position, and a demonstration of the work of
scouts. As soon as the Portuguese troops realized that they were to be
inspected at the end of the course, there was a tremendous competition
among them to get into the shooting team, and when the day arrived
the eight who were picked obtained 34 hits out of 40 shots on the
dummy head. At the 200 yards application the team scored 208 out of a
possible 224. This shows how quickly shooting can be taught when both
men and instructors are all out for success.

The greatest difficulty we had was training Portuguese as observers;
for none of them had used a telescope before, and it was very difficult
to make them realize its possibilities. Of course, I am here talking
of the private soldiers. The officers in their observation often made
excellent reports, and developed the greatest keenness on the work.
There was one thing which occurred, owing to my attempting to speak
Portuguese myself, which always struck me as not without its humorous
side.

I had been attempting to point out to a squad of Portuguese scouts the
elementary fact that when you were looking through a bush, or through
roots or grass, it was sometimes well worth while to put a leaf or two
into your cap. I sent them off to do this, keeping with me a few of
their number to observe the value of the experiment. The rest went over
the brow of the hill, and were away for some period of time, so long
that I was just going to see what was happening when suddenly a bush,
followed by several other trees, began to move slowly over the hill! I
found that the squad, not quite understanding my instructions, had cut
down small trees with their large knives, had bound them upon their
backs, and in the shadow of these were advancing upon me!

A part of their training upon which the Portuguese were extraordinarily
keen was patrolling in No Man’s Land. Usually at the school we used
to begin this as soon as it was dark, often in summer, therefore, as
late as eleven o’clock at night. After two or three hours’ patrolling
the Portuguese always still wanted to continue, and once they got out
into our large imitation No Man’s Land it was not easy to get them back
again.

At one time, when we had a class of Portuguese, to whom we had been
teaching patrolling, an officer and sergeant, who were making a round
of Sniping and Infantry Schools, to give demonstrations on patrolling,
turned up at the school. The Portuguese held the trench while the
demonstrators set out to show them the way in which a reconnaisance
patrol should be conducted. I was lying beside the Portuguese trench,
and at once realized that something was afoot. Presently one of the
Portuguese officers came up, and said, “Our men say that they hear them
and can capture them.” I told them to go ahead, and do it.

Well, that patrol developed. A battle was going on at the time in the
north, and all the plateau was lit with the flashes of the guns and the
flares of the Verey lights, which the Germans kept firing into the air.
For a long time there was silence. The Portuguese, who had had several
days at the school and were learning well, had sent out a strong
patrol, which very skilfully worked round and surrounded the hostile
reconnaissance. I do not know what happened in No Man’s Land, but
the sergeant who was doing the demonstration, and who was a ju-jitsu
expert, famous in pre-war days in the music halls, was captured and
carried in by the Portuguese. There must have been a considerable
scrap, for the sergeant was too stiff to come on parade next day! The
Portuguese were much pleased at their success, and almost immediately
afterwards they went back to the line, where a German patrol of eleven
came out against them. The Portuguese tried their surrounding tactics
with such success that they killed eight and captured three.

One day I was asked by the Portuguese Corps commander to attend a
review of the Portuguese Army, which was being held at Marthes, some
six miles from my Headquarters. When the time for the march past came,
I saw the forty observers we had trained go by under their officers as
a separate unit, each with a large white “O” sewn upon his sleeve.

The great difficulty was to obtain telescopes for these observers, for
the demand was, all through the war, vastly in excess of the supply.
The G.S. (General Service) telescope used by signallers in the British
Army was, I believe, afterwards issued to the Portuguese troops, and
this was a quite good enough glass for the purpose.

Another part of our training which the Portuguese troops took with
enthusiasm was the physical training and ju-jitsu.

Sometimes when we had mixed classes, it was very difficult indeed, as
all lectures had to be repeated in Portuguese, and the ordinary daily
morning talks on the care and cleaning of the rifle, the stalking
telescope, or on the work of snipers in attack and defence, which
usually took from thirty to forty minutes, used to tail out, as each
sentence was translated, into a matter of an hour and a half and even
two hours.

But I think that, on the whole, the Portuguese troops really enjoyed
their time at the school, and I remember our taking the field at
Association football with a good sprinkling of them in our team.




CHAPTER XI

THE MODERN SCOUT


In all previous wars, the scouts and patrols have had their own special
place. In this, the greatest of all wars, although there was much
scouting done--far more than in any previous war--yet in many respects
it was of so different a nature that a new era in these practices may
fairly be said to have set in.

In former wars, the individual scout had far more chance. In the Boer
War, for instance, Major F.R. Burnham, D.S.O., an American who held a
commission in the British Army, made a wonderful name for himself, as
did Dan Theron on the Boer side.

First and last, I suppose that Burnham was the greatest scout of our
time. Physically a small man, he was amazingly well knit, and very
strong, and his many feats of hardihood owed much to his compact and
untiring build. His name will live on account of two feats--the first,
his passing through the entire Matabele Army and shooting the M’limo,
the witch doctor, who was responsible for the Matabele War; and the
second, his dash through the Boer lines, when he blew up the railway on
the far side of Pretoria.

The first article of Burnham’s faith was absolute physical fitness,
and his idea of physical fitness was much more rigorous than that of
most athletes. It was not with him a matter of merely keeping his
muscles of speed and endurance in good fettle, but--what is a much
harder thing--the keeping of all his senses at their highest pitch of
efficiency. Thus, apart from his hearing and eyesight, which were very
keen, I have never met anyone else, except one Indian, who possessed
anything like his sense of smell. He could smell a small fire in the
open at an extraordinary distance, and he told me that this power had
often been of the greatest value to him.

But Burnham was essentially, as a scout, the product of what may be
called a savage, or extra-European War, and in this war there was no
one on either side who had anything like the same opportunities of
hand-to-hand work. Whereas it would perhaps be too much to say that the
day of Burnham has passed for ever, yet it is true enough that a new
generation of scouts has arisen, whose work, or much of it, has been
of a very different nature. In open or semi-open warfare a scout may
still be ordered to go by day or night, and find out if this or that
village is occupied by the enemy, but once trench warfare sets in,
and the battle fronts of the opposing armies stretch from the sea to
Switzerland, the work of the scout undergoes great changes. His theatre
of action is No Man’s Land, which comprises all the area between the
two armies which are drawn up one against the other.

The Corps Commander of the 11th Corps, Sir R. Haking, would never allow
the use of the word “No Man’s Land.” “There is no such place opposite
my Corps,” he would say. “All the land right up to the edge of the
enemy’s parapet is our land, and we have got to have control of it.”

I believe I am right in stating that about seven out of every ten raids
undertaken on the First Army Front in 1916 were the work of the 11th
Corps, and they had long held the record in the number of prisoners
taken in a single raid.

The work of the scout was, of course, to dominate the enemy in No
Man’s Land, and to this end he was continually patrolling it during
the hours of darkness. Little, as a rule, is done by daylight, though
Gaythorne-Hardy, who was Intelligence Officer of the 4th Battalion of
the Royal Berkshire Regiment, and whom I have referred to before, in
order to investigate the German wire under Hill 63, near Messines,
decided, after looking at the ground with a telescope, to crawl out by
day. The German lines were some three hundred to four hundred yards
away. The season was summer, and the grass long. In winter, crawling
between the lines was almost impossible, owing to lack of cover.

The officer in question, accompanied by a corporal, crawled right up
to the enemy wire, and got all information and a complete plan of the
ground and obstacles. It was a task upon which any but a skilled hunter
of big game, as my friend is, might easily have given himself away.
To crawl across three hundred yards of open ground, with hundreds of
German eyes watching for any movement, and bent on investigating any
suspicious spot with a machine-gun, calls for courage and good nerve.
This officer, however, had examined his route, decided to make the
attempt, and he came back successful. He said it was no more difficult
than stalking a deer. He was awarded the Military Cross, and the
corporal is now a sergeant with the D.C.M.

But not much was done in No Man’s Land in daylight. Snipers lay out in
it, and sentries watched it, and both sides sent a deal of lead across
it, but when night fell, it became tenanted, and scouts and patrols
crawled out into it--and sometimes never came back. The aim, of course,
was always domination, and in order to gain domination many strange
things were done.

[Illustration:

  _From a drawing by_]      [_Ernest Blaikley._

Night-work in No Man’s Land.]

For instance, there was the “Silent Death,” as it was called, invented
by the Canadians, who, under cover of darkness, crawled out into No
Man’s Land every night, and lay there awaiting the advent of a German
patrol. If such came, it was attacked hand to hand with trench daggers,
and its members killed as silently as possible. This soon made the
Germans very shy of taking their evening crawl, when so many of them
who had gone over the top vanished into the darkness and were never
heard of again.

At length the Germans almost gave up patrolling in that sector, and one
of my officers who used to be in charge of a “Silent Death” party has
often told me how dull and chilly were those long and weary waits in
the frost or the rain, waiting for Huns who never came.

In trench warfare, No Man’s Land was the cockpit of the war. Some
sections of it were more favourable than others for action, but every
evening and every night a great number of British used to go out in
front. When one first went out, it seemed almost certain that one must
be killed. There was a spasmodic sputter of fire from machine-guns, but
as an actual matter of fact, moving about in No Man’s Land was much
safer than it seemed.

