A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY




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                   LEMPRIERE’S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.




                                   A
                         CLASSICAL DICTIONARY

                     CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT
                        OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES
                     MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS

                                 WITH

               THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES
                   USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS

                                  AND

                         A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE


                                  BY

                          J. LEMPRIERE, D.D.


                      Illustration: (‡ Colophon)


                                LONDON
                  GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED
                    NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO.
                                 1904


                  Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.
                        At the Ballantyne Press




                                PREFACE

                       TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION.


IN the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give
the most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names
which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of
anecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not
less instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not
be deemed a useless acquisition in the hands of the public; and while
the student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology,
and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and
cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it
not a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information,
and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars
which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his
memory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged
to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been
directed, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of
classical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions
have been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their
labours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a
due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate
their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of
the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and
unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours
of one barren and uninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations
of passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of
the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot,
therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish
what others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens,
to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After
paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the
most authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern
authors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for
the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical
descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he
owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author
must not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he
has likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Siècles
Payens of l’Abbé Sabatier de Castres he has found all the information
which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology,
could procure. The compositions of l’Abbé Banier have also been useful;
and in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at
Caen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and
arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered.

It was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a
minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient
geographers make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the
subject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in
bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the
propriety of this remark, when he recollects that the names of many
places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias occur nowhere else in ancient
authors; and that to find the true situation of an insignificant
village mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be
consulted.

This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of
schools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the
penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive
no fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority
of Smethius has been followed, as also Leede’s edition of Labbe’s
Catholici Indices.

As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature,
and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author
of this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public,
before he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service
to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the
use of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of
its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside
over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to
communicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not
less distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their classical
abilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which the
desire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To
them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications,
he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are
completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that
support to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed
to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has
received with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass
over in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the
friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of
Reading School.

For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated
by the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly
indebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn,
and Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures,
which he has annexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed
the learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have
been carefully examined, and frequently revised: and, it is hoped, the
opinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found
divested of all obscurity.

Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being
useful can command, the author offers the following pages to the
public, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections.
A Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect
all at once; it must still have its faults and omissions, however
cautious and vigilant the author may have been; and in every page there
may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for
addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his
publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make,
he will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of
every judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the
public demand a second edition.




                                   A
                         CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,
                                 FROM
                       THE CREATION OF THE WORLD
                                  TO
                     THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
                     IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST

    ¹In the following table, I have confined myself to the more
      easy and convenient eras of before (B.C.) and after (A.D.)
      Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the
      exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe
      that, as the first year of the christian era always falls on
      the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either
      before or after Christ will easily be discovered by the
      application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The
      era from the foundation of Rome (A.U.C.) will be found with
      the same facility, by recollecting that the city was built
      753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be
      recurred to by the consideration that the conquest of Corœbus
      (B.C. 776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic
      games were celebrated after the revolution of four years.

                                                              Before
                                                              Christ.¹
  The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period     4004

  The deluge                                                   2348

  The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages     2247

  Celestial observations are first made at Babylon             2234

  The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under
    Misraim the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663
    years, to the conquest of Cambyses                         2188

  The kingdom of Sicyon established                            2089

  The kingdom of Assyria begins                                2059

  The birth of Abraham                                         1996

  The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus               1856

  Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years
    before the reign of Phoroneus                              1822

  The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above
    200 years, till the coming of Cecrops                      1764

  Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren                       1728

  The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this
    time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an
    epoch which other writers have placed later by 26 years    1582

  Moses born                                                   1571

  The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from
    Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780
    years before the first Olympiad                            1556

  Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of
    Troy                                                       1546

  The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly                          1503

  The Panathenæa first celebrated at Athens                    1495

  Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes   1493

  The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idæi
    Dactyli                                                    1453

  The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where
    he dies the following year, aged 110                       1452

  Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli
    by the accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete    1406

  The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus    1356

  The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus king of
    Corinth                                                    1326

  The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games
    celebrated by Adrastus king of Argos                       1263

  Gideon flourishes in Israel                                  1245

  The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles          1225

  Olympic games celebrated by Hercules                         1222

  The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris  1213

  Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. Æneas sails to Italy  1184

  Alba Longa built by Ascanius                                 1152

  Migration of the Æolian colonies                             1124

  The return of the Heraclidæ into Peloponnesus, 80 years
    after the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide
    the Peloponnesus among themselves; and here, therefore,
    begins the kingdom of Lacedæmon under Eurysthenes and
    Procles                                                    1104

  Saul made king over Israel                                   1095

  The kingdom of Sicyon ended                                  1088

  The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus           1070

  The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their
    settlement in Asia Minor                                   1044

  Dedication of Solomon’s temple                               1004

  Samos built                                                   986

  Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel                   975

  Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to
    the marbles                                                 907

  Elias the prophet taken up into heaven                        896

  Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedæmon,
    and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the
    Olympic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era
    which is commonly called the first Olympiad                 884

  Phidon king of Argos is supposed to have invented scales
    and measures, and coined silver at Ægina. Carthage built
    by Dido                                                     869

  Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an
    era placed 80 years earlier by Justin                       820

  The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years,
    till the battle of Pydna                                    814

  The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years          797

  The triremes first invented by the Corinthians                786

  The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the
    Prytanes elected                                            779

  Corœbus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the
    institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first
    Olympiad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome      776

  The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedæmon by
    Theopompus                                                  760

  Isaiah begins to prophesy                                     757

  The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is
    the first                                                   754

  Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the
    year 3961 of the Julian period                              753

  The rape of the Sabines                                       750

  The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins                  747

  The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to
    the taking of Ithome                                        743

  Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony                         732

  The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by
    Salmanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon
    on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy                  721

  Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian
    throne                                                      718

  Tarentum built by the Parthenians                             707

  Corcyra built by the Corinthians                              703

  The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to
    the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years. About this
    time flourished the poets Tyrtæus and Archilochus           685

  The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons          684

  Alba destroyed                                                665

  Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for
    30 years                                                    659

  Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians           658

  Cyrene built by Battus                                        630

  The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep
    possession for 28 years                                     624

  Draco established his laws at Athens                          623

  The canal between the Nile and the Red sea begun by king
    Necho                                                       610

  Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies        606

  The Phœnicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About
    this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alcæus, Sappho, &c.   604

  The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares        596

  The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this
    time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides,
    Solon, the prophet Ezekiel, Æsop, Stersichorus              591

  Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a
    siege of 18 months                                          587

  The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every first and
    third year of the Olympiads                                 582

  Death of Jeremiah the prophet                                 577

  The Nemæan games restored                                     568

  The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon        562

  Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens           560

  Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes,
    Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus                  559

  Crœsus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished
    Theognis and Pherecydes                                     548

  Marseilles built by the Phocæans. The age of Pythagoras,
    Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon                539

  Babylon taken by Cyrus                                        538

  The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the
    rebuilding of the temple                                    536

  The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis    535

  Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built     526

  Egypt conquered by Cambyses                                   525

  Polycrates of Samos put to death                              522

  Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time
    flourished Confucius the celebrated Chinese philosopher     521

  The tyranny of the Pisistratidæ abolished at Athens           510

  The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion
    of the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till
    the battle of Pharsalia                                     509

  Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became
    afterwards the cause of the invasion of Greece by
    the Persians. About this time flourished Heraclitus,
    Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c.             504

  The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome                  498

  The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer                      493

  The battle of Marathon                                        490

  The battles of Thermopylæ, August 7th, and Salamis, October
    20th. About this time flourished Æschylus, Pindar, Charon,
    Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c.                          480

  The Persians defeated at Platæa and Mycale on the same day,
    22nd September                                              479

  The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th                    477

  Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes          471

  The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon       470

  The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years        465

  Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by
    the Athenians                                               463

  The Romans send to Athens for Solon’s laws. About this
    time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato
    the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates,
    Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c.                        454

  The first Sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi          448

  The Athenians defeated at Chæronea by the Bœotians            447

  Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and
    receives public honours in the 39th year of his age.
    About this time flourished Empedocles, Hellanicus,
    Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias Artemones, Charondas, &c.     445

  A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians                     444

  Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained
    in force for three years                                    440

  A war between Corinth and Corcyra                             439

  Meton begins here his 19 years’ cycle of the moon             432

  The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues
    about 27 years. About this time flourished Cratinus,
    Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the
    last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides,
    Hippocrates, &c.                                            431

  The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time.
    A plague at Athens for five years                           430

  A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and
    Lacedæmonians, which is kept only during six years and
    ten months, though each continued at war with the other’s
    allies                                                      421

  The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The
    Agrarian law first moved at Rome                            416

  Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtæus is appointed
    king                                                        414

  The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus
    and Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates            409

  The battle of Ægospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius        405

  Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April. The end of the
    Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over
    the conquered city. About this time flourished Parrhasius,
    Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c.   404

  Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat
    of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants
    from Athens by Thrasybulus                                  401

  Socrates put to death                                         400

  Agesilaus of Lacedæmon’s expedition into Asia against
    the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis,
    Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas   396

  The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians,
    Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon        395

  The Lacedæmonians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at
    Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated
    at Coronæa, by Agesilaus                                    394

  The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by
    the Gauls                                                   390

  Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months.
    About this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon,
    Pythias, Iphicrates, &c.                                    388

  The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace
    of Antalcidas, between the Lacedæmonians and Persians       387

  The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had
    continued two years                                         385

  The Lacedæmonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos,
    September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished
    Philistus, Isæus, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes
    the cynic, &c.                                              377

  Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000
    Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates                             374

  The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedæmonians
    are defeated by Epaminondas the general of the Thebans      371

  The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to
    Peloponnesus                                                370

  One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians         367

  The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after
    the death of Pelopidas                                      363

  Agesilaus assists Tachos king of Egypt. Some of the
    governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia                 362

  The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle
    that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece                   360

  Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The
    second Sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi being
    attacked by the Phocians                                    357

  Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by
    tyrants. About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus,
    Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c.         354

  The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by
    Philip                                                      353

  Egypt is conquered by Ochus                                   350

  The Sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities
    of the Phocians                                             348

  Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years’
    banishment                                                  347

  Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant            343

  The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum.
    About this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes,
    Aristotle, Æschines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion,
    Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades                           340

  The battle of Cheronæa, August 2nd, where Philip defeats
    the Athenians and Thebans                                   338

  Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanius. His son Alexander,
    on the following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c.  336

  The battle of the Granicus, 22nd of May                       334

  The battle of Issus in October                                333

  Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and
    Alexandria built                                            332

  The battle of Arbela, October 2nd                             331

  Alexander’s expedition against Porus. About this time
    flourished Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio,
    Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides,
    Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c.                          327

  Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided
    into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the
    Ptolemies in Egypt                                          323

  Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek
    cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus,
    Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus,
    Perdiccas, Leosthenes                                       320

  Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius
    Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years                       317

  Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army                    315

  Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era
    of the Seleucidæ                                            312

  The conquests of Agathocles in Africa                         309

  Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes      307

  The title of kings first assumed by the successors of
    Alexander                                                   306

  The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed
    by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About
    this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes,
    Crantor, &c.                                                301

  Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year’s siege   296

  The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and
    the time first divided into hours                           293

  Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia,
    which he peopled with different nations. The age of
    Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion,
    Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus,
    Arsinoe, Lachares, &c.                                      291

  The Athenians revolt from Demetrius                           287

  Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus                   286

  The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to
    be translated about this time                               284

  Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine
    war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achæan league
    begins                                                      281

  Pyrrhus of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines      280

  The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple
    of Delphi. About this time flourished Dionysius the
    astronomer, Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes,
    Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Persæus, &c.                      278

  Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus                274

  The first coining of silver at Rome                           269

  Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years      268

  The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The
    chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. About this
    time flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus,
    Clinias, Aristotimus, &c.                                   264

  Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus     262

  The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius                    260

  Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to
    liberty by Antigonus                                        256

  Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achæan
    league. About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer
    junior, Manetho, Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris,
    Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice,
    Lysias, Ariobarzanes                                        251

  The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under
    Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians                      250

  The sea-fight of Drepanum                                     249

  The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August        243

  Agis king of Sparta put to death for attempting to settle
    an Agrarian law. About this period flourished Antigonus
    Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of
    Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c.           241

  Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus   240

  Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son    237

  The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa   235

  The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years           234

  Original manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles,
    lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of
    15 talents                                                  233

  The first divorce known at Rome, by Spurius Carvilius.
    Sardinia and Corsica conquered                              231

  The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth    228

  The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues
    for five years                                              227

  The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The
    Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had
    entered Italy. About this time flourished Chrysippus,
    Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala,
    C. Nævius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo
    Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus,
    Lysiades, Agro, &c.                                         224

  The battle of Sellasia                                        222

  The Social war between the Ætolians and Achæans, assisted
    by Philip                                                   220

  Saguntum taken by Annibal                                     219

  The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years           218

  The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of
    Cannæ, May 21st                                             217

  The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus,
    which is continued by intervals for 14 years                214

  Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years     212

  Philopœmen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea                     208

  Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus,
    Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion,
    Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes        207

  The battle of Zama                                            202

  The first Macedonian war begins and continues near four
    years                                                       200

  The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas          198

  The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated          197

  The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three
    years                                                       192

  Lacedæmon joined to the Achæan league by Philopœmen           191

  The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of
    Antiochus                                                   189

  The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by
    Philopœmen                                                  188

  Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this
    time flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades,
    Tegula, C. Lælius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes
    the stoic, Critolaus, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi,
    Thoas, &c.                                                  187

  A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and
    Prusias, till the death of Annibal                          184

  Philopœmen defeated and killed by Dinocrates                  183

  Numa’s books found in a stone coffin at Rome                  179

  Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage                     175

  Ptolemy’s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle
    between Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian
    war                                                         171

  The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire.
    About this period flourished Attalus the astronomer,
    Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius,
    Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c.         168

  The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from
    the plunder of Macedonia                                    167

  Terence’s Andria first acted at Rome                          166

  Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented
    by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of
    sun-dials                                                   159

  Andriscus the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty of Macedonia   152

  Demetrius king of Syria defeated and killed by Alexander
    Balas                                                       150

  The third Punic war begins. Prusias king of Bithynia put to
    death by his son Nicomedes                                  149

  The Romans make war against the Achæans, which is finished
    the next year by Mummius                                    148

  Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by ♦Mummius      147

      ♦ ‘Mummus’ replaced with ‘Mummius’

  Viriathus is defeated by Lælius, in Spain                     146

  The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years     141

  The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by
    4000 Numantines                                             138

  Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal
    patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon.
    The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas,
    Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius,
    Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c.                                      137

  The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and
    Panætius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece                     136

  The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war in
    Sicily begins, and continues for three years                135

  Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire          133

  Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated
    by Perpenna                                                 130

  Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina    127

  The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares.
    Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate            123

  Caius Gracchus killed                                         121

  Dalmatia conquered by Metellus                                118

  Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of
    Erymnæus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius,
    Herodicus, Lucius Cælius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116

  The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years       111

  The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses
    of eating every day                                         110

  The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, and
    continue it for eight years                                 109

  The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone   105

  The Teutones defeated by Caius Marius at Aquæ Sextiæ          102

  The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus                     101

  Dolabella conquers Lusitania                                   99

  Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans                     97

  The Social war begins, and continues three years, till
    finished by Sylla                                            91

  The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years             89

  The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six
    years                                                        88

  Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to
    Rome                                                         86

  Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator        82

  The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo,
    Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon, Lucius Sisenna,
    Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno,
    Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c.                78

  Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans                       75

  The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years
    after, the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey
    and Crassus                                                  73

  Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus                  69

  Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is
    subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years                66

  The reign of the Seleucidæ ends in Syria, on the conquest of
    the country by Pompey                                        65

  Catiline’s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills
    himself                                                      63

  The first triumvirate in the person of Julius Cæsar, Pompey,
    and Crassus. About this time flourished Apollonius of
    Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa,
    Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus,
    Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes,
    Cratippus, &c.                                               60

  Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year          58

  Cæsar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades
    Britain                                                      55

  Crassus is killed by Surena, in June                           53

  Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey                             50

  The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th                         48

  Alexander taken by Cæsar                                       47

  The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called
    the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected
    by Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months,
    or 445 days                                                  46

  The battle of Munda                                            45

  Cæsar murdered                                                 44

  The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius,
    Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of
    Sosigenes, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus
    Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c.           43

  The battle of Philippi                                         42

  Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius, 14 years
    after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day           39

  Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius              36

  Octavius and Antony prepare for war                            32

  The battle of Actium, 2nd September. The era of the Roman
    emperors properly begins here                                31

  Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province       30

  The title of Augustus given to Octavius                        27

  The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time
    flourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio,
    Mæcenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy,
    Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca,
    Vitruvius, &c.                                               25

  The conspiracy of Muræna against Augustus                      22

  Augustus visits Greece and Asia                                21

  The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius     20

  The secular games celebrated at Rome                           17

  Lollius defeated by the Germans                                16

  The Rhæti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus                     15

  The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius                           12

  Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus                 11

  Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing
    years to be without intercalation. About this time
    flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian,
    Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer      8

  Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years                      6

  Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the
    year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth
    of the 193rd Olympiad                                         4

                                                                A.D.
  Tiberius returns to Rome                                        2

  The leap year corrected, having formerly been every third
    year                                                          4

  Ovid banished to Tomos                                          9

  Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius               10

  Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by
    Tiberius. The age of Phædrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius
    Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c.                  14

  Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake               17

  Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch                  19

  Tiberius goes to Capreæ                                        26

  Sejanus disgraced                                              31

  Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 3rd. _This is put four
    years earlier by some chronologists_                         33

  St. Paul converted to Christianity                             35

  Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Baiæ, March 16th, and is
    succeeded by Caligula. About this time flourished Valerius
    Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judæus,
    Artabanus, and Agrippina                                     37

  St. Matthew writes his Gospel                                  39

  The name of christians first given, at Antioch, to the
    followers of our Saviour                                     40

  Caligula murdered by Chæreas, and succeeded by Claudius        41

  The expedition of Claudius into Britain                        43

  St. Mark writes his Gospel                                     44

  Secular games celebrated at Rome                               47

  Caractacus carried in chains to Rome                           51

  Claudius succeeded by Nero                                     54

  Agrippina put to death by her son Nero                         59

  First persecution against the christians                       64

  Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death                         65

  Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of
    Persius, Quintus Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus,
    Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &c.          66

  St. Peter and St. Paul put to death                            67

  Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba                           68

  Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills
    himself. Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian’s army           69

  Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus                         70

  The Parthians revolt                                           77

  Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum
    and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius,
    November 1st                                                 79

  Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of
    Silius Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyanæus, Valerius
    Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola,
    &c.                                                          81

  Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated
    every fourth year                                            86

  Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins, and
    continues 15 years                                           88

  Second persecution of the christians                           95

  Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c., and succeeded by
    Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c.             96

  Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan                         98

  Pliny proconsul of Bithynia sends Trajan an account of the
    christians                                                  102

  Dacia reduced to a Roman province                             103

  Trajan’s expedition against Parthia. About this time
    flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Biblius,
    Dion, Prusæus, Plutarch, &c.                                106

  Third persecution of the christians                           107

  Trajan’s column erected at Rome                               114

  Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian                       117

  Fourth persecution of the christians                          118

  Adrian builds a wall in Britain                               121

  Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years                  126

  He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter   130

  The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years,
    and all banished                                            131

  Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the
    reign of Adrian flourished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon,
    Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp,
    Arian, Ptolemy, &c.                                         138

  Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians             145

  The worship of Serapis brought to Rome                        146

  Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and
    Lucius Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years.
    In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius,
    Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Polyænus,
    Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c.       161

  A war with Parthia, which continues three years               162

  A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years      169

  Another, which continues three years                          177

  Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last
    reign flourished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenæus,
    Montanus, Diogenes, Laërtius                                180

  Commodus makes peace with the Germans                         181

  Commodus put to death by Martia and Lætus. He is succeeded
    for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered 193; and
    four rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger,
    Severus, and Albinus. Under Commodus flourished Julius
    Pollux, Theodotion, St. Irenæus, &c.                        192

  Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus                         194

  Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th  198

  Severus conquers the Parthians                                200

  Fifth persecution against the christians                      202

  Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall
    there across from the Frith of Forth                        207

  Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and
    Geta. In his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius
    Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus,
    Plotianus, and Bulas                                        211

  Geta killed by his brother Caracalla                          212

  The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus.
    Flourished Oppian                                           217

  Opilius ♦Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by
    Heliogabalus                                                218

      ♦ ‘Macrinius’ replaced with ‘Macrinus’

  Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then
    exacted an annual payment not to invade or molest the
    Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus                   222

  The Arsacidæ of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king
    of Media, and their empire destroyed                        229

  Alexander defeats the Persians                                234

  The sixth persecution against the christians                  235

  Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time
    flourished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius               235

  The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to death
    by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus,
    by the soldiers of the younger Gordian                      236

  Sarbinianus defeated in Africa                                240

  Gordian marches against the Persians                          242

  He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace
    with Sapor the next year. About this time flourished
    Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus                         244

  Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished   249

  The seventh persecution against the christians                250

  Decius succeeded by Gallus                                    251

  A great pestilence over the empire                            252

  Gallus dies, and is succeeded by Æmilianus, Valerianus, and
    Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian
    and Plotinus                                                254

  The eighth persecution against the christians                 257

  The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively             258

  Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive                   260

  Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus                       264

  The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athenæus    267

  Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign
    flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c.                268

  Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them.
    Zenobia takes possession of Egypt                           269

  Aurelian succeeds                                             270

  The ninth persecution against the christians                  272

  Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa                        273

  Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor                  274

  Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a
    reign of six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and,
    two months after, by Probus                                 275

  Probus makes an expedition into Gaul                          277

  He defeats the Persians in the east                           280

  Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his
    sons Carinus and Numerianus                                 282

  Diocletian succeeds                                           284

  The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north.
    Diocletian takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague       286

  Britain recovered, after a tyrant’s usurpation of 10 years.
    Alexandria taken by Diocletian                              296

  The tenth persecution against the christians, which
    continues 10 years                                          303

  Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in
    retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
    Maximianus the two Cæsars. About this period flourished
    Julius Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes the
    lawyers, Ælius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus,
    Trebellius Pollio, &c.                                      304

  Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son                 306

  At this time there were four emperors, Constantine,
    Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius                         308

  Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine                  312

  The emperor Constantine begins to favour the christian
    religion                                                    319

  Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine                 324

  The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops,
    who sit from June 19th to August 25th                       325

  The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople    328

  Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the
    11th of May                                                 330

  Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed    331

  The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons,
    Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of
    Constantine flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and
    Eusebius                                                    337

  Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at
    Aquilea                                                     340

  Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius                        350

  Gallus put to death by Constantius                            354

  One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by
    an earthquake                                               358

  Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but
    the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter
    sole emperor. About this period flourished Ælius Donatus,
    Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus,
    St. Hilary, &c.                                             360

  Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian’s reign
    flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor,
    &c.                                                         363

  Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens
    and Valentinian, the empire is divided, the former being
    emperor of the east, and the other of the west              364

  Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by
    Valentinian                                                 367

  Firmus tyrant of Africa defeated                              373

  Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I.                       375

  The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled
    by the Huns                                                 376

  Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire.
    The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the
    Vandals                                                     379

  Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius                   383

  The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius    388

  Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after
    defeated by Theodosius                                      392

  Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius
    in the east and Honorius in the west. In the reign of
    Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon,
    Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c.        395

  Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself             398

  Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulæ               405

  The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in Spain
    and France by Honorius                                      406

  Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east,
    having Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian,
    appointed by his father                                     408

  Rome plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, August 24th   410

  The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain                      412

  The kingdoms of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace            413

  The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse                     415

  The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths                417

  The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine           420

  The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian III.
    Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius,
    Anianus, Panodorus, Stobæus, Servius the commentator,
    Hypatia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates,
    &c.                                                         423

  Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople,
    and attempts the restoration of learning                    425

  The Romans take leave of Britain and never return             426

  Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals
    pass into Africa                                            427

  The French defeated by Ætius                                  428

  The Theodosian code published                                 435

  Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom
    of the Vandals in Africa                                    439

  The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated
    complaint to Ætius against the Picts and Scots, and
    three years after the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the
    invitation of Vortigern                                     446

  Attila king of the Huns ravages Europe                        447

  Theodosius II. dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About
    this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret,
    Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c.                                  450

  The city of Venice first began to be known                    452

  Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for
    two months, by Avitus for 10, and, after an interregnum
    of 10 months, by Majorianus                                 454

  Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first
    established                                                 455

  The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro                   456

  Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the
    Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in
    Kent                                                        457

  Severus succeeds in the western empire                        461

  The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of
    Aquitain                                                    463

  ♦Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an
    interregnum of two years                                    467

      ♦ ‘Athemius’ replaced with ‘Anthemius’

  Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next
    year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos                  472

  Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of
    Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather
    Leo in the eastern empire, and, some months after, is
    succeeded by his father Zeno                                474

  The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer king of the
    Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. About
    this time flourished Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius,
    Sidonius Apollinaris                                        476

  Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which
    lasted 40 days at intervals                                 480

  The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius
    the Roman general                                           485

  After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married
    Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends the
    vacant throne                                               491

  Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths revolts about this time,
    and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time
    flourished Boethius and Symmachus                           493

  Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis      496

  The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud               501

  Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcillè near
    Poitiers                                                    507

  Paris made the capital of the French dominions                510

  Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is
    burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus                    514

  The computing of time by the christian era, introduced
    first by Dionysius                                          516

  Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor       518

  Justinian I. nephew of Justin succeeds. Under his glorious
    reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the
    Silentiary, Simplicius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus,
    Narses, &c.                                                 527

  Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four
    years after his digest                                      529

  Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two
    years after                                                 534

  Italy is invaded by the Franks                                538

  The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian                  542

  A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia
    and Europe                                                  543

  The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia                   545

  Rome taken and pillaged by Totila                             547

  The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe
    by monks                                                    551

  Defeat and death of Totila the Gothic king of Italy           553

  A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which
    continues for 50 years                                      558

  Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian,
    succeeds                                                    565

  Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who
    form a kingdom there                                        568

  Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted,
    and soon after succeeds                                     578

  Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time      581

  Maurice the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds     582

  Gregory I., surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter’s chair at
    Rome. The few men of learning who flourished the latter
    end of this century were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of
    Tours the father of French history, Evagrius, and St.
    Augustin the monk                                           590

  Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach
    christianity in England                                     597

  About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England          600

  Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the
    revolt of the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of
    his children                                                602

  The power of the popes begins to be established by the
    concessions of Phocas                                       606

  Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder
    of the usurper Phocas                                       610

  The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt,
    Asia Minor, and afterwards his siege of Rome                611

  The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000
    men, and the next year they overrun Africa                  614

  Mahomet, in his 53rd year, flies from Mecca to Medina,
    on Friday, July 16th, which forms the first year of the
    Hegira, the era of the Mahometans                           622

  Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs          626

  Death of Mahomet                                              632

  Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after
    Alexandria and its famous library destroyed                 637

  Constantine III. son of Heraclius, in partnership with
    Heracleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes
    the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and
    after his death, his son. Constantine’s son Constans is
    declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother
    Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme
    power                                                       641

  Cyprus taken by the Saracens                                  648

  The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus            653

  Constantine IV., surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the
    murder of his father in Sicily                              668

  The Saracens ravage Sicily                                    669

  Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is
    destroyed by the Greek fire                                 673

  Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. In his
    exile of 10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius
    and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704.
    The only men of learning in this century were Secundus,
    Isidorus, Theophylactus, Georgius Pisides, Callinicus,
    and the venerable Bede                                      685

  Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy        690

  Africa finally conquered by the Saracens                      709

  Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople,
    on the murder of Justinian                                  711

  Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius,
    or Anastasius II., to the throne                            713

  Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III.,
    who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of
    Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty                 715

  Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the
    Saracens                                                    717

  Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to
    support a college at Rome                                   727

  Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and
    Poitiers in October                                         732

  Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father
    Leo                                                         741

  Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia      746

  The computation of years from the birth of Christ first
    used in historical writings                                 748

  Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the
    Saracens                                                    749

  The Merovingian race of kings ends in France                  750

  Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the
    house of Abbas                                              762

  A violent frost for 150 days from October to February         763

  Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine              770

  Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the
    Lombards, after a duration of 206 years                     774

  Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds, and, five years after,
    is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI.  775

  Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men
    of learning in this century were Johannes Damascenus,
    Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the
    monk                                                        797

  Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western
    empire. About this time the popes separate themselves
    from the princes of Constantinople                          800

  Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total
    reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till
    26 years after                                              801

  Nicephorus I., great treasurer of the empire, succeeds        802

  Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I., surnamed
    Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius,
    assume the purple                                           811

  Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace,
    ascends the throne of Constantinople                        813

  Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almanon, who
    made observations on the sun, &c.                           816

  Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds,
    after the murder of Leo                                     821

  The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia      823

  The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of
    Almanon                                                     827

  Theophilus succeeds his father Michael                        829

  Origin of the Russian monarchy                                839

  Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother
    Theodora                                                    842

  The Normans get possession of some cities in France           853

  Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil I. the
    Macedonian                                                  867

  Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice            872

  Basil is succeeded by his son Leo VI. the philosopher.
    In this century flourished Mesué, the Arabian physician
    Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus,
    Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian,
    Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser                  886

  Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by
    bishop Goslin                                               887

  Death of Alfred king of England, after a reign of 30 years    900

  Alexander brother of Leo succeeds, with his nephew
    Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus                  911

  The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo        912

  Romanus I., surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet,
    usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher,
    Stephen, and Constantine VIII.                              919

  Fiefs established in France                                   923

  Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms      936

  Naples seized by the eastern emperors                         942

  The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and
    the tumults this occasioned produced the restoration of
    Porphyrogenitus                                             945

  Romanus II. son of Constantine VII., by Helena the daughter
    of Lecapenus, succeeds                                      959

  Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded
    by Nicephorus Phocas II., whom the empress, unable to
    reign alone under the title of protectress of her young
    children, had married                                       963

  Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire      964

  Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by
    John Zimisces, who assumes the purple                       969

  Basil II., and Constantine IX., the two sons of Romanus by
    ♦Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces                975

      ♦ ‘Theopana’ replaced with ‘Theophana’

  The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July
    3rd                                                         987

  Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the
    Saracens                                                    991

  The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The
    learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi,
    Luitprand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin,
    Gerbert                                                     996

  A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th        1002

  All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner
    of architecture                                            1005

  Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm         1014

  Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his
    brother                                                    1025

  Romanus III., surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by
    marrying Zoe the daughter of the late monarch              1028

  Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian
    money-lender, causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned,
    and afterwards marries her favourite, who ascends the
    throne under the name of Michael IV.                       1034

  The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin                    1035

  Zoe adopts for her son Michael V., the trade of whose
    father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname
    of Calaphates                                              1041

  Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by the
    populace, but after two months Zoe, though 60 years old,
    takes for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeds   1042

  The Turks invade the Roman empire                            1050

  After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the
    sovereignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her
    successor, Michael VI., surnamed Stratioticus              1054

  Isaac Commenus I. chosen emperor by the soldiers             1057

  Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed
    him, he appoints his friend Constantine XI., surnamed
    Ducas                                                      1059

  Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens           1065

  The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold
    by the battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William
    the Conqueror, duke of Normandy                            1066

  On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of
    protecting his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and
    Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and marries
    Romanus III., surnamed Diogenes                            1067

  Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young
    princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael
    Parapinaces VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine XII.      1071

  The general Nicephorus Botaniates III. assumes the purple    1078

  Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey
    of the estates of England, and finished in six years       1080

  Alexius Commenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne.
    His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his
    daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under
    Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire                1081

  Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks                    1084

  Accession of William II. to the English throne               1087

  The first crusade                                            1096

  Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only
    learned men of this century were Avicenna, Guy d’Arezzo,
    Glaber, Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael
    Celularius, George Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus
    Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the
    Hermit, Sigebert                                           1099

  Henry I. succeeds to the throne of England                   1100

  Learning revived at Cambridge                                1110

  John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at
    Constantinople                                             1118

  Order of Knights Templars instituted                         1118

  Accession of Stephen to the English crown                    1135

  Manuel son of John succeeds at Constantinople                1143

  The second crusade                                           1147

  The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years’ labour    1151

  The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy      1154

  Henry II. succeeds in England                                1154

  The Teutonic order begins                                    1164

  The conquest of Egypt by the Turks                           1169

  The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th.
    Conquest of Ireland by Henry II.                           1172

  Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in
    England                                                    1176

  Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel                       1180

  English laws digested by Glanville                           1181

  From the disorders of the government, on account of the
    minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great
    Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and
    ascends the throne                                         1183

  Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus,
    a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line,
    succeeds                                                   1185

  The third crusade, and siege of Acre                         1188

  Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England              1189

  Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of
    Ascalon                                                    1192

  Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the
    sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor         1195

  John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men
    of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena,
    St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter
    Lombard, Otho ♦Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus,
    Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes,
    Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry
    of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph
    Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh    1199

      ♦ ‘Trisingensis’ replaced with ‘Frisingensis’

  Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and
    Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the
    throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable
    for the fourth crusade                                     1203

  The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle,
    and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by
    the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of
    Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore
    Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson
    of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond;
    and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds
    an empire in Epirus                                        1204

  The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and
    next year is succeeded by his brother Henry                1205

  Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan first emperor
    of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death,
    1227                                                       1206

  Aristotle’s works imported from Constantinople are
    condemned by the council of Paris                          1209

  Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John      1215

  Henry III. succeeds his father John on the English throne    1216

  Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the
    two last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by
    the Latins                                                 1217

  Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds                       1221

  Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by
    his son-in-law John Ducas Vataces                          1222

  John of Brienne, and Baldwin II. son of Peter, succeeded
    on the throne of Constantinople                            1228

  The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted
    to the Dominicans                                          1233

  Baldwin alone                                                1237

  Origin of the Ottomans                                       1240

  The fifth crusade                                            1248

  Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso XI. of Castile      1253

  Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his
    son Theodore Lascaris II.                                  1255

  Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor         1259

  Michael Palæologus son of the sister of the queen of
    Theodore Lascaris ascends the throne, after the murder
    of the young prince’s guardian                             1260

  Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek
    emperors of Nice                                           1261

  Edward I. succeeds on the English throne                     1272

  The famous Mortmain act passes in England                    1279

  Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers,
    30th of March                                              1282

  Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England             1283

  Michael Palæologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had
    already reigned nine years conjointly with his father,
    ascends the throne. The learned men of this century are
    Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius,
    Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris,
    Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus,
    Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon,
    Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob
    Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit                    1293

  A regular succession of English parliaments from this time   1293

  The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia                        1298

  The mariner’s compass invented or improved by Flavio         1302

  The Swiss cantons begin                                      1307

  Edward II. succeeds to the English crown                     1307

  Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation
    continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI.         1308

  Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his
    grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus
    revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates             1320

  Edward III. succeeds in England                             ♦1327

      ♦ ‘1337’ replaced with ‘1327’

  First comet observed, whose course is described with
    exactness, in June                                         1337

  About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor
    at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel
    Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival
    of Greek literature in Italy                               1339

  Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palæologus in the
    ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been
    left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple.
    First passage of the Turks into Europe                     1341

  The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the
    same house                                                 1342

  The battle of Crecy, August 26th                             1346

  Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the
    tribuneship                                                1347

  Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd        1349

  The Turks first enter Europe                                 1352

  Cantacuzene abdicates the purple                             1355

  The battle of Poictiers, September 19th                      1356

  Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour
    from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year           1362

  Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand,
    and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign
    of 35 years                                                1370

  Accession of Richard II. to the English throne               1377

  Manuel succeeds his father John Palæologus                   1391

  Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of
    this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus
    Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras,
    Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff,
    Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c.                            1399

  Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V.                   1413

  Battle of Agincourt, October 25th                            1415

  The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese           1420

  Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople
    is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor             1422

  John Palæologus II. succeeds his father Manuel               1424

  Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that
    family at Florence                                         1434

  The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France              1439

  Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in
    22 years                                                   1440

  Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne
    after his brother John                                     1448

  Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks besieges and takes
    Constantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern
    empire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction
    of the imperial families of the Commeni and Palæologi.
    About this time the House of York in England began to
    aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to
    deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of
    the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Huss,
    Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza,
    Frank Philelphus, Georgius Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,
    Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemberg, John
    Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, Æneas
    Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas à Kempis, Argyropulus,
    Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus,
    Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola,
    Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet,
    Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius
    Chalcondyles, &c.                                          1453




                        A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,
                              ETC., ETC.


                                   A

=ABA= and =Abæ=, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo,
  surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian
  origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated
  to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed
  afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.――
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A city of Caria.――――Another of
  Arabia Felix.――――A mountain near Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Abacēne=, a country of Sicily near Messana. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Abălus=, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients
  supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned
  there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory
  sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. _Pliny_,
  bk. 37, ch. 2.

=Abāna=, a place of Capua. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.

=Abantes=, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in
  Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their
  name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. _See:_ Abantis.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.

=Abantias= and =Abantiădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants
  of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta,
  &c. _Ovid._

=Abantĭdas=, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered
  Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated,
  B.C. 251. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abantis=, or =Abantias=, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa,
  received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Also a country of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 22.

=Abarbarea=, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by
  Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 23.

=Abarīmon=, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants
  were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no
  air but that of their native country. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Abăris=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 86.――――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 344.――――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or
  the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which
  he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He
  is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens
  without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones
  of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it
  is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to
  Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two
  persons of that name. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.

=Abārus=, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his
  expedition against Parthia. _Appian_, _Parthia_.――――He is called
  Mezeres by _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by _Plutarch_,
  _Crassus_.

=Abas=, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――――A river
  of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. _Plutarch_,
  _Pompey_.――――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard
  for laughing at Ceres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.
  ――――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and
  Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to
  Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years,
  B.C. 1384. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 170, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――One of Æneas’s
  companions, killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 170.――――
  Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 125.――――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas
  against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 170, &c.――――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during
  the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 286.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5, li. 150.――――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 306.――――A soothsayer, to
  whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for
  his services to Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.――――A son of
  Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A sophist who wrote two treatises,
  one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived
  is unknown.――――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by
  Servius in _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9.

=Abāsa=, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 26.

=Abasītis=, a part of Mysia in Asia. _Strabo._

=Abassēna=, or =Abassinia=. _See:_ Abyssinia.

=Abassus=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Abastor=, one of Pluto’s horses.

=Abătos=, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with
  flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 323.

=Abdalonīmus=, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor,
  that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander
  took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed
  monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great
  disinterestedness of his conduct. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Abdēra=, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians.
  _Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules,
  in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians
  and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of
  Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants
  of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called
  _Abderitica mens_. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras,
  Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 186.――_Martial_,
  bk. 10, ltr. 25.

=Abdēria=, a town of Spain. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Abderītes=, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on
  account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it.
  _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.

=Abdērus=, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to
  pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his
  care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city,
  which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Abeătæ=, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Abella=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani.
  Its nuts, called _avellanæ_, and also its apples, were famous.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 740.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 544.

=Abelux=, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans
  against Carthage. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 22.

=Abenda=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised
  temples to the city of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 6.

=Abia=, formerly _Ire_, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven
  cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia,
  daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 292.

=Abii=, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk,
  were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,
  li. 6.――According to _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to
  Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.

=Abĭla=, or =Abyla=, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is
  nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain,
  only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the
  columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till
  the hero separated them, and made a communication between the
  Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.

=Abisăres=, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Abisăris=, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. _Arrian._

=Abisontes=, some inhabitants of the Alps. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Ablētes=, a people near Troy. _Strabo._

=Abnoba=, a mountain of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 1.

=Abobrĭca=, a town of Lusitania. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――――Another in
  Spain.

=Abœcrĭtus=, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a
  battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abolāni=, a people of Latium, near Alba. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Abōlus=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.

=Aboniteichos=, a town of Galatia. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine
  Sea_.

=Aborāca=, a town of Sarmatia.

=Aborigĭnes=, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according
  to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they
  taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their
  posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They
  assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.――The
  word signifies _without origin_, or whose _origin is not known_,
  and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.

=Aborras=, a river of Mesopotamia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Abradātes=, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken
  prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and
  his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he
  undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on
  his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. _Xenophon_,
  _Cyropædia_, bks. 5, 6, &c.

=Abrentius=, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his
  trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose
  brother was in the Roman army. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Abrocŏmas=, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he
  invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 224.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Abrodiætus=, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of
  the sumptuous manner of his living. _See:_ Parrhasius.

=Abron=, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious
  festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his
  works are preserved. _Suidas._――――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught
  rhetoric at Rome.――――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――――A
  Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. _Plutarch_, _Decem Oratorum_.
  ――――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.

=Abronius Silo=, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some
  fables. _Seneca._

=Abronycus=, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his
  embassy to Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 91.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 21.

=Abrŏta=, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As
  a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the
  garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara.
  _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.

=Abrotŏnum=, the mother of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.
  ――――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A
  harlot of Thrace. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Abrus=, a city of the Sapæi. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.

=Abrypŏlis=, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus,
  the last king of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.

=Abseus=, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. _Hyginus_, preface to
  fables.

=Absinthii=, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a
  mountain of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.

=Absŏrus=, =Absyrtis=, =Absyrtides=, islands in the Adriatic, or near
  Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.

=Absyrtos=, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus
  was murdered. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.

=Absyrtus=, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister
  Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and
  strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some
  say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is
  said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe
  in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos,
  and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.――
  _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Hyginus_, fable 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.――_Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 261.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
  poem 9.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

=Abulītes=, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and
  was rewarded with a province. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 17.

=Abydēnus=, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master.
  He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and
  Assyria. _Philo Judæus._――_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.

=Abȳdos=, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris.
  _Plutarch_, on _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A city of Asia, opposite
  Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont,
  it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town.
  It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It
  is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge
  of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The
  inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted
  themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the
  hands of the enemy. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 674.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Flaccus_,
  bk. 1, li. 285.

=Abȳla.= _See:_ Abila.

=Abȳlon=, a city of Egypt.

=Abyssinia=, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where
  the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian
  origin, and were little known to the ancients.

=Acacallis=, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo.
  These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat
  gave them her milk, and preserved their life. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 16.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of
  Amphithemis by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 4, li. 1493.

=Acacēsium=, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon.
  Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his
  foster-father, was worshipped there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3,
  36, &c.

=Acacius=, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.

=Acadēmia=, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and
  adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus,
  from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας
  δημος, _removed from the people_. Here Plato opened his school of
  philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever
  since been called _Academia_. To exclude from it profaneness and
  dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called
  _Academia vetus_, to distinguish it from the _second Academy_,
  founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic
  philosophy, and from the _third_ which was established by Carneades.
  _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 35.

=Acadēmus=, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where
  Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply
  rewarded him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Acalandrus=, or =Acalyndrus=, a river falling into the bay of
  Tarentum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Acalle=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.

=Acamarchis=, one of the Oceanides.

=Acămas=, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen
  from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy
  he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He
  was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of
  Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe
  after his own name at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――_Quintus
  Smyrnæus_, bk. 12.――_Hyginus_, fable 108.――――A son of Antenor in
  the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――――A Thracian
  auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.

=Acampsis=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._

=Acantha=, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower
  Acanthus.

=Acanthus=, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or,
  according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from
  Andros. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 84.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――
  Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 28.――――An island mentioned by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Acăra=, a town of Pannonia.――――Another in Italy.

=Acaria=, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of
  Eurystheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Acarnania=, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of
  the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants
  reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and
  addicted to pleasure, so that _porcus Acarnas_ became proverbial.
  Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas.
  _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 90.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 7
  & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Meretricii_.

=Acarnas= and =Amphoterus=, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon
  being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife,
  Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still
  in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to
  punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. _See:_ Alcmæon.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  fable 10.

=Acarnas= and =Acarnan=, a stony mountain of Attica. _Seneca_,
  _Hippolytus_, li. 20.

=Acasta=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.

=Acastus=, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married
  Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus,
  when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the
  addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon
  her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts.
  Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to
  Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. _See:_ Peleus and
  Astydamia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 306; _Heroides_,
  poem 13, li. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――――The second
  archon at Athens.

=Acathantus=, a bay in the Red sea.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Acca Laurentia=, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s
  flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on
  the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called _Lupa_,
  prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
  ――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――The Romans yearly celebrated
  certain festivals [_See:_ Laurentalia] in honour of another
  prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance:
  the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice,
  made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was
  defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he
  should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with
  a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca
  was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her,
  and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with
  a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried
  man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made
  her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she
  gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory.
  _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_, _Romulus_.――――A companion of
  Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 820.

=Accia=, or =Atia=, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the
  mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. _Dio Cassius._――
  _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 4.――――Variola, an illustrious female,
  whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 33.

=Accĭla=, a town of Sicily. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 35.

=Lucius Accius=, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style
  Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He
  translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous
  pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ,
  Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks
  of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this
  circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate
  for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses
  are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180
  years B.C. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
  poem 15, li. 19.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters
  to Atticus_ & _Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A
  famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――――Labeo, a foolish poet
  mentioned _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 50.――――Tullius, a prince of the
  Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by
  his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.

=Acco=, a general of the Senones in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
  chs. 4 & 44.――――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in
  a looking-glass. _Hesychius._

=Accua=, a town in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ace=, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 5.――――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis,
  where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had
  a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Acerātus=, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the
  approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 37.

=Acerbas=, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. _See:_
  Sichæus. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.

=Acerīna=, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander
  of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Acerræ=, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It
  still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which
  terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large
  drains dug there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.――_Livy_,
  bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Acersecŏmes=, a surname of Apollo, which signifies _unshorn_.
  _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 128.

=Aces=, a river of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 117.

=Acesia=, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from
  Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. _Philostratus._

=Acesīnes=, a river of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 25.

=Acesīnus=, or =Acesīnes=, a river of Persia falling into the Indus.
  Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of
  them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross
  the water. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Acesius=, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Acesta=, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also
  by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part
  of his crew, as he was going to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 746, &c.

=Acestes=, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near
  Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly
  entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his
  father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city
  there called Acesta, from Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 746.

=Acestium=, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred
  office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 37.

=Acestodōrus=, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which
  Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch_,
  _Themistocles_.

=Acestorĭdes=, an Athenian archon.――――A Corinthian, governor of
  Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Acetes=, one of Evander’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
  li. 30.

=Achabȳtos=, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.

=Achæa=, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by
  dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other
  persons. _Aristotle_, _de Mirabilibus_.――――Ceres was called Achæa,
  from her _lamentations_ (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. _Plutarch_,
  _De Iside et Osiride_.

=Achæi=, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near
  Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan
  war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized
  and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura,
  Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The
  inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284
  years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under
  the name of the _Achæan league_, and was most illustrious whilst
  supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and
  Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three
  years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew
  powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their
  country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by
  the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league
  was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders
  of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna
  Græcia.――――The name of _Achæi_ is generally applied to all the
  Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. _See:_ Achaia. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 164.
  ――_Polybius._――_Livy_, bks. 27, 32, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 605.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――Also a people of Asia on the
  borders of the Euxine. _Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.

=Achæium=, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Achæmĕnes=, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the
  Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a
  separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses,
  son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly
  the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former
  power, and abolish the empire of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125;
  bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――――A
  Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.

=Achæmenia=, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius.
  _Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 13, li. 12.

=Achæmenĭdes=, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of
  the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where
  Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 624.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 417.

=Achæorum littus=, a harbour in Cyprus. _Strabo._――――In Troas,――――in
  Æolia,――――in Peloponnesus,――――on the Euxine. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 34.

=Achæorum statio=, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus,
  where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where
  Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.

=Achæus=, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion.
  _Ovid_, _Ibis_.――――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the
  accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants
  were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of
  Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are
  preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes,
  Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the
  prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――――Another of Syracuse,
  author of 10 tragedies.――――A river which falls into the Euxine.
  _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.――――A relation of Antiochus
  the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond
  Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight
  years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His
  limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was
  exposed on a gibbet. _Polybius_, bk. 8.

=Achaia=, called also _Hellas_, a country of Peloponnesus at the north
  of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was
  originally called Ægialus (_shore_) from its situation. The Ionians
  called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name
  of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. _See:_
  Achæi.――――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which
  Alos was the capital.

=Achaicum bellum.= _See:_ Achæi.

=Achăra=, a town near Sardis. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Acharenses=, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_, bk. 3.

=Acharnæ=, a village of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Achātes=, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that
  _Fidus Achates_ became a proverb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
  316.――――A river of Sicily.

=Achĕlōĭdes=, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of
  Achelous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 15.

=Achelorium=, a river of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Achelōus=, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the
  river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors
  of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules
  and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards
  into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being
  defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken
  horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers,
  and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it
  was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed
  into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus,
  and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia,
  falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down,
  have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some
  to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5;
  bk. 9, fable 1; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――――A
  river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――――Another flowing from
  mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Acherdus=, a tribe of Attica; hence _Acherdusius_, _Demosthenes_.

=Acherĭmi=, a people of Sicily. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Against Verres_.

=Achĕron=, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of
  Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters,
  one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all
  succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of
  Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell
  for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over
  which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives,
  say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes
  them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and
  suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the
  Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li.
  292; _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2.――_Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 80.――_Livy_,
  bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――――Another on the
  Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus._――――Also a river in the country of the
  Brutii in Italy. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.

=Acherontia=, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called _Nidus_ by
  _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.

=Acherūsia=, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus,
  bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received
  sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called
  Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon
  and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and
  adopted in the religion of the country.――――There was a river of the
  same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.

=Acherūsias=, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules,
  as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_,
  bk. 6.

=Achetus=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.

=Achillas=, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great.
  _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 538.

=Achillēa=, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――――An island at the
  mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is
  said that birds never flew. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A fountain
  of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards
  sweeten in their course. _Athenaeus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Achilleienses=, a people near Macedonia. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_,
  bk. 3.

=Achillēis=, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education
  and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect.
  The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history
  of the life and exploits of this famous hero. _See:_ Statius.

=Achilles=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the
  ♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him
  in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except
  the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the
  centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of
  music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered
  him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he
  ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to
  the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him
  to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress,
  and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia
  mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid
  of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of
  a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing
  the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the
  entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was
  proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his
  favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the
  division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused
  to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus
  recalled him to action, and to revenge. _See:_ Patroclus. He slew
  Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his
  chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After
  thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and
  entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to
  carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was
  charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of
  Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel,
  of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine
  honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is
  said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared
  to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was
  sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this
  sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his
  death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly
  sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported
  that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain,
  that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce,
  where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium.
  _See:_ Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether
  he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a
  few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he
  made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander
  going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb
  of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish
  his fame to posterity. _Xenophon_, _On Hunting_.――_Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_; _De facie in orbe Lunæ_; _De Musica_; _De amicorum
  multitudine_; _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Statius_, _Achilleid_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 5,
  li. 37, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275;
  bk. 6, li. 58, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables
  96 & 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 15.――_Maximus of
  Tyre_, Oration 27.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk.
  4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――
  _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 210.―― _Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_, li. 869.――――
  There were other persons of the same name. The most known were――a
  man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――――the
  preceptor of Chiron the centaur――――a son of Jupiter and Lamia,
  declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――――a man who instituted
  ostracism at Athens――――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the
  age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted
  to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of
  great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves
  of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are
  preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition
  of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.

      ♦ ‘Geeeks’ replaced with ‘Greeks’

=Achillēum=, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the
  Mityleneans. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

♦=Achilleus=, or =Aquileus=, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of
  Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial
  dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and
  because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be
  devoured by lions.

      ♦ Placed in alphabetical order

=Achīvi=, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before
  the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from
  their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a
  home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities,
  and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the
  Athenians. The appellation of _Achivi_ is indiscriminately applied
  by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1,
  &c. _See:_ Achaia.

=Achladæus=, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Acholōe=, one of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Acichōrius=, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls
  undertook against Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Acidālia=, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in
  Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 720.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 468.

=Acidāsa=, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Acilia=, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to
  the Trojans.――――The mother of Lucan.

=Acilia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the
  plantation of five colonies in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――
  Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no
  person convicted of _ambitus_, or using bribes at elections, should
  be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――――Another concerning
  such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.

=Marcus Acilius Balbus=, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It
  is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven.
  _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.――――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who
  with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul
  with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered
  Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and
  three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for
  the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false
  measures used by his competitor. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
  bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――――The son of
  the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed
  to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden
  statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple
  of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her
  milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded
  from all aliments. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The enactor
  of a law against bribery.――――A prætor in the time that Verres was
  accused by Cicero.――――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended
  by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in
  the civil wars. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A consul,
  whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts.
  The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger
  than the emperor, and therefore envied. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 94.

=Acilla=, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. _Cæsar_,
  _African War_, ch. 33.

=Acis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis.
  Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus,
  through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock.
  The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 8.

=Acmon=, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His
  father’s name was Clytus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 128.

=Acmonĭdes=, one of the Cyclops. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 288.

=Acœtes=, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and
  carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into
  sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, fable 8, &c. _See:_ Acetes.

=Acontes=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Aconteus=, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa,
  at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 201.――――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus,
  in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 615.

=Acontius=, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the
  sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin,
  and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his
  origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her
  bosom:

            _Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ,
            Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram._

  Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had
  inadvertently made, married Acontius. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.
  ――――A mountain of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Acontobūlus=, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the
  Amazons. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 2.

=Acōris=, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus
  against Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Acra=, a town in Italy,――――Eubœa,――――Cyprus,――――Acarnania,――――
  Sicily, ――――Africa,――――Sarmatia, &c.――――A promontory of Calabria,
  now Capo di Leuca.

=Acradīna=, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman
  consul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Acræ=, a mountain in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Acræa=, a daughter of the river Asterion.――――A surname of Diana, from
  a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――――A
  surname of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Acræphnia=, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 135.

=Acragallĭdæ=, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens.
  _Æschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.

=Acrăgas.= _See:_ Agragas.

=Acrātus=, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples
  of the gods. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.

=Acrias=, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――
  He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Acridophăgi=, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived
  not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of
  winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till
  the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their
  number, and ended in his death. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 11,
  ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Acrīon=, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. _Cicero_, _De Finibus_,
  bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Acrisioneus=, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one
  of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called
  after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 410.

=Acrisioniădes=, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 70.

=Acrisius=, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus.
  He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that
  he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions,
  Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice
  daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his
  daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a
  brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however,
  became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though
  Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed
  on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so
  famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned
  a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his
  skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his
  grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily
  fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. _Hyginus_, fable
  63.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 16, &c.――_See:_ Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.

=Acrītas=, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Acroāthon=, or =Acrothoos=, a town on the top of mount Athos,
  whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Acroceraunium=, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called
  Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas.
  The word comes from ἀκρος, _high_, and κεραυνος, _thunder_; because,
  on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder.
  _Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 420.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. ――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 506.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3,
  li. 20.

=Acrocorinthus=, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken
  by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and
  Corinth is built at the bottom. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.

=Acron=, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after
  the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter
  Feretrius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A physician of Agrigentum,
  B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical
  treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague
  by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. _Pliny_, bk. 29,
  ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――One of the friends of
  Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 719.

=Acropātos=, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media
  after the king’s death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.

=Acropŏlis=, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible
  only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. _Pausanias_,
  _Atticus_.

=Acrotătus=, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father,
  leaving a son called Areus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3,
  ch. 6.――――A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife
  of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus
  the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus,
  Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and
  commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being
  mistress to such a warlike lover. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Acrothoos.= _See:_ Acroathon.

=Acta=, or =Acte=, a country of Attica. This word signifies _shore_,
  and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by
  some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been
  called Actæi. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 312.――_Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 23.

=Acta=, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 4, ch. 109.

=Actæa=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 41.――――A surname of Ceres.――――A daughter of
  Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Actæon=, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of
  Cadmus, whence he is called _Autonoeius heros_. He saw Diana and
  her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into
  a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 2.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3.――――A beautiful youth,
  son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ,
  endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle
  which in consequence of this happened between his father and
  ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself;
  and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias
  was expelled. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.

=Actæus=, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of
  Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married
  Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus
  reigned before him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.――――The word is
  of the same signification as _Atticus_, an inhabitant of Attica.

=Acte=, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. _Suetonius_,
  _Nero_, ch. 28.――――One of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.

=Actia=, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of
  Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months
  after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels
  were scattered all over the world. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 94.
  ――――Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of
  Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every
  third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians
  had the care of them. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.――――A sister of
  Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.

=Actis=, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught
  astrology, and founded Heliopolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Actisănes=, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king
  Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of
  robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert
  place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon
  crows. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Actium=, now _Azio_, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the
  naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the
  2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built
  there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. _See:_ Actia.
  _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――――A promontory of
  Corcyra. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

=Actius=, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 704.――――A poet. _See:_ Accius.――――A
  prince of the Volsci. _See:_ Accius.

=Actius Navius=, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor,
  before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill
  as an augur. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.――――
  Labeo. _See:_ Labeo.

=Actor=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.
  ――――The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called
  _Actorides_. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A man called also
  Aruncus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――One of the friends
  of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 500.――――A son of Neptune by Agameda.
  _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A son of Deion and Diomede. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.――――The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Acastus, one of the
  Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――The father of Astyoche. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.――――A king of Lemnos.
  _Hyginus_, fable 102.

=Actorĭdes=, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――Also to Erithus son of Actor.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.――――Two brothers so fond of
  each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins,
  and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads,
  four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. _Pindar._

=Actŏris=, a maid of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 23.

=Marcus Actorius Naso=, a Roman historian. _Suetonius_, _Julius_,
  ch. 9.

=Caius Aculeo=, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his
  understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Acūphis=, an ambassador from India to Alexander. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.

=Acusilāus= and =Damagētus=, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the
  Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father,
  and called him happy in having such worthy sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 7.

=Acusilāus=, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote
  on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Suidas._――――An Athenian who
  taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.

=M. Acutĭcus=, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under
  the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c.

=Ada=, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her
  husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being
  expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she
  delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. _Curtius_,
  bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Adad=, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.

=Adæus=, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on
  statuaries. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Adamantæa=, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle
  to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea,
  nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and
  cymbals sounded around the tree. _Hyginus_, fable 139.

=Adămas=, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,
  li. 560.――――A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by
  Cotys king of Thrace. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Adamastus=, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 614.

=Adaspii=, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. _Justin_, bk. 12,
  ch. 5.

=Addephagia=, a goddess of the Sicilians. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia
  Historia_, ch. 27.

=Addua=, now _Adda_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po
  near Cremona. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Adelphius=, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in
  his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. _Strabo_,
  bk. 11.

=Adēmon=, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy,
  whom Caligula had put to death. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 35.

=Ades=, or =Hades=, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the
  Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from _α_ and ειδειν [_non
  videre_], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for
  hell itself by the ancient poets.

=Adgandestrius=, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to
  destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans
  fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 88.

=Adherbal=, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at
  Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid
  of Rome, B.C. 112. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Adherbas=, the husband of Dido. _See:_ Sichæus.

=Adiante=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.

=Adiatōrix=, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour,
  slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony
  of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by
  Augustus, and strangled in prison. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Adimantus=, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans.
  All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus,
  because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended
  to mutilate all the Spartans. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. Pausanias
  says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed
  him.――――A brother of Plato. _Laërtius_, bk. 3.――――A Corinthian
  general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.――――A king struck
  with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. _Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 337.

=Admēta=, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at
  Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of
  the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 23.――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.

=Admētus=, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly,
  married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste
  daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to
  have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the
  Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down
  his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife
  Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to
  death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of
  the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only
  to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild
  boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained
  Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from
  hell. _Seneca_, _Medeâ_.――_Hyginus_, fables 50, 51, & 243.――_Ovid_,
  _Amores_, bk. 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.――_Tibullus_,
  bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A king of the
  Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Themistocles_, ch. 8.――――An officer of Alexander, killed at the
  siege of Tyre. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Adōnia=, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos
  in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent
  in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if
  Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they
  lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations,
  and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as
  did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day;
  and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the
  service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be
  very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on
  that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. _Plutarch_,
  _Nicias_.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 9.

=Adōnis=, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [_See:_ Myrrha],
  was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often
  cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being
  killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received
  a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus,
  after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower
  called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on
  condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of
  the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and
  winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of
  both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished
  with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again.
  Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to
  have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 14.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
  poem 10, li. 18.――_Bion_, _Adonis_.――_Hyginus_, fables 58, 164, 248,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 10.――_Musæus_, _Hero &
  Leander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.――――A river of
  Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.

=Adramyttium=, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the
  Caycus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Adrāna=, a river in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Adrānum=, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name.
  The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was
  guarded by 1000 dogs. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.

=Adrasta=, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. _Hyginus_,
  fable 182.

=Adrastia=, a fountain of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A
  mountain. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A country near Troy called
  after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had
  an oracle. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity.
  She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice.
  The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon
  the actions of men. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Melisseus,
  to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as
  Adrasta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Adrastii Campi=, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first
  defeated Darius. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 6.

=Adrastus=, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices,
  being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos,
  where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted
  his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by
  seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except
  Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens,
  and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed
  the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his
  assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died
  through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple
  was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was
  annually celebrated. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 480.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 68, 69, & 70.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.――
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――――A peripatetic philosopher,
  disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise
  on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.――――A Phrygian prince, who
  having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he
  was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys.
  In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his
  despair, killed himself on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 35,
  &c.――――A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son
  of Merops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 6.――The father of Eurydice,
  who married Ilus the Trojan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A king
  of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.――――A son of Hercules.
  _Hyginus_, fable 242.

=Adria=, =Adriānum=, or =Adriatĭcum mare=, a sea lying between
  Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made
  known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.――_Catullus_,
  poems 4, 6.

=Adrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.――――Another in Ætolia,
  ――――in Pisidia,――――and Bithynia.

=Adriānus=, or =Hadrianus=, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented
  as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to
  Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle
  and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the
  incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who
  had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he
  called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every
  incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name.
  He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to
  hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not
  through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed,
  and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning
  of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and
  predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for
  16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might
  not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish
  of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects
  of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial
  pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially:
  and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and
  the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is
  said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but
  his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the
  erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from
  the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases
  became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when
  prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands,
  but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it
  under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at
  Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign
  of 21 years. _Dio Cassius._――――An officer of Lucullus. _Plutarch_,
  _Lucullus_.――――A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus,
  who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now
  lost.

=Adrimētum=, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the
  Phœnicians. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Aduataca=, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.

=Adŭla=, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes
  its rise, now St. Gothard.

=Adulis=, a town of Upper Egypt.

=Adyrmachīdæ=, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 168.

=Æa=, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods,
  to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It
  had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 5, li. 420.――――A town of Thessaly,――――of Africa.――――A fountain
  of Macedonia near Amydon.

=Æacēa=, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus.

=Æacĭdas=, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to
  Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars
  with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom
  Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Æacĭdes=, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles,
  Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.

=Æăcus=, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the
  island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence
  having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople
  his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in
  an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus _myrmidons_,
  from μυρμηξ, _an ant_. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon
  and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids.
  He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him
  one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2,
  ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad
  Apollonium_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Ææ=, =Æa=, or =Ææa=, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. _See:_ Æa.
  _Apollonius_, bk. 3.

=Ææa=, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 386.

=Æantēum=, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 30.――――An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.

=Æantĭdes=, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married
  a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.
  ――――One of the seven poets called Pleiades.

=Æantis=, an Athenian tribe. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
  ch. 2.

=Æas=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the
  fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and
  meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a
  geographical mistake of the poet. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 361.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.

=Æātus=, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from
  Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched
  the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom,
  Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to
  carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite
  side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming
  that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation,
  and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their
  son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Æchmacŏras=, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon.
  When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed
  her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules,
  conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a
  child, found and delivered them. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Æchmis=, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia,
  in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Ædepsum=, a town of Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ædessa=, or =Edessa=, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia
  took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and
  called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, _capras_) Ægeas. It was the
  burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that
  as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom
  subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that
  account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct.
  _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Ædicŭla Ridiculi=, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the
  following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched
  to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather;
  which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to
  the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. _Plutarch_,
  _Lycurgus_, _Agis_, & _Cleomenes_. Pausanias also mentions a θεος
  γελωτος.

=Ædīles=, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths,
  and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing
  might be sold without its due value. There were three different
  sorts: the Ædiles _Plebeii_, or _Minores_; the _Majores_ Ædiles, and
  the Ædiles _Cereales_. The plebeian ediles were two, first created
  with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the
  state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured
  all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the
  people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they
  at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared
  with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs.
  The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary
  step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen
  from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. _Varro_, _De
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 3.

=Ædipsus=, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.

=Valerius Ædituus=, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful
  in amorous poetry and epigrams.

=Ædon=, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion,
  by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her
  sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she
  resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by
  mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she
  attempted to kill herself. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 518.

=Ædui=, or =Hedui=, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their
  valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this
  celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition
  to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their
  superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however,
  the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany,
  and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the
  face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the
  country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the
  other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of
  Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook
  for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of
  the conqueror. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Æēta=, or =Æētes=, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter
  of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya,
  one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled
  to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain
  the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis,
  and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was
  guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their
  expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. _See:_
  Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――_Flaccus_ & _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Æetias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 9.

=Æga=, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.

=Ægēas=, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. _See:_ Ædessa.

=Ægæ=, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make
  them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7,
  ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune
  is called Ægæus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ægææ=, a town and seaport of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.

=Ægæon=, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――The
  son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. _See:_
  Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly
  residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his
  100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his
  piratical excursions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 565.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 149.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 404.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 10.

=Ægæum mare=, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing
  Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are
  called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by
  some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which
  it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the
  promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus,
  who is supposed to have drowned himself there. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Ægæus=, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――――A river of Corcyra.――――A plain in Phocis.

=Ægaleos=, or =Ægaleum=, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on
  which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian
  ships in the adjacent sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 90.――_Thucydides_,
  bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Ægan= [_Greek_ αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 5, li. 56.

=Ægas=, a place of Eubœa.――――Another near Daunia in Italy. _Polybius_,
  bk. 3.

=Ægātes=, a promontory of Æolia.――――Three islands opposite Carthage,
  called Aræ by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, near which the Romans
  under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian
  fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22,
  ch. 54.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 61.

=Ægēleon=, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. _Livy_, bk. 31,
  ch. 46.

=Ægēria.= _See:_ Egeria.

=Ægesta=, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called
  Acestes. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 554.――――An ancient town of
  Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes
  called Segesta and Acesta. _Diodorus_, bk. 10.

=Ægeus=, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having
  children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped
  at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter
  Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she
  had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone
  under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be
  known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of
  a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his
  crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to
  Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea
  the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea
  attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus
  the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus
  returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot,
  agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up
  white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of
  black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a
  high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been
  called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is
  supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus
  Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a
  son. _See:_ Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4,
  ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.

=Ægiăle=, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their
  tears into amber. They are called Heliades.――――A daughter of
  Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in
  whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to
  her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master
  of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s
  wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted
  those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself
  on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 350.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 412.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 48.

=Ægiălea=, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.――――Another
  in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 107.――――The ancient name of Peloponnesus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ægialeus=, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the
  Epigoni, _i.e._ one of the sons of those generals who were killed in
  the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused
  to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all
  returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition
  is called the war of the Epigoni. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44;
  bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3,
  ch. 7.――――The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. _Justin_, bk. 42,
  ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Ægiălus=, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia
  by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from
  him.――――A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the
  christian era, and reigned 52 years.

=Ægialus=, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Achaia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――――An inconsiderable town
  of Pontus.――――A city of Asia Minor.――――A city of Thrace near the
  river Strymon.――――A mountain of Galatia.――――Another in Æthiopia.

=Ægīdes=, a patronymic of Theseus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 265.

=Ægĭla=, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by
  a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 17.

=Ægilia=, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.――――A place in
  Eubœa. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 101.

=Ægimius=, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――――A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted
  to conquer the Lapithæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ægimōrus=, or =Ægimūrus=, an island near Libya, supposed by some to
  be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Ægīna=, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame
  of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she
  had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that
  she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  chs. 5 & 29.――――An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in
  a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in
  circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence,
  and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter,
  at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation
  by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he
  demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under
  Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships
  in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives
  settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander,
  they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former
  power or consequence. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 10.

=Æginēta Paulus=, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd,
  or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be
  called man-midwife. He wrote _De Re Medicâ_, in seven books.

=Ægīnētes=, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his
  famous laws. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Ægiŏchus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the
  goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of
  the Titans. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Ægĭpan=, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet.

=Ægīra=, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.――――A town of Achaia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 145.

=Ægiroessa=, a town of Ætolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.

=Ægis=, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, _a goat’s skin_. This
  was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The
  goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield
  to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into
  stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.

=Ægisthus=, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea.
  Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by
  the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of
  himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been
  consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time
  after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she
  was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be
  her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child
  was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his
  mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had
  married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural
  son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent
  Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s
  sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his
  wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes
  ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the
  sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children
  fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of
  their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus
  king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus
  king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of
  Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his
  father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of
  Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian
  of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus
  fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s
  return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage,
  strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s
  son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra
  privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he
  contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades.
  Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus,
  and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction
  with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To
  effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her
  brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went
  to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death.
  Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked
  them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years.
  They were buried without the city walls. _See:_ Agamemnon, Thyestes,
  Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. _Ovid_, _de Remedia
  Amoris_, li. 161; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 396.――_Hyginus_, fables 87
  & 88.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Aeschylus_ & _Seneca_,
  _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.――_Lactantius
  [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 684.――――Pompey used
  to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with
  his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three
  children. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50.

=Ægĭtum=, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea.
  _Thucydides_. Bk. 3, ch. 97.

=Ægium=, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to
  have been fed by a goat, whence the name. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_,
  bk. 28, ch. 7.

=Ægle=, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.――――A
  nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li.
  20.――――A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he
  had left Ariadne. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――One of the Hesperides.
  ――――One of the Graces.――――A prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 95.

=Ægles=, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures
  pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue,
  through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Æglētes=, a surname of Apollo.

=Æglŏge=, a nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.

=Ægobolus=, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia.

=Ægocĕros=, or =Capricornus=, an animal into which Pan transformed
  himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants.
  Jupiter made him a constellation. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 613.

=Ægon=, a shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_.
  ――――A promontory of Lemnos.――――A name of the Ægean sea. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 1, li. 628.――――A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull
  by the heel from a mountain into the city. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
  poem 4.

=Ægospotămos=, i.e. _the goat’s river_, a town in the Thracian
  Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet,
  consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec.,
  B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 58.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.

=Ægosāgæ=, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered
  Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont.
  _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Ægus= and =Roscillus=, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who
  deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 59.

=Ægūsa=, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily.

=Ægy=, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were
  suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Ægypānes=, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human
  above the waist, and that of a goat below. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.

=Ægypsus=, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.

=Ægypta=, a freedman of Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8.

=Ægyptii=, the inhabitants of Egypt. _See:_ Ægyptus.

=Ægyptium mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the
  coast of Egypt.

=Ægyptus=, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons
  in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had
  established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who,
  by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his
  prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the
  first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra
  alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his
  niece Polyxena. _See:_ Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was
  king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has
  been called Ægyptus. _Hyginus_, fables 168, 170.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 21.――――An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile,
  bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name
  is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according
  to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and
  it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but
  at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much
  as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains
  on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near
  the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper
  Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the
  most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands,
  which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter
  of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts
  and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by
  the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned
  themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [_See:_
  Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They
  were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to
  the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis.
  Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the
  soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises
  about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large
  plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and
  villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome,
  but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is
  said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of
  which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe,
  &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by
  the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The
  priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years,
  and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and
  that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus.
  According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of
  Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of
  Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted
  afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then
  became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began
  408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites,
  4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus,
  361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B. C.; and after the conquest
  of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to
  reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221:
  Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes
  II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter,
  and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra,
  106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with
  Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80:
  Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III.
  51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was
  reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt,
  therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning
  with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the
  second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends
  the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra,
  in the age of Augustus.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine
  War_, ch. 24.――_Macrobius_, _Somnium Scipionis_, bk. 1, chs. 19 &
  21.――_Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bks.
  2, 3, & 7.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 17, li. 79.――_Polybius_,
  bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.――
  _Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3; _Iphicrates_; _Datames_, ch. 3.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 175.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _de Facie in Orbe Lunæ_; _de Iside et Osiride_;
  _Ptolemy_, _Alexander_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  chs. 1 & 5.――――A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 6.――――The ancient name of the Nile. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, ♦bk. 14,
  li. 258.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

      ♦ ‘ξ’ replaced with ‘bk. 14’

=Ægys.= _See:_ Ægy.

=Ægysthus.= _See:_ Ægisthus.

=Ælia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The name of some
  towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.

=Ælia lex=, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to
  send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 34,
  ch. 53.――――Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs,
  the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the
  magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.――――Another called
  Ælia Sexta, by _Ælius Sextus_, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all
  slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters,
  or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank
  as Roman citizens.

=Ælia Petina=, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by
  whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina.
  _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 26.

=Æliānus Claudus=, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian.
  He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his
  profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in
  17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language
  which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very
  fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often
  devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has
  commended his language as superior to what could be expected from
  a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in
  the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works
  collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii,
  1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols.,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of
  the Greeks to another Ælian.

=Ælius= and =Ælia=, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small
  house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their
  poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia,
  and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the
  booty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Ælius Adriānus=, an African, grandfather to the emperor
  Adrian.――――Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia
  Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed
  on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 28.――――Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the
  plebeians at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 54.――――Quintus Ælius Pætus,
  son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a
  woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed,
  that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome
  decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this,
  Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird.
  All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman
  arms were soon attended with success. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 6.――――Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock
  for writing verses against Tiberius.――――Sejānus. _See:_ Sejanus.
  ――――Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the
  senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his
  consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in
  earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused,
  satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had
  received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest
  of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 1.――――Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian,
  Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.
  ――――Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals,
  and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused
  before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Brutus_.――――Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus,
  after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the
  emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge
  of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and
  Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father
  to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.――――A physician mentioned by
  Galen.――――Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the
  signification of all law words.――――Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at
  Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning,
  and called _cordatus homo_ by Ennius for his knowledge of law.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Brutus_, ch. 20.――――Stilo,
  a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author
  of some treatises.――――Lamia. Lamia.

=Aello=, one of the Harpies (from ἑλουσα ἀλλο, _alienum tollens_,
  or ἀελλα, _tempestas_). _Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 450.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 710.
  ――――_See:_ One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,
  li. 220.

=Ælurus= (_a cat_), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after
  death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 20, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Æmathion= and =Æmathia=. _See:_ Emathion.

=Æmilia lex=, was enacted by the dictator Æmilius, A.U.C. 309. It
  ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should
  be limited to one year and a half. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――――Another
  in the second consulship of Æmilius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave
  power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the
  ides of September. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――The driving of a nail
  was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a
  pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted.

=Æmiliānus C. Julius=, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor
  after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian,
  but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops.
  He soon after shared their fate.――――One of the thirty tyrants who
  rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.

=Æmilius.= _See:_ Æmylius.

=Æmnestus=, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Æmon.= _See:_ Hæmon.

=Æmŏna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_.

=Æmŏnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from Æmon,
  or Æmus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called
  _Æmonius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11;
  bk. 4, poem 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha,
  from Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, who reigned there.――――The word has
  been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Æmŏnĭdes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 537.

=Æmus=, an actor in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.

=Æmylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of
  Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called Αἱμυλος, _blandus_.
  ――――A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished,
  by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of Africanus the
  elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of
  infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――Lepĭda, daughter
  of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her
  wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave.
  _Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A part of Italy, called also Flaminia.
  _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.――――A public road leading from Placentia
  to Ariminum; called after the consul Æmylius, who is supposed to
  have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.

=Æmyliānus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius Æmylius.
  In him the families of the Scipios and Æmylii were united. Many of
  that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2.

=Æmylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Æmylius the son of
  Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the
  son of Pythagoras, surnamed Æmylius from the sweetness of his voice,
  in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.――The family was distinguished in the
  various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbulæ, Pauli,
  and Scauri.

=Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the
  same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant
  of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of
  torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and
  the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_,
  _de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the
  capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus.
  ――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems
  upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer.
  ――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and
  wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A
  poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and
  destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.――――
  Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took
  their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which
  before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4,
  chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in
  favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons
  Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus,
  for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school
  the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists.
  ――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius
  Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10
  pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an
  elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor
  of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the
  general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_,
  bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His
  father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile,
  and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus
  was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very
  magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome,
  called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.

=Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress
  trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have
  landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the
  Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters.
  _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.――
  _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104.

=Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.

=Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica,
  founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.

=Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed
  it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161.

=Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The
  opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His
  infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five
  he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly
  under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the
  young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home
  he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called
  Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in
  defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and
  Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
  and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the
  Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this
  treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he
  received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his
  family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked
  him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when
  Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father
  Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand
  his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say
  that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships,
  and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain
  that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he
  reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400
  years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that
  the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans.
  This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that
  Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and
  not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other
  Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors,
  traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into
  Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian
  Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After
  visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find
  the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his
  progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court
  of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily
  he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and
  kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first
  interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido,
  being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by
  order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from
  thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell,
  that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and
  all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of
  13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country,
  received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia,
  who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To
  prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many
  battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in
  which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he
  built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a
  short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some
  say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by
  his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed
  that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him
  sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival
  of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that
  Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
  together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly,
  whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come
  to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium.
  Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will
  of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_
  & _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31,
  ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_,
  ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius
  Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3,
  &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia,
  called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods
  after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though
  opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by
  the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of
  the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics,
  besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized
  by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a
  Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a
  dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and
  the resurrection.

=Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.
  ――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653.

=Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement
  of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The
  author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to
  him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil
  died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might
  be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the
  flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings
  of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11
  years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s
  design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The
  action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the
  last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely
  episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves
  of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the
  first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year
  of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked
  on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second,
  Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of
  Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida.
  In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account
  of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and
  the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened.
  Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas,
  which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage,
  and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen.
  In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the
  anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to
  Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from
  his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the
  Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of
  Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which
  is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to
  war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth
  book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield
  wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and
  triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth
  book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the
  immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth,
  attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the
  opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus
  saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno.
  The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of
  the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the
  sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the
  combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents
  the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are
  defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas,
  the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by
  the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king
  Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.

=Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A
  Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his
  master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.

=Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.

=Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died
  through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia.

=Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens.

=Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.

=Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor
  and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them;
  upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became
  of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his
  descendants.

=Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._

=Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth
  of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia.
  _Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of
  Crete, built by Æneas.

=Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.

=Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and
  lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives
  of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9,
  li. 12.

=Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea.
  It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants
  were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring
  islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which
  Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from
  Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C.,
  80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently
  called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called
  his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.

=Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called
  Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos.
  They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of
  storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and
  _Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general
  appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_,
  bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his
  mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married
  Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He
  reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a
  great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It
  is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds
  that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca.
  The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their
  liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according
  to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_,
  because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.――――
  There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and
  Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the
  winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and
  five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14,
  li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1,
  li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56,
  &c.

=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules,
  whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_,
  _Solon_.

=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he
  had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being
  attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the
  Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 10.

=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4,
  _Thebiad_, li. 180.

=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated
  in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom,
  he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will,
  and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of
  Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near
  Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water
  from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great
  enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much
  difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2,
  ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.――
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who
  aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was
  levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her
  brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before
  Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus,
  ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved,
  and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person
  appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of
  Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a
  singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of
  Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.

=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo:
  or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia,
  whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea,
  and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was
  changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  fable 11.

=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea
  near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.

=Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and
  distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His
  father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a
  noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son
  of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival
  orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as
  ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the
  acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny
  had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the
  Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with
  a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and
  to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated
  orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior
  eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens,
  Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present
  of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians
  what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving
  much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist.
  It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed
  Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised,
  had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the
  75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He
  wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number,
  received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the
  muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with
  those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_,
  is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another
  orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2,
  ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes
  Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius
  mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple
  of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the
  following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,
  Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed
  to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are
  that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that
  of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory.
  ――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A
  Milesian writer.――――A statuary.

=Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied
  Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos.
  _Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own
  husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus,
  killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature
  of Animals_, bk. 15.

=Æschy̆lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion,
  and brother to Cynægirus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles
  of Marathon, Salamis, and Platæa. But the most solid fame he has
  obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle
  than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his
  ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize,
  only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem
  duces apud Thebas_, _Persæ_, _Agamemnon_, _Chœphori_, _Eumenides_,
  _Supplices_. Æschylus is the first who introduced two actors on the
  stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character.
  He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when
  he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity;
  and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were
  represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant
  women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible
  masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong
  and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies,
  but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours
  of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult
  of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in
  one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to Æschylus; he was condemned
  to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his
  sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off
  at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet
  was pardoned. Æschylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and
  of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his
  old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed
  that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied
  with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city
  into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in
  her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone,
  dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and Æschylus instantly
  died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is
  said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac
  verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio,
  London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that
  of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Halæ, 1782.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,
  li. 278.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――――The 12th perpetual archon
  of Athens.――――A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate
  with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A Rhodian set over Egypt
  with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A native of
  Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Æsculāpius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa
  daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with
  Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that
  she admitted the caresses of Ischys of Æmonia. The god, in a fit of
  anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from
  her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the
  art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to
  avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child
  near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk,
  and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from
  injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search
  of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays
  of light. Æsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered
  so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the
  inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life,
  of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with
  thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the
  Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. Æsculapius received divine
  honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna,
  &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and
  the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was
  delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine,
  who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and
  hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. Æsculapius
  was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff,
  round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on
  the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him,
  not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions;
  but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so
  necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom
  he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and
  Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health,
  is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short
  time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to Æsculapius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 10.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Hyginus_, fable 49.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs.
  11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_,
  poem 3.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk.
  1, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there
  were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in
  Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught
  medicine.

=Æsēpus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――A
  river. _See:_ Æsapus.

=Æsernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27,
  ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567.

=Æsīon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of
  Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Æsis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.

=Æson=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He
  succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled
  by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose
  education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When
  Jason was grown up, he demanded his father’s kingdom from his uncle,
  who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of
  the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his
  father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew
  the blood from Æson’s veins, and refilled them with the juice of
  certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man
  recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that Æson killed
  himself by drinking bull’s blood, to avoid the persecution of
  Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.――_Hyginus_, fable 12.――――A river of
  Thessaly, with a town of the same name.

=Æsŏnĭdes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from Æson.

=Æsōpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave,
  procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled
  over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at
  the court of Crœsus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult
  the oracle of Delphi. In this commission Æsop behaved with great
  severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks,
  which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near.
  The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of
  having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo’s temple, and
  threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written
  his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer,
  who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed.
  Æsop dedicated his fables to his patron Crœsus; but what appears
  now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and
  apologues of wits before and after the age of Æsop, conjointly with
  his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Phædras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2,
  fable 9.――――Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with
  Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive,
  melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10;
  bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.――――An orator.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian in the time of Anaximenes.
  _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――An
  attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a
  panegyric on his royal master.

=Æstria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Æsŭla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Præneste. _Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 29.

=Æsyetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in
  their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793.

=Æsymnētes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Æsymnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best
  method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Æthalia=, or =Ætheria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and
  Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.

=Æthalĭdes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to
  be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_,
  _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641.

=Æthion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146.

=Æthiŏpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt,
  divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division
  lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country,
  properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were
  little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the
  justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4,
  says, that the Æthiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth.
  They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some
  suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy.
  The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated
  for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost
  of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of Æthiopia
  to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23.
  ――_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22;
  _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423.

=Æthlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Æthon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1.
  ――――A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death
  of his master, by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 89.――――A horse of
  Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185.

=Æthra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Trœzene, had Theseus by Ægeus.
  _See:_ Ægeus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they
  recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted
  to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch.
  19.――_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.――――One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas.
  She is more generally called Pleione.

=Æthūsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by
  Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――An
  island near Lilybæum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ætia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and
  of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4.

=Ætion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector’s wife. He was
  killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.――――A famous
  painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his
  nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to
  public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause
  that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in
  marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.

=Ætna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its
  volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at
  intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures
  180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater
  forms a circle about 3½ miles in circumference, and its top is
  covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of
  the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich
  scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the
  first who mentions an eruption of Ætna; and the silence of Homer on
  the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain
  were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed
  date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia,
  it is computed that Ætna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that
  Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was
  represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops
  fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 570.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6;
  bk. 15, li. 340.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59.

=Ætōlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed
  to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from Ætolus.
  The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little
  known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they
  assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves
  formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were
  conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Plutarch_, _Titus
  Flamininus_.

=Ætōlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by
  whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis
  son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that
  part of Greece which has been called from him Ætolia. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Æx=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.
  11.――――A city in the country of the Marsi.――――The nurse of Jupiter
  changed into a constellation.

=Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.――――An informer under Tiberius and his
  successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor
  of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.

=Afrānia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of
  female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Lucius Afrānius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often
  compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for
  the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings,
  some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――
  _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.――――A general of Pompey, conquered
  by Cæsar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 34.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pompey_.――――Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against
  Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy.
  _Tacitus._――――Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he
  would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper
  he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death
  that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._

=Afrĭca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of
  the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is
  bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the
  Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length
  it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles.
  It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which
  some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red
  and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun,
  that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country
  is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The
  ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa
  with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be
  corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26,
  & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.――――There is a
  part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the
  Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.

=Africānus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.――――A christian writer,
  who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally
  esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world
  to the age of Julius Cæsar. Nothing remains of this work but what
  Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved
  that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to
  Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming
  contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St.
  Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books,
  in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.――――A lawyer, disciple
  to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.――――An orator
  mentioned by Quintilian.――――The surname of the Scipios, from the
  conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio.

=Afrĭcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the
  coast of Africa.

=Agăgriāne portæ=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried.
  _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_.

=Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 17.

=Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 1.

=Agamēdes= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of
  the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever
  gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after
  they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad
  Apollonium_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.

=Agamemnon=, king of Mycenæ and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and
  son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus,
  which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_
  Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the
  kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to
  Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to Œneus king of Ætolia, where
  they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus
  Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted
  them to recover their father’s kingdom. After the banishment of
  the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycenæ,
  whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen
  was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of
  the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the
  cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of
  Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed
  his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan
  war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with
  Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks.
  _See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,
  and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no
  credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra,
  with her adulterer Ægisthus [_See:_ Ægisthus], prepared to murder
  him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him
  a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted
  to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a
  hatchet, and Ægisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by
  his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Remedia
  Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 88 & 97.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks.
  1, 2, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Sophocles_, _Electra_.――_Euripides_,
  _Orestes_.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,
  ch. 40, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 838.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.

=Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 471.

=Agamētor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Agamnestor=, a king of Athens.

=Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of Bœotia, at the foot of mount
  Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses,
  who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 312.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Agapēnor=, the commander of Agamemnon’s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2.――――The son of Ancæus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after
  the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built
  Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76.

=Agarēni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called
  Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes
  of Greece. She married Megacles. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk.
  12, ch. 24.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.――――A daughter of
  Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had
  brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles.
  _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131.

=Agasĭcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the
  Proclidæ. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as
  a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_,
  _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Agassæ=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27.