At first our patrols were very haphazard, and you could sometimes hear
a private roaring out that a patrol was out, and that it would return
at such and such an hour to such and such a point. This was giving away
things with a vengeance to any Germans who spoke English, and it sounds
almost impossible that it should have been done--yet it was done, and
not in isolated cases only.

I do not think that scouts ever got very far into the German lines;
at any rate, during the continuance of trench warfare. To do so was
well-nigh impossible, and behind the German battle-front the place of
the scout was taken by the spy or secret service agent.

But to return to No Man’s Land. There was a certain sergeant who got a
D.C.M. for removing a trench board. A raid was projected by us, and,
as usual, a careful rehearsal had been gone through. The scheme was
to attack a certain sector of enemy trenches about two hundred yards
long. This length of trench had to be blocked off at each end, so as
to prevent assistance coming to the enemy down the trench from either
flank.

Two parties were therefore told off to capture and hold the two points,
which were to be the limits of our raid. Both parties went over, the
northern party arriving in strength, but the southern had casualties
from machine-gun fire, and finally only the sergeant and one private
arrived in the enemy trench. Here the private was killed before the
enemy fled, and there was only the sergeant to form the block and keep
off the reinforcements which were sure to come.

The sergeant, however, was a man of resource, and he swiftly removed
the duck-board from the trench draining well--a large sump hole,
or pit, which lay between him and the path taken by the retreating
Germans. The trenches are often drained by pits of this kind, dug in
the middle of the right-of-way, and bridged by a duck-board laid across
them. In these pits there collected a mass of liquid mud as thick as
glue. The sergeant removed the duck-board, and relaid it eight or ten
feet on his side of the mud-hole. Then he went round the corner of the
next traverse, and waited to see what would happen.

Meantime, the main raiding party had got to work, and soon enemy
reinforcements came rushing along the trench towards the sergeant.
Seeing the duck-board ahead of them, they mistook the position of the
mud-hole, and in they crashed. Soon the hole was as full of men as is
a newly-opened tin of sardines. Next the sergeant opened fire upon
them. The whole raid was a glorious success. Prisoners were taken, and
German dug-outs blown up--a result that could hardly have occurred had
it not been that the sergeant had the sense and acumen to remove the
duck-board; thus, by a very simple action, holding up quite a mass of
reinforcements.

There is another raid story, for which I do not vouch, but which was
firmly believed in the First Army.

All enemy movement was watched by aeroplanes, and photographed and
reported. As the war went on, the science of aeroplane photography
progressed enormously. It is hardly too much to say that the Germans
could not deepen a trench without our knowing it almost at once. We
never made a raid--or, at least, need never have made one--without
all who were going over, even down to the private soldier, having the
opportunity of studying photographs of the trenches where their work
lay.

The Germans, of course, did the same, but in a limited degree, as their
aeroplanes did not dare to come over our lines in the way that ours
crossed theirs.

Once, when the Germans were contemplating a raid, their Flying Corps
succeeded in taking photographs of that portion of our trenches which
was to be attacked. With the help of these photographs, the German
Command caused to be built an exact replica of the trenches which they
intended to raid. They did this at no great distance behind their
lines, with a view to rehearsing the raid just as a play is rehearsed
in a theatre. We, of course, often did the same.

But to continue. One of our aeroplanes happened to pass over just
as the Germans were having a daylight rehearsal, and, noticing the
concentration of troops and the new workings of earth, a photograph
was taken. This photograph was, of course, sent in the ordinary routine
to Army Headquarters.

The Army possessed an extremely capable aerial photography expert,
who soon made his deduction, and as he, of course, possessed the
photographs of the entire front line system of the Army, it was not
long before he had identified that piece of it which the Germans had
copied, and on which they were meditating an attack.

There was only one object which could lead them to practise attacks
upon so short a length of line. A raid was clearly in contemplation.
The expert informed the General Staff of his discovery, and the General
Staff informed those who were manning the threatened area. Preparations
were made and precautions taken, and, sure enough, the Germans came
over, to meet about as hot a reception as even modern war can provide.

As I say, I do not know if this story is apocryphal or not, but if it
is, others about our aeroplane photography and its amazing efficiency
were common talk in the Army.

Psychologically, going out into No Man’s Land in the dark, especially
if you are alone, is a distinctly eerie business. I really have no
right to write much about it, as I was only out in front on a few
occasions. On one, I remember, I was more frightened than I hope ever
to be again. Although the story is personal, as it is against myself
there can be no harm in telling it.

I had gone out to a cottage which stood in No Man’s Land. It was pretty
dark, and a wild night, and there was, of course, a chance that some
German might be in the cottage, which, though heavily shelled, was not
entirely smashed.

After listening for a while and hearing no sound, I went in, and on the
ground floor there was nothing but the usual mass of rubble and brick.
A ladder led up to the second floor, and I climbed up this and began
to tip-toe across the floor. One got a good deal of light from the
star-shells which were thrown up by the Germans, but in a particularly
dark moment I suddenly felt my left leg go from under me. I thought
that it had been plucked away by some crouching Hun, or else that I
had been hit by some missile--in fact, never did thoughts come quicker
or more confusedly! What had really happened was that I had put my leg
through the floor, and had got rather a heavy jar. But anything more
disagreeable than that moment I have never experienced.

Of course, it is only one of the little incidents that are the hourly
lot of those who go out into No Man’s Land, but one’s nerves are on
these occasions strung up to a very high pitch.

But, as I say, my experience of No Man’s Land was really so small as
to be negligible, for when I was in the line I was sniping or observing
all day, and you cannot do that and work at night also.

Crawling out into No Man’s Land in daylight is a very different
business, and if there is reasonable cover, it is to my mind more
satisfactory to crawl out then, when your life depends on your own
skill, than to crawl about in the dark over the bodies of men who have
been dead for weeks, and when Chance of the blindest kind absolutely
rules the game.

Now, of course, when a patrol is sent out the report handed in should
be in a definite and generally accepted form, giving the composition of
the patrol.

I can perhaps explain my meaning best by referring the reader to the
appendix on Patrols, at the end of this book.

Of course, patrolling in No Man’s Land is only one small part of a
scout’s duties, and when the war became more open there were many
opportunities for scouts.

One point that struck me as being exceedingly valuable was the proper
delivery of messages by runners. Major Crum used to demonstrate this by
a small piece of acting which was extraordinarily well done, in which
an object lesson was given as to how not to deliver a message, and how
a message should be delivered. In moments of excitement many men become
somewhat prolix, and it is of the utmost importance that they should
be taught to get their message into the fewest and clearest possible
words.

A question that arose as the war went on was the definition of the
duties of a sniper and a scout. It was held in some quarters that a
sniper and a scout were two quite different men, who had in view two
entirely different objects. The sniper, those who held this view said,
was a man whose first duty was offensive action against the enemy,
whereas a scout’s duty was not to fight, but to obtain information.
We at the school could never see it in this light, for there must be
occasions when a scout must fight to get his information back, or
indeed, to obtain it, and it seemed futile that in the morning a man
should ask himself, “Am I to-day a sniper or a scout?”

I would not refer to these opinions had they not been rather widely
held.

A modern scout must know a great many things--so many that it is almost
impossible to detail them all, and for this reason a scout’s work
changes with the conditions under which he is working.

But I do not think that for a long time sufficient use was made of
modern science in the equipment of the scout. A scout may, in a single
two hours of his life, be a sniper, an observer, and the old-fashioned
scout who has to go out to find out things at close range. He has to
be essentially an individualist capable of seeing and seizing his
opportunity. He must be a man of instant decision, who understands the
value of cover and background, who possesses that quality which is very
often born in men, a sense of direction.

His training was exceedingly difficult, and unless he had a natural
aptitude, no amount of teaching was of any real practical value. Think
what a difference it makes to a Commanding Officer to have in his
battalion a certain number of men, however few, whom he can send out to
obtain information, and who are so accurate and so dependable that he
can always act upon their reports. There are hundreds of such men in
the Lovat Scouts, but then, of course, the whole trend of their lives
is towards observation, skilled movement, and accuracy. The man who
has spent twenty years on the hill, and who has counted the points on
a thousand stags, who knows the difference between every track that he
sees in a corrie, and who is never far from his telescope, is, when he
goes to war, simply carrying into another sphere the normal activities
of his life.

And yet there should be no difficulty in training a number of scouts
in every battalion, _but the ideal scout, or rather the ideal scout
section, in a regiment, should be looked up to. Their immense value
should be realized, and due credit and honour given to them for their
skill. The scouts of a battalion should be the pick of that battalion,
and the fact that a man has attained the rank of scout should be
signalized by his receiving extra pay and extra consideration._

_As long as war lasts it will be necessary to find out what is in the
enemy’s mind, and this is so important, that those who prove themselves
capable of discovering and of giving warning of what is about to occur,
should be objects of admiration and respect to all their comrades._

Of course there is another point which struck one most strongly, and
this was the examination of prisoners.

It may well be that a man cannot help being taken, whether through
wounds or otherwise, but it is of the first importance that he should
give away nothing to the enemy. For this reason, as scouts and anyone
who has anything to do with any kind of Intelligence work are always
put through a much more rigorous examination if they should be
captured, we were very strongly against badges for scouts.

Let us take the ordinary Tommy. If he is captured, unless it
unfortunately happens that he knows of some imminent move that is to be
made, there is very little danger of his giving away anything, for the
simple reason that he knows so little. But a scout is another matter.
He knows all the posts in our line; he knows something of the system by
which the various offshoots of Intelligence work are being operated,
and as he has been trained to observation of detail and deduction, he
is a man who, if he can be got to speak, will reveal things of great
value to the enemy.

The only two questions that a prisoner need answer are his name and
regiment, but many and sinister are the tricks by which he may be
beguiled.

A British officer who is supposed to have special knowledge is, let us
imagine, captured by the Germans. He is wounded, and is taken up to
the Headquarters of a German Division. He is examined, and, of course,
gives away nothing. Now what happens? Very possibly a German officer
comes to him and says: “Herr Captain, we deeply regret that there is no
room for you in the officers’ quarters in the Hospital. We trust that
you will not object if you are put in a room with a British N.C.O.” The
officer, of course, says he does not object, and he goes into the room.
There he will find a British N.C.O. heavily bandaged and lying groaning
upon his bed. It is inevitable, if they are two or three days together,
that conversation will take place between them. The so-called British
N.C.O. is, however, simply a decoy. He is not wounded at all, and his
business is, by clever questions, to extract certain information which
the British officer is supposed to possess.

Again, when men were taken prisoners, very often into the guard-room in
which they were confined would be thrown another Britisher, bleeding
and wounded, who would raise a tremendous outcry and declaim upon his
wrongs. The newcomer, as a matter of fact, often was only a clever
actor coached to his part, who was simply put into the guard-house to
ferret out information.

These are not isolated incidents, but a commonly accepted policy in
the German Army. After all, it is natural enough, for a little bit of
information may win a battle, and it was certainly held among our foes
that the end justified the means.

But as the war went on, and these things came to knowledge, it needed
some very clever work on the part of the Germans to obtain information
from those who had been warned. Of course, as long as the world
continues there are, one supposes, men who will undertake work of this
kind, whether for money or urged on by some other motive. The motive
may be good even. The decoy may be actuated by a really high form of
patriotism. But not often. For the most part he is one of those men who
have a touch of the traitor in them, and who are in some way perverted
in their minds.

Of course to be a decoy back at Divisional Headquarters is a safe and
probably a paying job, but it is one which must always leave a very
nasty taste in the mouth.

So much for German methods of interrogation.

When we took German prisoners, they were very often in a state of
pitiable fright, for they had been absolutely fed by their officers
with stories of the most circumstantial nature of the habitual
brutality of the British to their prisoners; and yet it was a fine
sight to see a German prisoner, obviously afraid to his very bones, and
yet absolutely determined to give away nothing. One really laboured
under an almost incontrollable impulse to go and shake such a man by
the hand. After all, courage of the lonely sort is surely the most
glorious thing that we can hope to witness, and whether it is displayed
upon our side or upon the other, one feels the better for having
witnessed it.




APPENDICES




APPENDIX A


The following is a programme which has given excellent results when
training Brigade, Divisional, Corps Observers and Lovat Scouts
Observers.

  1st Day.    Lecture.       Maps and Conventional Signs.
              Practical.     Comparison of Map with the Ground.
                             Setting Maps.
                             Location of points by drawing rays.

  2nd Day.    Lecture.       The Stalking Telescope.
              Practical.     Front Line Observation with Reports.
                             Instruction and Practice in reading.
                             Map co-ordinates.
                             Judging Distance.

  3rd Day.    Lecture.       Contours, gradients, slopes, etc.
              Practical.     Pegging out contours on the ground.
                             Long Distance Observation with Reports.
                             Judging Distance.

  4th Day.    Lecture.       The Prismatic Compass.
              Practical.     Taking Bearings.
                             Working out mutual visibility problems.
                             Concave and convex slopes, drawing slopes.

  5th Day.    Lecture.       The use of the protractor.
              Practical.     Plotting Bearings.
                             Re-section problems.
                             Long distance Observation with Reports.

  6th Day.    Lecture.       Scales.
              Practical.     Road Traverse.
                             Filling in conventional signs and contours.
                             Long Distance Observation with Reports.

  7th Day.    Lecture.       Use of Scouts and Observers in Attack and
                               Defence.
              Practical.     Marching to Map co-ordinates.
                             Selection of positions for Observation
                               Posts.
                             Front Line Observation with Reports.

  8th Day.    Scheme.        Bringing in the use of Observers in Open
                               Warfare.
                             Construction and concealment of Observation
                               Posts.
                             Taking Bearings with Compass.

  9th Day.    Lecture.       Front Line Observation.
              Practical.     Locating of points by drawing rays.
                             Compass March (by Day).

  10th Day.   Lecture.       Aeroplane Photographs.
              Practical.     Comparison of photos with the ground.
                             Re-section problems.

  11th Day.   Practical.     Handing over and relief of Observation
                               Posts.
                             Using Telescope as Director.
                             Long Distance Observation with Reports.
                             Use of Director Board.

  12th Day.   Practical.     Making and plotting a Road Traverse.
                             Making a Road Report.
                             Compass March (by Night).

  13th Day.   Practical.     Enlarging Map and constructing scales.
                             Work with Director Board.

  14th Day.                  Recapitulation and Examinations.




APPENDIX B

GENERAL COURSE AT FIRST ARMY S.O.S. SCHOOL

(From this the Battalion I.O. can frame Programmes of work to suit any
period of Rest.)


The following lectures are given during the Course, and are attended
by all students except in the case of No. 11, which is attended by the
officers only.

   1. Care of Arms and Grouping.
   2. The Enfield 1914 pattern Rifle.
   3. The Stalking Telescope.
   4. General lecture on Map-reading.
   5. Patrolling and Scouting.
   6. Elevations and Wind.
   7. The construction of Sniping and Forward O.P.’s.
   8. General lecture on Telescopic-Sighted Rifles.
   9. Duties of Scouts, Observers and Snipers in Attack and Defence.
  10. Front Line Observation and Reports.
  11. Duties of the Bn. Intelligence Officer.
  12. Aeroplane photos, with Lantern Slides.
  13. General Musketry Lecture.
  14. Bayonet Training (by Supt. P. and B.T. First Army).

(NOTE:--Nos. 13 and 14 are given on two evenings during the last week
of the Course.)

In addition to the above and to the Programme, the officers go
thoroughly into such subjects as:

  1. Map-reading and Field Sketching.
  2. Use of Prismatic Compass.
  3. Enlarging Maps and interpolation of Contours.
  4. Panorama Sketching.
  5. Adjustments and care of Telescopic sights.
  6. Methods and principles of Instruction.
  7. Organization and Training.
  8. Practical study of Ground.

Practical work is also given to all students in the following subjects
at night:

  1. Patrolling.
  2. Marching on Compass Bearings.
  3. Concentration Marches with and without Box Respirators.
  4. Siting and construction of Posts.
  5. Night Firing, and the use of Field Glasses and Stalking Telescopes
       on suitable nights.

It will be seen that the two Sundays have been omitted; on these days
the Range is open to all ranks for voluntary shooting under a qualified
Instructor.

Instruction in the use of Armour Piercing S.A.A., Disguising, Methods
of Instruction, Practice in Map-reading, Taking Bearings, etc., etc.,
goes on continually while students await their turn to fire.

   1st Morning.  General talk on the objects of the Course and
                   discipline during. Thorough examination of
                   open-sighted rifles for defects. Demonstration
                   of Grouping and Holding. Grouping at 100 yards,
                   followed by analysis of faults and correction of
                   rifles where necessary.

     Afternoon.  Lecture: Care of Arms and Grouping. (Practical)
                   Observation on a German Trench with reports.
                   Criticism of Reports.

   2nd Morning.  Lecture: The Stalking Telescope. (Practical)
                   Repetition of failures in Grouping practice.
                   Application at 200–300 yards. Observation of
                   single shot strike.

     Afternoon.  Practical Observation.
                       (_a_) On German Trench.
                       (_b_) Open Country.

   3rd Morning.  Lecture: The Enfield 1914 pattern Rifle.
                   (Practical) Judging Distance up to 600 yards.
                   Snapshooting at 100–200 yards, 4 seconds’
                   exposure. Application at 200 yards. Hawkins
                   position.

     Afternoon.  Practical Map-reading on the ground and long
                   distance observations with Reports.

   4th Morning.  Lecture: General lecture on Map-reading.
                   (Practical) Application at 400–500 yards.
                   Application at unknown range (within 400 yards).

     Afternoon.  Demonstration: Use of Ground and Cover.
                   (Practical) Practice in selecting, attaining and
                   constructing hasty observation posts for open
                   warfare. Cover from view rather than Cover from
                   fire to be specialized in.

   5th Morning.  Lecture: Patrolling and Scouting. (Practical)
                   Application at 300 yards. Snapshooting at 100
                   and 200 yards. 3 seconds’ exposure.