=Agasthĕnes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen’s suitors,
  concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 11.――――A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Agrastrŏphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 11, li. 338.

=Agasthus=, an archon of Athens.

=Agăsus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Agătha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 5.

=Agatharchĭdas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.――――A Samian philosopher and historian,
  who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phœnice,
  besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make
  him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C.
  _Josephus_, _Against Apion_.

=Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7,
  ch. 27.――――A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.

=Agathias=, a Greek historian of Æolia.――――A poet and historian in the
  age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five
  books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His
  history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that
  of Paris, folio, 1660.

=Agătho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.――――A
  tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his
  tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic
  poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
  son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――――A governor of Babylon.
  _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A Pythagorean philosopher. _Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A learned and melodious musician,
  who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.――――A
  youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Agathŏclēa=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies
  destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother,
  long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king’s son.
  _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.――_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Agathŏcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who,
  by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours,
  and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under
  his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he
  carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his
  conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and
  made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289,
  after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity.
  _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――
  _Polybius_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.――――A son of Lysimachus,
  taken prisoner by the Getæ. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra
  daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married
  Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband’s death, Arsinoe,
  fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say
  that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted
  her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.――――A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an
  account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
  Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._――――A Samian writer.――――A
  physician.――――An Athenian archon.

=Agăthon.= _See:_ Agatho.

=Agathonȳmus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

=Agathosthĕnes=, a poet, &c.

=Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1.

=Agathynum=, a town of Sicily.

=Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in
  common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Agāve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom
  she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_
  Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the
  orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because
  she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_,
  poem 26.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.――_Lucan_, bk. 1,
  li. 574.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――A
  tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c.

=Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 13.

=Agāvus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7,
  ch. 23.

=Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus.
  He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon
  seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 19.――――The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen
  and melancholy appearance of his countenance.

=Agelāus=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.――――One of Penelope’s
  suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.――――A son of Hercules and
  Omphale, from whom Crœsus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――――A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on
  mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Agendīcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44.

=Agēnor=, king of Phœnicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother
  to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Phœnix,
  Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,
  li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――――A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.
  10.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of
  Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Pleuron, father
  to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A son of Amphion and
  Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A king of Argos, father to
  Crotopus.――――A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579.
  ――――A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.

=Agenŏrĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other
  descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8.

=Agerīnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero’s
  life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16.

=Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a
  representation of Laocoon’s history, which now passes for the best
  relict of all ancient sculpture.

=Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the
  soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures,
  because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors
  committed suicide.

=Agesilāus=, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agidæ, was son
  of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus
  instituted his famous laws. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclidæ,
  made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war
  against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of
  his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians
  and Bœotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so
  expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country
  which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes’ expedition. He defeated
  his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of
  his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement,
  especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though
  deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness
  of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond
  of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th
  year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch
  could hardly be persuaded that the Lacedæmonian general was eating
  with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any
  covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt,
  after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed
  and brought to Lacedæmon. _Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_ &
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Xenophon_, _Oratation for Agesilaus_.――――A brother
  of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where
  he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
  minora_.――――A surname of Pluto.――――A Greek who wrote a history of
  Italy.

=Agesipŏlis I.=, king of Lacedæmon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great
  victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded
  by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5;
  bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Xenophon_, bk. 3, _Hellenica_.

=Agesipŏlis II.=, son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by
  Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Agesistrăta=, the mother of king Agis. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.

=Agesistrătus=, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, _De arte
  machinali_.

=Aggrammes=, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a
  hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made
  governor of the king’s children, to gratify her passion. He killed
  them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne.
  _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Aggrīnæ=, a people near mount Rhodope. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_,
  ch. 37.

=Agĭdæ=, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of
  Sparta with the Proclidæ. The name is derived from Agis son of
  Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes
  son of Leonidas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.

=Agilāus=, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.――――One of the Ephori,
almost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Agis=, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a
  reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――Another king of Sparta, who waged
  bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek
  cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta,
  but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his
  views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged
  from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was
  strangled by order of the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.――――Another,
  son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the
  Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea,
  and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years.
  _Thucydides_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.――――
  Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to
  deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance
  of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by
  Antipater, Alexander’s general, and 5300 Lacedæmonians perished with
  him. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 12,
  ch. 1, &c.――――Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against
  the Mantineans. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――――An Arcadian in the
  expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 18.――――A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and
  said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero,
  when a god. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A Lycian, who followed Æneas
  into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 751.

=Aglāia=, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters
  were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter
  and Eurynome. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Aglaonīce=, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and
  eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from
  heaven. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.

=Aglaŏpe=, one of the Sirens.

=Aglaŏphon=, an excellent Greek painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.

=Aglaosthĕnes=, wrote a history of Naxos. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Aglauros=, or =Agraulos=, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of
  Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter
  of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 12.

=Aglaus=, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more
  happy than Gyges king of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 46.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Agna=, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many
  admirers. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.

=Agno=, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a
  fountain on mount Lycæus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer,
  stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour
  arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 31, &c.

=Agnodĭce=, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn
  medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery,
  and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This
  brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession,
  who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus,
  of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was
  immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery.
  _Hyginus_, fable 274.

=Agnon=, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles.
  In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potidæa, but abandoned his
  expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants
  rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful
  of Agnon. _Thucydides_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――――A writer. _Quintilian_,
  bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Alexander’s officers. _Pliny_, bk. 33,
  ch. 3.

=Agnonĭdes=, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying
  the Piræus to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services
  Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death
  his accuser. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.

=Agōnālia= and =Agonia=, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a
  year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa,
  and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 317.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.

=Agōnes Capitolīni=, games celebrated every fifth year upon the
  Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as
  well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius
  publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much
  applause.

=Agonis=, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. _Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 1.

=Agonius=, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. _See:_
  Agonalia.

=Agoracrĭtus=, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for
  the people of Athens, B.C. 150.

=Agoranŏmi=, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and
  port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale.

=Agorānis=, a river falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _de Indica_.

=Agoræa=, a name of Minerva at Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Agoreus=, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his
  presiding over the markets. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Agra=, a place of Bœotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called
  Agræa, because she hunted there.――――A city of Susa――――of Arcadia
  ――――and of Arabia.

=Agræi= and =Agrenses=, a people of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 28.――――Of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 34.

=Agrāgas=, or =Acragras=, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily;
  called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela,
  who were a Rhodian colony. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 703.――
  _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Agraria lex=, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all
  the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed
  A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected
  by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and
  the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new
  regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the
  money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been
  brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused,
  and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was
  proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo,
  but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which
  followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and
  many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Scævola,
  A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a
  third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship,
  opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much
  altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division
  of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome
  under Julius Cæsar. _Florus_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.――_Cicero_, _on the
  Agrarian Law_.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Agraule=, a tribe of Athens. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Agraulia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians
  also observed these festivals, by offering human victims.

=Agraulos=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Aglauros.――――A surname of
  Minerva.

=Agrauonītæ=, a people of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Agre=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 213.

=Agriānes=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A people
  that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 16.

=Agricŏla=, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote
  his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He
  was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island.
  Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he
  had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter
  Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola
  obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful
  solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He
  died in his 56th year, A. D. 93. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.

=Agrigentum=, now _Girgenti_, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the
  sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according
  to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for
  their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In
  its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants,
  who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse.
  The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was
  established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was
  also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum
  can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other
  town in Sicily. _Polybius_, bk. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 707.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 211.

=Agrinium=, a city of Acarnania. _Polybius_, bk. 6.

=Agriōnia=, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated
  generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose,
  because the god was attended with wild beasts.

=Agriopas=, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained
  the public prize at Olympia. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Agriōpe=, the wife of Agenor king of Phœnicia.

=Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius=, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory
  over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the
  battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour.
  He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican
  government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mecænas. In his
  expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but
  refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards
  the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings,
  one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for
  two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus,
  Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his
  daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire
  during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman
  provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented,
  at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was
  placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He
  had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to
  Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five
  children――Caius, and Lucius Cæsares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina,
  and Julia. His son, Caius Cæsar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus,
  and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age
  of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition
  against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the
  treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring
  cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His
  younger brother, Lucius Cæsar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his
  grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania,
  for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh
  year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and
  Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him
  to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious
  and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he
  was fond of fishing. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 682.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 6.――――One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed
  his name and raised commotions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 39.
  ――――Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned
  33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. _Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A consul who conquered the
  Æqui.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――Herodes, a son
  of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to
  the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the
  suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite
  was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which
  had lately confined him, and made king of Judæa. He was a popular
  character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were
  flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck
  him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son,
  of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his
  kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with
  Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was
  before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous
  commerce with his sister Berenice. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 156.
  ――_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 81.――――Menenius, a Roman
  general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the
  populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs,
  and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He
  died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense
  of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 23.――――A mathematician in the
  reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia.

=Agrippīna=, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry
  Julia. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 7.――――A daughter of Marcus
  Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom
  she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried
  his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself.
  She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in
  an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left
  nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity
  and conjugal affection. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 2, &c.――
  _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 52.――――Julia, daughter of Germanicus
  and Agrippina, married Domitius Ænobarbus, by whom she had Nero.
  After her husband’s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius,
  whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many
  cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of
  her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, “Strike the belly which
  could give birth to such a monster.” She died A.D. 59, after a life
  of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her
  son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying,
  he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman.
  She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his
  annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders
  of the Rhine, and called _Agrippina Colonia_, is the modern Cologne.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c.

=Agrisius.= _See:_ Acrisius.

=Agrisope=, or =Agriope=, the mother of Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 6.

=Agrius=, son of Parthaon drove his brother Œneus from the throne.
  He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of Œneus, upon
  which he killed himself. _Hyginus_, fables 175 & 242.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 117.――――A giant.――――A
  centaur killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of
  Ulysses by Circe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1013.――――The father of
  Thersites. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9.

=Agrŏlas=, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that
  part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 28.

=Agron=, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the Ætolians, drank
  to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. _Polybius_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Agrotas=, a Greek orator of Marseilles.

=Agrotĕra=, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at
  Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed
  to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies
  killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops
  of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was
  so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured;
  therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled
  the number of Persians slain in battle.――――A temple of Ægira in
  Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Agyleus= and =Agyieus= from ἀγυια, _a street_, a surname of Apollo,
  because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of
  Athens. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.

=Agylla=, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and
  governed by Mezentius when Æneas came to Italy. It was afterwards
  called Cære, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479.

=Agyllæus=, a gigantic wrestler of Cleonæ, scarce inferior to Hercules
  in strength. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 837.

=Agyrium=, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born.
  The inhabitants were called _Agyrinenses_. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 65.

=Agyrius=, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 14.

=Agyrtes=, a man who killed his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 148.――――A piper. _♦Statius_, bk. 2, _Achilleis_, li. 50.

      ♦ ‘Sil.’ replaced with ‘Statius’

=Agȳrus=, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the
  Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Ahāla=, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.

=Ahenobarbus.= _See:_ Ænobarbus.

=Ajax=, the son of Telamon by Peribœa or Eribœa daughter of Alcathous,
  was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan
  war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms.
  After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their
  claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the
  latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of
  sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the
  preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood
  which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower
  hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others
  that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sigæum,
  some say on mount Rhœtus, and his tomb was visited and honoured
  by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the
  gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son,
  with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nemæan lion which
  he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of
  an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born,
  Hercules wrapped him up in the lion’s skin, which rendered his body
  invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole
  in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable
  part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. _Quintus
  Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10
  & 13.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 12.――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_,
  ode 6.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197. ――_Hyginus_, fables
  107 & 242.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The son of
  Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed _Locrian_, in contradistinction
  to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war,
  as being one of Helen’s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he
  offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva’s temple; and
  for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained
  the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune,
  destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that
  he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune,
  who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea
  with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found
  by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to
  Virgil’s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him
  against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 13, &c.;
  _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 116 & 273.――_Philostratus_,
  _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.――_Horace_,
  _Epodes_, poem 10, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.――――The
  two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island
  of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of
  antiquity.

=Aidōneus=, a surname of Pluto.――――A king of the Molossi, who
  imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his
  daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known
  fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――――A river near Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Aimy̆lus=, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of
  the noble family of the Æmylii in Rome.

=Aius Locutius=, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the
  following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius,
  informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of
  the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above
  Vesta’s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the
  Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved
  by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built
  a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of
  the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius.

=Alabanda=, æ, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with
  scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped
  there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 195.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Alabastrum=, a town of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.

=Alăbus=, a river in Sicily.

=Alæa=, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also
  called Alæa. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7.

=Alæi=, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in
  tortoises. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.

=Alæsa=, a city on a mountain in Sicily.

=Alæus=, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.

=Alagōnia=, a city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

=Alāla=, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. _Plutarch_, _de gloria
  Atheniensium_.

=Alalcomĕnæ=, a city of Bœotia, where some suppose that Minerva was
  born. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,
  li. 330.

=Alalia=, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phocæans, destroyed
  by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Alamānes=, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.

=Alamanni=, or =Alemanni=, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian
  forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.

=Alāni=, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus Mœotis, who were said to
  have 26 different languages. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo._

=Alăres=, a people of Pannonia. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, _Annals_, ch. 10.

=Alarīcus=, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the
  reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour,
  and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms.
  He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.

=Alarōdii=, a nation near Pontus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 94.

=Alastor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――――An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 677.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 257.――――One of Pluto’s horses when he carried away Proserpine.
  _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 286.

=Alaudæ=, soldiers of one of Cæsar’s legions in Gaul. _Suetonius_,
  _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 24.

=Alazon=, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and
  separating Albania from Iberia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 101.

=Alba Sylvius=, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the
  kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 14, li. 612.――――Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C.
  1152, on the spot where Æneas found, according to the prophecy of
  Helenus (_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god
  of the river (_Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 43), a _white_ sow with 30 young
  ones. It was called _longa_ because it extended along the hill
  Albinus. The descendants of Æneas reigned there in the following
  order: 1. Ascanius, son of Æneas, with little intermission, eight
  years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. Æneas Sylvius, 31 years.
  4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus,
  26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus,
  eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12.
  Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius.
  Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed
  by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome.
  _Livy._――_Florus._――_Justin_, &c.――――A city of the Marsi in Italy.
  ――――Pompeia, a city of Liguria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Albāni= and =Albenses=, names applied to the inhabitants of the two
  cities of Alba. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Albānia=, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia.
  The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain
  that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he
  returned from the conquest of Geryon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 8, ch. 40.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――The Caspian sea is called
  _Albanum_, as being near Albania. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Albānus=, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome,
  near Alba. It was on this mountain that the _Latinæ feriæ_ were
  celebrated with great solemnity. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27.
  The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of,
  or belong to, the town of Alba.

=Albia Terennia=, the mother of Otho. _Suetonius._

=Albīci=, a people of Gallia Aquitania. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1,
  ch. 34.

=Albiētæ=, a people of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Albigaunum=, a town of Liguria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Albīni=, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in
  _Brutus_. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Albinovānus Celsus.= _See:_ Celsus.――――Pedo, a poet contemporary with
  Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so
  elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 4, poem 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 5.

=Albintemēlium=, a town of Liguria. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_,
  ch. 13.

=Albīnus=, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of
  Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected
  emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested
  with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals,
  with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the
  empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus
  to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198.
  Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer
  called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes
  ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds
  of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.――――A pretorian sent to
  Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was
  put to death by Sylla’s soldiers. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――An usurer.
  _Horace._――――A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his
  chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which
  the Gauls had sacked. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Livy_,
  bk. 5, ch. 40.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Aulus Posthumus, consul
  with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.

=Albion=, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he
  established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art
  of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with
  stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The greatest island of Europe, now called
  Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have
  reigned there; or from its chalky white (_albus_) rocks, which
  appear at a great distance. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Tacitus_,
  _Agricola_. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or
  to the iron of a hatchet.

=Albis=, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now
  called the Elbe. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 52.

=Albius=, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 4.――――A name of the poet Tibullus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33,
  li. 1.

=Albucilla=, an immodest woman. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 47.

=Albŭla=, the ancient name of the river Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 332.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Albŭnea=, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses.
  It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped
  as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea
  there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a
  sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This
  lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio,
  with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7,
  li. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 83.

=Alburnus=, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its
  rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Albus Pagus=, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival
  of Cleopatra.

=Albūtius=, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife.
  _Arrian._――――A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants
  before they were guilty of any offence, “lest,” said he, “I should
  have no time to punish them when they offend.” _Horace_, bk. 2,
  satire 2.――――A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.――――An ancient
  satirist. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Titus, an epicurean philosopher,
  born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished
  not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he
  grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that
  he died at Athens.

=Alcæus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600
  years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his
  enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left
  in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of
  alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he
  paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments
  remain, found in Athenæus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 5, ch. 95.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 9.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, ch. 33.――――A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to
  be the inventor of tragedy.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A comic
  poet.――――A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace,
  and was made king of part of the country. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.
  5.――――A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.――――A son of Perseus,
  father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called
  Alcides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Alcamĕnes=, one of the Agidæ, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms.
  He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots
  rebelled in his reign. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4
  & 5.――――A general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.――――A
  statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues
  of Venus and Vulcan. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――The commander of
  a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,
  ch. 5, &c.

=Alcander=, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.――――A Lacedæmonian youth, who
  accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously
  forgiven by the sage. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 18.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 767.

=Alcandre=, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 4, li. 672.

=Alcānor=, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias
  followed Æneas into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 672.――――A
  son of Phorus, killed by Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 338.

=Alcăthoe=, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous
  son of Pelops. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 8.

=Alcăthous=, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his
  brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had
  destroyed the king’s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and
  in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were
  instituted at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.――――A Trojan,
  who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the
  Trojan war by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 93.――――A son
  of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.――――A
  friend of Æneas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
  10, li. 747.

=Alce=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A town of Spain which
  surrendered to Gracchus, now _Alcazar_, a little above Toledo.
  _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Alcēnor=, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle
  between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Alceste=, or =Alcestis=, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married
  Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that
  he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however,
  refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to
  Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army
  headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner,
  was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was
  sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some
  say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection,
  laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an
  oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some
  one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors,
  Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while
  she lived with her father. _See:_ Admetus. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 651.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 17.――_Hyginus_, fable 251.――_Euripides_, _Alcestis_.

=Alcĕtas=, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of
  Achilles. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A general of Alexander’s
  army, brother to Perdiccas.――――The eighth king of Macedonia,
  who reigned 29 years.――――An historian, who wrote an account
  of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi.
  _Athenæus._――――A son of Arybas king of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 11.

=Alchĭdas=, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of
  Praxiteles. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Alchimăchus=, a celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Alcibiădes=, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising
  spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to
  Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious
  propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians
  to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in
  that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety,
  and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the
  Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed
  he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by
  the Athenians, he obliged the Lacedæmonians to sue for peace; made
  several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens.
  His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition
  against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people,
  and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war
  upon Lacedæmon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general,
  who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants
  were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where
  he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his
  escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a
  life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen
  had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who
  distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might
  have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece.
  His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence,
  by the writings of Thucydides, Timæus, and Theopompus; and he is
  known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee,
  added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool
  intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher.
  _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bks. 5,
  6, & 7.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Alcidămas=, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into
  a dove. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 12.――――A celebrated
  wrestler. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 500.――――A philosopher
  and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias,
  and flourished B.C. 424. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Alcidamēa=, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.

=Alcidamĭdas=, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium,
  after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.

=Alcidămus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death,
  &c. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_,
  _Lives of the Ten Orators_.

=Alcīdas=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in
  the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.

=Alcīdes=, a name of Hercules, from his _strength_, ἀλκος, or from his
  grandfather Alcæus.――――A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. _Livy_,
  bk. 42, ch. 51.

=Alcidĭce=, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.

=Alcimăchus=, an eminent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Alcimĕde=, the mother of Jason by Æson. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 296.

=Alcimĕdon=, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of
  Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――――An excellent carver. _Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 3.――――A sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  fable 10.

=Alcimĕnes=, a tragic poet of Megara.――――A comic writer of Athens.
  ――――An attendant of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A man
  killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Alcĭmus=, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.――――
  An orator. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Alcinoe=, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Alcĭnor.= _See:_ Alcenor.

=Alcinous=, son of Nausithous and Peribœa, was king of Phæacia, and
  is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete,
  by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly
  entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and
  heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of
  the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 7.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 87.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 81.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 5, li. 151.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.――
  _Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
  son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A man of Elis.
  _Pausanias._――――A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a
  book _de Doctriná Platonis_, the best edition of which is the 12mo,
  printed Oxford, 1667.

=Alcioneus=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  fable 4.

=Alciphron=, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There
  are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very
  perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are
  by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth
  century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis
  Bergleri.

=Alcippe=, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished
  by Halirrhotius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――The wife of
  Metion and mother to Eupalamus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――The
  daughter of Œnomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa.
  ――――A woman who brought forth an elephant. _Pliny_, bk. 7.――――A
  country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.

=Alcippus=, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He
  married Democrite, of whom _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.

=Alcis=, a daughter of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Alcithoe=, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She
  was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she
  worked, into a vine and ivy. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 1.

=Alcmæon=, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father
  going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to
  perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had
  betrayed him. _See:_ Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father’s
  death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted
  him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesibœa
  in marriage. Alcmæon gave her the fatal collar which his mother
  had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her,
  and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised
  the necklace which he had given to Alphesibœa. When he attempted
  to recover it, Alphesibœa’s brothers murdered him on account of the
  treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey
  to dogs and wild beasts. Alcmæon’s children by Callirhoe revenged
  their father’s death by killing his murderers. _See:_ Alphesibœa,
  Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 73 & 245.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 44; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.――――A
  son of Ægyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. _Apollodorus._――――A
  philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on
  physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into
  the structure of the human frame. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of the poet Æschylus, the 13th archon of
  Athens.――――A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of
  Nestor’s family, by the Heraclidæ. He came to Athens, and from him
  the Alcmæonidæ were descended. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Alcmæŏnĭdæ=, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcmæon. They
  undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which
  had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner
  than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity,
  and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Lacedæmonians
  to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.
  _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.――_Plutarch_,
  _Solon_.

=Alcman=, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at
  Lacedæmon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books
  of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670,
  and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by
  Athenæus and others. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 33.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.

=Alcmēna=, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom
  _Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ calls Lysidice, and _Diodorus_, bk. 2,
  Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to
  Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been
  all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of Ætolia.
  While Amphitryon was gone against the Ætolians, Jupiter, who was
  enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed.
  The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the
  form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over
  Alcmena’s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said
  he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to
  her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter,
  to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury,
  to stop the rising of Phœbus, or the sun, so that the night he
  passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon
  returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with
  which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception
  of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup
  which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation,
  and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to
  the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter’s intrigue; and he
  returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena
  became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when
  she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child
  was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over
  his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood.
  Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter’s amours with Alcmena, made him
  swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena,
  and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of
  Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called
  Eurystheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that
  Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena,
  and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door
  of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the
  cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis,
  supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the
  pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina
  retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth
  twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon.
  Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to
  his power. After Amphitryon’s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus,
  and retired to Ocalea, in Bœotia. This marriage, according to some
  authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara
  said that she died ♠on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she
  was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, ♦_Theseus_ &
  _Romulus_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 19.――_Pindar_,
  _Pythian_, ♣poem 4.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45.
  ――――_See:_ Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus.

      ♦ ‘de Reb. Græc.’ replaced with ‘Theseus’
      ♠ ‘in’ replaced with ‘on’
      ♣ ‘9’ replaced with ‘4’

=Alcon=, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a
  serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast
  without hurting his son.――――A silversmith. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, fable 5.――――A son of Hippocoon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.
  14.――――A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his
  profession, in curing hernias and fractures.――――A son of Mars.――――A
  son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian
  boar. _Hyginus_, fable 173.

♦=Alcyŏna=, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted
  in vain to find. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.

      ♦ Resorted into proper alphabetical order

=Alcyŏne=, or =Halcyŏne=, daughter of Æolus, married Ceyx, who was
  drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods
  apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband’s fate; and when she
  found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw
  herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of
  the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build
  and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7,
  11, or 14 days. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 399.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 65.――――One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had
  Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters,
  was changed into a constellation. _See:_ Pleiades. _Pausanias_, bk.
  2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 157.――――The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after
  her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and
  arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents
  called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of
  Ceyx. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 558.――――The wife of Meleager.
  _Hyginus_, fable 174.――――A town of Thessaly, where Philip,
  Alexander’s father, lost one of his eyes.

=Alcyŏneus=, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. _Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――――A giant, brother to
  Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his
  death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons
  by Amphitrite. _Claudian_, _De Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Aldescus=, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riphæan
  mountains, and falling into the northern sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Alduăbis.= _See:_ Dubis.

=Alea=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of
  Aphidas, at Tegæa in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of
  ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4
  & 46.――――A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous
  temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the
  festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the
  temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Alēbas=, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his
  cruelties. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 323.

=Alēbion= and =Dercynus=, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for
  stealing his oxen in Africa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Alecto=, one of the Furies (_a_, ληγω, _non desino_), is represented
  with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing
  vengeance, war, and pestilence. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.

=Alector=, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos,
  and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Alectryon=, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed
  at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep,
  and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by
  Vulcan, in each other’s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so
  incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful
  of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. _Lucian_,
  _Alectryon_ [_Gallus_].

=Alectus=, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian’s reign, &c. He died
  296 A.D.

=Alēius Campus=, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the
  horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his
  death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 201.――_Dionysius Periegetes_,
  li. 872.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 257.

=Alemanni=, or =Alamanni=, a people of Germany. They are first
  mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the
  surname of _Alemannicus_ for a victory over them.

=Alēmon=, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Græcia.
  Myscellus is often called Alemonides. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.

=Alemusii=, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple
  of Ceres and of Proserpine. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.

=Alens=, a place in the island of Cos.

=Aleon=, or =Ales=, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Alēse=, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the
  founder. The Romans made it an independent city.

=Alēsia=, or =Alexia=, now _Alise_, a famous city of the Mandubii in
  Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high
  hill. Julius Cæsar conquered it. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 68.

=Alēsium=, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 10.

=Aletes=, a son of Ægisthus, murdered by Orestes. _Hyginus_, fable 122.

=Alēthes=, the first of the Heraclidæ, who was king of Corinth. He was
  son of Hippotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A companion of Æneas,
  described as a prudent and venerable old man. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.

=Alethia=, one of Apollo’s nurses.

=Aletĭdas= (from ἀλαομαι, _to wander_), certain sacrifices at Athens,
  in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father
  Icarius.

=Aletrium=, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates.
  _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.

=Alētum=, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. _Polybius_,
  bk. 10.

=Aleuādæ=, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from
  Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes.
  The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8,
  ch. 11.

=Alēus=, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in
  building temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.

=Alex=, a river in the country of the Brutii. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Alexamēnus=, an Ætolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Lacedæmon, and
  was soon after murdered by the people. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 34.

=Alexander I.=, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia.
  He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to
  the women of his father’s court, and was the first who raised the
  reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C.
  _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.

=Alexander II.=, son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was
  treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy,
  who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and
  Philip. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas,
  was the cause of his murder.

=Alexander III.=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias.
  He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of
  Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to
  the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as
  well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king’s
  courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his
  eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia
  would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness.
  Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by
  a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched
  for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that
  his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to
  Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor’s
  instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected
  his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th
  year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous
  sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved
  his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced
  Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus,
  the new queen’s brother. After this he retired from court to his
  mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated,
  he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation,
  gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and
  Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief
  commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the
  Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered
  the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse,
  he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus,
  he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other
  celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre
  after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of
  2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of
  Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of
  Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of
  their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built
  a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile,
  near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his
  penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital
  of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects
  from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over
  India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country;
  and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean,
  he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His
  entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their
  prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in
  the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of
  brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature
  that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess
  of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison
  to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the
  Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the
  guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He
  was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and
  lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was
  able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against
  him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably
  suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king
  Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the
  latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when
  she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than
  once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory,
  and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than
  his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the
  labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During
  his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called
  Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he
  ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who
  refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered
  at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a
  battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip,
  and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success
  increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and,
  giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the
  town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged
  by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was
  fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read
  to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had
  composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally
  panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and
  threw it into the river, saying, “What need is there of such
  flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious
  in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?” He in like
  manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him,
  and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river
  from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except
  Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his
  death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that
  by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some
  time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to
  succeed him on the throne; and he answered, “The worthiest among you;
  but I am afraid,” added he, “my best friends will perform my funeral
  obsequies with bloody hands.” Alexander, with all his pride, was
  humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great
  patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle
  with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural
  history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented
  that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do;
  and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, “Give me kings
  for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.” All his
  family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first
  deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals,
  was to appoint his brother Philip Aridæus successor, until Roxane,
  who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate
  heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Aridæus wanted
  capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married
  Cleopatra, Alexander’s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As
  he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a
  battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile,
  and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of
  Alexander’s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers,
  and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and
  cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of
  alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had
  strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and
  aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of
  Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves,
  the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great
  empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt,
  where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were
  called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which
  subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity
  reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself
  in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of
  Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned
  in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king
  Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus,
  who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive
  Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia,
  but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus,
  and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so
  formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared
  to assume the title of king. _Curtius_, _Arrian_, & _Plutarch_
  have written an account of Alexander’s life. _Diodorus_, bks. 17
  & 18.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Justin_, bks. 11 & 12.――
  _Valerius Maximus._――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――――A son of Alexander
  the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander.
  _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――――A man who, after the expulsion of
  Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes
  dispossessed him, and put him to death.――――A son of Cassander king
  of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother
  Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother
  Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of
  Antigonus, put him to death. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 7.――――A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and
  successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made
  war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with
  men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an
  army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus.
  _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs.
  17 & 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus.
  He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He
  recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. _Justin_, bk. 26,
  ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A king of Syria, driven from his
  kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law
  Ptolemy Philometer. _Justin_, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.――_Josephus_,
  bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A king of
  Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius.
  He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards
  killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. _Josephus_, _Antiquities
  of the Jews_, bk. 13, ch. 18.――――Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean
  kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in
  preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly
  with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled
  him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her
  to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one
  of his subjects. _Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_, ch.
  20, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――――Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was
  educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of
  Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom.
  He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration.
  _Appian_, bk. 1, _Civil Wars_.――――Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt
  after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful
  reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65,
  leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. _See:_ Ægyptus and Ptolemæus.
  _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.――――A youth, ordered by
  Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths.
  He was killed in the attempt. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――An
  historian mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Marius_.――――An Epicurean
  philosopher. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Æolia, who assembled a
  multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and
  confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of
  money. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A name given to Paris son of
  Priam. _See:_ Paris.――――Jannæus, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus
  and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died
  through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his
  subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.――――A Paphlagonian,
  who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions,
  and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died
  70 years old.――――A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote
  a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still
  extant.――――Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth
  century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.――――A poet
  of Ætolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A peripatetic
  philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.――――An historian,
  called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic,
  in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from
  God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises
  on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.――――A poet of Ephesus, who
  wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.――――A writer of Myndus,
  quoted by _Athenæus_ and _Ælian_.――――A sophist of Seleucia, in
  the age of Antoninus.――――A physician in the age of Justinian.――――A
  Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave
  to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered
  them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their
  numbers useless. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――――A son of Lysimachus.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A governor of Lycia, who brought a
  reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 10.――――A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dymæans.
  _Diodorus_, bks. 18 & 19.――――A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and
  Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia
  by Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――A Spartan, killed with 200
  of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their
  passing through the country of Tegea. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A cruel
  tyrant of Pheræ, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians,
  and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his
  wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian
  sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that
  might be concealed to take away his life. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_,
  bk. 2, ch. 49; _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.――
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 15 & 16.――_Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 321.――――Severus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus.

=Alexandra=, the name of some queens of Judæa mentioned by _Josephus_.
  ――――A nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.――――A name
  of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies.
  _Lycophron._

=Alexandri Aræ=, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander’s
  victories, near the Tanais. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Alexandrīa=, the name of several cities which were founded by
  Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:――A
  grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the
  western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not
  only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and
  the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to
  improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens
  in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought
  there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the
  Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for
  the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had
  collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth.
  This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph
  Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the
  numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed
  to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt.
  Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not
  only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to
  have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries.
  The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its
  superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens.
  The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of
  Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it
  scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――Another in Albania, at the foot
  of mount Caucasus.――――Another in Arachosia, in India.――――The capital
  of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.――――Another of Carmania.
  ――――Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.――――Another the
  capital of Margiana.――――Another of Troas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――
  _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.

=Alexandrĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, who married his sister’s daughter,
  by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.――――A native of
  Delphi, of which he wrote a history.

=Alexandrīna aqua=, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander
  Severus.

=Alexandropŏlis=, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great.
  _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.

=Alexānor=, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his
  grandfather Æsculapius, and received divine honours after death.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.

=Alexarchus=, a Greek historian.

=Alexas=, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes.
  He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra.
  Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony.
  _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Alexia=, or =Alesia=. _See:_ Alesia.

=Alexicăcus=, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he
  delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.

=Alexīnus=, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the
  acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for
  contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had
  received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river
  Alpheus. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Euclides_.

=Alexion=, a physician intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

=Alexippus=, a physician of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Alexiraes=, son of Hercules by Hebe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――――A place of Bœotia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this
  name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25.

=Alexirhoe=, a daughter of the river Granicus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 11, li. 763.

=Alexis=, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his
  writings, the borders of his country.――――A comic poet, 336 B.C., of
  Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain.
  ――――A servant of Asinius Pollio.――――An ungrateful youth of whom a
  shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil’s _Eclogues_, poem 2.――――A
  statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.――――A schoolfellow of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 7, ltr. 2.

=Alexon=, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Alfaterna=, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.

=Publius Alfēnus Varus=, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of
  his genius and his application, raised himself from his original
  profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last
  became consul. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.

=Algĭdum=, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome.
  There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 21.

=Aliacmon= and =Haliacmon=, a river of Macedonia, separating it from
  Thessaly. It flows into the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Aliartus= (or um) and =Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, near the river
  Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 63.
  ――――Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 274.

=Alĭcis=, a town of Laconia.――――A tribe of Athens.

=Aliēnus Cæcīna=, a questor in Bœotia, appointed, for his services,
  commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced
  him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the
  empire. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 52.

=Alīfæ=, =Alifa=, or =Alipha=, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus,
  famous for the making of cups. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Alilæi=, a people of Arabia Felix.

=Alimentus Cincius=, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote
  in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military
  affairs. _Livy_, bks. 21 & 30.

=Alindæ=, a town of Caria. _Arrian._

=Aliphēria=, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. _Polybius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 77.

=Alirrothius=, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been
  defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens,
  he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which
  had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in
  the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that
  he instantly expired.

=Tiberius Alledius Severus=, a Roman knight, who married his brother’s
  daughter to please Agrippina.――――A noted glutton in Domitian’s reign.
  _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 118.

=Allia=, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were
  defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to
  plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.――_Livy_,
  bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 717.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 413.

=Alliēnos=, a pretor of Sicily, under Cæsar. _Hirtius_, _African War_,
  ch. 2.

=Allŏbrŏges=, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part
  of the country now called Savoy, Dauphiné, and Vivarais. The Romans
  destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their
  ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline’s
  conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and
  discovered the plot. _Dio Cassius._――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 66.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Allobry̆ges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the
  Allobroges. _Polybius_, bk. 30, ch. 56.

=Allotrĭges=, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Allutius=, or =Albutius=, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio
  restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.

=Almo=, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 600.

=Almon=, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian
  killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before
  and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of
  Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 532.

=Alŏa=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose
  beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours.
  The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called
  from this, Aloas and Alois.

=Aloēus=, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by
  whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated
  them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called
  _Aloides_. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo
  and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine
  years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of
  Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 582.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5;
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.

=Aloīdes= and =Aloidæ=, the sons of Aloeus. _See:_ Aloeus.

=Alŏpe=, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune,
  whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown.
  The child was preserved, and carried to Alope’s father, who, upon
  knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune,
  who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The
  child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed
  by Theseus upon his grandfather’s throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5
  & 39.――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――――One of the Harpies. _Hyginus_,
  fable 14.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 682.

=Alopĕce=, an island in the Palus Mæotis. _Strabo._――――Another in the
  Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――Another in the Ægean
  sea opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――A small village
  of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans
  had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.
  Socrates and Aristides were born there. _Aeschines_, _Against
  Timarchus_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 64.

=Alopius=, a son of Hercules and Antiope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Alos=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Alotia=, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained
  over Lacedæmon by the Arcadians.

=Alpēnus=, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopylæ.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.

=Alpes=, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and
  Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise
  several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries,
  discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine
  seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished,
  according to their situation, by the different names of _Cottiæ_,
  _Carnicæ_, _Graiæ_, _Noricæ_, _Juliæ_, _Maritimæ_, _Pannoniæ_,
  _Penninæ_, _Pœnæ_, _Rhætiæ_, _Tridentinæ_, _Venetæ_. A traveller
  is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were
  supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army
  over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking
  them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations,
  who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the
  victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their
  territory. _Strabo_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 10, li. 151.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 1, li. 183.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 53.

=Alpheia=, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river
  Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.――――A surname
  of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 487.

=Alphēnor=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  fable 6.

=Alphēnus.= _See:_ Alfenus.

=Alphesibœa=, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcmæon son of
  Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father’s court after the murder of
  his mother. _See:_ Alcmæon. She received, as a bridal present, the
  famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce
  her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmæon being persecuted by
  the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and
  retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by
  him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in
  the hands of Alphesibœa. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed
  by Temenus and Axion, Alphesibœa’s brothers, who thus revenged
  their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. _Hyginus_,
  fable 244.――_Propertius_, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Alphesibœus=, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Alphēus=, now _Alpheo_, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises
  in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The
  god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued
  her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain
  Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the
  ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from
  Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters,
  rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If
  anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their
  traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the
  waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus
  to clean the stables of Augeas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 694.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 176. ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.――_Marcellinus_,
  bk. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Alphius=, or =Alfeus=, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in _Horace_,
  _Epodes_, poem 2.

=Alphius Avitus=, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account
  of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.

=Alpīnus=, belonging to the Alps. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 442.

=Alpīnus (Cornelius)=, a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for
  the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in
  a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine,
  in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.――――Julius, one of the chiefs of the
  Helvetii. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68.

=Alpis=, a small river falling into the Danube.

=Alsium=, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now _Statua_.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Alsus=, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.――――A shepherd during the Rutulian wars.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 304.

=Althæa=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married Œneus king of
  Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager.
  When Althæa brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a log of wood
  in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long
  would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother
  saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but
  when Meleager killed his two uncles, Althæa’s brothers, Althæa,
  to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon
  as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry
  for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to
  survive her son. _See:_ Meleager. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  fable 4.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45;
  bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Althæmĕnes=, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either
  he or his brothers were to be their father’s murderers, he fled to
  Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide.
  After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son
  Althæmenes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him,
  supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his
  own son. When Althæmenes knew that he had killed his father, he
  entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened,
  and swallowed him up. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Altīnum=, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its
  wool. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Altis=, a sacred grove round Jupiter’s temple at Olympia, where the
  statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 20, &c.

=Altus=, a city of Peloponnesus. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.

=Aluntium=, a town of Sicily. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Alus=, =Aluus=, and =Halus=, a village of Arcadia, called also the
  temple of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Alyattes I.=, a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclidæ. He
  reigned 57 years.

=Alyattes II.=, king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnadæ, was
  father to Crœsus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war
  against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus,
  after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with
  the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution.
  An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Aly̆ba=, a country near Mysia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Alycæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Alycæus=, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara
  received its name from him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Aly̆mon=, the husband of Circe.

=Alyssus=, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of
  a mad dog. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 19.

=Alyxothoe=, or =Alexirhoe=, daughter of Dymus, was mother of Æsacus
  by Priam. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763.

=Alyzia=, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous,
  opposite to the Echinades. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 16, ltr. 2.

=Amadŏcus=, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes.
  _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10.

=Amage=, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 56.

=Amalthæa=, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat’s
  milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained
  that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as
  a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had
  taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of
  plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired.
  _Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 113.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 139.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――――A
  Sibyl of Cumæ, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed
  to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king
  of Rome, &c. _Varro._――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. _See:_
  Sibyllæ.

=Amalthēum=, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country
  house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything
  which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13.

=Amăna=, or =Amanus=, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 244.

=Cn. Salvius Amandus=, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed
  imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian’s
  colleague.

=Amantes=, or =Amantīni=, a people of Illyricum descended from the
  Abantes of Phocis. _Callimachus._

=Amānus=, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia.
  _Strabo_, bk. 11.――――A mountain in Cilicia.

=Amārăcus=, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram.

=Amardi=, a nation near the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Amartus=, a city of Greece. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Amaryllis=, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil’s eclogues. Some
  commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this
  fictitious appellation.

=Amarynceus=, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. _Strabo_,
  bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Amarynthus=, a village in Eubœa, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and
  her festivals in that town Amarynthia.――――Eubœa is sometimes called
  Amarynthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Amas=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3.

=Amăsēnus=, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 685.

=Amasia=, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the
  geographer were born. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Amāsis=, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He
  made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country
  by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his
  subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates
  of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue
  in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his
  uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the
  body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action
  which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians.
  _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――――A man who led the Persians against the
  inhabitants of Barce. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c.

=Amastris=, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister
  to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. _Strabo_.――――Also, the wife of
  Xerxes king of Persia. _See:_ Amestris.――――A city of Paphlagonia, on
  the Euxine sea. _Catullus._

=Amastrus=, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against Ætes king of
  Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 544.
  ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 673.

=Amāta=, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter
  Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of Æneas in Italy. She
  zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was
  given in marriage to Æneas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of
  her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, &c.

=Amăthus= (genitive: untis), now _Limisso_, a city on the southern
  side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus.
  The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently
  applied to the goddess of the place. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 51.――_Claudius Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Amaxampēus=, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream
  of the river Hypanis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52.

=Amaxia=, or =Amaxīta=, an ancient town of Troas.――――A place of
  Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Amazēnes=, or =Mazēnes=, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed
  for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander’s
  expedition to the east. _Arrian_, _Indica_.

=Amazŏnes=, or =Amazŏnĭdes=, a nation of famous women who lived near
  the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed
  in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the
  other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the
  inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the
  male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers.
  According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and
  Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The
  females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours
  of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl
  a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from
  that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (_a non_, μαζα
  _mamma_). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the
  shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in
  a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated
  beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the
  Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and
  Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,
  were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons
  in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom
  is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic
  supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all
  their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and
  the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the
  Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles,
  and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually
  decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished
  long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been
  attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued
  almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus.
  Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam,
  and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war;
  and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried
  away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by
  Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope,
  Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris,
  one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing
  his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man
  of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13
  days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such
  expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it
  was usual to call it Amazonian. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 311.
  ――_Jornandes_, _Getica_, ch. 7.――_Philostratus Major_, _Imagines_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 110.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14
  & 163.

=Amazŏnia=, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.――――The
  country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea.

=Amazŏnium=, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over
  the Amazons.

=Amazŏnius=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon.

=Ambarri=, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the
  Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Ambarvālia=, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour
  of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name
  celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other
  in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak
  leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their
  corn. The word is derived _ab ambiendis arvis_, going round the
  fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called _ambarvaliæ hostiæ_, were
  afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called
  _suovetaurilia_, from _sus_, _ovis_, and _taurus_. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 1,
  li. 19.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, ch. 141.

=Ambĕnus=, a mountain of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, ch. 85.

=Ambialītes=, a people of Gallia Celtica. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Ambiānum=, a town of Belgium, now _Amiens_. Its inhabitants conspired
  against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Ambiatīnum=, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was
  born. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 8.

=Ambigātus=, a king of the Celtæ, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus.
  Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews,
  Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new
  settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other
  towards Italy. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c.

=Ambiōrix=, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to
  Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius Cæsar, in which 60,000
  of his countrymen were slain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, chs.
  11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30.

=Ambivius=, a man mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.

=Amblada=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._

=Ambracia=, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king
  Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Polybius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 63.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ambracius Sinus=, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300
  stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia
  in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. _Polybius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 10.

=Ambri=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.

=Ambrōnes=, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the
  inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the
  word _Ambrones_ implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered
  by Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Ambrōsia=, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities
  in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.――――One
  of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death.
  ――――The food of the gods was called _ambrosia_, and their drink
  _nectar_. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving
  immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and
  of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife
  of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her
  by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia;
  and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their
  impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon
  earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in
  Homer’s Iliad, saves Sarpedon’s body from putrefaction, by rubbing
  it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in
  Virgil’s Æneid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair
  with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter,
  and Venus when she appeared to Æneas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1,
  14, 16, & 24.――_Lucian_, _de Dea Syria_.――_Catullus_, poem 100.――
  _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 407;
  bk. 12, li. 419.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, bk. 1,
  _Olympian_.

=Ambrosius=, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to
  make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and
  distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians.
  His three books, _de Officiis_, are still extant, besides eight
  hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction
  is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is
  diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best
  edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio,
  Paris, 1686.

=Ambrȳon=, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._

=Ambryssus=, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of
  the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.

=Ambūbājæ=, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute
  period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The
  name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 27.

=Ambulli=, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta.

=Ameles=, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain.
  ♦_Plato_, bk. 10, _Republic_.

      ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Amenanus=, a river of Sicily, near mount Ætna, now _Guidicello_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Amenīdes=, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander
  set him over the Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Amenŏcles=, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a
  three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Ameria=, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (_Amerinæ salices_) were
  famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 265.

=Amestrătus=, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged
  it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and
  the inhabitants were sold as slaves. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

=Amestris=, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated
  the mother of Artiante, her husband’s mistress, and cut off her
  nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried
  alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the
  earth. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.――――A daughter
  of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Amīda=, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of
  Persia. _Ammianus_, bk. 19.

=Amilcar=, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning,
  surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander,
  Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly
  transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. _Trogus_,
  bk. 21, ch. 6.――――A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to
  their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their
  city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for
  which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.――――A Carthaginian,
  surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in
  Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made
  with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged
  Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves
  so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained
  assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his
  son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation
  of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the
  Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of
  Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into
  execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the
  second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept
  three lions to devour the Roman power. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives
  of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 1.――_Polybius_,
  bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.――――A Carthaginian general,
  who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus
  Cornelius. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.――――A son of Hanno,
  defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated
  at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might
  not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c.

=Amĭlos=, or =Amĭlus=, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go
  to wash themselves by moonshine. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A town of
  Arcadia. _Pausanias_, _Arcadia_.

=Amimŏne=, or =Amymŏne=, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a
  fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.

=Amĭnea=, or =Amminea=, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are
  great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 2, li. 97.――――A place of Thessaly.

=Aminias=, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against
  Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 18.

=Aminius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.

=Aminŏcles=, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c.

=Amisēna=, a country of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Amisias=, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid
  verses.

=Amissas=, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander’s army. _Curtius_,
  bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Amiternum=, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The
  inhabitants assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 710.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.

=Amithāon=, or =Amythāon=, was father to Melampus the famous prophet.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 451.

=Ammālo=, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece.

=Ammiānus.= _See:_ Marcellinus.

=Ammon= and =Hammon=, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He
  appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to
  others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest
  extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed
  him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father,
  under the name of Jupiter Ammon, _i.e._ _sandy_, with the horns of
  a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The
  temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days’
  journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according
  to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the
  time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt,
  and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people
  were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was
  consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced
  Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its
  long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was
  scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and
  according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 310,――_Lucretius_,
  bk. 6, li. 147,――_Herodotus_, _Melpomene_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7,
  there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and
  midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above
  100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles.
  There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthiopia. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 11, & 17.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu
  Oraculorum_, & _Iside et Osiride_.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10,
  ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4,
  ch. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 133; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.――――A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He
  gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to _Diodorus_,
  bk. 8.

=Ammon= and =Brothas=, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.

=Ammōnia=, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Ammōnii=, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the
  Egyptians and Æthiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of
  the two people from whom they were descended. _Herodotus_, bks. 2,
  3, & 4.

=Ammōnius=, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic
  philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils
  Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, Περι Ὁμοιων, was published in
  4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.――――A writer who gave an account of
  sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 13.――――An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Ammothea=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Amnias=, a river of Bithynia. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.

=Amnīsus=, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small
  river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs
  of the place were called Amnisiades. _Callimachus._

=Amœbæus=, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the
  nuptials of Demetrius and Nicæa. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Amomētus=, a Greek historian. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Amor=, the son of Venus, was the god of love. _See:_ Cupido.

=Amorges=, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 121.

=Amorgos=, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Ampĕlus=, a promontory of Samos.――――A town of Crete,――――of
  Macedonia,――――of Liguria,――――and Cyrene.――――A favourite of Bacchus,
  son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.

=Ampelūsia=, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  chs. 5 & 6.

=Amphēa=, a city of Messenia, taken by the Lacedæmonians. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Amphialāus=, a famous dancer in the island of the Phæacians. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 8.

=Amphiănax=, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Prœtus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Amphiarāus=, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo
  by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and
  accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for
  his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of
  Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos,
  by whom he had two sons, Alcmæon and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at
  the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus
  secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an
  expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who
  knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray
  him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous
  golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered,
  went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcmæon to put to
  death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was
  killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was
  swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire
  from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcmæon, who
  immediately executed his father’s command, and murdered Eriphyle.
  Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated
  temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white
  marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever
  held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been
  delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which
  they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who
  consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and
  abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after
  which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon
  the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a
  dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_,
  mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the
  time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master,
  who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when
  asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided
  him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when
  he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of
  Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which
  he received on the head. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
  ――_Philostratus_, _Lives_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 70, 73, 128,
  & 150.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, bk. 9, fable 10.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.――_Aeschylus_,
  _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3,
  ch. 6, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Amphiarāĭdes=, a patronymic of Alcmæon as being son of Amphiaraus.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.

=Amphicrătes=, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Amphictyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after
  Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams,
  and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age.
  _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The son of Helenus, who first established
  the celebrated council of the _Amphictyons_, composed of the wisest
  and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly
  consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states:
  the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœotians, Magnesians, Phthians,
  Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people
  of Œta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their
  citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of
  Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They
  generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at
  Thermopylæ. They took into consideration all matters of difference
  which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the
  Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared
  war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of
  Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the
  Lacedæmonians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the
  council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in
  their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60
  years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the
  Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in
  all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the
  Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh
  into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed
  in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were
  held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce
  them. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_ & _Achaia_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Suidas._
  ――_Hesychius._――_Aeschines._

=Amphiclea=, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple.

=Amphidāmus=, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the
  family of the Inachidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the
  Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 376.――――A son of Busiris, killed
  by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Amphidrŏmia=, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the
  fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to _run
  round_ the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the
  festivals.

=Amphigenīa=, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 4, li. 178.

=Amphilŏchus=, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war,
  he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of
  Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――An Athenian
  philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_,
  bk. 1.

=Amphily̆tus=, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to
  seize the sovereign power of Athens. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 62.

=Amphimăche=, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Amphimăchus=, one of Helen’s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the
  Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――A
  son of Actor and Theronice. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Amphimĕdon=, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 75.――――One of Penelope’s suitors,
  killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.

=Amphinŏme=, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 44.

=Amphinŏmus=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bks. 16 & 22.

=Amphinŏmus= and =Anapius=, two brothers, who, when Catana and the
  neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount Ætna,
  saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said,
  spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to
  reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island
  of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
  li. 197.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.

=Amphīon=, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had
  married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce.
  Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron,
  where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the
  two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd.
  _See:_ Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made
  such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the
  inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound
  of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He
  was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion
  united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from
  the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to
  death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged
  her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion’s
  moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his
  lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his
  eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and
  build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their
  enemies. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs.
  5 & 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5
  & 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_,
  bk. 3, li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11; _Art of Poetry_, li.
  394.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 10.――――A son of Jasus king
  of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe
  daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was
  Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists
  with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them
  both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of
  Amphion’s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex;
  according to Ælian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males
  and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more
  deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except
  Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe
  herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a
  fit of despair. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  fable 5.――――One of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A famous
  painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
  ch. 10.――――One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 692.

=Amphipŏles=, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the
  expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300
  years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Amphipŏlis=, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace.
  An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient
  inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city,
  which they called Amphipolis, _i.e._ a town surrounded on all sides,
  because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called
  Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause
  of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.――
  _Diodorus_, bks. 11, 12, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.

=Amphipy̆ros=, a surname of Diana, because she carries a _torch_ in
  _both_ her hands. _Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.

=Amphirētus=, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who
  had made him prisoner. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Amphiroe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 361.

=Amphis=, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates,
  contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces,
  which are now lost. _Suidas._――_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Amphisbæna=, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite
  was venomous and deadly. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 719.

=Amphissa=, or =Issa=, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She
  gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple
  of Minerva. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
  li. 703.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.――――A town of the Brutii on the
  east coast.

=Amphissēne=, a country of Armenia.

=Amphissus=, a son of Dryope. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.

=Amphisthĕnes=, a Lacedæmonian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to
  Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Amphistīdes=, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he
  seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn
  arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4.
  _Aristotle_, _Problemata_, bk. 4.

=Amphistrătus= and =Rhecas=, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor
  and Pollux. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.

=Amphitea=, the mother of Ægialeus by Cyanippus, and of three
  daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and Ægialea, by Adrastus king of Argos.
  She was daughter to Pronax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The wife of
  Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 416.

=Amphitheātrum=, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the
  people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts,
  and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally
  built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with
  stones, under Augustus.

=Amphithĕmis=, a Theban general, who involved the Lacedæmonians into
  a war with his country. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.

=Amphithoe=, one of the Nereides.

=Amphītrīte=, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though
  she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton,
  one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple
  of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken
  for the sea itself. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 930.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu
  Proserpinæ_, bk. 1, li. 104.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 14.――――One of the Nereides.

=Amphĭtryon=, a Theban prince, son of Alcæus and Hipponome. His sister
  Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycenæ, whose sons were killed
  in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and
  daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon
  the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on
  condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained
  a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena,
  borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and
  introduced himself to Electryon’s daughter as her husband returned
  victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and
  of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. _See:_ Alcmena. When
  Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon
  the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows
  having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together,
  threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded
  with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After
  this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon’s brother, seized the
  kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and
  retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of
  the murder. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 213.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of
  Heracles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 29.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Amphitryōniădes=, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of
  Amphitryon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 103.

=Amphitus=, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 5.

=Amphotĕrus=, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son of Alcmæon.

=Amphrȳsus=, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished
  from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance
  the god has been called _Amphryssius_, and his priestess
  _Amphryssia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 6, li. 367.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 2; _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 398.――――A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable
  to barrenness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.

=Ampia Labiena lex=, was enacted by Titus Ampius and ♦Titus Labienus,
  tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the
  privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown
  at the Circensian games, and with a prætexta and golden crown at
  theatrical plays.

      ♦ ‘A.’ replaced with ‘Titus’

=Ampracia=. _See:_ Ambracia.

=Ampysĭdes=, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 316.

=Ampyx=, a son of Pelias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――A man
  mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 184.――――The father
  of Mopsus. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Amsactus=, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of
  Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy
  whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that
  Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to
  the upper regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 565.――_Cicero_,
  _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Amūlius=, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother
  to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but
  Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus,
  and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta,
  to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these
  precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth
  twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered
  the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which
  enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into
  the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or,
  as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years
  of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored
  the crown to their grandfather. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 67.――
  _Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A celebrated painter.
  _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Amy̆ci Portus=, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king
  of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs,
  as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon
  dissensions among the sailors. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Arrian._

=Amy̆cla=, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibœa, was
  spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――Homer says that all the daughters
  perished. _Iliad_, bk. 24. _See:_ Niobe.――――The nurse of Alcibiades.

=Amy̆clæ=, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by
  the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict
  followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained
  from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious
  to destroy, though in their own defence. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 29.
  Once a report prevailed in Amyclæ that the enemies were coming to
  storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such
  a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one
  mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was
  easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of _tacitæ_ has
  been given to Amyclæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 564.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 529.――――A city of Peloponnesus, built by
  Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous
  for dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a rich and magnificent temple
  there, surrounded with delightful groves. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 223.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 345.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 5.

=Amyclæus=, a statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.――――A surname of
  Apollo.

=Amyclas=, son of Lacedæmon and Sparta, built the city of Amyclæ.
  His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had
  Danae. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.――――The master of a
  ship in which Cæsar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put
  back to avoid a violent storm, Cæsar, unveiling his head, discovered
  himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, _Cæsarem
  vehis, Cæsarisque fortunam_. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 520.

=Amy̆cus=, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others,
  was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the
  management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial
  of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on
  his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted
  his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by
  fraud. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, _Argonautica_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
  poem 22.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the companions of
  Æneas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He
  was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9,
  li. 772.――――Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Ibis_, bk. 12,
  li. 509.――――A son of Ixion and the cloud.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 245.

=Amy̆don=, a city of Pæonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to
  Priam during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Amȳmōne=, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son
  of Ægyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials.
  She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag.
  The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune
  delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50
  sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in
  hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her
  father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought.
  Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He
  carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a
  fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone.
  She had Nauplius by Neptune. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
  37.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 169.――――A
  fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into
  the lake of Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.

=Amyntas I.=, was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son
  Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton
  and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father’s court. Bubares,
  a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of
  the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king’s
  daughter, and defended his possessions. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.
  ――_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, & 8.――――The second of that name was son
  of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias.
  He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians
  and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and
  lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life;
  but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters
  by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander
  the Great’s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had
  Archelaus, Aridæus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon
  after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and
  ascended the throne.――_Justin_, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 14, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――There
  is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life
  few particulars are recorded in history.――――A man who succeeded
  Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogræcia. After his death it
  became a Roman province under Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――One
  of Alexander’s officers.――――Another officer who deserted to Darius,
  and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.――――A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia,
  because he hated Alexander.――――An officer in Alexander’s cavalry.
  He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a
  conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with
  Philotas, and acquitted. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9;
  bk. 8, ch. 12.――――A shepherd’s name in Virgil’s _Eclogues_.――――A
  Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athenæus, 10 & 12.

=Amyntiānus=, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a
  treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.

=Amyntor=, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son
  Phœnix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had
  offered to Clytia his concubine. _Hyginus_, fable 173.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 307.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A general of the Dolopes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 364.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by Damone the first
  night of his marriage. _Hyginus_, fable 170.

=Amyris=, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi
  concerning the probable duration of his country’s prosperity, &c.

=Amyrīcus Campus=, a plain of Thessaly. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Amyrius=, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. _Ctesias._

=Amy̆rus=, a town of Thessaly.――――A river mentioned by _Valerius
  Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 11.

=Amystis=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_.

=Amythāon=, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married
  Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father’s death,
  he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and
  re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called
  _Amythaonius_, from his father Amythaon. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 3, li. 550.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the
  Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.

=Amytis=, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. _Ctesias._――――A
  daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by
  her debaucheries.

=Anăces=, or =Anactes=, a name given to Castor and Pollux among
  the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Anacharsis=, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of
  his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one
  of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart
  instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which
  can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior
  force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens,
  where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of
  Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians,
  which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that
  he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous
  among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the
  laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Crœsus and Hanno are
  still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention
  of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter’s wheel. The name of
  Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant,
  valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels
  of Anacharsis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.――_Plutarch_,
  _Quæstiones Convivales_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
  ch. 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Anacium=, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in
  Peloponnesus. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Anacreon=, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by
  Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious
  and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply
  enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant,
  and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the
  admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and,
  after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with
  a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from
  an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens,
  was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of
  Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every
  mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C.
  All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published
  by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions
  of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which
  only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes,
  12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck,
  12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Horace_, epode 14,
  li. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 121.

=Anactoria= and =Anactorium=, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards
  the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was
  the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians.
  Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after
  the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1,
  ch. 55.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.――――An ancient name
  of Miletus.

=Anactŏrie=, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. _Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 17.

=Anadyomĕne=, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from
  the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple
  of Julius Cæsar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and
  there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. _Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Anagnia=, now _Anagni_, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where
  Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 684.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 392.

=Anagogia=, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in
  honour of Venus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15; _Natura
  Animalium_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Anagyrontum=, a small village of Attica. _Herodotus._

=Anaītis=, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated
  to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public
  prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa;
  and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony,
  and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was
  concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance.
  They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the
  Sacæ, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that
  he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food
  to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them.
  _Strabo._――――Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians.
  _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 4.

=Ananias=, an Iambic poet. _Athenæus._

=Anăphe=, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this
  name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly
  saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaphæus.
  _Apollonius._

=Anaphlystus=, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after
  an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Trœzen.――――A small
  village near Athens.

=Anāpus=, a river of Epirus. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 82.――――Of Sicily,
  near Syracuse. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 96.

=Anartes=, a people of Lower Pannonia. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
  ch. 25.

=Anas=, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Anatŏle=, one of the Horæ. _Hyginus_, fable 183.――――A mountain near
  the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia.

=Anauchĭdas=, a Samian wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Anaurus=, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where
  Jason lost one of his sandals. _Callimachus_, _Diana [Artemis]_.――――A
  river of Troas near Ida. _Colluthus._

=Anausis=, one of Medea’s suitors, killed by Styrus. _Valerius
  Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 43.

=Anax=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus
  has been called Anactoria. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Anaxagŏras=, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos.
  He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured
  the women of Argos of madness. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A
  Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes
  and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and
  honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy.
  He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and
  predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it
  is said really fell into the river Ægos. Anaxagoras travelled into
  Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of
  wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils,
  and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him
  from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning
  the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was
  inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the
  moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the
  earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned
  to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been
  pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should
  be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that
  led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as
  the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully
  for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment.
  In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the
  circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the
  circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his
  death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him,
  “Yes,” said he, “let the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary
  of my death.” This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated
  to relaxation, was called _Anaxagoreia_. He died at Lampsacus in
  his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his
  pupil Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_ & _Pericles_.――_Cicero_, _Academicæ
  quaestiones_, bk. 4, ch. 23; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1,
  ch. 43.――――A statuary of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――A
  grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator,
  disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Echeanox, who,
  with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of
  Ephesus.

=Anaxander=, of the family of the Heraclidæ, was son of Eurycrates
  and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign,
  in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son
  was called Eurycrates. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 204.――_Plutarch_,
  _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs.
  15 & 16.――――A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.

=Anaxandrĭdes=, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas,
  was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife,
  of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he
  was the first Lacedæmonian who had two wives. _Herodotus_, bks. 1,
  5, & 7.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.――――A son of Theopompus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch.
  131.――――A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander.
  He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the
  stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to
  pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed
  about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of
  his poetry remain in Athenæus. He was starved to death by order of
  the Athenians, for satirizing their government. _Aristotle_, bk. 3,
  _Rhetoric_.

=Anaxarchus=, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of
  Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been
  wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding,
  “That is human blood, and not the blood of a god.” The freedom of
  Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander’s death, the
  tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a
  stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation,
  and exclaimed, “Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not
  pound his soul.” Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue,
  and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the
  tyrant’s face. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 571.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium
  Septem Sapientium_, ch. 7.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent
  Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
  ――――A Theban general. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 100.

=Anaxarĕte=, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the
  addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung
  himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or
  pity, and was changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 748.

=Anaxēnor=, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and
  presented with the tribute of four cities. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Anaxias=, a Theban general. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Anaxibia=, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two
  daughters by Nestor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――――A daughter of
  Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king
  of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters――Pisidice,
  Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――She
  is called daughter of Dymas by _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Anaxicrătes=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 23.

=Anaxidămus=, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Anaxĭlas= and =Anaxĭlaus=, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took
  Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he
  died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his
  servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt
  from their benevolent sovereign’s children. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6,
  ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.――――A magician
  of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.――――A Pythagorean
  philosopher.――――A physician. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 1.――――An historian,
  who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A Lacedæmonian. _Plutarch_,
  _Alcibiades_.――――A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad.

=Anaxilĭdes=, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and
  mentioned that Plato’s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the
  god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of
  wisdom. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_.

=Anaximander=, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of
  Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the
  earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of
  earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun;
  that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the
  sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28
  times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and
  sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. _Cicero_,
  _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
  of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 70.――_Plutarch_,
  _Quæstiones Convivales_. He had a son who bore his name. _Strabo_,
  bk. 1.

=Anaximĕnes=, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of
  Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air
  was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity,
  and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the
  earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a
  solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails,
  an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the
  proverb, τι εἰ οὐρανος ἐμπεσοι, _if the heavens should fall?_ to
  which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, _Odes_, poem 3, li. 7. He died
  504 years B.C. _Cicero_, _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 76.――――A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles.
  He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the
  Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history.
  When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all
  the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long
  siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease
  the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the
  favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king
  to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful
  request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides
  the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in
  12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an
  account of ancient paintings. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of Eminent
  Philosophers_.

=Anaxipŏlis=, a comic poet of Thasos. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 14.――――A
  writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos.

=Anaxippus=, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say,
  that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in
  their actions. _Athenæus._

=Anaxirrhoe=, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Anaxis=, a Bœotian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of
  Philip son of Amyntas. _Diodorus_, bk. 25.――――A son of Castor and
  Hilaira.

=Anaxo=, a virgin of Trœzene carried away by Theseus. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.

=Ancæus=, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of
  the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which
  he perished. _Hyginus_, fables 173 & 248.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8.――――The son of Neptune and Astypalæa. He went with the
  Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He
  reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the Mæander,
  by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and
  one daughter called Parthenope. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. He was once
  told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his
  vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He
  had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince
  him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction,
  uttered this well-known proverb:

     Πολλα μεταξυ πελει κυλικος και χειλεος ακρου.
    _Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra._

  At that very moment Ancæus was told that a wild boar had entered his
  vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away
  the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.

=Ancalītes=, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Ancarius=, a god of the Jews. _See:_ Anchialus.

=Ancharia=, a family of Rome.――――The name of Octavia’s mother.
_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Ancharius=, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during
  the civil wars with Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Anchemŏlus=, son of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished
  his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father.
  He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the
  wars of Æneas against the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 389.

=Anchesītes=, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

=Anchesmus=, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter _Anchesmius_ had a
  statue.

=Anchiăle= and =Anchiala=, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia.
  Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in
  its neighbourhood, in one day. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which
  was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great
  intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There
  was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of
  Apollo. There was another in Epirus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem
  10, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Anchiălus=, a famous astrologer.――――A great warrior, father of Mentes.
  ――――One of the Phæacians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A god of the Jews,
  as some suppose, in _Martial’s_ epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.

=Anchimolius=, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratidæ, and
  killed in the expedition. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――A son of
  Rhœtus. _See:_ Anchemolus.

=Anchinoe=, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Anchion=. _See:_ Chion.

=Anchīse=, a city of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Anchīses=, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of
  such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on
  mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess
  became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he
  had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which
  Venus brought forth was called Æneas; he was educated as soon as
  born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted
  to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was
  become so infirm that Æneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take
  away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames
  upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son
  in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year
  of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by Æneas and Acestes king
  of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards
  celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors
  have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus,
  and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida,
  upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds
  he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only
  weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the
  Æneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the
  fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants
  the Romans. _See:_ Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――
  _Hyginus_, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1010.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 34.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 20, & _Hymn to Aphrodite_.――_Xenophon_, _On Hunting_,
  ch. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, _Roman Antiquities_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a
  mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia.
  ――――An Athenian archon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.

=Anchīsia=, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a
  monument of Anchises. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.

=Anchīsiădes=, a patronymic of Æneas, as being the son of Anchises.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.

=Anchoe=, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a
  lake of the same name. _Strabo._

=Anchŏra=, a fortified place in Galatia.

=Anchūrus=, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for
  the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up
  many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer,
  that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it
  whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many
  things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus,
  thinking himself the most precious of his father’s possessions, took
  a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth,
  which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar
  of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he
  turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods.
  This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Ancīle= and =Ancy̆le=, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman
  authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman
  people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this
  shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa
  ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any
  attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it
  difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such
  exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist,
  whatever reward he desired. _See:_ Mamurius. They were kept in
  the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch
  over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in
  number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields
  in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing
  praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days,
  during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed
  unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any
  expedition; and _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, has attributed the
  unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his
  leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These
  two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is
  applied to these shields:

      _Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est,
       Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest._

                                _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 377, &c.

  _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 124.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 664.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Ancon= and =Ancōna=, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with
  a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (ἀγχων), on the shores
  of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto,
  supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air
  by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Judæa, where it was a cottage,
  inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has
  often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 402.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 437.

=Ancus Martius=, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his
  daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes,
  Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to
  the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine
  within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman
  territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the
  mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the
  moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and
  was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 815.

=Ancȳræ=, a town of Sicily.――――A town of Phrygia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Anda=, a city of Africa. _Polybius._

=Andabătæ=, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the
  proverb, _Andabatarum more_, to denote rash and inconsiderate
  measures. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 10.

=Andania=, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of
  the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Andegavia=, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41.

=Andēra=, a town of Phrygia.

=Andes=, a nation among the Celtæ, whose chief town is now _Anjou_.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A village of Italy, near
  Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence _Andinus_. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 595.

=Andocĭdes=, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the
  age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most
  illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity
  always restored him to favour. _Plutarch_ has written his life in
  _Lives of the Ten Orators_. Four of his orations are extant.

=Andomătis=, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Andræmon=, the father of Thoas. _Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The son-in-law
  and successor of Œneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Andragrathius=, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.

=Andragrăthus=, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Andragŏras=, a man who died a sudden death. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 53.

=Andramy̆les=, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of
  them as eunuchs. _Athenæus._

=Andrēas=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――――A man
  of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that
  had happened in Sicily. _Athenæus._――――A son of the Peneus. Part of
  Bœotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called _Andreis_
  after him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.

=Andriclus=, a mountain of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of
  Troas, falling into the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Andriscus=, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. _Athenæus_, bk. 1.
  ――――A worthless person called _Pseudophilippus_, on account of the
  likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians
  to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by
  Metellus, 152 B.C. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Androbius=, a famous painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Androclēa=, a daughter of Antipœnus of Thebes. She, with her sister
  Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the
  oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged
  in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted
  himself for the glory of his nation. Antipœnus refused to do it,
  and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours
  after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated
  to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Andrōcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.

=Androclīdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against
  the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one
  of his enemies.――――A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an
  account of philosophers.

=Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus
  and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Androcy̆des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:
  ――_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terræ, sicuti
  venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5.

=Androdămus.= _See:_ Andromadas.

=Andrōdus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion
  whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Andrŏgeos=, a Greek, killed by Æneas and his friends, whom he took to
  be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 371.

=Andrŏgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in
  wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a
  favourite of the people, that Ægeus king of the country grew jealous
  of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going
  to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon.
  Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his
  son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that Ægeus
  sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to
  be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians
  established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and
  called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1
  & 27.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.

=Androgy̆næ=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every
  one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex;
  and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of
  a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Andrŏmăche=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married
  Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She
  was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her
  own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in
  her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to
  a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best,
  most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer’s Iliad. She
  received the news of her husband’s death with extreme sorrow; and
  after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son
  Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong
  from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had
  killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division
  of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,
  who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had
  by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards
  repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam,
  who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over
  part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say
  that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus
  put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.――_Quintus
  Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 486.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 123.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,
  poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Andromachidæ=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins
  who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he
  pleased.

=Andromăchus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian
  Timæus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering
  the liberty of the Syracusans.――――A general of Alexander, to whom
  Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the
  Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.――――An officer of Seleucus
  the younger. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――A poet of Byzantium.――――A
  physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.――――A sophist of Naples, in
  the age of Diocletian.

=Andromădus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for
  the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._

=Andrŏmĕda=, a daughter of Cepheus king of Æthiopia by Cassiope. She
  was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned
  the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because
  Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides.
  The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop
  the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea
  monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment
  that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned
  through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was
  captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy
  the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his
  trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster
  into a rock, by showing him Medusa’s head, and untied Andromeda and
  married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus,
  Ancæus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus
  was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed
  into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a
  constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus.
  _Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.――――According to _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Judæa that Andromeda was tied on a rock.
  He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which
  she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully
  preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been
  explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a
  ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the
  interposition of another more faithful lover.

=Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya
  without drink. ♦_Aristotle’s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in
  Apollonius] “Historiæ Mirabiles”.――――A man set over the citadel
  of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and
  revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him
  to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to
  rebellion. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A man of Halicarnassus, who
  composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A native
  of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man of Argos.――――Another of Alexandria,
  &c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Historiæ Mirabiles_, ch. 25.
  ――_Athenæus._

      ♦ reference edited for clarity

=Andronīcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius.

=Andronīcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished
  59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works
  of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best
  edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_,
  _Sulla_.――――A Latin poet in the age of Cæsar.――――A Latin grammarian,
  whose life Suetonius has written.――――A king of Lydia, surnamed
  Alpyus.――――One of Alexander’s officers.――――One of the officers of
  Antiochus Epiphanes.――――An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble
  octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top
  of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing
  always to the side whence the wind blew.

=Androphăgi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  chs. 18, 102.

=Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Andros=, an island in the Ægean sea, known by the different names
  of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief
  town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a
  temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January,
  tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of
  Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 80.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
  ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Androsthĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, sent with a ship on the
  coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A
  governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was
  conquered by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.――――A
  statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A geographer in
  the age of Alexander.

=Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise
  on agriculture. _Pliny._――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Anerastus=, a king of Gaul.

=Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._

=Anemōsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_.

=Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury.

=Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo’s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Angĕlus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is
  unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Angītes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 113.

=Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as
  being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name.
  _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake
  Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the
  inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power
  over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends
  advised her to marry again. “No,” said she, “if I marry a man
  as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for
  his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and
  indulgent one?”

=Anicētus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A freedman who directed the education of
  Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.

=Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of
  the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.――――A
  relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._

=Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.

=Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius,
  and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.――――A consul with Cornelius
  Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.――――Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth
  century, famous for his humanity.

=Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the
  wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters
  unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs
  of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through
  the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five
  miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose,
  from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he
  could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_,
  bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de
  Fortuna Romanorum_.

=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between
  Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.

=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father
  of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and
  Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever
  they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the
  Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with
  provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into
  doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 80.

=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals.
  She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of
  Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas
  had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked
  on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for
  the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia
  the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was
  shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by
  her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which
  she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to
  call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under
  the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and
  the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their
  natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the
  15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain
  a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_.
  Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat
  annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus,
  and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that
  Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman
  populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes
  every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was
  re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called
  Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was
  become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
  lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for
  the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor
  of the east. The character of this history is not very high for
  authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in
  the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative,
  as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science
  betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best
  edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

=Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ,
  Flori, &c.

=Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the
  important events of every year in a state, without entering into the
  causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered
  in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals
  was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they
  have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_,
  who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

=Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen
  could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law
  originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be
  a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular
  power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

=Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.

=Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was
  educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to
  the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old,
  and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never
  would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he
  was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon
  the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the
  armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age.
  In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of
  Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after
  a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans,
  and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal
  prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a
  consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he
  sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head
  of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000
  foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot
  and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which
  were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over
  before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top
  in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed
  his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way
  so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his
  armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty,
  where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in
  safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy;
  and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius,
  near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and
  invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near
  the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo
  Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000
  foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated
  battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,
  000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the
  dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage
  three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman
  knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the
  battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded
  amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some
  writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when
  at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of
  ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in
  the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he
  retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to
  conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that
  circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was
  a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became
  more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied
  the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look
  for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field,
  first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many
  important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be
  carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and
  Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put
  it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she
  recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have
  left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he
  had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his
  own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which
  neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined
  to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama:
  Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed,
  and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the
  day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans
  granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards
  Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled
  to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against
  Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted
  the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who
  granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal
  enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left
  the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He
  encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in
  weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance
  with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was
  in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was
  Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was
  unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but
  at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated
  him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was
  besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took
  a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on
  his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus
  diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum
  censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182
  years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest
  generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death
  of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome;
  he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever
  endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also
  distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus,
  a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on
  different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom
  the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never
  attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as
  conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies,
  and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing
  in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears
  for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by
  saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to
  be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He
  was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia
  his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were
  secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever
  attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel
  for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who
  told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was
  a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he
  was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to
  the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory
  by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of
  the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so
  weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it.
  The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the
  battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the
  heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity
  of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of
  Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often
  blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had
  thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been
  conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy,
  Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with
  their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that
  the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans
  for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the
  battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo.
  The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander,
  that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that
  ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and
  places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain
  that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise
  from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him
  no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even
  raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian.
  Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is
  much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the
  tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks.
  21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3.
  ――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c.
  ――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The
  son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum,
  which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in
  their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of
  Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the
  birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_,
  _Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the
  Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was
  overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22
  & 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the
  consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross
  by his countrymen for his ill success.

=Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his
  skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the
  philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed
  his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by
  establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported
  that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring
  against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.

=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by
  Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent
  privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch.
  27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,”
  after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds
  lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic
  language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa.
  This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_,
  _Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for
  taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he
  wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This
  name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized
  themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome,
  and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.

=Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 216.

=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425,
  calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have
  played upon his name with some degree of severity.

=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
  ――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

=Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was
  far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had
  been taken captive. _Plutarch._

=Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so
  strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple
  to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules
  attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as
  often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air,
  and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.――
  _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88.
  ――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13,
  ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 561.

=Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian
  poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
  One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether
  Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of
  Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’
  ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual
  dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_
  & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he
  made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country,
  by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the
  Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_,
  bk. 22, ch. 7.

=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the
  Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction
  of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia.
  There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris
  sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before
  him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of
  sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly,
  obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.

=Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the
  name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus._

=Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during
  the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the
  Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of
  Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen
  and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan
  palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which,
  at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach
  made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of
  his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number
  of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them
  from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated
  into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua.
  His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed
  much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas,
  Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7,
  8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk.
  5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary.
  _Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country.
  _Ælian._

=Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all
  killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.

=Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was
  not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided
  over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and
  of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son
  Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another
  brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as
  Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings
  enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he
  found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance
  it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had
  a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced
  the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed,
  and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros
  are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another,
  to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness
  and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to
  inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful
  to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and
  reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the
  age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

=Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 30.

=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the
  chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery
  plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus
  and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch.
  22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.

=Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had
  a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.

=Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian
  Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria.
  _Strabo._

=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._

=Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.

=Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas.
  He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax,
  which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its
  countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with
  so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves,
  according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_,
  _de Musica_.――――A son of Neptune.

=Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine,
  who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers.
  _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――――Festivals of the same name
  were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called
  Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.

=Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They
  were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion,
  whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first
  was called Πιθοιγια, ἀπο του πιθους οἰγειν, because they _tapped_
  their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called Χοες, from the
  measure χοα, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in
  commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of
  his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion
  king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink
  by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them
  before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day
  to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best
  drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and
  with a cask of wine. The third day was called χυτροι from χυτρα,
  a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed
  sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the
  permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at
  the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, Θυραζε, Καρες, ουκ ετ’
  Ἀνθεστηρια, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an
  end. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Anthēus=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.――――One of the
  companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 514.

=Anthīa=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the
  people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 47.――――A town. _See:_ Anthea.――――A daughter of Thespius,
  mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas.

=Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius.

=Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A city of Italy.

=Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had
  also a statue at Patræ.

=Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.

=Anthōres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled
  in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 778.

=Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid
  snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Anthropophăgi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They
  lived near the country of the Massagetæ. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12;
  bk. 6, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It
  maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according
  to _Athenæus_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its
  particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who
  afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness
  of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy,
  but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Antianīra=, the mother of Echion.

=Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.――――A
  poet. _See:_ Furius.

=Anticlēa=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who
  was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of Æolus to enjoy the
  favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses
  when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless
  the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said
  that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her
  son’s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.――_Hyginus_, fables 201,
  243.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.――――A woman who had Periphetes by
  Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Diocles, who married
  Machaon the son of Æsculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and
  Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Antĭcles=, an Athenian archon.――――A man who conspired against
  Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――An Athenian
  victor at Olympia.

=Anticlīdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are
  often quoted by _Athenæus_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Anticrăgus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_,
  bk. 4.

=Anticrătes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general,
  at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Anticy̆ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near
  mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This
  plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly
  insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of
  Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune,
  who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the
  other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers,
  especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands
  of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li.
  300.――_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.――――A mistress of
  Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Antidŏmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of
  Perinthus.

=Antidŏtus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 11.

=Antigĕnes=, one of Alexander’s generals, publicly rewarded for his
  valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Antigenĭdas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus.
  He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace.
  _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97.

=Antigŏna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_.

=Antigŏne=, a daughter of Œdipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta.
  She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive
  orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried
  alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed;
  and Hæmon the king’s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had
  not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave.
  The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of
  Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first
  representation, that they presented the author with the government
  of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without
  interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72,
  243, 254.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,
  poem 3.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk.
  12, li. 350.――――A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly.
  _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of
  Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93.

=Antigŏnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――One
  of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 10.――――One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_,
  bk. 16.――――Another in Bithynia, called also Nicæa. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
  ――――Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 8.――――One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Antigŏnus=, one of Alexander’s generals, universally supposed to be
  the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander’s father. In the division
  of the provinces after the king’s death, he received Pamphylia,
  Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy
  Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made
  continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various
  fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards
  declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several
  engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus
  to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt.
  Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend
  Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy
  and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son
  of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of
  Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After
  this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander’s
  death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their
  example was followed by all the rest of Alexander’s generals. The
  power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy,
  Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him;
  yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as
  birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several
  victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds
  in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th
  year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all
  Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius
  lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death
  of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former
  possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law
  Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of
  the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the Ætolians, and
  was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself
  very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his
  officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave
  their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with
  punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised
  his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether
  he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 17, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bks. 13,
  14, & 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_,
  _Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.――――Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson
  to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to
  liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus,
  who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered
  Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son
  Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.――_Polybius._
  ――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――The guardian of his nephew Philip,
  the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped
  the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and
  giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged
  him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the Ætolians against
  the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving
  his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself
  by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans.
  _Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.
  ――――A son of Aristobulus king of Judæa, who obtained an army from
  the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women.
  With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the
  ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with
  the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death
  by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ &
  _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――Carystius, an historian in the age of
  Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus._――――A writer on agriculture.――――A
  statuary, who wrote on his profession.

=Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed
  in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.

=Antilibănus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which
  the Orontes flows. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Antilŏchus=, a king of Messenia.――――The eldest son of Nestor by
  Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed
  by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.――――A poet who wrote a
  panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver.
  _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――An historian commended by _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_.

=Antimăchus=, a lascivious person.――――An historian.――――A Greek poet
  and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise
  on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native
  of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large
  audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all
  retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato
  enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer
  in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry
  that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war;
  and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had
  filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain
  near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.――
  _Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
  li. 45.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Another poet of the same
  name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._――――A
  Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus
  and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons,
  Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.――――A son of Hercules by a daughter
  of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――――A native of Heliopolis,
  who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.

=Antimĕnes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her
  father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour
  of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where
  Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.

=Antinopŏlis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.

=Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was
  so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him,
  and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a
  constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the
  Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice
  as a victim, in honour of the emperor.――――A native of Ithaca, son of
  Eupeithes, and one of Penelope’s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in
  his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose
  advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he
  came to the palace in a beggar’s dress, and begged for bread, which
  Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered
  himself to Telemachus and Eumæus, he attacked the suitors, who were
  ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.

=Antiŏchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
  ――――A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty,
  greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus
  Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river
  Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne;
  whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia
  near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._――――A city called also Nisibis,
  in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.――――The capital
  of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.――――A city on mount
  Cragus.――――Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia
  on the west.――――Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.
  ――――Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.――――Another
  of Caria, on the river Meander.

=Antiŏchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus.
  ――――A tribe of Athens.

=Antiŏchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria
  in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus
  king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his
  father’s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered
  that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his
  stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause
  of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave
  Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause
  his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_,
  bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.――_Polybius_, bk. 4.
  ――_Appian._――――The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_)
  by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus,
  was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war
  which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace,
  he married Berenice, the daughter of the Ægyptian king. This so
  offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she
  poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to
  his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will,
  pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers,
  and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of
  Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was
  made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice
  placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son,
  246 years before the christian era. _Appian._――――The third of that
  name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king
  of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy
  Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and
  took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush
  his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of
  the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions.
  He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities
  implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his
  court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to
  find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his
  measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal,
  and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and
  pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being
  unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus
  in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed
  him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his
  character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron
  of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict,
  ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were
  consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus
  Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded
  him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans.
  _Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The fourth
  Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria,
  after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He
  destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called
  him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to
  plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite,
  and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty
  bags of money into the streets, to see the people’s eagerness to
  gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was
  fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he
  could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with
  such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate
  and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 34,
  ch. 3.――――The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father
  Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with
  the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated
  by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his
  own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34.
  ――_Josephus_, bk. 12.――――The sixth king of Syria was surnamed
  _Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him
  to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from
  Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people
  hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered
  him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_,
  bk. 13.――――The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In
  the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed
  himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He
  made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle
  which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian
  era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――――The
  eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of
  Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed
  by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he
  not discovered his mother’s artifice, and compelled her to drink the
  poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina,
  whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and
  was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years.
  _Justin_, bk. 39, &c.――_Josephus._――_Appian._――――The ninth, surnamed
  _Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his
  education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed
  the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Cœlosyria,
  part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew
  Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his
  hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed
  worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and
  tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful
  military engines. _Appian._――_Josephus._――――The tenth was ironically
  surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father
  and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled
  Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle
  which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians.
  _Josephus._――_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was
  torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers,
  who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his
  relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns
  either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At
  last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX.,
  was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus
  the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia
  from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him,
  and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon
  his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria
  became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished.
  _Justin_, bk. 40.――――A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his
  writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils,
  Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An
  historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other
  works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at
  the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A rich
  king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.――――A sophist who refused to take upon
  himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of
  his passions.――――A king conquered by Antony, &c. _Cæsar_, bk. 3,
  _Civil War_, bk. 4.――――A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.――――A
  commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by
  Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A writer of Alexandria, who
  published a treatise on comic poets. _Athenæus._――――A sceptic of
  Laodicea. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A learned sophist.
  _Philostratus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.――――A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_,
  bk. 11, ltr. 85.――――A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――――A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.――――A sculptor,
  said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the
  Ludovisi gardens at Rome.

=Antiŏpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved
  by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr.
  She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father,
  she fled to mount Cithæron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion
  and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were
  preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who
  married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which
  action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown
  to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish
  the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed
  Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though
  his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection;
  she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her
  hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented.
  Antiope, after many years’ imprisonment, obtained means to escape,
  and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon
  Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death,
  and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till
  she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope
  of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all
  over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion,
  who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7,
  says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been
  ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her
  repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married
  Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of
  Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped
  from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithæron. Some
  authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on
  the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1,
  li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the
  daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion
  and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, bk. 6,
  _Metamorphoses_, li. 110.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 3, poem 15.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 7, 8, & 155.――――A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of
  Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter of
  Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in
  marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte.
  ――――A daughter of Æolus, mother of Bœotus and Hellen by Neptune.
  _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus.
  _Hippolyte_, fable 14.

=Antiōrus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Antipăros=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Paros, from
  which it is about six miles distant.

=Antipăter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised
  to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander
  went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia,
  and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his
  king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into
  Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected
  of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After
  Alexander’s death his generals divided the empire among themselves,
  and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and
  chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander’s life, now burst forth
  with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received.
  The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships
  against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was
  attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and
  even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian
  general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune
  of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the
  siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from
  Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly.
  After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into Bœotia, and
  conquered the Ætolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the
  conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged
  in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them.
  Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion,
  and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators
  Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds
  of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war.
  The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed
  in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use
  of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first
  who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that
  time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated
  the Ætolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave
  assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to
  _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed
  Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest
  of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that
  he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything
  might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander,
  he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But
  Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his
  father’s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself
  absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.――_Justin_, bks. 11,
  12, 13, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.――――A
  son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus.
  He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to
  succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother,
  solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established
  between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after
  Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294
  B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.――――A king of Macedonia, who reigned
  only 45 days, 277 B.C.――――A king of Cilicia.――――A powerful prince,
  father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Judæa by Cæsar, whom
  he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._――――An Athenian
  archon.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers, who conspired against
  his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――――A celebrated
  sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor
  Severus.――――A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.――――A poet
  of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any
  subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams.
  He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last
  he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams
  are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de
  Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4.――――A philosopher
  of Phœnicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A
  Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two
  books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_,
  bk. 1, ch. 3; _Quæstiones Academicæ_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_,
  bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of
  letters.――――A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.

=Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Antipatrĭdas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Antipătris=, a city of Palestine.

=Antiphănes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 17.――――A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote
  above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall
  of an apple upon his head.――――A physician of Delos, who used to say
  that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten.
  _Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus._

=Antiphătes=, a king of the Læstrygones, descended from Lamus, who
  founded Formiæ. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts,
  and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one
  of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with
  stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 14, li. 232.――――A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 696.――――The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A
  man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
  li. 191.

=Antiphĭli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea.
  _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Antiphĭlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of
  Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A noble painter who
  represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which
  the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by
  birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Antĭphon=, a poet.――――A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his
  eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his
  name, are supposititious.――――An orator who promised Philip king of
  Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which
  he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_,
  _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_.
  ――――A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athenæus._――――An author who
  wrote a treatise on peacocks.――――A rich man introduced by Xenophon
  as disputing with Socrates.――――An Athenian who interpreted dreams,
  and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks.
  1 & 2.――――A foolish rhetorician.――――A poet of Attica, who wrote
  tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death
  because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by
  the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, “That with which
  the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.” _Plutarch._
  ――_Aristotle._

=Antiphŏnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of
  Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.

=Antĭphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.
  ――――A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan
  war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.――――An intimate
  friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.――――A brother of
  Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers
  murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered
  violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The
  poet’s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of
  the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.

=Antipœnus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for
  the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.

=Antipŏlis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Antirrhium=, a promontory of Ætolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus,
  whence the name.

=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.――――An island near it. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.

=Antisthĕnes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a
  Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the
  famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his
  school, and told his pupils, “Go seek for yourselves a master; I
  have now found one.” He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic
  philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught
  him. “To live with myself,” said he. He sold his all, and preserved
  only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and
  tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress
  too far, “Antisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy
  coat.” Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended
  suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity
  were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical
  character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes
  flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――――A disciple
  of Heraclitus.――――An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the
  liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed
  with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.――_Suetonius_,
  _Augustus_, ch. 54.――――Petro of Gabii, was the author of a
  celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of
  Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――Caius
  Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gaul War_, bks.
  6 & 7.――――A soldier of Pompey’s army, so confident of his valour,
  that he challenged all the adherents of Cæsar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25,
  _Spanish War_.

=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a
  north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the
  Euphrates.

=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according
  to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32
  miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made
  war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and
  carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the
  Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This
  town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when
  consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different
  signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Antomĕnes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates
  with regal authority were chosen annually.

=Antōnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710.
  It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by
  taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests,
  and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally
  belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 703.
  It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two
  former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.――――Another by the same. It allowed an
  appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_,
  or of perfidious measures against the state.――――Another by the same,
  during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever
  after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of
  the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.

=Antōnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married
  Domitius Ænobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.
  ――――A sister of Germanicus.――――A daughter of Claudius and Ælia
  Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for
  her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
  11.――――The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius.
  She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula’s father,
  Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very
  early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the
  education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson
  Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in
  honour of Marcus Antony.

=Antōnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to
  derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_,
  _Antonius_ informs us.

=Antonīna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.

=Antonīnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian,
  to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues
  that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt
  whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In
  cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and
  supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors
  of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no
  opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his
  conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity,
  and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him.
  When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, “I prefer the
  life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.”
  He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his
  life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were
  easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia,
  he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility
  obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when
  Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired
  to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of
  being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman
  province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of
  Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only
  repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He
  died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D.
  161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,
  surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He
  raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose
  voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation
  of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and
  Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled
  τα καθ’ ἑαυτον, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which
  are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been
  finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him
  eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years
  and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._――――Bassianus Caracalla, son of the
  emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He
  killed his brother Geta in his mother’s arms, and attempted to
  destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was
  one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother,
  and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of
  Alexandria to say, that he was an Œdipus, and his wife a Jocasta.
  This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill
  language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming
  the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror
  of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa
  by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His
  body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.
  ――――There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter
  Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus,
  though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose
  age is unknown.

=Antoniopŏlis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.

=Marcus Antōnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome.
  Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never
  asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the
  liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_,
  ch. 7.――――An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name.
  He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in
  the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
  121.――――Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by
  means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office
  of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean,
  with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering
  the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart.
  _Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.――――Caius, a son of the
  orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and
  plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus,
  and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies,
  and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.――――Caius,
  son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to
  destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as
  his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He
  was accused at his return, and banished.――――Marcus, the triumvir,
  was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius,
  surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and
  tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his
  ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against
  Cicero, which arose from Cicero’s having put to death Cornelius
  Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy. This Lentulus
  had married Antonius’s mother after his father’s death. When the
  senate was torn by the factions of Pompey’s and Cæsar’s adherents,
  Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their
  armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with
  success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cæsar, and
  advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment,
  he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according
  to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of
  the Roman people. When Cæsar was assassinated in the senate house,
  his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate
  himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the
  liberal treatment they had received from Cæsar. He besieged Mutina,
  which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate
  judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero.
  He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young
  Cæsar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony,
  and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with
  such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own
  uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The
  triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was
  set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into
  the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests.
  Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia
  the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen
  the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi
  against the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and he buried the body of
  Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his
  residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra
  queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce
  incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his
  power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the
  east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Cæsar. These two
  enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but
  Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle,
  and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed
  Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of
  all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores.
  He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the
  bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30,
  and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was
  no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been
  blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures,
  and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in
  praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from
  whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often
  represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale,
  dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with
  her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous,
  but, with the intrepidity of Cæsar, he possessed all his voluptuous
  inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple
  to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His
  fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of
  Cicero’s Philippics. It is said, that the night of Cæsar’s murder,
  Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger
  with him, answered, “Yes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.”
  _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 685.――_Horace_, ltr. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122.
  ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_.――_Justin_,
  bks. 41 & 42.――――Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was
  consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and
  put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself.
  It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books.
  _Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
  ch. 44.――――Lucius, the triumvir’s brother, was besieged in Pelusium
  by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by
  famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed
  at the shrine of Cæsar.――――A noble but unfortunate youth. His father
  Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation
  with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles,
  on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
  ch. 44.――――Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of
  Judæa. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――Flamma, a Roman condemned
  for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,
  ch. 45.――――Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.
  ――――Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35.
  ――――Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4,
  ch. 42.

=Antorĭdes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._

=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ ♦Coracius.

      ♦ Reference not found.

=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.

=Anūbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man
  with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition
  against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a
  sheep’s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and
  Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes
  represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some
  his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 8, li. 331.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 698.

=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.

=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the
  Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter
  Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4,
  ch. 59.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.

=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.

=Any̆tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon,
  accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation.
  These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.
  ――――One of the Titans.

=Anzābe=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.

=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.

=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eubœa and Bœotia from Apulia,
  where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over
  them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.

=Aŏnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards Bœotia. They
  came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle
  with the Phœnicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because
  Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_,
  poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.

=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of Bœotia.

=Aōris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond
  of his sister Arathyræa, that he called part of the country by her
  name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――The wife of Neleus, called more
  commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the
  Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but
  was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Arrian_,
  bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A place in
  Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.――――A certain
  lake near Tartessus.――――Another near Baiæ and Puteoli. It was also
  called Avernus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 242.

=Aōti=, a people of Thrace, near the Getæ, on the Ister. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4.

=Apaĭtæ=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._

=Apāma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of
  Ionia.――――A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Apāme=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.――――The
  mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city
  which he called by his mother’s name.

=Apamia=, or =Apamēa=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.――――A city of
  Bithynia,――――of Media,――――of Mesopotamia.――――Another near the Tigris.

=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._

=Apatūria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from ἀπατη,
  _deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by
  which Xanthus king of Bœotia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens,
  upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the Bœotians
  and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories,
  Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle
  by single combat. Thymœtes, who was then on the throne of Athens,
  refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When
  they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist
  had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked
  behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was
  called ἀπατηνωρ, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be
  behind Xanthus, was called Μελαναιγις, clothed in the skin of a
  _black goat_. Some derive the word from ἀπατορια, _i.e._ ὁμοτορια,
  because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their
  fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted
  three days. The first day was called δορπια, because suppers, δορποι,
  were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called
  ἀναρρυσις ἀπο του ἀνω ἐρυειν, because sacrifices were offered to
  Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned
  up towards the heavens. The third was called Κουρεωτις, from Κουρος,
  a _youth_, or Κουρα, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair
  cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that
  they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes
  and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians,
  except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.――――A surname of
  Minerva,――――of Venus.

=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given
  much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean
  circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew.
  Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of
  Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person
  of the same name.

=Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus
  or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the
  Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles
  to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he
  never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb
  of _Nulla dies sine lineâ_. His most perfect picture was Venus
  Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died.
  He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much
  like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king
  with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was
  placed in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander,
  but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and
  at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was
  represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the
  painter said, “One would imagine that the horse is a better judge of
  painting than your Majesty.” When Alexander ordered him to draw the
  picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured
  of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three
  volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny.
  It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the
  life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not
  the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter.
  Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping
  Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor
  ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A tragic writer. _Suetonius_,
  _Caligula_, ch. 33.――――A Macedonian general, &c.

=Apellĭcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for
  books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he
  could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle
  and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent
  interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at
  Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital
  of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original
  manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Apennīnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle
  of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to
  the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium
  before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
  li. 743.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as
  a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators,
  inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to
  him. He died A.D. 85.――――Another. _See:_ Numerianus.

=Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Apĕsus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near
  Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where
  she had a temple and an oracle.

=Aphæa=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in Ægina. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_,
  _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.

=Apharētus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of Œnomaus, and
  carried her away.

=Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone,
  who married Arene daughter of Œbalus, by whom he had three sons.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A relation of Isocrates, who wrote
  37 tragedies.

=Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles,
  endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22,
  ch. 7.

=Aphĕsas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have
  imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 3, li. 461.

=Aphētæ=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched.
  _Apollodorus._

=Aphīdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus,
  one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._

=Aphidnus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 702.

=Aphœbētus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Aphrīces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with
  20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his
  head sent to Alexander.

=Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped.
  ――――Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of
  Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras,
  from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen.
  All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as
  a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a
  measure of salt and a θαλλος; the salt, because Venus arose from the
  sea; the θαλλος, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were
  celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they
  were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Athenæus._

=Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of
  Venus.

=Aphrodīsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from
  Salamis.――――A promontory with an island of the same name on the
  coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Aphrodīte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from ἀφρος, froth, because
  Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Aphȳtæ=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter
  Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the
  place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege,
  which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king
  Apis. It was afterwards called Ægialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last
  Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.
  270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a
  powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.

=Apiānus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to
  Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus
  in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote
  a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head
  of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to
  complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.――_Pliny_, preface, _Natural
  History_.

=Apicāta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was
  repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name,
  all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time
  of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius,
  and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he
  wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged
  himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The
  best edition of Apicius Cælius _de Arte Coquinariâ_, is that of
  Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.――_Martial_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 69.

=Apidănus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the
  Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6,
  li. 372.

=Apĭna= and =Apinæ=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its
  neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et
  Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Apiŏla= and =Apiolæ=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud.
  The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.
  ――――A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus.

=Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and
  Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king
  of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time
  of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is
  but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum,
  and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death,
  as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country
  where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the
  name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus,
  from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have
  imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that
  he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which
  they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him
  under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the
  moderns, is without foundation. _Æschylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_.
  ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
  5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Jason, born in Arcadia;
  he was killed by the horses of Ætolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
  ――――A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.――――A god of the Egyptians,
  worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris
  are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their
  reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed
  that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it
  wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential
  service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced
  into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by
  particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot
  upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot
  under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double,
  and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the
  crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as
  the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these
  distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit
  and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days;
  the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one
  was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that
  the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity.
  The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony,
  and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed,
  they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried
  it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which
  sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were
  heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their
  heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till
  another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as
  the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if
  Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent
  Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried
  to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to
  appear before him, and this they performed, according to their
  superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was
  also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some
  suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of
  Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came
  into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with
  every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as
  an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered
  the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the
  object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he
  wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and
  commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating
  such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or
  rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen;
  but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted
  as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the
  omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted,
  incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it,
  after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their
  ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping
  their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds
  that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their
  questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Iside
  et Osiride_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk.
  1, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apisāon=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the
  head of a Pæonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 17, li. 348.――――Another on the same side.

=Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius.
  _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.

=Apollināres ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They
  originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem
  informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo,
  and made a collection of money for his service, they would be
  able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their
  destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed
  by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out
  of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on
  the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily
  obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel
  at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated
  at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law
  was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about
  the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested
  with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by
  this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12.

=Apollināris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second
  century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to
  Terence’s plays as arguments.――――A writer better known by the name
  of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius.

=Apollinīdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Apollĭnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl’s cave. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6.――――Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_,
  bk. 30, ch. 24.――――Templum, a place in Thrace,――――in Lycia. _Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phœbus, is often
  confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura
  Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son
  of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was
  son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he
  disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and
  Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The
  fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws
  to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions
  of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of
  Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most
  ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The
  three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the
  son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken
  from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan,
  which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from
  the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who
  concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by
  Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband’s amours, raised
  the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to
  give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of
  her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea,
  where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of
  all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of
  all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter
  the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods
  whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with
  Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione,
  Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he
  assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus,
  whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who
  was changed into a cypress tree. When his son Æsculapius had been
  killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life,
  Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated
  the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and
  he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity.
  The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired
  himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he
  remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god
  of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered,
  as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his
  residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus.
  He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was
  able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon
  after, the Parcæ granted, at Apollo’s request, that Admetus might be
  redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him.
  He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was
  refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country,
  he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born,
  Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent
  to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards
  vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the
  children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor
  of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and
  received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont
  to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas,
  and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He
  received the surnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, Pœan, Delphicus,
  Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for
  reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally
  represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating
  his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for
  their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or
  18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a
  handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his
  head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity
  who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues,
  and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship
  and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues
  in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His
  statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to
  avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared
  to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium,
  addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the
  grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the
  laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his
  sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural
  enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs
  were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often
  seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles
  were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most
  splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual
  made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus,
  after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine,
  which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus
  in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo
  has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different
  passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus,
  and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though
  confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun,
  and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was
  adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch.
  30, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c.
  ――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to
  Apollo_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4,
  li. 323.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.――_Lucian_, ♦_Dialogi Deorum_.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs.
  5, 10, & 12.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 171.――――Also a temple of Apollo upon mount
  Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a
  guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks
  that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 275.

      ♦ ‘Dial. Mer. & Vulc.’ replaced with ‘Dialogi Deorum’

=Apollocrătes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of
  Dionysius.

=Apollodōrus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son
  of Asclepias and disciple to Panætius the Rhodian philosopher. He
  flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a
  history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions,
  nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided
  into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the
  ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and
  faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, Göttingen, in
  8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athenæus._――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Diodorus_,
  bks. 4 & 13.――――A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies
  entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.――――A comic poet of Gela in Sicily,
  in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.――――An architect of
  Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan’s bridge across the
  Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private
  station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.――――A writer who
  composed a history of Parthia.――――A disciple of Epicurus, the most
  learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He
  wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes Laërtius._
  ――――A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his
  paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest
  in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva’s thunders.
  _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.――――A statuary in the age of Alexander. He
  was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own
  pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
  rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote
  a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A tragic poet of Tarsus.
  ――――A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.――――A physician of Tarentum.
  ――――Another of Cytium.

=Apollonia=, a festival at Ægialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It
  arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to Ægialea,
  after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened
  away, and fled to Crete. Ægialea was soon visited with an epidemical
  distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets,
  sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat
  them to return to Ægialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition,
  in honour of which a temple was raised to πειθω, the goddess of
  _persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes,
  were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring
  back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.――――A town of Mygdonia,
  ――――of Crete,――――of Sicily,――――on the coast of Asia Minor.――――Another
  on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of
  Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.――――A town of Macedonia, on the
  coasts of the Adriatic.――――A city of Thrace.――――Another on mount
  Parnassus.

=Apolloniădes=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by
  Timoleon.

=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore
  four children.

=Apollonĭdes=, a writer of Nicæa.――――A physician of Cos at the court
  of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch’s sister,
  and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the
  reception of her favours.

=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus
  Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came
  to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master
  ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The
  emperor hearing this, said, laughing, “It was then easier for
  Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the
  palace.”――――A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works
  are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era,
  and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at
  Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which
  are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes
  of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by
  cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition
  of Apollonius is Dr. Halley’s, Oxford, folio, 1710.――――A poet
  of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_,
  because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young,
  to Callimachus and Panætius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as
  third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy
  Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote
  a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all
  his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the
  Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those
  printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol.,
  8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_,
  bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of
  Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome,
  and had Julius Cæsar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged
  the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing
  themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more
  congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did
  not candidly treat the people of Judæa, according to the complaint
  of Josephus, _against Apion_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs.
  28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De
  Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12,
  ch. 6.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A
  Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the
  philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A
  Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments.
  _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――An officer set over Egypt by Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.――――A
  physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._――――A
  grammarian of Alexandria.――――A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.
  ――――Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret
  arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus,
  he suddenly exclaimed, “Strike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is
  given, he is wounded, and fallen!” At that very moment the emperor
  Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much
  reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by
  kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless
  artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life,
  which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his
  history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary
  anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance;
  yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the
  impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.――――A
  sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Græcum Iliadis
  et Odysseæ_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to,
  2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,
  and flourished in the beginning of the first century.――――A physician.
  ――――A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――Syrus,
  a Platonic philosopher.――――Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.
  ――――A sculptor of Rhodes.

=Apollŏphănes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and
  maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――――A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_,
  bk. 5.――――A comic poet. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.

=Apomyīos=, a surname of Jupiter.

=Aponiana=, an island near Lilybæum. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.

=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of Mœsia, rewarded with a triumphal statue
  by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Apŏnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name,
  near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot,
  were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_,
  bk. 7, li. 194.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.

=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in Bœotia, who was distinguished
  under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The
  former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of
  carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and
  unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia
  was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such
  unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Apotheōsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world,
  by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank
  of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine
  honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example,
  and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors,
  but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2,
  has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After
  the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a
  couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of
  disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning,
  and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state.
  When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the
  couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on
  an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible
  materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile
  in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans
  were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch,
  set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude.
  Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which
  was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he
  was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock,
  and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed
  ceremonies much of the same nature.

=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at
  Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as
  far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued
  and finished by Gracchus, Julius Cæsar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via.
  _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li.
  12.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.

=Appiădes=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta,
  Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the
  Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome
  who lived near the temple of Venus by Appiæ Aquæ, and the forum of
  Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Appiānus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123.
  His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of
  history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans,
  in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed,
  with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military
  affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This
  excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only
  the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish
  wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a
  fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on
  the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian.
  The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo,
  Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb,
  1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the
  state.

=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome,
  built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Appius=, the prænomen of an illustrious family at Rome.――――A censor
  of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and
  oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father
  killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause
  of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself
  when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk.
  3, ch. 33.――――Claudius Cæcus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian
  way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to
  assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators,
  Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself
  to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded
  them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the
  Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_
  & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4.――――A Roman who, when he heard
  that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches
  among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their
  passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life.
  _Appian_, bk. 4.――――Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius
  Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by
  Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._――――Claudius Pulcher, a grandson
  of Appius Claudius Cæcus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from
  grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.――――Clausus,
  a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his
  countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was
  admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic.
  _Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.――――Herdonius, seized the
  capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.
  _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Claudius
  Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.――――A dictator who conquered
  the Hernici.――――The name of Appius was common in Rome, and
  particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any
  uncommon event.

=Appŭla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.

=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus,
  supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and
  lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by
  whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river
  called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius
  Periegetes._

=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work
  called _Præceptor de Arte Rhetoricâ_.

=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between
  Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.

=Aptĕra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C.
  652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of
  raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.――――Varilia,
  a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain
  Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.

=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at
  Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called
  Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of
  using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly
  composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but
  he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin
  without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden
  Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The
  best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688,
  and Pricæi, 8vo, Goudæ, 1650.

=Apūlia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria.
  It was part of the ancient Magna Græcia, and generally divided
  into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool,
  superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called
  after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, _Apophoreta_,
  ltr. 155.

=Apuscidāmus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said
  to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.

=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and
  setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into
  this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.

=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.

=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called
  from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of
  the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it
  chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The
  Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their
  residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――_Martial_, bk. 4,
  ltr. 25.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
  ch. 11.――――Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia
  Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――――Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome,
  surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom
  Heliogabalus married.――――Severus, a poet and historian in the age of
  Valentinian.

=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few
  illustrious men rose.

=Aquĭlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according
  to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.

=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.

=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_.

=Aquīnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where
  Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled
  the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.――_Strabo._――
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.

=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north
  by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia
  Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of
  the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone.
  _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.

=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an
  unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in
  Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2,
  ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of
  Arabarches.

=Arăbia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the
  Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three
  different parts, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its
  frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly
  under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to
  the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common,
  and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded,
  but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to
  place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky
  and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and
  the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted
  of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time
  supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by
  the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them
  we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application
  of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities,
  and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used
  in Europe, A.D. 1253.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Diodorus_,
  bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Xenophon._
  ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.――――Also the name of the wife of Ægyptus.
  _Apollodorus._

=Arabĭcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according
  to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between
  Æthiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt
  and Arabia. It is about 40 days’ sail in length, and not half a day’s
  in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Strabo._

=Arăbis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9,
  ch. 10.

=Arabs= and =Arăbus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented
  medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.

=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so
  skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the
  goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work
  the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae,
  Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was
  defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed
  into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable
  1, &c.――――A city of Thessaly.

=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massagetæ. It was built by
  Semiramis.――――One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Arachōtæ= and =Arachōti=, a people of India, who received their
  name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus.
  _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis,
  falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.

=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus,
  not far from the shore, and thence called Actæus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.

=Arădus=, an island near Phœnicia, joined to the continent by a bridge.
  _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Aræ=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and
  Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was
  upon them that Æneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are
  supposed to be those islands which are commonly called Ægates.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 113.

=Aræ Philænorum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.
  _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.

=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over
  which Cæsar’s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.

=Arărus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 48.

=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis,
  with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 8.

=Arātus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly
  esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he
  passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on
  astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising
  and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him
  as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in
  elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject,
  admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams,
  &c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the
  learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,
  and Germanicus Cæsar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation,
  translated the _Phænomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of
  Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo,
  1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.――――The son
  of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the
  river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who
  held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who
  made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came
  into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his
  country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he
  even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant.
  He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achæan league, which he
  strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,
  and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the
  forces of the Achæans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens
  and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered
  in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had
  sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove
  away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed
  himself. The Ætolians soon after attacked the Achæans; and Aratus,
  to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip
  king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long
  continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to
  death some of the noblest of the Achæans, and even seduced the
  wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years,
  showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and
  friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the
  power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his
  son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed
  to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, “Such
  are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.” He was
  buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices
  were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered
  Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During
  those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore
  a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public
  schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and
  was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators,
  adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C.
  213. He wrote a history of the Achæan league, much commended by
  Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia
  from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19;
  bk. 7, li. 188.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 728.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――――Another in Europe, now called
  Wolga.

=Arbāces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and
  founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power,
  820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and
  was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his
  valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Arbēla= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus,
  famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the
  2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.

=Arbĕla=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.

=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._

=Arbocāla=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.

=Arbuscŭla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses
  of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.

=Arcădia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on
  every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and
  Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was
  anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_
  (δρυς) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The
  country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for
  its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds,
  who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians.
  They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of
  shepherds, chiefly lived among them.――Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_,
  says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat’s skin near a
  fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_,
  bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.――――A fortified village of Zacynthus.

=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father
  A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern
  and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed
  his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was
  made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation
  of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with
  indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into
  jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign
  of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered
  Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died
  in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which
  he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself
  to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the
  tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a
  voluptuous court.

=Arcānum=, a villa of Cicero’s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.

=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother,
  whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which
  from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture
  and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a
  constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met
  a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over
  which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended,
  was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river.
  Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and
  married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and
  Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan
  planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,
  which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas;
  and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after
  passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables
  155 & 176.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy
  Hephæstion_.

=Arcēna=, a town of Phœnicia, where Alexander Severus was born.

=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany Æneas into
  Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 581, &c.

=Arcesilāus=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom
  in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C.
  550. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.――――One
  of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general
  division of the provinces after the king’s death.――――A chief of
  Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk.
  14.――――A philosopher of Pitane in Æolia, disciple of Polemon. He
  visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy,
  as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He
  pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance.
  He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of
  them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which
  gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man,
  but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer,
  and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy,
  love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241,
  or 300 according to some. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
  of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.――_Cicero_, _de
  Finibus_.――――The name of two painters,――――a statuary,――――a leader of
  the Bœotians during the Trojan war.――――A comic and elegiac poet.

=Arcēsius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.

=Archæa=, a city of Æolia.

=Archæănax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of
  Athens. He fortified Sigæum with a wall from the ruins of ancient
  Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Archæatĭdas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._

=Archăgăthus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers,
  B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was
  put to death by Archesilaus.――――A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.

=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.

=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.

=Archegētes=, a surname of Hercules.

=Archelāus=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them
  was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.――――A person
  of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a
  dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers
  of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey.
  His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted
  at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till
  Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.――――A king of Macedonia, who
  succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he
  killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself
  to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his
  favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage,
  and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized
  the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
  ――_Ælian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.――――A king of the
  Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus
  king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. Cæsar
  banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio
  Cassius._――――A king of Lacedæmon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42
  years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A general of
  Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with
  the philosopher Persæus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――A celebrated
  general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――――A
  philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor
  to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called
  _Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of
  all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the
  vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
  ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――――A man set over Susa by
  Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
  ――――A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and
  maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through
  the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――――A son of Electryon and Anaxo.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_,
  _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――――A sculptor of Priene, in the age
  of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture
  highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D.
  1658.――――A writer of Thrace.

=Archemăchus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eubœa.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A son of Hercules,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
  bks. 2 & 3.

=Archemŏrus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nemæa, in Thrace,
  by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had
  fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king’s family.
  Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against
  Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might
  quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down
  the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a
  serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they
  instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nemæan,
  and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious.
  _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 6.

=Archepŏlis=, a man in Alexander’s army, who conspired against the
  king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archeptolĕmus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war,
  and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he
  was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established
  the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.

=Archestrătus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the
  Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――――A man so small and
  lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though
  it contained no more than an obolus.――――A follower of Epicurus, who
  wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.

=Archetīmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven
  wise men of Greece. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 459.

=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.

=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse,
  B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches,
  he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A poet
  of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and
  name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him
  in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges
  of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began
  another concerning Cicero’s consulship, which are now lost. Some
  of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For
  Archias_.――――A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy
  of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred
  to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from
  Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information
  of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A high priest of Athens,
  contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name.
  _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.――――A Theban taken in the act of adultery,
  and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public
  place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._

=Archibiădes=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of
  the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of
  Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――An ambassador of Byzantium, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.

=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.

=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection
  for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken
  prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their
  festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Cleadas, who
  upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether
  they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile
  approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house,
  exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon
  this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Polyænus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Archidāmus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his
  father. _Pausanias._――――Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus,
  succeeded by Agasicles.――――Another, son of Agesilaus of the family
  of the Proclidæ.――――Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son
  Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction
  with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and
  privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi.
  He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed
  there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
  ――_Xenophon._――――Another, son of Eudamidas.――――Another, who conquered
  the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son
  of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the
  battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians.
  B.C. 338.――――A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._

=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.

=Archidēmus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among
  the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.

=Archidēus=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7,
  ch. 4.

=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele’s temple. _See:_ Galli.

=Archigĕnes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the
  reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of
  his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books
  on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.

=Archilŏchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and
  epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses.
  He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received
  promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior
  to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a
  bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The
  Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and
  banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen.
  He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated.
  Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and
  animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which
  reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_.
  _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
  ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li.
  79.――_Athenæus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――――A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon
  in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Greek historian who
  wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th
  olympiad.

=Archimēdes=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine
  of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly
  bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes
  constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships
  of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with
  such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on
  fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman
  general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,
  and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and
  safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the
  philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was
  even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a
  soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused
  to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him,
  and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained
  long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found
  it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and
  brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns
  and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of
  which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations
  of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared
  fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon
  demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were
  supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing
  their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which
  he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in
  making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern
  hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his
  name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by
  means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed
  on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially
  treatises _de sphærâ et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis
  spiralibus_, _de quadraturâ paraboles_, _de numero arenæ_, &c.;
  the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris,
  1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.――_Quintilian_,
  bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Archīnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms
  among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made
  himself absolute. _Polyænus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician of
  Athens.

=Archipĕlăgus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are
  interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies
  between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare Ægeum.

=Archipŏlis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against
  Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost
  in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of
  Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 752.――――A
  philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.――――An archon at Athens.
  ――――A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained
  the prize.――――A philosopher in the age of Trajan.

=Archītis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.

=Archon=, one of Alexander’s generals, who received the provinces of
  Babylon, at the general division after the king’s death. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 18.

=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were
  nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended
  from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three
  generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts
  and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies
  of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they
  had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune
  to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would
  observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never
  suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes,
  they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi
  a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the
  power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them
  was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he
  determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies
  and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and
  punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself
  to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour
  was punished with death. The second of the archons was called
  _Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
  causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the
  service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before
  his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the
  state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals,
  and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to
  the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He
  had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among
  them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of
  inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a
  sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of
  those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These
  three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of
  respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and
  advice might assist and support them in their public capacity.
  The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothetæ_, and
  received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery,
  and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens,
  redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be
  enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state.
  These officers of state were chosen after the death of king
  Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was
  limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the
  qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly
  observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made
  archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were
  conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of
  Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050;
  Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923;
  Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826;
  Agamestor, 799; Æschylus, 778; Alcmæon, 756; after whose death the
  archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began
  753; Æsimedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714;
  Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual,
  and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The
  Clouds_ & _The Birds_.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,
  ch. 1.――_Demosthenes._――_Pollux._――_Lysias._

=Archy̆lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 14.

=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on
  agriculture. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――The son of Hestiæus of Tarentum,
  was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer
  and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of
  the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen,
  by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some
  mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly.
  He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian
  era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley.
  A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 28.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Arcĭtĕnens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_,
  with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 75.

=Arctīnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Arctophy̆lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.

=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.
  ――――Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly
  called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother,
  who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.――_Aratus._
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Arctūrus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and
  setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, ἀρκτος _ursus_,
  οὐρα _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny
  tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella,
  on the 5th of September.

=Ardălus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented
  the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been
  called _Ardalides_ and _Ardalīotides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Ardaxānus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._

=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or,
  according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital
  of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants
  publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird,
  called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich
  and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous.
  Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son
  ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the
  Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.――_Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 412.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.

=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.

=Ardiæi=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia.
  _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 411.

=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of
  Julius Cæsar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders
  of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with
  the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.

=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took
  Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars’ hill (ἀρης)
  erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.

=Areacidæ=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._

=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against Ætolia. _Justin_,
  bk. 24, ch. 1.

=Aregŏnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arelātum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He
  painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 10.――――A miser in _Horace_.

=Aremorĭca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called
  Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.

=Arēna= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arenăcum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Areopagītæ=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small
  eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from Αρεος παγος, _the
  hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for
  the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter
  Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus
  because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices
  to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others
  maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the
  god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by
  that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was
  instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of
  Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it
  to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed
  this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to
  9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy
  and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such
  archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In
  the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated,
  and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If
  any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting
  at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately
  expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,
  though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life.
  The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral
  behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause
  of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management
  of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the
  virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed
  against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.
  They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of
  murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and
  his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might
  originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they
  were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house
  with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always
  heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not
  be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by
  seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be
  divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should
  charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most
  just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed
  sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally
  convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th,
  28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in
  its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among
  them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power.
  From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the
  Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice;
  and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the
  family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to
  make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.

=Areopăgus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagitæ.

=Arestæ=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12,
  ch. 8.

=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled Æsculapius, when exposed
  by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Arestorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of
  Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.

=Arĕta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 2.――――A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown
  into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――――A female philosopher of Cyrene,
  B.C. 377.

=Arēta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married
  her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bks. 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Aretæus=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the
  operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired.
  The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave,
  Leiden, folio, 1735.

=Aretaphĭla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates
  murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached
  to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at
  last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom
  she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which
  Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she
  retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
  ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Aretāles=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a
  treatise on islands. _Plutarch._

=Arēte.= _See:_ Areta.

=Arētes=, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Arethūsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana’s
  attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near
  the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was
  enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the
  country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana,
  who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his
  streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth
  and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and
  rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river
  Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia;
  so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus
  in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa
  near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable
  10.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Pausanias._――――One of the Hesperides.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Herileus, mother of
  Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
  _Hyginus_, fable 181.――――A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains
  of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 103.――――A town of Thrace.――――Another in Syria.

=Aretīnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
  li. 123.

=Arētus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3,
  li. 413.――――A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.――――A famous warrior, whose only
  weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus
  king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus,
  brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He
  assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――――A king of Sparta, who
  succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son
  Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.――――A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate
  with Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A poet of Laconia.――――An orator
  mentioned by _Quintilian_.

=Argæus= and =Argēus=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13,
  ch. 7.――――A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the
  kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A mountain of
  Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which
  is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._――――A son
  of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――――A son of
  Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Argălus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Argathŏna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before
  he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in
  despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.

=Argathōnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7,
  ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, li. 396.

=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_,
  fable 205.――――One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of
  Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A
  nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.

=Argæāthæ=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.

=Arges=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who had only one eye in his
  forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Argestrătus=, a king of Lacedæmon, who reigned 35 years.

=Argēus=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the
  kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7,
  ch. 2.

=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.

=Argīa=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with
  uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his
  body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which
  pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death
  by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.――――A country of Peloponnesus,
  called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.――――One of the
  Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.――――The wife of Inachus, and mother
  of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――The mother of Argos by Polybus.
  _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A daughter of Autesion, who married
  Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.

=Argilētum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen
  generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 355.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.

=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master’s
  correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Pausanias_.

=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.

=Argĭlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of
  Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.

=Arginūsæ=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene
  and Methymna, where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquered by Conon
  the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Argiŏpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon
  the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the
  hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.

=Argippēi=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat
  noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Argīva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple
  at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Lacedæmon.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 547.

=Argīvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring
  country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all
  the inhabitants of Greece.

=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his
  master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.

=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54
  companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden
  fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed.
  Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the
  expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was
  built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly
  called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from ἀργος, which
  signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built
  the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same
  name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had
  a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which
  had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was
  the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the
  expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at
  the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The
  poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed
  by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near
  it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37.
  ――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.――_Valerius Flaccus_,
  bk. 1, li. 93, &c.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fable 6.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.
  ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.

=Argolĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.

=Argŏlis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and
  the Ægean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.

=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505
  years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Argonautæ=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason
  on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking
  of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the
  following circumstance:――Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino
  the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom
  he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to
  certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second
  time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta.
  As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by
  right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and
  she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by
  poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this
  the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of
  Ino, the answer was, that Nephele’s children should be immolated to
  the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked
  with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of Æetes king of
  Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and
  Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness
  by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by
  supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had
  a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of
  speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune’s amours,
  under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were
  going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly
  disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell
  into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont.
  When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,
  according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden
  fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of Æetes; but
  his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece,
  and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this
  event, when Jason the son of Æson demanded of his uncle Pelias the
  crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, Æson], Pelias said
  that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of
  their common relation Phryxus, whom Æetes had basely murdered in
  Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious
  soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the
  young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island
  of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of
  men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_
  Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,
  where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to
  Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from
  Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure,
  they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and
  the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi,
  furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter
  was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to
  expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a
  magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the
  gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they
  visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted
  the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the
  cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to
  Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus
  king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus
  directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades
  [_See:_ Cyaneæ], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They
  visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned,
  and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot.
  After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of
  Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom Æetes their
  grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father’s
  kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in Æa, the
  capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to
  Æetes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden
  fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the
  attempt, had not Medea the king’s daughter fallen in love with their
  leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of
  fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver
  the Argonauts from her father’s hard conditions, if Jason married
  her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls,
  which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire
  and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to
  plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After
  this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which
  an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his
  hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was
  at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended.
  All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea’s
  assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was
  unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the
  astonishment and terror of his companions, and of Æetes, and the
  people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this
  wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field,
  sowed the dragon’s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the
  earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately
  turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished.
  After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs,
  and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to
  sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with
  Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king’s son, who came up
  to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled
  limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which Æetes was
  to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder
  of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus Mæotis, and by pursuing their
  course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets
  who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes,
  and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of
  all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she
  refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean
  by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and
  Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress
  of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved
  from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the
  island of the Phæacians, where they met the enemy’s fleet, which
  had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore
  resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually
  married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country,
  being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had
  the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the
  claims of Æetes to Medea were now void. From Phæacia the Argonauts
  came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm
  upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came
  in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason
  was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe
  in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known.
  Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He
  says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the
  Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of
  the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues,
  the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo
  across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they
  met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed
  his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put
  to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an
  oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously
  purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of
  Æa, where Circe, who was the sister of Æetes, expiated him without
  knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that
  they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of
  Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages
  of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among
  the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin;
  and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus,
  Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively
  given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of
  the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say
  that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus
  mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various
  authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason
  son of Æson, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His
  companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus,
  Admetus son of Pheres, Æsculapius son of Apollo, Ætalides son of
  Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Œcleus,
  Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of
  Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of
  the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars,
  Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol,
  Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, disguised in a man’s dress, Autolycus
  son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son
  of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son
  of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of
  Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury
  and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune
  and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and
  Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules
  son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon
  son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius,
  Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of
  Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon,
  Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of Œneus,
  Menœtius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of
  Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus
  the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of Œager, Palemon son of Ætolus,
  Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Periclymenes son of Neleus,
  Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Phlias, Pollux
  son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Pœas son of Thaumacus,
  Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus
  sons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus,
  Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son
  of Ægeus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these Æsculapius was
  physician, and Tiphys was pilot.

=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city,
  capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea,
  on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the
  place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before
  the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years,
  it was united to the crown of Mycenæ. Argos was built according to
  Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops
  who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan’s workmen. The
  nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of
  the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus,
  Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave
  a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in
  return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called
  _Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and,
  80 years after, the Heraclidæ seized the Peloponnesus and deposed
  the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and
  _Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks
  without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
  15, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9,
  ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.――――A town of Thessaly, called
  Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.――――Another in
  Epirus, called Amphilochium.

=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.――――A son of Arestor,
  whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the
  daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were
  asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had
  changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him,
  by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put
  the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her
  divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables
  12 & 13.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145.
  ――――A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14.
  ――――A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father
  of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the
  daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Pyras and
  Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.――――A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_,
  fable 3.――――A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.――――One of
  Actæon’s dogs. _Apollodorus._――――A dog of Ulysses, which knew his
  master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17,
  li. 300.

=Argyllæ=, an ancient name of Cære in Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.

=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_,
  a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus.
  _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.

=Argy̆ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She
  was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the
  same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their
  affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.――――A city
  of Troas.――――Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.

=Argy̆raspĭdes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from
  their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Argy̆re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in
  metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Argyrĭpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war,
  and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where
  it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 246.

=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The wife of Pætus Cecinna of Padua,
  a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius,
  and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat
  she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who
  followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.

=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in
  love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured
  by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he
  extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement.
  After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according
  to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at
  the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant,
  and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne
  was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung
  herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many
  years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus.
  According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had
  forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after
  her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne’s
  tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were
  found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says
  that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars
  Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.――_Catullus_, _Marriage
  of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Ariæus=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving
  army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of
  Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._

=Ariāni= and =Ariēni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_,
  li. 714.

=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his
  subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.

=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.

=Ariarāthes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his
  expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.――――His
  nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against
  Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung
  on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.――――His son
  Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father
  and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered
  Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was
  succeeded by his son Ariamnes.――――Ariarathes IV. succeeded his
  father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos.
  He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by
  his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter
  of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus
  being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying
  the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king
  of Pergamus.――――His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_,
  from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans
  shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by
  one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained
  on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against
  Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war,
  B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his
  surviving wife Laodice.――――The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII.,
  was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of
  Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an
  illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and
  kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against
  the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king,
  who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the
  tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence
  of both armies, and the murderer’s son, a child eight years old,
  was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made
  the late monarch’s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates
  expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of
  a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of
  the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia.
  The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians
  demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death
  of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of
  Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son
  of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was
  umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna;
  but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after
  obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra,
  B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Aribbæus=, a general mentioned by _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.

=Arīcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to Ægeus, whom Hippolytus married
  after he had been raised from the dead by Æsculapius. He built a
  city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her
  called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.――――A very ancient town of Italy, now
  _Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been
  raised from the dead by Æsculapius, and transported into Italy by
  Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a
  temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the
  temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called
  _Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor,
  and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts
  might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor.
  The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis
  sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it,
  because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite
  nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this
  famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount
  Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.

=Aricīna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_
  Aricia.――――The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_,
  ch. 6.

=Aridæus=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his
  friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the
  surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._――――An illegitimate
  son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of
  Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into
  the world a legitimate male successor. Aridæus had not the free
  enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s
  generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his
  sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in
  possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his
  wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._

=Ariēnis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Arigæum=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without
  inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.

=Arīi=, a savage people of India,――――of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.――――Of
  Scythia. _Herodotus._――――Of Germany. _Tacitus._

=Arĭma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhœus was overwhelmed
  under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.

=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring
  inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and
  waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that
  collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_,
  bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.

=Arimasthæ=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.

=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with
  much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so
  extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with
  his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.

=Arĭmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._

=Arīmĭnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon,
  on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of
  Umbrians. It was the cause of Cæsar’s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
  li. 231.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Arimphœi=, a people of Scythia near the Riphæan mountains, who lived
  chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their
  innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Arĭmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._

=Ariobarzānes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after
  the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided.
  Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.
  He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against
  Julius Cæsar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero.
  _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.――_Horace_, ltr. 6,
  li. 38.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A satrap of Phrygia, who, after
  the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it
  for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 17.――――A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa
  with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with
  the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of
  Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.――――A Mede
  of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to
  settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――――A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massagetæ.
  ――――A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.

=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the
  Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went
  against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Ariomēdes=, a pilot of Xerxes.

=Arīon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna,
  in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant
  of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession.
  Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors
  of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain
  the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them
  inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted
  to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he
  threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted
  round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that
  one of them carried him safe on his back to Tænarus, whence he
  hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to
  be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A horse, sprung from
  Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest
  of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid
  the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also
  into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera,
  and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on
  the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a
  horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him
  to his father’s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon
  swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to
  Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from
  Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the
  Nemæan games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of
  Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,
  li. 37.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of
  Rome. When Cæsar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and
  was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.

=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the
  Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 264.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――The name of Priam’s first wife,
  divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.

=Aristænĕtus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by
  Abresch. Zwollæ, 1749.

=Aristæum=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hæmus. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Aristæus=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts
  of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and
  ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus
  and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the
  world, Aristæus came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe
  the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Actæon. He fell
  in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the
  fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died,
  for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Aristæus. In this
  calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the
  sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he
  had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice
  by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he
  had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately
  sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Aristæus to his former
  prosperity. Some authors say that Aristæus had the care of Bacchus
  when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god.
  Aristæus went to live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He was, after
  death, worshipped as a demi-god. Aristæus is said to have learned
  from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of
  bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_,
  bk. 13, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.――_Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――――A
  general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potidæa.
  He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.

=Aristagŏras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_,
  bk. 36, ch. 12.――――A son-in-law of Histiæus tyrant of Miletus, who
  revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia,
  and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening
  before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing
  Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C.
  499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Polyænus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A man of Cyzicus.――――Another of Cumæ. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 4.

=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
  _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.――――An Athenian,
  who wrote on agriculture.

=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the
  coasts of Gaul with the Phocæans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_,
  bk. 4.

=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of
  Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria,
  and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons.
  He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of
  Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were
  called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different
  authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became
  dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year,
  B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both
  famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499.
  ――_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
  his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia,
  about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only
  were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was
  translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._――――A physician
  to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――An
  orator of Ambracia.――――An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed
  that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun.
  This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of
  disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun
  was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that
  the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than
  one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than
  that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely
  known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and
  moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo,
  1688.

=Aristazānes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared
  seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after
  to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise
  him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on
  the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by
  Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Maximus
  Tyrius_, bk. 22.――――A ♦physician of Rhodes.――――A geometrician,
  intimate with Euclid.――――A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of
  Crœsus.

      ♦ ‘physican’ replaced with ‘physician’

=Aristĕræ=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 34.

=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms
  against his countrymen the Argives. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 68.

=Aristhĕnes=, a shepherd who found Æsculapius, when he had been
  exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.

=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1.

=Aristībus=, a river of Pæonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Aristīdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great
  temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was
  rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10
  years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he
  was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and
  was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who
  was defeated at Platæa. He died so poor, that the expenses of his
  funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters,
  on account of their father’s virtues, received a dowry from the
  public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty,
  however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the
  grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by
  explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating
  their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the
  representation of one of the tragedies of Æschylus, on the mentioning
  of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience
  were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as
  judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned
  the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. “Mention the wrongs
  you have received,” replied the equitable Athenian; “I sit here as
  judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.” _Cornelius Nepos_
  & _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――――An historian of Miletus, fonder
  of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history
  of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_,
  _Parallela minora_.――――An athlete, who obtained a prize at the
  Olympian, Nemæan, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
  ――――A painter of Thebes in Bœotia, in the age of Alexander the Great,
  for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_,
  bks. 7 & 35.――――A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other
  tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so
  pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the
  city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence
  raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour
  of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues,
  the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford,
  1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus
  apud P. Steph. 1604.――――A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a
  weasel. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher of Mysia,
  intimate with Marcus Antoninus.――――An Athenian, who wrote treatises
  on animals, trees, and agriculture.

=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300
  years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of
  the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the
  planets.

=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the
  general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and
  made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla.
  _Livy_, bks. 81, 82.

=Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to
  Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the
  flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for
  his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book,
  as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of
  Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried,
  as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship
  in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his
  property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than
  his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.――――His
  grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender
  of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things
  were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.――――A
  tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension.
  He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A man who wrote a history of Arcadia.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2.

=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.――――Another. _See:_ Fuscus.――――A
  satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.

=Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston.

=Aristobūla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.

=Aristobūlus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings
  of Judæa, &c. _Josephus._――――A brother of Epicurus.――――One of
  Alexander’s attendants, who wrote the king’s life, replete with
  adulation and untruth.――――A philosopher of Judæa, B.C. 150.

=Aristoclēa=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was
  offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes,
  and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously
  contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon
  which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after.
  _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ Narrationes_.

=Aristŏcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed,
  in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The
  14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric,
  and likewise nine books on morals.――――A grammarian of Rhodes.――――A
  stoic of Lampsacus.――――An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A musician.
  _Athenæus_, &c.――――A prince of Tegæa, &c. _Polyænus._――――This name
  is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.

=Aristoclīdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win
  the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which
  all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.

=Aristocrătes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for
  offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 5.――――His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death
  for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the
  cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_,
  _ibid._――――A Rhodian.――――A man who endeavoured to destroy the
  democratical power at Athens.――――An Athenian general sent to the
  assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An
  Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field
  of battle.――――A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_,
  _Lycurgus_.

=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.

=Aristocrĭtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.

=Aristodēme=, a daughter of Priam.

=Aristodēmus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclidæ. He,
  with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus,
  conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years
  before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins
  Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum,
  though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204;
  bk. 8, ch. 131.――――A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war
  against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and
  so effectually defeated the enemy’s forces, that they were obliged
  to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring
  of this prostitution were called Partheniæ, and 30 years after
  their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus
  put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being
  afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself,
  after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained
  much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his
  countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested
  Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war,
  which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses
  on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A tyrant of Cumæ.――――A
  philosopher of Ægina.――――An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c.
  ――――A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.――――A man who was
  preceptor to the children of Pompey.――――A tyrant of Arcadia.――――A
  Carian who wrote a history of painting.――――A philosopher of Nysa,
  B.C. 68.

=Aristogĕnes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation
  by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.――――A Thasian who
  wrote 24 books on medicine.

=Aristogīton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who
  by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of
  the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the
  Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues
  were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy
  of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into
  execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not
  to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten
  Orators_.――――An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his
  impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides,
  and Thrasyllus.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._

=Aristolāus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11.

=Aristomăche=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――――The wife of Dion.――――A poetess.
  _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A daughter of Priam,
  who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Aristomăchus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation
  of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.――――A man so excessively fond of
  bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of
  them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――――The son of Cleodæus and grandson
  of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus,
  called Heraclidæ, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
  bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――――A man who laid aside
  his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.

=Aristomēdes=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III.
  _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Aristomĕnes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont,
  conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A famous
  general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the
  Lacedæmonian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years.
  He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers
  had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta,
  the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in
  his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the
  title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired
  the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true
  valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered
  Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the
  vigilance of the Lacedæmonians, who had taken him captive, that
  he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time,
  he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart
  was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is
  said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.
  ――_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――A Spartan sent to the assistance of
  Dionysius. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise
  children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by
  whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the
  impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.――――A
  general of Ætolia.――――A sculptor.――――A Corinthian who assisted
  the Syracusans against the Athenians.――――An officer in Alexander’s
  army.――――A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had
  surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was
  taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A philosopher
  of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which
  continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the
  divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of
  the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old
  age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A
  lawyer in Trajan’s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny,
  ltr. 22, bk. 1.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who
  wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._――――A wrestler of
  Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.――――A musician of
  Athens.――――A tragic poet.――――A peripatetic of Cos.――――A native of
  Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.

=Aristonautæ=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Aristonīcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C.,
  invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by
  his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna,
  and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 20.――――A musician of Olynthus.――――A grammarian of Alexandria,
  who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on
  the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.

=Aristonĭdes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Aristŏnus=, a captain of Alexander’s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Aristony̆mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library
  at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year.
  _Athenæus._――――One of Alexander’s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Aristophănes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of
  Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us.
  He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C.
  434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit
  and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound
  sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable
  character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice.
  As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of
  olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited
  blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was
  so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens,
  which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on
  the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called
  the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play
  called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher
  is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous
  point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the
  characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to
  keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of
  the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison
  between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds
  with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The
  best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster’s, folio,
  Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck,
  4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect
  did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1.
  ――――A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria
  under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of
  Attica. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.――_Athenæus_,
  bk. 9.――――A Greek historian of Bœotia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de
  Herodoti Malignitate_.――――A writer on agriculture.

=Aristophilīdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of
  Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Aristŏphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture
  of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea,
  and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the
  masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm
  of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of
  whose fragments are collected in Athenæus.

=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.

=Aristorĭdes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, li. 624.

=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained
  the restitution of his country from Alexander.

=Aristotĕles=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus
  by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father’s death he went to
  Athens to hear Plato’s lectures, where he soon signalized himself
  by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and
  dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with
  uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the
  instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he
  was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master.
  He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one
  arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a
  brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to
  some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions
  with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According
  to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle
  was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he
  received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on
  a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at
  his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed
  in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given
  us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed
  countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all
  his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher
  of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of
  eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention,
  and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been
  compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a
  lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira
  studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of
  expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for
  the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and
  dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients,
  the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical
  predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as
  Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men’s
  minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished
  and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals;
  and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800
  talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to
  collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were
  carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle’s logic has
  long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model
  of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have
  uttered the following sentiment: _Fœde hunc mundum intravi, anxius
  vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter
  which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these
  words: “I inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much
  for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he
  can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a
  successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.” Aristotle
  wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same
  worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age,
  B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best
  edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio,
  Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt’s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794,
  is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called
  Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of
  being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned
  himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of
  its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about
  the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of
  a cholic, two years after Alexander’s death. The people of Stagira
  instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered
  important services to their city. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives of
  Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri
  Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.――_Cicero_, _Academica Quæstiones_,
  bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.――_Quintilian_, bks.
  1, 2, 5, 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12.
  ――_Justin Martyr._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
  bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.――_Athenæus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c.
  There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.
  ――――A commentator on Homer’s Iliad.――――An orator of Sicily, who
  answered the panegyric of Isocrates.――――A friend of Æschines.――――A
  man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.――――A schoolmaster mentioned in
  Plato’s life, written by Aristoxenus.――――An obscure grammarian.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.

=Aristotīmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 5.

=Aristoxĕnus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born
  at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history,
  &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the
  school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude
  of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three
  books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.――――A
  philosopher of Cyrene. _Athenæus._――――A physician whose writings are
  quoted by Galen.――――A poet of Selinus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of
  Alexander’s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.

=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._――――An astronomer of
  Alexandria, 292 B.C.

=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and――――of Asia. The inhabitants in the
  neighbourhood are called Arii.――――A celebrated writer, the origin
  of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and
  consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for
  his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and
  triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very
  night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph.
  Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels
  gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._

=Armĕnes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34,
  ch. 1.

=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower
  Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east,
  Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia,
  or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia,
  and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion
  of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest
  of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of
  their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had
  the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards
  reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one
  of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names
  and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great
  adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always
  prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major
  is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.――_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 4, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.

=Armentarius=, a Cæsar in Diocletian’s reign.

=Armillatus=, one of Domitian’s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.

=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the
  sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The
  festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though
  easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of
  March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played
  on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted
  A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_,
  bk. 27, ch. 37.

=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a
  bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered
  by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his
  friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk.
  56.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.

=Armorĭcæ=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious,
  and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici.
  Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and
  comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany
  and Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.――――A town of
  Umbria in Italy.――――A daughter of Æolus, who gave her name to two
  towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Bœotia. Neptune changed himself
  into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.

=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.

=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.

=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian’s reign, who became a convert
  to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the
  bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he
  wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity
  of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various
  concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise
  of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoricâ
  Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise
  _Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.

=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and
  falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.

=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.

=Aroma=, a town of Caria,――――of Cappadocia.

=Arpāni=, a people of Italy.

=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war.
  _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 28.

=Arpīnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and
  Marius. The words _Arpinæ chartæ_ are sometimes applied to Cicero’s
  works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237.
  ――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.――――A town of
  Magna Græcia.

=Arræi=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._

=Arrharæus=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia,
  who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_,
  ch. 10.

=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.

=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the
  emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.

=Arriānus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine,
  and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the
  elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his
  acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books
  on Alexander’s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas,
  four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of
  the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th
  year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government
  of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian’s
  _Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the
  8vo, à Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam,
  1683.――――A Greek historian.――――An Athenian who wrote a treatise on
  hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.――――A poet who wrote an epic
  poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of
  Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil’s Georgics into Greek verse.

=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes,
  bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.――――Aper, a Roman general who murdered the
  emperor, &c.

=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated
  himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror
  declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their
  city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because
  of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of
  the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.――――A famous geographer who, upon being
  accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.

=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.――――Of Persia. _Polyænus._

=Arsăces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated
  by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of
  the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an
  empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly
  acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his
  power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of
  his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his
  name, _Arsacidæ_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.――_Strabo_, bks.
  11 & 12.――――His son and successor bore the same name. He carried
  war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field
  with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with
  Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.――――The third
  king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacidæ, bore the same name,
  and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two
  sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the
  elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though
  he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in
  view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his
  subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.――――A king of Pontus and Armenia,
  in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against
  the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor,
  his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of
  life. _Marcellinus._――――The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over
  Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 6.――――A servant of Themistocles.

=Arsacĭdæ=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour
  of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till
  the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by
  Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.

=Arsamĕnes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.

=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 15.

=Arsamosāta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Arsānes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.

=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into
  the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 24.

=Arsēna=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same
  sort. _Strabo._

=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to
  the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign
  of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans
  and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.――――A small river between
  Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.――――A river of Italy,
  flowing through Campania.

=Arsidæus=, a son of Datames, &c.

=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of
  Æsculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine
  honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A daughter of Phlegeus, promised
  in marriage to Alcmæon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A fountain
  of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.――――The sister and wife of
  Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus
  Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones,
  in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the
  power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its
  being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Ptolemy
  Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband’s
  death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the
  throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip,
  the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother’s arms. Arsinoe
  was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1,
  &c.――――A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra.
  Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.
  _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.――_Appian._――――The wife of Magas
  king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_,
  bk. 26, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._――――A town
  of Egypt, situated near the lake of Mœris, on the western shore of
  the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the
  crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed
  them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the
  labyrinth. _Strabo._――――A town of Cilicia,――――of Æolia,――――of Syria,
  ――――of Cyprus,――――of Lycia, &c.

=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.

=Artabānus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded
  his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his
  return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne.
  Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and
  Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he
  discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.――――A king of Parthia, after the death
  of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of
  Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him,
  and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.――――A
  king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of
  Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from
  whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He
  was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time
  after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.――――A king of Parthia, very inimical
  to the interest of Vespasian.――――Another king of Parthia, who made
  war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on
  pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of
  Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs.
  _Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._

=Artabazānes=, or =Artamĕnes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private
  person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference
  to Xerxes. _Justin._

=Artabāzus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He
  fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
  bks. 7, 8, & 9.――――A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and
  was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became
  the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince,
  he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated
  him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12;
  bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――An officer of
  Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Artabri= and =Artabrĭtæ=, a people of Lusitania, who received their
  name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called
  _Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.

=Artacæas=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the
  troops, the king excepted.

=Artacæna=, a city of Asia, near Aria.

=Artăce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age
  of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1,
  ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A city of
  Phrygia.――――A fortified place of Bithynia.

=Artacēne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered
  Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Artăcia=, a fountain in the country of the Læstrygones. _Tibullus_,
  bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.

=Artæi=, a name by which the Persians were called among their
  neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.

=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._

=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the
  younger.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
  ――――A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 49.――――A river of Colchis.

=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He
  was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Herodotus._

=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.

=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote
  tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He
  lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly
  on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition
  against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried
  him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in
  golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
  ――――The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the
  same name, who was expelled.――――Augustus had also raised to the
  throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 2.

=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected
  the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the
  friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors.
  _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxăta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper
  Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally
  resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of
  the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who
  called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his
  father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and
  attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the
  throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt
  that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was
  remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was
  longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or
  _Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――The second of
  that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his
  extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter
  of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes,
  and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes
  when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an
  ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in
  opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when
  he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon
  by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed
  over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various
  pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of
  100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes
  with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which
  Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that
  Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour,
  that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him.
  The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at
  the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way
  through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in
  the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was
  delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up
  a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his
  influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his
  own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son
  Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his
  father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons,
  called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his
  elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said
  that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son’s
  unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign
  of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350
  concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
  Lives_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――――The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded
  his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by
  murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death
  one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt,
  which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made
  war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called
  Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and
  his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and
  Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and
  afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles
  for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues,
  was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to
  possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under
  the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who
  killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom,
  which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman
  emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom.
  _Herodian_, bk. 5.――――One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his
  name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by
  his cruelties.

=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by
  his father’s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and
  became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians,
  raised Tigranes to the throne.――――Another, son of Polemon, whose
  original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia,
  he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.
  ――――A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.

=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was
  hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks.
  7 & 9.

=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his
  son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.

=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.

=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great.
  _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.

=Artemidōrus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description
  of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.――――A
  physician in the age of Adrian.――――A man in the reign of Antoninus,
  who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still
  extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to,
  1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.――――A man of
  Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome,
  and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the
  friend of Julius Cæsar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy
  which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among
  the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius Cæsar put it
  with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no
  material consequence. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Artĕmis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia,
  were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi,
  where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed,
  bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to
  hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name
  at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting
  and diversions. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.

=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over
  Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes
  in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was
  so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like
  women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed
  of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000
  drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of
  Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put
  out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the
  promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――There was also another queen of Caria
  of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She
  was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was
  married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty.
  She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her
  liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his
  memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was
  called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she
  called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to
  all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary
  men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best
  elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to
  Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband
  that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.

=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Diana had a temple. The
  neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes
  had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 175, &c.――――A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred
  to Artemis, whence the name.

=Artemīta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.――――An island opposite the
  mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._

=Artĕmon=, an historian of Pergamus.――――A native of Clazomenæ, who was
  with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented
  the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military
  engines.――――A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.――――A
  native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.――――A
  physician of Clazomenæ.――――A painter.――――A Syrian, whose features
  resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen,
  after the king’s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband
  in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death,
  she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_
  Antiochus.

=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 59.

=Artobarzănes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne
  in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.

=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of
  Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.

=Artōna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 43.

=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.

=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the
  battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure
  Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I.,
  cruelly put to death by Parysatis.

=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his
  flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.

=Artynes=, a king of Media.

=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.

=Artystŏna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.

=Aruæ=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief
  officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Arvāles=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals
  called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the
  12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of
  ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.
  _See:_ Ambarvalia.

=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According
  to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their
  mother’s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.

=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris,
  who took up arms against Julius Cæsar. They were conquered with
  great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as
  well as the Romans. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Arvĭrăgus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.

=Arvīsium= and =Arvīsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.

=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius Cæsar
  against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
  li. 586.――――A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of
  Diana. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759.――――A brother of Tarquin
  the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,
  who had assassinated his wife.――――A son of Tarquin the Proud, who,
  in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father
  and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him
  and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A son of
  Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the
  god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his
  daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted
  so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
  man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust,
  in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_,
  ltr. 14.――――Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6.
  ――――Paterculus, a man who gave Æmylius Censorinus tyrant of Ægesta
  a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first
  experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
  minora_.――――Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age
  of Domitian.

=Arupīnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
  li. 110.

=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.

=Aryxăta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He
  was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and
  wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.

=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by
  pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.――――A king of the
  Molossi, who reigned 10 years.

=Aryptæus=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the
  Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the
  Macedonians.

=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from
  the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Asbestæ= and =Asbystæ=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the
  temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that
  account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4,
  ch. 3.

=Asbŏlus= (_black hair_), one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3.

=Ascalăphus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts,
  and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with
  his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.――――A son of Acheron
  by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine
  in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her
  daughter’s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten
  nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she
  had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was
  ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest
  of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with
  Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately
  turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8.

=Ascălon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia
  from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its
  onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Theophrastus_,
  _Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Ascania=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A city of Troas, built by
  Ascanius.

=Ascănius=, son of Æneas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy
  by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was
  afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war
  which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded Æneas
  in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred
  the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius
  reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age
  of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at
  Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of Æneas by Lavinia.
  Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the
  Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the
  family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high
  priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――――According to _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of Æneas by Lavinia was
  also called Ascanius.――――A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 3, li. 270.

=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no
  shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2.

=Asclēpia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or Æsculapius, celebrated
  all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions
  were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a
  different name.

=Asclēpiădes=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an
  historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.――――A disciple of Plato.
  ――――A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with
  Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not
  be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter,
  and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife
  of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and
  married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria.
  _Plutarch_.――――A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great
  reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He
  relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never
  be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age.
  Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.――――An Egyptian,
  who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on
  the coincidence of all religions.――――A native of Alexandria, who
  gave a history of the Athenian archons.――――The writer of a treatise
  on Demetrius Phalereus.――――A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six
  books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.――――A
  physician in the age of Pompey.――――A tragic poet.――――Another
  physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a
  great favourite of the emperor’s court.

=Asclepiodōrus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures
  of the gods were sold, for 300 minæ each, to an African prince.
  _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A soldier who conspired against Alexander with
  Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.

=Asclepius.= _See:_ Æsculapius.

=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that
  he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to
  death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set
  on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames,
  and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician’s body.
  _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15.

=Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December
  by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the
  god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made
  a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil
  and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon
  it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This
  was called ἀσκωλιαζειν παρα το ἐπι ἀσκον ἀλλεσθαι, _leaping upon
  the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also
  introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the
  dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some
  small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards,
  and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 384.――_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.――――Pedia, a man intimate
  with Virgil and Livy.――――Another of the same family in the age of
  Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after.
  He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero’s
  orations.

=Ascra=, a town of Bœotia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus
  and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there,
  whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem
  treats on agricultural subjects _Ascræum carmen_. The town received
  its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of Œoclus by Neptune. _Strabo_,
  bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1.

=Ascŭlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of
  Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――――Another
  in Apulia, near the Aufidus.

=Asdrŭbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished
  himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the
  death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much
  prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with
  cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw
  it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in
  a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was
  faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of
  his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The
  slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he
  bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed
  in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Appian_, _Wars in
  Spain_.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.――――A son
  of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his
  brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of
  his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans,
  the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked
  him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was
  killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and
  5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head
  of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of
  Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations
  for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, “In losing Asdrubal,
  I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.” Asdrubal had
  before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been
  defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c.
  ――_Polybius._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.――――A Carthaginian general,
  surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken
  prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._――――Another, son of Gisgon, appointed
  general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the
  great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the
  assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio.
  He died B.C. 206. _Livy._――――Another, who advised his countrymen
  to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the
  Carthaginian senate. _Livy._――――A grandson of Masinissa, murdered
  in the senate house by the Carthaginians.――――Another, whose camp
  was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men,
  in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and
  begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which
  his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two
  children into the flames of the temple of Æsculapius, which she and
  others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal.
  _Livy_, bk. 51.――――A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius
  Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130
  elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the
  conquerors.

=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote
  an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from
  Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean seas.
  The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name
  from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given
  birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the
  ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and
  sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries
  as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different
  empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous
  were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,
  according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin
  1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia
  existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander
  the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years,
  according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign
  of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred
  the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was
  in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold
  retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is
  in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible
  progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation.
  Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was
  the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and
  Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose
  boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in
  a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia
  Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to
  the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the
  power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor
  were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and
  it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and
  indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._
  ――_Mela._――_Justin._――_Pliny._――_Tacitus_, &c.――――One of the
  Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the
  three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
  ――――One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._――――A mountain of Laconia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 701.

=Asiātĭcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 2.――――The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their
  conquests or campaigns in Asia.

=Asĭlas=, an augur, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.――――A Trojan
  officer. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 9, 10, &c.

=Asināria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory
  obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.

=Asinārius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals,
  Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.

=Asĭne=, one of the Sporades.――――An island of the Adriatic.――――Three
  towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and
  Messenia.

=Asĭnes=, a river of Sicily.

=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania,
  after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to
  a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself
  to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He
  had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father
  and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former.
  _Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Pliny_, bk.
  7, ltr. 4.――――Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of
  some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_.
  ――――Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with
  Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account
  of the wars of Cæsar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He
  refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, “because,”
  said he, “you have the power to proscribe me, should my answer
  prove offensive.” He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He
  was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him
  that the fourth of Virgil’s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._
  ――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, chs. 30 & 55.――_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37,
  49, 55.――_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Tacitus_, bk. 6.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Cæsar_.――――A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――――An historian in the age of Pompey.
  ――――Another in the third century.――――Quadratus, a man who published
  the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.

=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the
  Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li.
  342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.――――A poet of Samos, who wrote
  about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk.
  7, ch. 4.――――A son of Imbracus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.

=Asnāus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows.
  _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Asōphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.

=Asōpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Asōpiădes=, a patronymic of Æacus, son of Ægina, the daughter of
  Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484.

=Asōpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.――――A daughter of Thespius mother
  of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Asōpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the
  north of Thermopylæ. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A river of Bœotia, rising
  near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated
  the country of the Thebans and Platæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.
  ――――A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.――――A
  river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.――――Another of Macedonia,
  flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.――――A river of Phœnicia.――――A
  son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three
  of his daughters are particularly celebrated, Ægina, Salamis, and
  Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian
  empire.

=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with
  Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._

=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 30.

=Aspăsia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocæa, famous for her personal
  charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to
  Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she
  passed to Darius. She was called _Milto_, _vermilion_, on account of
  the beauty of her complexion. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.
  1.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――Another woman, daughter of Axiochus,
  born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence,
  and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated
  Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became
  her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so
  fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The
  behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals
  of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness
  into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior
  excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped
  to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have
  confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of
  Hermotimus. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 11.――――The
  wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper
  interpretation given by some to _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 1,
  ch. 31.

=Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose
  commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.――――A sophist,
  who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.

=Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust
  while Alexander was in the east. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Aspathīnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired
  against the usurper Smerdis. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.――――A
  son of Prexaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.

=Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants
  sacrificed swine to Venus.

=Asphaltītes=, a lake. _See:_ Mare Mortuum.

=Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was
  reduced by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――――A city and
  mountain of Africa.――――One of the Cyclades.――――A city of Macedonia.

=Asplēdon=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to
  a city of Bœotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Asporēnus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother
  of the gods was worshipped, and called _Asporena_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Assa=, a town near mount Athos.

=Assabīnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians.

=Assărăcus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father
  to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called
  the descendants of Assaracus, _Gens Assaraci_. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1.――――Two friends of Æneas in the
  Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.

=Asserīni=, a people of Sicily.

=Assōrus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.

=Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.

=Assy̆ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been
  different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by
  the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally
  speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media,
  Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most
  ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059,
  according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus,
  the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius,
  it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but
  Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years.
  Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis
  greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her
  dominions as far as Æthiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the
  Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The
  Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with
  an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings,
  as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now
  called Curdistan. _See:_ Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_, bks.
  1 & 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.――_Ptolemy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Asta=, a city in Spain.

=Astacœni=, a people of India near the Indus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Astăcus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and
  Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus
  destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia,
  which was then lately built. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Arrian._
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Acarnania. _Pliny_, bk. 5.

=Astăpa=, a town of Hispania Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 20.

=Astăpus=, a river of Æthiopia, falling into the Nile.

=Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of
  the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which
  was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering
  sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and
  a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand
  stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form
  of a cross. _Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to
  Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the
  city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The
  arrow, on which was written “Aimed at Philip’s right eye,” struck
  the king’s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry,
  threw back the same arrow, with these words, “If Philip takes the
  town, Aster shall be hanged.” The conqueror kept his word. _Lucian_,
  _Quomodo historia conscribenda sit_.

=Astĕria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phœbe daughter
  of Cœlus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she
  had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours
  of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his
  displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called _Ortyx_ by the
  Greeks; whence the name of _Ortygia_, given to that island in the
  Archipelago, where she retired. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  fable 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 58.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.
  ――――A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 782.――――One of the daughters of Danaus,
  who married Chætus son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of
  the daughters of Atlas, mother of Œnomaus king of Pisa. _Hyginus_,
  fable 250.――――A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes
  to comfort her during her lover’s absence.

=Astĕrion= and =Astĕrius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed
  through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters,
  Eubœa, Prosymna, and Acræa, who nursed the goddess Juno. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 17.――――A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts.
  _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――――A statuary, son of Æschylus. _Pausanias._
  ――――A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiphæ. He was killed by
  Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus
  supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According
  to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of
  Æolus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had
  carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――――A son of
  Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Asterŏpe= and =Asteropēa=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by
  the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after
  death.――――A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her
  sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life.
  Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch.
  11.――――A daughter of Deion by Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――――The
  wife of Æsacus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Asteropæus=, a king of Pæonia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam
  in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by
  Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, &c.

=Asterūsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.――――A town of Arabia
  Felix.

=Astinŏme=, the wife of Hipponous.

=Astiŏchus=, a general of Lacedæmon, who conquered the Athenians near
  Cnidus, and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B.C. 411.

=Astræa=, a daughter of Astræus king of Arcadia, or, according
  to others, of Titan, Saturn’s brother, by Aurora. Some make her
  daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the
  same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called _Justice_, of which
  virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets
  mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of
  Astræa; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to
  heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the
  constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is
  represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance,
  holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other.
  _Seneca_, _Octavia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 149.
  ――_Aratus_, bk. 1, _Phænomena_, li. 98.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Astræus=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.――――A river
  of Macedonia, near Thermæ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 1.

=Astu=, a Greek word which signifies _city_, generally applied, by way
  of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece.
  The word _urbs_ is applied with the same meaning of superiority to
  Rome, and πολις to Alexandria the capital of Ægypt, as also to Troy.

=Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.

=Astŭra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony’s soldiers
  cut off Cicero’s head.

=Astŭres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their
  lives in digging for mines of ore. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 298.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231.

=Astyăge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she
  had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.

=Astyăges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was
  father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble
  person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter’s
  son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped
  that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he
  was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter’s son by
  the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his
  grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and
  oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had
  wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane’s son, who was called Cyrus,
  to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and
  took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyropædia, relates a
  different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the
  most undisturbed friendship together. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.――――A grammarian who wrote a
  commentary on Callimachus.――――A man changed into a stone by Medusa’s
  head. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.

=Astyălus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Astyănax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when
  the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother
  saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest
  the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one
  day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him,
  and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides,
  he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son
  of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of
  Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as
  his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
  li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 415.
  ――――An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on
  mount Lyceus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――A son of Hercules.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A writer in the age of Gallienus.

=Astycratia=, a daughter of Æolus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A daughter of
  Amphion and Niobe.

=Astydămas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies,
  of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.――――A Milesian, three
  times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as
  well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast
  by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine
  persons. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――Two tragic writers bore the same
  name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.――――A comic poet of
  Athens.

=Astydămīa=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos
  in Bœotia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos.
  She became enamoured of Peleus son of Æacus, who had visited her
  husband’s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion,
  she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed
  his wife’s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of
  hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited
  for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At
  last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was
  tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by
  wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent
  Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched
  with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with
  death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte,
  and by others Cretheis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Pindar_,
  _Nemean_, bk. 4.――――A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules,
  by whom she had Tlepolemus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 50.

=Asty̆lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He
  advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithæ. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 338.――――A man of Crotona, who was
  victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. _Pausanias._

=Astymedūsa=, a woman whom Œdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.

=Astynŏme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes
  called _Chryseis_. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the
  division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.――――A daughter of Amphion,――――of
  Talaus. _Hyginus._

=Astynous=, a Trojan prince. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144.

=Astyŏche= and =Astyochīa=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars,
  Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 20.――――A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who
  had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. _Hyginus_, fables 97, 162.
  ――――A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A
  daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A
  daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 12.――――The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.

=Astypalæa=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called
  after Astypalæa the daughter of Phœnix, and mother of Ancæus by
  Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Astyphĭlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity.
  _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Astȳron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum.
  _Strabo._

=Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law,
  that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father’s body in the
  hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He
  built a magnificent pyramid. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 136.

=Asȳlas=, a friend of Æneas, skilled in auguries. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.

=Asyllus=, a gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 266.

=Atābŭlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 5, li. 78.

=Atabȳris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence
  he was surnamed _Atabyris_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Atăce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective _Atacinus_.

=Atalanta=, a daughter of Schœneus king of Scyros. According to some
  she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others
  say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly
  knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error,
  and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name,
  though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia,
  and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy;
  but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from
  their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were
  to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her
  lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before
  her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were
  to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she
  was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in
  the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself
  as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples
  from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an
  orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he
  artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other.
  While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples,
  Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal,
  and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the
  impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of
  Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at
  the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions.
  Apollodorus says that Atalanta’s father was desirous of raising male
  issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon
  as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved
  by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved
  to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus,
  who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the
  Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head
  as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also
  at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered
  Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished
  her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could
  overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son
  called Parthenopæus by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was
  the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had
  him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. _See:_
  Meleager. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 99, 174, 185, 270.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.――_Euripides_,
  _Phœnician Women_.――――An island near Eubœa and Locris. _Pausanias._

=Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days’ journey from the Garamantes.
  There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet
  water upon it. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 184.

=Atarbĕchis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus
  had a temple.

=Atargătis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She
  is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the
  Assyrians under the name of Astarte. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the
  neighbourhood of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.

=Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have
  run 75 miles between noon and the evening. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 19.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 7.

=Atax=, now _Aude_, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean
  mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2.

=Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised
  such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter
  dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from
  heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind
  to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.

=Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where
  interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellanæ fabulæ.
  _Juvenal_, satire 6.

=Atenomārus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Athamānes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the
  Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of
  Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters,
  about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they
  would set wood on fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 311.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Athămas=, king of Thebes in Bœotia, was son of Æolus. He married
  Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her
  he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele
  was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of
  Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became
  jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend
  their father’s throne in preference to her own, therefore she
  resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis,
  on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus and Argonautæ. According to the
  Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the
  corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine
  vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that
  before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice
  one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led
  Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity
  of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she
  was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one
  of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with
  such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons
  to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her,
  and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta,
  and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a
  high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas
  recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children,
    he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew.
  _Hyginus_, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li.
  419.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 10.――――A stage dancer. _Cicero_,
  _Piso_, ch. 36.――――A tragic poet. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 20.――――One
  of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 263.

=Athamantiădes=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children
  of Athamas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 319; _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 903.

=Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings,
  and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his
  doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which
  have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity,
  the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to
  Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some
  not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after
  filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately
  a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is
  that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.

=Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.

=Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip
  of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had
  furnished him with an army. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Athēna=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the
  Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess
  into Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Athēnæ=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before
  the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called
  _Cecropia_ from its founder, and afterwards _Athenæ_ in honour
  of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in
  preference to Neptune. _See:_ Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings
  in the following order:――After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was
  succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497;
  Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II.,
  1347; Pandion II., 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus,
  1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thymœtes, 1136;
  Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of
  21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly
  fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was
  abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years
  after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of
  three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. _See:_ Archontes.
  Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their
  valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of
  the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that
  Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against
  Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly
  displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Platæa, and of
  Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and
  dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece.
  The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new
  and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant,
  and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that
  they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and
  intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the
  salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees
  among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to
  destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest.
  The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon
  fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of
  Peloponnesus [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against
  Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was
  totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era,
  by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants,
  and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities.
  They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip,
  and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived
  efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and
  they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have
  been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the
  great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended
  with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of
  Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did
  not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their
  battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps,
  not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space
  of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally
  celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military
  abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic,
  sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected
  the learning, while they despised the military character of the
  inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired
  under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less
  learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till
  an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship,
  the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by
  Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just
  and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be
  surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness,
  or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking
  the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a
  more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece,
  the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of
  Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of
  Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica,
  for which reason they were called ἀυτοχθονες, produced from the
  _same earth_ which they inhabited, γηγενες _sons of the earth_, and
  τεττιγες _grasshoppers_. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers
  in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other
  people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those
  insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men
  able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at
  20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more
  civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus
  there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000
  slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more
  celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the
  Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and
  still exists a venerable monument of the hero’s patriotism, and
  of the abilities of the architect. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  Against Verres, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Plutarch_, _in vitis_,
  &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Valerius
  Maximus._――_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_,
  &c.――_Polybius._――_Paterculus._

=Athenæa=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One
  of them was called ♦_Panathenæa_, and the other _ Chalcea_; for an
  account of which see those words.

      ♦ ‘Bana, thenæe’ replaced with ‘Panathenæa’

=Athenæum=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets,
  philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated
  their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the
  liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made
  a public building for the same laudable purposes.――――A promontory
  of Italy.――――A fortified place between Ætolia and Macedonia. _Livy_,
  bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.

=Athenæus=, a Greek cosmographer.――――A peripatetic philosopher of
  Cilicia in the time of Augustus. _Strabo._――――A Spartan sent by his
  countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian
  war.――――A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and
  miscellaneous work, called ♦_Deipnosophistæ_, replete with very
  curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the
  ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient
  poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which
  the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last,
  are lost. Athenæus wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and
  other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his
  works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far
  superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.――――An historian, who
  wrote an account of Semiramis. _Diodorus._――――A brother of king
  Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.――――A Roman historian,
  in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on
  military engines.――――A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who
  made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four
  commonly received.

      ♦ ‘Deipnosphistæ’ replaced with ‘Deipnosophistæ’

=Athenagŏras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave
  the government of Chios, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A writer
  on agriculture. _Varro._――――A christian philosopher, in the age of
  Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology
  for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition
  of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of
  Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.

=Athenāis=, a Sibyl of Erythræa, in the age of Alexander. _Strabo._
  ――――A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.

=Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.――――A general of the
  Sicilian slaves.――――A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.

=Athenŏcles=, a general, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A turner of
  Mitylene. _Pliny_, bk. 34.

=Athenodōrus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The
  emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always
  to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way
  to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much
  lamented by his countrymen. _Suetonius._――――A poet who wrote comedy,
  tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――――A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus.
  He was intimate with Strabo. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A philosopher,
  disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.――――A
  marble sculptor.――――A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself
  absolute.

=Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the
  existence of a deity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Athĕsis=, now _Adige_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling
  into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.

=Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference,
  projecting into the Ægean sea like a promontory. It is so high that
  it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87
  miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When
  Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in
  length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea
  water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass
  one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing
  round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his
  power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount
  Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in
  his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the
  waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan,
  but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring
  country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions
  for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of
  the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries,
  said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Ælian_,
  _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
  ――_Aeschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.

=Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. _Strabo._

=Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Atia=, a city of Campania.――――A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius
  Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law,
  and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of
  electing priests from the college of priests to the people.――――The
  mother of Augustus. _See:_ Accia.

=Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power
  of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously
  provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560.
  ――――Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing
  20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fidenæ.
  The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during
  the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 62.

=Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy
  by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 56.

=Atīna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began
  hostilities against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630.

=Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 869.

=Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of
  the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in
  the senate.

=Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas,
  who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to
  have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the
  sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat
  scorched and tormented them. _Herodotus._

=Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 639.

=Atlantĭdes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted
  of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of
  antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom,
  on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the
  number of their gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――The daughters of Atlas,
  were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope,
  Alcyone, and Celæno. They married some of the gods, and most
  illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations
  and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses,
  on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of
  Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis.
  They were made constellations after death. _See:_ Pleiades.

=Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its
  situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some
  writers.

=Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the
  Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Menœtius.
  His mother’s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married
  Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by
  whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. _See:_ Atlantides.
  He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind,
  as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit,
  which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the
  conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded
  hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis
  that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter,
  refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who
  was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa’s head, and Atlas was
  instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs
  across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the
  ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and
  that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that
  Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which
  Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The
  fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his
  fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places
  and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The
  daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but
  redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father,
  the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge
  Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further
  said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking
  upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some
  authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy,
  father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother
  of Mercury. _Virgil_,, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.――_Aratus_, _Astronomia_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 508, &c.――――A
  river flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 49.

=Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses,
  of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She
  was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by
  some to be the Vashti of scripture. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.

=Atrăces=, a people of Ætolia, who received their name from Atrax son
  of Ætolus. Their country was called Atracia.

=Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia.

=Atrăpes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of
  the provinces, received Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Atrax=, son of Ætolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus.
  He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax
  or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word _Atracias_
  has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of
  Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound
  with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. _Propertius_, bk. 1,
  poem 8, li. 25.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 106.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 209.――――A city of Thessaly, whence the
  epithet of Atracius.――――A river of Ætolia, which falls into the
  Ionian sea.

=Atrebātæ=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern
  counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.

=Atrĕbātes=, now _Artois_, a people of Gaul, who, together with the
  Nervii, opposed Julius Cæsar with 15,000 men. They were conquered,
  and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They
  were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account
  of the services of Comius. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, &c.

=Atrēni=, a people of Armenia.

=Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of Œnomaus king of
  Pisa, was king of Mycenæ, and brother to Pittheus, Trœzon, Thyestes,
  and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the
  same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove
  him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but
  their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself.
  This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons,
  who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court
  of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he
  succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, Ærope, his
  predecessor’s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and
  Agamemnon. Others affirm that Ærope was the wife of Plisthenes,
  by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons
  of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and
  brought them up as his own. _See:_ Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed
  his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his
  wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children.
  This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished
  from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother,
  who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed.
  To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast,
  where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had
  had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished,
  the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to
  convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared
  so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in
  his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the
  court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his
  own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing
  who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report,
  to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of
  the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had
  suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself
  and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called
  Ægisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his
  wife. Atreus adopted Ægisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes,
  who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his
  son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause,
  and instead of becoming his father’s murderer, he rather avenged
  his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. _See:_
  Thyestes, Ægisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. _Hyginus_,
  fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.――_Euripides_, _Orestes_; _Iphigeneia
  in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 40.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Seneca_ on _Atreus_.

=Atrīdæ=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus,
  as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of
  Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain
  that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes,
  and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of
  their grandfather. _See:_ Plisthenes.

=Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10.

=Atropatia=, a part of Media. _Strabo._

=Atrŏpos=, one of the Parcæ, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According
  to the derivation of her name (_a non_, τρεπω _muto_), she is
  inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters
  is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or
  quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with
  a pair of scissors in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ.