     Afternoon.  Demonstration of Camouflage and its uses.
                   (Practical) Scheme: Snipers are given an area
                   of ground in which they must establish posts
                   utilizing the material found on the spot for
                   disguise. Observers select posts from which they
                   can command the above area. The snipers will
                   fire blank from the posts they have selected
                   at any observers who expose themselves; also
                   endeavour to give the map-reference of their
                   targets. The observers endeavour to locate and
                   give map-references of the snipers’ posts.

   6th Morning.  Lecture: Elevations and Wind. Demonstration:
                   Building in battens for and spotting enemy
                   snipers; actual practice in above each student
                   to locate at least two snipers. (Practical)
                   Snapshooting combined with movement; students
                   endeavour to advance unseen from 500 to 100
                   yards. Targets representing enemy heads appear
                   at odd places and intervals in the butts.

     Afternoon.  Demonstration: Building in and use of Night Firing
                   Boxes. Actual practice in above. Observation
                   on a German trench, the appearance of which is
                   altered by moving sandbags, loopholes, etc.,
                   with reports.

   8th Morning.  Lecture: The construction of Forward and Sniping
                   O.P.’s. (Practical) Patrolling with the use of
                   Night Firing Goggles. Practice in the correct
                   use of cover and in keeping touch. Application
                   practice at unknown range.

     Afternoon.  Practice in marching by day on Compass bearings
                   with and without Box-respirators.

   9th Morning.  Lecture: General lecture on telescopic sighted
                   rifles. (Practical) Zeroing of telescopic
                   sighted rifles.

     Afternoon.  Complete the zeroing of rifles. Long distance
                   observation.

  10th Morning.  Lecture: Duties of scouts, observers and snipers
                   in attack and defence. (Practical) Grouping
                   at 100 yards with Telescopic sighted rifles.
                   Practice in scouting in Open Country, with
                   reports.

     Afternoon.  Scheme: Making “Good” woods and enclosed country
                   with scouts and snipers.

  11th Morning.  Lecture: Front line observation and reports.
                   (Practical) Application at 200 yards with
                   telescopic sighted rifles. Snapshooting at
                   100–200 yards, 3 seconds’ exposure.

     Afternoon.  Concentration march. Students are put into four
                   parties, each representing a platoon. They
                   are given a map co-ordinate at which they
                   must concentrate at a given time. Signals
                   representing Gas Alarm are given, when all
                   students put on their box-respirators and
                   continue the march.

  12th Morning.  Lecture: Duties of the Bn. Intelligence Officer.
                   (Practical) Application at 300–400 yards.
                   Observation on a German trench.

     Afternoon.  Scheme: To demonstrate the use of Scouts and
                   Snipers as a protective advanced screen to
                   Infantry in open or semi-open warfare.

  13th Morning.  Lecture: Aeroplane Photos, with Lantern Slides.
                   Practical study of aeroplane photographs on the
                   actual ground depicted in the photo.

     Afternoon.  Examinations in Long distance and Front line
                   observations.

 15th and 16th.  Oral examinations. Mutual Instruction. Written
                   examination. Examination of note-books.
                   Competition shoots.

_Note_:--The above programme is only given as a guide; changes in
sequence must often occur through inclemency of the weather.




APPENDIX C

The following are the rough notes used for some of the Lectures given
at the FIRST ARMY SCHOOL of S.O.S. in France.


PART I

CARE OF ARMS, GROUPING AND RANGE PRACTICES:

  It is essential that the Sniper shall have a really clean rifle if
  he is to obtain the extreme accuracy that is required of him. By a
  clean rifle I mean a rifle in the cleaning of which not only have all
  the normal precautions been taken, but, in addition, the bore has
  received a very high polish. This high polish is of great importance
  to accurate shooting, and to be efficient as a Sniper you must be far
  more accurate than the average Service Shot. Hence the necessity for
  going rather deeply into Care of Arms.


AVOIDABLE CAUSES OF INACCURACY:

OILY BARREL:

  Is a great cause of inaccuracy, as the resistance offered to the
  bullet in its passage down the bore is varied, and thus the shooting
  of the rifle becomes inconsistent.

OILY BREECH:

  This prevents correct “seizing” in the breech, and tends to lead to
  a blow-back. If a blow-back occurs there is a loss of driving power,
  muzzle velocity is decreased and accuracy is lost.

CORDWEAR:

  Is caused by misuse of the pull-through, and usually occurs at the
  muzzle, but in cases of extreme negligence it may be found in the
  chamber. When it occurs at the muzzle, gases escape through the cord
  groove as the bullet is leaving, thus forcing it in the opposite
  direction. If in the chamber, it is a source of weakness, and a burst
  chamber may be the result.

FIXING THE BAYONET:

  Musketry Regulations inform us that with the “S.M.L.E.” the effect of
  fixing the bayonet is to throw your shot 18 inches high at 200 yards’
  range. This is because the extra weight slows down the vibration,
  and thus converts a _negative_ into a _positive_ jump. Hence, as a
  Sniper, you will fire without your bayonet fixed.

  (_Note_:--From tests carried out at this First Army School of S.O.S.
  it would appear that Musketry regulations greatly over-estimate the
  effect caused by fixing the bayonet.)

HOLD:

  Unless the Sniper reproduces the same hold for each shot and when he
  rests his rifle rests it always at the same point (for preference the
  middle band), his shooting can never be consistent.

AMMUNITION:

  Different makes of S.A.A. give slightly different elevations on the
  target. This is because the Powders burn at different rates, thus
  slightly altering the jump.

WARPED WOODWORK:

  The fore-end is fitted so as not to influence the barrel when firing.
  The barrel must be able to lie perfectly straight as each shot leaves
  it. If the fore-end is warped (and warped fore-ends are common) the
  barrel will be unable to lie as was intended, and erratic shooting
  will result.

  CAUSES:

    1. Wet entering between the barrel and the fore-end.

    2. Unequal dryness such as caused by rifle lying in hot sun or in
        front of fire.

    3. Dry woodwork.

    4. Twisting of wood through insufficient seasoning before use.

  PREVENTION OF:

    Oil all woodwork daily, ensuring that the oil penetrates between
      the hand-guard, fore-end and barrel.

  CURE OF:

    Armourer refits fore-end.


SOME UNAVOIDABLE CAUSES:

NICKELLING OR METALLIC FOULING:

  Is really an obstruction in the bore caused by a portion of the
  envelope of the bullet becoming brazed on the surface of the bore.
  It is a cause of great inaccuracy, and its presence should always be
  looked for. When found, it must be removed. This should be done by an
  Armourer.

EROSION:

  Is the gradual increase in the size of the bore, and is caused
  through the heat generated by the gases slightly fusing the metal.
  The gases rushing over the metal carry away minute particles of the
  steel. This is the factor which decides “The Life of the Barrel” for
  purposes of real accuracy.

DRIFT:

  Is the continual deviation of the bullet in the direction of the
  rifling. About one minute, _i.e._, one inch per 100 yards, must be
  allowed for this at the longer ranges in sniping.


OTHER DEFINITIONS:

SUPERFICIAL FOULING:

  The fouling that appears in the bore immediately after firing. It
  is then quite soft and easily removed, but if allowed to remain, it
  becomes hard, difficult to remove and, by attracting moisture from
  the air, begins the rusting process.

INTERNAL FOULING:

  Fouling that actually gets below the surface of the metal when
  firing; this gradually sweats its way to the surface and should be
  removed as it appears.

  (_Note_:--If cleaned with really boiling water, the pores are
  reopened, internal fouling is removed, and thus the cause of
  sweating is done away with. The Barrel must, however, be dried
  immediately, or the cure will be worse than the complaint.)

CORROSION:

  Is the black pock-mark or indentation left in the bore after removing
  rust.

CLEANING RODS:

  Finally it is suggested that a cleaning-rod properly used is better
  than a pull-through: each Battalion is authorized to hold 32 of these
  Rods on Charge. (See G.R.O.’s 512, 540 and 2,094.)


GROUPING AND RANGE PRACTICES:

  It must be understood that Grouping with the Open Sights is a
  definite test of (_a_) the rifle, and (_b_) the man.

  Grouping is a practical system of locating faults, and it is of the
  utmost importance that such faults, having once been located, should
  at once be corrected. It should also be clearly understood that a
  man’s average group at a given range, _i.e._, 100 yards, will (except
  for the error of the day) be the measure of his capacity at all
  ranges. For instance, if his average at 100 yards be a 3-inch group,
  his best standard will be a 6-inch group at 200 yards, 9-inch group
  at 300 yards, 12-inch group at 400 yards, and so on.

  Unless this fact is clearly understood, we shall have our men making
  shot corrections when actually shooting up to standard, and if this
  is done, consistent shooting can never be obtained.

LESSONS TO BE LEARNT FROM A GROUP:

  1. If a man makes a vertical group it is fairly safe to assume that
  he is making one of the following errors:

      (_a_) Varying amount of fore-sight taken.
      (_b_) Varying point of Aim.
      (_c_) Not restraining his breathing when trigger-pressing.

  2. If he makes a lateral group his error will be usually found among
  the following:

      (_a_) Incorrect centreing of fore-sight.
      (_b_) Varying point of Aim.
      (_c_) Bad let-off.

  3. If he gets a good group, but wide of the aiming mark, it will
  be safe to assume that his rifle is throwing wide and should be
  corrected at once by alteration of fore-sight. For this reason the
  Armourer or other qualified person should be present when grouping is
  being carried out.

  4. If a man’s shots are widely scattered, it will be necessary to
  carry out the Analysis of faults, _i.e._:

      R. Test Rifle.
      A. Test Aim.
      T. Test Trigger-pressing.
      S. Test Sight.

  You should by this time have discovered the fault, but remember it is
  of no use having found it unless you can cure it before proceeding
  further.

  5. If the rifle be correct the point of Mean Impact should be 5
  inches above the point of Aim. If incorrect the fore-sight should be
  altered. The following can be got on indent for this purpose.

  Cramp R.S.L.M.E.

  Supply of fore-sights in nine different heights.

RANGE PRACTICES:

  Nothing definite can be laid down on account of the lack of uniform
  targets, ranges, etc., but the following hints may be of value:

  1. If a liaison be cultivated between Battalion Sniping officers in
  the Brigade, it will be easy to improvise a Range and Target for the
  use of the Battalion in rest.

  2. When in divisional rest it is usually possible to find a Range
  ready for use in the Training Area.

  3. Excellent work and all Zeroing can be done on even a 30-yard range
  by the really keen officer.

  4. Training in shooting should be carried out with an Open and _not_
  a Telescopic sighted rifle, which should be kept for:

  (_a_) Snapping Practice.
  (_b_) Shooting in order to Zero.
  (_c_) Killing the enemy.

  It is important that the barrels of these rifles should not be worn
  out in practice shooting.

  5. All training should be made progressive and where possible
  competitive.

  6. The first essential is extreme accuracy, after which the
  Instructor must coach up for rapid snapshooting, the ultimate
  standard being looked upon as the ability to get off a really good
  shot under two seconds.

  7. Always start with a Grouping Practice and eliminate faults as they
  are discovered.

  8. Re zero Telescopic sighted rifles: to ascertain that they have
  maintained their correctness each time you are out of the trenches,
  and arm only your best shots with these rifles.

  9. Improvise cover on the Range and make all Snipers’ fire practices
  under as near as possible Service Conditions.

  10. Although normally he will not fire Rapid, keep your sniper
  efficient in this valuable art.

  11. You may at any time become a casualty, therefore train your
  N.C.O.’s to carry on in your absence.


PART II

PATROLLING AND SCOUTING

PATROLS AND PATROLLING:

  The importance of patrolling cannot be exaggerated. It is a means
  of keeping in touch with the enemy and of obtaining much valuable
  information.

  In open warfare we must patrol day and night. In trench warfare,
  observation to a great extent does away with patrolling by day. We
  should always look upon the ground between the hostile armies as
  being ours, and should _make_ it so by patrols. This gives our men a
  greater sense of security, and also has the effect of destroying the
  enemy _moral_.

  Patrolling is looked upon by some as being particularly dangerous
  work. This is not so if patrols are carefully carried out by trained
  men.

  Training beforehand is essential; to send out untrained men in a
  haphazard manner is worse than useless.

  No patrol should go out except for a distinct and definite object.


TYPES OF PATROLS IN TRENCH WARFARE

RECONNAISSANCE PATROLS

  Are the work of scouts who go out on some specific mission. Numbers
  should be as small as possible. A party of two or three will probably
  obtain the best results.

FIGHTING PATROLS

  Should consist of Lewis gun and gunners, bombers and scouts. Strength
  10–15. Object to disperse enemy working parties, to engage enemy
  patrols, to obtain identifications.

    _Note_:--It may often be necessary to combine these patrols; the
    Fighting Patrol going out to form a screen in rear, while the
    Reconnaissance Patrol pushes forward to complete its task. This
    has the effect of giving the Reconnaissance Patrol confidence, of
    assisting them to pass back any casualties they may suffer, and,
    in fact, provides them with an Advanced Headquarters from which
    they carry out their reconnaissance. The system is particularly
    useful, and, in fact, necessary, where a great distance separates
    the opposing lines.

PROTECTIVE PATROLS

  Should consist mainly of Bombers, and are used in front of our wire,
  or between Isolated Posts. Numbers depend on circumstances. Object:
  Protection of our line from surprise attacks.


OPEN WARFARE

  It is not necessary here to classify definitely. The Reconnoitring
  Patrol should always be prepared to fight. In fact, all Patrols, at
  all times, should be _fully organized self-contained fighting units_.
  Numbers depend on conditions, but Scouts will be largely used.

TRAINING:

  The general principles of training both for Trench and Open Warfare
  are a thorough training in the following:

    1. Map Reading.

    2. Compass Work.

    3. Reports.

    4. Use of Ground and Cover.

    5. Reconnoitring through Periscopes and by means of Aeroplane
        Photographs and Maps by day, the ground over which patrol must
        pass at night, and selecting the best method of approach.

    6. Actual Patrolling by day and night.

    7. Keeping touch.

FORMATIONS:

  Nothing definite can be laid down, as, of necessity, formations will
  vary with the prevailing conditions. It is essential, however, that
  all formations shall be so simple as to ensure that they can be
  maintained even on the darkest night and when working over very rough
  ground.

  The Lewis gun, when it forms a part of a Patrol, must be well
  protected and in such a position as will enable it to be used at a
  moment’s notice.

  The Officer or N.C.O. in charge should always lead the Patrol, and
  there should be a Second-in-Command, whose position should be in the
  centre and rear of the Patrol; he will specialize in keeping the men
  in their proper places and maintaining touch.

EQUIPMENT:

  The rifle often hampers movement, particularly when crawling, but
  it is essential that both this and fighting order be carried when
  patrolling in open warfare. In trench warfare it should usually
  be sufficient to carry the rifle, a bandolier of S.A.A., the web
  belt with bayonet and scabbard attached, a bomb in the pocket and a
  compass. Steel helmets should not be taken, the cap-comforter being
  worn instead.

  If necessary to fix the bayonet, such as when rushing an Isolated
  Post, it should be fixed with the scabbard still on; both bayonet and
  scabbard should be well oiled; the scabbard can then be taken off
  quietly just prior to the rush.

INSTRUCTIONS TO BE GIVEN:

  Before going out personnel should be given:

    1. All known information;

    2. An opportunity to examine by day through periscope, by
        aeroplane photographs and maps, the ground to be covered at
        night.

    3. The object of the patrol.

    4. The pass-word.

  Everything that is liable to give information or identification, if
  captured, must be carefully collected before the party goes out.

  All men in the Garrison and battalions on right and left must know
  when the patrol is out, and also the pass-word.

  The patrol leader, both on leaving and returning, will himself pass
  the word along to this effect. This is very important. He cannot
  forecast how long he will be away, or the point at which he will
  return, therefore, the trench garrison must be prepared to receive
  him at any time or place.

GENERAL:

  Patrols often give themselves away by leaving their own trench in a
  careless manner. The firing of rifles and lights should continue as
  usual when a patrol is out, but in such a manner as not to interfere
  with the patrol. Two patrols should never be sent out on the same
  front at the same time, as this only leads to their mistaking each
  other for the enemy. Often, the most suitable time for patrolling
  is when the weather conditions are very bad. In addition to taking
  precautions against Verey lights, men on patrol can often take
  advantage of their brightness to obtain the information required.

A FORM OF PATROL REPORT:

                             PATROL REPORT

                                            Blankshire Regiment.
                                              Night of 12–13th/6/17.
                                                Ref. Map Sheet 54 S.E.1.

 +------------+---------+---------------+---------------------+--------+
 |            |Time and |               | Information gained  |Time and|
 |Composition.|Point of |    Object.    | and action taken.   |Point of|
 |            |  Exit.  |               |                     | Return.|
 +------------+---------+---------------+---------------------+--------+
 | 1 Offr.    |11 p.m.  |To report on   |Gap in wire at Points|2 a.m.  |
 | and 1      |Trench   |enemy wire from|No. 1  A5a65.75      |Trench  |
 | o/Rk.      |Willow   |High Command   |    2  A5b20.35      |Willow  |
 | Lt. Tew    |Walk.    |Redoubt to No  |    3  A5d85.87      |Walk.   |
 | Pte. Dew.  |A6a92.85 |Man’s Cottage  |Width in Gaps:       |A6a95.87|
 |            |         |               |  1  about 4 yards.  |        |
 |            |         |               |  2    „   2   „     |        |
 |            |         |               |  3    „   3   „     |        |
 |            |         |               |Average depth of     |        |
 |            |         |               |  wire 10–15 yds.    |        |
 |            |         |               |General condition:   |        |
 |            |         |               |High, barbed, and    |        |
 |            |         |               |  fairly strong.     |        |
 +------------+---------+---------------+---------------------+--------+

    Handed in at 3 a.m.
      Date: 13/6/17.

                                          (Sgd.) R. G. A. TEW, Lieut.,
                                                    Blankshire Regiment.

    N.B.--These headings, etc., are given as a guide. They will vary
    according to the nature of the information required, and the
    circumstances under which the Patrol is working.