=T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to
  have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet.
  His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in
  universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.

=Attălia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. _Strabo._

=Attalĭcus.= _See:_ Attalus III.

=Attălus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the
  Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount
  Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus.
  The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at
  Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27,
  28, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――The second of that
  name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and
  at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III.,
  who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and
  seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference
  of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has
  received the name of _Philadelphus_, from his fraternal love, was
  a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities.
  He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138.
  He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation
  for 20 years. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――――The third
  succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II.,
  and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his
  wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed
  _Philopater_. He left the cares of government to cultivate his
  garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived
  in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by
  his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words _Populus Romanus
  meorum hæres esto_, which the Romans interpreted as themselves,
  and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made
  of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From
  this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample
  fortune, was always called by the epithet _Attalicus_. Attalus,
  as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the
  valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the
  patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court.
  _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.――_Pliny_, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.――_Justin_, bk.
  39.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――――An officer in Alexander’s army.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another very inimical to Alexander.
  He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the
  murder. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.――――A philosopher,
  preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_ ltr. 108.――――An astronomer of Rhodes.

=Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus
  against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6.

=Atteius Capĭto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises
  on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a
  senator. _See:_ ♦Ateius.

      ♦ No reference to ‘Ateius’ found.

=Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He
  introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a
  great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success,
  and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king
  of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 14. =Attĭca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south
  of Bœotia, west of the Ægean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus,
  and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter
  of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who
  settled there; and also Acte, which signifies _shore_, and Cecropia,
  from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities
  is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of
  _Attici_. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which
  constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the
  country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13
  tribes of Acamantis, Æantis, Antiochis, Attalis, Ægeis, Erechtheis,
  Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, Æneis, Ptolemais, and
  Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad,
  at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some
  of which were considerable towns. _See:_ Athenæ.

=Attĭcus=, one of Galba’s servants, who entered his palace with
  a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1.――――Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight,
  to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained
  the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided
  into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to
  Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after
  his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his
  munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the
  Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was
  surnamed _Atticus_; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured
  the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a
  disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical
  parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his
  approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious
  men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not
  only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with
  the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said
  that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a
  fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable
  character of peacemaker among his friends. _Cornelius Nepos_, one
  of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.――――Herodes, an Athenian in the
  age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for
  his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the
  consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which
  he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in
  other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as
  they were magnificent. _Philostratus_, _Lives of the Sophists_,
  bk. 2, p. 548.――_Aulus Gellius_, _Noctes Atticæ_.――――A consul in the
  age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Attĭla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts
  of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian,
  with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took
  the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and
  peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor.
  Attila, who boasted in the appellation of _the scourge of God_, died
  A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his
  nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the
  whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive
  kings in his train. _Jornandes_, _Getica_.

=Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. _See:_ Regulus.
  ――――Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet.
  ――――Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into
  Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language
  procured him the appellation of _Ferreus_.――――Regulus, a Roman
  censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. _Livy_, bk. 23,
  ch. 23, &c.――――The name of Attilius was common among the Romans,
  and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life,
  however, is not famous for any illustrious event.

=Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8.

=Attius Pelignus=, an officer of Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1.
  ――――Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when
  banished from Rome. _Livy._――――Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey’s
  name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which
  he alienated from Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A
  poet. _See:_ Accius.――――The family of the Attii was descended from
  Atys, one of the companions of Æneas, according to the opinion which
  Virgil has adopted, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 568.

=Atūrus=, a river of Gaul, now the _Adour_, which runs at the foot
  of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. _Lucan_, bk. 1,
  li. 420.

=Atyădæ=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.

=Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus
  with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――――A son of Crœsus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of
  all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed.
  Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to
  go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and
  he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Crœsus had appointed
  guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch
  were realized. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. _See:_ Adrastus.――――A
  Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and is supposed to be the
  progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 568.――――A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of Œdipus was
  promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 598.――――A son of Limniace the
  daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing
  the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning
  log of wood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 47.――――A celebrated
  shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally
  called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care
  of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in
  celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris,
  for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that
  he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards
  intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of
  Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity.
  This account is the most general and most approved. Others say
  that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her
  festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself
  mutilated him. _Pausanias_ relates, in _Achaia_, ch. 17, that Atys
  was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant
  by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as
  the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the
  impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a
  monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes.
  This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of
  those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated
  parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one
  of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her
  bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a
  wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in
  the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to
  celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus,
  Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments
  the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury,
  that they both attacked and ♦mutilated one another in the struggle.
  _Ovid_ says, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele
  changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands
  upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother
  of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and
  temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dymæ. _Catullus_,
  _the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele]_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 3; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 223, &c.
  ――_Lucian_, _Deâ Syriâ_.――――Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king
  of Alba. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

      ♦ ‘multilated’ replaced with ‘mutilated’

=Avarīcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges,
  the capital of Berry. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.

=Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been
  called _avellinæ_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 740.

      ♦ ‘Book 7’ omitted from reference

=Aventīnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against
  Æneas, and distinguished himself by his valour. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 657.――――A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 51.――――One of the seven hills on
  which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in
  circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by
  king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the
  city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers
  looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried
  there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived,
  according to some, _ab avibus_, because birds were fond of the place.
  Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of
  the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea,
  Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent
  temples built upon it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 235.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Baiæ, whose waters
  were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its
  banks; hence its original name was ἀορνος, _avibus carens_. The
  ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers.
  Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be
  ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary
  in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that
  all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the
  smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
  lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Aristotle_, _on Admethics [Ethics]_.

=Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster.

=Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most
  wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by
  Ancus Martius.

=Aufidēna=, now _Alfidena_, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose
  inhabitants, called _Aufidenates_, were among the Sabines. _Livy_,
  bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Aufĭdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692.
  It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office,
  promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance,
  he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be
  compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.

=Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 25.
  ――――Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote
  an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.――――A Roman senator,
  famous for his blindness and abilities. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputations_, bk. 5.――――Lurco, a man who enriched himself by
  fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. _Pliny_, bk. 10.
  ――――Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the
  age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.

=Aufĭdus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now
  called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by
  Hannibal at Cannæ. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and
  bears the name of the field of blood. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4,
  ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 405.

=Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Neæra,
  was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed
  in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was
  preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter’s
  shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused
  to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia,
  who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time
  after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the
  king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him
  from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the
  oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his
  parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted.
  As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the
  victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror,
  and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid
  of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with
  him to Tegea. _Pausanias_ says, that Auge was confined in a coffer
  with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being
  preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras.
  _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 99 & 100.

=Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of
  Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. _Dio Cassius._――――A king of Osroene,
  whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of
  friendship and support. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 78.

=Augeæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――――Another of
  Locris.

=Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the
  Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an
  immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were
  kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility
  to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a
  reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent.
  The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according
  to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung
  and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense
  on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not
  experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son
  Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the
  hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis,
  put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. _Pausanias_ says,
  bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the
  sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and
  that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded
  to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which
  were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of
  Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of _Augean stable_
  is now applied to an impossibility. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 30, 157.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Augĭlæ=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods
  except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. _Mela_,
  bk. 1.

=Augīnus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2.

=Augŭres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events,
  whence their name, _ab avium garritu_. They were first created by
  Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth,
  and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to
  nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a
  particular college, and the chief amongst them was called _Magister
  collegii_. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was
  convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges;
  an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur
  generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was
  turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the
  south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of
  the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to
  the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally
  five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in
  observing the phænomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning,
  comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping
  or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose
  eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown
  to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from
  quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed
  place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called
  _Dira_, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one’s
  clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a
  wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions
  did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left
  hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words _sinister_ and
  _lævus_, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were
  always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. _Cicero_, _de
  Divinatione_.――_Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_.

♦=Augurīnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c.
  _Tacitus_, ♠_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 70.

      ♦ ‘Tugurīnus Julius’ replaced with ‘Augurīnus Julius’
        Placed in correct alphebetical order.
      ♠ ‘H. 15, c. 70’ replaced with ‘Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50’

=Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour
  of Augustus Cæsar.――――London, as capital of the country of the
  Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.――――Messalina, famous
  for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor
  Claudius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 118.

=Augustālia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which
  Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the
  different parts of the empire.

=Augustīnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by
  his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works,
  which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and
  an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in
  the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is
  that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.

=Augustodūnum=, now _Autun_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the
  ancient Ædui.

=Augustŭlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered
  by Odoacer king of the Heruli.

=Augustus Octaviānus Cæsar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of
  Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to
  Julius Cæsar. He was adopted by his uncle Cæsar, and inherited
  the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of
  four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened
  to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people,
  and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the
  reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were
  ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of
  _boy_, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and
  made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of
  his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight
  against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he
  changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed
  the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the
  innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even
  spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were
  made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more
  important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his
  colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as
  long as the murderers of Cæsar were alive, the reigning tyrants had
  reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate
  were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The
  battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and
  conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected
  the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate
  Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the
  feet of Cæsar’s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded
  his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but
  among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of
  Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the
  restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between
  Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival
  vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Cæsar was easily induced to
  take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her
  death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled;
  their united forces were successfully directed against the younger
  Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry
  Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and
  not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned
  himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra.
  Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the
  wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man
  whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made
  him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the
  fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east,
  and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60
  ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed
  her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt,
  besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the
  unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being
  led in the victor’s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide.
  After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up
  the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It
  is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately
  after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of
  his ill-health; but his friend Mecænas dissuaded him, and observed
  that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and
  expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the
  76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power
  during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the
  good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the
  provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence
  and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said,
  that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty.
  While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen
  the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office ♦of
  perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all
  the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous
  Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the
  letters he found after Pompey’s defeat arose more from fear than
  honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have
  perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and
  many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to
  posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of
  Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity
  of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance
  of his uncle’s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and
  the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him
  the honourable appellation of _Augustus_. He has been accused of
  licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness
  of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some
  instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles.
  He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly
  reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother’s
  declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the
  figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear,
  and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine
  irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon
  anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring
  brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he
  was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies,
  besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was
  married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he
  was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter
  Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery
  and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his
  adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly
  to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to
  the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of
  Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character
  of Æneas. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――_Horace._――_Virgil._
  ――_Pausanias._――_Tacitus._――_Paterculus._――_Dio Cassius._――_Ovid._
  ――――The name of _Augustus_ was afterwards given to the successors
  of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of
  _Cæsar_ as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the
  empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while
  that of Cæsar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who
  was considered as presumptive heir.

      ♦ ‘or’ replaced with ‘of’

=Avĭdiēnus=, a rich and sordid man, whom _Horace_ styles happy, bk. 2,
  satire 2, li. 55.

=Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only
  three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a
  second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. _Diodorus._

=Rufus Festus Aviēnus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated
  the phænomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The
  best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo,
  1731.

=Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 14.――――Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books
  on original sin, &c.

=Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.

=Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when Æneas came into Italy.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 290.

=Aulētes=, a general who assisted Æneas in Italy, with 100 ships.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 207.――――The surname of one of the
  Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.

=Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_.――――A town of
  Bœotia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired
  against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the
  anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon.
  To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to
  sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared
  by substituting a ram. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 426.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 303.

=Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its
  wine, which, according to _Horace_ bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior
  to that of Falernum. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 125.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.
  ――――A place of Messenia. _Pausanias._

=Aulonius=, a surname of Æsculapius.

=Aulus=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Gellius. _See:_ Gellius.

=Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount Hæmus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius
  Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the
  Tribuni Ærarii, with judicial power.――――Another, A.U.C. 678. It
  abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes
  to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.

=Aurelia=, a town of Hispania Bætica.――――The mother of Julius Cæsar.
  _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 74.――――A fishwoman. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
  li. 98.

=Aureliānus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and
  even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers
  with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military
  character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated
  queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was
  charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was
  naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he
  killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he
  exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which
  he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After
  a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern
  barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January
  29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion
  against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death,
  for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated
  his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude
  and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild
  beasts.――――A physician of the fourth century.

=Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. _See:_ Antoninus Bassianus.――――A painter
  in the age of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――Victor, an historian in
  the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant――an account
  of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Cæsars to Julian. The
  best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733,
  and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.――――Antoninus, an emperor.
  _See:_ Antoninus.

=Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.

=Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans.
  _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.

=Aurōra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or,
  according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son
  of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname
  of _Pallantias_. She married Astræus, by whom she had the winds, the
  stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by
  the former she had Memnon and Æmathion, and Phaeton by the latter.
  _See:_ Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion,
  whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by
  Diana’s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn
  in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the
  gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the
  flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and
  she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the
  constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets
  out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks
  call her Eos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 10; _Hymn to
  Aphrodite_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 9, 15.――_Apollodorus_,
  bks. 1, 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 535.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Hyginus_, preface to
  fables.

=Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of
  Ulysses by Calypso. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.

=Auschīsæ=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Ausci=, a people of Gaul.

=Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the
  Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.

=Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in
  honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives
  unusual honour, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 180.

=Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people
  of Italy, are descended.

=Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from
  Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes Æneas speak of Ausonia, it
  is by anticipation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.

=Decimius Magnus Ausōnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the
  fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian,
  and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have
  been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is
  one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for
  publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the _consular
  fasti_ of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is
  occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil,
  what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition
  is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a
  French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.

=Auspĭces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs.
  _See:_ Augures.

=Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was
  pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 58. _See:_ Venti.

=Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony
  into an island which, from him, was called Thera. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Pausanias._

=Autobūlus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Autochthŏnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first
  possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The
  Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were
  as old as the country which they inhabited. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch.
  14.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Autŏcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the
  assistance of Alexander of Pheræ.

=Autocrătes=, an historian mentioned by _Athenæus_, bks. 9 & 11.

=Autolŏlæ=, a people of Mauritania descended from the Gætuli. They
  excelled all their neighbours in running. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 677.

=Autŏly̆cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of Dædalion. He
  was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly
  celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them
  with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same
  to Sisyphus son of Æolus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus,
  and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their
  feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that
  he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted
  him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who
  became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes.
  _See:_ Sisyphus, Laertes. _Hyginus_, fable 200, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 14.――――A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. _Hyginus_,
  fable 14.

=Automăte=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. _Pliny_,
  bks. 2, 6, 37.――――A daughter of Danaus.

=Automĕdon=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10
  ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he
  served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 9, 16,
  &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 477.

=Automedūsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2.

=Automĕnes=, one of the Heraclidæ, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C.
  779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth,
  and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son
  Periander made themselves absolute.

=Automŏli=, a nation of Æthiopia. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.

=Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Aristæus, by whom she
  had Actæon, often called _Autoneius heros_. The death of her son
  [_See:_ Actæon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Bœotia
  to Megara, where she soon after died. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 179.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 720.
  ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――One of the
  Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A female servant of Penelope.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18.

=Autophradātes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes.
  _Diodorus._

=Autūra=, the _Eure_, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.

=Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Trœzene,
  where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The
  Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their
  country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at
  Trœzene. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Axĕnus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies
  _inhospitable_, which was highly applicable to the manners of the
  ancient inhabitants of the coast. _Ovid_, bk. 4; _Tristia_, poem 4,
  li. 56.

=Axiŏchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise
  concerning death.

=Axīon=, brother of Alphesibœa, murdered Alcmæon his sister’s husband,
  because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. _See:_
  Alcmæon and Alphesibœa.

=Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man’s dress to hear the
  lectures of Plato.

=Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Axis=, a town of Umbria. _Propertius_, poem 4.

=Axius=, a river of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below
  Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.

=Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis
  in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.

=Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. _Apollodus._

=Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.――――A son of Arcas
  king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father’s
  kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share
  Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called _Clitorius_, whose
  waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. _Vitruvius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Azīris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful
  hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built
  a town. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.

=Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. _Pliny_, bk. 30.

=Azorus=, one of the Argonauts.

=Azōtus=, now _Asdod_, a large town of Syria on the borders of the
  Mediterranean. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 15.


                                   B

=Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to
  have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. _Pliny_,
  preface to ch. 19.

=Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero’s age, who told the emperor to avert
  the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance
  of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death.
  His advice was faithfully followed. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 36.

=Baby̆lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which
  bears his name.――――A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian
  empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and
  its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged
  and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia
  in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was
  taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the
  Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into
  the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of
  the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant
  suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the
  death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards
  established there under the Seleucidæ. _See:_ Syria. Its greatness
  was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny’s observations,
  that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present
  the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants
  were early acquainted with astrology. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.
  ――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk.
  2.――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 7, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
  11, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 2.――_Martial_,
  bk. 9, ltr. 77.――――There is also a town of the same name near the
  Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.

=Babylōnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the
  capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards
  became very powerful.――――The surname of Seleucia, which arose from
  the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Babylōnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge
  of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac
  into 12 signs.

=Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Babytăce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius,
  against Artaxerxes. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Bacchæ=, the priestesses of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Bacchanālia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the
  Dionysia of the Greeks. _See:_ Dionysia.

=Bacchantes=, ♦priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the
  celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a
  thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter
  dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together.
  They were also called Thyades and Menades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 6, li. 592.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 25.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
  21.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.

      ♦ ‘priestessess’ replaced with ‘priestesses’

=Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. _Appian._

=Bacchiădæ=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of
  Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to
  pieces Actæon son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that
  before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death
  of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this
  the Bacchiadæ were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between
  Pachynum and Pelorus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Bacchĭdes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides.
  His successors were always called _Bacchidæ_, in remembrance of the
  equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidæ increased so much,
  that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal
  authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in
  their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution
  by making himself absolute. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 407.

=Bacchium=, a small island in the Ægean sea, opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and
  strength; whence the proverb to express equality: _Bithus contra
  Bacchium_. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7,
  li. 20.

=Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After
  she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and
  perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of
  her husband’s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele’s nurse,
  and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not
  Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she
  ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed
  with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The
  artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever
  she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of
  a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling
  to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear
  the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The
  child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with
  difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father’s thigh,
  where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been
  in his mother’s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called
  _Bimater_. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved
  him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the
  manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was
  brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care
  of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as
  soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was
  carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eubœa, whence he was
  driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place.
  Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education,
  under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a
  tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasiæ in Peloponnesus;
  and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his
  daughter’s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a
  coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe
  by the waves to the coast of Brasiæ; but Semele was found dead, and
  the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral,
  and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that
  there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and
  Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter
  and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus
  is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the
  Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted
  the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces;
  but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore,
  is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother
  Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus
  into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken
  asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners
  whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed
  some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is
  most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men,
  as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with
  thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn
  in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and
  Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without
  bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to
  the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the
  cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his
  benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of
  respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus,
  Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of
  Liber, Bromius, Lyæus, Evan, Thyonæus, Psilas, &c., which are mostly
  derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the
  ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage,
  of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with
  vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is
  that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly
  prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us
  that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health,
  render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to
  keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his
  expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also
  his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to
  speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented
  like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn.
  He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in
  the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a
  celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the
  Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called
  Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from
  Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which
  arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. _See:_
  Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne,
  after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos;
  and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas,
  Œnopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of
  Hymenæus, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians
  sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir
  tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred
  to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of
  the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According
  to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is
  compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with
  fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to
  possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he
  taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter
  his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape
  of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went
  down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a
  goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name
  of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the
  Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and
  Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter
  and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero
  are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of
  Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon;
  and a son of Thyone and Nisus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bks.
  2 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5,
  ch. 19, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49.
  ――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1, 3, &c.
  ――_Orpheus_, _Dionysius_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.――_Amores_, bk. 3,
  poem 3.――_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.――_Hyginus_, fables 155, 167, &c.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Lactantius_, _de falsa religione_, bk. 1, ch. 22.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, &c.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Lucian_,
  _de Sacrificiis_; _Bacchus_; _Dialogi Deorum_.――_Oppian_,
  _Cynegetica_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 50.――_Seneca_,
  _Chorus of Œdipus_.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.

=Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like
  Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been
  preserved. _Marcellinus._

=Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of Bœotia. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de
  Divinatione_, ch. 34.――――A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis.
  _See:_ Bacchis.――――An athlete of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.

=Bactra= (orum), now _Balk_, the capital of Bactriana, on the river
  Bactros in Asia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 138.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 2.

=Bactri= and =Bactriāni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived
  upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs
  those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and
  strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives.
  They were conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6,
  &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _An vitiositas ad
  infelicitatem sufficia_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Bactriāna=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It
  formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of
  which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this
  country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Bactros=, now _Dahesh_, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia,
  from which Bactriana receives its name. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 267.

=Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above
  Sirmium.

=Badaca=, a town of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Badia=, a town of Spain. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one
  of his friends, by whom he was killed. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 18.

=Baduhennæ=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans
  were killed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 73.

=Bæbia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other
  year. _Livy_, bk. 40.――――Another law by Massa Bæbius a tribune
  of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it
  substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be
  divided among the people. _Appian_, bk. 1.

=Massa Bæbius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was
  discovered. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――――Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians,
  fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. _Livy_, bk. 37,
  ch. 57.

=Bætis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has
  received the name of _Bætica_. It was formerly called Tartessus,
  and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was
  so good that _Bætica_ was an epithet of merit, applied to garments.
  _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 100.

=Bæton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.

=Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered
  Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bagōas= and =Bagōsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes
  Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent.
  He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He
  poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with
  his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the
  throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince’s children,
  and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by
  Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison.
  _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――――Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander.
  He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the
  most excruciating torments. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_
  in _Alexander_.――――The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in
  the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the
  monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.

=Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted
  the life of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bagophănes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached
  the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars,
  &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Bagrăda=, now _Megerda_, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus
  killed a serpent 120 feet long. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

♦=Baiæ=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the
  companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation
  and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses.
  Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baiæ, with
  its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes
  which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found.
  _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 81.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.

    ♦ ‘Balæ’ replaced with ‘Baiæ’

=Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. _Justin_, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander’s army, who took Miletus.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――――Another officer, who commanded some
  auxiliaries. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Balanagræ=, a town of Cyrene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Balanea=, a town between Syria and Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their
  Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 14.

=Balari=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 6.

=Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt,
  of which he wrote the history, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Balbīnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3,
  li. 40.――――A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and
  honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was
  some time after murdered by his ♦soldiers. A.D. 238.

    ♦ ‘soldier’ replaced with ‘soldiers’

=Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa,
  after he had fought a battle against Syphax.

=Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Scævola.――――A
  man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.

=Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called
  _Majorca_, _Minorca_, and _Yvica_, on the coast of Spain. The word
  is derived from βαλλειν, _to throw_, because the inhabitants were
  expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by
  Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before
  they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman
  was married, she was not admitted to her husband’s bed before she
  had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants
  were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they
  required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men
  for one woman. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 5.

=Balētus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. _Paterculus_
  bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Balius=, a horse of Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 146.

=Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 41.

=Ballonŏti=, a people of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 160.

=Balneæ= (_baths_), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as
  public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age
  of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking,
  exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious.
  Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without
  this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the
  necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed
  for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest,
  as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate
  apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they
  had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked
  out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and
  perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally
  built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the
  magnificence of the building. It is said that ♦Diocletian employed
  40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were
  finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first
  permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often
  bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed
  promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors
  proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom,
  which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally
  read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst
  of this luxurious enjoyment.

    ♦ ‘Dioclesian’ replaced with ‘Diocletian’ for consistency

=Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in Cæsar’s army, killed by
  Ambiorix. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 35.

=Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Bamurūæ=, a people of Libya. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 303.

=Bantia=, now _St. Maria de Vanse_, a town of Apulia, whence
  _Bantinus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.

=Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after
  the battle of Cannæ, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was
  sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his
  country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard
  of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the
  interest of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 15.

=Baphy̆rus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 6.

=Baptæ=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and
  debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night;
  and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that
  they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity.
  The name is derived from βαπτειν, _to wash_, because the priests
  bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. _Juvenal_, satire 2,
  li. 91.――――A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing
  on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.

=Baræi=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their
  friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such
  as fell in war. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Barăthrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were
  thrown.――――The word is applied to the infernal regions by _Valerius
  Flaccus_, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.

=Barbări=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly,
  or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally
  called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of
  Barbarians.

=Barbăria=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.――――A name
  given to Phrygia and Troy. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.

=Barbătus=, the surname of a Roman family. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,
  ch. 21.

=Barbosthĕnes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta.
  _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.

=Barbythăce=, a city of Persia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. _Plutarch_, _Cato the Younger_.

=Barcæi=, or =Barcitæ=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of
  Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 43.

=Barce=, the nurse of Sichæus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 632.――――A
  large country of Africa.――――Also a city about nine miles from the
  sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years
  before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called
  Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired
  to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by
  commerce. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A small
  village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners
  by Darius in Africa, were confined. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204.
  ――――A city of Media. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal
  and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence,
  they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of
  Carthage by the name of the _Barchinian faction_, and at last raised
  themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the
  offices of trust or emolument in the state. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2
  & 9.

=Bardæi=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius.
  _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who
  praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or
  on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the
  people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in
  battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They
  censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. _Lucan_,
  bk. 1, li. 447.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, ch. 24.

=Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king
  Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic
  philosopher. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 116.

=Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but
  was opposed by Amasis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203.

=Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,
  bk. 21, ch. 19.

=Bargyliæ=, a town of Caria.

=Barīne=, a prostitute whom _Horace_ accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.

=Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis.
  _Ctesias._

=Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and
  remarkable for its fine fish. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.

=Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.

=Barsīne= and =Barsēne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander,
  by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her
  child to be put to death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2.
  ――_Arrian._

=Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Basilēa=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who was mother of all the
  gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――An island at the north of Gaul, famous
  for its amber. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――An island in the Euxine sea.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Basilīdæ=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Basilīdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to
  destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 132.――――A
  family who held an oligarchical power at Erythræ. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――――A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to
  Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,
  ch. 87.――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 7.

=Basilĭpŏtămos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Basĭlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. _Athenæus._――――A
  city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates.
  _Strabo._――――A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against
  the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but
  great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed
  of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and
  the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the
  greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379.
  The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio,
  Paris, 1721.

=Basĭlus=, a general who assisted Antony. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416.
  ――――An insignificant lawyer. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 146.――――A
  pretor who plundered the provinces. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.

=Bassæ=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.

=Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bassăreus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called
  _Bassaris_, which his priests wore. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18.

=Bassărĭdes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by
  Persius, which seems derived from _Bassara_, a town of Libya sacred
  to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and
  so called by the Thracians. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on
  the Germanic war. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Cæsius, a lyric
  poet in Nero’s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire.
  Some of his verses are extant.――――Julius, an orator in the reign of
  Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.――――A
  man spoken of by _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as
  fond of wine and women.

=Bastarnæ= and =Basternæ=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed
  by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. _Livy_, bk. 40,
  ch. 58.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 198.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. _Livy_, fragment, bk. 89.

=Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.

=Batāvi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent
  known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients,
  _Batavorum insula_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.

=Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 19.

=Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates
  the tyrant, and by Anacreon. _Horace_, epode 14, li. 9.――――Mecænas
  was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 63.――――The poet who claimed as his own Virgil’s
  distich, _Nocte pluit totâ_, &c., bore also the same name.――――A
  fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Lentulus Batiātus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of
  gladiators who rebelled against him. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.

=Batīa=, a naiad who married Œbalus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――――A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 10.

=Batīna= and =Bantīna=. _See:_ Bantia.

=Bātis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to
  yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander’s
  chariot. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. _Livy_,
  bk. 31, ch. 28.

=Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.――――A charioteer of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the _fight_ between _frogs_
  and _mice_, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes
  separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is
  Maittaire’s, 8vo, London, 1721.

=Battiădes=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus.
  _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 53.――――A name given to the people of Cyrene from
  king Battus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 253.

=Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. _Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.

=Battus I.=, a Lacedæmonian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630,
  with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus
  and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after
  death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke
  first procured him the name of Battus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch.
  155, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.――――The second of that name
  was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father
  on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed _Felix_, and died 554
  B.C. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.――――A shepherd of Pylos, who
  promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the
  flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise,
  and was turned into a pumice stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
  li. 702.――――A general of Corinth against Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,
  ch. 43.――――A buffoon of Caesar’s. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem
  Sapientium_, ch. 6.

=Batŭlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus
  against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Batŭlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young.
  _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 63.

=Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all
  over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.

=Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon,
  lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter
  and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to
  the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and
  Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed
  their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her
  husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme
  old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request
  to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the
  other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the
  doors of the temple. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.

=Bavius= and =Mævius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age
  of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary
  writers. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.

=Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Baiæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12,
  li. 155.

=Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c.

=Bazaria=, a country of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
  li. 35. _See:_ Bæbius.

=Bebriăcum=, now _Caneto_, a village between Cremona and Verona, where
  Vitellius overcame Otho. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 106.――_Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bebry̆ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her
  husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity
  to Hypermnestra. _See:_ Danaides.

=Bebry̆ces= and =Bebry̆cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian
  origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They
  were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on
  their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 12.

=Bebry̆cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of
  Danaus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 373.

=Belemīna=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Belēnus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the
  Greeks, and the Orus of the Ægyptians.

=Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told
  Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal
  consequences to him. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Belĕsis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media
  that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His
  prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the
  government of Babylon, B.C. 826. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Belgæ=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtæ by
  the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo,
  extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Belgĭca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.

=Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to
  express the whole country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians.
  _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 2.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Belĭdes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 463.

=Belīdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 2, li. 82.

=Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying _queen of
  heaven_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.

=Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an
  effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople,
  renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which
  had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their
  republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of
  royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story
  of his begging charity, with _date obolum Belisario_, is said to be
  a fabrication of modern times.

=Belistīda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Belitæ=, a nation of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Bellerŏphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at
  first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call
  Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or
  _murderer of Beller_. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the
  court of Prœtus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance,
  the king’s wife, called Antæa or Stenobœa, fell in love with him;
  and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband
  of attempts upon her virtue. Prœtus, unwilling to violate the
  laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to
  his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter,
  in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so
  dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all
  letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have
  been called _letters of Bellerophon_. Jobates, to satisfy his
  son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called
  Chimæra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even
  assured, he must perish. _See:_ Chimæra. But the providence of
  Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse
  Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After
  this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him
  destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards
  the Amazons, by the king’s order. At his return from this third
  expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates;
  but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that
  innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no
  longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter
  in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia,
  as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he
  attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter
  sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who
  wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection
  till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war.
  Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against
  the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his
  death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by
  Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus,
  and Achemone by Homer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 156, &c.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 243; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2,
  ch. 18.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 325.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11,
  li. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Bellĕrus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. _See:_ Bellerophon.

=Belliēnus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Cæsar’s funeral.
  _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Bellōna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was
  called by the Greeks _Enyo_, and often confounded with Minerva.
  She was anciently called _Duelliona_, and was the sister of Mars,
  or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared
  the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared
  in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with
  dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great
  adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by
  the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000
  priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it
  the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals
  returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the _column
  of war_, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared
  against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves
  by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of
  which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice
  to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted
  bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of
  towns. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 124.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 703.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2,
  li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 221.

=Bellōnarii=, the priests of Bellona.

=Bellovăci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius Cæsar. They inhabited
  the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Bellovēsus=, a king of the Celtæ, who, in the reign of Tarquin
  Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle
  Ambigatus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Belon=, a general of Alexander’s. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――A city
  and river of Hispania Bætica. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years
  before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and
  worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
  He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The
  temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the
  world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted
  into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all
  the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his
  unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it.
  Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold,
  one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a
  magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who,
  as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. _Josephus_,
  _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 181,
  &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――――A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor.
  ――――Another, son of Phœnix the son of Agenor, who reigned in
  Phœnicia.――――A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first
  invented. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.

=Benācus=, a lake of Italy, now _Lago di Garda_, from which the
  Mincius flows into the Po. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 160;
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 205.

=Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.

=Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern
  neighbours. _Strabo_, bk. 9. Her festivals, called _Bendidia_, were
  introduced from Thrace into Athens.

=Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from
  Capua. Its original name was _Maleventum_, changed into the more
  auspicious word of _Beneventum_, when the Romans had a colony there.
  It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in
  Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Bepolitānus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the
  executioner, who wished not to stain the youth’s fine clothes with
  blood. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.

=Berbicæ=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a
  certain age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Beræa=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the
  Euphrates, now called Aleppo.

=Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia,
  where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a
  poem by Catullus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4,
  li. 782.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 82.

=Berenīce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of
  Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14,
  ch. 43.――_Theocritus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A daughter
  of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had
  divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus,
  Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had
  received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant
  throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she
  had fled, B.C. 248.――――A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped
  her father’s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus,
  and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his
  power, and put her to death B.C. 55.――――The wife of Mithridates,
  who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy
  themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them.
  She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough,
  she was strangled by a eunuch.――――The mother of Agrippa, who
  shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the
  Great.――――A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and
  afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of
  committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was
  passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for
  fear of the people.――――A wife of king Attalus.――――Another, daughter
  of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes,
  whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous
  expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess
  Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the
  locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an
  astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that
  Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation.
  She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. _Catullus_, poem 67.
  ――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 24.――_Justin_,
  bk. 26, ch. 3.――――This name is common to many of the queens and
  princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.――――A city of Libya.
  _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――――Two towns of Arabia. _Strabo_,
  bk. 16.――――One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India
  generally landed their cargoes. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――――Another
  near the Syrtes, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 17.

=Berenīcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. _Lucan_,
  bk. 9, li. 523.

=Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed
  Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with
  stones from heaven. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Bergistăni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,
  bk. 34, ch. 16.

=Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A mountain of Armenia.

=Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 138.

=Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed
  her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to
  Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 278.――――The wife of Doryclus, whose form
  was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the
  Trojan women to burn the fleet of Æneas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 620.――――One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Berœa=, a town of Thessaly. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.

=Beronīce.= _See:_ Berenice.

=Berōsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece,
  and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chaldæa,
  and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was
  rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens.
  The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix
  it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of
  his Chaldæan history are preserved by Josephus, _Against Appion_ &
  _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 105. The book that is now extant
  under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a
  supposititious fabrication.

=Berrhœa=, a town of Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 61.

=Bery̆tus=, now _Berut_, an ancient town of Phœnicia, on the coast of
  the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of
  law. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Besidlæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Besippo=, a town of Hispania Bætica, where Mela was born. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who
  lived upon rapine. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela,
  seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder,
  he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before
  Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince
  ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed
  on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5.
  ――_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――――A parricide who discovered the murder
  he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he
  observed, reproached him with his crime. _Plutarch._

=Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against
  his country. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _Philippics_.

=Betis=, a river in Spain, _See:_ Bætis.――――A governor of Gaza, who
  bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated
  with cruelty by the conqueror.

=Beturia=, a country in Spain.

=Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Biānor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who
  received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built
  a town which he called Mantua, after his mother’s name. His tomb
  was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 60.――――A Trojan chief killed by
  Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 92.――――A centaur killed by
  Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 342.

=Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother
  to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone,
  daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give
  his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus.
  Melampus, at his brother’s request, went to seize the oxen, and
  was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his
  liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward
  for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother,
  and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A Grecian prince, who went to
  the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.――――A river
  of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.――――One of the seven
  wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he
  long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the
  arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his
  friends. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem
  Sapientium_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 24.

=Bibācŭlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He
  composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit
  and humour, and other poems now lost. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5,
  li. 41.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――A pretor, &c. _Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She
  married Duillius.

=Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was
  changed into a fountain near Miletus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 662.

=Biblina=, a country of Thrace.

=Biblus=, a city of Phœnicia. _Curtius_, bk. 4.

=Bibracte=, a large town of the Ædui in Gaul, where Cæsar often
  wintered. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.

=Bibŭlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato’s
  daughter. He was Cæsar’s colleague in the consulship, but of no
  consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by
  _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 20:

         _Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed Cæsare factum est;
          Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._

  ――――One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10,
  li. 86.

=Bices=, a marsh near the Palus Mœotis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 68.

=Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself
  master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. _Curtius_,
  bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Bicornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.

=Biformīs= (_two forms_), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus
  received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly
  from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented
  sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.

=Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with _two
  faces_ among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 180.

=Bilbĭlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. _Martial_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 50.――――A river of Spain. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Bimāter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had _two
  mothers_, because, when he was taken from his mother’s womb, he was
  placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, li. 12.

=Bingium=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who
  rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and
  philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered
  his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for
  facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A Greek
  poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus,
  his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by
  poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance
  and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images,
  such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good
  editions of this poet’s works, generally printed with those of
  Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.
  ――――A soldier in Alexander’s army, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.
  ――――A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.――――A native of
  Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were
  certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual
  light and darkness alternately.――――A man of Soli, who composed a
  history of Æthiopia.――――Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books
  on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence
  _Bionei sermones_ mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.

=Birrhus.= _See:_ Cœlius.

=Bisaltæ=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or
  Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 29.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

♦=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the
  form of a ram, had the golden ram. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li.117.――_Hyginus_, fable 18.

    ♦ ‘Bisaltes’ replaced with ‘Bisaltis’

=Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 137.

=Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built _Bistonia_ in Thrace,
  whence the Thracians are often called _Bistones_. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 110.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 569.

=Bistŏnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Bithus.= _See:_ Bacchius.

=Bithyæ=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as _Pliny_
  reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some
  time.

=Bithȳnia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It
  was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and
  Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia.
  The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the
  son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a
  powerful kingdom. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 75.
  ――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. According to _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9, the
  inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.

=Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood
  sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and, with
  his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 672, &c.――――One of Dido’s lovers, present when Æneas and
  the Trojans were introduced to the queen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 742.

=Biton.= _See:_ Cleobis.

=Bituītus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of
  Romans, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 2.

=Bituntum=, a town of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55.

=Bitŭrĭges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the Ædui by the Ligeris.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Biturĭcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belgæ.
  _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace.
  Tereus was born there.

=Blæna=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates
  Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Blæsii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived
  them of the priesthood. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.

=Junius Blæsus=, a governor of Gaul. _Tacitus._

=Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. _Cicero_, bk. 2, ltr. 15,
  _Letters to his brother Quintus_.

=Blandŭsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines
  near Mandela, Horace’s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 13.

=Blastophœnīces=, a people of Lusitania. _Appian._

=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had
  no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Blenīna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the Ægean sea, after Piso’s
  conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in
  Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea.

=Boæ= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.

=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies
  the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.

=Bocchŏris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Bocchus=, a king of Gætulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously
  delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Boduagnātus=, a leader of the Nervii, when Cæsar made war against
  them. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Bodūni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio
  Cassius_, bk. 60.

=Boea.= _See:_ Boæ.

=Bœbe=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5.
  ――――A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Bœbēis=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176.

=Bœbia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.――――Another
  to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.――――Another,
  A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.

=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of
  the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign
  of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was
  invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived ἁπο του
  βοηδρομειν, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it
  as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the
  Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.

=Bœotarchæ=, the chief magistrates in Bœotia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43.

=Bœotia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south
  by Attica, east by Eubœa, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has
  been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and
  Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Bœotia,
  from Bœotus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a
  cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes.
  The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily
  strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many
  illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains
  of Bœotia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses,
  to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, li. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  bk. 7, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch.
  4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Livy_,
  bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.

=Bœotus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Bœorobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Getæ, by the
  strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with
  death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the
  Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote
  his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophiæ_, in
  five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to,
  1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_.

=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle
  of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A river of Spain, more properly
  called Bætis. _See:_ Bætis.

=Boeus=, one of the Heraclidæ.

=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when
  besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
  _Alexandrine War_, ch. 59.

=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and
  the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158.

=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Bola=, a town of the Æqui in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Bolānus.= _See:_ Bollanus.

=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58.

=Bolbitīnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same
  name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of
  Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Bolīna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo,
  and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god
  made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolinæus=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Bollānus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as
  of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.

=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_,
  bk. 67.

=Bomienses=, a people near Ætolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected
  of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he
  had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.――_Justin_, bk. 22,
  ch. 7.――――An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha’s
  cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death.
  _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Bomonīcæ=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia
  during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the
  whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was
  declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the
  Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was
  so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage;
  from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night
  by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the
  state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a
  veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the
  republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned
  by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 313.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.――_Ovid_,
  _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637.

=Bonōnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine,
  or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599.

=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in
  Gaul.

=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by
  the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand,
  and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Boosūra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an
  ancient temple. _Strabo._

=Boōtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called
  Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father
  of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others
  maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
  ch. 42.

=Bootus= and =Bœotus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his
  mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186.

=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 4.

=Boreădes=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the
  supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans.
  _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean
  mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astræus and Aurora,
  but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond
  of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who
  refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais,
  Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented
  with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him,
  and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself
  into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which
  he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea,
  without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li. 700.

=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the
  Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage
  with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed
  the overthrow of the enemy’s fleet to the respect which he paid to
  his wife’s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis
  in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_.

=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 40.

=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy,
  &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7.

=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The
  inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of
  Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
  li. 177.

=Borysthĕnes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea,
  now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river
  but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.――――There
  was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a
  colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also
  called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.――――A horse with
  which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured
  with a monument. _Diodorus._

=Bosphŏrus= and =Bospŏrus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines
  of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus
  Mœotis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa;
  and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the
  moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between
  the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a
  half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according
  to Herodotus. The word is derived from Βοος πορος, _bovis meatus_,
  because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it.
  Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks,
  and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk.
  4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 85.

=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_.

=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called
  _Bottiæi_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99.

=Bottiæis=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.

=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by
  the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.

=Bouiānum=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the
  Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28.

=Bovillæ=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3,
  li. 607.――――Another in Campania.

=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma,
  one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology,
  created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted
  themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed
  from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and
  abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of
  wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years
  in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge
  themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern
  authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as
  many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14.
  They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds,
  butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular
  paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bræsia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 14.

=Branciădes=, a surname of Apollo.

=Branchĭdæ=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword
  by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of
  Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk.
  11.――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――The priests of Apollo Didymæus, who
  gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Branchyllĭdes=, a chief of the Bœotians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.

=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo,
  who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme,
  which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi,
  and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchidæ.
  The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who
  took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the
  people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards
  destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 3, li. 479.――_Lucian_, _de Domo_.

=Braslæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Brasĭdas=, a famous general of Lacedæmon, son of Tellus, who, after
  many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of
  a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C.
  422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 24.――_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A man of
  Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7.

=Brasidēia=, festivals at Lacedæmon, in honour of Brasidas. None but
  freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as
  were absent were fined.

=Brasĭlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.

=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the
  Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107.

=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had
  three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year
  by 10 men, who were called ἱεροποιοι. They sacrificed a goat to the
  goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer’s Iliad.
  The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns,
  consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under
  five, and therefore their consecration was called δεκατευειν, from
  δεκα, _decem_; and sometimes ἀρκτευειν, as the virgins themselves
  bore the name of ἀρκτοι, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was
  a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with
  the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity
  lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly,
  and was killed by it. The virgin’s brother killed the bear, and
  the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was
  consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the
  service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman
  in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the
  goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into
  Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes
  carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.

=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated
  the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without
  opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole
  city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the
  Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken
  had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were
  before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who
  was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so
  totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news
  of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Camillus_.――――Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with
  150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple
  of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the
  god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication,
  B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  chs. 22 & 23.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.

=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.

=Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Briăreus=, a famous giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands
  and 50 heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and only by the gods
  Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone
  Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to
  him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening
  looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war
  against the gods, and was thrown under mount Ætna, according to
  some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.――――A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo
  and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of
  Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.

=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_,
  satire 14, li. 196.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Brigrantīnus=, a lake of Rhœtia between the Alps, now the lake of
  Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the
  Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Brīmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_,
  bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.

=Brisēis=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her
  country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother
  killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the
  division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after
  from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of
  battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon
  restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De
  Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4.

=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His
  daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him.

=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple
  at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76.

=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.――――A man in
  Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe,
  conquered by Julius Cæsar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first
  known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a
  Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year
  of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of Cæsar, used
  to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the
  eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans
  before Cæsar conquered it. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17.

=Britannĭcus=, a son of Claudius Cæsar by Messalina. Nero was raised
  to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and
  caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night;
  but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint
  which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite
  black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and
  Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite
  of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely,
  that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A surname of Diana.

=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by Æmilius.
  _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Britŏnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124.

=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when
  defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32.

=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now
  Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.

=Brocubēlus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius
  was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.

=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from βρεμειν, _frendere_, alluding
  to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter’s
  fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.――――A son of Ægyptus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 459.

=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Brontēs= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 425.

=Brontīnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.――――The father of Theano the
  wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.――――One of the Lapithæ.

=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid
  the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 517.

=Bructēri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of
  Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Brumālia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about
  the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.

=Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea
  where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes
  after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with
  a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for
  Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the
  death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious
  and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance,
  against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the
  ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the
  negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1.

=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal’s age, on suspicion of
  his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82.

=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally
  shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a
  settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity
  and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in
  the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest
  disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23,
  ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Brutŭlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the
  Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second
  daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were
  murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their
  death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was
  called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after
  showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in
  consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger
  from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred
  to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins
  were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority
  vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families.
  Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never
  would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated
  their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the
  Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they
  were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended
  at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought
  between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and
  so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same
  time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph;
  a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed
  their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic.
  _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Atticus_, ch. 8.――_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 818.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Cæsar_.――――Marcus Junius,
  father of Cæsar’s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He
  followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After
  the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he
  surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married
  Servilia, Cato’s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――His son
  of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius
  Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit
  the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the
  civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his
  father’s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and
  patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, Cæsar not only
  spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful
  friends. He, however, forgot the favour because Cæsar aspired to
  tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens
  of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey’s Basilica.
  The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators
  fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the
  populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom
  Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize,
  gained ground in behalf of his friend Cæsar, and the murderers were
  soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he
  gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion,
  and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius
  accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded
  the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but
  Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he
  knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered
  one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored
  his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of
  the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded
  obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself
  surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape,
  and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him
  with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his
  literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the
  camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and
  writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles,
  while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus
  calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of
  Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and
  in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of
  freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career.
  He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated
  his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity.
  He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of
  Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions
  that Cæsar’s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and
  told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia
  the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals
  when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _Cæsar_,
  ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 4.――――Decimus Junius Albinus, one of Cæsar’s
  murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the
  legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to
  death by Antony’s orders, though consul elect.――――Junius, one of the
  first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._――――One of Carbo’s generals.

=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a
  woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.
  ――――A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7.

=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Bubacēne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5.

=Bubāces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Bubăris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom
  he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13.

=Bubastiăcus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.

=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where
  cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is
  the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself
  into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs.
  59, 137, & 154.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690.

=Bubăsus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the
  natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643.

=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Bucephăla=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in
  honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Bucephălus=, a horse of Alexander’s, whose head resembled that of
  a bull, whence his name (βους κεφαλος, _bovis caput_). Alexander
  was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt
  down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia,
  where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the
  battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in
  a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built
  a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――_Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Buciliānus=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  ch. 14.

=Bucolĭca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and
  of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity
  and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are
  Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or
  pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.

=Bucolĭcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the
  Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
  ――――A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.――――A son of Hercules and
  Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.――――A son of Lycaon king of
  Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Bucŏlus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.――――A son of Hippocoon.
  _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.

=Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._

=Budīni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._

=Budōrum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_.

=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea,
  above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A Spartan
  given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen
  had done in putting the king’s messengers to death. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.

=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1,
  ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.

=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia.
  _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.

=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government
  of Corinth when Ætes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.

=Bupălus=, a statuary of Clazomenæ. _See:_ Anthermus.

=Buphăgus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue
  he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his
  gluttony.

=Buphŏnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was
  immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Buprāsium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._

=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and
  Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the
  bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the
  sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 25.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.
  ――――A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by
  Nero.――――A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.

=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called
  Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle
  of Cannæ. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Busæ=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.

=Busīris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa,
  who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty.
  When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound
  hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the
  tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on
  the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of
  them built a town called _Busiris_, ♦in the middle of the Delta,
  where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132;
  _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

    ♦ extraneous ‘and’ removed

=Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――――A
  Roman orator. _Seneca._

=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very
  expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was
  received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called
  Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence
  Eryx is often called the son of Venus.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 372.――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
  Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 690.――――A
  son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A son of Pandion
  and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia
  daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――An
  armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed
  his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to
  fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 647;
  bk. 12, li. 632.――――A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the
  Athenian.

=Buthrōtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite
  Corcyra, visited by Æneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 293.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Buthrōtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.

=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.

=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.

=Butorĭdes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_,
  bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana,
  and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.

=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Butus=, a son of Pandion.

=Buzȳges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen.
  Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted
  him to be carried to Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 174.

=Byblia=, a name of Venus.

=Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with
  her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she
  destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her,
  and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he
  fled from his sister’s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia
  and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed
  into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,
  li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.――_Hyginus_, fable 243.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A small island in the Mediterranean.

=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a
  temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.

=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 4, li. 69.

=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple
  of Æsculapius. Asdrubal’s wife burnt it when the city was taken.
  When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much
  land as could be encompassed by a bull’s hide. After the agreement,
  she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of
  territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa
  (Βυρσα, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 371.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_,
  bk. 34, ch. 62.

=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.

=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a
  colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the
  christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and
  by the Lacedæmonians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus
  by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation
  were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of
  the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis.
  A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of
  _Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of
  the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which
  more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and
  are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with
  the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large
  collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended
  themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange.
  They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though
  perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French.
  _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said
  Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis.
  _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.

=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by
  swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 11.


                                   C

=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father
  to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt
  in revenge the ravisher’s temple near the ♦Isthmus. He was killed
  for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

      ♦ ‘Ithmus’ replaced with ‘Isthmus’

=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.

=Cabăla=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by
  Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cabāles=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._

=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._

=Caballīnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses,
  and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot
  of Pegasus. _Persius._

=Caballīnum=, a town of the Ædui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, ch. 42.

=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.

=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called
  Cabarni.

=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.――――A village near Tarsus.

=Cabīra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.――――A town of
  Paphlagonia.

=Cabīri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes,
  Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands
  of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain.
  Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention
  three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and
  Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established;
  yet Phœnicia seems to be the place according to the authority of
  Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the
  Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated
  with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient
  heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed
  to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The
  obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the
  authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that
  it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded
  with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to
  Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the
  sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and
  turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to
  preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 10,
  &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 1.

=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.――――The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_
  Cabiri.

=Cabūra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_,
  bk. 31, ch. 3.

=Cabūrus=, a chief of the Helvii. _Cæsar._

=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to
  have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen.
  She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered
  sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Cachăles=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.

=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a
  three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy,
  and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He
  plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned
  from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and
  dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules
  departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed,
  were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became
  acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place,
  attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though
  vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter
  Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival
  was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had
  delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
  li. 551.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 194.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
  poem 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cacūthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_,
  _Indica_.

=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.

=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Of Lydia. _Propertius_,
  bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.

=Cadmēa=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally
  taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cadmēis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Phœnicia by Telephassa or Agriope,
  was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom
  Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Phœnicia
  if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he
  consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city
  where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call
  the country Bœotia. He found the heifer according to the directions
  of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he
  sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The
  waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured
  all the Phœnician’s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay,
  went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh.
  He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva,
  and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose
  up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they
  instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished
  except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he
  married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the
  greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four
  daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these
  children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus
  and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and
  infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the
  misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents.
  Some explain the dragon’s fable, by supposing that it was a king of
  the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising
  from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according
  to the ambiguous signification of a Phœnician word. Cadmus was
  the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some
  maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Phœnicia, was
  only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants
  of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which
  Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same
  number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Phœnician deities
  was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into
  Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61
  years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built
  at the sound of Amphion’s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel
  which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which
  was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch.
  147.――_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937,
  &c.――――A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian
  in the age of Crœsus, and as the writer of an account of some
  cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in
  contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of
  Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise
  on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 29.――――A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 5, li. 39.

=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._

=Cadūceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form
  of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and
  the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return
  for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two
  serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter’s
  amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into
  snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury’s having appeased
  the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them
  with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by
  these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both
  necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury
  patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the
  souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life
  a dead person. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 10.

=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _Cæsar._

=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._

=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.

=Cæa=, an island of the Ægean sea among the Cyclades, called also
  _Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20.
  _Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.

=Cæcias=, a wind blowing from the north.

=Cæcĭlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――――The mother of
  Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A daughter of Atticus.

=Cæcilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.

=Cæcilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by Cæcilius Metellus Nepos,
  to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free
  exportation.――――Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the
  consul Quintus Cæcilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that
  no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in
  one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a
  whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and
  others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred,
  should be exposed to public view on three market-days.――――Another,
  enacted by Cæcilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 17.――――Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors
  their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by
  Publius Clodius the tribune.――――Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C.
  685, against usury.

=Cæciliānus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.

=Cæcĭlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from Cæcas, one of the
  companions of Æneas, or from Cæculus the son of Vulcan, who built
  Præneste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and
  patriots.

=Cæcĭlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs,
  4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000
  pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.――――Epirus, a freedman
  of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first
  taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.――――A Sicilian
  orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a
  comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the
  orations of Demosthenes.――――Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.――――Statius,
  a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though
  the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis
  auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient
  historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,
  Syracusæ, Fœnerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of
  Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Cæcīna Tuscus=, a son of Nero’s nurse, made governor of Egypt.
  _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.
  ――――A citizen of Volaterræ defended by Cicero.

=Cæcŭbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta,
  famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.

=Cæcŭlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother,
  when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Cæculus
  because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and
  rapine, he built Præneste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he
  implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this
  a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see
  some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the
  subjects of Cæculus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that
  he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son
  of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.

=Quintus Cædicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.――――Another, A.U.C. 465.――――A
  military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue
  the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his
  life.――――A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 362.――――A
  friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.

=Cælia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by Cælius, a tribune. It ordained,
  that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason,
  the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of
  the Cassian law.

=Cælius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero
  defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to
  Catiline’s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from
  Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife
  of Metellus. _Pro Cælio_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――A man
  of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected
  of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.
  ――――Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best
  edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and
  1755.――――Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus
  Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of
  Sallust. Cælius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――Tubero, a
  man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.――――Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted
  Romulus against the Cæninenses, &c.――――Sabinus, a writer in the age
  of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule
  ediles.――――One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus
  surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by
  walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from Cælius,
  who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.

=Cæmaro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.

=Cæne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.――――A town on the coast
  of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called Cænius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.

=Cæneus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
  Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._

=Cænides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from Cæneus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.

=Cænīna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called
  _Cæninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had
  been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Cænis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a
  distance of about one mile and a half.

=Cænis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly
  ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her
  sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was
  called _Cæneus_. In the wars of the Lapithæ against the Centaurs,
  she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood,
  and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172
  & 479.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned
  again to her pristine form.

=Quintus Servilius Cæpio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian
  war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by
  divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 12.――――A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
  Herennium_.

=Cæratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._――――A river.

=Cære=, =Cæres=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of
  Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in
  the age of Strabo. When Æneas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over
  the inhabitants, called _Cæretes_ or _Cærites_; but they banished
  their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of Cære received
  with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire
  of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this
  humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege
  of voting; whence _Cærites tabulæ_ was applied to those who had no
  suffrage, and _Cærites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.

=Cæresi=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar._

=Cæsar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because
  one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the
  Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_.
  This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius
  Cæsar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of
  the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman
  emperors were distinguished by the surname of _Cæsar_. They reigned
  in the following order: Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,
  Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and
  Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius Cæsar
  was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation
  of Cæsar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore
  it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious
  has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and
  impartial manner.――――Caius Julius Cæsar, the first emperor of Rome,
  was son of ♦Caius Cæsar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was
  descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of Æneas.
  When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after
  he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and
  endeavoured to remove him; but Cæsar understood his intentions, and
  to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received
  into Sylla’s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those
  who solicited the advancement of young Cæsar, that they were warm
  in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin
  of their country and of their liberty. When Cæsar went to finish his
  studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates,
  who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and
  threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of
  their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them
  all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous
  manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest.
  He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and
  after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state,
  he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his
  valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and
  soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey.
  He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by
  the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in
  marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by
  conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman
  people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government
  over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends
  at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of
  the Roman senate, and the ambition of Cæsar and Pompey, soon became
  the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would
  suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground
  for unsheathing the sword. Cæsar’s petitions were received with
  coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence
  of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony,
  who opposed it as tribune, fled to Cæsar’s camp with the news; and
  the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea
  of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been
  offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony,
  he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The
  passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Cæsar entered
  Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of
  liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and Cæsar, after
  he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided
  himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where
  he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius,
  and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and
  soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey,
  observing that he was marching against a general without troops,
  after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the
  plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged.
  Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered.
  Cæsar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his
  adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and
  character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His
  danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself
  with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After
  several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba,
  and that of Pompey’s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed
  over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and
  Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at
  an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest
  of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend,
  conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the
  ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,
  B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow,
  and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he
  saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and
  fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu
  quoque Brute_! Cæsar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators
  if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the
  night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also
  received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus,
  which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the
  reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first
  campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander,
  and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered
  the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The
  learning of Cæsar deserves commendation, as well as his military
  character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries
  on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and
  the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the
  correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and
  when Cæsar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged
  to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries
  in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other
  pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and
  Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cæsar
  has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first
  year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents,
  which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must
  be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance
  among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could
  not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his
  sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his
  ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather
  to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after
  his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these
  remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni,
  vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals
  of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with
  public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted
  the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said
  that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the
  title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy,
  when he was murdered. In his private character, Cæsar has been
  accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of
  being privy to Catiline’s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for
  dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the
  husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is
  said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated
  three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time,
  his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his
  mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by
  uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet
  made its appearance. The best editions of Cæsar’s commentaries,
  are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of
  Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp,
  2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635.
  _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Appian._
  ――_Orosius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, li. 782.――_Marcellinus._――_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.――――Lucius
  was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his
  shoes.――――Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.――――Caius, a tragic poet
  and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius
  was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla.
  They were both put to death by order of Marius.――――Lucius, an uncle
  of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was
  proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the
  friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius Cæsar
  in his youth.――――Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Cæsar,
  Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.――――Augusta, a town of Spain, built
  by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.

      ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Cæsarēa=, a city of Cappadocia,――――of Bithynia,――――of Mauritania,
  ――――of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that
  name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in
  compliment to them.

=Cæsarion=, the son of Julius Cæsar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the
  age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,
  Egypt, and Cœlosyria. He was put to death five years after by
  Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _Cæsar_, ch. 52.

=Cæsennius Pætus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.

=Cæsetius=, a Roman who protected his children against Cæsar.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Cæsia=, a surname of Minerva.――――A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.

=Cæsius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy.
  _Catullus_, poem 14.――――A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.
  _Persius._

=Cæso=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.

=Cæsonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered
  at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_,
  ch. 59.

=Cæsonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his
  friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.

=Cætŭlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Cagāco=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Caicīnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.

=Caīcus=, a companion of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 187;
  bk. 9, li. 35.――――A river of Mysia, falling into the Ægean sea,
  opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.

=Caiēta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received
  its name from Caieta the nurse of Æneas, who was buried there.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 1.

=Caius= and =Caia=, a prænomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C,
  in its natural position, denoted the man’s name, and when reversed Ↄ
  it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.

=Quintus Calăber=, called also Smyrnæus, wrote a Greek poem in 14
  books, as a continuation of Homer’s Iliad, about the beginning of
  the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written
  book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of
  Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.

=Calābria=, a country of Italy in Magna Græcia. It has been called
  Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was
  born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of
  fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
  3, li. 425.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk.
  1, ltr. 7, li. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Calăbrus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.

=Calagurritāni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children
  rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes.

=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Calămis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.

=Calămīsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9.

=Calămos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.
  ――――A town of Phœnicia.――――Another of Babylonia.

=Calămus=, a son of the river Mæander, who was tenderly attached to
  Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Calānus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists.
  He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick,
  in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he
  mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of
  the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked
  him whether he had anything to say. “No,” said he, “I shall meet you
  again in a very short time.” Alexander died three months after in
  Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch.
  23.――_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, bk. 2, ch. 41;
  bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Calăris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Calathāna=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.

=Calātia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman
  colony in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543.

=Calatiæ=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38.

=Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27.

=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators
  from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.

=Calaurēa= and =Calaurīa=, an island near Trœzene in the bay of Argos.
  Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place.
  The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly
  from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
  li. 384.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied
  the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed
  them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,
  that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was
  sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the
  Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He
  told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years’ siege.
  He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was
  informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in
  divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after
  the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the
  branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact
  number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 1, li. 69.――_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon.

=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who
  inherited his grandfather’s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 5.

=Caldus Cælius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the
  Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.

=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Calēnum=, now _Calvi_, a town of
  Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 728.

=Calēdonia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland.
  The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed
  to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of
  Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants
  so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and
  they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or
  conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 598.

=Calēntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so
  light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 14.

=Calēnus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin.
  _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s army. After
  Cæsar’s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by
  the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_,
  _Cæsar_.

=Cales.= _See:_ Cale.――――A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._

=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan
  war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16.

=Calētæ=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.

=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire
  to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419.

=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75.

=Caliadne=, the wife of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Calicēni=, a people of Macedonia.

=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars,
  &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――Lucius Julius, a man
  remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his
  learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius,
  but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12.

=Caius Calĭgŭla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing
  in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was
  son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During
  the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal
  prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and
  profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton,
  and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to
  be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate
  the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men
  were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their
  absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most
  indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three
  sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often
  amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted
  to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with
  the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished
  the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification
  to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with
  human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul,
  and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable
  trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula
  built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps
  have shown himself more tyrannical had not Chæreas, one of his
  servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally
  tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with
  impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence
  of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year,
  after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been
  said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of
  learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the
  writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._――_Suetonius_, _Lives
  of the Twelve Caesars_.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_.

=Calĭpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.

=Calis=, a man in Alexander’s army, tortured for conspiring against
  the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.

=Callæscherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.

=Callaĭci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of
  Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461.

=Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――Of Cassander
  against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A river of Eubœa.

=Callatēbus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32.

=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the
  Douro in Portugal.

=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.

=Callēni=, a people of Campania.

=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Calliădes=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51.

=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and
  his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A son of Temenus, who murdered
  his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 6.――――A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost.
  He was surnamed Schœnion, from his twisting ropes (σχοινος), through
  poverty. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.――――A partial historian of Syracuse.
  He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded
  by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius._――――An Athenian greatly revered
  for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.――――A soothsayer.
  ――――An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships
  he took, &c.――――A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison,
  on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius
  Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――An historian, who wrote an
  explanation of the poems of Alcæus and Sappho.

=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta.
  _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.

=Callicērus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in
  the Anthologia.

=Callichŏrus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were
  yearly celebrated.

=Callĭcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of
  his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given
  by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A statuary of Megara.

=Callicolōna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.

=Callicrătes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of
  Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.
  He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months.
  He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
  ――――An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――An artist, who made, with
  ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely
  be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer’s verses upon a
  grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 1, ch. 17.――――An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the
  Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――――A Syrian,
  who wrote an account of Aurelian’s life.――――A brave Athenian, killed
  at the battle of Platæa. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72.

=Callicratĭdas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of
  the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under
  Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginusæ, in a naval
  battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
  ――――One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius,
  upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
  ch. 13.――――A Pythagorean writer.

=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero,
  who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_,
  ch. 274.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Callidrŏmus=, a place near Thermopylæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Calligētus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by
  Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Callĭmăchus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and
  Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the
  age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had
  Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged
  Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name
  of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of
  this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides
  treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31
  epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the
  best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden,
  1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled
  himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as
  well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li.
  65.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An Athenian
  general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an
  erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._――――A Colophonian,
  who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._

=Callimĕdon=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the
  populace.

=Callimĕles=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by
  Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac
  poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stobæus.
  _Athenæus._――_Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Calliŏpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who
  presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the
  mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play
  on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her
  right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her
  office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio
  was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous
  epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels.
  She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning
  Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to
  enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Horace_,
  _Odes_.

=Callipatīra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete,
  went disguised in man’s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the
  Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered
  her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not
  permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son
  obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade
  any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6,
  ch. 7.

=Callĭphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces.
  _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A philosopher who made the _summum
  bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This
  system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs.
  131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119.

=Callĭphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among
  his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Callipĭdæ=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Callipŏlis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 250.――――A town of Sicily near Ætna.――――A city of
  Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a
  bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains
  6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.

=Callĭpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He
  destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.
  ――――A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Zeno_.
  ――――A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by
  Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.

=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom
  she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.――――A fountain of Attica
  where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 21.――_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.――――A daughter of
  Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by
  Chrysaor. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who
  kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her,
  upon which she killed herself.――――A daughter of the Achelous, who
  married Alcmæon. _See:_ Alcmæon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――A
  daughter of Phocus the Bœotian, whose beauty procured her many
  admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that
  they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance
  of the Bœotians. _Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_.――――A daughter
  of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Calliste=, an island of the Ægean sea, called afterwards _Thera_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Its chief town
  was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.

=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women
  presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was
  rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the
  same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife
  was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which
  the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which
  he dedicated to Minerva.

=Callisthĕnes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10
  books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down
  to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 14.――――A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of
  Demetrius from Athens. _Polyænus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A philosopher
  of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his
  oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he
  had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused
  to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of
  conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about
  in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together
  his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are
  extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Arrian_,
  bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.――――A writer of Sybaris.――――A
  freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master.
  _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon
  king of Arcadia, and one of Diana’s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and
  seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy
  was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour
  with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno,
  who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the
  god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a
  constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the
  bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 3.

=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 16.

=Callistrătus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and
  Chabrias against Lacedæmon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An orator of
  Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his
  age.――――An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate
  acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._――――A Greek
  historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.――――A comic poet,
  rival of Aristophanes.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A
  secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A grammarian,
  who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some
  suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.

=Callixĕna=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused,
  though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the
  Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince’s
  ambition was ridiculed.

=Callixĕnus=, a general who perished by famine.――――An Athenian
  imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.

=Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_,
  bk. 24, ch. 14.

=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite
  to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called
  the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.

=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius Cæsar’s fourth
  wife. The night previous to her husband’s murder, she dreamed that
  the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in
  her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain
  him at home. After Cæsar’s murder she placed herself under the
  patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_.

=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said
  that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2.
  ――――Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli.
  He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their
  towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the
  king’s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity
  of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned
  victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.――――A man who conspired
  against the emperor Nerva.――――Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Piso, condemned for
  using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk.
  4, ch. 21.――――Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 3.――――Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age
  of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally
  found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting.
  Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly
  inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition
  is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.――――A man surnamed Frugi, who
  composed annals, B.C. 130.

=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from
  Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones,
  Bibuli, Flammæ, Cæsennini, Asprenates, &c. ♦_Plutarch_, _Numa_.

      ♦ ‘Pliny’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely
  to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De
  Officiis_, bk. 2.――――A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods
  by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished
  to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A woman
  who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in
  the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The wife
  of Julius Cæsar. _See:_ Calphurnia.――――A favourite of the emperor
  Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A woman ruined by Agrippina
  on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._

=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero’s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Calvīna=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.

=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――An
  officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia
  was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.

=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general
  wished to stab ♦himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him
  his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
  ch. 35.

      ♦ ‘himslf’ replaced with ‘himself’

=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.

=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for
  writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not
  fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon Cæsar and Pompey,
  and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with
  Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.

=Caly̆be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――The mother of
  Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An old woman,
  priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 419.

=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.

=Caly̆ce=, a daughter of Æolus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter
  of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by Æthlius the son of
  Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
  ――――A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus.
  As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself
  from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by
  Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athenæus_, bk. 14.
  ――――A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157.

=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.

=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near
  Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205.

=Calydon=, a city of Ætolia, where Œneus the father of Meleager
  reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from
  Calydon the son of Ætolus. During the reign of Œneus, Diana sent
  a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which
  had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the
  age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the
  poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian
  boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the
  head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was
  preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple
  of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in
  Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people
  of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown
  for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and
  the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Homer_, ♦_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.――_Hyginus_, fable 174.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.――――A son of Ætolus and Pronoe
  daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of Ætolia.

      ♦ Book reference omitted in text.

=Caly̆dōnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4.

=Caly̆dōnius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2,
  li. 81.

=Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Calȳpso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas,
  according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island
  of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When
  Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great
  hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with
  her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years’ delay,
  he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury
  the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by
  Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the
  departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_,
  bk. 2, poem 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15.

=Camalodūnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or
  Colchester.

=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Camarīna=, a town of Italy.――――A lake of Sicily, with a town of the
  same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and
  rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to
  the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence
  was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of
  the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are
  become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 134.

=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate
  his own wife, &c. _Ælian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27.

=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154.

=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53.

=Camby̆ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered
  Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians,
  that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When
  he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a
  number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt
  to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as
  divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards
  sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon’s temple, and
  resolved to attack the Carthaginians and Æthiopians. He killed his
  brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial
  judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his
  son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died
  of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted
  on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same
  place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he
  was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years
  before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his
  throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after.
  _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――――A person of obscure origin, to whom king
  Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had
  been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by
  the hand of his daughter’s son, had taken this step in hopes that
  the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity.
  He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane’s son, dethroned him when grown
  to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1,
  ch. 4.――――A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the
  Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Camelāni=, a people of Italy.

=Camelītæ=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582.

♦=Camerīnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome.
  The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

      ♦ ‘Camernīum’ replaced with ‘Camerīnum’

=Camerīnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by
  Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.――――Some of the
  family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens,
  as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius,
  commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the
  best of Solon’s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90.

=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus.
  _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum.

=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla.
  She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and
  fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to
  the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at
  the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of
  equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against Æneas, where she
  signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She
  was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn
  without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without
  wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from
  Aruns. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.

=Camilli= and =Camillæ=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the
  service of the gods.

=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus,
  from his services to his country. He was banished by the people,
  for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at
  Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus.
  In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him
  dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief
  of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time
  in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his
  age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor,
  three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four
  triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians,
  and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome
  to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with
  proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed
  into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_,
  _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch.
  13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.――――A
  name of Mercury.――――An intimate friend of Cicero.

=Camīro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their
  parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with
  the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked
  Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them
  the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of
  Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to
  the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20,
  li. 66.

=Camīrus= and =Camīra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name
  from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
  li. 163.

=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband
  Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of
  which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according
  to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom
  and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by
  refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Camœnæ=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of
  their songs, _à cantu amæno_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_.
  _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Campāna lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius Cæsar,
  A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.

=Campānia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded
  by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It
  is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua
  is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _On
  the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 16.

=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter
  killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come
  to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom
  the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as
  he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from
  this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus
  Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Campi Diomēdis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93.

=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the
  city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to
  wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse,
  drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the
  officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors.
  It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its
  pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius
  because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from
  its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a
  vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud,
  who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin
  was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into
  the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful
  for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which
  were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the
  accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an
  island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of Æsculapius.
  Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Camulogīnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by Cæsar, for his
  military abilities. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57.

=Camŭlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.

=Cana=, a city and promontory of Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Canăce=, a daughter of Æolus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of
  her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The
  cries of the child discovered the mother’s incest; and Æolus sent
  his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled,
  and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was
  ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were
  Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables
  238 & 242.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384.

=Canăche=, one of Actæon’s dogs.

=Canăchus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Canæ=, a city of Locris,――――of Æolia.

=Canārii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name
  because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they
  inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known
  by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Canăthus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to
  recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.

=Candăce=, a queen of Æthiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and
  meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind
  of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.

=Candāvia=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from
  Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331.

=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the
  Heraclidæ who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked
  to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed,
  that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before
  the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and
  ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Candēi=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.

=Candiŏpe=, a daughter of Œnopion, ravished by her brother.

=Candy̆ba=, a town of Lycia.

=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife
  to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband
  into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was
  changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9.

=Canephŏria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according
  to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small
  baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephoræ_, whence
  statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same
  appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.

=Canethum=, a place of Eubœa.――――A mountain in Bœotia.

=Căniculāres dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star
  Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more
  warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._

=Cānĭdia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed
  as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_.

=Canĭdius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go
  only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians.
  _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Caninefātes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is
  situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius Cæsar, after the
  death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his
  predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only
  for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that
  Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not
  slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
  _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――Lucius,
  a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7,
  ch. 83.――――Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 3.――――Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.

=Canistius=, a Lacedæmonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20.

=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so
  naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.
  ――――A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he
  bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the
  morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14.

=Cannæ=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal
  conquered the Roman consuls, Probus Æmylius and Terentius Varro, and
  slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot
  where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and
  denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.――_Florus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.

=Canōpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from
  Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Cănōpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for
  the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore
  called Amyclæa, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of
  the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants
  were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet
  of _Pellæus_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built
  Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.――――The pilot of the ship of
  Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite
  of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cantăbra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Cantăbri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled
  against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now
  called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
  odes 6 & 11.

=Cantăbriæ lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in
  which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8.

=Canthărus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
  ――――A comic poet of Athens.

=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.

=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5.

=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._――――A
  law. _See:_ Canuleius.

=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310,
  who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and
  plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls
  should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3,
  &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and
  killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
  minora_.

=Canŭsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans
  fled after the battle of Cannæ. It was built by Diomedes, and its
  inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained
  the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their
  neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The
  wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 8,
  ch. 11.

=Canŭsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._

=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero,
  furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His
  satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.――――A Roman
  actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.

=Căpăneus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband
  to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war,
  he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such
  contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt.
  His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw
  herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said
  that Æsculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 404.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 68 &
  70.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_ & _Suppliants_.――_Aeschylus_,
  _Seven Against Thebes_.

=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. _Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.――――Martianus, a Carthaginian,
  A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology,
  and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of
  Walthardus, 8vo, Bernæ, 1763.――――A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
  li. 155.

=Capēna=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192.

=Capēnas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13,
  li. 85.

=Capēni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove
  and a temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bks. 5, 22,
  &c.

=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.

=Capētus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._――――A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 21.

=Caphāreus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eubœa, where Nauplius
  king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes,
  slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night,
  which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 260.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.

=Caphyæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_,
  ♦_de Pat. Am_.

      ♦ reference unknown

=Capĭto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus.
  _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――――Fonteius, a man sent by Antony
  to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,
  li. 32.――――A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely
  punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.――――An epic
  poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.――――An historian of Lycia,
  who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.――――A poet who wrote
  on illustrious men.

=Capĭtolīni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of
  Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.

=Capĭtolīnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount
  Capitolinus.――――A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition,
  was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly
  defended.――――A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and
  Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.――――A man of lascivious
  morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――Julius,
  an author in Diocletian’s reign, who wrote an account of the life of
  Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.

=Capĭtōlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian
  rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun
  by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by
  the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.
  It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with
  three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to
  it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness
  of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively
  made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one
  time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass,
  and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields
  of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during
  the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before
  the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was
  again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian,
  who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death.
  Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand
  and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000
  talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they
  found a man’s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground,
  and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman
  empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a
  capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there,
  when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in
  triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,
  ch. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 33, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40.

=Cappădŏcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the
  Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river
  Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were
  called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull
  and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to
  the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:

             Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa
                  Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.

  When they were offered their freedom and independence by the
  Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they
  received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman
  proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the
  unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet
  it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and
  Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of
  this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their
  tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of
  money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Curtius_,
  bks. 3 & 4.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73;
  bk. 5, ch. 49.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cappădox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Caprăria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain,
  famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Căpreæ=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding
  in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the
  emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The
  island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the
  licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference,
  and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
  li. 709.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.――_Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 3, li. 5.

=Capræa Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared.
  _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491.

=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the
  form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalthæa,
  which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan,
  who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of
  Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice,
  or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica
  Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Caprificiālis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered
  him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Caprīma=, a town of Caria.

=Caprĭpĕdes=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their
  having goats’ feet.

=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace’s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
  li. 66.

=Caprotīna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno,
  at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5.

=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.

=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes.
  _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Capsăge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Căpua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been
  founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises.
  This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled
  Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after
  the battle of Cannæ, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries
  which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft
  climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8,
  &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Life
  of Hannibal_.

=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with Æneas into Italy, and founded Capua.
  He was one of those who, against the advice of Thymœtes, wished
  to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 145.――――A son of Assaracus by a
  daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33.

=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.

=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39
  & 40.――――A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the
  Mæander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 171.

=Carabactra=, a place in India.

=Carabis=, a town of Spain.

=Carăcalla.= _See:_ Antonius.

=Caracates=, a people of Germany.

=Caractăcus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of
  Claudius Cæsar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ♦bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.

      ♦ ‘c. 12, 33,’ replaced with ‘12, chs. 33,’

=Caræ=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander
  pitched his camp.

=Caræus=, a surname of Jupiter in Bœotia,――――in Caria.

=Carălis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 19.

=Carānus=, one of the Heraclidæ, the first who laid the foundation
  of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned
  28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the
  government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by
  Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A
  general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.――――A harbour of Phœnicia.

=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.

=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not
  curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
  ――――Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of
  Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government.
  He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――An orator, son of Carbo the
  orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the
  ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.

=Carchēdon=, the Greek name of Carthage.

=Carcīnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of
  Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.
  ――――Another of Athens.――――Another of Naupactum.――――A man of Rhegium,
  who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams
  during his wife’s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 19.――――An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the
  time of Pericles. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Carcĭnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. _Lucan_, bk. 9,
  li. 536.

=Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Cardămy̆le=, a town of Argos.

=Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cardŭchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cāres=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves
  the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful
  that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them
  all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the Ægean
  sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus
  son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the
  inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side
  by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the
  country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They
  were anciently called Leleges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 6,
  ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.

=Caresa=, an island of the Ægean sea, opposite Attica.

=Caressus=, a river of Troas.

=Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 69.

=Cāria=, now _Aidinelli_, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries
  have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was
  at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and
  at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Phœnicia,
  because a Phœnician colony first settled there; and afterwards it
  received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the
  auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where
  Jupiter was the chief deity. _See:_ Cares.――――A poet of Thrace.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.――――A general. _See:_ Laches.

=Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.

=Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great
  attachment to Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.

=Carīna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Carinæ=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships,
  which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a
  street in which Pompey’s house was built. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7.

=Carīne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 42.

=Carīnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father
  Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties.
  Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier
  whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.

=Carisiăcum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.

=Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. _Pliny_,
  bk. 2, ch. 56.

=Caristum=, a town of Liguria.

=Carmānia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. _Arrian._
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Carmānor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by
  Jupiter. She was one of Diana’s attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 30.

=Carmēlus=, a god among the inhabitants of ♦mount Carmel, situate
  between Syria and Judæa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 78.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 5.

      ♦ ‘muont’ replaced with ‘mount’

=Carmenta= and =Carmentīs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander,
  with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about
  60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was _Nicostrata_, and
  she received that of _Carmentis_ from the wildness of her looks
  when giving oracles, as if _carens mentis_. She was the oracle of
  the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received
  divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered
  her sacrifices under the name of _Themis_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
  li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 339.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 47.

=Carmentāles=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated
  the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol.
  This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and
  their labours easy. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Carmentālis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of
  the Capitol. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the Fabii
  passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they
  perished. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 338.

=Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges,
  as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She
  was originally a nymph called _Grane_, whom Janus ravished, and, for
  the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of
  houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans
  offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity
  of their ancestors. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.

=Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 33.

=Carneădes=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect
  called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with
  Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to
  Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company
  of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech,
  had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and
  in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and
  apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended,
  a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had
  so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot
  their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this
  reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to
  the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste,
  expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of
  the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was
  arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived
  or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced
  a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his
  age, B.C. 128. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On
  Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.――_Lactantius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 14.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more
  particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675
  B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed _Carneus_. It lasted nine days,
  and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the
  ancients.

=Carnion=, a town of Laconia.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called
  _Carneus_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Carnūtes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,
  ch. 4.

=Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus.

=Carpăthus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete,
  now called _Scapanto_. It has given its name to a part of the
  neighbouring sea, thence called the _Carpathian sea_, between Rhodes
  and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers
  of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called
  Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 45.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Carpis=, a river of Mysia. _Herodotus._

=Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved
  by Calamus the son of Mæander, whom she equally admired. She was
  drowned in the Mæander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of
  fruit. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Carpophŏra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Carpophŏrus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. _Martial._
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 198.

=Carræ= and =Carrhæ=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was
  killed. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 105.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Carrīnātes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from
  Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially
  against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula’s resentment, who
  banished him. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 205.

=Carrūca=, a town of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 27.

=Carseŏli=, a town of the Æqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 683.

=Cartalias=, a town of Spain.

=Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades,
  supposed to be the same as Calpe.

=Cartēna=, a town of Mauritania, now _Tenez_, on the shores of the
  Mediterranean.

=Carthæa=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of
  Cartheius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 368.

=Carthāgĭnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial
  nation. _See:_ Carthago.

=Carthāgo=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and
  long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and
  Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most
  writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869
  years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or
  93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic
  flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was
  under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained
  no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars
  against Rome, called the Punic wars [_See:_ Punicum bellum], in the
  third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second
  Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the
  walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on
  fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After
  the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans
  thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with
  them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Cæsar
  planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there
  3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors,
  rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was
  conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it
  was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa,
  and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century.
  The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons
  yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very
  superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an
  unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in
  vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people,
  and the proverb _Punica fides_ is well known. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ptolemy_
  bk. 4.――_Justin._――_Livy_, bk. 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bks. 1 & 2.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_, &c.――_Cicero._――――Nŏva, a town
  built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the
  Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered
  himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of _Carthagena_.
  _Polybius_, bk. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 15, li. 220, &c.――――A daughter of Hercules.

=Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Carthea=, a town of Cos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s naval station by
  order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.
  ――――Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates
  taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. _Pliny_, bk.
  34, ch. 7.――――The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space
  of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and
  active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the
  Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two
  years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an
  expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus
  and Numerianus, Cæsars; and as his many virtues had promised the
  Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. _Eutropius._――――One
  of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Carya=, a town of Arcadia.――――A city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana _Caryatis_.
  It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join
  in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor
  and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not
  appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not
  celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the
  usual place, and sang pastorals called Βουκολισμοι, from Βουκολος,
  a _neatherd_. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics
  originated. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 225.

=Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.

=Caryātæ=, a people of Arcadia.

=Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.

=Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eubœa, still in existence,
  famous for its marble. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 93.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 76.

=Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins,
  &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Casca=, one of Cæsar’s assassins, who gave him the first blow.
  _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age.
  _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 371.

=Casilīnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal,
  a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570
  natives of Præneste, who, when half their number had perished either
  by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 23,
  ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Casīna= and =Casīnum=, a town of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
  li. 227.

=Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.――――Another at the east
  of Pelusium, where Pompey’s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter,
  surnamed _Casius_, had a temple there. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 858.
  ――――Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising,
  though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the
  mountain. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Casmenæ=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 543.

=Caspĕria=, wife of Rhœtus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery
  with her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A town
  of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Caspĕrŭla=, a town of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.

=Caspiæ portæ=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus
  and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea,
  or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Caspiana=, a country of Armenia.

=Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived
  beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were
  remarkable for their fierceness. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.;
  bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 798.

=Caspium mare=, or =Hyrcānum=, a large sea in the form of a lake,
  which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the
  Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving
  in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient
  authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes,
  different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The
  eastern parts are more particularly called the _Hyrcanian sea_, and
  the western the _Caspian_. It is now called the sea of _Sala_ or
  _Baku_. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more
  than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of
  its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine
  or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas,
  is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by
  order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map
  of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish,
  and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7,
  ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 50.

=Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia,
  at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspiæ portæ are placed in the
  defiles of the mountain by some geographers.

=Cassandāne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia
  after his father’s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married
  Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his
  throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom
  of Macedonia for Alexander’s young children; and therefore she
  destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town
  of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and
  Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the
  fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for
  some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against
  him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made
  a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable
  victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory,
  of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his
  unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who,
  to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from
  Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death
  Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bks. 12, 13, &c.

=Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by
  Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she
  would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity;
  and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her
  promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted
  her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit
  or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or
  faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of
  prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one
  night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed
  round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave
  them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans
  as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were
  disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war.
  When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva,
  where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest
  cruelty, at the foot of Minerva’s statue. In the division of the
  spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as
  his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold
  to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave
  no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra.
  Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly
  fulfilled. _See:_ Agamemnon. _Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 363; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 117.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.――_Quintus Calaber
  [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 13, li. 421.――_Euripides_, _Trojan Women_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called
  also _Potidæa_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no
  man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter
  the senate house.――――Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor,
  to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians.
  ――――Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people
  free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon
  tablets. _Cicero_, _de Amicitia_.――――Another, A.U.C. 267, to make
  a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the
  Roman people and half to the Latins.――――Another, enacted A.U.C. 596,
  to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day
  they triumphed over Macedonia. _Livy._

=Cassiodōrus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He
  died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.――His works were edited by Chandler,
  8vo, London, 1722.

=Cassiŏpe= and =Cassiŏpea=, married Cepheus king of Æthiopia, by
  whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the
  Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised
  nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea
  monster to ravage Æthiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased
  only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the
  fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured,
  Perseus delivered her. _See:_ Andromeda. Cassiope was made a
  southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 738.――_Hyginus_, fable
  64.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.
  ――――A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of
  Corcyra. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――The wife of Epaphus. _Statius_,
  _Sylvæ_.

=Cassitĕrĭdes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found,
  supposed to be the _Scilly_ islands, the _Land’s End_, and _Lizard
  Point_, of the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when
  Julius Cæsar made a descent upon Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.

=Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being
  first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from
  which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the
  interest of Pompey; and when Cæsar had obtained the victory in the
  plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life
  to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus,
  and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted
  for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he
  stabbed Cæsar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had
  fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When
  the provinces were divided among Cæsar’s murderers, Cassius received
  Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior
  influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi,
  with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was
  fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his
  camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up
  all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was
  conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the
  enemy’s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through,
  and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to Cæsar.
  His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend
  Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last
  of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his
  letters are still extant among Cicero’s epistles. He was a strict
  follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and
  too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are
  to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed
  by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though
  a less sincere friend. The day after Cæsar’s murder he dined at
  the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger
  concealed in his bosom. “Yes,” replied he, “if you aspire to
  tyranny.” _Seutonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_
  & _Cæsar_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.
  ――――A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence
  of his raising commotions in the state. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 8.――――A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to
  diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with
  Cicero for the consulship.――――One of Pompey’s officers, who, during
  the civil wars, revolted to Cæsar with 10 ships.――――A poet of Parma,
  of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom
  he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus
  were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.――――Spurius, a Roman, put to death on
  suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times
  consul, B.C. 485. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
  ch. 3.――――Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins,
  and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and
  he was starved to death.――――Longinus, an officer of Cæsar in Spain,
  much disliked. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.――――A consul, to
  whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. _Seutonius_,
  _Galba_, ch. 57.――――A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he
  bore the name of Julius Cæsar’s murderer. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch.
  37.――――Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome.
  He lived A.U.C. 608.――――Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in
  the execution of the law has rendered the words _Cassiani judices_
  applicable to rigid judges. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of
  Ameria_, ch. 30.――――Longinus, a critic. _See:_ Longinus.――――Lucius,
  a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones.
  _Appian_, _Gallic History_.――――Marcus Scæva, a soldier of uncommon
  valour in Cæsar’s army. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――An
  officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered
  three months after.――――Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius,
  who wrote on animals.――――Severus, an orator who wrote a severe
  treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th
  year. _See:_ Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname
  of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.

=Cassōtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 24.

=Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their
  dogs. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus.

=Castălia=, a town near Phocis.――――A daughter of the Achelous.

=Castălius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to
  the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent,
  and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with
  the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of
  _Castalides_ from this fountain. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 293.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.

=Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the _nuces Castaneæ_
  received their name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.

=Castellum menapiōrum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now _Kessel_.
  ――――Morinorum, now _mount Cassel_, in Flanders.――――Cattorum, now
  _Hesse Cassel_.

=Casthĕnes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.

=Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.

=Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda,
  the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is
  uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into
  a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an
  eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with
  apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of
  Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his
  situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant,
  brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena;
  and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were
  the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the
  children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one
  egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after
  their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were
  educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they
  embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this
  expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and
  slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned
  the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished
  himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the
  Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their
  return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always
  deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition,
  in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the
  heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and
  the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect
  sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned
  fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by
  the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was
  a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated
  storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited.
  Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover
  their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their
  clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of _Anaces_
  or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the
  Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a
  feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage
  with Phœbe and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother
  to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel.
  They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were
  to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This
  violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor
  killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of
  his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly
  attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life,
  or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor
  to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long
  as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the
  infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or,
  according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love
  Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven,
  under the name of _Gemini_, which never appear together, but when
  one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira
  mother of Anogon, and Phœbe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received
  divine honours after death, and were generally called _Dioscuri_,
  sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their
  altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of
  the _Dioscuri_, by the expressions of _Ædepol_ and _Æcastor_. Among
  the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many
  public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made
  their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had
  marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the
  enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented
  mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side
  by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top
  glittered a star. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109; _Fasti_,
  bk. 5, li. 701; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 77 & 78.――_Homer_, _Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri_.――_Euripides_,
  _Helen_.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 121.――_Marcus Manilius_, _Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 2.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 3.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.――――An ancient
  physician.――――A swift runner.――――A friend of Æneas, who accompanied
  him into Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.――――An orator of
  Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon,
  and one on the Nile.――――A gladiator. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18,
  li. 19.

=Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 7.――――Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and
  Utica. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now
  _Rocella_.――――Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when
  he marched against Crœsus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Julia, a town
  of Spain.――――Posthumania, a place of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic
  War_, ch. 8.

=Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 36,
  ch. 3.――――Truentinum, a town of Picenum. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12.――――Inui, a town on the shores of the
  Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Castŭlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives.
  _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.

=Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as
  the boundary of Africa. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 17 & 19.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Catadūpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense
  noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and
  totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing.
  _Cicero_, _Somnium Scipionis_, ch. 5.

=Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of
  Eryx. _See:_ Anagogia.

=Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Catăna=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount Ætna, founded by a
  colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had
  there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear.
  It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the
  dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity
  to Ætna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream
  of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of
  seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.――_Diodorus_,
  bks. 11 & 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 4.

=Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites.

=Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now _Dodensoui_.

=Catĕnes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, ch. 43.

=Cathæa=, a country of India.

=Cathări=, certain gods of the Arcadians.――――An Indian nation, where
  the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are
  burnt with them. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,
  li. 95.

=Catiēna=, a courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 133.

=Catiēnus=, an actor at Rome in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.

=Lucius Sergius Cătĭlīna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble
  family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries
  and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly
  meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of
  the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to
  extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire.
  This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom
  he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his
  intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself,
  on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul,
  where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome
  punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul’s
  lieutenant, attacked Catiline’s ill-disciplined troops, and routed
  them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about
  the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly
  branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to
  a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother,
  for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes
  prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the
  other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm
  and inviolable. _Sallust_ has written an account of the conspiracy.
  _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 668.

=Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,
  li. 225.

=Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with
  his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted
  Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.

=Catīna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. _See:_ Catana.
  ――――Another of Arcadia.

=M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a
  treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the _summum
  bonum_, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus.
  But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean
  philosophy, he has been ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Vestinus, a military tribune in
  Marcus Antony’s army. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10,
  ch. 23.

=Catizi=, a people of the Pygmæans, supposed to have been driven from
  their country by cranes. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus
  Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called _Censorius_,
  from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all
  the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was
  against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon
  valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and
  in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece,
  he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was
  remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and
  was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by
  his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his
  censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations
  of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the
  greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all
  luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling
  the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he
  made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy,
  and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose
  from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would
  destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often
  observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined
  whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however,
  that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the
  knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself
  educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He
  taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to
  the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same
  indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and
  boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that
  Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of
  three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go
  by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret
  to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished
  himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his
  political life. In Cicero’s age there were 50 orations of his,
  besides letters, and a celebrated work called _Origines_, of which
  the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and
  third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth
  a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and
  in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the
  Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the
  _Origines_ remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato’s
  treatise, _De Re Rusticâ_, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp,
  Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be
  Gesner’s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old
  age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him,
  has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal
  character. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 14. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_
  have written an account of his life. _Cicero_, _Academica_ & _De
  Senectute_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the
  daughter of Paullus Æmylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and
  though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their
  assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. _Plutarch_,
  _Cato_.――――A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He
  had five horses killed under him in battles. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.
  ――――Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time
  of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote
  some poems. _Ovid_, bk. 2, _Tristia_, poem 1, li. 436.――――Marcus,
  surnamed _Uticensis_, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to
  the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his
  childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he
  earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla.
  He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of
  the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted
  in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover
  of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always
  reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When
  he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his
  removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss
  by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great,
  that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his
  friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and
  the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when
  he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was
  very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched
  carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence
  were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of
  tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for
  it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the
  tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and
  was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished.
  When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cæsar,
  Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into
  the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled,
  by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition
  would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from
  every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign,
  Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours,
  which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was
  formed between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with
  all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman
  people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated
  applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace
  than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his
  dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it.
  When Cæsar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to
  deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when
  his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to
  Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted
  with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle
  of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when
  he heard of Pompey’s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the
  deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the
  command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards
  repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying
  regard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but,
  however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When Cæsar
  approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than
  fall alive into the conqueror’s hands, he stabbed himself after he
  had read Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46,
  in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman
  whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he
  united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend,
  wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her
  from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This
  conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had
  entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed
  of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always
  appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals
  since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the
  custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that
  the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. _Plutarch_
  has written an account of his life. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 128, &c.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 21.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.――――A son of
  Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much
  honour. _Plutarch_, _Cato Minor_.

=Catrea=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias._

=Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. _Suetonius_, _Vitellius_,
  ch. 14.

=Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13,
  li. 57.

=Catuliāna=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated
  a standard to her. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose
  compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant
  imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of
  his age, and directed his satire against Cæsar, whose only revenge
  was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table.
  Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek
  writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though
  the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious
  expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style.
  Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best
  editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of
  Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.
  _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 427.――――A
  man surnamed _Urbicarius_, was a mimographer. _Juvenal_, satire 13,
  li. 111.

=Quintus Luctatius Catŭlus=, went with 300 ships during the first
  Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their
  ships under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. This celebrated victory put
  an end to the war.――――An orator, distinguished also as a writer of
  epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style
  of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague
  of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the
  triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague’s order, suffocated
  in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
  174.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman sent by his countrymen
  to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from
  Asdrubal. _Livy_, bk. 27.

=Caturĭges=, a people of Gaul, now _Chorges_, near the source of the
  Durance. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 20.

=Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of
  _Comtat_ in Provence.

=Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the Ædui in Cæsar’s army.
  _Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by Cæsar, and banished
  by his subjects. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 54.

=Caucăsus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas,
  which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount
  Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various
  savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was
  covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated
  with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly
  were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets
  in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money.
  Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and
  continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors.
  The passes near this mountain, called _Caucasiæ portæ_, bear now
  the name of _Derbent_, and it is supposed that through them the
  Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the
  provinces of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;
  _Georgics_, ch. 2, li. 440; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 366.――_Flaccus_,
  bk. 5, li. 155.

=Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into
  Messenia from Eleusis. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia,
  or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a
  settlement near Dymæ in Elis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 8, &c.

=Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a
  place called _Caudinæ Furculæ_, the Roman army under Titus Veturius
  Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the
  Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 138.

=Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.

=Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the
  Brutii, founded by a colony of Achæans, and destroyed in the wars
  between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553.

=Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes.
  _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or,
  according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis,
  and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where
  he built a city called by his own name. _See:_ Byblis. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.――――A city of Caria, opposite
  Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as
  unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry
  of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (_qui
  Cauneas clamitabat_), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (_cave ne eas_)
  against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. _Cicero_, _de
  Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 176.

=Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the
  Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 356.

=Caus=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Caȳci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland
  and Groningen. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 463.

=Caȳcus=, a river of Mysia. _See:_ Caicus.

=Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now _Kitcheck-Meinder_, a rapid river of
  Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
  the Ægean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and
  neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.――_Martial_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 461.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 384.

=Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eubœa, called also Co. _See:_ Co.

=Ceădes=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan
  war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Ceba=, now _Ceva_, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese.
  _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 42.

=Ceballīnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against
  Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni
  from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates,
  B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments,
  and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more
  particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting
  picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and
  great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of
  Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same,
  but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his
  heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are
  those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.

=Cebren=, the father of Asterope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Cebrēnia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called
  after the river _Cebrenus_, which is in the neighbourhood. Œnone
  the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of _Cebrenis_.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 769.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_,
  bk. 5, li. 21.

=Cebriŏnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.――――An illegitimate
  son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Cebrus=, now _Zebris_, a river falling in a southern direction into
  the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper Mœsia.

=Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet.

=Cecilius.= _See:_ Cæcilius.

=Cecīna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to
  breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends
  as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom
  he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero.
  _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Cicero_, bk. 15, ltr. 66; _Orator_,
  ch. 29.――――A scribe of Octavius Cæsar. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters
  to Atticus_, ltr. 8.――――A consular man suspected of conspiracy
  and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. _Suetonius_,
  _Titus_, ch. 6.

=Cecrŏpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its
  first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the
  Athenians are often called _Cecropidæ_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.
  81.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 306.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.――_Catullus_,
  poems 62, 79.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 186.

=Cecrŏpĭdæ=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly
  applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of
  Athens. The honourable name of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a
  reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671.

=Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about
  1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the
  country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished
  the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them
  from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded.
  He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the
  worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He
  married the daughter of Actæus, a Grecian prince, and was deemed
  the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate
  the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful
  patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised
  an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After
  a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom,
  and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving
  three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded
  by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one
  of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had
  established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given.
  _See:_ Athenæ. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster,
  half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the
  recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the
  Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and
  Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which
  Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the
  union of the two sexes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 561.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 166.――――The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens,
  and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the
  sister of Dædalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and
  died 1307 B.C. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 5.

=Cecyphalæ=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet
  of the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Cedreātis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her
  images were hung on lofty cedars.

=Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the
  Spartans. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Ceglŭsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea.

=Celădon=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 144.――――A river of Greece,
  flowing into the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7,
  li. 133.

=Celădus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.――――An
  island of the Adriatic sea. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Celænæ=, or =Celēne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the
  capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled
  with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The Mæander
  arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after
  his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Celænæ were carried by
  Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 1.
  Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against
  Apollo. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 206.

=Celæno=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 173.――――One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune
  and Terra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 245.――――One of the Danaides.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Neptune and Ergea.
  _Hyginus._――――A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Celeæ=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Celelates=, a people of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Celendræ=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in
  Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus.
  _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 259.

=Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder
  might be expiated. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 406.

=Celenna=, or =Celæna=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 739.

=Celer=, a man who, with Severus, ♦undertook to rebuild Nero’s palace
  after the burning of Rome. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 42.――――A
  man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls
  of Rome, by order of Romulus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 837.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius
  dedicated a poem.

      ♦ ‘untook’ replaced with ‘undertook’

=Celĕres=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by
  Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and
  to protect his person. The chief or captain was called _Tribunus
  Celerum_. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He
  gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation
  of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb.
  The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is
  attributed to him. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 165.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A king of Cephallenia.

=Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed.
  He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was
  mortal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 281.

=Celonæ=, a place of Mesopotamia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom
  Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise
  against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen.
  ――――Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight
  books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and
  military affairs. The best editions of Celsus _de medicinâ_ are the
  8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot,
  1772.――――Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism,
  bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth
  epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.
  ――――Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.――――Titus,
  a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered
  seven days after.

=Celtæ=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between
  the Ocean and the Palus Mæotis, according to some authors mentioned
  by _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. This name, though anciently applied
  to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was
  more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country,
  called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and
  Garumna, modernly called _la Seine_ and _la Garonne_. The Celtæ
  seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of
  Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of _Celticum_ is now
  called Cape Finisterre. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Celtĭbēri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtæ. They settled
  near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their
  nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head
  against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country.
  Their country, called _Celtiberia_, is now known by the name of
  Arragon. _Diodorus_, bk. 6.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 339.

=Celtĭca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celtæ.

=Celtĭci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is
  now _Cape Finisterre_.

=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._

=Celtoscy̆thæ=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cemmĕnus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._

=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains.
  _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358.

=Cenăbum=, or =Genăbum=. _See:_ Genabum.

=Cenæum=, a promontory of Eubœa, where Jupiter _Cæneus_ had an
  altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Cenchreæ=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of
  Corinth.――――A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9,
  li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of
  Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58.

=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene.
  He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that
  Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 3, ch. 61.

=Cenepŏlis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._

=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._

=Cenneus.= _See:_ Cænis.

=Cenimāgni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.

=Cenīna.= _See:_ Cænina.

=Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Censōres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created
  B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the
  possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of
  the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended
  over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected
  the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire
  into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from
  all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This
  punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender’s
  name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public
  censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the
  sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every
  man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the
  place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his
  children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of
  the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their
  own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of
  troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should
  be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges
  of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate,
  if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of
  numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the
  Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when
  the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its
  citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the
  census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had
  been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were
  elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth
  year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius,
  and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name
  of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_,
  and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra.
  After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered,
  the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their
  office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus Æmilius, to
  limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second
  Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been
  consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful,
  than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same,
  but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them
  as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected
  in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague
  immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of
  a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed
  an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the
  censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.

=Censorīnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to
  the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom
  he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.――――Martius, a consul, to
  whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.
  ――――A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_,
  is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats
  of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.

=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors;
  _à censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.――――A god worshipped at Rome,
  the same as Consus.

=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted
  his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of
  disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself
  and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Centaurī=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were
  the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the
  Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion’s
  adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert,
  of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of
  the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs
  of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed
  horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback,
  a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance,
  seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the
  name ἀπο του κεντειν ταυρους, _goading bulls_, because they went
  on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they
  hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained
  that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural
  course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions
  one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3,
  says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to
  Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs
  with the Lapithæ is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described
  it, and it has also employed the pen of ♦Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus,
  &c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple
  of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius,
  according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was
  a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the
  Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even
  offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult
  irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapithæ, who
  defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged
  them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their
  insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was
  going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the
  Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the
  Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating
  Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They
  resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and
  attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with
  his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to
  the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and
  therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules,
  though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst
  of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in
  the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The
  death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that
  were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped
  the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were
  Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon,
  Rhœtus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Tzetzes_,
  _Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.――_Hesiod_, _Shield
  of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3;
  bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 286.――_Hyginus_, fables 33
  & 62.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2.

      ♦ ‘Hesoid’ replaced with ‘Hesiod’

=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of Æneas, which had the figure of a
  Centaur. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Centŏres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._

=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa.

=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.

=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius Cæsar when
  they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern
  country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the
  same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_
  in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and
  whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86.

♦=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had
  there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope.
  _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51.

      ♦ Placed in correct alphabetical order.

=Centumvĭri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were
  originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and
  though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards
  increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name.
  The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance,
  as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally
  summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them;
  and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their
  tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree
  of their court was called _Hastæ judicium_: their sentences were
  very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
  ch. 38.――_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6,
  ltr. 33.

=Centŭria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of
  100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and
  each tribe into 10 curiæ. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he
  had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every
  citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he
  divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries,
  or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries,
  40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards,
  appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17
  to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of
  Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a
  helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and
  as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by
  way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_.
  They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._
  English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each
  of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the
  others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield,
  a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class,
  75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about
  80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class
  consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade,
  and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in
  the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to
  be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained
  only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest
  citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to
  the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite
  censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their
  estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the
  election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes,
  the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was
  called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were
  never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the
  senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of
  the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some
  foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies,
  its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce
  to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was
  exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days,
  that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view,
  was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_.
  He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who
  dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced,
  was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the
  auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the
  people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic,
  dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes
  might be gathered. They gave their votes _vivâ voce_, till the year
  of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their
  approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the
  first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the
  first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were
  not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority
  decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave
  offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class
  of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without
  regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered,
  the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed
  was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies
  were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word
  _Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman
  legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus,
  the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion.
  The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was
  distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried
  in his hand.

=Centŭrĭpa= (es, or æ, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at
  the foot of mount Ætna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cephălas=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major.
  _Strabo._

=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 7.

=Cephalēna= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below
  Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It
  abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into
  four different districts, from which circumstance it received the
  name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from
  its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Cephălo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 19.

=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north
  of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.――_Cicero_, bk. 2,
  _Against Verres_, ch. 51.

=Cephălon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides
  an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander,
  which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the
  nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting
  it would be disputed like Homer’s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Cĕphălus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter
  of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens.
  Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused
  to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris.
  The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she
  made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of
  Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer;
  but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger,
  who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up
  her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from
  her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubœa,
  where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented
  her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never
  missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress
  of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos,
  because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned
  in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by
  some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris.
  Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed
  himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between
  them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and
  Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was
  particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to
  the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in
  the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing
  breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress;
  and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus
  daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too
  readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband
  into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired
  to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris
  eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion
  occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her;
  and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and
  he let fly his unerring dart. ♦Procris was struck to the heart,
  and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that
  ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to
  Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one,
  son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he
  dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other
  married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned
  above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton,
  according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
  fable 26.――_Hyginus_, fable 189.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A
  Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic
  of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.――――A king
  of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.――――An orator frequently mentioned
  by Demosthenes.

      ♦ ‘Procus’ replaced with ‘Procris’

=Cephēis=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
  _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193.

=Cephēnes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 61.――――A name of the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of their
  kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1.

=Cēpheus=, a king of Æthiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He
  was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after
  his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of
  Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea
  and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted
  Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The
  latter he calls king of Æthiopia and father of Andromeda.――――A
  son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Cephīsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Cephīsiădes=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from
  the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Cephisidōrus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Æschylus.――――An
  historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.

=Cephīsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist
  Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Cephisodŏtus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle,
  who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Cephīsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises
  at Lilæa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and
  mount Parnassus, enters Bœotia, where it flows into the lake Copais.
  The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are
  called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same
  name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2, li. 29.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.――――A man changed into a sea monster
  by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388.

=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 1.

=Cepio=, or =Cæpio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused
  a civil war at Rome, &c.――――Servilius, a Roman consul, who put
  an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for
  that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was
  conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and
  he died at last in prison.

=Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into
  a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.

=Ceramīcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus,
  opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A public walk, and a place to
  bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10.

=Cerămium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero’s house was built. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_.

=Cerămus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.

=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.

=Cerăsus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from
  which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_,
  bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17,
  ch. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――Another, built by a Greek colony
  from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cerata=, a place near Megara.

=Cerātus=, a river of Crete.

=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.

=Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far
  into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian
  and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_
  Acroceraunium.――――Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 19.

=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.――――A surname of Ptolemy II., from
  his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3.

=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Cerbĕrus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna’s union with Typhon.
  He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other
  mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a
  watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal
  regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It
  was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto’s
  kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake.
  Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged
  him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11,
  li. 622.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 312.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.

=Cercăphus=, a son of Æolus.――――A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Cercasōrum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the
  Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Cercēis=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355.

=Cercēne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cercestes=, a son of Ægyptus and Phœnissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.

=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 10.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.

=Cercii=, a people of Italy.

=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near
  the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,
  _Annals_, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98.

=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.

=Cercōpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――The inhabitants of the island
  Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91.

=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by
  Athenæus.――――A Pythagorean philosopher.

=Cercyon= and =Cercyŏnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or,
  according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle
  with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily
  conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged
  Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his
  antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had
  a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was
  preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather’s
  throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  chs. 5 & 39.

=Cercȳra= and =Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives
  its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Cereālia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by
  Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in
  mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore
  they were not observed after the battle of Cannæ. They are the same
  as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria.

=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn
  and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata,
  _fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was
  carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains
  near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought
  her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in
  the flames of mount Ætna, to continue her search by night all over
  the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but
  no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment,
  till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter
  had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this,
  than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and
  demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours
  of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god,
  to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was
  granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom
  of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had
  eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she
  walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had
  seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of
  Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus,
  for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_
  Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so
  great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her
  mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of
  Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected,
  and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which
  mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica,
  which was become the most desolate country in the world, and
  instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned
  agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and
  reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the
  fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot
  and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his
  knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived
  upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her
  beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to
  be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that
  she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in
  Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he
  married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres,
  every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane,
  through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when
  carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of
  bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the
  fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour
  of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The
  commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of
  the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown
  in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days;
  and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some
  free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess
  smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which
  had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully
  remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian
  mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a
  legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary
  laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis
  of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought
  into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when
  she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was
  severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed
  herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis,
  and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth
  of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from
  the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want
  of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given
  information of it to Jupiter. The Parcæ were sent by the god to
  comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where
  her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a
  horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin.
  In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as
  that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth.
  While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after
  the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was
  represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding
  in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was
  sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back
  of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a
  hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.
  She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona
  Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her
  festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month
  of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several
  days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always
  bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever
  came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished
  with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_,
  as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23;
  bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7,
  8, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.――_Livy_, bks. 29
  & 31.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2.

=Ceressus=, a place of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.

=Cerĕtæ=, a people of Crete.

=Ceriālis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised
  to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74.

=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.

=Cerilli=, or =Carillæ=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the
  Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 580.

=Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eubœa, whose inhabitants went
  to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――――A beautiful youth,
  long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia,
  &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.――――One of the early
  heretics from christianity.

=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants
  of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African
  coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.

=Ceron=, a fountain of Histiæotis, whose waters rendered black all the
  sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to
  Augustus.

=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.

=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the
  smallest pyramid.

=Cerrhæi=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi.
  _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Cerretāni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of
  Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of
  Macedonia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 31.

=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.

=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.

=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.

=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  speech 5, ch. 44.

=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cerycius=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.

=Cerymīca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._

=Cerynēa=, a town of Achaia.――――A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cerynītes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.

=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and
  persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in
  a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no
  money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.

=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at
  Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135.

=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in
  the age of Cicero.――――A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 5.――――Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 4.――――Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling
  the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.――――A bridge at Rome.

=Cestrīna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Cestrīnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s
  death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the
  country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Cethēgus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.
  ――――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.
  ――――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined
  Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned
  to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to
  death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.――――A Trojan,
  killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.――――Publius
  Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius
  against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over
  him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed
  to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against
  Mithridates.――――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.

=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.――――A mountain which separates Noricum from
  Pannonia.

=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by
  whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237.
  ――_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646.

=Ceus= and =Cæus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by
  whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 179.――――The father of Trœzen.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354.

=Cēyx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone.
  He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife
  was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body
  washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called
  Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.
  7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia
  were two different persons.

=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.

=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized
  himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this
  celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon
  the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover
  themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy,
  and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He
  assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole
  island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive
  courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his
  power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_,
  _Phocion_.

=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chæanitæ=, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

      ♦ ‘Causacus’ replaced with ‘Caucasus’

=Chæreas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――――An officer who
  murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was
  prepared against himself.――――An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8,
  ch. 74, &c.

=Chæredemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Chærēmon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――――A stoic, who
  wrote on the Egyptian priests.

=Chærĕphon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

=Chærestrăta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

=Chærinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

=Chærippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96.

=Chæro=, the founder of Chæronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Chæronia=, =Chæronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of Bœotia, on the
  Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians,
  B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained
  there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and
  the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C.
  338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 9.

=Chalæon=, a city of Locris.――――A port of Bœotia.

=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Chalcæa=, a town of Caria,――――of Phœnicia.

=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
  ――――A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathenæa.

=Chalcēdon= and =Chalcēdŏnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of
  Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed
  by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards
  Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it
  was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan
  of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Chalcidēne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and
  Erythræ.――――A people near the Phasis.

=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the
  Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Chalcidĭca=, a country of Thrace,――――of Syria.

=Chalcidĭcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as
  built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 17.

=Chalciœus=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis
  in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

=Chalciŏpe=, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus
  son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection.
  She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from
  the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband
  to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_,
  poem 17, li. 232.――_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.――――The mother of
  Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――The daughter
  of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which
  is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The
  island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in
  the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the
  same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the
  Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Chalcītis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Chalcŏdon=, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
  ――――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan
  war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A man who assisted Hercules in
  his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.

=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be
  aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Polyænus._

=Chaldæa=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris.
  Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their
  knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Chaldæi=, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Chalonītis=, a country of Media.

=Chaly̆bes= and =Caly̆bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus,
  once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country,
  abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The
  Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with
  much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus
  king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation
  of Spain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Strabo_, bk. 12,
  &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.――_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4,
  &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.

=Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave
  the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country.

=Chalybonītis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the
  king of Persia drank no other.

=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the
  people called Calybes.

=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian
  sea.

=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――――A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia.

=Chaŏnes=, a people of Epirus.

=Chaŏnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from
  Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus.
  There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoniæ aves_) were said to
  deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors
  applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_,
  bk. 6, li. 426.――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_, bk. 3, li. 47.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 335.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1.

=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.

=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage
  of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the
  formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by
  the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first
  established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it;
  and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of
  Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age
  is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some
  as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal
  deities. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 510.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, fable 1.

=Charădra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46.

=Charădrus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60.

=Choræadas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during
  the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3,
  ch. 86.

=Charandæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Charax=, a town of Armenia.――――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a
  history of Greece in 40 books.

=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became
  passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered
  all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the
  necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17,
  li. 117.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

=Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 272.

=Chares=, an Athenian general.――――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12
  years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Pliny_,
  bk. 34, ch. 7.――――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his
  brother Artaxerxes.――――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of
  Alexander.――――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A river of Peloponnesus. _Plutarch_,
  _Aratus_.

=Charĭcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians.
  _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_, bk. 1.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,
  ch. 6.――――A famous physician under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 6, ch. 50.

=Chariclīdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained
  to dethrone the tyrant. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Charĭclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Apollo, who married
  the centaur Chiron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 635.

=Charidēmus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr.
  44.――――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

=Charĭla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It
  owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people
  of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants.
  He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the
  noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king
  with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and
  the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle.
  The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve
  his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a
  festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided
  over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as
  attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it
  with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where
  they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was
  buried. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.

=Charilāus= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta,
  educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against
  Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on
  promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon
  broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
  36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power
  into an aristocracy. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 131.

=Charīni= and =Carīni=, a people of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures,
  graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 18, li. 382.

=Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.――――A festival
  in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He
  who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

=Charisius=, an orator at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 83.

=Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February,
  by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of
  reconciling friends and relations. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2.

=Charĭtes= and =Gratiæ=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or
  Bacchus, are three in number――Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They
  were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as
  three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another
  by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices,
  and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom
  they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked,
  because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The
  moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined,
  by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing
  intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth
  denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of
  kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us
  that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of
  restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves
  to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two
  Graces.

=Charĭton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth
  century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Chæreas
  and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and
  the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very
  learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes,
  2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

=Charmădas=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

=Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

=Charmides=, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in
  Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 7.――――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

=Charmīnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 42.

=Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after
  the example of her mistress. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold
  baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those
  of his cotemporaries. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 1.

=Charmosy̆na=, a festival in Egypt. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.

=Charmotas=, a part of Arabia.

=Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found
  scattered in Athenæus.

=Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his
  friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. _Plutarch_,
  _Pelopidas_.――――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who
  wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――――An
  historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of
  Egypt.――――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――――A god of hell, son of Erebus
  and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the
  rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such
  as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter
  his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years.
  If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he
  could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which
  he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one
  year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules,
  without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man,
  with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes.
  His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with
  wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money
  for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to
  place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon.
  This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians,
  whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on
  them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured
  with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. _See:_
  Acherusia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_, li. 765.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

=Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium,
  and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into
  the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it
  he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, li. 5.

=Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c.

=Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. _Pliny_,
  bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be
  delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

=Charops= and =Charŏpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
  ――――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against
  Philip the king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――――The
  first decennial archon at Athens. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite
  another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very
  dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of
  Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by
  the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to
  correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

            _Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim_,

  became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil,
  we often fall into a greater. The name of _Charybdis_ was properly
  bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with
  ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman,
  who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck
  with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. _Lycophron_,
  _Cassandra_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem
  11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10;
  _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 420.

=Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the
  country now called Friesland and Bremen.

=Chaula=, a village of Egypt.

=Chauros.= _See:_ Caurus.

=Chelæ=, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying _claws_, which is applied to
  the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according
  to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,
  li. 33.

=Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

=Chelĭdon=, a mistress of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
  ch. 40.

=Chelīdŏnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for
  boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c.
  _Athenæus._――――The wind Favonius was called also _Chelidonia_, from
  the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March,
  the time when swallows first made their appearance. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 47.

=Chelīdoniæ=, now _Kelidoni_, small islands opposite the promontory
  of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. _Dionysius
  Periegetes_, li. 506.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.――_Livy_, bk. 33,
  ch. 41.

=Chelĭdŏnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus,
  and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Chelidŏnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the
  Pamphylian sea.

=Chelŏne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being
  present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to
  perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

=Chelōnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married
  Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had
  expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband,
  who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. _Plutarch_, _Agis_
  & _Cleomenes_.

=Chelonophăgi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered
  their habitations with the shells. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 156.

=Chena=, a town of Laconia.

=Chenæ=, a village on mount Œta. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks
  first saw the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis.

=Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who
  built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only
  in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other
  vegetables. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 124.

=Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The
  Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they
  publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been
  erected by a shepherd. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 127.

=Cheremocrătes=, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c.
  _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Cherisŏphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which
  Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cheronæa.= _See:_Chæronea.

=Cherŏphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip.
  _Philostratus_, _Lives_.

=Cherronēsus.= _See:_ Chersonesus.

=Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo.
  _Pausanias_ praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Chersidămas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259.

=Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chersonēsus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins _Peninsula_. There
  were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the
  most celebrated: one called _Peloponnesus_; one called _Thracian_,
  in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades
  led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From
  its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending
  between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called
  _Taurica_, now _Crim Tartary_, was situate near the Palus Mæotis.
  The fourth, called _Cimbrica_, now _Jutland_, is in the northern
  parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed _Aurea_, lies in India,
  beyond the Ganges. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.――_Livy_,
  bk. 31, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 2.――――Also a peninsula near
  Alexandria in Egypt. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 10.

=Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against
  Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe.
  _Tacitus_.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Chidnæi=, a people near Pontus.

=Chidōrus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently
  large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 127.

=Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.

=Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians,
  when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their
  country. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 9.

=Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven
  wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died
  through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a
  victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 33.――_Diogenes
  Laërtius._――――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

=Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Chimæra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon,
  which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon,
  and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were
  those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder
  parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about
  the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the
  horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained
  by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia,
  called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account
  of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was
  covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded
  with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra,
  because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch
  says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship
  with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of
  the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 181.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 322.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li.
  903.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 646.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 288.――――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118.

=Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 8.

=Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she
  had been taken prisoner, &c. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.

=Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

=Chiŏne=, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became
  enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with
  his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old
  woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace
  Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom,
  as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter
  was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury
  was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods,
  that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which
  impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 8.――――A daughter of Boreas
  and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into
  the sea, but he was preserved by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A famous prostitute.
  _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

=Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of
  comedy.

=Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Chios=, now _Scio_, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and
  Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some
  suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, _snow_, which was very frequent
  there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and
  its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could
  contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by
  the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called
  Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there
  for the space of 700 years. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra
  and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the
  inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of
  music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants
  and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the
  greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules,
  Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned
  arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew
  to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of
  the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him
  of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god
  among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Hesiod_,
  _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
  2, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Horace_,
  epode 13.

=Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called
  Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram
  was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear
  the same signification as _Flava_, so often applied to the goddess
  of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, _herba virens_),
  has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of
  simplicity.

=Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was
  killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 768.――――Another, &c.

=Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the
  same as Flora. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5.――――A daughter of Amphion,
  son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by
  whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were
  killed by Hercules. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 280.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――――A prostitute, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 15.

=Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――Constantine,
  one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after
  the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

=Choarīna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

=Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 585.――――An
  Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A river of Media, flowing
  into the Tigris, and now called _Karun_. Its waters are so sweet,
  that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions
  they always had some with them which had been previously boiled.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 188.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.
  40.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Chobus=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._

=Chœrades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 33.―――― Others in the Euxine sea.――――An
  island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. _Theocritus_,
  _Idylls_, poem 13.

=Chœrĭlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which
  13 obtained the prize.――――An historian of Samos.――――Two other poets,
  one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the
  victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account
  of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold
  for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with
  Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and
  friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold
  as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on
  his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce
  six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest
  were rewarded with castigation. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

=Chœreæ=, a place of Bœotia.

=Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather
  Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to
  him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil.
  _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Chonūphis=, an Egyptian prophet. _Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_.

=Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.

=Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 571.――――Another. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 298.――――A priest
  with Æneas. _Æneid._

=Chorœbus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad.
  _See:_ Corœbus.――――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of
  Cassandra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.

=Choromnæi=, a people subdued by Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

=Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. _Horace_,
  _Art of Poetry_, li. 94.

=Chremĕtes=, a river of Libya.

=Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. _Pliny_,
  bk. 36, ch. 14.

=Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. _See:_ Aristodemus.

=Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. _Columella_, bk. 1, _de
  Res Rustica_, ch. 1.

=Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers,
  was killed in a battle by Hercules.――――A son of Priam, killed by
  Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A
  young shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A Phrygian killed
  by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――A son of Hercules.
  _Statius_, bk. 6, li. 346.

=Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――An
  Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of
  his countrymen and 300 Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.

=Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals
  called _Chronia_ were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of
  the Greeks.

=Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

=Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of
  Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.――――A daughter of Halmus,
  mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Chrysăme=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull
  with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the
flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Polyænus._

=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a
  dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the
  great number of volumes which he wrote.

=Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with
  Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from
  the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name,
  χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he
  had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295.
  ――――A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Glaucus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice,
  where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_,
  bk. 4.

=Chrysaŏris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped
  as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44.

=Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses.

=Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of
  India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him
  _Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among
  the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign
  of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this,
  went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration;
  and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo,
  who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore
  Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――――A daughter of
  Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father,
  for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus
  and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on
  account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s
  sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They
  further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king
  of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his
  arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.――_Plato_, _de
  Leges_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch.
  20.――――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises.
  Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s
  marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be
  eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as
  others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on
  a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――_Diodorus._――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,
  li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes Laërtius._
  ――――A freedman of Cicero.

=Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――――A
  priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt
  by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of
  Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Chrysoaspĭdes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all
  covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they
  served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Chrysogŏnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio
  Amerino_.――――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 74.

=Chrysolāus=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Chrysopŏlis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now
  _Scutari_.

=Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Chrysorrhōæ=, a people in whose country are golden streams.

=Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his
  53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing
  the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was
  banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after
  having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound
  theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s
  works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version,
  by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with
  a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols.,
  folio, 1718

=Chrysothĕmis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of
  Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――――A Cretan, who first obtained the
  poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148.

=Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her
  by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the
  same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration,
  the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by
  the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel,
  with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an
  untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the
  temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with
  scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her
  throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner
  despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all
  fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials
  of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.――――One of
  the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus.
  _Hyginus_, fable 178.――――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

=Cibalæ=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated
  by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk.
  10, ch. 4.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24.

=Cibarītis=, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

=Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants
  were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
  ltr. 2.――――Of Caria.

=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a
  triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42.

=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight,
  and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His
  mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities
  at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius
  Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge
  under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was
  divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He
  was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited
  Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause
  of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla.
  His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities,
  were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their
  solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory,
  and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in
  the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with
  great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with
  gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had
  delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had
  passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate
  for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians
  were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the
  efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and
  required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate
  Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder
  Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused
  Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not
  clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his
  guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of
  Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus,
  whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero
  commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this
  desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men
  who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius
  Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at
  Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital
  punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe,
  was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and
  confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance,
  Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The
  father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence
  with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and
  when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome,
  though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was
  not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he
  was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence;
  and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and
  people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he
  entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with
  the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made
  him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured
  with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much
  hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey,
  he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When
  victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia,
  Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who
  treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into
  the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in
  the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most
  earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he
  saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into
  power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in
  perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of
  Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship.
  But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions
  of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina,
  Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate
  was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony
  was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs,
  to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies,
  produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death,
  and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus
  yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was
  pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom
  he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a
  litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up
  to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from
  the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December,
  43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and
  five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to
  Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s
  hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s
  wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue
  out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold
  bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once
  observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero
  has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by
  his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the
  abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age
  and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true
  standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been
  verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial,
  _Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is
  true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country,
  but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers,
  poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he
  travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of
  his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo,
  conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen
  he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with
  which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He
  was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman
  eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a
  secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far
  from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute,
  sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the
  judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his
  private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition;
  and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by
  adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces
  of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by
  whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young
  woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at
  the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of
  this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part
  is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every
  country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that
  of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet,
  9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to,
  1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou,
  1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Quintilian._――_Dio Cassius._
  ――_Appian._――_Florus._――_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.――_Eutropius._
  ――_Cicero_, &c.――――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus
  as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death,
  by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced
  his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny
  observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being
  the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
  ――――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in
  Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with
  his son at the same time as his brother Tully.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.
  ――_Appian._

=Cicerōnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31,
  ch. 2.

=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.

=Cicŏnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return
  from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus
  because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to
  pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li.
  520, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Cilūta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

=Cĭlĭcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of
  Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.
  The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till
  they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was
  governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced
  into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul.
  It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Suetonius_,
  _Vespasian_, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.――_Justin_,
  bk. 11, ch. 11.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.
  ――――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called
  Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from
  the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.

=Cilix=, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who,
  after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to
  which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91.

=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――A town of
  Æolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.――――Of Troas, which received its
  name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of
  Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 1, li. 38.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.

=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 19.

=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built.
  _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Cilnius=, the surname of Mæcenas.

=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The
  provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was
  the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that
  he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said,
  he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for
  his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be
  continued two years longer in his province.” _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Cimber, Tillius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the
  dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike.
  _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.

=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a
  large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cimbrīcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an
  invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians
  were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their
  first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they
  destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius
  Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to
  carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after
  a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and
  took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another
  army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the
  river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An
  engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle
  put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in
  triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch.
  1.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_,
  _Caius Marius_.

=Cimĭnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 697.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Cimmĕrii=, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor,
  and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters
  of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes
  king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.
  ――――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined
  to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in
  concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their
  retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this
  manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to
  be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of
  _Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according
  to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and
  dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx,
  the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_ bk. 6.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cimmĕris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 30.

=Cimmĕrium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose
  inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Cimōlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Cimōlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing
  chalk and fuller’s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for
  his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals
  when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was
  imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the
  Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and
  wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the
  battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence
  and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and
  totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that
  he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private
  use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time
  after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians,
  who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his
  exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon
  and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war
  against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and
  on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined
  their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in
  Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the
  last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of
  the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power,
  that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he
  had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to
  pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within
  a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has
  been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly
  praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.
  ――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――――An Athenian, father
  of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――――A Roman, supported in
  prison by the milk of his daughter.――――An Athenian, who wrote an
  account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

=Cinæthon=, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon.

=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the
  ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people,
  A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift
  or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4.

=Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed,
  as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator.
  Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to
  the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by
  the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in
  triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office,
  and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was
  again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful
  campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days,
  nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate.
  He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et
  Malorum_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic
  war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
  ――――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia
  lex.

=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus.
  He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he,
  however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate
  were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with
  them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive
  memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every
  senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――_Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――――A king of Thessaly.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.――――An Athenian, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 32.

=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some
  dithyrambic verses. _Athenæus._

=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he
  asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter
  called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean
  mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 1, ch. 48.

=Cingetŏrix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A prince of Britain, who attacked
  Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Cingŭlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants
  are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Cæsar_, _Civil
  War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.――_Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

=Ciniātā=, a place of Galatia.

=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.

=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his
  cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the
  fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him,
  at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his
  enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred
  so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of
  his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war
  against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and
  became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, &
  _Sulla_.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk.
  1.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――――Caius Helvius
  Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies
  of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he
  was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure
  poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of
  Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired
  against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most
  intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio
  Cassius._――_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.――――A town of Italy,
  taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

=Cinnadon=, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the
  Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was
  discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._

=Cinnămus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7,
  ltr. 63.

=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was
  supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the
  Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Martial_,
  bk. 7, ltr. 94.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15,
  li. 755.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787.

=Ciny̆ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by
  whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her
  father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the
  festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means
  of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he
  knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his
  daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after
  she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still
  bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was
  so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela
  minora_――_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.――――A son of Laodice.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A man who brought a colony from
  Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Ligurian, who
  assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――A commercial
  place of Phrygia.――――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was
  told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to
  enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and
  banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a
  single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565.

=Circæum=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town
  called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people
  were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li.
  248.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 799.――_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge
  of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis,
  and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of
  Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled
  by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy,
  in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war,
  visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran
  headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s
  potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all
  enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from
  Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration
  of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded
  the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat,
  Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according
  to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses
  forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph
  advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias,
  concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel
  to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2;
  bk. 1, ode 17.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were
  dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus
  at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian
  games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called
  the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were
  first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the
  Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but
  were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit
  and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like
  the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium
  to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days,
  beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were
  exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games.
  Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ,
  were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 636.

=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A rapid
  and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in
  any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408.

=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 35.

=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows
  were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called
  Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin
  Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with
  benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators.
  It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in
  beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of
  water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number
  of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a
  bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151.

=Cirræatum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young.
  _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus,
  where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.

=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Cisalpīna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata.
  Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps
  on the Italian side.

=Cispadāna Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

=Cisrhenāni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west
  of the Rhine. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.――――An island near Istria.

=Cissēis=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

=Cissēus=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some
  authors. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 320.――――A son of Melampus,
  killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 317.――――A son of
  Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49.

=Cissiæ=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155.

=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist
  the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Cissoessa=, a fountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.――――A city of Thrace.――――A man
  who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.

=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_,
  _Lysander_.

=Cistenæ=, a town of Æolia.――――A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Cithæron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate
  at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the
  Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain,
  and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
  4, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.

=Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his
  expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1,
  ch. 112.

=Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Julius Civīlis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against
  Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59.

=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus.
  _See:_ ♦Cyzicus.

      ♦ ‘Cizycus’ replaced with ‘Cyzicus’.

=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to
  the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.

=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 379.

=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 2, li. 225.――――Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 454.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo.
  It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes,
  after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted
  with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where
  she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed
  _Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.――――An island
  of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.
  33.――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 126.

=Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.――――A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_,
  _Marcellus_.

=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king
  of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the
  republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less
  than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five
  with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides
  the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1.

=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her
  innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image
  of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the
  river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and
  Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her
  girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and
  by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 17, li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom
  Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the
  contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother
  Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――The wife of the poet
  Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5.――――A daughter of Appius
  Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――――The wife of Metellus
  Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――――An
  inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A Roman
  road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way.
  _Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.――――A tribe which received
  its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a
  large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose
  statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that
  edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.――――Pulchra, a cousin of
  Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius.
  She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.――――Antonia,
  a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom
  Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla
  Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his
  fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

=Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus,
  A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates,
  no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.
  ――――Another, _de usurâ_, which forbade people to lend money to
  minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.
  ――――Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune,
  A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have
  any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging
  themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same
  thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was
  naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections
  could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of
  the state.――――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return
  to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_,
  bk. 41, ch. 9.――――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of
  Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum.
  _Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.

=Claudiæ aquæ=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct
  of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441.
  _Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Claudiānus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in
  the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the
  majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which
  prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the
  poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness
  of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the
  favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was
  disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned
  ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his
  compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman,
  4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo,
  Lipscomb, 1758.

=Claudiopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second
  son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula,
  whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular
  for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning
  and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and
  obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and
  suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness
  and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He
  married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death
  on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by
  another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the
  throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not
  operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made
  him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his
  age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished
  neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and
  irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
  11, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.――_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619.
  ――_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.――――The second emperor of that
  name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the
  Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in
  a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague
  in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery,
  and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these
  words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater,
  tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.――――Nero,
  a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal,
  near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy,
  to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.――――The
  father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of
  Alexandria.――――Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr.
  51.――――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman
  at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9,
  ch. 1, &c.――――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――――Appius, an orator.
  _Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.――――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor,
  who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from
  Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was
  called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city
  from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the
  waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See:
  _ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.――――A pretor of Sicily.――――Publius,
  a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.――――Marcellus. _See:_
  Marcellus.――――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred
  chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not
  eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against
  the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.
  ――――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia
  Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He
  married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded
  in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――――The name of Claudius is common to many
  Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded
  of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._

=Claviēnus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

=Clavĭger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a
  _key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.――――Hercules received also
  that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, li. 284.

=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.

=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus
  against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who
  migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

=Clazŏmĕnæ= and =Clazŏmĕna=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the
  coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded
  A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other
  illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Cleadas=, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been
  killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85.

=Cleander=, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the
  king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence
  to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants.
  _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The first tyrant of Gela.
  _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――――A soothsayer of Arcadia.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus,
  who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and
  his master’s confidence.

=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.――――A man punished with death for
  bribing two of the Ephori.

=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno.
  He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water
  for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls
  him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues,
  the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that
  he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4,
  ch. 7.

=Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by
  Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the
  festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power
  during 12 years, 353 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk.
  15.――――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.
  ――――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but
  refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain
  of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes,
  who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into
  his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate
  death. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a
  treatise on tactics, &c. _Xenophon._

=Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be
  contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are
  ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the
  Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen
  there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton,
  8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――――Another of Alexandria, called from thence
  _Alexandrinus_, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various,
  elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is
  Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――――A senator who favoured
  the party of Niger against Severus.

=Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

=Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8,
  ch. 5.

=Cleŏbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess
  of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their
  mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves
  under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the
  acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on
  account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the
  goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that
  could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more;
  and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy
  event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi.
  _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Consolatio ad Apollonium_.

=Cleobūla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――――A daughter
  of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus
  son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus
  repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.
  ――――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――――The mother
  of Pithus. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 97, &c.

=Cleobūlīna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius,
  learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of
  which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12
  children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black
  daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this
  there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months
  in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the
  same number of nights. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cleobūlus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras
  of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote
  some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――An historian.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――――One of the Ephori. _Thucydides._

=Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender.
  _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13.

=Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 10.

=Cleodæus=, a son of Hyllus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7,
  ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus
  after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

=Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus.

=Cleodēmus=, a physician. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Cleodōra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
  ――――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.

=Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as
  a punishment for her mother’s pride. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cleogĕnes=, a son of Silenus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Cleolāus=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who,
  upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to
  Rhodes with his wife and children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Cleomăchus=, a boxer of Magnesia.

=Cleomantes=, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cleombrŏtus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother
  Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should
  be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave
  that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place.
  He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――_Xenophon._――――A
  son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the
  kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was
  recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had
  accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.――――A
  youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading
  Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 493.

=Cleomēdes=, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat
  at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his
  fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the
  victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he
  entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the
  roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and
  he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured,
  that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the
  tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive.
  The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus
  heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to
  him as a god. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Cleomĕnes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000
  of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed
  Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle,
  he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate,
  because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had
  deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C.
  _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

=Cleomĕnes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61
  years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus
  and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Cleomĕnes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an
  enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline
  of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance.
  He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague
  Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the
  laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family
  to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted
  to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who
  supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his
  assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle
  of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy
  Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy
  received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and
  suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and
  imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed
  and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. _Polybius_, bk. 6.――_Plutarch_,
  _Parallel Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 4.

=Cleomĕnes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes
  of Egypt and Africa. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A man placed as
  arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――――An
  historian.――――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――――A Sicilian
  contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was
  fond of gratifying. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A
  Lacedæmonian general.

=Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became
  general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence.
  He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in
  several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with
  Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. _Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A general of Messenia, who disputed with
  Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――――A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 8.――――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――――An orator
  of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he
  intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective.
  _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A Magnesian, who
  wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events,
  &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s
  flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A tyrant of Sicyon.――――A
  friend of Phocion.

=Cleōnæ= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and
  Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and
  thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. _Statius_,
  bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 28.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.
  417.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 32.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.――――A town of Phocis.

=Cleōne=, a daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cleonīca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta
  invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was
  asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the
  side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and
  thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed
  Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to
  him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.

=Cleonīcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
  ch. 45.

=Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign
  power of his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Cleony̆mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his
  assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to
  him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the
  women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful
  to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A general who assisted the
  Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.――――A person so cowardly that _Cleonymo timidior_ became
  proverbial.

=Cleŏpăter=, an officer of Aratus.

=Cleŏpātra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of
  Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered
  by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put
  to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_.――――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas,
  and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in
  Egypt. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 20.――_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13,
  ch. 6.――――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――――A daughter of Boreas. _See:_
  Cleobula.――――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus
  king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 552.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――One of the
  Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A daughter of Amyntas
  of Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A wife of Tigranes king
  of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. _Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 3.――――A
  daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
  daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and
  afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because
  he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of
  preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink
  it herself, B.C. 120.――――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes,
  who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in
  preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest
  the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered
  Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should
  repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca
  his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to
  the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid
  her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard
  it, he put her to death. _Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――――A queen of
  Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy
  Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted
  Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in
  preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by
  him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his
  expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She
  arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before
  her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded;
  Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful
  of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her
  the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This
  behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony;
  and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra,
  by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was
  defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony
  followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that
  Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried
  to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of
  the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony
  soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received
  pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations
  of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into
  the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself,
  and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a
  voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave
  to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render
  her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of
  appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to
  make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries.
  Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so
  highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving
  audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of
  speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s
  absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the
  addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, _De medicamene faciei
  epistolæ eroticæ_, and _De morbis mulierum_, have been falsely
  attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years,
  aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. _Florus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 11.――_Appian_, bk. 5, _Civil Wars_.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ &
  _Antonius_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and
  afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.

=Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian
  gulf.

=Cleophănes=, an orator.

=Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

=Cleŏphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as
  some suppose, she had a son. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Cleophŏlus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

=Cleŏphon=, a tragic poet of Athens.

=Cleophȳlus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer.
  _Plutarch._

=Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the
  Locrians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――――A man who
  married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora
  was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Cleoptolĕmus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage
  to Antiochus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.

=Cleŏpus=, a son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Cleostrătus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the
  Thespians, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――――An ancient philosopher
  and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first
  found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek
  calendar.

=Cleoxĕnus=, wrote a history of Persia.

=Clepsy̆dra=, a fountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Cleri=, a people of Attica.

=Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who
  revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by
  representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the
  painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal
  beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the
  artist.

=Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Clidēmus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. _Vossius_,
  _historicis græcis_, bk. 3.

=Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow
  into the Mediterranean sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Climĕnus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

=Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before
  the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 23.――――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest
  man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 17.――――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of
  Coronea. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――The father of Aratus, killed
  by Abantidas, B.C. 263. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――――A friend of Solon.
  _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Clinippĭdes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king
  Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus
  and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.
  She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels,
  holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes
  she holds a _plectrum_ or quill with a lute. Her name signifies
  honour and reputation (κλεος, _gloria_); and it was her office
  faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes.
  She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of
  Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
  li. 75.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of
  Cyrene’s nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.

=Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus,
  by whom she was murdered.

=Clisthĕnes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. _Aristotle._――――An Athenian
  of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established
  ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that
  institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after
  restored. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.
  ――――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. _Aristotle_.
  ――――An orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 7.

=Clitæ=, a people of Cilicia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 55.――――A
  place near mount Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11.

=Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of
  Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――――An historian, who
  accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history.
  _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband
  dead. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus._

=Cliternia=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Clitodēmus=, an ancient writer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Clitomăchus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who
  was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――An
  athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

=Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

=Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.――――A son of Azan, who founded a city
  in Arcadia, called after his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the
  Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is
  also in this town a fountain called _Clitorium_, whose waters gave a
  dislike for wine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 32, ch. 2.――――A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

=Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen
  white. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 2, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he
  had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed
  him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he
  preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was
  inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in
  the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 6.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, &c.――――A commander
  of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.
  ――――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the
  Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.
  ――――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――――A disciple of Aristotle,
  who wrote a book on Miletus.

=Cloacīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some
  suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the _Cloacæ_,
  whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth
  and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished
  by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that,
  according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended
  between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones
  so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous
  torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were
  public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called _Curatores
  Cloacarum urbis_. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cloanthus=, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family
  of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 122.

=Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness.
  _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of
  Decimus Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――――A vestal virgin.
  _See:_ Claudia.――――Another of the same family who successfully
  repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the
  procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of
  Rome. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cælius_.――――A woman who married Quintus
  Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius,
  and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely
  and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. _For Marcus Cælius._

=Clodia lex=, _de Cypro_, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C.
  695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy
  king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato
  to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s
  goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――――Another,
  _de Magistratibus_, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade
  the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who
  had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.
  ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the
  priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer
  the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――――Another, _de
  Provinciis_, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria,
  Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly,
  Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power.
  It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the
  public treasury.――――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same
  distribution of corn among the people _gratis_, as had been given
  them before at six _asses_ and a _triens_ the bushel.――――Another,
  A.U.C. 695 by the same, _de Judiciis_. It called to an account such
  as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people,
  and all the formalities of a trial.――――Another, by the same, to pay
  no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair
  was before the people.――――Another, to make the power of the tribunes
  free, in making and proposing laws.――――Another, to re-establish the
  companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since
  his time abolished.

=Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Publius Clōdius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family,
  and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He
  committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself
  in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia,
  Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries
  of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for
  this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges,
  and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from
  a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such
  an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an
  expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty
  of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his
  interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon
  success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate
  enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome,
  partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without
  trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon
  Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which,
  however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite
  of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him.
  Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero
  took upon himself. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Appian_ _on Cicero_,
  bk. 2.――_Cicero_, _for Milo_ & _On his House_.――_Dio Cassius._――――A
  certain author, quoted by _Plutarch_.――――Licinius, wrote a history
  of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 22.――――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in
  Nero’s age. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Sextus, a
  rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor
  he was. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.――_Cicero_,
  _Philippics_.

=Clœlia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to
  Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam
  across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by
  her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 651.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 265.――――A patrician
  family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Clœliæ fossæ=, a place near Rome. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.

=Clœlius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome,
  conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――――Tullus, a Roman
  ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

=Clonas=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Clonius=, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.――――Another, killed by Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and
  Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside
  over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand,
  and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, _to spin_).
  She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered
  with a variegated robe. _See:_ Parcæ. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 218.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Cluacīna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place
  where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape
  of the virgins. _See:_ Cloacina.

=Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered
  his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an
  oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from
  Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 122.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.

=Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. _Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

=Clŭpea= and =Cly̆pea=, now _Aklibia_, a town of Africa Propria,
  22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact
  resemblance to a shield, _clypeus_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 586.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_,
  bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus
  the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who
  slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his
  town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the
  ground unhurt. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Clusīni fontes=, baths in Etruria. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

=Clusium=, now _Chiusi_, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under
  Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was
  a lake called _Clusina lacus_, which extended northward as far as
  Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into
  the sea at Pisa. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  lis. 167 & 655.

=Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. _Polybius_, bk. 2.――――The surname
  of Janus, when his temple was shut. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 130.

=Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar
  to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 13, ch. 7.

=Clymĕne=, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by
  whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter.
  _Hyginus_.――――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. _Hyginus_,
  fable 71.――――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 756.――――A Trojan woman. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 26.――――The mother of Homer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.
  ――――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy,
  when she eloped with Paris. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 267.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.

    ♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Clymeneĭdes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were
  daughters of Clymene.

=Clymĕnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus,
  Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown
  by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him,
  made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 37.――――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built
  a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A
  son of Phoroneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.――――A king of Elis.
  _Pausanias._――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

=Clysony̆mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She
  was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs
  which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under
  the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos.
  She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some
  authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin
  Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his
  domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was
  appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as
  well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus
  made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her
  infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy,
  and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his
  return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution;
  Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as
  he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat
  down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra,
  whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes
  would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had
  not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra.
  After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he
  ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven
  years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder.
  He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been
  married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent
  circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus
  and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks
  to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes,
  who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the
  temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand.
  They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains
  were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See:
  _ Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 117 & 140.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 4, li. 471.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by
  Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to
  Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole
  intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for
  this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly
  called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun
  in his course, as in pledge of her love. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by
  Tantalus.――――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny
  caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix.
  ――――A daughter of Pandarus.

=Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――――A
  youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
  10, li. 325.――――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against
  the gods. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――The father of Pireus, who
  faithfully attended Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 251.
  ――――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed
  by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 744.――――A son of Alcmæon
  the son of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 302.

=Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Cnacălis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in
  honour of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cnagia=, a surname of Diana.

=Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against
  the Acarnanians. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

=Cneus=, or =Cnæus=, a prænomen common to many Romans.

=Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

=Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus
  was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made
  by Praxiteles. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a
  colony, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the
  sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 27.

=Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades, situate near
  the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus.
  Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa.
  It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous
  for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and
  for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate
  texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their
  garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen
  through, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. The
  women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they
  reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through
  their territories. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk.
  1, satire 2, li. 101.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 23.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4,
  poem 2, li. 23.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 298.

=Coamani=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Coastræ=, and =Coactræ=, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis.
  _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 246.

=Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Cōcălus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he
  fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of
  Cocalus destroyed him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 261.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather
  to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes
  between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in
  his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,
  li. 27.――――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still
  in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――――A nephew of Otho.
  _Plutarch._――――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the
  discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
  ch. 72.

=Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape _Stilo_.

=Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the
  whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions
  behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore.
  When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in
  the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam
  across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the
  temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services.
  He had the use only of _one eye_, as _Cocles_ signifies. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 650.

=Coctiæ= and =Cottiæ=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius,
  the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_.

=Cocȳtus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, _to
  weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water,
  and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets
  call it one of the rivers of hell, hence _Cocytia virgo_, applied
  to Alecto, one of the furies. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 38;
  bk. 4, li. 479; _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A river of Campania, flowing into
  the Lucrine lake.

=Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Codomănus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

=Codrĭdæ=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head
  of several colonies. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Codropŏlis=, a town of Illyricum.

=Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus.
  When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that
  the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in
  battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life
  of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked
  one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the
  victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country.
  He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian
  era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a
  resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the
  name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands
  of perpetual archons. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 2,
  chs. 6 & 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man who, with his brothers, killed
  Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 49.――――A
  Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.
  ――――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb.
  _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 203.

=Cœcilus=, a centurion. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Cœla=, a place in the bay of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 47.――――A part
  of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Cœlaletæ=, a people of Thrace.

=Cœlesyria= and =Cœlosyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus
  and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was
  Damascus.――――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria
  which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions
  with Grypus, B.C. 112. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cœlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. The Cœlian family,
  which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended
  from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the
  age of Romulus.

=Cœlius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――――Two brothers of Tarracina
  accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were
  acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the
  time of the murder. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
  _Cicero_.――――A general of Carbo.――――An orator. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.
  ――――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age
  of Ticerius.――――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and
  luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. _Horace_, bk.
  1, satire 4, li. 69.――――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.
  ――――A hill of Rome. _See:_ Cælius.

=Cœlus=, or =Urānus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father
  of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he
  afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some,
  amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined
  by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported
  by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed
  himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs
  of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From
  the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies,
  and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from
  them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of
  beauty. _Hesiod_, &c.

=Cœnus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died
  of a distemper, in his return from India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cœrănus=, a stoic philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 52.
  ――――A person slain by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 157.――――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 610.

=Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by
  Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
  chs. 11 & 38.

=Coeus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria,
  &c., by Phœbe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 135 & 405.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 279.――――A river of Messenia, flowing by
  Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cogidūnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. _Tacitus_,
  _Agricola_, ch. 14.

=Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

=Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men.
  It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was
  under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes
  more and sometimes less.

=Colænus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to
  some accounts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

=Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 48.

=Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis.

=Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic
  Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of
  Iberia, now called _Mingrelia_. It is famous for the expedition
  of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful
  in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants
  were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king
  of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country
  arises the epithets of _Colchus_, _Colchicus_, _Colchiachus_,
  and Medea receives the name of _Colchis_. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 640.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 418.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13,
  li. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 24; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Colenda=, a town of Spain.

=Colias=, now _Agio Nicolo_, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a
  man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 96.

=Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was
  there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. _Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 774.

=Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who
  married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with
  Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls.
  As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman
  people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in
  voluntary banishment. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Florus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.――――One of the seven hills of Rome.

=Collīna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 871.――――A goddess at Rome, who presided over
  hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

=Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.

=Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the
  emperor Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.

=Colōnæ=, a place of Troas. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Colōne=, a city of Phocis,――――of Erythræa,――――of Thessaly,――――of
  Messenia.――――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

=Colōnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now _Cologne_.
  ――――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now _Noyon_.
  ――――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_, in Artois.
  ――――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now _Alcantara_.――――Trajana, or
  Ulpia, a town of Germany, now _Kellen_, near Cleves.――――Valentia,
  a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

=Colōnos=, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his
  banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title
  of Œdipus _Coloneus_ to one of his tragedies.

=Colŏphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first
  built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of
  Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and
  Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of
  having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. _Strabo_, bk.
  14.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 20.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 8.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.

=Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of
  which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called
  archon. One of the first christian churches was established there,
  and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. _Pliny_, bk. 21,
  ch. 9.

=Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one
  of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles
  which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail
  between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything
  in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the
  work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years
  in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had
  remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished
  by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from
  which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships
  that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which
  were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the
  space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large
  contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves,
  and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the
  oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins.
  In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens,
  who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who
  loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at
  36,000_l._ English money.

=Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 8.――――A disciple of Epictetus.――――A follower of Epicurus,
  accused of ignorance by _Plutarch_.――――A sculptor who made a statue
  of Æsculapius. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Colpe=, a city of Ionia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Colubraria=, now _Monte Colubre_, a small island at the east of Spain,
  supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird
  was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves
  disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and
  they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went
  to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to
  give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. _Tibullus_, bk. 1,
  poem 7, li. 17.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote,
  among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on
  gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays
  the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer.
  The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to,
  Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

=Columnæ Hercŭlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest
  parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean.
  They were called _Calpe_ and _Abyla_, the former on the coast of
  Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of
  only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of
  Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero
  separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean
  and Atlantic seas.――――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent
  of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near
  them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. _Odyssey_,
  bk. 4, li. 351.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262.

=Colūthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on
  the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained
  long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th
  century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some
  suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

=Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens.

=Comagēna=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east
  as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the
  birthplace of Lucian. _Strabo_, bks. 11 & 17.

=Comāna= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_,
  ch. 34.――――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona,
  where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief
  priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but
  the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred
  upon one of the royal family. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 66.
  ――_Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 636.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Comania=, a country of Asia.

=Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape _Comorin_ in India.

=Comări=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Comărus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

=Comastus=, a place of Persia.

=Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

=Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of
  armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children,
  who had conspired to murder her. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
  li. 382.

=Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. _Juvenal_, satire 15,
  li. 35.

=Combrēa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Combutis=, a general under Brennus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 22.

=Comētes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 1, li. 356.――――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of
  Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 284.――――A son of
  Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 45.――――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of
  Persia. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An adulterer of Ægiale.――――A son
  of Orestes.

=Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden
  hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death
  by Amphitryon for her perfidy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses
  against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 31.

=Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived
  from _Comitium_, the place where they were convened, _quasi a cum
  eundo_. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at
  the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly
  was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some
  _consularia_, for the election of the consuls; others _prætoria_,
  for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally
  known by the name of _Comitia_, _Curiata_, _Centuriata_, and
  _Tributa_. The _Curiata_ was when the people gave their votes
  by curiæ. _Centuriata_ were not convened in later times. _See:_
  Centuria. Another assembly was called _Comitia Tributa_, where
  the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first
  the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their
  numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object
  of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the
  public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the
  tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues.
  If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the
  whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is
  called _morbus comitialis_. After the custom of giving their votes
  _vivâ voce_ had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the
  enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which
  were the letters U. R., that is, _uti rogas_, be it as is required;
  on the other was an A., that is, _antiquo_, which bears the same
  meaning as _antiquam volo_, I forbid it; the old law is preferable.
  If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s,
  the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected.
  Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the
  privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these
  eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the
  consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the
  military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called
  _majores magistratus_; to whom one of the _minores magistratus_ was
  added, the tribune of the people.

=Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar,
  for his services. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Commagēne.= _See:_ Comagena.

=Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus,
  succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel,
  and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless
  of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature,
  he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys,
  for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like
  that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his
  hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and
  fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing
  the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours
  from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an
  immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared
  bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded
  with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had
  prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate,
  he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age,
  and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he
  never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in
  imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. _Herodian._

=Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Comon=, a general of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 26.

=Compĭtālia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January
  and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household
  gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius
  Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him
  to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims;
  but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it
  sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The
  slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they
  enjoyed their freedom. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 140.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 4.

=Compsa=, now _Consa_, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of
  Vesuvius.

=Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Compusa=, a town of Bithynia.

=Comum=, now _Como_, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom
  of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards
  called _Novo Comum_ by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there,
  though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the
  younger Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 36
  & 37.――_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

=Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments.
  During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress.
  He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of
  flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling.
  He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning
  himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side.
  _Philostratus_, bk. 2, _Imagines_.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones romanæ_.

=Concăni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed
  with horses’ blood. Their chief town, _Concana_, is now called
  _Sanlinala_, or _Cangas de Onis_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li.
  463.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 361.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4,
  li. 34.

=Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

=Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus
  first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often
  assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides
  this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the
  peace and union of families and citizens. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On his House_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

=Condate=, a town of Gaul, now _Rennes_ (_Rhedonum urbs_), in Britany.

=Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_.

=Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now _Nantes_, in Britany.

=Condochātes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

=Condrūsi=, a people of Belgium, now _Condrotz_, in Liege. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Condy̆lia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the
  same as the _insula Conopôn_ of _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 200.

=Conetōdūnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their
  countrymen against Rome, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now
  _Coblentz_.

=Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his
  countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

=Congēdus=, a river of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

=Coniăci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. _Strabo_,
  bk. 3.

=Conimbrĭca=, a town of Spain, now _Coimbra_ of Portugal.

=Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as
  Priapus at Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Coniscī=, a people of Spain.

=Connīdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians
  instituted a festival called _Connideia_. It was then usual to
  sacrifice to him a ram. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made
  governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in
  a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in
  voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to
  Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country
  from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement,
  where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the
  Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted
  to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a
  Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris
  Illustribus_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Artaxerxes_.――_Isocrates.
  _――――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy
  Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had
  been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared,
  were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and
  flourished 247 B.C. _Catullus_, poem 67.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
  poem 3, li. 40.――――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar,
  who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved
  by Photius.――――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the
  same name.

=Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior
  gods, the _Dii majorum gentium_. The word signifies as much as
  _consentientes_, that is, who consented to the deliberations of
  Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has
  briefly expressed in these lines:

      _Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,
       Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._
                                _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_

=Consentia=, now _Cosenza_, a town in the country of the Brutii.
  _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus
  Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Considius Æquus=, a Roman knight, &c. _Tacitus._――――Caius, one of
  Pompey’s adherents, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Consilinum=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Constans=, a son of Constantine. _See:_ Constantius.

=Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married
  the emperor Gratian.

=Constantīna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――――Another of
  the imperial family.

=Constantinopŏlis=, now _Stamboul_, formerly Byzantium, the capital of
  Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great,
  and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern
  Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, _Roma nova_, on
  account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of
  its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration
  of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and
  of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May,
  1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors,
  and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved.
  This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and
  whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor,
  munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their
  example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in
  Europe.

=Constantīnus=, surnamed _the Great_, from the greatness of his
  exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent
  he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius,
  his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel
  and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the
  imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against
  Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this
  inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, _in hoc vince_. From this circumstance
  he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory,
  ever after adopting a cross or _abarum_ as his standard. After the
  death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius,
  who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine
  became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a
  city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly
  stood, and called it by his own name, _Constantinopolis_. Thither
  he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court
  there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence,
  and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each
  other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine,
  a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the
  capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital
  of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished
  for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he
  extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but
  afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus
  has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the
  garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians,
  and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths,
  and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had
  been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate.
  Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many
  sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of
  31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons,
  Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his
  empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion,
  was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in
  the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the
  provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign
  of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius,
  the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D.
  353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and
  oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died
  in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent
  emperor by his soldiers.――――The name of Constantine was very common
  to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――――A private soldier
  in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.
  ――――A general of Belisarius.

=Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great
  Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by
  his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague
  of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing
  the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York,
  and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――――The second son of
  Constantine the Great. _See:_ Constantinus.――――The father of Julian
  and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.
  ――――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of
  Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven
  months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded
  by his son Valentinian in the west.――――One of the servants of Attila.

=Consuāles Ludi=, or =Consuālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of
  Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under
  the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival,
  when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited
  in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus
  carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of
  the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however,
  that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had
  been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which
  happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were
  exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned
  with garlands and flowers. _Ausonius_, bk. 69, li. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 199.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

=Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of
  one year. There were two consuls, a _consulendo_, annually chosen in
  the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus
  and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the
  expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the
  two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen;
  but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one
  of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were
  plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius.
  It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be
  43 years of age, called _legitimum tempus_. He was always to appear
  at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was
  requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged
  the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes
  these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made
  a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius,
  Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they
  were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor
  or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew
  no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of
  their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people,
  and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their
  office was the _prætexta_, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards
  exchanged for the _toga picta_ or _palmata_. They were preceded
  by 12 lictors, carrying the _fasces_, or bundle of sticks, in the
  middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic
  rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the _fasces_
  by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The
  consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors
  while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges
  of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude.
  While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before
  the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their
  authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority
  to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children,
  and he was generally called _consul major_ or _prior_. As their
  power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene
  and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors;
  and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the
  name of the consuls, and by _Marcus Tullius Cicerone_ & _L. Antonio
  Consulibus_, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood.
  This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294,
  or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was
  totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls
  sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called
  _scipio eburneus_, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of
  dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over
  which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to
  the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them
  to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city,
  arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors.
  Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot,
  by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they
  were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their
  expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12
  lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not
  permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the
  senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival
  of their successor. At their return they harangued the people,
  and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws
  or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently
  endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No
  man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was
  sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the
  expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of
  consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a
  mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority
  but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of
  consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three
  months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of
  January denominated the year, and were called _ordinarii_. Their
  successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of
  _suffecti_. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship,
  and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year.
  Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted
  them to be a whole year in office.――――Here is annexed a list of the
  consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle
  of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls
  was totally extinguished.

      ♦ ‘misbehavour’ replaced with ‘misbehaviour’

  The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C.
  244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus.
  Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins,
  and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed
  in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after
  the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of
  the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about
  16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and
  the Capitol was dedicated.

  A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna
    supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles,
    Scævola, and Clœlia.

  A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius
    Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

  A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over
    the Sabines.

  A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the
    Sabines continued.

  A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

  A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of
    Publicola.

  A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

  A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of
    slaves at Rome.

  A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

  A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

  A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

  A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

  A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

  A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

  A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people
    retired to Mons Sacer.

  A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation
    between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

  A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

  A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty
    behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

  A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2.
    Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

  A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make
    declarations of war.

  A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the
    siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife,
    and dies.

  A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

  A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires
    to tyranny.

  A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned,
    and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

  A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci
    defeated.

  A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

  A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

  A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the
    Æqui and Veientes.

  A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

  A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii
    to the river Cremera.

  A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued
    against the neighbouring states.

  A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of
    the 300 Fabii.

  A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to
    his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

  A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

  A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years
    granted to the Veientes.

  A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The
    tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

  A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

  A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer
    themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred
    to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed
    against the Æqui.

  A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to
    take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

  A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

  A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

  A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

  A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

  A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made
    this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens
    in Rome.

  A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

  A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

  A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

  A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies
    at Rome, and seditions.

  A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes
    the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in
    an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made
    dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his
    farm.

  A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the
    Romans amount to 132,049.

  A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged
    in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator,
    delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days
    after his election.

  A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and
    Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

  A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

  A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

  A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

  A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

  A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The
    Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

  A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c.
    The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with
    consular power.

  A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus
    Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence.
    Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by
    her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus
    Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year.
    Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the
    rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

  A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

  A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

  A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui
    and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

  A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit
    the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

  A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The
    plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius;
    Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after
    their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius
    Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

  A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus
    5. The censorship instituted.

  A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

  A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

  A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A
    famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

  A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

  A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius.
    Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius
    king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal
    spoils called _Opima_.

  A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

  A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

  A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the
    censorship limited to 18 months.

  A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius
    Fidenas. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus;
    Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls.
    A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator
    Posthumius.

  A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

  A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

  A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

  A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

  A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius;
    Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician
    families. Victory over the Veientes.

  A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus;
    Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

  A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus.
    Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

  A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

  A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus
    2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus;
    Caius Servilius.

  A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

  A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

  A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

  A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes
    stoned to death by the army.

  A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus,
    consuls. Domestic seditions.

  A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

  A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

  A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

  A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2.
    Plebeians for the first time questors.

  A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes.
    This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

  A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The
    siege of Veii begun.

  A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin
    to receive pay.

  A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned
    by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

  A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c.
    A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

  A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

  A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

  A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

  A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

  A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The
    city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

  A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to
    remove to Veii.

  A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the
    Romans.

  A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus,
    Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15
    successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii,
    and it is rejected.

  A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the
    censors dies.

  A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice
    heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes
    to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after
    march towards Rome.

  A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at
    Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire.
    Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the
    Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes
    and defeats the Gauls.

  A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c.
    Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

  A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas;
    Lucius Julius Iulus.

  A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

  A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

  A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci
    defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

  A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus;
    Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the
    Tarpeian rock.

      ♦ ‘Carnillus’ replaced with ‘Camillus’

  A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

  A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

  A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

  A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

  A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

  A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

  A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

  A.U.C. 378. }   For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or
  A.U.C. 379. }     military tribunes elected, but only for that
  A.U.C. 380. }     time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus
  A.U.C. 381. }     Stolo, tribunes of the people.
  A.U.C. 382. }

  A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

  A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates
    are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

  A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

  A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole
    dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

  A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c.
    The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future
    to be elected from among the plebeians.

  A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian;
    consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the
    senate by the people.

  A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

  A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

  A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

  A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius
    devotes himself to the _Dii manes_.

  A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a
    Gaul in single battle.

  A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

  A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

  A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

  A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

  A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A
    dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

  A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2;
    both of patrician families.

  A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

  A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

  A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

  A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A
    censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

  A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

  A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus.
    Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

  A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus
    was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty
    of amity concluded with Carthage.

  A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

  A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

  A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

  A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

  A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The
    Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of
    the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

  A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

  A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

  A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The
    victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to
    death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for
    the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

  A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

  A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins
    conquered.

  A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The
    pretorship granted to a plebeian.

  A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

  A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

  A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

  A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

  A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

  A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

  A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

  A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

  A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

  A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

  A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

  A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva.
    The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his
    master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a
    famous victory. He pardons him.

      ♦ ‘Curso’ replaced with ‘Cursor’

  A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected
    this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

  A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

  A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

  A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2.
    Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade
    at Caudium.

  A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

  A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

  A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

  A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

  A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

  A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

  A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

  A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

  A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes
    the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

  A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

  A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

  A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected
    this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

  A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

  A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

  A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

  A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

  A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui
    conquered.

  A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

  A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

  A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus;
    not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

  A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood
    made common to the plebeians.

  A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

  A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

  A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars
    against the Samnites.

  A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the
    Etrurians and Samnites.

  A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes
    himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the
    Romans obtain a victory.

  A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

  A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories
    over the Samnites.

  A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva.
    Victory over the Samnites.

  A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius
    brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

  A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

  A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

  A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

  A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

  A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

  A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

  A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the
    Senones.

  A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The
    Senones defeated.

  A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

  A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to
    assist Tarentum.

  A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus
    conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace,
    which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and
    272,222 citizens were found.

  A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle
    with Pyrrhus.

  A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2.
    Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage
    renewed.

  A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona
    and Locri taken.

  A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina.
    Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

  A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.
    Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

  A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

  A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy
    from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

  A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum
    surrenders.

  A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

  A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

  A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver
    money coined at Rome for the first time.

  A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

  A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy
    enjoys peace universally.

  A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

  A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The
    number of the questors doubled to eight.

  A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The
    Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war.
    Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of
    gladiators first instituted.

  A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus.
    Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first
    put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

  A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus.
    The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the
    Carthaginians.

  A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

  A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two
    months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The
    naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

  A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus.
    Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

  A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus.
    The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

  A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

  A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of
    Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of
    the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land
    in Africa.

  A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus.
    Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken
    prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

  A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus
    2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

  A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The
    Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the
    seas.

  A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus.
    Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

  A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The
    Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

  A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The
    Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and
    forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the
    Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most
    excruciating torments.

  A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The
    Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

  A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

  A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The
    number of the citizens 252,222.

  A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

  A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

  A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

  A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A
    fleet built by individuals at Rome.

  A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The
    Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made
    between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

  A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is
    made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount
    to 260,000.

  A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

  A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

  A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto.
    The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

  A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius
    Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against
    Antiochus Theos.

  A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus.
    Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

  A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The
    temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa,
    about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

  A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

  A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius
    Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

  A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

  A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The
    first divorce known at Rome.

  A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the
    Illyrians.

  A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus.
    The building of new Carthage.

  A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

  A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two
    new pretors added to the other pretors.

  A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy
    invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of
    battle 770,000 men.

  A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls
    defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near
    Telamon.

  A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2.
    The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

  A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

  A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus.
    A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called _opima_.

  A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes
    the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

  A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

  A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with
    Illyricum.

  A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus.
    Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic
    war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The
    Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near
    Trebia, by Annibal.

  A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near
    the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of
    Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

  A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The
    famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats
    Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and
    his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

  A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2.
    Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia
    revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice
    beaten in Spain by Scipio.

  A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.
    Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

  A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3.
    The siege of Syracuse continued.

  A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.
    Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province.
    Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios
    conquered in Spain.

  A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua
    besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain
    with proconsular power.

  A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2.
    The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young
    Scipio.

  A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4.
    Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal
    defeated by Scipio.

  A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus.
    Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian
    fleet defeated.

  A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes
    the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two
    consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into
    Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

  A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a
    victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides
    with the Romans.

  A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus.
    Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

  A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus.
    Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of
    families found in Rome.

  A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio
    spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from
    Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

  A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio
    come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at
    Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

  A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace
    granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

  A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War
    with the Macedonians.

  A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The
    Macedonian war continued.

  A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip
    defeated by Quintius.

  A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip
    is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

  A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The
    independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian
    games.

  A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius
    regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and
    triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

  A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus.
    Annibal flies to Antiochus.

  A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus.
    Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal
    endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

  A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks
    call Antiochus to deliver them.

  A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio.
    The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

  A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of
    Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated
    by Scipio.

  A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with
    the Gallogrecians.

  A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator.
    Antiochus dies.

  A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians
    reduced.

  A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus.
    The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

  A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius
    Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

  A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius.
    Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

  A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death
    of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

  A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of
    Philip.

      ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Cnæus’

  A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2.
    Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

  A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso.
    Celtiberians defeated.

  A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus.
    Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

  A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

  A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus.
    The Istrians defeated.

  A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius
    Spurinus.

  A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

  A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

  A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

  A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared
    against Perseus.

  A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus.
    Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

  A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

  A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The
    campaign in Macedonia.

  A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus
    is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

  A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

  A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

  A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

  A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

  A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

  A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus.
    Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

  A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

  A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

  A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

  A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

  A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War
    against the Dalmatians.

  A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

  A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius
    Marcellus 2.

  A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

  A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false
    Philip. Wars in Spain.

  A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

  A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

  A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War
    between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

  A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The
    Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to
    accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the
    Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

  A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso.
    Carthage besieged.

  A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege
    of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

  A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage
    surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

  A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

  A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

  A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus
    Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

  A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus
    Servilianus.

  A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

  A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars
    with Viriatus.

  A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

  A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus.
    The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

  A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars
    against Numantia.

  A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

      ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

  A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

  A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

  A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi.
    Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The
    seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

  A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

  A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

  A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census
    are found 313,823 citizens.

  A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

  A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

  A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt
    of slaves in Sicily.

  A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

      ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Marcus’

  A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

  A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

      ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

  A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

  A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The
    seditions of Caius Gracchus.

  A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate
    end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

  A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

  A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

  A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

  A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

  A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

  A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

  A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

  A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

  A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans
    declare war against Jugurtha.

  A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia.
    Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

      ♦ ‘Jugartha’ replaced with ‘Jugurtha’

  A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

  A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus.
    Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

  A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus.
    Metellus continues the war.

  A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha
    continued with vigour by Marius.

  A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio.
    Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the
    lieutenant of Marius.

  A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius
    triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri
    and Teutones.

      ♦ ‘Corn. Maniius’ replaced with ‘Cnæus Mallius’

  A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march
    towards Spain.

  A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri
    defeated in Spain.

  A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones
    totally defeated by Marius.

  A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy,
    and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

  A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions
    against Metellus.

  A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is
    gloriously recalled.

  A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

      ♦ ‘L.’ replaced with ‘Quintus’

  A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

  A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The
    kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

  A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.
    Seditions of Norbanus.

  A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

  A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla
    exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

  A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish
    to be admitted citizens of Rome.

  A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The
    allies prepare to revolt.

  A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with
    the Marsi.

      ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

  A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great
    valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

  A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla
    appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to
    supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and
    takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

  A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours
    to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna
    marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

  A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died,
    and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic
    war.

  A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The
    Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

  A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace
    with Mithridates.

  A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The
    capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

  A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome
    between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla,
    who makes himself dictator.

  A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla
    weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey
    triumphs over Africa.

  A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus
    Pius. War against Mithridates.

  A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla
    abdicates the dictatorship.

  A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla
    dies.

  A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus.
    A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against
    Sertorius in Spain.

  A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius
    defeated.

      ♦ ‘M.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

  A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and
    Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered
    by Perpenna.

      ♦ ‘Cn.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

  A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta.
    Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

  A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus.
    The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

      ♦ ‘Varus Spartacus’ replaced with ‘Longinus’

  A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus
    Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

  A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
    Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

  A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus.
    Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to
    above 900,000.

  A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus.
    Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the
    invasion of Parthia.

  A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus
    defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

  A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus
    falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him.
    Pompey goes against the pirates.

  A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey
    succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the
    enemy.

  A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success
    of Pompey in Asia.

  A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes
    to Syria. His conquests there.

  A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates
    poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero
    discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

  A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey
    triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and
    Aristobulus.

  A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

  A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation
    between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

  A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar
    breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains
    the government of Gaul for five years.

  A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero
    banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of
    Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

      ♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Lucius’

  A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius
    Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

  A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius
    Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

  A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2.
    Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more
    in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

  A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.
    Great victories of Cæsar.

  A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala.
    Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

  A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards
    took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts
    of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

  A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise
    of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

  A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero
    proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar
    and Pompey.

      ♦ ‘P.’ replaced with ‘Gaius’

  A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.
    Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made
    dictator.

  A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar
    defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of
    Cæsar in Egypt.

  A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and
    influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

  A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar
    defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

  A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the
    partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator
    and Imperator, &c.

  A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a
    war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and
    murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power.
    The rise of Octavius.

  A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a
    public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus,
    and Lepidus.

  A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great
    honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius
    join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

  A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle
    of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

  A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony
    joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short
    duration.

  A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus.
    Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their
    mutual alliance.

  A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to
    whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext.
    Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea
    to oppose Augustus.

  A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is
    appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He
    builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

  A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa
    obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to
    Antony, by whom he is put to death.

  A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus
    removed from power by Augustus.

  A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus
    and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another
    division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the
    east.

  A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus.
    Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

  A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions
    between Augustus and Antony.

  A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala
    Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors,
    happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

=Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was
  covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be
  secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus
  Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called
  _Consualia_, during the celebration of which the Romans carried
  away the Sabine women. _See:_ Consuales ludi. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
  ――_Ausonius_, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, _on Roman festivals_,
  li. 19.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by
  dogs for her lascivious deportment. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.

=Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 90.

=Contubia=, a town in Spain. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_.

=Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the Ægean sea. _See:_ Co.

=Copæ=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Copais lacus=, now _Limne_, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus
  and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent
  eels. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.――――A river of
  India. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing
  a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

=Copillus=, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans.
  _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in
  the interest of Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 8.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 19.

=Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Coptus= and =Coptos=, now _Kypt_, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues
  from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 15, li. 28.

=Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a
  colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. _Lucan_, bk. 7,
  li. 392.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.

=Coracēsium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. _Livy_,
  bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Coraconāsus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the
  Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Coraletæ=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 81.

=Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
  poem 2, li. 37.

=Coranus=, a miser. _See:_ ♦Nascia.

      ♦ ‘Nascia’ not referenced

=Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 672.

=Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary
  of his pupils. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 12; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch.
  20.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――――A king of Sicyon.――――A mountain of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.

=Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a
  city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 21.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Corbŭlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of
  Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes
  king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be
  murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming,
  “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a
  place (_Monumentum_) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern
  _Groningen_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Corcȳra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum,
  on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the
  gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively _Drepane_, _Scheria_,
  and _Phæacia_, and now bears the name of _Corfu_. Some Corinthians,
  with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished
  from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of
  Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which
  was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was
  called _Corcyrean_, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian
  war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that
  such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death.
  _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 512.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, &c.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 9, li. 32.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Cordŭba=, now _Cordova_, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native
  place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 57.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar
  sort of fishes caught there (_Cordylæ_). _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 15.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

=Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called
  _Coreia_ were instituted to her honour in Greece.

=Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 100.

=Corĕsus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply
  enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He
  complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence.
  The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by
  sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar,
  and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and
  stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the
  love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which
  afterwards bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.

=Corētas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. _Plutarch_, _de
  Defectu Oraculorum_.

=Corfinium=, now _San Ferino_, the capital of the Peligni, three miles
  from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. _Cæsar_, _Civil
  War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 478.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 5, li. 522.

=Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. _Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to
  Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she
  obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her
  competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly
  contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of
  epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. _Propertius_,
  bk. 2, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――――A woman of Thespis,
  celebrated for her beauty.――――Ovid’s mistress was also called
  Corinna. _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 6.

=Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he
  wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem
  of Corinnus.

=Corinthiăcus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

=Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called _Corito_, situated
  on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60
  stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus
  son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the
  son of Pelops. Its original name was _Ephyre_; and it is called
  _Bimaris_, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the
  Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had
  great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in
  Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the
  means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius
  the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches
  which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration,
  all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together,
  and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since
  been known by the name of _Corinthium Æs_. This, however, appears
  improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of
  Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and
  silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation
  of _Corinthian brass_ afterwards stamped an extraordinary value
  on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of
  Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so
  dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the
  proverb of

            _Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian_,

  to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much
  expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured
  to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur.
  The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when
  officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received
  the name of _Corinthian war_, because the battles were fought in the
  neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of
  the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon.
  Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the
  former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the
  Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after
  Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles
  were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to
  besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying
  one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power.
  _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 58.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 70.――_Livy_,
  bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 2, li. 240.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.――_Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 2.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 14; _Against Verres_, bk. 4,
  ch. 44; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――――An actor at Rome. _Juvenal_,
  satire 8, li. 197.

=Coriŏlānus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over
  Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest
  honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward,
  the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient
  host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number
  of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was
  refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while
  influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when
  the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily,
  Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be
  given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him
  for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death.
  This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators,
  and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority
  of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to
  Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly
  reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched
  at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus
  greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to
  reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf
  to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp
  only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity
  against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia,
  and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to
  go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his
  family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but
  at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed
  over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus
  marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their
  sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a
  temple to _Female Fortune_. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however,
  displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people
  of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so
  prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his
  trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral
  by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss.
  Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Coriŏli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the
  Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence
  Coriolanus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 33.

=Corissus=, a town of Ionia.

=Coritus.= _See:_ Corytus.

=Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Cormus=, a river near Assyria. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Cornēlia lex=, _de Civitate_, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius
  Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that
  the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided
  among the 35 ancient tribes.――――Another, _de Judiciis_, A.U.C. 673,
  by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the
  same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process
  should not depend upon his will.――――Another, _de Sumptibus_, by the
  same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.
  ――――Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored
  to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests,
  which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the
  people.――――Another, _de Municipiis_, by the same, which revoked
  all the privileges which had been some time before granted to
  the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil
  wars.――――Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, which gave the
  power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age,
  to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and
  partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of
  the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――――Another,
  _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no
  person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or
  be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――――Another,
  _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes
  of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies,
  and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable
  of holding any other office in the state by that law.――――Another,
  _de Majestate_, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to
  send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders,
  to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of
  the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the
  absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave.
  The punishment was, _aquæ et ignis interdictio_.――――Another, by
  the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either
  by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire
  to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should
  give their verdict _clam_ or _palam_, _vivâ voce_ or by _ballot_.
  ――――Another, by the same, which made it _aquæ et ignis interdictio_
  to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills,
  corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting
  of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence
  were deemed as guilty as the offender.――――Another, _de pecuniis
  repetundis_, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion
  in the provinces was condemned to suffer the _aquæ et ignis
  interdictio_.――――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such
  as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining
  their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate,
  as was before observed.――――Another, by the same, which ordained that
  the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those
  about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among
  his soldiers.――――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people,
  A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from
  any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were
  present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the
  bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their
  concurrence.――――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against
  Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper
  satisfaction to the Roman people.

=Cornēlia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius
  Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so
  affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced
  a funeral oration over her body. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A daughter
  of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her
  husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues.
  When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore
  in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his
  dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed
  all his misfortunes to his connection with her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.
  ――――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus,
  and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted
  by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen
  to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended,
  as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her
  two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at
  Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of
  her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only
  jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised
  to her, with this inscription, _Cornelia mater Gracchorum_. Some
  of her epistles are preserved. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 167.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Cicero_,
  _Brutus_, ch. 58; _de Claris Oratoribus_, ch. 58.――――A vestal
  virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence.
  _Suetonius_, _Domitian_.

=Cornēlii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most
  distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who
  foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.
  ――――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that
  Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had
  retired.――――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape
  the proscription which threatened his life.――――Cethegus, a priest,
  degraded from his office for want of attention.――――Cnæus, a man
  chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――――Balbus,
  a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of
  the senators.――――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that
  there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the
  spoils called _opima_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.――――Balbus, a man
  of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when
  accused.――――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――――Scipio, a man
  appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――――Gallus,
  an elegiac poet. _See:_ Gallus.――――Merula, was made consul by
  Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain
  by Galba.――――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. _See:_ Nepos.――――Merula,
  a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His
  grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered
  the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――――Gallus, a
  man who died in the act of copulation. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,
  ch. 12.――――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great
  genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 10, li. 1.――――Thuscus, a mischievous person.
  ――――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books
  on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――――Cnæus and Publius
  Scipio. _See:_ Scipio.――――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. _Livy._
  ――_Plutarch._――_Valerius Maximus._――_Tacitus._――_Suetonius._
  ――_Polybius._――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.

=Cornicŭlum=, a town of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed
  to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with
  a poetical genius. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.――――A lieutenant of Julius
  Cæsar. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague
  in the office of augur.

=Cornĭger=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Cornūtus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius
  the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric.
  _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 36.――――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero.
  _Cicero_, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――――A Roman, saved from the proscription
  of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and
  said it was their master. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.

=Corœbus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam
  in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of
  Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire
  from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.
  37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――――A courier of Elis,
  killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in
  the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year
  has generally been called the first olympiad. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 8.――――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne,
  sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the
  number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and
  he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a
  temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Corōna=, a town of Messenia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Coronēa=, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian
  war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth,
  and Argos, B.C. 394. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 34.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――A town of Peloponnesus,――――of
  Corinth,――――of Cyprus,――――of Ambracia,――――of Phthiotis.

=Corōnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant
  by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality
  to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for
  her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her
  womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought
  forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s
  resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to
  watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius;
  and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a
  statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to
  public view. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――The daughter of Coronæus
  king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before
  Neptune. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 543.――――One of the
  daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

=Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Corōnus=, a son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A son of
  Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corrhāgium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

=Corsia=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Corsīca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast
  of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of
  robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled
  among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which
  was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the
  number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the
  possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans,
  B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was
  considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than
  33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.――_Strabo._
  ――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.
  ――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
  poem 9, li. 30.

=Corsote=, a town of Armenia.

=Corsūra=, an island in the bay of Carthage.

=Cortōna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called _Corytum_ by Virgil. It
  was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

=Corvīnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a _crow_, which
  assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――――An orator.
  _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――Messala, an eloquent orator, in
  the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet
  ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In
  his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own
  name.――――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to
  maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
  li. 108.

=Tiberius Coruncānius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at
  Rome.――――The family of the _Coruncanii_ was famous for the number of
  great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman
  republic. _Cicero_, _On his House_.

=Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the
  celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved
  as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence
  passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose
  that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele,
  who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was
  a festival at Cnossus in Crete called _Corybantica_, in commemoration
  of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 37.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

      ♦ ‘secretely’ replaced with ‘secretly’

=Cory̆bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A painter,
  disciple to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Corybassa=, a city of Mysia.

=Cory̆bus=, a promontory of Crete.

=Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 6.

=Cōry̆cĭdes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This
  name is often applied to the Muses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 320.

=Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in
  taking care of his bees. He is represented by _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and
  diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word _Corycius_
  implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had
  settled in Italy.

=Cory̆cus=, now _Curco_, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town
  of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced
  excellent saffron. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 9, li. 809.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
  his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――――Another of
  Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――――Another at the foot
  of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Cory̆don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the
  pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

=Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia.

=Cory̆na=, a town of Ionia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Corymbĭfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of
  _corymbi_, certain berries that grow on the ivy. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 1, li. 393.

=Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by
  Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 36.

=Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
  ch. 23.

=Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Corythus=, a king of Corinth. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is
  said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town
  and mountain of Etruria, now _Cortona_, near which Dardanus was
  born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

=Cos=, an island. _See:_ Co.

=Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =Cŏsæ=, a town of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 168.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 9, _Letters
  to Atticus_, ltr. 6.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Cosconius=, a Latin writer. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――――A
  wretched epigram writer. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

=Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. _Plutarch_,
  _Pompey_.

=Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 8.

=Cossea=, a part of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――――A Roman
  who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the _Spolia Opima_,
  A.U.C. 317. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 841.

=Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was
  descended. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 1. One of the family was
  distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced
  into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

=Costobœi=, robbers in Galatia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Cosȳra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 567.

=Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania.

=Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a
  convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. _Servius_ on _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. _Hyginus_, fable 147.

=Cŏtĭso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was
  defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is
  said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. _Suetonius_,
  _Augustus_, ch. 63.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

=Cotōnis=, an island near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul
  with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by
  Mithridates. He was surnamed _Ponticus_, because he took Heraclea of
  Pontus by treachery. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――An orator, greatly
  commended by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――――A governor of Paphlagonia,
  very faithful to Sardanapalus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――――A spendthrift
  in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.
  ――――A poet mentioned by ♦_Ovid_, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_.

      ♦ added author’s name ‘Ovid’

=Cottiæ Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated
  from Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37; _Nero_, ch. 18.

=Cottus=, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and
  50 heads. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 147.――――A man among the Ædui.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Cotyæum=, a town of Galatia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――――Of Phrygia.

=Cotyæus=, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of
  the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 19.

=Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cotys=, the father of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45.――――A son of
  Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.
  ――――A king of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――Another,
  who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper.
  _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 54.――――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the
  kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to
  whom Ovid writes from his banishment. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_,
  ch. 64.――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Epistulæ ex Ponto_, ltr. 9.――――A king of
  the Odrysæ. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 29.――――A king of Armenia Minor,
  who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bks. 11 & 13.――――Another, who imagined he should marry
  Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to
  dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 12.

=Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called
  _Cotyttia_, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians,
  Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and
  nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration.
  A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the
  votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and
  fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a
  capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these
  sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable
  reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the
  same as Proserpine or Ceres. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 58.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 2, li. 91.

      ♦ ‘Corytto’ replaced with ‘Cotytto’

=Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to
  Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 21.

=Crambūsa=, a town of Lycia.

=Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. _Herodotus._

=Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and
  reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A city
  of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Crane=, a nymph. _See:_ ♦Cara.――――A town of Arcadia.

      ♦ no reference found for ‘Cara’

=Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia,
  where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s
  death. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

=Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by
  Demoleon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 361.

=Crassĭpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married
  Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 42.

=Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. _Suetonius_,
  _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 18.

=Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed.
  _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest
  about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against
  Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――――Marcus
  Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed _Rich_, on account of his
  opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances;
  but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon
  enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome;
  and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight
  months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to
  Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour.
  When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a
  universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals,
  Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus
  slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon
  put an end to the war, and was honoured with an _ovatio_ at his
  return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this
  high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace
  at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first
  triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more
  predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious
  conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of
  Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth.
  With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome,
  though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to
  threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the
  rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself
  master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of
  Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was
  met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes
  the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans
  were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night
  favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny
  and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides,
  trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of
  proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53.
  His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead
  down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with
  which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in
  that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that
  he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena,
  equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no
  man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army.
  Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always
  ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of
  philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive.
  _Plutarch_ has written his life. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――――Publius,
  the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father.
  When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of
  escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was
  cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians.
  _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.――――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator,
  commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book _On Oratory_ as the
  principal speaker.――――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil
  wars, after Cæsar’s death.

=Crastīnus=, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 124.

=Cratæus=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. _Aristotle._

=Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

=Cratĕrus=, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself
  conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the
  field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly
  respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always
  trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he
  subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into
  Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321.
  He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and
  Epirus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bks. 12
  & 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 3.――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A
  physician of Atticus, mentioned by _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――――A painter
  whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 11.――――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees
  which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――――A famous
  sculptor.

=Crates=, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of
  Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the
  money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he
  rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle,
  and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm
  as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were
  uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the
  season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of
  him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself
  as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters,
  whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted
  them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters
  are extant. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
  Philosophers_.――――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at
  Rome, where he taught grammar. _Suetonius._――――A native of Pergamus,
  who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C.
  165. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 17, ch. 9.――――A philosopher
  of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――――An
  Athenian comic poet.

=Cratesiclēa=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of
  serving her country, &c. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.

=Cratesipŏlis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her
  subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 8, ch. 58.

=Cratesippĭdas=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the
  Athenians, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Cratēvas=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Crateus=, a son of Minos.

=Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were
  supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that
  drank them. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 315.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Cratīnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings,
  and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years,
  B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the
  little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 4.――_Quintilian._――――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――――A river of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 37,
  ch. 2.

      ♦ ‘97, B.C. 431 years.’ replaced with ‘97 years, B.C. 431.’

=Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught
  Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey
  visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly
  turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher
  defended. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1.
  ――――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

=Craty̆les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

=Crausiæ=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

=Crausis=, the father of Philopœmen.

=Crauxĭdas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Crĕmĕra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous
  for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle
  against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 205.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 155.

=Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Cremma=, a town of Lycia.

=Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a
  sow of uncommon bigness. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 435.

=Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Cremōna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a
  Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy.
  _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 56.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

=Cremōnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose,
  Annibal passed to enter Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and
  of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment
  of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of
  the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.――_Suetonius_,
  _Augustus_, ch. 35; _Tiberius_, ch. 60, _Caligula_, ch. 16.

=Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 313.

=Creon=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter
  Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of
  her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison.
  Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took
  fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also
  consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Euripides_, _Medea_.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 25.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Menœtius
  father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of
  Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of
  Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [_See:_ Sphinx] were intolerable,
  Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could
  explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in
  his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married
  Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had
  two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed,
  after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately.
  Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when
  he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time,
  and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his
  right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers.
  They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till
  Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume
  the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded
  that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause
  of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any
  manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone
  the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished.
  Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed
  himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon.
  Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him
  at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives.
  _See:_ Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 56, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Statius_,
  _Thebiad_.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against
  Thebes_.――_Hyginus_, fables 67 & 76.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――――The
  first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Creontiădes=, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed
  by his father because he had slain Lycus.

=Creŏphĭlus=, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he
  received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master,
  &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――An historian. _Athenæus_, bk. 8.

=Creperius Pollio=, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant
  debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 6.

=Cres=, an inhabitant of Crete.――――The first king of Crete. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 53.

=Cresa= and =Cressa=, a town of Caria.

=Cresius=, a hill of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Cresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus
  and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

=Cressius=, belonging to Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 70;
  bk. 8, li. 294.

=Creston=, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called
  _Crestonia_. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the
  husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his
  affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 5.

=Cresus= and =Ephesus=, two men who built the temple of Diana at
  Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Crēta=, now _Candia_, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean
  sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its
  100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established
  there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves,
  their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some
  authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes,
  and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There
  were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that
  established themselves there. The island, after groaning under
  the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of
  frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war
  of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that
  they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk
  was produced there and thence called _Creta_, and with it the Romans
  marked their lucky days in their calendar. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36,
  li. 10; epode 9.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 444; _Epistles_,
  bk. 10, li. 106.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 184.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li.
  104.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cretæus=, a poet mentioned by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

=Crete=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A daughter
  of Deucalion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Cretea=, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according
  to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Cretes=, inhabitants of Crete. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.

=Creteus=, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed
  Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 774.
  ――――Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 538.

=Cretheis=, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with
  Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue,
  because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by
  some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. _Pindar_, _Nemean_, ch. 4.

=Cretheus=, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s
  daughter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

      ♦ ‘Œolus’ replaced with ‘Æolus’
      ♥ ‘Œson’ replaced with ‘Æson’

=Crethon=, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side
  of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 540.

      ♦ ‘Œneas’ replaced with ‘Æneas’

=Cretĭcus=, a certain orator. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 67.――――A
  surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

=Cressas=, a famous boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Creūsa=, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to
  marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment,
  which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most
  excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from
  Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason.
  Some call her Glauce. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 335.
  ――――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas,
  by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy
  was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were
  separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover
  her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to
  her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation
  of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while
  he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the
  calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he
  came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the
  country. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
  li. 562, &c.――――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was
  mother of Janus by Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Creusis=, a naval station of the Thespians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 32.

=Criăsus=, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.

=Crinippus=, a general of Dionysius the elder.

=Crinis=, a stoic philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A priest of
  Apollo.

=Crinīsus= and =Crimīsus=, now _Caltabellota_, a river on the
  western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated
  the Carthaginian forces. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil,
  is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus,
  Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his
  daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the
  sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon.
  _See:_ Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily.
  Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so
  disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river
  in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into
  whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce
  the neighbouring nymphs.

      ♦ ‘Cicily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Crino=, a daughter of Antenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――One
  of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Crison=, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.

=Crispīna=, a Roman matron, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, ch. 47.

=Crispīnus=, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt,
  was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman
  knighthood by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 26.――――A stoic
  philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and
  tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect,
  to which _Horace_ alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

=Crispus Sallustius.= _See:_ Sallustius.――――Virio, a famous orator.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――The second husband of Agrippina.
  ――――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by
  his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge.
  Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused,
  she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and
  caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

=Crissæus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth,
  now the bay of _Salona_. It received its name from _Crissa_, a town
  of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

=Critāla=, a town of Cappadocia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Crithēis=, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown
  person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth
  the poet Homer, according to _Herodotus_, _Life of Homer_.

=Crithōte=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. _Cornelius Nepos._

=Critias=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans.
  He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he
  cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed
  in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished.
  He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies
  and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. _Cicero_, bk.
  2, _On Oratory_.――――A philosopher.――――A man who wrote on republics.
  ――――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

=Crito=, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned
  preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now
  lost. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes
  Longimanus.――――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all
  that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――――A
  Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia,
  of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

=Critobūlus=, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between
  Antiochus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――――A physician
  in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A
  son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Crito_.

=Critodēmus=, an ancient historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 76.

=Critognātus=, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Critolāus=, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers,
  fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an
  end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers
  of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand
  his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his
  return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to
  whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The
  offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account
  of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards
  general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself,
  because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent
  ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_.
  ――――An historian who wrote about Epirus.

=Crius=, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
  ――――A man of Ægina, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 50.――――A river of
  Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 27.

=Crobialus=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Crobyzi=, a people of Thrace.

=Crŏcăle=, one of Diana’s attendants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Croceæ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Crocodilopŏ1is=, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The
  crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were
  so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It
  was afterwards called Arsinoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.

=Crocus=, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was
  changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience
  of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 283.

=Crœsus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia,
  was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was
  the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His
  court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer,
  among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with
  Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the
  philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to
  poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus
  the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000
  men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated,
  B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s
  hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on
  fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim,
  “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his
  exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had
  once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital,
  and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he
  ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one
  of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct
  in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus
  survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated
  for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of
  Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle,
  which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in
  the destruction of his empire. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Solon_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Cromi=, a people of Arcadia.

=Cromītis=, a country of Arcadia.

=Crommyon= and =Cromyon=, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed
  a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.――_Xenophon._――――A town near Corinth.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Cromna=, a town of Bithyna.

=Cromus=, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A son of
  Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Cronia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians
  observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a
  condemned malefactor.

=Cronium=, a town of Elis,――――of Sicily.

=Crophi=, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile,
  according to some traditions, in the city of _Sais_. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 28.

=Crossæa=, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Crotălus=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Croton=, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly
  honoured. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Crŏtōna=, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay
  of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony
  from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great
  wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place.
  It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the
  arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the
  attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise
  in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in
  being the place where Pythagoras established his school. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 47.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.

=Crotoniatæ=, the inhabitants of Crotona. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Crotoniatis=, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 35.

=Crotopiădes=, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

=Crotōpias=, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. _Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 480.

=Crotōpus=, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the
  mother of Linus by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480.

=Crotus=, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life
  to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him
  among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Crunos=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Crusis=, a place near Olynthos.

=Crustŭmĕrium= and =Crustumeria=, a town of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 4,
  ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.

=Crustūmīnum=, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence
  the adjective _Crustumia_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 88.

=Crustŭmium=, =Crustunus=, and =Crusturnenius=, now _Conca_, a river
  flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Crynis=, a river of Bithynia.

=Crypta=, a passage through mount Pausilypus. _See:_ Pausilypus.

=Cteătus=, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 4.

=Ctemene=, a town of Thessaly.

=Ctenos=, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

=Ctesias=, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner
  by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s
  wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of
  the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially
  preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions
  have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s
  edition of Herodotus. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 12.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A sycophant of Athens.――――An
  historian of Ephesus.

=Ctesibius=, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135
  years B. C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic
  instruments. He also invented a _clepsydra_, or water clock. This
  invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious.
  Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels
  communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which,
  by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and
  months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful
  invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of
  measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra
  of Ctesibius. _Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_, bk. 9, ch. 9.――――A
  cynic philosopher.――――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C.,
  and died in his 104th year. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Ctesĭcle=, a general of Zacynthos.

=Ctesidēmus=, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. _Pliny_, bk. 35,
  ch. 10.

=Ctesilŏchus=, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing
  forth Bacchus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Ctesĭphon=, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his
  fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown
  for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines,
  the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views.
  Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated
  oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. _Demosthenes_
  & _Æschines_, _On the Crown_.――――A Greek architect, who made the
  plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――――An elegiac poet, whom king
  Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A
  Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise
  on trees and plants. ♦_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A large village
  of Assyria, now _Elmodain_, on the banks of the Tigris, where the
  kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the
  climate. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

      ♦ ‘Put.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Ctesippus=, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was
  received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion
  attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies.
  _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A man who wrote a history of Scythia.
  ――――One of the descendants of Hercules.

=Ctimĕne=, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 334.

=Cularo=, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards
  _Gratianopolis_, and now _Grenoble_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_.

=Cuma= and =Cumæ=, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants
  have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the
  goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called
  _Cumani_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A city
  of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ,
  of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called _Cumæi_
  and _Cumani_. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence
  in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the _Cumæan_ Sibyl.
  _See:_ Sibyllæ.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 712; _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 158; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cicero_, _De
  Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch.
  4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 441.――_Livy_, bk. 4.――_Ptolemy_,
  bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Cumānum=, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――――Another of Varro. _Cicero_, _Academica_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Cunaxa=, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a
  battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the
  younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,
  000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour
  and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops
  of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of
  Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal
  care of the retreat. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Ctesias._

=Cuneus=, a cape of Spain, now _Algarve_, extending into the sea in
  the form of a wedge. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Capāvo=, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 186.

=Cupentus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 539.

=Cupīdo=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and
  love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents.
  Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another,
  son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato
  mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of
  one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and
  the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two
  Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and
  Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by
  his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a
  winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows.
  On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as
  amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears
  driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching
  a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he
  plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan,
  or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems
  to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches
  triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder,
  and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns
  the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding
  on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the
  thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with
  the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was
  extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the
  empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and
  vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According
  to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men,
  and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods
  themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the
  world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes;
  and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his
  mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he
  inspired the queen with love. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, fable 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 121, &c.――_Oppian_,
  _Halieutica_, bk. 4.――_Cynegetica_, bk. 2.――_Bion_, _Idylls_, bk. 3.
  ――_Moschus._――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
  poems 3, 11, &c.

=Cupiennius=, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for
  the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,
  li. 36.

=Cures=, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The
  inhabitants, called _Quirites_, were carried to Rome, of which
  they became citizens. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8,
  li. 638.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

=Curētes=, a people of Crete, called also _Corybantes_, who, according
  to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts
  was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient
  Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and
  to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a
  kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their
  shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made
  priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had
  entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 151.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 282; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 210.

=Curētis=, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the
  Curetes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 136.

=Curia=, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided
  the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over
  each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices
  of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called _Curionia_
  and the priest _Curio_. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals
  were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all
  defects. The _Curiones_ were elected by their respective Curiæ, and
  above them was a superior priest called _Curio maximus_, chosen by
  all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――――The word _Curia_ was also
  applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of
  two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies
  of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation
  of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed
  for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public
  business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before
  a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome,
  which more particularly claim our attention: _Curia Hostilia_, built
  by king Tullus Hostilius: _Curia Pompeii_, where Julius Cæsar was
  murdered; and _Curia Augusti_, the palace and court of the emperor
  Augustus.――――A town of the Rhœti, now _Coire_, the capital of the
  Grisons.

=Curia lex=, _de Comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the
  tribune. It forbade the convening of the _Comitia_, for the election
  of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

=Curias.= _See:_ Curium.

=Curiatii=, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus
  Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii,
  who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family.
  _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦=Caius Curio=, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate,
  _Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem_. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 21, ch. 7.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Cicero_,
  _Brutus_.――――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people,
  and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned
  from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments
  which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed
  himself in Africa. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ &
  _Cæsar_, ch. 49.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4,
  li. 268.

      ♦ ‘Q.’ replaced with ‘Caius’

=Curiosolitæ=, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country
  which now forms Lower Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34;
  bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Curium=, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the
  south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of
  _Curias_. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 113.

=Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius=, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude
  and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured
  with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites,
  the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum.
  The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was
  boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to
  bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers
  with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your
  vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who
  are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in
  poverty.” _Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12, li.
  41.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry,
  to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_,
  ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

      ♦ Book number omitted in text.

=Curtia=, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

=Curtīllus=, a celebrated epicure, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8,
  li. 52.

=Marcus Curtius=, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’
  manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap,
  called afterwards _Curtius lacus_, had suddenly opened in the forum,
  and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw
  into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived
  that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself,
  mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which
  immediately closed over his head. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――Quintus Rufus. _See:_ Quintus.――――Nicias,
  a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. _Suetonius_, _Lives of
  the Grammarians_.――――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Atticus, a Roman knight, who
  accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4.――――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped.
  _See:_ Marcus Curtius.――――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to
  Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as
  to be distributed through all the hills of the city. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
  ch. 15.

=Curūlis magistratus=, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege
  of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator,
  the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that
  privilege, and therefore were called _curules magistratus_. The
  senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were
  generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all
  generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names
  of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants
  of curule magistrates were called _nobiles_, the first of a family
  who discharged that office were known by the name of _notii_, and
  those that had never been in office were called _ignobiles_.

=Cussæi=, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the
  manes of Hephæstion. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Cusus=, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the _Vag_.

=Cutilium=, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a
  floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold
  quality. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _Naturales
  quaestiones_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11.

=Cyamosōrus=, a river of Sicily.

=Cyăne=, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in
  a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where
  she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which,
  from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured
  to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god
  changed her into a fountain now called _Pisme_, a few miles from
  Syracuse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 112.――――A town of
  Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――An inn-keeper, &c. _Juvenal_,
  satire 8, li. 162.

=Cyăneæ=, now _the Pavorane_, two rugged islands at the entrance
  of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian
  Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the
  European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of
  20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually
  break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a
  darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The
  ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes
  united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the
  straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other
  objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were
  sometimes called _Symplegades_ and _Planetæ_. Their true situation
  and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts.
  _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.――_Lycophron_, li. 1285.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 &
  3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

=Cyanee= and =Cyanea=, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis
  and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 451.

=Cyaneus=, a large river of Colchis.

=Cyanippe=, a daughter of Adrastus.

=Cyanippus=, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for
  which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence
  to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. _Plutarch_,
  _Parallela minora_.――――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same
  fate as Procris. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.

=Cyaraxes=, or =Cyaxares=, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and
  Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had
  invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected
  to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign
  of 40 years, B.C. 585. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs.
  73 & 103.――――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as
  Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added
  seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the
  Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_, bk. 1.

=Cybēbe=, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration
  of her festivals men were driven to madness.

      ♦ ‘κυβμβειν’ replaced with ‘κυβηβειν’

=Cybĕle=, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn.
  She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona
  Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus,
  she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife
  Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed
  on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild
  beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the
  mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her
  father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth,
  whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous
  in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the
  goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced
  her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and
  the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation.
  In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest
  solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not
  admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation.
  In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of
  madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed
  with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears.
  This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of
  her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust
  woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity
  of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned
  with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She
  sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys
  follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting
  himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes
  Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head
  covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show
  that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she
  generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship
  of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at
  Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The
  Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the
  goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried
  it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence
  of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is
  supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580
  years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing
  every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this
  goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many
  obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests
  themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to
  show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions.
  _See:_ Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. _Augustine_,
  _City of God_, &c.――_Lactantius._――_Lucian_, _De Syria Dea_.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10,
  li. 252.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 566.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, lis.
  210 & 361.――_Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_.――_Cælius_, _Rhodiginus_, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

      ♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘18’

=Cybĕle= and =Cybela=, a town of Phrygia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Cybĕlus=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

=Cy̆bĭra=, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 6, li. 33.

=Cybistria=, a town of Cappadocia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 15.

=Cycesium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

=Cychreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured
  as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made
  Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from
  a monstrous serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Cyclădes=, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those
  particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name
  (κυκλος, _circulus_). They were about 53 in number, the principal
  of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus,
  Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by
  Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they
  revolted from their ancient and natural allies. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Miltiades_, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Dionysius Periegeta._
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 64.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 247.

=Cyclōpes=, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be
  the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of
  the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, _circulus_, ὠψ, _oculus_).
  They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges,
  Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other
  mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king.
  _See:_ Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island
  of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the
  poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having
  only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers
  of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the
  middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity
  to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan,
  and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid
  walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to
  be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we
  find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that
  the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of
  their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find
  a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices
  were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had
  made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had
  been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the
  ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people,
  to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be
  reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction
  or mythology. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bks. 1 & 9.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 140.――_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,
  poem 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 170;
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――――A
  people of Asia.

=Cycnus=, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of
  his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely
  to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of
  Jupiter. _Hyginus_, fables 31 & 261.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.
  ――――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body.
  Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of
  no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped
  him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the
  same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3.――――A son of
  Hyrie, changed into a swan.――――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria.
  He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation
  Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed
  into a swan. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 367.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 189.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A horse’s
  name. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_ li. 524.

=Cydas=, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. _Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, speeches 5 & 8.

=Cydias=, an Athenian of great valour, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 21.
  ――――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated
  piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. _Pliny_,
  bk. 34.

=Cydippe=, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165.
  ――――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. _See:_ Cleobis.――――A girl
  beloved by Acontius. _See:_ Acontius.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 329.

=Cydnus=, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed
  when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to
  the monarch. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 8.

=Cydon=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 335.

=Cydon= and =Cydonia=, now _Canea_, a town of Crete, built by a colony
  from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there.
  Hence _Cydoneus_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 22.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 858.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 109.――_Livy_,
  bk. 37, ch. 60.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 229.

=Cydonia=, an island opposite Lesbos. _Pliny_, bks. 2 & 4.

=Cydrara=, a city of Phrygia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 30.

=Cydrolāus=, a man who led a colony to Samos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Cygnus.= _See:_ Cycnus.

=Cylabus=, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

      ♦ ‘Piut.’ replaced with ‘Plutarch’

=Cylbiani=, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Cylices=, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a
  monument in honour of Cadmus. _Athenæus._

=Cylindus=, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

=Cyllabaris=, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a
  statue of Minerva. _Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.

=Cyllabărus=, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

=Cyllărus=, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately
  fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 408.――――A celebrated horse of Pollux or
  of Castor, according to Seneca. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.

=Cyllen=, a son of Elatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Cyllēne=, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 8.――――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 23.――――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its
  declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born
  there; hence his surname of _Cylleneius_, which is indiscriminately
  applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. _Lucan_,
  bk. 1, li. 663.――_Horace_, epode 13, li. 13.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 139.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, li. 146; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Cyllēnēius=, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain
  of Cyllene.

=Cyllyrii=, certain slaves at Syracuse. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 155.

=Cylon=, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 71.

=Cyma=, or =Cymæ=, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia,
  called also _Phriconis_, and _Phricontis_, and _Cumæ_. _See:_ Cumæ.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 20.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 149.

=Cymodŏce=, =Cyme=, and =Cymo=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 255.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 388.

=Cymōlus= and =Cimōlus=, an island of the Cretan sea. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.

=Cymŏthoe=, one of the Nereides, represented by _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm
  with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

=Cynara=, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

=Cynægīrus=, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage.
  He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon,
  he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of
  their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by
  the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and
  when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 114.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Cynæthium=, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of
  Æneas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Cynāne=, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas
  son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Cynāpes=, a river falling into the Euxine. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_,
  ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Cynaxa.= _See:_ Cunaxa.

=Cyneas.= _See:_ Cineas.

=Cynesii= and =Cynetæ=, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe,
  towards the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33.

=Cynethussa=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Cynia=, a lake of Acarcania. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Cynĭci=, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian.
  They received this name _à caninâ mordacitate_, from their canine
  propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because,
  like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires
  publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their
  negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes
  was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. _Cicero_,
  bk. 1, _De Officiis_, chs. 35 & 41.

=Cynisca=, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the
  first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Cyno=, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 110.

=Cynocephăle=, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius
  conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian
  war, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 7.

=Cynocephăli=, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according
  to some traditions. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Cynophontis=, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It
  received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, _killing dogs_, because they
  used to kill all the dogs they met.

=Cynortas=, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and
  Diomede. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Cynortion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Cynos=, a town of Locris.――――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha,
  Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

=Cynosargres=, a surname of Hercules.――――A small village of Attica of
  the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their
  school. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.

=Cynossēma= (_a dog’s tomb_), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus,
  where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. _Ovid_, bk. 13,
  _Metamorphoses_, li. 569.

=Cynosūra=, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed
  her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the
  Ursa Minor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.

=Cynthia=, a beautiful woman who was mistress to _Propertius_.――――A
  surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.

=Cynthius=, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.

=Cynthus=, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow
  the whole island. Apollo was surnamed _Cynthius_, and Diana
  _Cynthia_, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to
  them. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 36.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 6, li. 304; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 346.

=Cynūrenses=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Cynus=, a naval station of Opus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Cypărissi= and =Cyparissia=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia.
  _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Cypărissus=, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo.
  He killed a favourite stag of Apollo’s, for which he was so sorry
  that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 680.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
  li. 121.――――A town near Delphi. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Cyphăra=, a fortified place of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Cypriānus=, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents,
  became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen.
  To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and
  as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He
  wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, _De Dei gratiâ_, _De
  virginum habitu_, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by
  the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient
  church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died
  a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell,
  folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.

=Cyprus=, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa.
  ――――A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia,
  and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near
  Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called _Acamantis_,
  _Amathusia_, _Aspelia_, _Cerastis_, _Colonia_ or _Colinia_, _Macaria_,
  and _Spechia_. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus
  surnamed _Cypris_, who was the chief deity of the place, and to
  whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was
  anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under
  the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made
  themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans.
  Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three
  celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to
  Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation.
  _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3;
  bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Cypsĕlĭdes=, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus,
  who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by
  his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years,
  to Cypselus II.

♦=Cypsĕsus=, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon,
  to strengthen himself against the Heraclidæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 3.――――A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander.
  He destroyed the Bacchiadæ, and seized upon the sovereign power,
  about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded
  by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who
  was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word κυψελος,
  _a coffer_, because when the Bacchiadæ attempted to kill him, his
  mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.――_Aristotle_,
  _Politics_.――――The father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 35.

      ♦ ‘Cysĕsus’ replaced with ‘Cypsĕsus’

=Cyraunis=, an island of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 195.

=Cyrbiāna=, a province of the Elymæans.

=Cyre=, a fountain near Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭca=, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital.
  _See:_ Cyrene.

=Cyrēnaĭci=, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of
  Aristippus. They placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and
  said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Aristotle_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3.

=Cyrēne=, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became
  enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called
  _Cyrenaica_, where she brought forth Aristæus. She is called by
  some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapithæ and son of the Peneus.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 321.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.
  ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 9.――――A celebrated city of Libya, to
  which Aristæus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there,
  gave his mother’s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and
  fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it
  became the capital of the country, which was called _Pentapolis_, on
  account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many
  great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades,
  Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630,
  and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king
  Ptolemy Appion. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.
  13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Cyriades=, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the
  reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.

=Cyrillus=, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings,
  composed in Greek, there remain 23 _catecheses_, and a letter to the
  emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio,
  Oxford, 1703.――――A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best
  edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek,
  is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.

=Cyrne=, a place of Eubœa.

=Cyrnus=, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 342.――――A man of Argos, who founded
  a city of Chersonesus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――――A river that falls into
  the Caspian sea. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――An island on the coast
  of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of
  Hercules. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 17.

=Cyrræi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Cyrrhadæ=, an Indian nation.

=Cyrrhes=, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.

=Cyrrhestĭca=, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital
  was called _Cyrrhum_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 18.

=Cyrrhus= and =Cyrus=, a river of Iberia in Asia.

=Cyrsīlus=, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because
  he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the
  power of Persia. _Demosthenes_, _de Coronâ_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de
  Officiis_, ch. 11.

=Cyrus=, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter
  of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family,
  whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the
  apprehensions of Astyages. _See:_ Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as
  soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated
  him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he
  was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power
  with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play
  companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of
  the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill
  treatment which his son had received from a shepherd’s son. Astyages
  ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane’s son,
  from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great
  coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his
  confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather.
  He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who
  were displeased with the king’s oppression. He marched against
  him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner,
  B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary
  to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made
  war against Crœsus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548.
  He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon
  by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops
  through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating
  a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen
  of the Massagetæ, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody
  battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in
  a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut
  off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood,
  exclaiming, _Satia te sanguine quem sitisti_. Xenophon has written
  the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In
  the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince,
  and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The
  chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given
  existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The
  _Cyropædia_, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic
  history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing
  what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7.
  ――――The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the
  brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16,
  to assist the Lacedæmonians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to
  the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring
  soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would
  have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved
  him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties.
  This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus;
  he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly
  fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences.
  At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and
  13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him
  with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and
  Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon
  rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers
  met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their
  engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes
  was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother
  had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for
  boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged
  in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after
  the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without
  a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a
  great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side
  by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of
  commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual
  attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in
  ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey
  that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their
  return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space
  of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take
  rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon,
  who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters
  of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lacedæmon to
  solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood,
  and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being
  intoxicated. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Justin_,
  bk. 5, ch. 11.――――A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his
  mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.――――A poet of Panopolis, in the
  age of Theodosius.

=Cyrus= and =Cyropŏlis=, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour
  of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they
  wished thus to commemorate.

=Cyrus=, a river of Persia, now _Kur_.

=Cyta=, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it
  produced, and for the birth of Medea. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 693.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.

=Cytæis=, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta.
  _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.

=Cythēra=, now _Cesigo_, an island on the coast of Laconia in
  Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus,
  who was from thence surnamed _Cytheræa_, and who rose, as some
  suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under
  the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest
  importance to maritime powers. The Phœnicians had built there a
  famous temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10,
  li. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 29.

=Cythĕræa=, a surname of Venus.

=Cythēris=, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as
  well as by Antony.

=Cythēron.= _See:_ Cithæron.

=Cythērun=, a place of Attica.

=Cytherus=, a river of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Cythnos=, now _Thermia_, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese.
  It has been called _Ophiousa_ and _Dryopis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 252.

=Cytineum=, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris.
  _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Cytissorus=, a son of Phryxus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.

=Cytōrus=, now _Kudros_, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by
  Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. _Catullus_,
  poem 4, li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 311.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 437.

=Cyzĭcum=, or =Cyzicus=, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia
  in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it
  to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called
  a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the
  first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most
  considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and
  relieved by Lucullus. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch.
  32.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Cyzĭcus=, a son of Œneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He
  hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against
  Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they
  were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and
  the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously
  attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient
  enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on
  both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself,
  who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately
  monument over his grave. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Flaccus._
  ――_Apollonius._――_Orpheus._――――The chief town of the island of
  Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the
  continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus.
  The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes
  all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly
  on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple
  to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus,
  who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this
  place their enemies of Lacedæmon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C.
  410. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Strabo._――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 636.


                                   D

=Daæ=, =Dahæ=, or =Dai=, now the _Dahistan_, a people of Scythia, who
  dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,
  li. 764.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 420.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 728.

=Daci= and =Dacæ=, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube,
  whose country, called _Dacia_, was conquered by the Romans under
  Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the
  country to Mœsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube,
  considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his
  successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of
  _Walachia_, _Transylvania_, and _Moldavia_. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 53.

=Dacĭcus=, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over
  the Dacians. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 204.

=Dacty̆li=, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive
  from δακτυλος, _finger_, because they were 10, the same number as
  the fingers of the hands. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dadicæ=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 91.

=Dædăla=, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Dædalus was buried
  according to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A name given to Circe, from
  her being _cunning_ (δαιδαλος), and like Dædalus, addicted to deceit
  and artifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 282.――――Two festivals
  in Bœotia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Platæans,
  in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of
  boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came
  to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which
  any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with
  them statues were made called _Dædala_, in honour of Dædalus.――――The
  other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every
  60 years by all the cities of Bœotia, as a compensation for the
  intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years,
  during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues, called
  Dædala, were distributed by lot among the Platæans, Lebadæans,
  Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and
  Chæroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the
  Platæans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the
  time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater.
  During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid
  accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on
  the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the
  top of mount Cithæron, by many of the Bœotians, who had places
  assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood
  cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown
  large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was
  sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one
  of the cities of Bœotia, and by the most opulent that attended.
  The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations,
  together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set
  on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this:
  When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and
  refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went
  to consult Cithæron king of Platæa, to find some effectual measure
  to break her obstinacy. Cithæron advised him to dress a statue in
  woman’s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report
  that it was Platæa the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to
  marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband’s
  future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was
  easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he
  made use of to effect a reconciliation. _Pausanias_ & _Plutarch_.

=Dædălion=, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis.
  He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to
  death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus,
  and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 11, li. 295.

=Dædălus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus
  king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and
  to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe,
  the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and
  the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and
  seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister’s son, promised
  to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and
  therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed
  him. After the murder of this youth, Dædalus, with his son Icarus,
  fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him
  a cordial reception. Dædalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and
  assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a
  bull. For this action, Dædalus incurred the displeasure of Minos,
  who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had
  constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and
  carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was
  the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air
  from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of
  Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the
  ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father,
  by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumæ, where he
  built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily,
  where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of
  the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily,
  which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched
  by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared
  war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dædalus. The
  flight of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing
  that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass
  at a distance for wings. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7 & 9.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 3; _Heroides_, poem 4;
  _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 40.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――There were two statuaries
  of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native
  of Bithynia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 14.――_Arrian._

=Dæmon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided
  over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and
  carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the
  ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these
  Dæmons; the one bad and the other good. These Dæmons had the power
  of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming
  whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the
  moment of death, the Dæmon delivered up to judgment the person with
  whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he
  delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Dæmon of Socrates
  is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the
  genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in
  some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission
  of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or Dæmons, though at first
  reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities,
  received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and
  statues erected to a _Genio loci_, _Genio Augusti_, _Junonibus_, &c.
  _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Genio
  Socratis_.

=Dahæ.= _See:_ Daæ.

=Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.

=Daĭdis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days.
  The first was in commemoration of Latona’s labour; the second in
  memory of Apollo’s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of
  Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried
  at the celebration; whence the name.

=Daimăchus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Daimĕnes=, a general of the Achæans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――An
  officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 14.

=Daĭphron=, a son of Ægyptus, killed by his wife, &c. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Daīra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Daldia=, a town of Lydia.

=Dalmatius=, one of the Cæsars in the age of Constantine, who died
  A.D. 337.

=Dalmătia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near
  Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called _Dalmatæ_, were
  conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder,
  and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman
  empire. They wore a peculiar garment called _Dalmatica_, afterwards
  introduced at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.――_Lampridus_,
  _Commodus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2.

=Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he
  ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest
  of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter
  in marriage, B.C. 670. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 24.

=Damălis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36,
  li. 13.

=Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Damascēna=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.

=Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history,
  the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in
  the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly
  esteemed according to Photius.

=Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of _Damascene_ in Syria, where
  Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern
  _Damas_, or _Sham_, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 215.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Damasia=, a town called also _Augusta_, now ♦_Augsburg_, in Swabia,
  on the Leck.

      ♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’

=Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Damasippus=, a captain in Philip’s army.――――A senator who accompanied
  Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.
  ――――A great enemy of Sylla. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――――An
  orator. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.――――A merchant of old seals and
  vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce,
  assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  satire 3.――――One of Niobe’s sons.

=Damasistrătus=, a king of Platæa, who buried Laius. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 98.――――A king of Calyndæ, sunk in his ship
  by Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 87.

=Damastes=, a man of Sigæum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of
  Herodotus, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A famous robber.
  _See:_ Procrustes.

=Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 416.

=Damia=, a surname of Cybele.――――A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised
  a statue. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.

=Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port
  of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the
  city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery
  Syracuse was taken. _Polyænus._

=Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning
  over the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain.

=Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.

=Damnōrix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius Cæsar, &c.

=Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father,
  devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow
  her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the
  secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his
  compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them.
  She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest
  poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father’s
  commands. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.

=Damŏcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily.
  He admired the tyrant’s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest
  man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while
  the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a
  sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed
  upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a
  sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him
  that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged
  Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to
  such fears and dangers. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
  ch. 21.

=Damocrătes=, a hero, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.

=Damocrĭta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished
  her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela
  minora_.

=Damocrĭtus=, a timid general of the Achæans, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 13.――――A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the
  art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the
  Jews.――――A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.

=Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 27.――――A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles,
  and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of
  discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before
  Christ. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 15, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.
  ――――A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When
  he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the
  tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise
  of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias
  pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted
  on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently
  delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at
  the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity
  of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated
  them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their
  confidence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A man of Cheronæa,
  who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens.
  _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――――A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philopœmen. _Plutarch_,
  _Philopœmen_.

=Damophĭla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate
  with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the
  gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were
  taught the various powers of music and poetry. _Philostratus._

=Damophĭlus=, an historian. _Diodorus._――――A Rhodian general against
  the fleet of Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Damŏphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Damostrătus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 21.

=Damoxĕnus=, a comic writer of Athens. _Athenæus_, bk. 3.――――A boxer
  of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 40.

=Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.

=Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia.

=Danăce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to
  convey the dead over the Styx. _Suidas._

=Dănae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was
  confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an
  oracle that his daughter’s son would put him to death. His endeavours
  to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter,
  who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing
  himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son,
  with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove
  the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus,
  where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes
  king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child
  called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell
  in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to
  conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa’s head to
  adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia
  the daughter of Œnomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his
  expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius,
  whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Prœtus the
  brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen
  tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the
  keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil
  mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and
  that she founded a city called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 611; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 415; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 19,
  li. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 319.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li.
  255.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 410.――――A daughter of Leontium,
  mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.――――A daughter of Danaus, to
  whom Neptune offered violence.

=Dănai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all
  the Greeks, from Danaus their king. _Virgil_, & _Ovid_, _passim_.

=Dănaĭdes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their
  uncle Ægyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised
  in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their
  nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to
  be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters
  solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were
  provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra,
  stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first
  night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their
  father’s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the
  murdered sons of Ægyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before
  her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband
  Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared
  her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she
  dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were
  purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter;
  but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned
  to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with
  water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as
  poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their
  punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands
  were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus;
  Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister;
  Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus;
  Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Chætus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia,
  Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa,
  Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion;
  Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, Ægius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia,
  Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus;
  Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra,
  Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus;
  Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor;
  Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, Œneus; Dioxippe, Ægyptus;
  Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas;
  Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; Œme, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius;
  Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of Ægyptus were buried
  at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder
  had been committed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 168, &c.

=Danăla=, a castle of Galatia.

=Danapris=, now the _Nieper_, a name given in the middle ages to the
  Borysthenes, as _Danaster_ the _Neister_, was applied to the Tyras.

=Dănaus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father’s death,
  reigned conjointly with his brother Ægyptus on the throne of Egypt.
  Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus
  set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited
  Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe
  on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received
  by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne,
  and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with
  his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor’s unpopularity,
  and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the
  _Inaehidæ_ was extinguished, and the _Belides_ began to reign at
  Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned
  the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had
  dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus.
  The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of Ægyptus to embark
  for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either
  apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which
  threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters,
  to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first
  night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but
  Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. _See:_ Danaides.
  Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he
  was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his
  son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about
  1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured
  with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed
  in the age of Pausanias. According to Æschylus, Danaus left Egypt,
  not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of
  his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The
  ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called _Armais_, and was
  the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of
  pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 168,
  &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.

=Dandări= and =Dandarĭdæ=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports,
  lived 500 years.

=Dānŭbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises,
  according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of
  the Celtæ, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe,
  falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it _Ister_; but the
  Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the _Danube_, from its
  source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths
  they called it _Ister_, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine
  through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions
  five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was
  generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire
  in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks,
  to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a
  deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube
  rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers,
  finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black
  sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4,
  ch. 48, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Ammianus_,
  bk. 23.

=Daŏchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.

=Daphnæ=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles
  from Pelusium. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Daphnæus=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess
  Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised
  by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the
  serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard
  with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove
  herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and
  Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the
  gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with
  the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should
  be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by
  Leucippus, son of Œnomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company,
  disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a
  huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne’s esteem and love; but Apollo, who
  was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed
  by the companions of Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452,
  &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of
  Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated
  to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by
  the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness
  of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles
  were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts,
  has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A famous grove near Antioch,
  consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.

=Daphnēphŏria=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth
  year by the Bœotians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with
  garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen
  globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were
  placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the
  bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the
  top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem
  of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65
  in number, represented the sun’s annual revolutions. This bough was
  carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious
  family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in
  rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and
  dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore
  on his feet shoes called _Iphicratidæ_, from Iphicrates, an Athenian
  who first invented them. He was called δαφνηφορος, _laurel-bearer_,
  and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was
  preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with
  garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches
  in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as
  the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns
  were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following
  circumstance: When an oracle advised the Ætolians, who inhabited
  Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions,
  and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories,
  which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As
  the celebration of Apollo’s festivals was near, both nations, who
  religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according
  to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the
  neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour
  of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates
  the general of the ♦Bœotian army saw a youth in a dream that
  presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the
  Bœotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession
  with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days
  after this dream, the Bœotian general made a sally, and cut off
  the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow
  to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted
  a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the
  Bœotians. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c.

      ♦ ‘Bœtian’ replaced with ‘Bœotian’

=Daphnis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph.
  He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon
  the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was
  supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which
  his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond
  of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment
  to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity
  of this shepherd, the name of _Daphnis_ has been appropriated by
  the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural
  employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending
  of flocks. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 18.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――――There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name
  changed into a rock, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 275.――――A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 8.――――A grammarian. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.
  ――――A son of Paris and Œnone.

=Daphnus=, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown
  after his murder. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――――A
  physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed
  that the moon assisted digestion. _Athenæus_, bk. 7.

=Darăba=, a town of Arabia.

=Darantasia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also _Forum Claudii_, and
  now _Motier_.

=Daraps=, a king of the Gangaridæ, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Dardăni=, the inhabitants of Dardania.――――Also a people of Mœsia,
  very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 26,
  ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dardănia=, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were
  called _Dardani_ and _Dardanidæ_. There is also a country of the
  same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to
  Samothrace. _Virgil_ & _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Dardănĭdes=, a name given to Æneas, as descended from Dardanus. The
  word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_.

=Dardanium=, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of
  _Dardanus_, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on
  each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave
  the name of _Dardanelles_ to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Dardănus=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother
  Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his
  reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to
  Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king
  of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the
  throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and
  was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded
  by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied
  him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus
  taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues
  of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 167.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 275.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 20.――――A Trojan killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 20, li. 460.

=Dardării=, a nation near the Palus Mæotis. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Dares=, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was
  engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history
  was extant in the age of Ælian; the Latin translation, now extant,
  is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by
  some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not.
  var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, lis. 10
  & 27.――――One of the companions of Æneas, descended from Amycus, and
  celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector,
  where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363.

=Darētis=, a country of Macedonia.

=Darīa=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Dariaves=, the name of Darius in Persian. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Dariobrigum=, a town of Gaul, now _Vennes_ in Britany.

=Darītæ=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92.

=Darīus=, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired
  with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown
  of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper,
  the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse
  neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this
  resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master’s horse
  to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass.
  On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together,
  the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same
  time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice.
  The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king;
  and a resolution was made among them, that the king’s wives and
  concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the
  conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited
  privilege of being admitted into the king’s presence without
  previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended
  the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and
  military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after
  a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he
  marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This
  expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters
  in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after
  turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning
  of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a
  war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated
  against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order,
  repeated these words: “Remember, O king, to punish the Athenians.”
  Mardonius, the king’s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of
  the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius,
  more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under
  the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the
  celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians
  lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not
  disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the
  war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be
  levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after
  a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. _Herodotus_, bks.
  1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Plutarch_,
  _Aristotle_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――――The second king of
  Persia, of that name, was also called _Ochus_ or _Nothus_, because
  he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after
  the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married
  Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had
  Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on
  many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of
  his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was
  succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what
  had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire,
  that he might imitate him? “The dictates of justice and of religion,”
  replied the expiring monarch. _Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 12.――――The third of that name was the last king of Persia,
  surnamed _Codomanus_. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and
  descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the
  throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that
  he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him,
  when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius
  discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had
  prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed,
  and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks
  had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met
  his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was
  remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military
  courage of its soldiers; and Athenæus mentions that the camp of
  Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40
  servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers
  to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With
  these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the
  Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was
  soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the
  enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of
  war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the
  night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying
  in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened,
  but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army,
  and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was
  long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior
  valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians;
  and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media.
  His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana
  took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and
  Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with
  wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and
  exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, “It
  is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity.
  Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with
  which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to
  perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.” These
  words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered
  the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most
  magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment
  from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate
  family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the
  imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to
  Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of
  Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded
  by Cyrus the Great. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――_Justin_, bks. 10, 11, &c.――_Curtius._――――A son of Xerxes, who
  married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9,
  ch. 108.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A son of Artaxerxes, declared
  successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired
  against his father’s life, and was capitally punished. _Plutarch_,
  _Artaxerxes_.

=Dascon=, a man who founded Camarina. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dascylitis=, a province of Persia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 129.

=Dascy̆lus=, the father of Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dasea=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Dasius=, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 26,
  ch. 38.

=Dassarĕtæ=, =Dassarītæ=, =Dassarēni=, or =Dassariti=, a people of
  Illyricum, or Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Datămes=, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the
  armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged
  him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by
  his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and
  the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by
  Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the
  most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Datames_.

=Dataphernes=, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius,
  he betrayed Bessus into Alexander’s hands. He also revolted from the
  conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dahæ. _Curtius_, bk. 7, chs.
  5 & 8.

=Datis=, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and
  10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes.
  He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades,
  and some time after put to death by the Spartans. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Miltiades_.

=Datos=, or =Daton=, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the
  Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which
  Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city
  was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word _Datos_
  to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he
  called it _Philippi_, after his own name. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_.

=Davara=, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.

=Daulis=, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently
  called _Anacris_, received its name. It was there that Philomela
  and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the
  nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called
  _Daulias avis_. _Ovid_, ltr. 15, li. 154.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Livy_,
  bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Dauni=, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus,
  from whom they received their name.

=Daunia=, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast
  of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there,
  and is now called _Capitanata_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 146.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.――_Horace_,
  bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.――――Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called
  _Daunia_, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785.

=Daunus=, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into
  Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him
  was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came
  to Italy. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――――A river of Apulia, now _Carapelle_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30.

=Daurĭfer= and =Daurises=, a brave general of Darius, treacherously
  killed by the Carians. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c.

=Davus=, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 10, li. 40.

=Debæ=, a nation of Arabia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Decapŏlis=, a district of Judæa, from its 10 cities. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 18.

=Decebălus=, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war
  against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian’s successor,
  and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion,
  and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He
  destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became
  a Roman province, A.D. 103. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 68.

=Deceleum= (or ea), now _Biala Castro_, a small village of Attica,
  north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved
  a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war
  has occasionally been called _Decelean_, because for some time
  hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Decĕlus=, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister,
  whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidnæ. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 9, ch. 73.

=Decemvĭri=, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans.
  The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the
  plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still
  saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and
  caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct
  them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and
  impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded
  that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the
  Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors
  were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect
  the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece.
  Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that
  10 new magistrates, called _decemviri_, should be elected from the
  senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute;
  all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided
  over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the
  badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by
  turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power
  of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs
  were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius
  Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius,
  Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws
  which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak
  his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and
  ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious
  manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of
  brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of
  the 12 tables, _leges duodecim tabularum_, and _leges decemvirales_.
  The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with
  the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year
  after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of
  their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia,
  was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were
  so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate,
  to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity
  re-established in the state.――――There were other officers in Rome,
  called _decemvirs_, who were originally appointed, in the absence
  of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became
  afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called
  _subhastationes_, because a spear, _hasta_, was fixed at the door
  of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called
  _decemviri litibus judicandis_. The officers whom Tarquin appointed
  to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were
  originally two in number, called _duumviri_, till the year of Rome
  388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen
  from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased
  their number to 15, called _quindecemvirs_.

=Decetia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar._

=Decia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to
  empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair
  the fleets.

=Lucius Decidius Saxa=, a Celtiberian in Cæsar’s camp. _Cæsar_, _Civil
  War_, bk. 1.

=Decineus=, a celebrated soothsayer. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Decius Mus=, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious
  exploits, devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his
  country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son
  Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in
  his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites,
  B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus
  and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was
  of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the
  example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who,
  arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with
  solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to
  meet his fate. _Livy_, bks. 8, 9, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch.
  6.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Brutus,
  conducted Cæsar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered.
  ――Cnæus Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the
  emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mœsia. Instead of obeying
  his master’s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after
  marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He
  signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against
  the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could
  not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the
  darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years.
  This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great
  disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the
  title of _Optimus_, which a servile senate had lavished upon him.

=Decurio=, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a
  _decuria_, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of
  a _turma_, or the thirtieth part of a _legio_ of horse, which was
  composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or
  sapling, and each had a deputy called _optio_. There were certain
  magistrates in the provinces called _decuriones municipales_, who
  formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate
  towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty
  extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens,
  and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was
  called _curia decurionum_, and _minor senatus_; and their decrees,
  called _decreta decurionum_, were marked with two D. D. at the top.
  They generally styled themselves _civitatum patres curiales_, and
  _honorati municipiorum senatores_. They were elected with the same
  ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years
  of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election
  happened on the calends of March.

=Decumates agri=, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their
  value to the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29.

=Deditamĕnes=, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia.
  _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Degis=, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador
  to the court of Domitian. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.

=Dējănīra=, a daughter of Œneus king of Ætolia. Her beauty procured
  her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage
  to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors.
  Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had
  three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was
  once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen
  streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules
  to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but
  no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer
  violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her
  husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned
  arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he
  expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave
  Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and
  infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming
  a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present;
  and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the
  centaur’s tunic, which instantly caused his death. _See:_ Hercules.
  Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which
  she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_,
  _Hercules_.――_Hyginus_, fable 34.

=Deicoon=, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with Æneas. He
  was killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 534.――――A son
  of Hercules and Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēĭdămīa=, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son
  called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at
  her father’s court in woman’s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha.
  _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A
  daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. _Polyænus._――――A
  daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia.

=Deilēon=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the
  Amazons. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 115.

=Deilŏchus=, a son of Hercules.

=Deimăchus=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his
  brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――――The father of Enarette. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Deiŏces=, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered
  themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge
  among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity
  raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700.
  He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years.
  He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with
  seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.――_Polyænus._

=Deiŏchus=, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 341.

=Dēīŏne=, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called
  _Deionides_, on account of his mother. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 9, li. 442.

=Dēīŏneus=, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus,
  by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion,
  who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus
  accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large
  hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. _Hyginus_, fables
  48 & 241.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Dēĭŏpēia=, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended
  upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to Æolus the god of
  the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of Æneas, which was sailing
  for Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 76.――――One of the attendant
  nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343.

=Deiotărus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by
  the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, Deiotarus
  followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia,
  Cæsar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey,
  deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare
  title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts
  upon Cæsar’s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate.
  He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the
  republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband
  might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave,
  and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union.
  Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 5, li. 55.

=Deĭphĭla.= _See:_ Deipyle.

=Dēĭphŏbe=, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that
  she led Æneas to the infernal regions. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Dēĭphŏbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his
  brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and
  introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she
  wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed
  by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war,
  especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which
  he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 495.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――――A son of Hippolytus, who purified
  Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Deĭphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira.
  When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father’s
  court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the
  hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal;
  and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from
  whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth
  of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to
  make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning
  coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious
  operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――――The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of
  Temenus king of Argos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Dēiphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A general of the Dorians, &c. _Polyænus._

=Dēipy̆le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had
  Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Dēipy̆lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5.

=Dēipy̆rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 8.

=Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.

=Dēlia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos,
  in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his
  return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from
  Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess
  with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races.
  They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions,
  the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had
  extricated himself by Ariadne’s assistance.――――There was also another
  festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in
  Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to
  Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly
  visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed
  in this annual procession were called _Deliastæ_ and _Theori_.
  The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully
  preserved by the Athenians, was called _Theoria_ and _Delias_. When
  the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly
  adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made
  all over the city. The _Theori_ were crowned with laurel, and before
  them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who
  had cleared the way from Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the country
  from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn
  sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in
  his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back
  to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet
  them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and
  the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before
  the Deliastæ, as they walked in procession. During this festival,
  it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that
  account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. _Xenophon_,
  _Memorabilia_ & _Symposium_.――♦_Plato_, _Phædo_.――_Seneca_, ltr. 70.

      ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dēlia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. _Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 67.

=Dēliădes=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――The priestesses in Apollo’s temple.
  _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Dēlium=, a temple of Apollo.――――A town of Bœotia opposite Calchis,
  famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. _Livy_, bk. 31,
  ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.

=Dēlius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.――――Quintus,
  an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra
  before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most
  captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his
  friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness.
  Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured
  with the title of Cæsar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia,
  and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent
  death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.

=Delmĭnium=, a town of Dalmatia. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Dēlos=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally
  called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle,
  Cynthus, and Cynæthus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was
  called Delos from δηλος, because it suddenly made its _appearance_
  on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according
  to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she
  was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum.
  _See:_ Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo
  and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these
  deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring
  islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of
  Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the
  world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and
  made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It
  was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which
  was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole
  island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who
  had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered
  violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most
  awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon,
  delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without
  any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions,
  were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die,
  or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered
  to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been
  interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands.
  An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring
  under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the
  adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria,
  who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses
  of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called
  Ortygia _ab_ ὀρτυξ, _a quail_. The people of Delos are described by
  _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous
  for rearing hens. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk.
  4, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_, &c.――_Thucydides_,
  bks. 3, 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 73.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus
  de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 4.

=Delphi=, now _Castri_, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at
  the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called _Pytho_,
  because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the
  name of _Delphi_, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also
  called it _Parnassia Nape_, the _valley_ of Parnassus. It was famous
  for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age
  and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described
  as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount
  Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation.
  The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats,
  and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner,
  that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what
  mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit
  of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and
  passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the
  country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration.
  The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour
  of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was
  not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis,
  and Phœbe were in possession of the place before the son of Latona.
  The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been
  sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the
  most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers
  in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called
  _Pythia_. _See:_ Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several
  times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make
  rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished
  himself more by his donations than Crœsus. This sacred repository of
  opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis
  seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than
  500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most
  ♦illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed
  its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally
  believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the
  middle of the earth; and on that account it was called _terræ
  umbilicus_. This, according to mythology, was first found out by
  two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of
  the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi
  was built. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 706.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 168.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 9.

      ♦ ‘illustrous’ replaced with ‘illustrious’

=Delphĭcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his
  divinity at Delphi.

=Delphīnia=, festivals at Ægina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.

=Delphīnium=, a place in Bœotia, opposite Eubœa.

=Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 43.

=Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to
  his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is
  called by some Celæno, by others Melæne daughter of Cephis, and by
  others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of
  Bacchus. _Hyginus_, fable 161.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Delphȳne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance
  to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies
  between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins
  to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams.
  It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed
  down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient
  tradition. _Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bks. 15
  & 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Demădes=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator,
  and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner
  at the battle of Cheronæa by Philip, and ingratiated himself into
  the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was
  put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One
  of his orations is extant. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.――_Plutarch_,
  _Demosthenes_.

=Demænetus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Timoleon_, ch. 5.

=Demagŏras=, one of Alexander’s flatterers.――――An historian, who wrote
  concerning the foundation of Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1.

=Demarāta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 22.

=Demarātus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta,
  B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal
  colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was
  kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When
  the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus,
  though persecuted by the Lacedæmonians, informed them of the
  hostilities which hung over their head. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 75,
  &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.――――A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family
  of the Bacchiadæ. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power
  of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and
  settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was
  king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._――――A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of
  Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.

=Demarēta=, the wife of Gelon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon.

=Dēmātria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned
  from a battle without glory. _Plutarch_, _Instituta Laconica_.

=Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks
  _Demeter_. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess
  to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The
  Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius
  Poliorcetes.

=Dēmētrias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.

=Dēmētrius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes,
  _destroyer of towns_. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father
  against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza,
  but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals
  of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to
  Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from
  the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison,
  which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this
  successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated
  Cassander at Thermopylæ. His reception at Athens, after these
  victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the
  Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and
  to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of
  the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus
  united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at
  Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius,
  after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised
  him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a
  god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged
  the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus,
  to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now
  laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the
  inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from
  Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by
  the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually
  at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his
  adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the
  throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of
  the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and
  pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired
  to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with
  a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he
  had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was
  totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became
  an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his
  son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his
  time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus
  offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure
  his father’s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died
  in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years,
  286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a
  ♦splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias.
  His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till
  the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has
  rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among
  the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the
  field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his
  ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines
  in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect
  character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and
  his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and
  concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his
  father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that
  Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly
  to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between
  him and his son. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.――――A prince who succeeded his father
  Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was
  succeeded by Antigonus Doson. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 2.――_Polybius_,
  bk. 2.――――A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage
  to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy
  accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to
  Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was
  jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented
  to his death, B.C. 180. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 20.――_Justin_, bk. 32,
  ch. 2.――――A Magnesian.――――A servant of Cassius.――――A son of Demetrius
  of Cyrene.――――A freedman of Pompey.――――A son of Demetrius, surnamed
  Slender.――――A prince surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus Philopater,
  the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him
  as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus
  Epiphanes, the deceased monarch’s brother, usurped the kingdom
  of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This
  usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he
  procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria,
  where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162.
  He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his
  throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus
  Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius
  in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
  ――_Appian._――_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.――――The Second, surnamed
  _Nicanor_, or _Conqueror_, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by
  the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the
  usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of
  Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius
  gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his
  kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended
  son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and
  Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews,
  and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians.
  Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage;
  and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave
  herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him.
  Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius
  regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression
  rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of
  Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable
  to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was
  then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up
  against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of
  the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was
  succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne,
  B.C. 127. _Justin_, bk. 36, &c.――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.――_Josephus._
  ――――The Third, surnamed _Eucerus_, was son of Antiochus Gryphus.
  After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he
  made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained
  a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the
  Parthians, and died in captivity. _Josephus_, bk. 1.――――Phalereus,
  a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the
  Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that
  he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the
  city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the
  Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst
  of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him,
  and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down,
  after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without
  concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he
  met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted
  him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised
  him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference
  to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus
  the son of Berenice, that after his father’s death he sent the
  philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict
  confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his
  life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius
  enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library
  at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius,
  on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on
  rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the
  composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is
  that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
  of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _de Officiis_,
  bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Exilio_.――――A Cynic philosopher, disciple
  of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished
  to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but
  Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, “If Caligula wishes
  to bribe me, let him send me his crown.” Vespasian was displeased
  with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided
  the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died
  in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that _nature had brought
  him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely
  without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world_.
  _Seneca._――_Philostratus_, _Apollonius_.――――One of Alexander’s
  flatterers.――――A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets.
  ――――An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the
  Thebans. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published a history of the
  irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.――――A philological writer in the
  age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 11.――――A
  stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.――――Syrus, a rhetorician
  at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 174.――――A geographer surnamed the
  Calatian. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

      ♦ ‘splended’ replaced with ‘splendid’

=Demo=, a sibyl of Cumæ.

=Demoanassa=, the mother of Ægialeus.

=Democēdes=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and
  intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos
  to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much
  reputation by curing the king’s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He
  was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona,
  where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 18.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.

=Dēmŏchăres=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an
  embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience,
  and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of
  Athens, Demochares replied, “Hang yourself.” This imprudence raised
  the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed
  them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the
  appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill
  language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment?
  _Seneca_, _de Irâ_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 3, 7, 8,
  12.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 3; _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A poet of
  Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_,
  _Demetrius_.――――A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount
  Athos. _Vitruvius._――――A general of Pompey the younger, who died
  B.C. 36.

=Dēmŏcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A beautiful youth, passionately loved by
  Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling
  water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant.
  _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Demŏcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at
  Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a
  glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Dēmŏcrătes=, an architect of Alexandria.――――A wrestler. _Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――An Athenian, who fought on the
  side of Darius against the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Dēmŏcrĭtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to
  Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and
  Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest
  poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour
  of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and
  Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one
  of his compositions called _Diacosmus_. It was received with such
  uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues
  were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses
  of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired
  to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study
  and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes,
  to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was
  accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into
  the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the
  philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were
  insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind,
  who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope
  and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of
  his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find
  three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose
  names he might engrave on the queen’s monument. The king’s inquiries
  to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some
  manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples
  that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no
  credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude,
  dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached
  his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror
  and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without
  even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves
  such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his
  age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes,
  with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works
  of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms,
  and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused
  light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent
  of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed
  himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery
  of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia.
  He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours;
  he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. _Eusebius_,
  bk. 14, ch. 27.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
  Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 20.――_Cicero_,
  _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 15.――――An Ephesian, who wrote a book on
  Diana’s temple, &c. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A powerful man of Naxos.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 46.

=Dēmŏdĭce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her
  Biadice, or Tyro. _Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Dēmŏdŏchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in
  the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 44.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――――A
  Trojan chief, who came with Æneas into Italy, where he was killed.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――An historian. _Plutarch_,
  _de Fluviis_.

_Dēmŏleon_, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the ♦nuptials of
  Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 356.――――A son of
  Antenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 395.

      ♦ ‘nupitals’ replaced with ‘nuptials’

=Dēmŏleus=, a Greek, killed by Æneas in the Trojan war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 260.

=Dēmon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the
  government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree
  that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent
  to bring him back.

=Dēmonassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Dēmōnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian.
  He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry,
  he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite.
  He died in his 100th year.――――A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the
  government of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 161.

=Dēmŏnīca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. _Plutarch_,
  _Parallela minora_.

=Dēmŏphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 49.

=Demophĭle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cumæ, who, as it is supposed
  by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. _Varro_, cited by
  _Lactantius_, _[Divine Institutes]_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Dēmŏphĭlus=, an Athenian archon.――――An officer of Agathocles.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Dēmŏphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea,
  &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Dēmŏphoon=, son of Theseus and Phædra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182
  and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited
  Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He
  retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who
  hanged herself in despair. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 55.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.

=Dēmŏpŏlis=, a son of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Dēmos=, a place of Ithaca.

=Dēmosthĕnes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called
  Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when
  his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and
  embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was
  totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning,
  he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the
  pupil of Isæus and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations
  of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his
  eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained
  the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising
  talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of
  pronunciation, especially of the letter ρ, but these obstacles were
  soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering
  of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the
  distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by
  watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That
  his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently
  ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired
  force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently
  agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise
  and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a
  subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious
  pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public,
  he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by
  the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his
  orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though
  his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and
  observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised
  him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head
  of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen
  from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of
  Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheronæa, however, Demosthenes
  betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After
  the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and
  successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy;
  and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators,
  Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which
  delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all
  the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself
  to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults
  which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his
  banishment, which he passed at Trœzene and Ægina, he lived with more
  effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece,
  after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from
  his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from Ægina. His return
  was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at
  the Piræus to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however,
  were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded
  all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes,
  with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria,
  and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took
  a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired
  on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year
  of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his
  honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:

             _Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset,
                 Græcia non Macedæ succubuisset hero._

  Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and
  Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect
  model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of
  eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment
  hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived
  at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were
  diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with
  propriety, by his rival Æschines, to a Siren, from the melody of
  his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various
  passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy
  than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be
  mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history
  of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force
  and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works
  are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by
  Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720,
  &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of
  Demosthenes have been published separately. _Plutarch_, _Parallel
  Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.――――An Athenian general, sent to succeed
  Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his
  efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the
  enemy’s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts
  about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he
  stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by
  the Syracusans, B.C. 413. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――――The father of the orator Demosthenes.
  He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the
  business of a sword-cutler. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――――A governor
  of Cæsarea, under the Roman emperors.

=Dēmostrătus=, an Athenian orator.

=Demūchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 457.

=Dēmy̆lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. _Plutarch_,
  _de Stoicorum Repugnantiis_.

=Denseletæ=, a people of Thrace. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34.

=Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now _Miranda de Ebro_.

=Deodătus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon
  against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.

=Dēōis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was
  called _Deo_. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her
  daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits,
  with the word δηεις, _invenies_; a δηω, _invenio_. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 114.

=Deræ=, a place of Messenia.

=Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia
  Minor, now _Alah-Dag_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13,
  ltr. 73.

=Derbĭces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had
  reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death.
  _Strabo._

=Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly
  cold.

=Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
  li. 850.

=Dercĕto= and =Dercĕtis=, a goddess of Syria, called also _Atergatis_,
  whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as
  a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in
  a fish’s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended,
  made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the
  beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so
  ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed
  the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was
  transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called
  Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented
  like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. _Lucian_,
  _de Deâ Syria_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, li. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.

=Dercyllĭdas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military
  exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed
  Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a
  wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
  ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.

=Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Phocion_, ch. 2.

=Dercy̆nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 5.

=Dersæi=, a people of Thrace.

=Derthona=, now _Tortona_, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and
  Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. _Cicero_, _De
  Divinatione_, bk. 2.

=Dertose=, now _Tortosa_, a town of Spain near the Iberus.

=Derusiæi=, a people of Persia.

=Dēsudăba=, a town of Media. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 26.

=Deva=, a town of Britain, now _Chester_ on the Dee.

=Deucălion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of
  Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the
  whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind
  had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and
  immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The
  highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of
  the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped
  by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal
  calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and
  by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was
  tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on
  the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters
  had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built
  by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation,
  Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus,
  or, according to Hyginus, of Ætna in Sicily. As soon as the waters
  had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife
  went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair
  the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their
  grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after
  some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The
  stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women.
  According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped
  from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the
  highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the
  mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly,
  according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the
  inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course
  was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According
  to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first
  happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which
  was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month.
  During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all
  Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by
  the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion.
  The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely
  felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica,
  that the waters of Deucalion’s deluge had disappeared through a
  small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius’s temple;
  and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering
  of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony.
  The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is
  supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons
  by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon
  king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother
  of Æthlius by Jupiter. _Pindar_, poem 9, _Olympian_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8; _Heroides_, ♦poem 15, li. 167.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10;
  bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 81.――_Hyginus_, fable 153.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucian_, _de
  Deâ Syriâ_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 62.――――One of the
  Argonauts.――――A son of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A son
  of Abas.

      ♦ ‘45’ replaced with ‘15’

=Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.

=Dexamĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Dexamĕnus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his
  daughter’s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Olenus
  in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan
  war, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Dīa=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.――――An island
  in the Ægean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos.
  _See:_ Naxos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.――――Another on
  the coast of Crete, now _Standia_.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Eubœa,
  ――――Peloponnesus,――――Lusitania,――――Italy, near the Alps,――――Scythia,
  near the Phasis,――――Caria,――――Bithynia,――――and Thessaly.

=Diactorĭdes=, one of Agarista’s suitors. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.
  ――――The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 71.

=Diæus=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achæans, who killed himself
  when his affairs became desperate. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Diadumeniānus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of Cæsar
  during his father’s lifetime, &c.

=Diăgon= and =Diăgum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the
  Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 21.

=Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_,
  _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Diăgŏras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father’s name was Teleclytus.
  From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable
  atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of
  his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great
  impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites
  promised one talent to him who brought his head before their
  tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416
  years before Christ. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 23;
  bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――An athlete
  of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated
  his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in
  golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned
  the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. _Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diālis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He
  was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. _Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable
  occurrences of his age.

=Diamastigōsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which
  received that name, ἀπο του μαστιγουν, _from whipping_, because boys
  were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called
  Bomonicæ, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more
  delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish
  origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and
  unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest
  stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which
  suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was
  more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended
  the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by
  fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These
  flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse
  torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without
  uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death
  was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much
  solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this
  festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted
  it to inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labour and fatigue, and
  render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it
  was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should
  be shed on Diana’s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes
  first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the
  statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition,
  which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and
  sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was
  suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice,
  and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons
  with which the Lacedæmonians were provided at that moment. In
  commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted
  at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.

=Diāna=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were
  three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became
  mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter
  of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her
  all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo;
  and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour,
  gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her
  father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside
  over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted
  herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have
  for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of
  whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented
  with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes
  drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with
  wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with
  a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours.
  She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her
  face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong,
  and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the
  ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places
  where her worship was established, and from the functions over
  which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba,
  when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in
  the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was
  supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and
  from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her
  statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog,
  and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters
  have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:

      Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana,
      Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagittâ.

  She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia,
  Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the
  Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of
  Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the
  gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to
  avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that
  represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend
  her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was
  that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world.
  _See:_ Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of
  breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele.
  Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity
  to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours
  which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are
  well known. _See:_ Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica
  were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they
  cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked
  on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who
  had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lacedæmonians yearly
  offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this
  barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians
  generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes
  a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were
  sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles,
  among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 155; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156;
  bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 302;
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 505.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.――_Catullus._――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1,
  li. 57.――_Apollodorus_ bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.

=Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape _Martin_, where
  Diana was worshipped.

=Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received
  their name ἀπο του διος και της ἁτης, _from Jupiter and misfortune_,
  because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from
  their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this
  festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.

=Dibio=, a town of France, now _Dijon_ in Burgundy.

=Dicæa= and =Dicæarchea=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,
  li. 385.

=Dicæus=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of
  the Persians in Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.

=Dice=, one of the Horæ, daughters of Jupiter. _Apollonius_, bk. 1,
  ch. 3.

=Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy,
  history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle’s disciples.
  Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed
  a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over
  every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and
  instruction of youth.

=Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who
  travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king
  of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and
  rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over
  the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in
  their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine
  occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a
  book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.

=Dicomas=, a king of the Getæ. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Dictæ= and =Dictæus mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often
  known by the name of _Dictæa arva_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 171.――――Jupiter was called _Dictæus_, because
  worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 536.――_Ovid_. _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8, li. 43.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called
  _dictamnus_ chiefly grows. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 412.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 50.

=Dictātor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority.
  This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from
  the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the
  Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise
  forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused
  to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had
  contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to
  elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to
  take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six
  months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the
  state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established,
  he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He
  knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected
  to him. He was called dictator, because _dictus_, named by the
  consul, or _quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus_, because the people
  implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the
  night, _vivâ voce_, and his election was confirmed by the auguries,
  though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As
  his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct
  them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished
  as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least
  till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the _fasces_:
  during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of
  the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic.
  But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond
  the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in
  his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious
  marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people.
  He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from
  foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a
  dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the _comitia_, or to
  celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators,
  or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies
  the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress
  of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious
  in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual
  usurpations of Sylla and Julius Cæsar; and after the death of the
  latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed
  a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome.
  The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer,
  called his master of horse, _magister equitum_. This officer was
  respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the
  dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he
  enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia
  as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after
  removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse
  was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second
  dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome,
  after the battle of Cannæ. The dictatorship was originally confined
  to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to
  share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3.
  ――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.――_Appian_, bk. 3.
  ――_Polybius_, bk. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.

=Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 5, ch. 82.

=Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She
  was one of Diana’s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is
  often called _Dictynnia_. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her,
  and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the
  sea, and was caught in fishermen’s nets, δικτυα, whence her name.
  There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A city of Crete.

=Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is
  supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that
  at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained
  till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument
  where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his
  history of the ♦Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and
  afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly
  deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now
  extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the
  15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine,
  and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The
  edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.――――A king
  of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the
  nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed
  Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. _See:_
  Polydectes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A centaur,
  killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 334.

      ♦ ‘Trojon’ replaced with ‘Trojan’

=Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius
  suspected to his father Philip. _Livy_, bk. 40.

=Didia lex=, _de Sumptibus_, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the
  expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and
  limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only
  at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those
  who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests
  themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the
  Oppian and Fannian laws.

=Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. _Plutarch_,
  _Sertorius_.――――A man who brought Cæsar the head of Pompey’s
  eldest son. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Britain under Claudius.
  ――――Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax,
  bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D.
  192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when
  he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial
  purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death,
  after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.

=Dīdo=, called also _Elissa_, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who
  married Sichæus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules.
  Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered
  Sichæus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed;
  and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly
  loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of
  a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the
  tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the
  sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired;
  and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had
  come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichæus. During
  her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away
  50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them
  as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the
  African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as
  could be covered by a bull’s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece
  of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [_See:_ Byrsa], and in the
  increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects,
  soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her
  dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained
  her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry
  Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war.
  Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during
  that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn
  sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sichæus, to whom she had promised
  eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the
  pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained
  the name of Dido, _valiant woman_, instead of Elissa. According
  to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden
  departure of Æneas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she
  could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents
  Æneas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism
  of near 300 years. Dido left Phœnicia, 247 years after the Trojan
  war, or the age of Æneas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This
  chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets,
  but it is supported by the authority of Horace,

           _Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge._

  While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love
  of Dido, and the submission of Æneas to the will of the gods, he
  at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed
  between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers
  that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation,
  and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy
  and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death,
  was honoured as a deity by her subjects. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4,
  &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Appian_,
  _Punic Wars_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4.――_Herodian._――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

=Dĭdy̆ma=, a place of Miletus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――An island
  in the Sicilian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Dĭdy̆mæus=, a surname of Apollo.

=Dĭdy̆māon=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 359.

=Dĭdy̆me=, one of the Cyclades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.
  ――――A city of Sicily. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 476.――――One of
  the Lipari isles, now _Saline_.――――A place near Miletus, where the
  Branchidæ had their famous oracle.

=Dĭdy̆mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor.

=Dĭdy̆mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
  ch. 24.――――A scholiast on Homer, surnamed Χαλκεντερος, flourished
  B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions
  of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius,
  1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.

=Diēnĕces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of
  Thermopylæ, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows
  would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great
  convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 226.

=Diespĭter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.

=Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace’s farm, in the country
  of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.

=Digma=, a part of the Piræus at Athens.

=Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were
  very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude,
  or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man
  saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees,
  and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his
  fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of
  some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind.
  Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in
  different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed
  with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which
  daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition
  were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them
  birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and
  sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition
  alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence
  and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the
  adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon
  also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and
  after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly
  bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation,
  and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the
  father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries.
  This immense number of deities have been divided into classes,
  according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans,
  generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the _dii
  majorum gentium_, or _dii consulentes_, and the _dii minorum
  gentium_. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females.
  _See:_ Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the
  gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides
  these, there were some called _dii selecti_, sometimes classed with
  the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon,
  Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is,
  who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and
  for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus,
  Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the
  immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called _topici_, whose
  worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt,
  Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also,
  all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful
  deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace,
  &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than
  30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men,
  all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages
  have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous,
  and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and
  sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all
  the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and
  even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the
  mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all
  the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In
  process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the
  patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves
  and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate
  courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of
  their emperors.

=Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.

=Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to
  Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions,
  and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians,
  307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. _Cicero_, _On
  Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――――A Corinthian ambassador, put to death
  by Polyperchon. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A native of Delos, who
  collected some fables in Crete, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.

=Dindy̆mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the
  same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place
  that Cybele was called _Dindymene_, as her worship was established
  there by Jason. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1,
  li. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 617.

=Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.――――A town of Gaul,
  now _Digne_ in Provence.

=Dinias=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A man of
  Pheræ, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.
  ――――A man who wrote a history of Argos. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Dinĭche=, the wife of Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Dinŏchăres=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus,
  after it had been burnt by Erostratus.

=Dinŏcrătes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to
  cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand,
  and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain
  should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too
  chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building
  and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of
  Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to
  suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death,
  and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work
  which would have been the admiration of future ages. _Pliny_, bk. 7,
  ch. 37.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――――A general of Agathocles.――――A Messenian, who behaved with great
  effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philopœmen, and put him to
  death, B.C. 183. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.

=Dinŏdŏchus=, a swift runner. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Dinolŏchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. _Ælian_, _de
  Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52.

=Dinŏmĕnes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 42.

=Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.
  ――――The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in
  Alexander’s age. He is esteemed a very ♦authentic historian by
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diogenes
  Laërtius._

      ♦ ‘anthentic’ replaced with ‘authentic’

=Dinosthĕnes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Dinostrătus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.

=Diŏclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles,
  who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly
  attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave
  the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus
  has described them in his _Idylls_, bk. 12, li. 27.――――A town on the
  coast of Dalmatia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic
  poet of Athens.――――An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote
  concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of
  Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――One of the four brothers placed
  over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.
  ――――A rich man of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A general
  of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Diocletianopŏlis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of
  Diocletian.

=Diocletiānus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born
  of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and
  by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general,
  and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial
  purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity
  of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices
  in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created
  two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called
  _Cæsars_, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the
  superior title of _Augustus_. Diocletian has been celebrated for
  his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by
  education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning
  and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent,
  and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his
  people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies.
  His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has
  been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny,
  and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the
  greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia,
  on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at
  Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not
  from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to
  rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the
  imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now
  more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly
  enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth.
  He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security
  and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age.
  Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power;
  a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by
  the emperor Charles V. of Germany.

=Diŏdōrus=, an historian, surnamed _Siculus_, because he was born at
  Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media,
  Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of
  which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable
  composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said
  that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his
  history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part
  may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation
  from Berosus, Timæus, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The
  author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and
  often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant
  nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected
  correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and
  trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to
  history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in
  silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman
  consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished
  about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure
  information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best
  edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam,
  1746.――――A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A
  comic poet.――――A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus
  and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life
  of Anaximander. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An orator of Sardis, in
  the time of the Mithridatic war.――――A stoic philosopher, preceptor
  to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he
  instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. _Cicero_,
  _Brutus_.――――A general of Demetrius.――――A writer, surnamed
  _Periegetes_, who wrote a description of the earth. _Plutarch_,
  _Themistocles_.――――An African, &c. _Plutarch._

=Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Dīŏgēnes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from
  his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to
  Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at
  the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him
  into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly
  bore the rebuke, and said, “Strike me, Antisthenes, but never shall
  you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence,
  whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained,
  from your conversation and acquaintance.” Such firmness recommended
  him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed
  himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked
  about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as
  a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the
  greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and
  Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub.
  He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify
  or oblige him. “Get out of my sunshine,” was the only answer which
  the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the
  monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, “Were I not
  Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.” He was once sold as a slave,
  but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the
  preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a
  life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324,
  in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly
  thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His
  orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends
  honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The
  inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble
  figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb.
  His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings,
  remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of
  Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he
  boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed
  that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from
  wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave
  way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness
  has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub
  would not bear too close an examination. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
  and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata
  Laconica_.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.――――A
  stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was
  sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years
  before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of
  the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by
  order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of
  his family in one of his treatises. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 5, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 51.
  ――――A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy
  and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
  and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――Laërtius, an epicurean
  philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers
  in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account
  of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes
  and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any
  plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness
  are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography
  the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except
  perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222.
  The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to,
  Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.――――A Macedonian,
  who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――There
  was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic
  expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march,
  &c.

=Diogĕnia=, a daughter of Celeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――――A
  daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. _Apollodorus._

=Diogĕnus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in
  philosophy, and in writing dialogues.

=Diŏmēda=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos,
  to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 9, li. 661.――――The wife of Deion of Amyclæ.

=Diŏmēdes=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of Ætolia, and one
  of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged
  Hector and Æneas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much
  military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the
  temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of
  Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege
  of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed
  in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the
  Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife Ægiale forgot
  her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her
  servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some
  to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded
  in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of Ægiale was
  highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native
  country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of
  his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not
  a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part
  of Italy which has been called Magna Græcia, where he built a city
  called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of
  the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a
  certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His
  death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of
  their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds
  took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became
  remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks,
  and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They
  are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as
  to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
  14, fable 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 97, 112, & 113.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A king of
  Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh.
  It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly
  the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman
  tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had
  fed so barbarously. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A friend of Alcibiades. _Plutarch_,
  _Alcibiades_.――――A grammarian.

=Diŏmēdon=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at
  Arginusæ. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 19.――――A man of Cyzicus, in the
  interest of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and
  abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him,
  together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to
  reside at the tyrant’s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His
  great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who
  banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and
  encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy,
  he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port
  of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his
  power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which
  was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse.
  The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands,
  fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius.
  He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his
  familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before
  the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after
  his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by
  the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Life of Dion_.――――A town of Macedonia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――――Cassius, a native of Nicæa in
  Bithynia. His father’s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the
  greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his
  three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by
  unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a
  history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious
  employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began
  with the arrival of Æneas in Italy, and was continued down to the
  reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are
  totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all
  that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive
  history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is
  not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant,
  and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections
  learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted
  slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the
  republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of
  Cæsar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents
  him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about
  the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works
  is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.――――A famous
  christian writer, surnamed _Chrysostom_, &c.

=Diōnæa=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter
  and Done.

=Diōne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of
  Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however,
  gives Venus a different origin. _See:_ Venus. Venus is herself
  sometimes called Dione. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 381.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 86.

=Dionȳsia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their
  form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a
  certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis,
  the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated
  by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens
  with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other
  part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the
  Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated
  were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games.
  At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time
  was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of
  wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a
  basket of figs, and the φαλλοι. The worshippers imitated in their
  dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They
  clothed themselves in fawns’ skins, fine linen, and mitres; they
  carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves
  with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan,
  and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their
  fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the
  goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes
  joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country,
  nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the
  air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, “Evoe Bacche!
  Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!” With such solemnities were
  the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly
  the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons
  carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these
  came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of
  gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious
  part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets,
  and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished
  the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying
  poles, at the end of which were fastened φαλλοι. The heads of these
  men, who were called φαλλοφοροι, were crowned with ivy and violets,
  and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs
  upon the occasion of the festivals, called φαλλικα ᾁσματα. Next to
  the φαλλοφοροι followed the ἰθυφαλλοι in women’s apparel, with white
  striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked
  with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of
  flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken
  man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called λικνοφοροι,
  who carried the λικνον or _musical van_ of Bacchus; without their
  attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with
  due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called λικνιτης.
  The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the
  most celebrated were the Dionysia ♦ἀρχαιότερα, at Limnæ in Attica.
  The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called γεραιραι,
  _venerable_. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before
  their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon
  or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.――――The
  greater Dionysia, sometimes called ἀστικα or τα κατ’ ἀστυ, as
  being celebrated _within the city_, were the most famous. They
  were supposed to be the same as the preceding.――――The less Dionysia,
  sometimes called τα κατ’ ἀργους, because celebrated _in the country_,
  or ληναια, from ληνος, _a wine-press_, were, to all appearance,
  a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in
  autumn.――――The Dionysia βραυρωνια, observed at _Brauron_ in Attica,
  were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.――――The
  Dionysia νυκτηλια were observed by the Athenians in honour of
  Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen
  or done during the celebration.――――The Dionysia called ὠμοφαγια,
  because human victims were offered to the god, or because the
  priests imitated the _eating of raw flesh_, were celebrated with
  much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by
  the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they
  feigned insanity.――――The Dionysia ἀρκαδικα were yearly observed in
  Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of
  Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they
  celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators
  with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides
  these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every
  three years called Dionysia τριετηρικα, and it is said that Bacchus
  instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in
  which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every
  fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.――――All
  these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by
  the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much
  to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were
  also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the
  Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during
  the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure
  actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity,
  called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls
  Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made
  a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious
  forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was
  practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either
  sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and
  the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of
  the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time,
  but not with such licentiousness as before. _Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 737.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.

      ♦ ‘ἀλχαιωτερα’ replaced with ‘ἀρχαιότερα’

=Diŏnȳsiădes=, two small islands near Crete.――――Festivals in honour of
  Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Diŏnȳsias=, a fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.

=Diŏnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus.

=Diŏnȳsiodōrus=, a famous geometer. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 109.――――A
  Bœotian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A Tarentine, who obtained
  a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.

=Dionȳsion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Dionȳsipŏlis=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Dionȳsius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized
  himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the
  Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his
  hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself
  in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of
  the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed
  eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in
  his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a
  poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia,
  and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors,
  for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his
  poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so
  unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged
  to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure
  than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle.
  His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of
  his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted
  his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous
  examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber,
  but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock,
  said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured
  80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of
  Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily
  directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an
  adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time
  to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty
  had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been
  employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of
  the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of
  such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and
  sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a
  golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of
  Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the
  winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed Æsculapius
  of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died
  of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a
  reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner
  of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death.
  Some suppose that the tyrant invented the _catapulta_, an engine
  which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of
  darts and stones in the time of a siege. _Diodorus_, bks. 13, 15, &c.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――_Plutarch_, _Diodorus_.――――The second of that
  name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He
  succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion
  his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court,
  under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to
  lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly
  seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato
  was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account
  of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his
  family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent
  behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected
  some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of
  Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. _See:_ Dion. Dionysius
  retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression,
  and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years
  after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians,
  under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled
  to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero
  observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could
  not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over
  boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that
  a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical
  prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like
  him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and
  remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to
  debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with
  the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having
  acted so brutal a part in his younger days? “No,” answered the son,
  “because you were not the son of a king.” “Well, my son,” replied
  the old man, “never shalt thou be the father of a king.” _Justin_,
  bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6.――_Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Dion_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 2.
  ――――An historian of _Halicarnassus_, who left his country and came
  to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and
  Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He
  formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived
  much information from their company and conversation. After an
  unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his
  Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now
  extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition
  has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for
  the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the
  judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian,
  he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he
  totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace
  the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of
  the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises,
  has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent
  orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan
  age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The
  best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704,
  and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――A tyrant of
  Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the
  death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the
  niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such
  an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public,
  and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed
  himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face
  and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep,
  it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins.
  He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable
  for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his
  subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow
  queen-regent.――――A surname of Bacchus.――――A disciple of Chæremon.
  ――――A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled κτισεις, or _the
  origin of cities_.――――A commander of the Ionian fleet against the
  Persians, who went to plunder Phœnicia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 17.
  ――――A general of Antiochus Hierax.――――A philosopher of Heraclea,
  disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the
  81st year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An epic poet of
  Mitylene.――――A sophist of Pergamus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A writer
  in the Augustan age, called _Periegetes_. He wrote a very valuable
  geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best
  edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with
  the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.――――A christian
  writer, A.D. 492, called _Areopagita_. The best edition of his works
  is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.――――The music master of
  Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A celebrated critic. _See:_
  Longinus.――――A rhetorician of Magnesia.――――A Messenian madman, &c.
  _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A native of Thrace, generally called the
  Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises
  and commentaries, B.C. 64. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A painter of
  Colophon.

=Diŏphănes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Achæan league.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias
  Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.

=Diŏphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in
  the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A
  Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. _Cicero_,
  _Brutus_.――――A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote
  13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant,
  the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolosæ, 1670. He died
  in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some
  place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.

=Diopœnus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Diopŏlis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey.
  _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Diōres=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the
  games exhibited by Æneas on his father’s tomb in Sicily. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.

=Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (δια ὀρυσσω),
  to make Leucadia an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Dioscorĭdes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and
  Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was
  originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study,
  and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition
  is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.――――A man who wrote
  an account of the republic of Lacedæmon.――――A nephew of Antigonus.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of
  Ptolemy Philadelphus.――――A disciple of Isocrates.――――An astrologer
  sent ambassador by Julius Cæsar to Achillas, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil
  War_, bk. 3, ch. 109.

=Dioscorĭdis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance
  of the Arabic gulf, and now called _Socotra_.

=Dioscūri=, or _sons of Jupiter_, a name given to Castor and Pollux.
  There were festivals in their honour, called _Dioscuria_, celebrated
  by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They
  were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free
  use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports,
  of which wrestling matches always made a part.

=Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.

=Diospăge=, a town of Mesopotamia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Diospŏlis=, or =Thebæ=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called
  Hecatompylos. _See:_ Thebæ.

=Diotīme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates
  attended. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Diotīmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 5.――――A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.

=Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 75.

=Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his
  fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. _Ælian._――――An Athenian boxer, &c.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 574.

=Dipæa=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between
  the Arcadians and Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Diphĭlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the
  Athenian faction there. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A governor of Babylon
  in the interest of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――An historian.

=Dīphĭlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.――――An architect so slow
  in finishing his works, that _Diphilo tardior_ became a proverb.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A tragic
  writer.

=Diphorĭdas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Dipœnæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.

=Dipŏlis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Hephæstia and
  Myrina.

=Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus.
  _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 255.――――(adis), a profligate and incontinent
  woman mentioned by _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 8.――――A kind of
  serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 9.

=Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens.

=Diræ=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of
  the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they
  are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Diræ in heaven.
  They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in
  an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders,
  and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most
  excruciating punishments. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8,
  li. 701.

=Dirce=, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had
  divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce
  suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned
  Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope
  escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and
  Zethus on mount Cithæron. When these children were informed of the
  cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged
  Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail
  of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and
  exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her
  fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes.
  According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus
  before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. _See:_
  Amphion, Antiope. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 57.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.

=Dircenna=, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. _Martial_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 50, li. 17.

=Dirphyia=, a surname of Juno, from _Dirphya_, a mountain of Bœotia,
  where the goddess had a temple.

=Dis=, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The
  inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 84.

=Discordia=, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to
  Nemesis, the Parcæ, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter,
  because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause
  of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were
  celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming
  neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of
  the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of _detur pulchriori_.
  This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite
  misfortunes to the Greeks. _See:_ Paris. She is represented with
  a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with
  fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is
  generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona.
  She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars,
  and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 702.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 225.
  ――_Petronius._

=Dithyrambus=, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his
  honour were called Dithyrambics. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2.

=Dittani=, a people of Spain.

=Divi=, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after
  death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and
  other domestic gods.

=Divitiăcus=, one of the Ædui, intimate with Cæsar. _Cicero_ bk. 1,
  _de Divinatione_.

=Dium=, a town of Eubœa, where there were hot baths. _Pliny_, bk. 31,
  ch. 2.――――A promontory of Crete.――――A town of Macedonia. _Livy_,
  bk. 44, ch. 7.

=Divodurum=, a town of Gaul, now _Metz_ in Lorrain.

=Divus Fidius=, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Diyllus=, an Athenian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A statuary.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Doberes=, a people of Pæonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Docĭlis=, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18,
  li. 19.

=Docĭmus=, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity
  by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An officer of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.
  ――――An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Dōdōna=, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others,
  in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill
  called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple
  of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge.
  It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and
  according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus,
  it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took
  their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew
  to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where,
  with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country
  that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would
  give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter’s temple
  was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently
  delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the
  place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves
  is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Phœnicians carried
  away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her
  residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may
  further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the
  double meaning of the word πελειαι, which signifies _doves_ in most
  parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies
  _old women_. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the
  murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards
  changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen
  statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong,
  the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which
  communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering
  and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the
  artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that
  the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs
  of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently
  consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may
  be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by
  the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks,
  gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the
  trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was
  built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some
  beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned
  them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona
  there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the
  power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain
  was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course
  at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to
  decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters.
  The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but
  afterwards by women. _See:_ Dodonides. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 14; _Iliad_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 427.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.

=Dōdōnæus=, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.

=Dōdōne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.――――A fountain in the forest
  of Dodona. _See:_ Dodona.

=Dōdōnĭdes=, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter
  in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally
  inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their
  names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis,
  Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered
  by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter
  enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine
  honour in his temple at Dodona. The Bœotians were the only people
  of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons
  which _Strabo_, bk. 9, fully explains.

=Doii=, a people of Arabia Felix.

=Dolabella Publius Cornelius=, a Roman who married the daughter of
  Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of
  Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia,
  Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus
  Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius Cæsar,
  he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed
  his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination
  of Trebonius, one of Cæsar’s murderers, was declared an enemy
  to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea,
  and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th
  year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to
  his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who
  had tied him so cleverly to his sword.――――A proconsul of Africa.
  ――――Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the
  lake of Vadimonis, B. C. 283.――――The family of the Dolabellæ
  distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius,
  conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.

=Dolichaon=, the father of the Hebrus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 696.

=Dolīche=, an island in the Ægean sea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
  ――――A town of Syria,――――of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Dolius=, a faithful servant of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,
  li. 675.

=Dolomēna=, a country of Assyria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Dŏlon=, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being
  sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by
  Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes,
  and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with
  his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 314.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 349, &c.
  ――――A poet. _See:_ Susarion.

=Dōlonci=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.

=Dŏlŏpes=, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned
  there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Phœnix. They became
  also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks,
  were fond of migration. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 7.――_Flaccus_,
  bk. 2, li. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 33.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_,
  _Cimon_.

=Dŏlŏpia=, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the
  Achelous flowed.

=Dŏlops=, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 525.

=Domidūcus=, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called
  _Domiduca_, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.

=Domīnĭca=, a daughter of Petronius, who married the ♦emperor Valens.

      ♦ ‘emperior’ replaced with ‘emperor’

=Domitĭa lex=, _de Religione_, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the
  tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests
  from the college to the people.

=Domĭtia Longīna=, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She
  was the wife of the emperor Domitian.

=Domĭtiānus Titus Flavius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla,
  made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus,
  whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The
  beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but
  their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel,
  and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded
  himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were
  presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching
  flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily
  answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the
  emperor, “Nobody, not even a fly.” In the latter part of his reign
  Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by
  the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the
  stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round
  the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining
  stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass
  whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing;
  he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D.
  96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was
  the last of the 12 Cæsars. He distinguished himself for his love
  of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great
  care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he
  displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations
  of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the
  senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him,
  and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of
  a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the
  senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He
  once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot
  might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received
  a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace,
  they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and
  lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a
  number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some
  one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into
  the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches,
  and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted
  them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who,
  in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his
  people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. _Suetonius_, _The
  Twelve Caesars_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 7.

=Domĭtilla Flavia=, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had
  Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.――――A
  niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.

=Domĭtius Domitiănus=, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed
  the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the
  dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death.
  ――――Lucius. _See:_ Ænobarbus.――――Cnæus Ænobarbus, a Roman consul,
  who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on
  the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.――――A grammarian in
  the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his
  melancholy disposition.――――A Roman who revolted from Antony to
  Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to
  fight by the mere force of his ridicule.――――The father of Nero,
  famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A
  tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. _Plutarch._
  ――――A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with
  Alexander king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.――――A consul under
  Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.――――A Latin poet, called
  also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for
  little besides their indelicacy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16,
  li. 5.――――Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He
  disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts
  of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a
  consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59.

=Ælius Donātus=, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.――――A bishop
  of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.――――A bishop of
  Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.

=Donilāus=, a prince of Gallogræcia, who assisted Pompey with 300
  horsemen against Julius Cæsar.

=Donūca=, a mountain of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 57.

=Dŏnȳsa=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean, where green marble is
  found. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 125.

=Doracte=, an island in the Persian gulf.

=Dōres=, the inhabitants of Doris. _See:_ Doris.

=Dori= and =Dorica=, a part of Achaia near Athens.

=Dorĭcus=, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks
  in general. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 27.

=Dorienses=, a people of Crete,――――of Cyrene.

=Dorieus=, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into
  Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16,
  &c.――――A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Dorilas=, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4.

=Dorilaus=, a general of the great Mithridates.

=Dorion=, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged
  the muses to a trial of skill. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 182.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 352.

=Dōris=, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania.
  It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a
  settlement there. It was called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities
  of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained.
  To these four some add Lilæum and Carphia, and therefore call it
  Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece.
  The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which
  they exchanged for Histiæotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence
  they were driven by the Cadmæans, and came to settle near the town
  of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards
  into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established Ægimius king of
  Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the
  Lapithæ, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron
  to be his successor, and the Heraclidæ marched from that part of
  the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many
  colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their
  native country. The most famous of these is _Doris in Asia Minor_,
  of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor
  was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion
  of Halicarnassus. _Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
  li. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.――――A goddess of the sea, daughter
  of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she
  had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express
  the sea itself. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.――_Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 240.――――A woman of
  Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily,
  married the same day with Aristomache. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 5.――――One of the 50 Nereides. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 250.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 45.

=Doriscus=, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his
  forces. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 59.

=Dorium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One
  of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Dorius=, a mountain of Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Dorsennus=, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. _Pliny_,
  bk. 14, ch. 13.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.

=Dorso Caius Fabius=, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of
  the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go
  and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis.
  He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his
  shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards
  of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had
  finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the
  enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his
  passage or molest his sacrifice. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46.

=Dōrus=, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of
  Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to
  make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The
  country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.――――A city of Phœnicia, whose inhabitants are
  called Dorienses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Doryasus=, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.

=Dŏrȳclus=, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan
  war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A brother of Phineus king of
  Thrace, who married Beroe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 620.

=Dŏrȳlæum= and =Dorylæus=, a city of Phrygia, now _Eski Shehr_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 17.

=Dory̆las=, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 180.

=Dory̆lāus=, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and
  general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Doryssus=, a king of Lacedæmon, killed in a tumult. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Dosci=, a people near the Euxine.

=Dosiadas=, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar
  (βωμος), which Theocritus has imitated.

=Dosiades=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Doson=, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never
  performed.

=Dossēnus=, or =Dorsennus=. _See:_ Dorsennus.

=Dotădas=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Doto=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 102.

=Dotus=, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.

=Doxander=, a man mentioned by _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5.

=Dracānus=, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh.
  _Theocritus._

=Draco=, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office
  of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the
  citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be
  written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with
  as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one
  as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion
  to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe
  in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest
  transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find
  any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws
  were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account
  of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except
  that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of
  Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal
  to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with
  repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of
  the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing
  garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was
  soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of
  his citizens. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A man who instructed Plato in
  music. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Dracontides=, a wicked citizen of Athens. ♦_Plato [Comicus]_,
  _The Sophists_.

      ♦ ‘Plut.’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Dracus=, a general of the Achæans, conquered by Mummius.

=Drances=, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and
  eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent
  measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have
  imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the
  eloquence of Cicero under this name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
  li. 122.

=Drangina=, a province of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Drapes=, a seditious Gaul, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 30.

=Drapus=, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.

=Drĕpăna= and =Drĕpănum=, now _Trapani_, a town of ♦Sicily near mount
  Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (δρεπανον, _falx_).
  Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son Æneas. The
  Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249,
  by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li.
  707.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 57.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 474.――――A promontory of Peloponnesus.

      ♦ ‘Scily’ replaced with ‘Sicily’

=Drilo=, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.

=Drimăchus=, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his
  head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the
  money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians,
  that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Drinus=, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.

=Driŏpĭdes=, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with
  Alexander had been violated. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Drios=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Droi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 101.

=Dromæus=, a surname of Apollo in Crete.

=Dropĭci=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Dropion=, a king of Pæonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Druentius= and =Druentia=, now _Durance_, a rapid river of Gaul,
  which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 468.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Drugĕri=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Druĭdæ=, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and
  Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi,
  Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei.
  They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life
  was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to
  themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a
  little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands,
  they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace
  at their option. Their power was extended not only over private
  families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their
  actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had
  the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over
  their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation.
  They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious
  ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar
  care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed
  the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted
  with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they
  drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their
  sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a
  barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the
  Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power
  and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by
  their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and
  every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as
  candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour,
  however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few
  were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or
  20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of
  druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word δρυς,
  _an oak_, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places
  of their residence. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 16, ch. 44.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Druna=, the _Drome_, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.

=Drusilla Livia=, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for
  her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her
  brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a
  dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and
  commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died
  A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother
  Caligula, who survived her for some time.――――A daughter of Agrippa
  king of Judæa, &c.

=Drūso=, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged
  his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his
  compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.

=Drūsus=, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous
  by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and
  Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his
  father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine,
  proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in
  conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D.
  23.――――A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the
  greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected
  his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius,
  and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after
  his confinement, A.D. 33.――――A son of the emperor Claudius, who
  died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.――――An ambitious Roman,
  grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct.
  _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Livius, father of Julia Augusta,
  was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the
  battle of Philippi. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 71.――――Marcus Livius,
  a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws,
  which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered
  his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and
  Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C.
  190. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ♦ch. 22.――――Nero
  Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He
  was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly
  signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rhœti
  and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall
  from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three
  children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul
  who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. _Horace_,
  bk. 4, ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 824.――――Caius, an
  historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the
  next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards
  the sun.――――Marcus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_,
  bk. 2, ch. 13.――――The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight
  consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was
  given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of
  them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that
  perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that
  family.

      ♦ ‘12’ replaced with ‘22’

=Dryădes=, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk,
  oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries
  sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but
  as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they
  were supposed to preside. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 11.

=Dryantiădes=, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas.
  He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no
  libations might be made to Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 345.

=Dryas=, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went
  with Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 355.――――A son of Mars, who went to the chase
  of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A centaur at
  the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rhœtus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 296.――――A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of
  men, that she never appeared in public.――――A son of Lycurgus, killed
  by his own father in a fury. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A son
  of Ægyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.

=Drymæa=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 33.

=Drymo=, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 536.

=Drymus=, a town between Attica and Bœotia.

=Dryŏpe=, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade
  all the females of the island to murder the men. _Flaccus_, bk. 2,
  li. 174.――――A virgin of Œchalia, whom Andræmon married after she had
  been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when
  scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 331.――――A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by
  Faunus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 551.――――A nymph of Arcadia,
  mother of Pan by Mercury, according to _Homer_, _Hymn 19 to Pan_.

=Dryŏpeia=, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour
  of Dryops the son of Apollo.

♦=Dryŏpes=, a people of Greece, near mount Œta. They afterwards passed
  into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and
  Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the people
  of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town
  by the name of their ancient habitation _Asine_. Some of their
  descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with
  the Ionians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 34.――_Strabo_, bks. 7, 8, 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 146.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 179.

      ♦ ‘Drpŏpes’ replaced with ‘Dryŏpes’

=Dryŏpis= and =Dryŏpĭda=, a small country at the foot of mount Œta in
  Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to
  Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession
  of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histiæotis by the
  Cadmeans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Dryops=, a son of Priam.――――A son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 34.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Clausus in Italy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 346.

=Drypĕtis=, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to
  Hephæstion by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Dubis=, or =Alduadubis=, the _Daux_, a river of Gaul, falling into
  the Saone.

=Dubris=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Dover_.

=Ducetius=, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440.

=Duillia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304.
  It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its
  tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause.
  _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 55.――――Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what
  interest ought to be paid for money lent.

=C. Duillius Nepos=, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory
  over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the
  enemy’s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that
  ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting
  him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense,
  every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in
  commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at
  Rome which was erected on the occasion. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Dulĭchium=, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It
  was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 4,
  li. 67; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 226; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 272.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6,
  li. 76.

=Dumnōrix=, a powerful chief among the Ædui. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Dunax=, a mountain of Thrace.

=Duratius Picto=, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with
  the Roman people. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=Duris=, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the
  life of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of
  Macedonia, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Durius=, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the _Douro_,
  which falls into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a
  course of nearly 300 miles. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 234.

=Durocasses=, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now _Dreux_.
  _Cæsar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Duronia=, a town of the Samnites.

=Dusii=, some deities among the Gauls. _Augustine_, _The City of God_,
  bk. 15, ch. 23.

=Duumvĭri=, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin
  to keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate
  of the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol,
  and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but
  seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been
  defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an invasion,
  or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their original
  institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was proposed by
  the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen promiscuously
  from patrician and plebeian families. They were from their number
  called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased them to 15,
  known by the name of Quindecemviri.――――There were also certain
  magistrates at Rome, called _Duumviri perduelliones sive capitales_.
  They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as were
  accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but
  Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. _For
  Rabirius on a Charge of Treason_.――――Some of the commanders of the
  Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there were
  two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.――――There were
  also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates called
  _Duumviri municipales_. They were chosen from the centurions, and
  their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome.
  They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their
  magistracy continued for five years, on which account they have been
  called _Quinquennales magistratus_.

=Dyagondas=, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal
  sacrifices. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Dyardenses=, a river in the extremities of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8,
  ch. 9.

=Dy̆mæ=, a town of Achaia. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Dy̆mæi=, a people of Ætolia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Dy̆mas=, a Trojan, who joined himself to Æneas when Troy was taken,
  and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an
  enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the
  Greeks whom he had slain. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 340 & 428.
  ――――The father of Hecuba. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761.

=Dymnus=, one of Alexander’s officers. He conspired with many of
  his fellow-soldiers against his master’s life. The conspiracy was
  discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought before
  the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Dȳnămĕne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 43.

=Dynaste=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Dyras=, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount Œta, and
  falls into the bay of Malia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198.

=Dyraspes=, a river of Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10,
  li. 54.

=Dyris=, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that
  neighbourhood.

=Dyrrhăchium=, now _Durazzo_, a large city of Macedonia, bordering
  on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623.
  It was anciently called _Epidammus_, which the Romans, considering
  it of ominous meaning, changed ♦into _Dyrrhachium_. Cicero met
  with a ♥favourable reception there during his exile. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Plutarch._――_Cicero_, bk. 3,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 22.

      ♦ ‘intlo’ replaced with ‘into’
      ♥ ‘favourabe’ replaced with ‘favourable’

=Dysaules=, a brother of Celeus, who instituted the mysteries of Ceres
  at Celeæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Dyscinētus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Dysōrum=, a mountain of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Dyspontii=, a people of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.


                                   E

=Eanes=, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to
  Peleus in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Eānus=, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins.

=Eărĭnus=, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. _Statius_, bk. 3,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 4.

=Easium=, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Ebdŏme=, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day
  of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the
  god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.――――There was also another
  of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day
  after the birth of every child.

=Ebon=, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. _Macrobius_,
  bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Ebora=, a town of Portugal, now _Evora_.

=Eborăcum=, York in England.

=Ebūdæ=, the western isles of Britain, now _Hebrides_.

=Eburōnes=, a people of Belgium, now the country of _Liege_. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.――――The Eburovices Aulerci
  were the people of Evreux in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 17.

=Ebŭsus=, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which
  produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the
  Mediterranean, and now bears the name of _Yvica_, and is famous for
  pasturage and figs. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A man engaged in the
  Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 299.

=Ecbatăna= (ōrum), now _Hamedan_, the capital of Media, and the palace
  of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which
  rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours.
  The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the
  most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to
  death there by Alexander’s orders; and Hephæstion died there also,
  and received a most magnificent burial.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 98.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 21.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7,
  ch. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A town of Syria, where Cambyses
  gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Ecechiria=, the wife of Iphitus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Ecetra=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Echecrătes=, a Thessalian who offered violence to Phœbas the
  priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a
  decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of
  priestess before the age of 50. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Echedamia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Echelătus=, a man who led a colony to Africa. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Echelta=, a fortified town in Sicily.

=Echĕlus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.――――Another, son of
Agenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 20.

=Echembrŏtus=, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian
  games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Echĕmon=, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5,
  li. 160.

=Echĕmus=, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured
  to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.
  ――――A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans.

=Echenēus=, a Phæacian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.

=Echĕphron=, one of Nestor’s sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
  son of Priam. _Apollodorus_.――――A son of Hercules. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Echepŏlis=, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 458.

=Echestrătus=, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his
  father, B.C. 1058. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Echevethenses=, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 45.

=Echidna=, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with
  Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful
  woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the
  waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the
  Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by
  her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 108.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 158.

=Echidorus=, a river of Thrace. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3.

=Echīnădes=, or =Echinæ=, five small islands near Acarnania, at
  the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the
  inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters
  carry down, and now bear the name of _Curzolari_. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 85.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 588.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Echīnon=, a city of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Echīnus=, an island in the Ægean.――――A town of Acarnania,――――of
  Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.

=Echinussa=, an island near Eubœa, called afterwards _Cimolus_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Echīon=, one of those men who sprung from the dragon’s teeth sown by
  Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers,
  and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded
  his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was
  father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the
  throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance
  Thebes has been called Echioniæ, and the inhabitants _Echionidæ_.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 5,
  li. 53.――――A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the
  Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 400.――――A man who often obtained
  a prize in running. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 292.――――A
  musician at Rome, in Domitian’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 76.
  ――――A statuary.――――A painter.

=Echionides=, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as ♦descended from
  Echion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

      ♦‘deseended’ replaced with ‘descended’

=Echionius=, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded
  with the assistance of Echion. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 515.

=Echo=, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the
  vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno’s attendants, and
  became the confidant of Jupiter’s amours. Her loquacity, however,
  displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech
  by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were
  put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never
  enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno,
  fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined
  away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power
  of voice. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 358.

=Ecnŏmos=, a mountain of Sicily, now _Licata_.

=Edessa= and =Edesa=, a town of Syria.

=Edessæ portus=, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. _Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Edeta=, or =Leria=, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 371.

=Edissa= and =Ædessa=, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and
  called Ægæ, or Ægeas. _See:_ Ædessa.

=Edon=, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain
  that part of Thrace is often called _Edonia_ which lies between the
  Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not
  only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 325.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.

=Edoni=, or =Edones=, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Edonĭdes=, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because
  they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 69.

=Edylius=, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of
  Cheronæa. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Eetion=, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of
  Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word
  _Eetioneus_ is applied to his relations or descendants. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 12.――――The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by
  the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.

=Egĕlĭdus=, a river of Etruria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 610.

=Egĕria=, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly
  worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she
  became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he
  might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into
  the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they
  were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid
  says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she
  melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is
  reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of
  women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 547.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 775.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 6,
  li. 16.

=Egesarētus=, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of
  Pompey during the civil wars. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_, ch. 35.

=Egesīnus=, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. _Cicero_, _Academica_,
  bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Egesta=, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on
  the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid
  waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was
  ravished by the river Crinisus.――――A town of Sicily. _See:_ Ægesta.

=Egnātia Maximilla=, a woman who accompanied her husband into
  banishment under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――A
  town. _See:_ Gnatia.

=Proculus Egnātius=, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of
  Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eion=, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 8.

=Eiones=, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast.

=Eioneus=, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 8.――――A Thracian, father to Rhesus. _Iliad_, bk. 10.

=Elabontas=, a river near Antioch. _Strabo._

=Elæa=, a town of Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 5.――――An island in the Propontis.

=Elæus=, a part of Epirus.――――A surname of Jupiter.――――A town of the
  Thracian Chersonesus. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9.

=Elagabālus=, the surname of the sun at Emessa.

=Elāites=, a grove near Canopus in Egypt.

=Elaius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Elaphiæa=, a surname of Diana in Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Elăphus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.

=Elaphebŏlia=, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the
  celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, ἐλαφος, and
  offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following
  circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by
  the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain
  Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn
  their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy.
  This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed
  Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared,
  before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought
  with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and
  obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected
  success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with
  the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year,
  March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance.

=Elaptonius=, a youth who conspired against Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Elāra=, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 4.――――A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Elatēa=, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 34.

=Elatia=, a town of Phocis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Of Thessaly.
  _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Elātus=, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. _Plutarch_,
  _Lycurgus_.――――The father of Ceneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 497.――――A mountain of Asia,――――of Zacynthus.――――The father of
  Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
  ――――The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A king
  in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.
  ――――One of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Eumeus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 22, li. 267.

=Elaver=, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the _Allier_.

=Elea=, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called
  the _Eleatic_ sect. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
  ch. 33.――――Of Æolia.

=Electra=, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus
  by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 31.――――A daughter of Atlas
  and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――――A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited
  her brother Orestes to revenge his father’s death by assassinating
  his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend
  Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon.
  Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies
  of the poet Sophocles. _Hyginus_, fable 122.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 16.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.――――A sister
  of Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A city and river of Messenia
  in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.――――One of Helen’s female
  attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.

=Electræ=, a gate of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Electrĭdes=, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name
  from the quantity of amber (_electrum_) which they produced. They
  were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes,
  but some historians doubt their existence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 26;
  bk. 37, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Electryon=, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was
  brother to Alcæus, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her
  he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons
  against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were
  all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown
  and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the
  Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself
  and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his
  son-in-law. _See:_ Amphitryon, Alcmena. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Pausanias._

=Elēi=, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called
  _Epei_. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were
  celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence.
  Their horses were in great repute, hence _Elei equi_ and _Elea
  palma_. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 293.

=Elēlēus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the word ἐλελευ, which the
  Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses
  were in consequence called _Eleleis_, _ides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, li. 15.

=Eleon=, a village of Bœotia.――――Another in Phocis.

=Eleontum=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Elephantis=, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. _Martial_,
  bk. 12, ltr. 43.――――A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt,
  with a town of the same name, which is often called _Elephantina_ by
  some authors. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.

=Elephantophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia.

=Elphēnor=, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen’s suitors. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 47.

=Elepōrus=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Eleuchia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eleus=, a city of Thrace.――――A river of Media.――――A king of Elis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Eleusīnia=, a great festival observed every fourth year by the
  Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatæ, Lacedæmonians,
  Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people
  of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was
  introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all
  the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by
  way of eminence, μυστηρια, _the mysteries_. It was so superstitiously
  observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he
  had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live
  in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an
  ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine;
  everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only
  by the name of ἀχθεια, from the _sorrow_ and _grief_ (ἀχθος) which
  she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy
  was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the
  goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either
  intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction,
  he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and
  all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon
  as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion,
  that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed
  to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the
  more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was
  supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than
  that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life,
  but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with
  the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to
  wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation
  were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the
  character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were
  guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were
  convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted,
  and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were
  members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules,
  Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly
  observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all
  persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals
  were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were
  instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near
  Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and
  desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he
  was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on
  account of his great power and the services which he had done to
  the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating
  the laws. It was called μικρα, and Hercules was solemnly admitted
  to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed
  at Agræ, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis,
  from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times
  the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person
  could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at
  Agræ. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure,
  chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and
  offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called
  ἱσμερα, or ἱμερα, and having under their feet Διος κωδιον, _Jupiter’s
  skin_, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The
  person who assisted was called ὑδρανος, from ὑδωρ, _water_, which
  was used at the purification, and they themselves were called μυϛαι,
  _the initiated_. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries
  they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater,
  and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them,
  from which they were called ἐφοροι and ἐποπται, _inspectors_. The
  institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates,
  crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called
  μυϛικος σηκος, _the mystical temple_, a vast and stupendous building.
  As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their
  hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to
  come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of
  the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were
  read to them from a large book called πετρωμα, because made of _two
  stones_, πετραι, fitly cemented together. After this the priest,
  called Ἱεροφαντης, proposed to them certain questions to which they
  readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented
  themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and
  to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered
  with gloomy darkness and ♦horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or
  flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous
  noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were
  alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called αὐτοψια,
  _intuition_. After this the initiated were dismissed with the
  barbarous words of κογξ, ομπαξ. The garments in which they were
  initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils
  than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore,
  they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear,
  after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the
  goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called
  Ἱεροφαντης, _the revealer of sacred things_. He was a citizen of
  Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans
  and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was
  obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his
  life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with
  the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to
  extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had
  three attendants; the first was called δαδουχος, _torch-bearer_,
  and was permitted to marry; the second was called κηρυξ, _a cryer_;
  the third administered at the altar, and was called ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ. The
  Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of
  all things, Δαδουχος of the sun, Κηρυξ of Mercury, and ὁ ἐπι βωμῳ of
  the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took
  particular care that everything was performed according to custom.
  The first of these, called βασιλευς, was one of the Archons; he
  offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no
  indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him
  there were four others, called ἐπιμεληται, _curators_, elected by
  the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the
  Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from
  among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this
  and every other festival, called Ἱεροποιοι, because they _offered
  sacrifices_. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or
  September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd.
  During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any
  petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to
  others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were
  initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or
  weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged
  by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law
  was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort
  of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called ἀγορμος,
  _assembly_, as it might be said that the worshippers first met
  together. The second day was called ἀλαδε μυσται, _to the sea, you
  that are initiated_, because they were commanded to purify themselves
  by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly
  a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis.
  These oblations were called Θυα, and held so sacred that the priests
  themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of
  them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the
  καλαθιον, _holy basket of Ceres_, was carried about in a consecrated
  cart, while on every side the people shouted χαιρε Δημητερ, _Hail,
  Ceres!_ After these followed women, called κιστοφοροι, who _carried
  baskets_, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a
  serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The
  fifth was called ἡ των λαμπαδων ἡμερα, _the torch day_, because on
  the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands.
  It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should
  offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess,
  and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount Ætna. The sixth
  day was called Ἰακχος, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres,
  who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a
  torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in
  its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus
  to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called
  Ἰακχαγωγοι, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard
  but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced
  along. The way through which they issued from the city was called
  Ἱερα ὁδος, _the sacred way_; the resting place Ἱερα συκη, from a
  _fig tree_ which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a
  bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by.
  After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place
  called μυστικη εἰσοδος, _the mystical entrance_. On the seventh day
  were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of
  barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day
  was called Ἐπιδαυριων ἡμερα, because once Æsculapius, at his return
  from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the
  less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a
  second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated
  might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival
  was called Πλημοχοαι, _earthen vessels_, because it was usual to
  fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards
  the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition
  of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being
  spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner
  of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the
  most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks.
  Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from
  thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from
  Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with
  the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom
  and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last
  abolished by Theodosius the Great. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,
  ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 31, &c.――_Plutarch._

      ♦ ‘horrror’ replaced with ‘horror’

=Eleusis=, or =Eleusin=, a town of Attica, equally distant from
  Megara and the Piræus, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. _See:_
  Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _Fasti_,
  ♦li. 507.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

      ♦ extraneous reference ‘5,’ removed

=Eleuther=, a son of Apollo.――――One of the Curetes, from whom a town
  of Bœotia, and another in Crete, received their name. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.

=Eleuthĕræ=, a village of Bœotia, between Megara and Thebes, where
  Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7;
  bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Eleuthĕria=, a festival celebrated at Platæa in honour of Jupiter
  Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost
  all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After
  the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius
  the Persian general, in the country of Platæa, an altar and statue
  were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from
  the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a
  general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that
  deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities
  of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, _festivals of liberty_. The
  Platæans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those
  who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration
  was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at
  the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots
  loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free
  young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the
  solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted
  had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of
  wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious
  ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though
  not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of
  any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a
  water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of
  the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There
  he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed
  the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of
  wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the
  entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in
  the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine,
  saying, “I drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of
  the liberties of Greece.” There was also a festival of the same name
  observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also,
  when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called
  Eleutheria.

=Eleutho=, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the
  delivery of pregnant women. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 6.

=Eleutherocilĭces=, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings.
  _Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4; bk. 5, _Letters
  to Atticus_, ltr. 20.

=Eleuthĕros=, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean.
  _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Elĭcius=, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 328.

=Eliensis= and =Eliăca=, a sect of philosophers founded by Phædon
  of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by
  Alcibiades. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Strabo._

=Elimēa=, or =Elimiotis=, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum
  according to others. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.

=Elis=, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north
  of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river
  Alpheus. The capital of the country called _Elis_, now _Belvidere_,
  became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the
  age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings,
  and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was
  famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often
  known and tried at the Olympic games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 494.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 26; _de
  Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.

=Eliphasii=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 11.

=Elissa=, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido.
  _See:_ Dido.

=Elissus=, a river of Elis.

=Ellopia=, a town of Eubœa.――――An ancient name of that island.

=Elōrus=, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king
  of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 145.

=Elos=, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of
  the same name.

=Elotæ.= _See:_ Helotæ.

=Elpēnor=, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by
  Circe’s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He
  fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 252.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.

=Elpinīce=, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised
  to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws
  of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.

=Eluīna=, a surname of Ceres.

=Elyces=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  fable 3.

=Elymāis=, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media.
  The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a
  rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder.
  The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the
  Romans. None of their kings are named in history. _Strabo._

=Ely̆mi=, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the
  people of Carthage. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Elymus=, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 73.

=Elyrus=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.

=Ely̆sium= and =Elysii Campi=, a place or island in the infernal
  regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the
  souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness
  was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for
  ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most
  striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the
  birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were
  blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the
  heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes
  of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts,
  while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in
  managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements
  some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they
  suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence
  and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the
  debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the
  Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others
  place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority
  of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they
  were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe
  Plutarch. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 638.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 4.――_Pindar._――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.――_Lucian._
  ――_Plutarch_, ♦_de Consul._

      ♦ Unidentified, possible typo for ‘Consolatio ad Apollonium’

=Emăthia=, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to
  the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.――_Lucan_, bk.
  1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 314.

=Emăthion=, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The
  country was called _Emathia_, from his name. Some suppose that he
  was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 313.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A man killed at the
  nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 100.

=Emăthion=, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 571.

=Embătum=, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.

=Embolīma=, a town of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Emerĭta=, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. _Pliny_, bk. 9,
  ch. 41.

=Emessa= and =Emissa=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Emoda=, a mountain of India.

=Empĕdŏcles=, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in
  Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the
  Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He
  wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended,
  in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him.
  He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and
  lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses
  were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the
  Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less
  remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning.
  He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to
  become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily,
  and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains
  of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit
  the flames of the crater of Ætna proved fatal to him. Some maintain
  that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his
  death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and
  perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated,
  and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to
  the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that
  he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
  ch. 50, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
  Philosophers_.

=Emperāmus=, a Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Empōclus=, an historian.

=Empŏria Punĭca=, certain places near the Syrtes.

=Emporiæ=, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now _Ampurias_. _Livy_,
  bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.

=Encĕlădus=, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the
  giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter’s
  thunders, and overwhelmed under mount Ætna. Some supposed that he
  is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of Ætna
  proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned
  his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and
  shook from its very foundations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 578,
  &c.――――A son of Ægyptus.

=Enchĕleæ=, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a
  serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 189.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Endeis=, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married Æacus king of
  Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Endēra=, a place of Æthiopia.

=Endy̆mion=, a shepherd, son of Æthlius and Calyce. It is said that
  he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to
  sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of _Endymionis
  somnum dormire_, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he
  slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she
  came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion
  married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne
  daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, Pæon, Epeus, and Æolus,
  and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show
  himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best
  racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained
  by Epeus. The fable of Endymion’s amours with Diana, or the moon,
  arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night
  on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been
  reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there
  were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd
  or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that
  Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show
  his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 25.
  ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1.――_Juvenal_, satire 10.
  ――_Theocritus_, poem 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Enĕti=, or =Henĕti=, a people near Paphlagonia.

=Engȳum=, now _Gangi_, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250.

=Enienses=, a people of Greece.

=Eniopeus=, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 120.

=Enīpeus=, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. _Lucan_,
  bk. 6, li. 373.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro
  the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the
  shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. _Ovid_,
  _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 5.――_Strabo._

=Enispe=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Enna=, now _Castro Janni_, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a
  beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4,
  ch. 104.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 522.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 37.

=Ennia=, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Quintus Ennius=, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria.
  He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his
  genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and
  unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed
  to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the
  energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian
  warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing
  many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which
  he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic
  verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed
  much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical
  compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent
  intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the
  70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his
  age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was
  esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and
  Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side
  of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:

         _Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam!
            Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum.
          Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu
            Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora virûm._

  Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius
  bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the
  tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing
  remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of
  ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to,
  Amsterdam, 1707. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 424.――_Cicero_, _de
  Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 2,
  ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 117,
  &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cato_.

=Ennŏmus=, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
  li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.

=Ennosigæus=, _terræ concussor_, a surname of Neptune. _Juvenal_,
  satire 10, li. 182.

=Enŏpe=, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Enops=, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――――The father of Thestos.――――A Trojan
  killed by Patroclus. _Iliad_, bk. 16.

=Enos=, a maritime town of Thrace.

=Enosichthon=, a surname of Neptune.

=Enotocœtæ=, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to
  their heels. _Strabo._

=Entella=, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 205.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.

=Entellus=, a famous athlete among the friends of Æneas. He was
  intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he
  conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.

=Enyalius=, a surname of Mars.

=Enȳo=, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by
  some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 10,
  li. 203.

=Eone=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eordæa=, a district at the west of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39;
  bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.

=Eos=, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous
  is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 3, li. 406; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.

=Eōus=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
  li. 153, &c.

=Epāgris=, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle _Hydrussa_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Epaminondas=, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of
  Bœotia. His father’s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for
  his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth
  was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed
  a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life
  he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from
  the power of Lacedæmon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was
  set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at
  the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas
  made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the
  territories of Lacedæmon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many
  friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as
  a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making
  the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law
  which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power
  more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to
  redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his
  country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on
  his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin.
  This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again
  with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly,
  and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedæmonians. The hostile
  armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting
  in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the
  breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he
  heard that the Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of
  his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented
  his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his
  life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian
  states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused
  with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by
  Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer
  as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly
  esteemed among his countrymen. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
  ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius_, bk. 1.

=Epantelii=, a people of Italy.

=Epaphrodītus=, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to
  destroy himself. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.――――A freedman of Augustus,
  sent as a spy to Cleopatra. _Plutarch._――――A name assumed by Sylla.

=Epăphus=, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt,
  which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter
  of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of
  Ægyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 153.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 699, &c.

=Epasnactus=, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Epebŏlus=, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from
  obtaining the sovereignty. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.

=Epēi= and =Elēi=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Epetium=, now _Viscio_, a town of Illyricum.

=Epēus=, a son of Endymion, brother to Pæon, who reigned in a part of
  Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 1.――――A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the
  famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Ephĕsus=, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons;
  or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a
  son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which
  was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was
  425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127
  columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings.
  Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one
  of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building
  was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation.
  Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance
  a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by
  Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense,
  and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most
  awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that
  Alexander was born [_See:_ Erostratus], and soon after it rose from
  its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered
  to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon
  it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This
  generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the
  language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should
  raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus
  to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death
  the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its
  ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient
  ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name
  of _Ajasalouc_ to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus.
  The words _literæ Ephesiæ_ are applied to letters containing magical
  powers. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.
  ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.

=Ephĕtæ=, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by
  Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of
  51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They
  were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great
  and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted
  them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the
  life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was
  required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their
  behaviour austere and full of gravity.

=Ephialtes=, or =Ephialtus=, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine
  inches every month. _See:_ Aloeus.――――An Athenian, famous for his
  courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander,
  and was killed at Halicarnassus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A Trachinian
  who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to
  attack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 213.

=Ephŏri=, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by
  Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were
  five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and
  restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if
  guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a
  wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional
  behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people
  at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and
  rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money,
  and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and
  they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the
  greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed
  of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000
  Lacedæmonians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, ch. 3.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ephŏrus=, an orator and historian of Cumæ in Æolia, about 352 years
  before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he
  wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles
  that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years.
  It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. _Quintilian_,
  bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Ephy̆ra=, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph
  of the same name, and thence _Ephyreus_ is applied to Dyrrhachium,
  founded by a Grecian colony. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 264.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 239.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 17.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 59.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
  li. 181.――――A city of Threspotia in Epirus.――――Another in Elis.
  ――――Ætolia.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 343.

=Epicaste=, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of Œdipus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A daughter of Ægeus, mother of
  Thestalus by Hercules.

=Epicerides=, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for
  his beneficence. _Demosthenes._

=Epichăris=, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused
  to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the
  greatest torments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Epicharmus=, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily,
  who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His
  compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon
  philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their
  kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he
  added the two letters χ and θ to the Greek alphabet. He flourished
  about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 3 & 8.
  ――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

=Epicles=, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
  li. 378.

=Epiclīdes=, a Lacedæmonian of the family of the Eurysthenidæ. He
  was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place
  of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Epicrătes=, a Milesian, servant to Julius Cæsar.――――A poet of
  Ambracia. _Ælian._――――The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive
  of supreme authority. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 3.

=Epictētus=, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally
  the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven
  from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor’s death, and
  gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics
  he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he
  declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly
  adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen
  lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for
  3000 drachmas. His _Enchiridion_ is a faithful picture of the
  stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his
  pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid
  of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his
  compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus,
  who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus
  wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage
  to his country. There are several good editions of the works of
  Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of
  which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to,
  1711; and Arrian’s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.

=Epĭcūrus=, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata,
  born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and
  of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he
  distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the
  age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,

                  Ἠτοι μεν πρωτιστα χαος γενετ’, &c.,

          _In the beginning of things the Chaos was created_,

  Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher
  answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. “Then,” says the
  youth, “philosophers henceforth shall instruct me.” After having
  improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited
  Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics,
  the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and
  soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity
  of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the
  happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from
  sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the
  mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked
  by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the
  Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing
  them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the
  affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries
  by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on
  places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils,
  was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his
  disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by
  silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by
  continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long
  subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore
  with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before
  Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their
  respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity
  which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were
  at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus
  enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The
  day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during
  a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent
  amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the
  only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He
  wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes Laërtius;
  and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius,
  that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than
  he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the
  number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and
  arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago
  had said, without showing anything which might be called originality.
  The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country;
  his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when
  the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of
  virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even
  Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the
  attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the
  Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods
  that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers.
  But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when
  Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition,
  the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the
  effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of
  the world. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent
  Philosophers_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 3, ch. 49; _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Epicydes=, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.

=Epidamnus=, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite
  Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called
  _Dyrrachium_, considering the ancient name (_ad damnum_) ominous.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Plautus_,
  _Menæchmi_, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.

=Epidaphne=, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of
  Drusus died there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 83.

=Epidauria=, a festival at Athens in honour of Æsculapius.――――A country
  of Peloponnesus.

=Epidaurus=, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly
  dedicated to the worship of Æsculapius, who had there a famous
  temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne.
  It is now called _Pidaura_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 3, li. 44.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――――A town of Dalmatia, now _Ragusi Vecchio_,――――of Laconia.

=Epidium=, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of
  Cantyre, according to some. _Ptolemy._

=Epidius=, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. _Pliny_,
  bk. 16, ch. 25.

=Epidotæ=, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth
  of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of _Dii
  Averrunci_. They were worshipped by the Lacedæmonians, and chiefly
  invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.

=Epigĕnes=, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. _Pliny_, bk. 7,
  ch. 56.

=Epigeus=, a Greek killed by Hector.

=Epigŏni=, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were
  killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous
  in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The
  sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge
  the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the
  command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcmæon the son
  of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the
  people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged
  all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and
  the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas.
  The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the
  Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas
  their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were
  soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war Ægialeus alone
  was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped
  alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes,
  was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses,
  ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many
  writers. “For my part,” continues the geographer, “I own that,
  next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer
  poem.” _Pausanias_, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――This name has been applied to the sons
  of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed
  connections with the women of Asia.

=Epĭgŏnus=, a mathematician of Ambracia.

=Epigranea=, a fountain in Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Epīi= and =Epēi=, a people of Elis.

=Epilarus=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Epimĕlĭdes=, the founder of Corone. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Epimĕnes=, a man who conspired against Alexander’s life. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Epimenĭdes=, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His
  father’s name was Agiasarchus and his mother’s Blasta. He is
  reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander
  from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered
  into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47,
  or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every
  object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was.
  His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great
  astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he
  was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he
  had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and
  useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in
  the Grecian communities. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 34.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 12.

=Epĭmētheus=, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who
  inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of
  Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had
  brought with her [_See:_ Pandora], and from thence issued a train of
  evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human
  race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the
  box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which
  comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey
  by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. _See:_
  Prometheus.

=Epĭmēthis=, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 390.

=Epĭochus=, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.

=Epiŏne=, the wife of Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.

=Epiphanea=, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now _Surpendkar_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.
  ――――Another of Syria on the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Epiphănes= (_illustrious_), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of
  Syria.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house
  of the Lagidæ. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Epipanius=, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the
  writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the
  fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit.
  The only edition is by _Dionysius Petavius_, 2 vols., Paris, 1622.
  The bishop died A.D. 403.

=Epipŏlæ=, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a
  wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed
  60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4¾ miles
  long, and of great height and thickness.

=Epīrus=, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian
  sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son
  of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to
  the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman
  dominions. It is now called _Larta_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 121.

=Epistrŏphus=, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan
  war. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Epitades=, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade
  laws to be made. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.

=Epitus.= _See:_ Epytus.

=Epium=, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.

=Epŏna=, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man’s union
  with a mare.

=Epŏpeus=, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to
  Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes.
  This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were
  both killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7,
  &c.――――A son of Aloeus, grandson to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who
  attempted to abuse Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 619.

=Eporedōrix=, a powerful person among the Ædui, who commanded his
  countrymen in their war against the Sequani. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 7, ch. 67.

=Epŭlo=, a Rutulian killed by Achates. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12,
  li. 459.

=Epytides=, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the
  companion of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 547.

=Epy̆tus=, a king of Alba. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 44.――――A king
  of Arcadia.――――A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidæ.
  ――――The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 17.

=Equajusta=, a town of Thessaly.

=Equĭcŏlus=, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684.

=Equīria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars,
  when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius.
  _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
  li. 859.

=Equotutĭcum=, now _Castel Franco_, a little town of Apulia, to which,
  as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5,
  li. 87,

          _Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est._

=Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty.
  _Curtius_, bk. 10.

=Eræa=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.

=Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

=Erăsēnus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under
  the ground, in Argolis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 275.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.

=Erasistrătus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher
  Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which
  Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was
  rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus.
  He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C.
  257. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Erăto=, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and
  amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle,
  holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical
  instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress.
  Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau,
  while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a
  gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in
  the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly
  devoted to love. _Apollodorus_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 37.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 425.――――One of the
  Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――One of the Dryades, wife
  of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――One of the
  Danaides, who married Bromius.――――A queen of the Armenians, after
  the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Eratosthĕnes=, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second
  entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his
  time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly
  to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the
  cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the
  inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which
  the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria,
  he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he
  called 20½ degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and
  determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great
  exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after
  he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain
  of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings
  by order of one of the Ptolemies. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 6.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Eratostrătus=, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the
  same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some
  writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of
  the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the
  birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy
  merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Erātus=, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. _Apollodorus._――――A king of
  Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.

=Erbessus=, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now _Monte Bibino_.
  _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 30.

=Erchia=, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 48.

=Erĕbus=, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night,
  by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word
  Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where
  dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence
  they passed into the Elysian fields. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 26.

=Erechtheus=, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He
  was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters,
  Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war
  against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to
  obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice.
  In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune’s son, who was the general
  of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at
  Neptune’s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After
  death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years,
  and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced
  the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li. 877.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
  ――_Cicero_, _For Sestius_, ch. 21; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1,
  ch. 48; _Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Erechthĭdes=, a name given to the Athenians, from their king
  Erechtheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 430.

=Erembi=, a people of Arabia.

=Erēmus=, a country of Ethiopia.

=Erenēa=, a village of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Eressa=, a town of Æolia.

=Erēsus=, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.

=Erĕtria=, a city of Eubœa on the Euripus, anciently called _Melaneis_
  and _Arotria_. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins
  were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name
  from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Miltiades_, ch. 4.

=Erētum=, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the
  adjective _Eretinus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711.――_Tibullus_,
  bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.

=Eruthalion=, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and
  Arcadians. _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Ergăne=, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.――――A surname of
  Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Ergenna=, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. _Persius_, satire 2,
  li. 26.

=Ergias=, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.

=Ergīnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the
  Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father
  had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who
  came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards
  killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading
  Bœotia with an army. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.――――A river of
  Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A son of Neptune.――――One of the
  four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Erginnus=, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after
  the death of Typhis.

=Eribœa=, a surname of Juno. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――The mother of
  Ajax Telamon. _Sophocles._

=Eribotes=, a man skilled in medicine, &c. _Orpheus._

=Erĭcētes=, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 749.

=Erichtho=, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous
  herbs and medicine. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 507.――――One of the Furies.
  _Ovid._――_Hesiod_, bk. 2, li. 151.

=Erichthŏnius=, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of
  Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer
  violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of
  serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which
  she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not
  to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the
  curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her
  indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. _See:_
  Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens.
  He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots
  is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to
  draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name
  of Bootes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 553.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 166.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 113.――――A son of Dardanus,
  who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about
  75 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Ericinium=, a town of Macedonia.

=Ericūsa=, one of the Lipari isles, now _Alicudi_.

=Erĭdănus=, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps,
  and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the
  _Po_. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of
  Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls
  it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and
  Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. _Cicero_, _Aratus_, li.
  145.――_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 6,
  li. 175.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 3.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 409.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 482; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 659.

=Erĭgŏne=, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard
  that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had
  intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the
  name of _Virgo_. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a
  beautiful grape. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Statius_,
  bk. 11, _Thebiad_, li. 644.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 24.――――A
  daughter of Ægisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother
  Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the
  legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Erigoneius=, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards
  Erigone, &c. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 723.

=Erĭgŏnus=, a river of Thrace.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Erigȳus=, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. _Curtius_,
  bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Erillus=, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Erindes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,
  ch. 16.

=Erinna=, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.

=Erinnys=, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the
  _fury of the mind_, ἐρις νους. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 2, li. 337.――――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with
  Neptune under the form of a horse. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

=Eriopis=, a daughter of Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Eriphănis=, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She
  was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company
  she accustomed herself to live in the woods. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Eriphidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at
  Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Erĭphȳle=, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus.
  She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed
  himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition
  against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered
  herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which
  had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and
  she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle
  compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged
  his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of
  his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was
  no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle
  was murdered by the hands of her son. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li.
  445.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4,
  ch. 18.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 73.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Eris=, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as
  the Discordia of the Latins. _See:_ Discordia.

=Erisichthon=, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut
  down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted
  him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to
  gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his
  own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of
  transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made
  use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after
  which she assumed another shape, and became again his property.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 18.

=Erithus=, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5.

=Erixo=, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his
  son to death. _Seneca_, bk. 1, _de Clementia_, ch. 14.

=Erōchus=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Erōpus= or =Æropes=, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle
  succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the
  Illyrians, whom he conquered. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Eros=, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself.
  Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master,
  he killed himself in his presence. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A
  comedian. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_, ch. 2.――――A son
  of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. _See:_ Cupido.

=Erostrătus.= _See:_ Eratostratus.

=Erōtia=, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was
  celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and
  games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or
  seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer
  sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

=Errūca=, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

=Erse=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse.

=Erxias=, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the
  same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

=Eryălus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 16, li. 411.

=Erybium=, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

=Erycīna=, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple.
  She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 874.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

=Ery̆manthis=, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus.
  ――――Arcadia is also known by that name.

=Erymanthus=, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules
  killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders
  to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid
  himself in a brazen vessel. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 802.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 499.

=Ery̆mas=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Erymnæ=, a town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――――Of
  Magnesia.

=Erymneus=, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

=Ery̆mus=, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

=Erythea=, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 195.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 649.――――A daughter of Geryon. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 37.

=Erythīni=, a town of Paphlagonia.

=Erȳthræ=, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a
  Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――A town of Bœotia.
  _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 21.――――One in Libya,――――another in Locris.

=Ery̆thræum mare=, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it
  has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or
  the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who
  by the word _Erythran_, understood indiscriminately either the Red
  sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras,
  or from the _redness_ (ἐρυθρος, _ruber_) of its sand or waters.
  _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 8.

=Ery̆thras=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Perseus
  and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called
  _Erythræum_. _Arrian_, _Indica_, bk. 6, ch. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 7.

=Erythrion=, a son of Athamas and Themistone. _Apollodorus._

=Ery̆thros=, a place of Latium.

=Eryx=, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength,
  challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the
  cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded
  to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat,
  and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 402.――――An Indian killed by his
  subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――――A
  mountain of Sicily, now _Giuliano_, near Drepanum, which received
  its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep
  that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready
  to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong
  wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer,
  which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of
  art. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 478.――_Hyginus_, fables 16 & 260.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 16.

=Eryxo=, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus
  who courted her. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Esernus=, a famous gladiator. _Cicero._

=Esquĭliæ= and =Esquilīnus mons=, one of the seven hills of Rome,
  which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally
  came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed
  there, and thence they were called _Esquilinæ alites_. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 11.――_Horace_, epode 5, li. 100.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2,
  ch. 32.

=Essedŏnes=, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the
  flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the
  head and kept it as sacred. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.

=Essui=, a people of Gaul.

=Estiæotis=, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

=Esŭla=, a town of Italy near Tibur. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

=Estiaia=, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to
  carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

=Etearchus=, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife,
  he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her
  stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations
  which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be
  thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony
  to Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154.

=Eteŏcles=, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it
  was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should
  both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles
  by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the
  first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the
  crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices,
  resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement,
  went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He
  received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after
  assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These
  hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did
  not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven
  leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of
  the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he
  opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to
  Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus.
  Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was
  at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be
  decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted
  with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said
  that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one
  to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even
  after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.――_Aeschylus_,
  _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A Greek, the first who raised altars
  to the Graces. _Pausanias._

=Eteŏclus=, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in
  his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his
  disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the
  son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. _Euripides._――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Iphis.

=Eteocrētæ=, an ancient people of Crete.

=Eteones=, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,
  li. 266.

=Eteoneus=, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus
  visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,
  li. 22.

=Eteonīcus=, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that
  Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of
  this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so
  terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the
  enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the
  siege. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Etēsiæ=, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very
  common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn.
  _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 741.

=Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for
  carrying away Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 647.

=Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. _Strabo._

=Ethŏda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

=Ethēmon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 163.

=Etias=, a daughter of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Etrūria.= _See:_ Hetruria.

=Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions
  and enchantments. _See:_ Hetruria. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Etylus=, the father of Theocles. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the
  addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs
  who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with
  thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes
  had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw
  herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 800.――――A daughter of the
  Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

=Evăgŏras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken
  from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the
  king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and
  Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy.
  The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw
  himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to
  the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions,
  except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this
  fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons,
  Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew
  Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for
  his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty
  of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be
  said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson
  bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed
  himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of
  his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to
  Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than
  that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he
  was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A man of Elis, who obtained
  a prize at the Olympian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――A
  Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 10.――――A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A king
  of Rhodes.――――An historian of Lindos.――――Another of Thasos, whose
  works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural
  history. _Pliny_, bk. 10.

=Evăgŏre=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild
  ejaculation of _Evan! Evan!_ by his priestesses. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 517.

=Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An
  accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to
  Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions,
  and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards
  founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the
  conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He
  gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself
  by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek
  alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek
  deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects,
  who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 18.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 100,
  &c.――――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

=Evangĕlus=, a Greek historian.――――A comic poet.

=Evangorĭdes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those
  who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been
  victorious. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some
  Locrians.――――A celebrated Greek poet.――――An historian of Miletus.
  ――――A philosopher of Samos.――――A writer of Cyzicus.――――A son of
  Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 4.

=Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the
  confines of Cappadocia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 102.

=Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he
  was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702.

=Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. _Pliny_,
  bk. 25, ch. 2.

=Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls
  and Britons. _See:_ Druidæ.

=Eubātas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain
  endeavoured to seduce. _Pausanias_, _Elis_, bk. 1.

=Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 415.

=Eubœa=, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called
  _Negropont_. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the
  narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the
  different names of _Macris_, _Oche_, _Ellopia_, _Chalcis_, _Abantis_,
  _Asopis_. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive
  parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and
  it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had
  been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the
  power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some
  time independent. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 155.――――One of the three daughters of
  the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 17.――――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――――A daughter of
  Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A town of Sicily near Hybla.

=Euboĭcus=, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the
  country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from
  Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 257.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

=Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Eubūle=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her
  sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her
  country, which laboured under a famine. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 12, ch. 18.

=Eubūlĭdes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to
  Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice
  and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the
  difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked
  the doctrines of Aristotle. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An historian,
  who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――――A famous statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 14.

=Eubūlus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――――A comic poet.
  ――――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――――A
  philosopher of Alexandria.

=Eucērus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that
  Nero might have occasion to divorce her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
  ch. 60.

=Euchēnor=, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. _Apollodorus._

=Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same
  day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to
  obtain sacred fire.

=Euclīdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404.
  When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on
  pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in
  women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.――――A mathematician of Alexandria,
  who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings
  on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements
  of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with
  demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators.
  Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became
  one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria,
  which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the
  Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at
  Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician,
  being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred
  his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition
  of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703.
  _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3,
  ch. 72.

=Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of
  the poet Homer, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 12.

=Eucrăte=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Eucrătes=, the father of Procles the historian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 21.

=Eucritus.= _See:_ Evephenus.

=Euctēmon=, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. _Curtius_,
  bk. 5, ch. 5.――――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

=Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus.

=Eudæmon=, a general of Alexander.

=Eudamĭdas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded
  on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta,
  who succeeded B.C. 268.――――The commander of a garrison stationed at
  Trœzene by Craterus.

=Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his
  father.――――A learned naturalist and philosopher.

=Eudēmus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to
  Philopœmen.――――An historian of Naxos.

=Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave
  the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

=Eudocĭmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by
  telling them that a hostile army was in sight. _Polyænus._

=Eudōra=, one of the Nereides.――――One of the Atlantides.

=Eudōrus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war
  with Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.

=Eudoxi Specŭla=, a place in Egypt.

=Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――――A daughter of Theodosius the
  younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the
  Vandal over into Italy.

=Eudoxus=, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by
  his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first
  who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought
  from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent
  a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the
  motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell
  the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. _Lucan_,
  bk. 10, li. 187.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――_Petronius_, ch. 88.――――A
  native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa
  from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns
  of Hercules.――――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――――A physician.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

=Euemĕrĭdas=, an historian of Cnidus.

=Evemĕrus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander.
  He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods,
  in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal
  men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

=Evēnor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.

=Evēnus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.――――A river running through Ætolia,
  and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus
  son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had
  promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him
  in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river,
  which afterwards bore his name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 104.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of
  Lemnos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 467.

=Evephēnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned
  to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from
  his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and
  marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius
  consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die
  if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the
  appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered
  his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant
  was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus,
  and begged to share their friendship and confidence. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 5.

=Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not
  perish in a battle against Electryon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A son
  of Hercules and Parthenope.――――The father of Tiresias. _Apollodorus._

=Evergĕtæ=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Evergĕtes=, a surname signifying _benefactor_, given to Philip of
  Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also
  commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see
  among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a
  Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that
  epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

=Evesperĭdes=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.

=Eugănei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who,
  upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 604.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

=Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of
  Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

=Euhemerus.= _See:_ Evemerus.

=Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.

=Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of
  the giants against Jupiter. _Horace_, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

=Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.
  ――――Another. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The mother of the
  Pierides, who were changed into magpies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 303.

=Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother
  Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
  li. 417.

=Eulimĕne=, one of the Nereides.

=Eumăchius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

=Eumæus=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at
  his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and
  assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the
  son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates,
  he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and
  services. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15,
  li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

=Eumēdes=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where
  he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 346.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēlis=, a famous augur. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 8, li. 49.

=Eumēlus=, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to
  the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army.
  He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus.
  _Homer_. _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 23.――――A man whose daughter was changed
  into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 390.――――A man
  contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of
  agriculture. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――One of the followers of
  Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on
  fire by the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 665.――――One
  of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history
  of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus,
  who died B.C. 304.

=Eumĕnes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a
  charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander
  to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia
  and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power
  and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his
  forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus.
  Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been
  killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral
  from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the
  ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains
  to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and
  conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms
  were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly
  by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle
  obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure
  himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants,
  to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he
  was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a
  year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes
  so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by
  the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the
  hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not
  the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers
  in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as
  carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed;
  but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes,
  delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the
  company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should
  not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the
  greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of
  Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not
  a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the
  release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when
  Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power,
  he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some
  imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror.
  His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of
  a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in
  public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and
  under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and
  particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank
  of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose
  orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral,
  and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It
  has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over
  the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared
  to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to
  his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from
  private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his
  deceased benefactor’s children. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 10.――_Arrian._――――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle
  Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus
  the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon
  many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with
  the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was
  a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an
  excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by
  Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――――The second of that name succeeded his
  father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was
  small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his
  alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase
  of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the
  Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died
  B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son
  Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity,
  and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of
  Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation
  of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were
  so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted
  among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. _Strabo_,
  bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 31 & 34.――_Polybius._――――A celebrated
  orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of
  his harangues and orations are extant.――――An historical writer in
  Alexander’s army.

=Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his
  brother Eumenes.――――A city of Thrace,――――of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.――――Of Hyrcania.

=Eumĕnĭdes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Tristia_,
  poem 4, li. 27.

=Eumēnĭdes=, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang
  from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus
  received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters
  of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them
  daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos
  and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of
  Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they
  were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some
  add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of
  Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the
  vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable;
  always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in
  the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth
  by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings
  of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual
  flagellation and torments. They were also called _Furiæ_, _Erinnyes_,
  and _Diræ_, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies
  benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased
  to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices,
  and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship
  was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their
  names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured
  with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple,
  which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered
  him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their
  sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder,
  hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally
  turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were
  generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a
  black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head
  instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip
  of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror,
  rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s
  throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. _Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_.

=Eumĕnĭdia=, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the
  Athenians σεμναι θεαι, _venerable goddesses_. They were celebrated
  once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings
  of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey
  and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such
  as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were
  accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in
  a severe manner.

=Eumēnius=, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 11, li. 666.

=Eumolpe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Eumolpĭdæ=, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals
  of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were
  referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally
  severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were
  descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest
  of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful
  after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war
  against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and
  Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their
  descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain
  in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of
  Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus
  for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who
  was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in
  perpetual celibacy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Eumolpus=, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was
  thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame
  from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into
  Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards
  by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An
  act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia,
  and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the
  daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with
  the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his
  father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to
  Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis,
  and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled
  to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against
  Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office
  of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also
  invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years
  in that family. _See:_ Eumolpidæ. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 73.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 14.

=Eumonides=, a Theban, &c. _Plutarch._

=Eunæus=, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Eunapius=, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He
  flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote
  a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life
  of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with
  fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

=Eunŏmia=, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. _Apollodorus._

=Eunŏmus=, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne
  of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――A famous musician of
  Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at
  Delphi. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A man killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._
  ――――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by
  his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. _Plutarch_,
  _Demosthenes_.――――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife.
  _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Eunus=, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile
  multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut
  with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he
  breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed
  him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery
  compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself
  at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman
  armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed
  on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. _Plutarch_,
  _Sertorius_.

=Euonymos=, one of the Lipari isles.

=Euoras=, a grove of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eupagium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Eupalămon=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 360.

=Eupalămus=, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Eupător=, a son of Antiochus. The surname of _Eupator_ was given
  to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Eupătoria=, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and
  called afterwards _Pompeiopolis_ by Pompey. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2.
  ――――Another called _Magnopolis_ in Pontus, now _Tehenikeh_. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Eupeithes=, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the
  former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the
  Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of
  some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most
  importuning lovers of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16.

=Euphaes=, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his
  reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

=Euphantus=, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and
  preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  _Euclides_.

      ♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes’

=Euphēme=, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by
  Pan. _Pausanias._

=Euphēmus=, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts,
  and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and
  light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his
  feet. _Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――One of the Greek captains before
  Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 353.

=Euphorbus=, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded
  Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus,
  who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the
  founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of
  souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul
  recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that
  Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at
  first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 160.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 17.――――A physician of Juba king of
  Mauritania.

=Euphorion=, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus
  the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing,
  and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public
  libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th
  year, B.C. 220. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls
  him _Obscurum_.――――The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

=Euphrānor=, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.――――This name was common to many Greeks.

=Euphrātes=, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute
  authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious
  by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was
  murdered by Parmenio.――――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian,
  who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the
  miseries of old age, A. D. 118. _Dio Cassius._――――A large and
  celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia,
  and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is
  very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city
  of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain
  season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes
  the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed
  the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 11.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

=Euphron=, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by
  bribery. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Euphrŏsy̆na=, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Euplæa=, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. _Statius_,
  bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 149.

=Eupŏlis=, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before
  the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities
  of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at
  the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he
  refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose
  that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him
  in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of
  the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship;
  but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the
  Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on
  that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no
  poet should ever after go to war. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2,
  satire 10.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Ælian._

=Eupompus=, a geometrician of Macedonia.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8.

=Eurianassa=, a town near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Eurĭpĭdes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which
  the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence
  under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under
  Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his
  writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the
  unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition
  against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some
  verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from
  the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near
  Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies.
  The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy,
  and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave
  an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them
  both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation
  of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with
  some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off.
  Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward
  on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct
  them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he
  called riches the _summum bonum_ and the admiration of gods and men,
  gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to
  listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would
  show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The
  ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him
  at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus
  king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks
  of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as
  it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in
  his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before
  the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75
  tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which
  are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus,
  Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades.
  He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially
  the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity,
  and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from
  his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic,
  and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in
  composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a
  foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100
  verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,”
  says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry
  and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for
  ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that
  some have called him μισογυνης, _woman-hater_, and perhaps from
  this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which
  appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he
  refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all
  this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so
  injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The
  best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to,
  Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and
  of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable
  editions of detached plays. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 50; _Orator_,
  bk. 3, ch. 7; _Academica_ bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 3;
  _Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bks. 1 & 4, &c.

=Eurīpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from
  the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular
  during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the
  month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is
  said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable
  to find out the causes of that phenomenon. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Euristhenes.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurōmus=, a city of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

=Eurōpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among
  the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000
  miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though
  inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning,
  power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east
  by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais
  in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa
  on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic
  and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa,
  who was carried there by Jupiter. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk.
  3, ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 275.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 222.――――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa.
  She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the
  better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled
  with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants,
  were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful
  animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god
  took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired
  towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back,
  and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and
  declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made
  vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon,
  and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she
  married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without
  children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter,
  and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own
  children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the
  christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 13.――_Moschus_,
  _Idylls_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――One of the
  Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.――――A part of Thrace near
  mount Hæmus. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Eurŏpæus=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 23.

=Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Eurōpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――――A town
  of Macedonia on the Axius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Eurōtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon.
  He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to
  the river which flows near Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta.
  It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, _the king of
  rivers_, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels,
  reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 29.
  ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 82.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 4.――――A
  river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also _Titaresus_. It
  joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it.
  _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Etrōto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus._

=Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The
  Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,
  poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, &c.

=Euryăle=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 4.――――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――――A
  daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――――One of the Gorgons who was
  immortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 207.

=Euryălus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war
  with 80 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――An illegitimate son of
  Ulysses and Evippe. _Sophocles._――――A son of Melas, taken prisoner
  by Hercules, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Trojan who came
  with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal
  friendship with Nisus. _See:_ Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 179.――――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25,
  ch. 25.――――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

=Erybătes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles
  by order of Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 32.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 3.――――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the
  Nemean games, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――――One of the Argonauts.

=Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. _Hesiod._――――A
  daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses
  by Crius.――――A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Eurybiădes=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles
  of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with
  want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles
  when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians,
  upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Themistocles_.

=Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between
  his countrymen and the Athenians. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A
  son of Nereus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Euryclēa=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her
  for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her
  with much tenderness and attention. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.

=Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and
  Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian
  soldiers in the quarries. _Plutarch._――――A Lacedæmonian at the
  battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
  ――――A soothsayer of Athens.

=Eurycrătes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurycrătĭdas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.

=Eurydămas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two
  sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5, li. 148.――――One of Penelope’s suitors. _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li.
  283.――――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed
  to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any
  signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 10, ch. 19.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Eurydăme=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. _Herodotus._

=Eurydămĭdas=, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Eury̆dĭce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her
  husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called
  Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom
  she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against
  Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not
  Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the
  throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his
  mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip,
  who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts
  from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal
  satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for
  protection. The manner of her death is unknown. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Iphicrates_, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her
  uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of
  Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but
  he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called
  back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against
  Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops.
  Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who
  commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword,
  or the halter. She chose the latter.――――The wife of the poet Orpheus.
  As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she
  was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus
  was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the
  melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his
  wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon
  earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife
  rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever
  taken from him. _See:_ Orpheus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457,
  &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
  li. 30, &c.――――A daughter of Adrastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
  ――――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Actor. _Apollodorus._
  ――――A wife of Æneas. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A daughter of
  Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――――A daughter of Antipater,
  who married one of the Ptolemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
  daughter of king Philip. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――――A daughter
  of Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Clymenus,
  who married Nestor. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A wife of Demetrius,
  descended from Miltiades. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Eurygania=, a wife of Œdipus. _Apollodorus._

=Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

=Eury̆lŏchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did
  not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him
  in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for
  which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 287.――――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into
  Cyrrhæ, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A man who discovered the conspiracy
  which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Eury̆măchus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c.
  ――――One of Penelope’s suitors.――――A son of Antenor.――――A lover of
  Hippodamia. _Pausanias._

=Eury̆mĕde=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. _Apollodorus._

=Eurymĕdon=, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――――A river of Pamphylia, near which
  the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470.
  _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――――A man who accused
  Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

=Eurymĕnes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus._

=Eurynŏme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. _Hesiod._――――A
  daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――――A woman of
  Lemnos, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 136.――――The wife of Lycurgus son
  of Aleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――The mother of Asopus by
  Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――One of Penelope’s female
  attendants. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 515.――――An Athenian sent
  with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.

=Eurynŏmus=, one of the deities of hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 28.

=Euryŏne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

=Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious
  that his descendants were called _Eurypontidæ_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 7.

=Eurypy̆le=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Eury̆py̆lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan
  war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 11.――――A Grecian at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
  ――――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized
  himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3.――――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against
  his father’s life. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A son of Neptune,
  killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――One of Penelope’s
  suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A Thessalian who became
  delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the
  plunder of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.――――A soothsayer in the
  Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how
  his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries
  was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 2, li. 114.――_Ovid._

=Eurysthĕnes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension
  with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan
  throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother,
  who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to
  declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order
  of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two
  brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right
  of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit
  on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes
  were called _Eurysthenidæ_; and those of Procles, _Proclidæ_. It
  was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same
  family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes
  violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called
  Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called _Agidæ_. There
  sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes,
  and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.

=Eurysthenĭdæ.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.

=Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe
  the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that
  he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena,
  as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be
  subservient to the will of the other. _See:_ Alcmena. This natural
  right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of
  the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation,
  imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well
  known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of
  Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a
  greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where
  he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After
  the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his
  children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he
  had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was
  killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules.
  His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of
  the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out
  the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on
  the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 30 & 32.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33;
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 292.

=Eury̆te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. _Apollodorus._
  ――――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. _Apollodorus._

=Euryteæ=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Eury̆tĕle=, a daughter of Thespius.――――A daughter of Leucippus.
  _Apollodorus._

=Eurythĕmis=, the wife of Thestius. _Apollodorus._

=Eury̆thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia
  was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs,
  at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A herdsman
  of Geryon, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――A king of
  Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.
  ――――One of the Argonauts. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 311.
  ――――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games
  exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.
  ――――A silversmith. _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 499.――――A man of Heraclea
  convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition
  of the oligarchical power there. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics._

=Eury̆tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.

=Eury̆tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1,
  li. 439.――――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his
  daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules
  conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his
  daughter as the prize of his victory. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4
  & 7.――――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and
  Hercules, and killed by the hero.――――A son of Augias, killed by
  Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games.
  _Apollodorus._――――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.
  ――――A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A giant
  killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

=Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360,
  highly and deservedly lamented.

=Eusebius=, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor
  Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius
  and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which
  consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine,
  Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises,
  most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and
  Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi,
  1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge.
  1720.

=Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus.

=Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the
  Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best
  edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil,
  3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of
  Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in
  the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin
  translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata
  of the present day.――――A man who wrote a very foolish romance
  in Greek, entitled _De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus_, edited by
  Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

=Eutæa=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She
  presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the
  flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned
  with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists
  attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed
  to be the production of Melpomene. _See:_ Musæ.――――The name of the
  mother of Themistocles according to some.

=Euthycrătes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was
  particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of
  Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that
  of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. _Pliny_,
  bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

=Euthydēmus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished
  himself by his eloquence, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Euthȳmus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Eutrapĕlus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――――A hair-dresser. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

=Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 32.

=Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he
  carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His
  origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from
  the epithet of _Clarissimus_ prefixed to his history, that he was
  a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from
  the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the
  work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being
  acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is
  extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without
  elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, _Cum
  notis variorum_, 8vo, _Leiden_, 1729 & 1762.――――A famous eunuch at
  the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

=Eutychĭde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to
  the grave by 20 of her children. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Eutychĭdes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 15,
  _Letters to Atticus_.――――A sculptor.

=Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. _Apollodorus._

=Euxenĭdas=, a painter, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Euxĕnus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of
  Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Euxīnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north
  of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called
  ἀξεινος, _inhospitable_, on account of the savage manners of the
  inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the
  plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened
  their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but
  Euxenus, _hospitable_. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be
  1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and
  in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and
  receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth,
  except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has
  a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called
  the _Black_ sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. _Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 85.

=Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of
  Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

=Exadius=, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 264.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 266.

=Exæthes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 7.

=Exagŏnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome
  and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the
  consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents.
  These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and
  harmlessly licked him with their tongues. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Exomătræ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.


                                   F

=Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when
  beans (_fabæ_) were presented as an oblation.

=Fabăris=, now _Farfa_, a river of Italy in the territories of the
  Sabines, called also _Farfarus_, _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715.

=Fabia.= _See:_ Fabius Fabricianus.

=Făbia lex=, _de ambitu_, was to circumscribe the number of
  _Sectatores_ or attendants which were allowed to candidates in
  canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

=Făbia=, a tribe at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――――A vestal
  virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

=Făbiāni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the
  Fabian family.

=Făbii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name
  from _faba_, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this
  pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son
  of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that
  they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They
  came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the
  family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There
  only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and
  from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was
  divided into six different branches, the _Ambusti_, the _Maximi_,
  the _Vibulani_, the _Buteones_, the _Dorsones_, and the _Pictores_,
  the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman
  history, but the others seldom. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 9,
  ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 235.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 845.

=Făbius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained
  the surname of _Maximus_, for lessening the power of the populace
  at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the
  Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he
  engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five
  times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over
  seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered
  himself illustrious by his patriotism.――――Rusticus, an historian in
  the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the
  encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the
  loss of his compositions.――――Marcellinus, an historian in the second
  century.――――A Roman lawyer whom _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134,
  ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――――Quintus Maximus,
  a celebrated Roman, first surnamed _Verrucosus_ from a wart on his
  lip, and _Agnicula_ from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and
  unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and
  was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state.
  In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and
  the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the
  dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal,
  not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but
  he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades,
  for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or _delayer_. Such
  operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to
  some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still
  pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate
  as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of
  horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means
  of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator,
  his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of
  Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the
  fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms
  after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian
  enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made
  an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was
  totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates
  to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The
  bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to
  Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did
  not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio,
  and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with
  contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of
  his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured
  with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and
  services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the
  public treasury. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch.
  6.――_Livy._――_Polybius._――――His son bore the same name, and showed
  himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship,
  he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the
  son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully
  obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you
  knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the
  Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral
  oration over the dead body of his son. _Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.
  ――――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of
  his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He
  flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is
  attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――――A loquacious person
  mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――――A Roman consul,
  surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――――A
  lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated
  by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a
  favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and
  when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his
  mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action,
  and patronized the parricide. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A
  chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. _Plutarch._――――A
  Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in
  Italy.――――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators.
  ――――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――――A son of
  Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――――A Roman
  surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c.
  _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――Another chosen general against the
  Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and
  fell wounded by the side of Annibal. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.
  ――――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in
  Spain.――――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against
  Viriathus in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
  ――――Dorso. _See:_ Dorso.