PART III

THE STALKING TELESCOPE

  Apart from the regular issue of G.S. Telescopes, there are now
  in the B.E.F. about 40,000 or 50,000 more or less high-class
  telescopes. These have been obtained from all kinds of sources, from
  deer-stalkers, yachtsmen, etc., and the care and use of these glasses
  has become a matter of great importance.


CARE AND CLEANING:

  The first thing to remember is that the lenses of all telescopes are
  made of very soft glass, and that this glass is polished to a very
  high degree. A few scratches on the outer surface of the object-glass
  will negative the value of the best telescope. When the telescope is
  first taken from its case, a light film of dust will usually be found
  to have formed on the object-glass. This should be flicked off with
  a handkerchief, and if any polishing is necessary, it should be done
  with a piece of chamois leather or well-washed piece of four-by-two;
  this cleaning material should be free from grit, and should be
  carried in a pocket or in the pay-book, where it will be kept clean.
  Over 50 per cent. of the telescopes in use, in or about the front
  line, have been scratched more or less badly, owing to the neglect of
  this simple precaution.

  Special attention should be paid to the cleaning of the objective
  lens, which is liable to become covered with dust owing to its
  position in the telescope and the opening and closing of the draws.

  Never on any account touch the glass with the finger or thumb. If
  the glass be allowed to get damp, fogging will result. To cause the
  fogging to evaporate, remove object-glass and eye-piece, lay the
  telescope out in the sun or in a warm room. Never permit the metal
  work to get hotter than the temperature of your hand, otherwise the
  Canada Balsam (which is used to join the concave and convex lenses in
  the object-glass of all high telescopes, except the G.S.) will melt.
  If the draws get wet, they must be thoroughly dried and slightly
  lubricated. The same applies to the sun-shade. When an officer is
  inspecting telescopes, he should inspect the cases also. In screwing
  tubes or cells into place, great care must be taken not to damage the
  threads. It is often as well to turn the screw the wrong way with a
  gentle pressure; the threads will then come into correct engagement,
  and a slight click may be heard.


THE GENERAL SERVICE TELESCOPE

  As has been stated above, Canada Balsam is not used between the
  lenses of the object-glass of the G.S. telescope. When a G.S.
  Telescope has been taken to pieces, the only difficulty experienced
  in assembling it again will be in the replacing of the lenses forming
  the object-glass. To do this two rules must be remembered:

    1. The convex lens is always the nearest to the object, and,
    therefore, must be replaced first.

    2. On the side of the lenses forming the object-glass an
    arrow-head will be found cut into the glass.

    Before the lenses are put back the arrow-head must be completed,
    and the middle of the arrow must be allowed to slide over the
    barb or raised line in the cell.

RULES FOR USE:

     1. Always extend your sun-shade (more O.P.’s have been given away
        by the light shining upon the object-glass of telescopes than
        in any other way).

     2. Always mark your focus by scratching a circular ring on the
        focussing draw. (This will allow you to focus your glass
        correctly and quickly before putting it to your eye.)

     3. Always pull out or push in the draws of your telescope with a
        clock-wise circular motion, and keep them slightly lubricated.

     4. Always carry your telescope slung on your body. If you take it
        off and let it travel in a lorry or car the jolting will almost
        certainly ruin it.

     5. Always use a rest when observing.

     6. When looking into the sun, make a sun-shade nine inches or a
        foot long, to fit on the short sun-shade of the telescope. This
        will give you great assistance when the sun is over the German
        lines. It is a trick borrowed from the chamois-hunters of the
        Pyrenees.

     7. Remember that when there is a mirage you will get better
        results with a low than with a high power of magnification.
        Conditions in France are more suitable to a magnification of
        under than over twenty-five. Excellent work can be done in
        the front line with a glass that magnifies only ten times.
        If the high-power eye-piece is used for any special purpose
        when reconnaissance is finished, it should be replaced by a
        low-power eye-piece.

     8. When searching a given sector of ground or trench divide it
        into “fields of view” work slowly allowing each field to
        overlap. Never leave any suspicious-looking object without
        having ascertained what it is and why it is there.

     9. Slight movement is more easily detected if you do not look
        straight at the object. Always look, a little left, right,
        high or low. Keenest vision is at the edges of the eye. This
        particularly applies to dusk or dawn.

    10. When your object is found, consider:

          (a) Distance.
          (b) Shape.
          (c) Colour.
          (d) Size.
          (e) Position.

        Use each detail to check other details; for instance, if you can
        distinguish the state cockade upon a German cap you may be
        certain that you are not more than two hundred yards distant.

    11. Do not forget that good results can be obtained on clear
        starlight or moonlight nights, by the use of night-glasses or
        telescopes, especially if working in conjunction with a Lewis
        or Vickers Gun. Generally speaking, the bigger the object-glass
        and the lower the magnification the better will be the results
        obtainable at night.

    12. In trench warfare a really good glass-man working from our
        front line by day can make a most valuable wire reconnaissance.

    13. Remember that the conditions of visibility are constantly
        changing; an object which is indistinct at eleven o’clock may
        become quite clear at eleven-five.

    14. Always be ready to avail yourself of natural conditions. The
        visibility after a rain-shower is almost always good; it shows
        up wire and gaps in the wire, paths, ground traversed by
        patrols, etc. The best season for “spotting” O.P.’s is autumn,
        when the leaves fall and the grass withers.

    15. It is a good thing to disguise the whole of the telescope by
        use of sandbags or other material around it. Great care must be
        taken to ascertain that such disguise is kept free from dust or
        grit.


PART IV

FRONT LINE OBSERVATION AND REPORTS

Remember that straws show which way the wind blows, and that apparently
trivial information may be of great importance if considered in correct
perspective. For instance, three small parties of Germans seen in
front of a battalion sector is not an item of much interest, but if
such parties are seen by all or most of the observers on a divisional
front, enemy movement of importance is indicated, so include everything
observed which is of the slightest importance.

Remember that your report passes through the hands of the Battalion
Intelligence Officer, and by him the information it contains is passed
on to Brigade, thence to Division, and so on. During the whole of this
process, the information is weighed, sifted, and compared over and over
again. Hence, that which really proves to be of no importance will be
eliminated, while that which is of value will reach those to whom it
may be of use.

Remember that you are in close touch with the enemy, and that you, and
you only, are responsible for the observation of his forward area. You
must not rely upon the Divisional or Corps Observers to do this work
for you.

When taking over a post for the first time you must study the ground
carefully and get to know the exact location of all prominent objects.
Then, in a few days’ time, you will be capable of giving map locations
of targets without bearings.

It is of little or no use to look for movement until you know your
front by heart, the GOOD observer is the man who can almost see the
co-ordinates lying on the ground. In this way some of the Lovat Scouts
can give the map references of a moving object as it moves, without a
glance at the map.

The best times of the day for you, as a front-line observer, are dawn
and dusk. Ration parties, working parties, reliefs, etc., are all
waiting to move forward at dusk, and much good work can be done by
picking up these targets and reporting them to the Artillery. The same
or similar parties can often be seen returning at dawn, particularly
after a night during which our harassing fire has been heavy.

Again, a misty day--although the definition obtained through your
telescope is not so clear as usual--is often excellent for observation
of the enemy’s front-line system, as, on such days, through a false
sense of security, the enemy often shows himself in concealed posts,
etc., which he would never give away by carelessness during clearer
weather.

Always note time (signal time) and map co-ordinates of anything
observed.

If anything of importance be seen, such as abnormal movement, suspected
reliefs, etc., report them _at once_. Don’t wait until you come off
duty.

All targets should be reported as soon as possible to the Artillery.

If there are any Artillery O.P.’s in your vicinity, they should be
visited, as the occupants can often assist you by “placing” objects,
the exact location of which you yourself are doubtful about. The
Artillery Observers should be shown all tracks where movement has been
observed to enable them to get a gun trained on to them.

All new enemy work must be followed closely and its object, if
possible, ascertained.

Take a pride in extreme accuracy, let a direct statement represent
fact, but do not hesitate to include information of which you are not
quite certain. You must, however, never fail to indicate clearly the
degree of accuracy or certainty which you yourself feel. Useful words
for qualifying your statements are as follows:

  Possibly;
  About;
  Probably;
  Approximately, etc., etc.

Remember that your duty is rather to observe and report your
observations than to interpret what you see. At the same time, give
personal impressions. These may start a new line of thought in the
minds of those who read your reports; also, if two or three observers,
from different points, think that they have seen a certain thing, then
there is at least a strong probability that a foundation existed for
their belief.

Realize that your observation is part of a huge net which is
continually trawling the whole enemy world for information, and see to
it that not even the smallest fry slip through the meshes for which you
are personally responsible.

For purposes of actual observation a rough log-book must be kept in the
sniping or observation post. In this book everything seen should be
noted as it occurs. From it each evening the information must be set
out under suitable headings, and your report rendered to the Battalion
Intelligence Officer. Customs vary in battalions, but the following
list of headings may help you in this matter:

    OPERATIONS, ENEMY:

      1. Artillery  }
      2. T.M.’s     } No. and Calibre of projectiles
                    }   and targets.
      3. Grenades   }
      4. A.A. Guns    Activity.
      5. M.G. Fire  }
      6. Rifle Fire } Methods and Targets.

    MOVEMENT, ENEMY:

      1. Aircraft.
      2. Trains.
      3. Transport.
      4. Men actually seen.
      5. Indication of movement (periscopes, loopholes, etc.).
      6. Patrols. (Seen, heard or encountered.)

    (_Note_:--Time and place must always be given.)

BATTALION INTELLIGENCE REPORT TO BRIGADE:

    The subject matter forming this falls naturally under the following
    main headings:

      1. Operations. (Enemy.)
      2. Movement.      „
      3. Work.          „
      4. Signals.       „
      5. General Intelligence.
      6. Weather.

    Under these six main headings are the following sub-headings:

    WORK, ENEMY:

      (_a_) Changes visible in enemy line.
      (_b_) Working parties seen or heard.
      (_c_) New wire observed or reported by patrols.

    SIGNALS, ENEMY:

      (_a_) Flash lamps.  }
      (_b_) Verey lights. } Full description of and any
      (_c_) Rockets.      }   apparent results.

    GENERAL INTELLIGENCE:

    Information of a doubtful or uncertain nature, general impressions,
    etc.

    WEATHER:

      (_a_) General conditions.
      (_b_) Light and visibility during the day.
      (_c_) Wind, its strength and direction.

In some Brigades, reports on our own operations, particularly
observation of our own Artillery and T.M. fire are required in the
Battalion Intelligence Reports, but this is a mistaken policy.

A FORM OF OBSERVATION REPORT.

                          OBSERVATION REPORT

    No. of Post (Map Ref.): Teapot Post N33c55.90 Sheet 17A N.E.

    Time on Duty: 7 a.m. to 10 a.m.

    Date: 20.6.18.

    Observers on Duty, Name, Rank and Regt.

      H. Smith            Pte.
      G. Shaw             L/Cpl.

  Wind: Gentle S.W.
  Visibility: Fair.

 +---------+------------+----------------+---------------------------------------+
 |  Time.  |  Map Ref.  |    Event.      |              Remarks.                 |
 +---------+------------+----------------+---------------------------------------+
 |7.30 a.m.| M39d45.35  | 1 German       |Ptes. carrying      Probably working   |
 |         |            | N.C.O. and     |wood, corrugated    on entrance        |
 |         |            |   14 Ptes.     |iron and            to dug-out at      |
 |         |            |                |sandbags.           M39c78.65.         |
 |         |            |                |Wearing caps                           |
 |         |            |                |with red                               |
 |         |            |                |bands. Badges                          |
 |         |            |                |not visible.                           |
 |         |            |                |                                       |
 |8.45 a.m.| Over trench|Enemy Aeroplane |Opened fire on      Enemy probably     |
 |         |     at     |  Pilot         |trench. Flying      suspects           |
 |         | M28c36.03  |  and 1 other.  |low, about 700      concentration      |
 |         |            |                |feet. Flew off      in this area.      |
 |         |            |                |in S.W. direction.                     |
 |         |            |                |Not fired on by                        |
 |         |            |                |our men.                               |
 |         |            |                |                                       |
 | (Changed|over 9 a.m.)|                |Observer--Shaw.                        |
 |         |            |                |Writer--Smith.                         |
 |         |   ---------+----------------+--------------                         |
 |9.15 a.m.| G30a40.92  |Horse transport.|15 wagons, 4        Possibly ammunition|
 |         |            |                |horse, all very     or heavy material. |
 |         |            |                |heavily loaded,     Had difficulty in  |
 |         |            |                |moving N. on        ascending slight   |
 |         |            |                |Vitry-Douai Road.   hill.              |
 +---------+------------+----------------+---------------------------------------+

  Relieved at 10 a.m.         Observer: Shaw.
  Handed in at 10.15 a.m.     Writer: Smith.
                                (Signed) H. SMITH.
                                         G. SHAW.


PART V

SOME USES OF SCOUTS, OBSERVERS AND SNIPERS IN ATTACK, DEFENCE AND OPEN
WARFARE

It is difficult to lay down any hard and fast rules on this subject,
as so much depends upon the prevailing conditions. The following notes
should therefore be looked upon as tentative hints or suggestions.

To commence, it is well to remember that these men, in addition to
being fully-trained soldiers, have received specialist training in
such subjects as map-reading, obtaining and reporting information,
scouting, accurate shooting, etc., therefore their value to the Company
Commander, whether in Attack or Defence, in trench warfare or in open
warfare, has been enhanced, and he should keep this in mind when making
his dispositions.

Prior to attack on any given objective, the Scouts and Observers can
obtain much valuable information; in fact, the actual plans for local
attack will often depend upon the information so obtained.

The following are some of the points that should be ascertained either
by direct observation or patrolling or both:

    1. Location of enemy M.G.’s and strong points.

    2. Whether the enemy is holding his line continuously or by
        isolated posts; if the latter, the location of each post should,
        if possible, be ascertained.

    3. If our wire-cutting operations have been successful, and the
        location and width of the gaps.

Vigorous patrolling should take place for some time prior to attack, to
ensure that the enemy is driven out of “No Man’s Land,” thus enabling
us to “jump off” from a point as near as possible to the enemy line.

The Snipers can, by making each enemy periscope and loophole a target,
render the enemy to a great extent blind in Front Line Observation.
Before the actual assault has commenced, our snipers can be established
in shell holes in “No Man’s Land” from which they can command any known
machine-gun emplacements. They should always carry a few rounds of
armour-piercing S.A.A., and should look upon the breech casing of the
gun as their target rather than the gunners. (Your good sniper will
appreciate the fact that one hit on the breech-casing of a machine-gun
with armour-piercing S.A.A. will definitely put the gun out of action,
as it ruins the vital portion, _i.e._, “the recoiling portion” of the
gun.)

After the objective has been gained, the snipers should push forward
beyond our new line and establish themselves in shell holes or in old
trenches. From these positions their fire will be of great value in
conjunction with the Lewis gunners in keeping down the enemy during
consolidation.

The Scouts should be able to fill in the dispositions of the troops and
maintain touch with flanking units; they should form part of exploiting
patrols, locate the enemy’s new positions and ascertain their attitude,
_i.e._, whether they are demoralized and retiring in disorder or
whether they are under control and likely to counter-attack.

The Observers must be in a position from which they can watch the whole
of the attack, and must be provided with a means of communication
whereby they can constantly report upon the situation. After the
objective has been gained they can push forward and locate enemy
machine-guns and battery positions; this will be comparatively easy
as, if the enemy is putting up a fight, machine-guns, etc., will be
advertising themselves.

The Brigade and Divisional Observers will also be in positions from
which they can follow the whole of the attack, and will constantly
report its progress. They should particularly watch for any massing of
enemy troops in the back areas for counter-attack.

IN DEFENCE:

  The Snipers can be of great value in defence, and should be given a
  definite “battle station.” If the attack be delivered in daylight,
  the snipers’ special task should be to pick off the leaders, and
  members of machine-gun and _flamenwerfer_ detachments. If the enemy
  succeed in occupying our trenches the snipers must have in readiness
  alternative posts that command stretches of our trenches; they will
  thus be in a position to inflict heavy losses upon the new occupants.
  In this way and by working in conjunction with Bombers, they can do
  much to prevent the enemy from establishing himself.

  The Observers can, in defence, find out much valuable information,
  and the good observer can usually foretell an enemy attack by
  carefully watching for the following signs of offensive operation:--

     1. Construction of new T.M. emplacements.
     2. Registration of new T.M.’s.
     3. Increased artillery registration.
     4. Bridging of trenches.
     5. Cutting of wire.
     6. Additional dressing stations instituted.
     7. Signboards erected.
     8. Unusual amount of movement in back areas.
     9. Increased aerial activity.
    10. Reconnaissance of front by enemy officers.

OPEN WARFARE:

  In open and semi-open warfare it is essential that observers push
  forward from one post to another. They must keep in touch with the
  attack, with flanking units and with headquarters.

  The most important duties of scouts and snipers will be
  reconnaissance. By pushing forward as an advanced screen to cover the
  advance, they can collect much valuable information and, if correctly
  organized, can get such information back quickly to the officers whom
  it concerns. The following are some of the things upon which they
  should report:--

    1. Where the enemy are, and if holding a continuous line or
        isolated posts.

    2. Condition of roads, etc.

    3. Best approaches for Infantry, Machine-guns, Artillery, etc.

    4. Any obstacles such as rivers, etc., and the best means of
        negotiating them.

    5. Places which are exposed to fire.

    6. Any topographical features from which the enemy can be
        commanded.

In fact, there is no limit to the amount of useful information that
scouts and snipers can obtain. They can also be of extreme value in
working round and cutting off isolated posts. They may also form a
thin but effective firing-line that can delay considerably a small
counter-attack, and thus enable their unit to complete the, of
necessity, hasty preparations for holding its gains.


PART VI

THE ENFIELD 1914 PATTERN “SNIPER’S RIFLE”

As each battalion now holds three of these rifles on charge for
sniping purposes (G.R.O. 3567) it is essential that your snipers shall
understand the main differences between this and the R.S.M.L.E.

It is as well to understand at once that a far higher degree of
accuracy can be obtained from the Enfield 1914 than from the
R.S.M.L.E., and this is the reason why it has been issued to snipers.
The higher degree of accuracy is due to two main causes:--

    1. The rifles so issued have been specially selected from
        thousands of other rifles of the same pattern, on account of
        their accuracy, after severe and exhaustive tests.

    2. The rifle is fitted with an aperture or peep sight, which,
        as will be readily acknowledged by most expert riflemen,
        possesses a great advantage over the open U or V backsight. It
        is therefore unnecessary to focus the backsight, and the blur
        which is unavoidable when aiming with the open U or V backsight
        is entirely absent with the aperture or peep sight.

The following are the main differences which must be noted and
thoroughly understood in order to get the best results from the new
rifle.

THE SIGHT

  The rear of the body is made in the form of a bed in which the
  sight should always lie when not in use. In this position the
  aperture battle sight can be used if desired, but it should seldom
  be necessary for the sniper to use this sight. The battle sight is
  actually sighted to hit on the aiming mark at about 400 yards’ range.

  The sight leaf is hinged on to the sight bed and is raised to an
  angle of about 90° from the sight bed for use. There are in all four
  positions in which it will rest. (See diagram 1.)

    1. At an angle of about 45° from the sight bed; this is the most
        convenient position for “sight setting.”

    2. At an angle of about 90°; this is the position when in use.

    3. At an angle of about 135°.

    4. At an angle of about 180°.

       The two last positions have been made possible so as to avoid
        damaging the sight by accidentally knocking it, if raised
        against undergrowth, etc., when skirmishing.

_Note_:--The bolt lever must not be raised and drawn back when the
sight is in No. 4 position, as if this is done the battle sight is
sheared off.

[Illustration: No 1.]

ELEVATION

  The elevation is obtained by raising a slide on the leaf. This
  slide carries the aperture, and, when set, is held in position by
  a spring-catch adjustment on the right of the leaf. The leaf is
  graduated from 200 to 1100 yards in hundreds of yards, and from 1100
  to 1650 yards in fifties. The reading line is situated in the centre
  of the slide, and care must be taken to point out this fact clearly,
  otherwise men are apt to take readings from the top or bottom of the
  slide.

FINE ADJUSTMENT

  The sight is fitted with a fine adjustment in the form of a worm
  screw with a milled head. By rotating the milled head clockwise we
  raise the elevation, and by turning it anti-clockwise we lower it.
  The top of the milled head is marked off into three divisions, each
  of which is equivalent to one minute of angle, which is about 1″ per
  100 yards of the range. Thus at 100 yards it would equal 1″ rise, or
  fall, on the target; at 200 yards 2″; at 300 yards 3″, and so on. A
  reading line is marked on the top of the sight leaf to enable these
  minute adjustments to be made. (See diagram.)

  The advantage of a fine adjustment screw on this principle lies in
  the fact that, without alteration of foresight, the rifle can be
  zeroed with exactness in a vertical sense, for any individual hold,
  thus: If a man, when zeroing his rifle at 100 yards’ range, finds
  the point of mean impact to be 3 inches low, or high, he has only
  to remember that he must first reproduce on his backsight the range
  for which he is firing, and then add, or subtract, 3 minutes of
  elevation, _i.e._, by giving the milled head one complete turn or
  revolution in the required direction; he will then have his correct
  zero for that particular range. (_Note_:--Before starting to zero at
  100 yards, he must raise the sight to 200 yards, and then take off 3
  minutes; this is equivalent to setting his sight to 100 yards (which
  is not marked). With the sight so set, the “point of mean impact”
  should be 1½ inches to 2 inches above the point of aim.)

  In addition the fine adjustment can be used to overcome the
  difficulty of not having the sight calibrated to read to fifties at
  the closer ranges. By memorizing the following table, the sniper will
  have no difficulty in adjusting his sight to 250, 350, 450 yards, and
  so on:

  To raise from       To        Add to Column 1.
    200 yards      250 yards      1 minute
    300   „        350   „        1½ minutes
    400   „        450   „        2     „
    500   „        550   „        2½    „
    600   „        650   „        3     „

  The table has not been taken further, as 600 yards is the limit of
  “individual effort.”

LATERAL ZERO

  If there should be a lateral error when zeroing, the foresight should
  be moved as in the R.S.M.L.E., except that the cramp is made to
  fit over and through the foresight protectors, and, as there is no
  nose-cap to remove, it is a simpler operation.

AIM, HOW TAKEN

[Illustration: No 2.

        Sights:
  Enfield 1914 Rifle.
]

  Diagram 2 will illustrate far better than a word picture how aim
  should be taken. The main thing is to look _through_ the aperture,
  and not _at it_. The foresight will be centred in the aperture,
  and the tip of it placed at 6 o’clock in the ordinary way.
  (_Note_:--It will be found that with very little practice the eye
  will instinctively centre the foresight, and that aiming, with this
  sight, will in reality simply be the action of holding the tip of the
  foresight on to 6 o’clock.)

THE MAGAZINE

  The magazine holds five rounds only, and is constructed in such a
  manner as to permit the magazine platform to rise and engage the face
  of the bolt-head when the magazine is empty. This advertises the fact
  that “re-loading” is necessary. At the same time, it prevents giving
  practice in “rapid manipulation of the bolt,” unless the “Depressors
  magazine platform,” or a coin such as a franc (which will serve the
  same purpose) be used to hold down the platform, thus enabling the
  bolt to pass freely through the bolt-way when the magazine is empty.

  It is of simple construction, consisting of three parts only: the
  platform, the spring and the bottom plate. To remove: press the point
  of a bullet into the hole that will be found in the bottom plate, in
  front of the trigger guard, then push downwards and in the direction
  of the trigger; this releases the spring and allows the magazine to
  be removed and cleaned. To replace: reverse the above process. Care
  must be taken when loading to ensure that the charger is placed
  vertically in the charger guide; if allowed to lean forward the first
  cartridge will foul the padding of the magazine, and loading will
  become difficult.

  There is little possibility of a jam if the bolt-way, the breech and
  the magazine are kept clean.

SAFETY DEVICES

  1. The Safety Catch.--This is similar to the R.S.M.L.E., but is on
  the opposite side, _i.e._, the right side of the body. If the thumb
  piece is turned over to the rear, it performs two actions. (_a_)
  Rotates the half-moon on the eccentric stem until it engages in the
  recess in the cocking piece, thus preventing the cocking piece from
  going forward if the trigger be accidentally pressed. (_b_) Pushes
  forward the locking bolt plunger until it is engaged in the locking
  bolt recess in the bolt lever, thus preventing the rotation of the
  bolt.

  2. Bolt Lever.--This when turned down, _i.e._, when the breech is
  closed, fits into a recess in the body of the rifle, and ensures that
  the bolt cannot be blown back, even should the resisting lugs give
  way.

  3. The Safety Stud.--This is in direct communication with the sear,
  and is constructed in such a manner as to ensure that the sear
  cannot be depressed without the safety stud rising. On the under side
  of the bolt is a recess, which comes immediately over the safety
  stud when the bolt lever is turned fully down. It is, therefore,
  impossible to press the trigger, which depresses the sear, until the
  bolt lever is fully turned down and the action sealed.

GAS ESCAPES

  Of these there are three. On the right of the hood; on the under
  side of the bolt, one in front and the other in rear of the
  extractor ring. They perform the same duties as the gas escapes in
  the R.S.M.L.E., except that the one in front of the extractor ring
  prevents air-pockets--which would act as brakes--from forming.

PULL OFF

  This is slightly different to that of the R.S.M.L.E., the first
  pull being from 2 to 3 lbs., and the second from 5 to 6 lbs. The
  first pull is comparatively long, and it is necessary to obtain, by
  practice, the correct “trigger squeeze” before firing the rifle for
  the first time.

CARE AND CLEANING

  In order to take full advantage of the rifle, it is essential that
  it be kept absolutely clean; the following parts should receive
  special attention:

    The Bore.--This should always carry a high polish.

    The Sights.--Must be kept free from oil, and the aperture free from
      fluff.

    The Hood.--Must always be free from oil and dirt, as it contains
      the recesses in which the resisting lugs work, and if dirt be
      allowed to gather there, the shock of discharge cannot be evenly
      taken on both sides, and accurate shooting under these conditions
      is unattainable.

    The Breech.--Must be kept clean and free from oil by means of the
      stick which is provided for the purpose.

    The Bolt.--Must be kept free from oil, and must be the correct one
      for the rifle, _i.e._, must carry the same number as that shown
      on the hood and on the sight leaf.

    Gas escapes.--Must be kept free from oil and dirt.

GENERAL.

  The rifle is issued specially as a sniping rifle, and although
  a bayonet is issued with it, it should not be used for bayonet
  fighting practice. The woodwork of the rifle must on no account be
  cut down, and as, when it is issued, it is correctly zeroed to suit
  one man’s hold, it should not be transferred to another man without
  re-zeroing it to suit _his_ particular hold.


THE END




  PRINTED AT
  THE CHAPEL RIVER PRESS,
  KINGSTON, SURREY




Transcriber’s Notes


Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.

Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.

Illustrations were not “descreened” (removal of diagonal, light gray
lines) because doing so made them blurry. The topic of the book
required them to remain as sharp as practical.