=Fābrātĕria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 9, ltr. 24.

=Fabrĭcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his
  pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt
  by order of Nero.――――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his
  first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and
  Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were
  acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally
  rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400
  talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus,
  and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation
  the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less
  virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of
  Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when
  he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a
  discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged
  himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal
  master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate
  knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of
  manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small
  salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel
  which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless
  ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during
  his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who
  had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house
  more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners
  of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to
  command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and
  died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public
  charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two
  daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_.――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul
  Fabricius, over the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

      ♦ ‘fidelty’ replaced with ‘fidelity’

=Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.

=Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had
  a temple. _Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 9,
  li. 117.――_Hyginus_, fable 261.

=Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 344.

=Fæsŭlæ=, now _Fiesole_, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs.
  _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_, ch. 24.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8,
  li. 478.――_Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_, ch. 27.

=Falcīdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713,
  concerning wills and the right of heirs.

=Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now _Fallerona_, of which the inhabitants
  were called Falerienses. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Falerii= (or ium), now _Palari_, a town of Etruria, of which the
  inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their
  laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a
  peculiar sort of sausage. _See:_ Falisci. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 46.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 84; _ex
  Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.――_Cato_, _De Re Rustica_, bks. 4 & 14.
  ――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil_, bk. 7, li. 695.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 23.

=Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its
  wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 22,
  ch. 14.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 57.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 96.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Fălisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When
  they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates
  of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the
  Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the
  place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation,
  and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the
  town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance
  of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they
  surrendered to the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Faliscus Gratius.= _See:_ Gratius.

=Fama= (_fame_), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess,
  and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. _Statius_, bk. 3,
  _Thebiad_, li. 427.

=Fannia=, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in
  his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and
  divorced her from her husband.

=Fannia lex=, _de sumptibus_, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It
  enacted that no person should spend more than 100 _asses_ a day at
  the great festivals, and 30 _asses_ on other days, and 10 at all
  other times.

=Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in _Brutus_.

=Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems
  and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount
  Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――――A person who killed himself
  when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. _Martial_, bk. 12,
  ltr. 80.――――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the
  cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

=Fanum Vacūnæ=, a village in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Farfărus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above
  Capena. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.

=Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from
  Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (_fascis_), and placed at
  Aricia.

=Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 261.

=Faucŭla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman
  prisoners at Capua. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Faventia=, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Of Italy.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 597.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 15.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

=Faveria=, a town of Istria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 11.

=Faula=, a mistress of Hercules.

=Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally
  called _Marica_. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of
  Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of _Fatua_ and _Fatidica_.
  It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus,
  and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among
  the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as _Bona
  Mater_. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that
  she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use
  of wine. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.――_Varro._――_Justin_,
  bk. 43, ch. 1.

=Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

=Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the
  legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They
  were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb
  or a kid with great solemnity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 10.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 392.

=Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about
  1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to
  the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour
  of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the
  Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a
  liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture
  made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after
  death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and
  was consulted to give oracles. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10,
  li. 55.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17.

=Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated
  the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. _Suetonius_,
  _Vespasian_, ch. 19.

=Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

=Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.
  ――――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties
  and vices.

=Faustīna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her
  debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty,
  loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex.
  She married Marcus Aurelius.――――The third wife of the emperor
  Heliogabalus bore that name.

=Faustĭtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over
  cattle. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

=Faustŭlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He
  privately brought them up at home. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Justin_,
  bk. 43, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two
  of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, _Juvenal_ mentions,
  satire 7, li. 12.

=Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――――The
  Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were
  also called _Februa_, whence the name of the month of February,
  during which the oblations were made.

=Feciāles=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war
  and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one
  of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after
  the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared
  if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear
  into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. _Cæsar_,
  bk. 3, _Civil War_.

=Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor
  of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the
  husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one
  granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish
  princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown.
  _Suetonius_, _Divus Claudius_, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
  ch. 14.

=Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

=Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at
  Cumæ.――――One of the gates at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 578.

=Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now
  considered as Finland. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Ferālia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th
  or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time
  presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were
  forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally
  believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered
  over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand
  of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in
  the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they
  enjoyed rest and liberty.

=Ferentīnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The
  inhabitants were called _Ferentinates_, or _Ferentini_. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43
  & 44.

=Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now _Forenza_. _Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

=Fĕrētrius=, a surname of _Jupiter_, _a ferendo_, because he had
  assisted the Romans, or _a feriendo_, because he had conquered their
  enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus,
  where the spoils called _opima_ were always carried. Only two
  generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Atticus_, ch. 20.

=Feriæ Latīnæ=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud.
  The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on
  a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates,
  offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some
  part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship
  and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process
  of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, ltr. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
  &c. The _feriæ_ among the Romans were certain days set apart to
  celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any
  person to work. They were either public or private. The public were
  of four different kinds. The _feriæ stativæ_ were certain immovable
  days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city
  with much festivity and public rejoicing. The _feriæ conceptivæ_
  were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was
  always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these
  were the _feriæ Latinæ_, which were first established by Tarquin,
  and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for
  the provinces; the _Compitalia_, &c. The _feriæ imperativæ_ were
  appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor,
  as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the
  enemies of Rome. The _feriæ Nundinæ_ were regular days in which
  the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together
  and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called
  Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The _feriæ privatæ_ were
  observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages,
  funerals, and the like. The days on which the _feriæ_ were observed
  were called by the Romans _festi dies_, because dedicated to mirth,
  relaxation, and festivity.

=Fērōnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves.
  The name is derived _a ferendo_, because she gave assistance to
  her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte,
  where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice
  to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred
  fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who
  were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted
  over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames.
  The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur,
  and also another in the district of Capena. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 26.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

=Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now _Galese_, where
  the _Fescennine verses_ were first invented. These verses, the
  name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of
  rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before
  their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by
  satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter
  of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many
  lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also
  at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the
  unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus
  as of immoral tendency. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 695.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

=Fesŭlæ=, or =Fæsulæ=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony.
  _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness.
  _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded
  Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

=Fibrēnus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s
  farm at Arpinum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 400.――_Cicero_, _De
  Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now _Serpentera_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at
  the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led
  to the town was called _Ficulnensis_, afterwards _Nomentana Via_.
  _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

=Fidēna=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called
  _Fidenates_. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773.――_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17
  & 21.

=Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia
  and Parma. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 54.

=Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the
  Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

=Fĭdĭcŭlæ=, a place of Italy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was
  also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly
  addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated
  to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk.
  6, li. 213.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus_, bks. 2 & 9.

=Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and
  failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his
  troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. _Plutarch_,
  _Lucullus_.

=Firmum=, now _Fermo_, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of
  which was called _Castellum Firmanum_. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Velleius_, bk. 1, ch. 14.

=Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed
  himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

=Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar
  rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated
  by Fimbria. _Plutarch._――――A poet. _See:_ Valerius.――――A governor of
  Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two
  grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles.
  ――――A name of Horace. _See:_ Horatius.

=Ælia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of
  Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.

=Flāmĭnia lex=, _agraria_, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525.
  It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones
  had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.

=Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and
  Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was
  killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.――――A gate of
  Rome opening to the same road, now _del popolo_.

=Caius Flāmĭnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was
  drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of
  Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of
  Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body,
  but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the
  people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends,
  of the senate, and of his own father. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk.
  2, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.――_Polybius._――_Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Titus Quinctius Flāmĭnius=, or =Flaminīnus=, a celebrated Roman
  raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art
  of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every
  respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he
  was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against
  Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon
  success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest
  supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus,
  and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman
  power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all
  Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated
  action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and
  insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved
  among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance
  with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon
  popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece.
  He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given
  refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened
  out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans.
  Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the
  greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of
  his model Scipio. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.――_Florus._――――Lucius,
  the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of
  Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by
  Cato, his brother’s colleague in the censorship, an action which was
  highly resented by Titus. _Plutarch_, _Flaminius_.――――Calp. Flamma,
  a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily,
  B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.

=Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic,
  now the gulf of _Carnero_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.

=Flāvia lex=, _agraria_, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the
  distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey’s soldiers
  and the commons.

=Flāviānum=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 492.

=Flāvinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against Æneas.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 696.

=Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.
  _Tacitus._――――A tribune of the people deposed by Julius Cæsar.――――A
  Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate
  against him.――――A brother of Vespasian, &c.――――A tribune who wounded
  one of Annibal’s elephants in an engagement.――――A schoolmaster at
  Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.――――One of the
  names of the emperor Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 37.

=Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on
  its falling into the sea called _Flevo_, now _Zuider-Zee_. It was
  afterwards called _Helium_, now _Ulie_, when its breadth became more
  contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of _Flevum
  Frisiorum_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Flōra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same
  as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally
  a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which
  she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance
  of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was
  worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of
  Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long
  before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first
  who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she
  married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of
  presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. _See:_
  Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding
  in her hand the horn of plenty. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 195, &c.
  _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.――――A
  celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was
  so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was
  adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the
  rest.――――Another courtesan, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.

=Florālia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted
  about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with
  regularity and proper attention till the year ♦A.U.C. 580. They
  were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded
  licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present
  at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for
  his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to
  be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public
  theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that
  the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as
  he retired. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 1.――_Paterculus_, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 29.

      ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Flōrentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now _Florence_, the capital
  of Tuscany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Floriānus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two
  months, A.D. 276.

=Flōrus Lucius Annæus Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family
  which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment
  of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical
  style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the
  Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also
  wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who
  satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of
  dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker’s, 2 vols., 8vo,
  Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb,
  1760.――――Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero
  in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to
  him.

=Fluōnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was
  invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood.
  _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous
  herbs and for her petulance. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 42.

=Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day,
  and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 181.

=Fontānus=, a poet mentioned by _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16.

=Fontēia=, a vestal virgin. _Cicero._

=Fontēius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5,
  li. 32.――――A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the
  death of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A man who
  conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. _Plutarch_,
  _Antonius_.

=Formiæ=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It
  was anciently the abode of the Læstrygones, and it became known for
  its excellent wines, and was called _Mamurrarum urbs_, from a family
  of consequence and opulence who lived there. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14;
  bk. 38, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17;
  bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Formiānum=, a villa of Cicero near Formiæ, near which the orator was
  assassinated. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 27;
  bk. 16, ltr. 10.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Formio=, now _Risano_, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of
  Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  chs. 18 & 19.

=Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread.
  Her festivals, called _Fornacalia_, were first instituted by Numa.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 525.

=Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum
  Appii_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Fortūna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus
  according to Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to Pindar. She was
  the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and
  poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was
  worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue
  held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its
  feet. In Bœotia she had a statue which represented her as holding
  Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is
  the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first
  who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he
  represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn
  of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the
  goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples
  erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first
  who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily
  known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her
  most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents
  and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country.
  Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities,
  and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, ἀκρος. She
  was called Prænestine at Præneste in Italy, where she had also a
  temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different
  names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil,
  Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated
  to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable
  virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning
  incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated
  the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects
  there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented
  on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in
  her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her
  hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with
  wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in
  her hands. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 6, li. 569.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_ & _Caius Marcius
  Coriolanus_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 10.
  ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.

=Fortūnātæ insulæ=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic
  sea. They are supposed to be the _Canary_ isles of the moderns,
  thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from
  the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They
  were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of
  the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and
  temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various
  fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to
  Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general
  expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from
  the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. _Strabo_, bk. 1.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.

=Fŏrŭli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. _Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. _Cicero_, bk. 1,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3.
  ――――Augustum, a place at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 552.
  ――――Allieni, a town of Italy, now _Ferrara_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now _Montalto_.
  _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――Claudii, another
  in Etruria, now _Oriolo_.――――Cornelii, another, now _Imola_, in
  the Pope’s dominions. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cicero_, _Letters
  to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 5.――――Domitii, a town of Gaul,
  now _Frontignan_, in Languedoc.――――Voconii, a town of Gaul, now
  _Gonsaron_, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.――――Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul,
  south of the Po.――――Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the
  Adriatic.――――Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now _San Giavane_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 14.――――Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now _Castel
  Franco_, in the Bolognese. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 10, ltr. 30.――――Also a town of Venice called _Forojuliensis
  urbs_, now _Friuli_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12,
  ltr. 26.――――Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now _Frejus_, in
  Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. _Polybius._
  ――――Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the
  name of _Forum_ wherever there was a public market, or rather where
  the pretor held his court of justice (_forum vel conventus_), and
  thence they were called sometimes _conventus_ as well as _fora_,
  into which provinces were generally divided under the administration
  of a separate governor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 20;
  bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; _Against Vatinius_, ch. 5; _Letters
  to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
  ltr. 21.

=Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of
  Ptolemy. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Fossa=, the straits of _Bonifacio_ between Corsica and Sardinia,
  called also Taphros. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――Drusi, or Drusiana,
  a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to
  the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,
  ch. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――――Mariana, a canal
  cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war,
  and now called _Galejon_. Sometimes the word is used in the plural,
  _Fossæ_, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Fossæ Philistinæ=, one of the mouths of the Po. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called
  Francia. _Claudian._

=Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and
  Night. She presided over treachery, &c.

=Frĕgella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris,
  destroyed for revolting from the Romans, _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,
  li. 452.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 76.

=Fregēnæ=, a town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Frentāni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name
  from the river _Frento_, now _Fortore_, which runs through the
  eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite
  the islands of Diomede. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 9,
  ch. 45.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 520.

=Fretum= (_the sea_), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian
  sea, or the straits of Messina. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,
  ltr. 1.

=Frigĭdus=, a river of Tuscany.

=Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the _Frisons of
  Friesland_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60; _Histories_, bk. 4,
  chs. 15 & 72; _Germania_, ch. 36.

=Sextus Julius Frontīnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself
  known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems
  dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should
  be raised to his memory, saying _memoria nostri durabit, si vitam
  meruimus_. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo,
  Leiden, 1779.

=Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly
  esteemed.――――Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the
  company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which
  continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors.
  _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 12.

=Frŭsĭno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of
  the Liris. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 223.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 399.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.

=Fūcĭnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north
  of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius Cæsar and afterwards
  by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to
  perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with
  no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high
  mountains, is now called _Celano_, and is supposed to be 47 miles in
  circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. _Pliny_,
  bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 56.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 759.

=Fufĭdius=, a wretched usurer, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.

=Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.

=Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.

=Fulgĭnātes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief
  town was Fulginum, now _Foligno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Q. Fulgīnus=, a brave officer in Cæsar’s legions, &c. _Cæsar_, _Civil
  War_.

=Fulgōra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was
  addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of
  thunder. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 10.

=Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria.

=Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius.
  It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.

=Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius,
  and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in
  all the intrigues of her husband’s triumvirate, and showed herself
  cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero’s head had been cut off
  by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and
  with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator’s tongue
  with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon
  which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus
  to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not
  succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged
  Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved
  fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received
  her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally
  broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the
  christian era. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Antonius_.――――A woman who
  discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life.
  _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.

=Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the
  emperor’s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman
  matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus,
  that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.――――A friend of
  Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body
  was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on
  mourning for his death. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.――――Flaccus Censor, a
  Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building
  of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after
  this sacrilege. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 2.――――Servius Nobilior, a Roman
  consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had
  acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked
  at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent
  to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards
  rewarded with the consulship.

=Fundānus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into
  the Mediterranean. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 96.

=Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the
  bottom of a small deep bay called _Lacus Fundanus_. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 5, li. 34.――_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_,
  bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 59.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Fŭriæ=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and
  Proserpine, according to some. _See:_ Eumenides.

=Fŭrii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to
  settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians.
  Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to
  distinction. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Fŭria lex=, _de Testamentis_, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade
  any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 _asses_, except
  to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more
  exceptions. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Against Verres_, ch. 42.――_Livy_,
  bk. 35.

=Furīna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that
  she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the
  Tuscans by his colleague.――――A Roman slave who obtained his freedom,
  and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small
  portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which
  he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his
  prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft,
  but honourably acquitted.――――Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of
  Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally
  celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said
  that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines.
  Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. _Quintilian_,
  bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.

=Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and
  condemned, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, li. 52.――――A friend
  of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant
  historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.

=Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the
  integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and
  abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10,
  to him.――――Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci,
  where he perished. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 112.

=Fusia lex=, _de Comitiis_, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to
  be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though
  among the _fasti_.――――Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the
  votes in a public assembly should be given separately.――――Caninia,
  another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the
  manumission of slaves.

=Fusius=, a Roman orator. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_, ch. 22.――――A
  Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the
  provinces. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――――A Roman actor,
  whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated
  himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated
  Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of
  a ghost; but in vain.


                                   G

=Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Gabellus=, now _La Secchia_, a river falling in a northern direction
  into the Po, opposite the Mincius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Gabēne= and =Gabiēne=, a country of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.

=Gabia= and =Gabina=. _See:_ Gabina.

=Găbiēnus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey.
  It is maintained that he spoke after death.

=Găbii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now
  no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the
  son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by
  deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated
  him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at
  that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief
  deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking
  up their dress, whence _Gabinus cinctus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch.
  29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 709.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Găbīna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 682.

=Găbīnia lex=, _de Comitiis_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.
  614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing
  magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not _vivâ
  voce_.――――Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends
  of February to those of March.――――Another, _de Comitiis_, which
  made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly,
  agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.――――Another, _de Militiâ_,
  by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the
  power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three
  years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply
  him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean
  sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the
  sea.――――Another, _de Usurâ_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.
  685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery
  of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger.
  This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of
  _versuram facere_.――――Another, against fornication.

=Gabiniānus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.

=Găbīnius=, a Roman historian.――――Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war
  in Judæa, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself
  to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt.
  He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the
  request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died
  about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.――――A lieutenant of Antony.
  ――――A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.

=Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gadīra=, a small island in the
  Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of
  Hercules. It was some time called _Tartessus_ and _Erythia_,
  according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of _Cadiz_. Geryon,
  whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed
  _Gaditanus_, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours
  were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were
  called _Gaditani_, and their women were known for their agility
  of body, and their incontinency. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11.
  ――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 183.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_, _for Cornelius Balbus_.――_Justin_,
  bk. 44, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Gādītānus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. _See:_ Gades.

=Gæsātæ=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking
  and plundering Rome under Brennus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Gætūlia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed
  part of king Masinissa’s kingdom. The country was the favourite
  retreat of wild beasts, and is now called _Bildulgerid_. _Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 287.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Gætūlĭcus, Cnæus Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.――――A poet who wrote some
  epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though
  he often indulged in indelicate expressions.

=Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.

=Galăbrii=, a nation near Thrace.

=Galactophăgi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.

=Galæsus.= _See:_ Galesus.

=Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the
  labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth
  of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she
  solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house
  of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door
  with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she
  uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours
  of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had
  already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when
  Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded
  that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same
  unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess.
  With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a
  countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her
  mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her
  posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon
  laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she
  had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her
  on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed
  into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most
  agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood.
  This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients,
  who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in
  her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The Bœotians
  paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed,
  facilitated the labours of Alcmena. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_,
  bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.

=Galăta=, a town of Syria.――――An island near Sicily.――――A town of
  Sicily.――――A mountain of Phocis.

=Gălătæ=, the inhabitants of Galatia. _See:_ Galatia.

=Gălătæa= and =Galathæa=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris.
  She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she
  treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily,
  enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers
  was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival
  to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom
  of Galatæa. Galatæa was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as
  she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 789.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 103.――――The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were
  called Galatæ. _Ammianus_, bk. 15.――――A country girl, &c. _Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 3.

=Gălătia=, or =Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia,
  the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the
  Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking
  of Rome. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 38,
  chs. 12, 40.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 540.――_Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 4.
  ――――The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.

=Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse,
  and milk, called Γαλαξια by the Greeks.

=Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of
  his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some,
  it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder
  of the Sulpician family was remarkable.――――A king among the Gauls,
  who made war against Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch.
  4.――――A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.――――A
  mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.
  ――――Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers
  with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules
  him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.――――Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who
  rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised
  his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence.
  He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits,
  chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the
  emperor’s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new
  disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped
  from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor.
  When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed
  by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to
  gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and
  the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a
  large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor’s ministers
  greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the
  soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised
  to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age,
  and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his
  room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright
  in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended
  the
  throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot
  the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. _Suetonius_
  & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus._――――A learned man, grandfather
  to the emperor of the same name. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 4.
  ――――Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed
  his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which
  means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or
  the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius
  Scribonius, urged as due to him. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,
  ch. 53; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Galēnus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus
  Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an
  architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study
  of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the
  most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to
  Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many,
  astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that
  he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very
  intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he
  returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193.
  He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were
  burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited.
  Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of
  Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums
  upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these
  two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful
  discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their
  conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the
  works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5
  vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with
  Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very
  incorrect.

=Galeolæ=, certain prophets in Sicily. _Cicero._

=Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.――――The wife of Vitellius. _Cæsar._
  ――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――――Faustina, the wife of
  the emperor Antoninus Pius.

=Gălērius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian.
  _See:_ Maximianus.

=Gălēsus=, now _Galeso_, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay
  of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in
  its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile
  banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they
  bathed in the stream. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 126.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6,
  li. 10.――――A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a
  reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had
  killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all
  the enmities between the hostile nations. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 335.

=Galilæa=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.

=Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias,
  a daughter of Prœtus. It was celebrated before the festival of
  Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.

=Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war.
  They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often
  immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made
  with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They
  believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance
  they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations,
  but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only
  the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt
  on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the
  presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the
  defence of their country. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Tacitus._ _See:_ Gallia.――――The priests of Cybele, who received
  that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated
  the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted
  to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele.
  _See:_ Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in
  his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a
  large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. _See:_
  Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 466.――_Lucian_, _de Deâ Syriâ_.

=Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The
  inhabitants were called _Galli_, _Celtiberi_, and _Celtoscythæ_, by
  themselves _Celtæ_, by the Greeks _Galatæ_. Ancient Gaul was divided
  into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica,
  Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia _Belgia_ was the largest
  province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German
  ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy
  with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle
  of France. Gallia _Narbonensis_, which contained the provinces now
  called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphinè, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps
  and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean.
  _Aquitania_ Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge,
  Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c.,
  was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the
  ocean. Gallia _Celtica_, or _Lugdunensis_, was bounded by Belgium,
  Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the
  country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche
  Comté, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these
  great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina,
  or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of
  Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps.
  By Gallia _Cisalpina_, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which
  lies in Italy; and by _Transalpina_, that which lies beyond the
  Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia _Cispadana_,
  and _Transpadana_, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some
  of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the
  Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia _Togata_,
  the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, _togæ_,
  were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank
  of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called _Braccata_,
  on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their
  thighs. The epithet of _Comata_ is applied to Gallia Celtica, because
  the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The
  inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman
  armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages.
  They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were
  very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the
  sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. _See:_ Druidæ. They long
  maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and Cæsar resided 10
  years in their country before he could totally subdue them. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 5, &c.

=Gallicānus mons=, a mountain of Campania.

=Gallĭcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and
  Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was
  divided among the Roman citizens. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39,
  ch. 44.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_,
  bk. 1, ch. 29.――――Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of
  Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.

=Galliēnus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He
  reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended
  the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his
  activity and military character, in an expedition against the
  Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came to the purple, he delivered
  himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the
  greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and
  most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once
  of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often
  appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed
  tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil
  quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and
  of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and
  when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that
  he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition
  naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When
  his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the
  malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being
  exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at
  the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the
  emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised
  upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived
  others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these
  ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of
  his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence
  roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists,
  and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least
  favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the
  people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30
  tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to
  oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was
  assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of
  his age, A.D. 268.

=Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cumæ in Italy, famous as being the
  retreat of robbers. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 307.

=Gallipŏlis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.

=Gallogræcia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia.
  It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of
  _Gallogræci_, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in
  their emigration. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Caius Gallōnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.

=P. Gallōnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined
  well, because he was never hungry. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et
  Malorum_, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.

=Gallus.= _See:_ Alectryon.――――A general of Otho, &c. _Plutarch._――――A
  lieutenant of Sylla.――――An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.――――Caius, a
  friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy,
  and his exact calculation of eclipses. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.
  ――――Ælius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus.
  ――――Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his
  poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of
  the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his
  poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus
  Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue.
  Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of
  Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful
  of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even
  conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for
  which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so
  powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26.
  Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he
  particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that
  Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it
  at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for
  fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had
  shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted
  the beautiful episode about Aristæus and Eurydice. This eulogium,
  according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of
  Augustus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems
  6 & 10.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.――――Vibius
  Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of
  whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.――――A Roman who
  assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne.
  He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest
  indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of
  his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his
  soldiers, A.D. 253.――――Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of
  the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title
  of Cæsar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his
  benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354.
  ――――A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very
  efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. _Pliny_,
  bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 361.

=Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for
  revolting.

=Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as _Gamelius_ was of Jupiter, on
  account of their presiding over marriages.――――A festival privately
  observed at three different times. The first was the celebration
  of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and
  the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was
  observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day
  were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion
  among the Athenians. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_,
  bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Gandarītæ=, an Indian nation.

=Gangama=, a place near the Palus Mæotis.

=Gangrărĭdæ=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so
  powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed
  this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed
  by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. _Justin_, bk. 12,
  ch. 8.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 27.
  ――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.

=Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said
  by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander’s victories in the east.
  It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers,
  it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this
  superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances.
  The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and
  to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in
  its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior
  to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of
  the Rhine. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 230.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 87.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 31.

=Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman
  general, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.

=Găny̆mēde=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was
  worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Găny̆mēdes=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother
  to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus.
  He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather
  tending his father’s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the
  cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was
  carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural
  desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back
  of a flying eagle in the air. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 28, li. 231.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 252.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 155.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.

=Garætĭcum=, a town of Africa.

=Gărămantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of
  Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and
  acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them,
  and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their
  climate. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 4, li. 334.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.

=Gărămantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and
  Pilumnus by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 198.

=Gărămas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by
  Jupiter.

=Gărătas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan
  had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Gareătæ=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Gargānus=, now _St. Angelo_, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which
  advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 257.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 880.

=Gargăphia=, a valley near Platæa, with a fountain of the same name,
  where Actæon was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, li. 156.

=Gargăris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of
  collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in
  vain to destroy. He made him his successor. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 44.

=Gargărus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount
  Ida, famous for its fertility. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 103.
  ――_Macrobius_, bk. 5, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 30.

=Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 16.

=Gargĭlius Martialis=, an historian.――――A celebrated hunter. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.

=Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon’s flocks. He was killed by
  Hercules.

=Garĭtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.

=Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called _Garonne_, rising in the
  Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania.
  It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours
  of ♦Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal
  of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over
  valleys. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

      ♦ ‘Lewis’ replaced with ‘Louis’

=Gastron=, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. _Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Gatheæ=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.

=Gaugramēla=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where
  Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 16.

=Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite
  Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. _Lucan_, bk. 2,
  li. 667.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 160.――_Statius_, bk. 3,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 99.

=Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes,
  from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 15.

=Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the
  frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a
  siege of two months. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 435.

=Gēdrōsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gegănii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under
  Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the
  vestals created by Numa. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.

=Gĕla=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from
  the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a
  small river in the neighbourhood, called _Gelas_. It was built by
  a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era.
  After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of
  Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to _Phintias_, a town in the
  neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of
  Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The
  inhabitants were called _Gelenses_, _Geloi_, and _Gelani_. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 702.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.

=Gelānor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived
  of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.
  _See:_ Danaus.

=Gellia Cornelia lex=, _de Civitate_, by Lucius Gellius and Cnæus
  Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had
  been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey
  should remain in the possession of that liberty.

=Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his
  hospitality. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Gellius=, a censor, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A consul who defeated
  a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. _Plutarch._

=Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius,
  about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called _Noctes Atticæ_,
  because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the
  winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains
  many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain
  antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement
  of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best
  editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706,
  and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.

=Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute
  at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the
  Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his
  great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death
  was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of
  his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod.
  His brother Hiero succeeded him. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――A man who
  attempted to poison Pyrrhus.――――A governor of Bœotia.――――A son of
  Hiero the younger. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A general of Phocis,
  destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 1.

=Geloi=, the inhabitants of _Gela_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 701.

=Gĕlōnes= and =Gĕlōni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth
  to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more
  terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of
  Hercules. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 15; _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 725,――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Claudian_, _Against Rufinus_,
  bk. 1, li. 315.

=Gelos=, a port of Caira. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Gemĭni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the
  twin sons of Leda.

=Gemĭnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation
  of his affairs at Rome, &c.――――An inveterate enemy of Marius. He
  seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturnæ. _Plutarch_,
  _Caius Marius_.――――A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a
  favourite mistress called Flora. _Plutarch._

=Gemĭnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.

=Gemoniæ=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown.
  _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, chs. 53 & 61.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 3, ch. 74.

=Genābum=, a town of Gaul, now _Orleans_, on the Loire. _Cæsar_,
  _Civil War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 440.

=Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.

=Gēnēva=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country
  of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.

=Genīsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 3, li. 45.

=Genius=, a spirit or dæmon, which, according to the ancients,
  presided over the birth and life of every man. _See:_ Dæmon.

=Gensĕric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa,
  where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom
  in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded
  Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.

=Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at
  the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly
  resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and
  led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.

=Genua=, now _Genoa_, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal
  destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 32;
  bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Genūcius=, a tribune of the people.――――A consul.

=Genŭsus=, now _Semno_, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic
  above Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 462.

=Genutia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Lucius Genutius the tribune,
  A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same
  magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one
  year.

=Georgĭca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of
  ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of
  the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an
  account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans.
  The word is derived from γεα _terra_, and ἐργον _opus_, because it
  particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to Mæcenas,
  the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was
  seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he
  showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod,
  who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called _Works and Days_.

=Georgius Pisida.= _See:_ Pisida.

=Gephȳra=, one of the cities of the Seleucidæ in Syria. _Strabo_,
  bk. 9.

=Gephȳræi=, a people of Phœnicia, who passed with Cadmus into Bœotia,
  and from thence into Attica. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 57.

=Geræstus=, a port of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.

=Gerānia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.

=Geranthræ=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 27.

=Gergithum=, a town near Cumæ in Æolia _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Gergōvia=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.

=Gerion=, an ancient augur.

=Germānia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its
  inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved
  a watchful enemy against the Romans. Cæsar first entered their
  country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His
  example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals,
  who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of
  the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and,
  in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their
  neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two
  nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their
  women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than
  human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention
  to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude
  institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still
  prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or
  conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among
  them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them
  with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher.
  _Tacitus_, _Germania_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Germānĭcus Cæsar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus.
  He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most
  important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus
  died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection
  of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the
  unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference
  occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the
  celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return
  to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him
  to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of
  Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by
  Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at
  Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age.
  The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the
  most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one
  who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina,
  by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the
  name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not
  only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning,
  humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted
  some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek
  comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse.
  _Suetonius._――――This name was common in the age of the emperors, not
  only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even
  to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of
  an army. Domitian applied the name of _Germanicus_, which he himself
  had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself.
  _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.

=Germanii=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.

=Geronthræ=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called
  _Geronthræa_, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there
  a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter
  during the time of the solemnity. _Pausanias_, _Laconia_.

♦=Gerrhæ=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises.
  The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 71.

    ♦ ‘Gerhæ’ replaced with ‘Gerrhæ’

=Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 56.

=Gēryon= and =Gēryŏnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union
  of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having
  three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where
  he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog,
  called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus,
  went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and
  carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 187.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8,
  li. 202.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 28.

=Gessătæ=, a people of Gallia Togata. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.

=Gessoriăcum=, a town of Gaul, now _Boulogne_, in Picardy.

=Gessos=, a river of Ionia.

=Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero’s reign, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 72.――――Septimius, a son of the
  emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age
  he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans
  of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his
  father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his
  father’s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but
  Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity,
  ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he
  murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt
  of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her
  arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had
  not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to
  lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under
  the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.

=Getæ= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the
  Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a
  savage and warlike nation. The word _Geticus_ is frequently used for
  Thracian. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 111.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 7.――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1,
  li. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.

=Getulia.= _See:_ Gætulia.

=Gĭgantes=, the sons of Cœlus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod,
  sprang from the blood of the wound which Cœlus received from his
  son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra.
  They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength
  proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus,
  Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead
  of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about
  their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched.
  Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The
  defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded,
  and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter,
  and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and
  called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy
  who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons,
  and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with
  more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful
  adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into
  Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen
  themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered
  that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his
  assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules
  in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were
  soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under
  mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or
  beaten to death with clubs. _See:_ Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion,
  Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been
  supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an
  undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on
  the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of
  the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of
  Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of
  a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in
  Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of
  the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also
  mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened
  the grave of Antæus in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured
  six cubits in length. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk.
  1, ch. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Plutarch_,
  _Sertorius_.――_Hyginus_, fable 28, &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 &
  10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 280; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 580.

=Gigartum=, a town of Phœnicia.

=Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to
  the poisoning of Statira. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D.
  398.

=Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
  li. 40.

=Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 176.

=Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.――――Another of
  Mesopotamia. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.

=Ginge.= _See:_ Gigis.

=Gingūnum=, a mountain of Umbria.

=Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge
  her adulterous propensities, &c.

=Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from
  his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards
  recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what
  manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was
  satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot
  on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of
  the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general
  soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years
  before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he
  obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.

=Glădiătōrii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of
  deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the
  Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed
  that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood;
  therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood.
  In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to
  kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes,
  therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure
  and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient
  slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became
  more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to
  procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted
  themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited
  no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated
  with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very
  priests had their _Ludi pontificales_, and _Ludi sacerdotales_. It
  is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators
  exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with
  the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so
  formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take
  up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a
  train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were
  sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such
  a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws
  were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time
  in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience.
  Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women
  engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority
  of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were
  circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place,
  number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When
  they were first brought upon the _arena_, they walked round the
  place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were
  matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish
  with wooden files, called _rudes_ or _arma lusoria_. After this
  the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called _arma
  decretoria_, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was
  given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to
  fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments,
  the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his
  submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted
  to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the
  multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands
  between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together,
  or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called
  _pollicem premere_, and signified the wish of the people to spare
  the life of the conquered. The other sign, called _pollicem vertere_,
  signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his
  antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm,
  and other expressive marks of the people’s favour. He was most
  commonly presented with a _pileus_ and _rudis_. When one of the
  combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed _habet_,
  and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators
  were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence
  they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The
  _secutores_ were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the
  net of their antagonists, the _retiarii_. These last endeavoured
  to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that
  manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did
  not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a
  short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon.
  They wore a trident in their left hand. The _Thraces_, originally
  Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The
  _myrmillones_, called also _Galli_, from their Gallic dress, ♦were
  much the same as the _secutores_. They were, like them, armed with
  a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a
  fish embossed, called μορμυρος, whence their name. The _Hoplomachi_
  were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The
  _Samnites_, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large
  shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more
  conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The _Essedarii_
  generally fought from the _essedum_, or chariot used by the ancient
  Gauls and Britons. The _andabatæ_, ἀναβαται, fought on horseback,
  with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence
  _andabatarum more pugnare_, is to fight blindfolded. The _meridiani_
  engaged in the afternoon. The _postulatitii_ were men of great skill
  and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors.
  The _fiscales_ were maintained out of the emperor’s treasury,
  _fiscus_. The _dimachæri_ fought with two swords in their hands,
  whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued
  for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by
  Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution.
  They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his
  two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel
  barbarities.

      ♦ ‘where’ replaced with ‘were’

=Glanis=, a river of Cumæ,――――of Iberia,――――of Italy. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now _St. Remi_, in Provence.

=Glaphy̆re= and =Glaphy̆ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest
  of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues.
  She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus
  Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This
  amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia,
  who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from
  her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.――――Her
  granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus
  king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom
  she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her
  brother-in-law Archelaus.

=Glaphy̆rus=, an infamous adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 77.

=Glauce=, the wife of Actæus, daughter of Cychræus. _Apollodorus._
  ――――A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.――――One of the
  Nereides.――――A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. _See:_ Creusa.
  ――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. _Cicero_, _Orator_,
  ch. 3.

=Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites
  observed at Athens.

=Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
  _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Glauconŏme=, one of the Nereides.

=Glaucōpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes.
  _Homer._――_Hesiod._

=Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted
  Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his
  golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came
  the proverb of _Glauci et Diomedis permutatio_, to express a foolish
  purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 96.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A fisherman of Anthedon in Bœotia,
  son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the
  son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes
  which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the
  ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He
  attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found
  himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon
  this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus
  and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation
  he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was
  severely punished by Circe. _See:_ Scylla. He is represented like
  the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and
  shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift
  of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the
  interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition,
  and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one
  day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has
  been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent
  diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable
  199.――_Athenæus_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Aristotle_, _Constitution of Delos_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.
  ――――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of
  Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of Bœotia. He prevented his mares
  from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation
  that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired
  the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he
  returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of
  his father. He was buried at Potnia. _Hyginus_, fable 250.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 367.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――――A son of
  Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His
  father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he
  was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described
  him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks,
  would best give him intelligence of his son’s situation. Polyidus
  was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded
  by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos
  confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would
  restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life.
  Polyidus was struck with the king’s severity, but while he stood in
  astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched
  it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who
  seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and
  soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he
  laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored
  to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed,
  seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince,
  who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with
  gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before
  he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented
  with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return
  to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his
  mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot
  all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received
  from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery
  of Glaucus to Æsculapius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 136 & 251, &c.――――A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father
  on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan
  age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was
  the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of Æsculapius.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon.
  _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4.――――An Argonaut, the only one of the crew
  who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 12.――――A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.――――A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants
  reigned in Ionia.――――An athlete of Eubœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 9.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A physician
  of Cleopatra. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A warrior in the age
  of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.――――A physician exposed on a
  cross, because Hephæstion died while under his care. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.――――An artist of Chios. _Pausanias._――――A Spartan.
  _Pausanias._――――A grove of Bœotia. _Pausanias._――――A bay of Caria,
  now the gulf of _Macri_. _Pausanias._――――An historian of Rhegium in
  Italy.――――A bay and river of Libya,――――of Peloponnesus,――――of
  Colchis, falling into the Phasis.

=Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.

=Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound
  of his patron, &c. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glissas=, a town of Bœotia, with a small river in the neighbourhood.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=Glycĕra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by _Horace_, bk. 1, odes 19,
  30.――――A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that
  some attributed to her the invention of them.――――A famous courtesan,
  whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.

=Gly̆cĕrium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with
  the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.――――The
  mistress of Pamphilus in Terence’s Andria.

=Gly̆con=, a man remarkable for his strength. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1,
  li. 30.――――A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of
  poisoning his patron’s wound. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.

=Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Lacedæmonians and Messenians.
  _Polybius_, bk. 4.

=Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly
  supplied with water. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.

=Gnidus.= _See:_ Cnidus.

=Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she
  lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from
  Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called _Gnossia
  Stella_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 222.

=Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos.
  The name of _Gnossia tellus_ is often applied to the whole island.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_.

=Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the
  Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against
  the usurper Smerdis. _See:_ Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70.

=Golgi= (ōrum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus _Golgia_ and to
  Cupid. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the
  foot of mount Pindus.

=Gonātas=, one of the Antigoni.

=Goniădes=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the
  Lacedæmonians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 27.

=Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into
  Tempe. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. _Seneca_, _Troades_.

=Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. _Pausanias._

=Gordiæi=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to
  be the Ararat of scripture.

=Gordiānus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus,
  descended from Trajan by his mother’s side. In the greatest
  affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and
  virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a
  poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus
  Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness,
  that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius
  Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the
  pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take
  the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he
  had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic
  tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the
  tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by
  the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept
  the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained
  his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest
  indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the
  imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed;
  and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of
  his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been
  six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally
  lamented by the army and people.――――Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son
  of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him
  his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened
  understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the
  favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome,
  and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed
  into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who
  had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected
  emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of
  Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody
  battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six
  weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly
  blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities,
  which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though
  he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.――――Marcus
  Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years
  old when he was honoured with the title of Cæsar. He was proclaimed
  emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended
  with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age,
  he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man
  celebrated for his ♦eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was
  entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his
  son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of
  the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected
  the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored
  the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and
  political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored
  with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army
  during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than
  his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the
  Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in
  his way defeated a large body of Goths, in Mœsia. He conquered Sapor,
  and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In
  this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus
  as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the
  east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the
  virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering
  a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit,
  honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia,
  and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free,
  at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During
  the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in
  which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.

      ♦ ‘eloqence’ replaced with ‘eloquence’

=Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 38,
  ch. 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to
  the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle,
  and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they
  chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple
  of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their
  choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple
  of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was
  made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not
  be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that
  the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could
  untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed
  by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might
  inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that
  he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and
  from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled,
  and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified.
  _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Arrian_, bk. 1.
  ――――A tyrant of Corinth. _Aristotle_.

=Gorgāsus=, a man who received divine honours at Pheræ in Messenia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Gorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Althæa daughter of
  Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed
  the Heraclidæ when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her
  tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 542.――――One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides
  surnamed _Leontinus_, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was
  sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians
  against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived
  to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his
  compositions are extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Cicero_,
  _Orator_, ch. 22, &c.; _De Senectute_, ch. 15; _Brutus_, ch. 15.
  ――_Quintilian_, bks. 3 & 12.――――An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes.
  ――――An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of
  Athens. _Athenæus._――――A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.――――The name of the
  ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.

=Gorgŏnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto,
  whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except
  Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined
  with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour
  of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their
  teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to
  stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had
  serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from
  the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the
  passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her
  locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. Æschylus says that
  they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had
  the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that
  they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut
  off Medusa’s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went
  to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like
  a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva,
  besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all
  objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who
  wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus
  obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms
  to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so
  recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands;
  and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it
  to Minerva, who placed it on her ægis, with which she turned into
  stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after
  the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air
  towards Æthiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the
  ground from Medusa’s head were changed into serpents, which have
  ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus
  also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his
  golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean
  towards the west, according to Hesiod. Æschylus makes them inhabit
  the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion,
  supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake
  of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others
  explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a
  warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help
  of a large army, totally destroyed. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield
  of Heracles_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1
  & 4, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 5 & 11.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.
  ――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_, act 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_,
  odes 7 & 12; _Olympian_, poem 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 618, &c.――_Palæphatus_, _on the Daughters of Phorcys_.

=Gorgŏnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield,
  had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.

=Gorgŏnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Gorgŏphŏne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married
  Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus.
  After the death of Perieres, she married Œbalus, who made her mother
  of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists
  mention as having had a second husband. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.――――One of the Danaides.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Gorgŏphŏnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Gorgŏphŏra=, a surname of Minerva, from her ægis, on which was the
  head of the Gorgon Medusa. _Cicero._

=Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when
  young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest
  kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven
  Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19.
  ――――A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.――――A man whose knowledge
  of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.

=Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 8.

=Gortuæ=, a people of Eubœa, who fought with the Medes at the battle
  of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gortȳna=, an inland town of Crete. It was
  on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money,
  practised an artifice recorded in _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,
  ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7,
  li. 214.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 773.

=Gortȳnia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 28.

=Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones,
  Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession,
  as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power
  over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms
  against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on
  the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine.
  They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated
  kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths
  gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and
  united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced
  disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.

=Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus,
  twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity
  as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and
  at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much
  success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios,
  a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been
  educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves
  famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment
  to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to
  them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon
  popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had
  already caused such dissensions at Rome. _See:_ Agraria. By the
  means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was
  appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and
  his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the
  people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people
  by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed
  the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated
  in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace
  were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune
  the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the
  friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious
  zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by
  force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more
  vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served
  only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against
  the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the
  arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt.
  This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he
  fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from
  committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered
  by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the
  unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber,
  and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius
  has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio
  Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. _Plutarch_,
  _Parallel Lives_.――_Cicero_, _Catiline_, ch. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 6,
  li. 796.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.――――Sempronius,
  a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with
  Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of
  Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared
  his fate. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――――A general of the
  Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.――――A Roman consul, defeated
  by Annibal, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.

=Grādīvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from
  κραδαινειν, _brandishing a spear_. Though he had a temple without
  the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet
  his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and
  savage Thracians and Getæ, over whom he particularly presided.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 35.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.

=Græci=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Græcia.

=Græcia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by
  the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the Ægean,
  and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into
  four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and
  Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every
  other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air,
  the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above
  all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have
  severally been called Achæans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians,
  Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their
  cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycenæ,
  Delphi, Trœzene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose
  history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and
  traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the
  country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard
  with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin
  among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt.
  In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed
  by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities.
  The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty
  established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except
  Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The
  expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable
  among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of
  Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to
  display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the
  ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of
  the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the
  conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement,
  and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches.
  The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth,
  particularly at Lacedæmon, rendered them brave and active,
  insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of
  danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylæ, Salamis,
  Platæa, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of
  a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians.
  After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated
  with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their
  power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and
  leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of
  their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples
  of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long
  prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of
  Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved
  that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it
  ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The
  annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism
  and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted
  Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of
  their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that
  the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian
  soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious
  by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted
  by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and
  industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were
  received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was
  determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude.
  Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly
  connected with the military profession, that he was despised by
  his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with
  a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as
  the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of
  Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the
  conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations
  and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost
  universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the
  neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty
  and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally
  peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts
  of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country
  received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Græcia_.
  For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his
  successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual
  struggle in the Achæan league, it fell under the power of Rome, and
  became one of its ♦dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.

      ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Græcia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies,
  whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that
  it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that
  Magna Græcia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some
  add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.――_Strabo_, &c.

=Græcīnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to
  accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2.

=Græcus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name.
  _Aristotle._

=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.

=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_,
  _Agricola_, ch. 29.

=Granīcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there
  between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334,
  when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin._――_Curtius_,
  bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey’s generals,
  refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that Cæsar’s
  soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself.
  _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――――A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be
  strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._
  ――――A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.――――Quintus, a
  man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose
  vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43
  & 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60.

=Gratiæ=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites.

=Grātiānus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I.
  He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after
  he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became
  sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his
  imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern
  parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as
  his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered
  30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by
  his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition
  of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the
  defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined
  by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near
  Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of
  battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year
  of his age.――――A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple
  by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was
  assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed
  his elevation, A.D. 407.

=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.

=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.

=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned
  only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on
  coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and
  perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which
  it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of
  Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.

=Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366.

=Grăviscæ=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria,
  which assisted Æneas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on
  account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41,
  ch. 16.

=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c.
  _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.

=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards
  bishop of Neocæsarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266,
  and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where
  he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his
  congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other
  treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris,
  folio, 1622.――――Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop
  of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His
  writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece
  in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for
  philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and
  devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works,
  from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the
  smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy
  diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of
  the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published
  at Paris, 1778.――――A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed.
  His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has
  been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His
  writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses,
  sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints;
  the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris,
  1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.――――Another christian writer, whose
  works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris,
  1705.

=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5,
  ch. 10.

=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches,
  to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16.

=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited
  the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.

=Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river
  Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.

=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself
  slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering
  a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw
  down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when
  he heard that the enemy’s general had fallen by his hands; and
  he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every
  demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.――――One of the companions of
  Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused
  to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and
  inactivity of this squalid animal.

=Grynēum= and =Grynīum=, a town near Clazomenæ, where Apollo had a
  temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Grynæus_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _Æneid_,
  bk. 4, li. 345.

=Grynēus=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapithæ, &c.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260.

=Gyărus= and =Gyăros=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Delos.
  The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407.

=Gyas=, one of the companions of Æneas, who distinguished himself at
  the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.――――A part of the territories of
  Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.――――A Rutulian, son of
  Melampus, killed by Æneas in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 318.

=Gȳgæus=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3,
  poem 11, li. 18.

=Gȳge=, a maid of Parysatis.

=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having
  50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the
  gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_,
  bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.――――A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the
  country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this
  instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she
  ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder
  Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended
  the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was
  the first of the Mermnadæ who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years,
  and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to
  the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a
  chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he
  opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon
  size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring,
  when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its
  virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband,
  and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 8.――♦_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――――A
  man killed by Turnus in his wars with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 9, li. 762.――――A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.

      ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Gylippus=, a Lacedæmonian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist
  Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory
  over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy’s generals, and obliged them
  to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against
  Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After
  the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money
  which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents.
  As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom
  of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His
  theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved,
  he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the
  glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 272.

=Gymnăsia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Gymnăsium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises
  were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited,
  but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their
  compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many
  thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium
  were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing,
  which was called by the Greeks πενταθλον, and by the Romans
  _quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he
  sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping
  from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and
  jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running
  afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was
  declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary
  object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to
  pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle.
  In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it
  furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal.
  The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary
  to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets,
  called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended
  in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing,
  the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, γυμνος,
  _nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and
  to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped.
  _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Gymnēsiæ=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called
  Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Gymnetes=, a people of Æthiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 8.

=Gymniæ=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.

=Gymnosophistæ=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who,
  according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and
  their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name
  implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air,
  to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the
  coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing
  their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising
  till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon
  one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern
  for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight
  of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured
  themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan,
  or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit
  them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them
  ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the
  infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved,
  whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The
  Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophistæ. _See:_
  Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Dionysius._

=Gynæceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the
  mother of Bacchus and of Midas.

=Gynæcothœnas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice
  offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not
  permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 48.

=Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.
  When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this
  river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so
  irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into
  360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it
  hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.

=Gythēum=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in
  Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted
  from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheatæ_.
  _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11.


                                   H

=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture,
  &c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.

=Hadrianopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.

=Hadriānus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.――――Caeso Fabius,
  a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for
  conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
  ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.

=Hadriatĭcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum.

=Hædui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hæmon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with
  the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when
  he heard that she had been put to death by his father’s orders.
  _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.――――A Rutulian engaged in the
  wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 685.――――A friend of
  Æneas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 126.

=Hæmŏnia.= _See:_ Æmonia.

=Hæmus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that
  from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this,
  however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Hæmus son of
  Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this
  mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87.
  ――――A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.

=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.――――One of Alexander’s flatterers.――――A man of
  Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191.

=Hagno=, a nymph.――――A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._

=Halæsus= and =Halēsus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra.
  When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on
  mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards
  assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.――――A river near Colophon
  in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.

=Halcyŏne.= _See:_ Alcyone.

=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32.

=Halesius=, a mountain and river near Ætna, where Proserpine was
  gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._

=Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._――――A festival at Rhodes
  in honour of the sun.

=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and
  falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.

=Haliartus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Haliartus the son of
  Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander
  the Lacedæmonian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42,
  chs. 44 & 63.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.――――A town of Peloponnesus.

=Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia
  Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world,
  was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and
  was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius,
  Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.――_Vitruvius_, _On
  Architecture_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Halicyæ=, a town of Sicily, near Lilybæum, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.

=Halimede=, a Nereid.

=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe
  daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence
  offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to
  appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of
  his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been
  called from thence Areopagus (ἀρης _Mars_, and παγος _village_),
  and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.

=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope’s suitors the return
  of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.

=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.――――A Trojan, who came with Æneas
  into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 767.

=Halizōnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He ♦reigned in
  Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

      ♦ ‘regined’ replaced with ‘reigned’

=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Halocrătes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._

=Halōne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.

=Halonnēsus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom
  of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had
  slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an
  invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Halōtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._

=Halōtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He
  poisoned the emperor’s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66.

=Halus=, a city of Achaia,――――of Thessaly,――――of Parthia.

=Hălyæetus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176.

=Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes.

=Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily.

=Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in
  Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name
  ἀπο του ἁλος from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and
  bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It
  is famous for the defeat of Crœsus king of Lydia, who was mistaken
  by the ambiguous words of this oracle:

      Χροισος Ἁλυν διαβας μεγαλην ἀρχην διαλυσει.

     _If Crœsus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a
      great empire._

  That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 272.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed
  by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157.

=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians
  obtained a naval victory over the Lacedæmonians.

=Hamadryădes=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over
  trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is
  derived from ἁμα _simul_, and δρυς _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_,
  poem 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647.

=Hamæ=, a town of Campania near Cumæ. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25.

=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.

=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_
  Amilcar.

=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon.

=Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal.

=Hanno.= _See:_ Anno.

=Harcălo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He
  touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving
  the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406.

=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Harmatris=, a town of Æolia.

=Hămillus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224.

=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from
  the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The
  Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens,
  made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton
  and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
  ――_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2.

=Harmŏnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars ♦and
  Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the
  infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed
  in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the
  children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 16, &c.

      ♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Harmŏnĭdes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which
  Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Harpăgus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had
  revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh
  of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to
  death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.――_Justin_,
  bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.――――A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Harpălice.= _See:_ Harpalyce.

=Harpălion=, a son of Pylæmenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted
  Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643.

=Harpălus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander.
  His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him
  dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror
  was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with
  his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes.
  When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where
  he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_,
  _Phocion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A robber who scorned the gods.
  _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.――――A celebrated astronomer of
  Greece, 480 years B.C.

=Harpăly̆ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother
  died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk
  of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of
  hunting. When her father’s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the
  son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly
  courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a
  sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind,
  and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to
  secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome
  by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the
  country disputed their respective right to the possessions which
  she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by
  proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 321.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.――――A beautiful virgin, daughter
  of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of
  her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means
  of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after
  she married Alastor; but the father’s passion became more violent
  and uncontrollable in his daughter’s absence, and he murdered her
  husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the
  death of her husband, and ashamed of her father’s passion, which
  was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed
  her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest,
  and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her
  from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed
  himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes
  Amatoriæ_.――――A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died
  through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This
  mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue
  called Harpalyce. _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Harpăly̆cus=, one of the companions of Æneas, killed by Camilla.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 675.――――The father of Harpalyce, king
  of part of Thrace.

=Harpăsa=, a town of Caria.

=Harpăsus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Harpŏcrătes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son
  of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of
  his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of
  silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy
  ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his
  statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75.
  ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobæus
  compiled his eclogues.――――A sophist, called also Ælius.――――Valerius,
  a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.
  ――――Another, surnamed Caius.

=Harpylæ=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body
  of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws.
  They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of
  Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of
  Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades
  by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled
  whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered
  Æneas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the
  calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 212;
  bk. 6, li. 289.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.

=Harudes=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31.

=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the
  entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of
  _Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis
  inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome
  by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as
  they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They
  had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was
  commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They
  were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble
  youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in
  all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted
  in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was
  sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice;
  and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast
  was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the
  conductor’s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in
  agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it
  followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance,
  and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the
  Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened,
  each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if
  it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate.
  If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed
  besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for
  instance it happened in the two victims which Julius Cæsar offered
  a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When
  the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed
  the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid,
  without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was
  favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was
  kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice
  was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim
  with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the
  frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency
  in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was
  changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed
  inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did
  not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans,
  Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind
  well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny.
  Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his
  soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his
  hand the word νεκη, _victory_, in large characters, and holding
  the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was
  communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and
  animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching
  victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals.
  _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.

=Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal.

=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first
  emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 4, ch. 61.――――Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated
  by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
  ch. 4.――――Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was
  supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.

=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Hebdŏle.= _See:_ Ebdome.

=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the
  daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As
  she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the
  goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods.
  She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down
  in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a
  grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her
  as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot,
  and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was
  raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying
  her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus.
  As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of
  youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind
  office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under
  the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She
  is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed
  in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hēbēsus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.

=Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to
  roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the Ægean sea. The
  head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the
  Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra,
  a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 463.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.――――A youth of Lipara,
  beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.――――A man of Cyzicus,
  killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.――――A friend of Æneas
  son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 696.

=Hecăle=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going
  against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A town
  of Attica.

=Hecalēsia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted
  by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which
  Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon,
  &c.

=Hecamēde=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor
  after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11,
  li. 623.

=Hecătæ fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in
  Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Hecatæus=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ,
  in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143.
  ――――A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A
  Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.

=Hecăte=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or
  Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or
  Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina,
  triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments,
  and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that
  of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three
  different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck.
  Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in
  highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_.
  Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and
  to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their
  prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 511.

=Hecatēsia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in
  honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this
  goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children.
  From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected
  before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public
  supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and
  set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted
  to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had
  devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the
  goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the
  public, &c.

=Hecăto=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to Pænætius. He wrote on the
  duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15.

=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians
  and people of Ægina. It receives its name from ἑκατον, and βους, a
  sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess,
  and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were
  also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in
  which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.

=Hecatomphŏnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to
  Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 19.

=Hecatompŏlis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which
  it once contained.

=Hecatompy̆los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of
  its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.――――Also the capital of
  Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacidæ. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.

=Hecatonnēsi=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of
  all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married
  Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was
  appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged
  by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well
  qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with
  the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31
  of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles
  had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to
  fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though
  his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness,
  and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him,
  and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector
  was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the
  conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The
  body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by
  old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some
  days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The
  Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they
  had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle;
  which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession
  of that hero’s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the
  poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Dares Phrygius.
  _――_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.
  ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 1 & 3.――――A son of Parmenio drowned in
  the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Hecŭba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to
  others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam
  king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender
  and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she
  dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which
  had reduced her husband’s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming
  a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son
  she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country.
  When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the
  calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy
  him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was
  fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest
  part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like
  a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations,
  particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was
  taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses,
  a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked
  with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian
  Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles.
  During their stay the hero’s ghost appeared to them, and demanded,
  to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena,
  Hecuba’s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her
  mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was
  still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus
  washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to
  the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_
  Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with
  the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore
  his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered
  from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians,
  and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was
  pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at
  her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when
  she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this
  metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus,
  and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba
  had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector,
  Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous,
  Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice,
  Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761;
  bk. 13, li. 515.――_Hyginus_, fable 111.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Hecŭbæ Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.

=Hedĭla=, a poetess of Samos.

=Hedonæum=, a village of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.

=Hedui.= _See:_ Ædui.

=Hedymēles=, an admired musician in Domitian’s age. The word signifies
  _sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381.

=Hegelŏchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the
  progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――An Egyptian general
  who flourished B.C. 128.

=Hegēmon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem
  called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 4, ch. 11.――――Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of
  Leuctra, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Hegesiănax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the
  Trojan war.

=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 6.――――A philosopher who so eloquently convinced
  his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that
  there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide.
  Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――An historian.――――A famous orator
  of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the
  introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69;
  _Brutus_, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Hegesilŏchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign
  of Alexander and his father Philip.――――Another native of Rhodes, 171
  years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare
  a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of
  Macedonia.

=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 29.

=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He
  flourished B.C. 193.

=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.

=Hegesipy̆le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married
  Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._

=Hegesistrătus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what
  particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to
  settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This
  was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.

=Hegetorĭdes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the
  Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak
  of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and
  boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided
  they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of
  the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was
  abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Polyænus._

=Helĕna=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the
  eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her
  amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. _See:_ Leda. According
  to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda
  was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some
  imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was
  so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his
  friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th
  year, and concealed her at Aphidnæ, under the care of his mother
  Æthra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms,
  and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country.
  There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that
  Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that
  she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care
  of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in
  the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her
  hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most
  celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus
  son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus,
  Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of
  Ancæus, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius
  son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son
  of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax
  son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polypœtes son of Pirithous,
  Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Æsculapius,
  Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of Pœan, Protesilaus son of
  Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon,
  Patroclus son of Menœtius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus,
  and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of
  such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to
  become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without
  displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last
  drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in
  Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw
  that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success
  in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from
  all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in
  marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind,
  by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the
  uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and
  engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever
  any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband.
  The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen
  fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the
  early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with
  mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came
  to Lacedæmon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly
  received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in
  his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen,
  and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return
  Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received,
  assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn
  promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they
  previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of
  Helen. The influence of Paris at his father’s court prevented the
  restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the
  satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined
  forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of
  Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that
  she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported
  the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always
  sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had
  proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last
  instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes
  and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause
  of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she
  voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam’s sons, and when Troy
  was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the
  Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She
  returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors
  which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her
  life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she
  had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years
  in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by
  Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband,
  and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native
  of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her
  widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus
  had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the
  debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While
  Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her
  attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to
  murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her
  misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo
  expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis,
  or _tied to a tree_. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus,
  which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon
  the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him
  from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined
  Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian
  ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy,
  but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion
  the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years’ siege, and
  Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen
  at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had
  been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was
  honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a
  temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all
  the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was
  carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married
  Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen
  has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she
  was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the
  Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before
  the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years
  old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers
  were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is
  represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of
  Troy, that though seen at a ♦distance she influenced the counsellors
  of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose,
  with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and
  was extinguished only at her death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19,
  &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 77.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _de Officiis_, bk. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Dictys Cretensis_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, chs. 10, 13, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2, & _Odyssey_, bks. 4 & 15.――――A young woman of Sparta,
  often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be
  sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and
  carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released,
  and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished.
  ――――An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the
  siege of Troy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A daughter of the emperor
  Constantine, who married Julian.――――The mother of Constantine. She
  died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.

      ♦ ‘distane’ replaced with ‘distance’

=Helĕnia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received
  there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules,
  and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.

=Hĕlēnor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied Æneas to Italy, and was
  killed by the Rutulians. His mother’s name was Licymnia. _Virgil_,
_Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.

=Hĕlĕnus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly
  respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage
  to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country,
  and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by
  the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the
  Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to
  reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or
  gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies
  of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in
  possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his
  retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin
  of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles,
  and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest
  which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This
  endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache
  the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called
  Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated
  after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife.
  Helenus was the only one of Priam’s sons who survived the ruin of
  his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of
  the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon,
  whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received Æneas as he
  voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which
  attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of
  prophecy is doubtful. _See:_ Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6,
  li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 295, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.――――A Rutulian killed by
  Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.

=Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 105.

=Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. _Cicero_, _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.

=Hēliădes=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in
  number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to
  Hyginus: Merope, Helie, Ægle, Lampetie, Phœbe, Ætheria, and Dioxippe.
  They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [_See:_
  Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their
  tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 340.――_Hyginus_, fable 154.――――The first
  inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the
  world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the
  sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades,
  ἀπο του ἡλιου, from the _sun_. The eldest of these, called Ochimus,
  married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers
  fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one
  of their number. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Heliastæ=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal
  at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were
  seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance.
  _Demosthenes_, _Against Timocrates_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.

=Helicāon=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the
  daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the
  state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a
  night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered
  the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 123.

=Hĕlĭce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It
  is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which
  Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant.
  _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――――A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth,
  overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 92.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.――――A daughter of Silenus
  king of Ægiale. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 24.――――A daughter of Lycaon
  king of Arcadia.

=Hĕlīcon=, now _Zagaro-Vouni_, a mountain of Bœotia, on the borders
  of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The
  fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 219.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch.
  28, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 641.――――A river of Macedonia
  near Dium. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Hĕlīcŏniădes=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon
  mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.

=Helĭcōnis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Heliodōrus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king
  of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about
  176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.――――A Greek
  mathematician of Larissa.――――A famous sophist, the best editions
  of whose entertaining romance, called _Æthiopica_, are by Commelin,
  8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.――――A learned Greek
  rhetorician in the age of Horace.――――A man who wrote a treatise on
  tombs.――――A poet.――――A geographer.――――A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal’s
  age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 372.

=Heliogabālus=, a deity among the Phœnicians.――――Marcus Aurelius
  Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called
  Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in
  Phœnicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the
  imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a
  youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed
  upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother
  Mœsa and his mother Sœmias his colleagues on the throne; and to
  bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over
  which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions
  which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a
  scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of
  prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the
  favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the
  consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god
  Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose
  figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples
  were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to
  deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances
  Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following
  the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman,
  and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In
  this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from
  his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by
  stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites,
  and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people.
  Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus,
  unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity
  and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and
  excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother.
  His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in
  the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months,
  and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties
  were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects
  with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets
  of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of
  hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings
  of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious
  stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along
  the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of
  silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his
  banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind,
  which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the
  ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of
  his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to
  see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the
  air, or sunk beneath the water.

=Heliŏpŏlis=, now _Matarea_, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which
  was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull
  called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis.
  Apollo had an oracle there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
  ch. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 1.――――There was a small village of the same name without the
  Delta, near Babylon.――――A town of Syria, now _Balbeck_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by
  order of Galba, for his cruelties.――――The Greek name of the sun, or
  Apollo.

=Helixus=, a river of Cos.

=Hellanĭce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Hellanĭcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He
  wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account
  of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died
  B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15,
  ch. 23.――――A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 2.――――An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the
  earth.

=Hellanocrătes=, a man of Larissa, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,
  ch. 10.

=Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the
  territories of Acarnania, Attica, Ætolia, Doris, Locris, Bœotia, and
  Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion,
  and now forms a part of Livadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A
  beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover
  killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.

=Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She
  fled from her father’s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel
  oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she
  was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had
  received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell
  from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the
  name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or
  rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned.
  Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring
  coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. _See:_
  Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  fable 14.――_Pindar_, bk. 4, _Pythian_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495
  years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to
  his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, Æolus, Dorus,
  and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations
  known under the name of Æolians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last
  derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference
  either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages,
  arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Hellēnes=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Hellen.

=Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 47.

=Hellespontus=, now the _Dardanelles_, a narrow strait between Asia
  and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle,
  who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. _See:_ Helle. It is
  about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast
  is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile
  in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people
  can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was
  celebrated for the love and death of Leander [_See:_ Hero], and
  for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded
  Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating
  and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his
  ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 32.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 34.――_Polybius.
  _――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 407.――_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33,
  ch. 33.――――The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast
  bears the same name. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 24;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Hellopia=, a small country of Eubœa. The people were called
  _Hellopes_. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo,
  bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hellōtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in
  honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession,
  with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference,
  called ἑλλωτις. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with
  games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally
  ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour
  of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, ἀπο του ἑλους, _from a certain pond_
  of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or ἀπο του ἑλειν
  τον ἱππον τον Πεγασον, because by her assistance Bellerophon took
  and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the
  institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a
  Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians
  and the Heraclidæ invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth;
  the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight,
  except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in
  Minerva’s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place.
  When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the
  two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed
  by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes
  which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the
  manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to
  the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the
  name of one of the unfortunate women.

=Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Helōris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana,
  which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his
  troops were defeated. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Helōrum= and =Helōrus=, now _Muri Ucci_, a town and river of Sicily,
  whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 698.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,
  li. 270.――――A river of Magna Græcia.

=Helos=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.――――A town of
  Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Lacedæmonians under Agis III.,
  of the race of the Heraclidæ, because they refused to pay the
  tribute which was imposed upon them. The Lacedæmonians carried
  their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the
  city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable
  slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to
  give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To
  complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners
  of war were called by the mean appellation of _Helotæ_. Not only
  the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery
  and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which
  exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were
  instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often
  obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of
  Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every
  year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation
  they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The
  Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from
  interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty
  of the people of Lacedæmon, declares that it was because they
  had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it
  had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was
  supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the
  cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had exercised against the Helots.
  In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with
  uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the
  Lacedæmonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows
  crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph.
  This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance
  of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity
  of the Lacedæmonians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 8.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Aristotle_,
  _Politics_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_, &c.

=Helōtæ= and =Helōtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. _See:_ Helos.

=Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan’s
  reign.

=Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar.
  Their country is the modern Switzerland. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.

=Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.――――Ricina, a town of Picenum.

=Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family.

=Helvii=, now _Viviers_, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now
  _Sigillo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Helvīna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. _Juvenal_,
  satire 3, li. 320.

=Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to
  permit Cæsar to marry whatever woman he chose. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_,
  bk. 52.――――A poet. _See:_ Cinna.

=Helum=, a river of Scythia.

=Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.

=Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3.

=Hemĭthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to
  her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father
  Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to
  Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles,
  captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from
  his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by
  the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the
  attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her,
  after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. _See:_
  Tenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Hemon.= _See:_ Hæmon.

=Hemus.= _See:_ Hæmus.――――A Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.

=Henĕti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in
  Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of _Venetia_ to
  their habitation. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Euripides._

=Heniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended
  from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (μνιοχοι) of Castor
  and Pollux, and thence called Lacedæmonii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 21.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6,
  li. 42.

=Henna.= _See:_ Enna.

=Hephæstia=, the capital town of Lemnos.――――A festival in honour of
  Vulcan (Ἡφαιστος) at Athens. There was then a race with torches
  between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted
  torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the
  course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered
  it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that
  circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare
  the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch,
  particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:

     _Inque brevi spatio mutantur sæcla animantum,
      Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._

=Hephæstiădes=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.

=Hephæstii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest
  touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of
  water, according to _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 106.

=Hephæstio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the
  emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled
  _Enchiridion de metris & poemate_, the best edition of which is that
  of _Pauw_, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.

=Hephæstion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander.
  He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so
  faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that
  Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of
  Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era,
  according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander
  was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he
  shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be
  extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian
  monarch. The physician who attended Hephæstion in his illness was
  accused of negligence, and by the king’s order inhumanly put to
  death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the
  care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral
  at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he
  was often saluted by the name of Alexander. _Curtius._――_Arrian_, bk.
  7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7,
  ch. 8.

=Heptaphōnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice
  was re-echoed seven times in it. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.

=Heptapŏlis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.

=Heptapy̆los=, a surname of Thebes in Bœotia, from its seven gates.

=Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.――――A daughter of Neptune
  and Ceres when transformed into a mare. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A
  town of Æolia and of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.――――A town
  of Sicily, called also _Hybla_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 1.

=Herăclēa=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted
  a colony there when he pursued Dædalus; and the town, anciently
  known by the name of _Macara_, was called from him _Minoa_. It was
  called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over
  Eryx.――――A town of Macedonia.――――Another in Pontus, celebrated for
  its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The
  inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return.
  ――――Another in Crete.――――Another in Parthia.――――Another in Bithynia.
  ――――Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopylæ, called also _Trachinea_,
  to distinguish it from others.――――Another in Lucania. _Cicero_,
  _For Archias_, ch. 4.――――Another in Syria.――――Another in Chersonesus
  Taurica.――――Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.――――There were
  no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world,
  all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.――――A
  daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.

=Heraclēia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in
  honour of Hercules. The ♦Thespians and Thebans in Bœotia observed a
  festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god.
  This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual
  to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented
  the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony;
  and as the word μηλον signifies both an _apple_ and a _sheep_, some
  youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to
  the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they
  raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were
  placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was
  delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were
  ever continued with the offering of apples. _Pollux_, bk. 8, ch. 9.
  There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It
  continued two days; the first was called ὀνοματας, the second
  ἡρακλεια.――――At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest
  officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman’s apparel.――――At
  Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the
  celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and
  whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of
  having profaned the sacred rites.

      ♦ ‘Thisbians’ replaced with ‘Thespians’

=Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.――――A town of Egypt near
  Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Strabo_,
  bks. 2 & 17.――――The port town of Gnossus in Crete.

=Heracleōtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.――――A philosopher
  of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly
  believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with
  the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at
  the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before
  the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect,
  which placed the _summum bonum_ in pleasure. He wrote some poetry,
  and chiefly treatises of philosophy. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and
  Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Heraclīdæ=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient
  history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights
  and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him
  to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules
  were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had
  been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of
  Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx,
  afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclidæ to depart from his
  dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the
  king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his
  expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them
  against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the
  hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all
  the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of
  the Heraclidæ. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were
  lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they
  had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted
  their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to
  settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient
  to his father’s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon
  after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus,
  and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second
  attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of
  Eurystheus on the throne of Mycenæ, and it was mutually agreed that
  the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to
  whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge
  for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidæ a second time
  departed from Peloponnesus. Cleodæus the son of Hyllus made a third
  attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some
  time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished
  in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the
  three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and
  less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death
  of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet
  invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success,
  and after some ♦decisive battles they became masters of all the
  peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The
  recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an
  interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed
  to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before
  the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120
  years after the first attempt of Hyllus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_,
  bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

      ♦ ‘deicsive’ replaced with ‘decisive’

=Herăclīdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time
  disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed
  that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the
  more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends
  to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and
  the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him
  from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335
  years before the christian era. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 5; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  _Pythagoras_.――――An historian of Pontus surnamed _Lembus_, who
  flourished B.C. 177.――――A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius
  the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands
  the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion’s order.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion._――――A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in
  which Nicias was defeated.――――A son of Agathocles.――――A man placed
  over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.――――A sophist of Lycia, who
  opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.――――A
  painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.――――An architect
  of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to
  Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the
  Rhodian fleet. _Polyænus._――――A man of Alexandria.

=Heraclītus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished
  about 500 years before the christian era. His father’s name was
  Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he
  passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received
  the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from
  his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and
  vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing
  different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported
  that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created
  from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His
  opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics,
  and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power.
  Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity
  with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of
  Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he
  retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in
  common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon
  productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended
  to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted
  the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left
  to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a
  dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from
  it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the
  enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual,
  and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of
  ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some
  say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
  and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――_Clement of Alexandria_,
  _Stromateis_, bk. 5.――――A lyric poet.――――A writer of Halicarnassus,
  intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his
  style.――――A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.――――A
  writer of Sicyon, &c. _Plutarch._

=Heraclius=, a river of Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.――――A
  brother of Constantine, &c.――――A Roman emperor, &c.

=Heræa=, a town of Arcadia.――――Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno,
  who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the
  colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and Ægina.
  There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess
  without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the
  second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first
  quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always
  reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from
  their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came
  to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence
  the sacrifice is often called ἑκατομβια, and sometimes λεχερνα,
  from λεχος, _a bed_, because Juno presided over marriages, births,
  &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every
  fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess.
  ――――There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had
  received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen
  matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration.
  The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes,
  according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning
  with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair
  was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with
  coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory
  was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox
  that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her
  picture to the goddess.――――There was also a solemn day of mourning
  at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea’s
  children, who were buried in Juno’s temple. They had been slain by
  the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which
  accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large
  sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the
  murderer of her children.――――Another festival of the same name at
  Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.

=Heræi montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Heræum=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenæ.
  ――――A town of Thrace.

=Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of ♦Agrigentum, built by a
  Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 265.

      ♦ ‘Arigentum’ replaced with ‘Agrigentum’

=Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2,
  ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.

=Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 286.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 979.

=Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea,
  called also _Herculeum iter_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 118.

=Herculāneum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an
  earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th,
  A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava
  for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the
  beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet
  underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years
  after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and
  the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have
  been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils,
  which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning
  the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable
  antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum
  of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings,
  &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the
  different learned bodies of Europe. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_,
  bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Hercŭles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the
  gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there
  were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero
  six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all
  these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban,
  is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the
  actions of the others have been ♦attributed. The birth of Hercules
  was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is
  reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena,
  was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to
  be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. _See:_ Alcmena. Hercules
  was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes,
  and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno,
  intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The
  child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized
  them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother
  Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. _See:_
  Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor
  the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot
  with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to
  play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his
  illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the
  centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the
  most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his
  age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cithæron from
  a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed
  father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the
  court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity,
  and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during
  50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules,
  during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in
  one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, he
  delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which
  it paid to Erginus. _See:_ Erginus. Such public services became
  universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes,
  rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter
  in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom.
  As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of
  Eurystheus [_See:_ Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every
  respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power,
  ordered him to appear at Mycenæ and perform the labours which by
  priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules
  refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so
  delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them
  to be the offspring of Eurystheus. _See:_ Megara. When he recovered
  the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which
  had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and
  retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards
  consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be
  subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance
  with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the
  most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of
  the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go
  to Mycenæ, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed
  upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him,
  and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve
  a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known,
  generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the
  gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He
  had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from
  Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and
  arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen
  buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion
  of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut
  by the hero himself in the forest of Nemæa. The first labour imposed
  upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nemæa, which
  ravaged the country near Mycenæ. The hero, unable to destroy him
  with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him
  to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him
  to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycenæ,
  and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so
  astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules,
  that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he
  returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without
  the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he
  retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules
  was to destroy the Lernæan hydra, which had seven heads according
  to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus.
  This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after
  he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he
  destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no
  advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club,
  immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have
  remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn,
  with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces.
  This succeeded [_See:_ Hydra], and Hercules became victorious,
  opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall
  to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was
  ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the
  presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness,
  its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented
  the neighbourhood of Œnoe, and Hercules was employed for a whole
  year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap,
  or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and
  lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched
  the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an
  animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by
  representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess
  and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to
  Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus.
  In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [_See:_ ♣Centauri],
  and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep
  snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that,
  according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some
  days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables
  of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. _See:_
  Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous
  birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia.
  _See:_ Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into
  Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of
  Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares
  of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and
  gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus.
  They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycenæ, where they
  were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were
  consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age
  of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to
  obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. _See:_ Hippolyte.
  In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades,
  and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human
  flesh. _See:_ Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from
  the garden of the Hesperides. _See:_ Hesperides. The twelfth and
  last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth
  the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by
  Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus.
  He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and
  Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus
  also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms,
  but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried
  him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus.
  Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of ♥Eurystheus
  imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally
  great and celebrated. _See:_ Cacus, Antæus, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He
  accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up
  to the king of Mycenæ. He assisted the gods in their wars against
  the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a
  victory. _See:_ Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy.
  _See:_ Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia,
  of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he
  became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus,
  the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to
  Iole. _See:_ Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder,
  and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he
  was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle
  of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received
  him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo’s temple,
  and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe
  conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter
  with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told
  by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three
  years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He
  complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale
  queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all
  the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the
  greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him.
  Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale,
  from whom Crœsus king of Lydia was descended. He became also
  enamoured of one of Omphale’s female servants, by whom he had
  Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned
  to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta
  Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of
  Dejanira’s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all
  his rivals. _See:_ Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his
  father-in-law’s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man
  with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion
  that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar.
  From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In
  his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where
  the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under
  the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules
  perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as
  he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power
  of recalling a husband from unlawful love. _See:_ Dejanira. Ceyx
  king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of
  friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed
  at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused
  the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus,
  and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of
  her father’s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as
  much as before. She accompanied him to mount Œta, where he was going
  to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had
  not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice,
  he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper
  dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband’s tender attachment to
  Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had
  received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on,
  fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lernæan
  hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the
  fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains
  and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against
  the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy
  and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the
  protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes,
  and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount Œta. He spread
  on the pile the skin of the Nemæan lion, and laid himself down
  upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes,
  or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to
  the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the
  flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter
  saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would
  raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared
  the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded
  Jupiter’s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with
  a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed,
  he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some
  loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends,
  unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude
  to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood.
  Menœtius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a
  wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to
  observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became
  as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him
  with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her
  daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and
  epithets, either from the place where his worship was established,
  or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and
  magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered
  his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was
  always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phœnicians offered quails
  on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams,
  the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they
  might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their
  approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated
  to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong
  and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin
  of the Nemæan lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which
  he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of
  the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other
  times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to
  pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in
  the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale,
  who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with
  her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the
  labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became
  so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to
  invade all Peloponnesus. _See:_ Heraclidæ. He was father of Deicoon
  and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon
  by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and
  Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by
  Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and
  Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics
  of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while
  the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [_See:_ Atlas], and
  to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains
  which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. _See:_
  Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue
  and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common
  benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His
  judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described
  by Xenophon, is well known. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_, &c.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 29, 32, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.;
  _Heroides_, poem 9; _Amores_; _Tristia_, &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 8, &c.――_Theocritus_, poem 24.――_Euripides_, _Hercules
  furens_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.――_Lucan_, bks. 3
  & 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_.――♠_Plautus_, _Amphitryon_.――_Seneca_,
  _Hercules Furens_ & _Hercules Œtaeus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6;
  bk. 11, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li.
  207, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_,
  ode 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 438.――_Statius_, bk. 2,
  _Thebiad_, li. 564.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi
  Deorum_.――_Lactantius_, _De Falsa Religione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, &c.
  ――_Horace_, _Odes_, _Satires_, &c.――――A son of Alexander the Great.
  ――――A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.

      ♦ ‘atrributed’ replaced with ‘attributed’
      ♣ ‘Centaur’ replaced with ‘Centauri’
      ♥ ‘Eurytheus’ replaced with ‘Eurystheus’
      ♠ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plautus’

=Hercŭleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.――――Fretum,
  a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the
  Atlantic and Mediterranean.

=Hercŭleus=, one of Agrippina’s murderers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
  ch. 8.

=Hercŭleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily.

=Hercŭlis Columnæ=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most
  southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part
  of Africa. They were called by the ancients _Abyla_ and _Calpe_.
  They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and
  according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they
  were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened
  between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Dionysius Periegetes._
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2,
  ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――Monœci Portus, now _Monaco_,
  a port town of Genoa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 52.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 405.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830.
  ――――Labronis _vel_ Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now _Leghorn_.
  ――――Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea,
  now _Spartivento_.――――Insulæ, two islands near Sardinia. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 7.――――Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western
  coast.――――Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――――A small island on the coast of Spain,
  called also _Scombraria_, from the tunny fish (_Scombres_) caught
  there. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Hercy̆na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the
  world. A river of Bœotia bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hercy̆nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to Cæsar,
  required nine days’ journey to cross it; and which on some parts
  was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days
  successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland,
  Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length
  of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the
  greatest part of it was made inhabitable. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk.
  6, ch. 24.――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54.――_Tacitus_, _Germania_,
  ch. 30.

=Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and
  Cerbalus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 568.

=Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly
  spoken against him in an assembly, &c.

=Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which
  was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of
  Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual
  properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 18.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. _Tacitus_,
  _Agricola_, ch. 2, &c.――――An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey,
  &c. _Plutarch._――――A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony.
  He cut off the orator’s head. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Caius, a man
  to whom Cicero dedicates his book _de Rhetoricâ_, a work attributed
  by some to Cornificius.――――A Samnite general, &c.――――Philo, a
  Phœnician who wrote a book on Adrian’s reign. He also composed a
  treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.

=Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.

=Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._

=Herĭlus=, a king of Præneste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had
  three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, li. 563.

=Hermăchus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus,
  B.C. 267.

=Hermæ=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.
  ――――Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of
  Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Hermæa=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the
  servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Hermæum=, a town of Arcadia.――――A promontory at the east of Carthage,
  the most northern point of all Africa, now cape _Bon_. _Livy_,
  bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Hermagŏras Æolĭdes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the
  age of Augustus.――――A philosopher of Amphipolis.――――A famous orator
  and philosopher.

=Hermandica=, a town of the Vaccæi in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5.
  ――_Polybius_, bk. 3.

=Hermandūri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.

=Hermanni=, a people of Germany.

=Hermaphrŏdītus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida
  by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his
  curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain,
  and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of
  him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to
  all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain
  by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and
  entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were
  heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still
  preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus
  begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become
  effeminate. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 347.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 271.

=Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the
  apostles.

=Hermathēna=, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in
  the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where
  eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities
  presided over the arts and sciences.

=Hermēas=, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus,
  B.C. 350.――――A general of Antiochus, &c.

=Hermeias=, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.

=Hermes=, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. _See:_ Mercurius.
  ――――A famous gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 25.――――An Egyptian
  philosopher. _See:_ Mercurius Trismegistus.

=Hermesiănax=, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was
  publicly honoured with a statue. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A
  native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. _Plutarch._

=Hermias=, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His _irrisio
  philosophorum gentilium_ was printed with Justin Martyr’s works,
  folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian,
  8vo, 1700.

=Hermĭnius=, a general of the Hermanni, &c.――――A Roman who defended
  a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 10.――――A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 642.

=Hermiŏne=, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The
  gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and
  she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace
  which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent
  with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. _See:_
  Harmonia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  fable 13.――――A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately
  promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father,
  ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son
  of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war.
  Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married
  her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon
  Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however,
  Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even
  reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections
  from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced
  her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave
  herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom
  of Sparta as a dowry. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Euripides_,
  _Andromache_ & _Orestes_.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 1.――――A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The
  inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country
  was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right
  of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon
  for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called
  _Hermionicus sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Ciris_,
  li. 472.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,
  ch. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Hermiŏniæ=, a city near the Riphæan mountains. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.

=Hermiŏnĭcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione.
  _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.

=Hermippus=, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by
  whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.――――A
  man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and
  prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a
  poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which
  are quoted by Athenæus. _Plutarch._――――A peripatetic philosopher of
  Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.

=Hermŏcrătes=, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His
  lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous.
  He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was
  murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408.
  ――――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_, &c.――――A sophist celebrated for his rising
  talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the
  emperor Severus.――――The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.
  ――――A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states,
  &c.――――A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Hermodōrus=, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.――――A philosopher of Ephesus,
  who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in
  the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected
  in Greece. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 36.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 5.――――A native of Salamis, contemporary with
  Philo the Athenian architect. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
  ――――A poet who wrote a book called Νομιμα on the laws of different
  nations.

=Hermŏgĕnes=, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building
  the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession.
  ――――A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose
  _rhetorica_ are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571,
  and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said
  that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an
  extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally
  lost his memory.――――A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.――――A musician.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.――――A sophist of Tarsus, of such
  brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention
  and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.

=Hermolāus=, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander.
  As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which
  was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him,
  was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he
  could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped.
  This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away
  the king’s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel
  treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of
  the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had
  compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for
  the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat
  his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed
  their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put
  to death. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.

=Hermopŏlis=, two towns of Egypt, now _Ashmunein_ and _Demenhur_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Hermotīmus=, a famous prophet of Clazomenæ. It is said that his
  soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of
  the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and
  animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent
  absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as
  if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle.
  Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomenæ, into
  which it was unlawful for women to enter. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51,
  &c.――_Lucian._

=Hermundūri=, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at
  the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe
  of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by
  Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, _extra_.
  ――_Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 106.

=Hermus=, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets,
  were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the
  waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into
  the Ægean sea. It is now called _Kedous_ or _Sarabat_. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 137.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Martial_,
  bk. 8, ltr. 78.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 159.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.

=Hernĭci=, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate
  enmity to the rising power of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 226.――_Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 183.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 684.

=Hero=, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured
  of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to
  one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance
  of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos
  directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high
  tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness,
  Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his
  usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower
  and perished in the sea.――_Musæus Grammaticus_, _Leander & Hero_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 17 & 18.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 258.

=Herōdes=, surnamed the _Great_ and _Ascalonita_, followed the interest
  of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made
  king of Judæa by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium
  he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to
  Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew
  that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity,
  he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and
  murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the
  kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died
  in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. _Josephus._
  ――――Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galileæ, &c.
  ――――Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.――――This
  name was common to many of the Jews. _Josephus._――――Atticus. _See:_
  Atticus.

=Herodiānus=, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born
  at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman
  emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death
  of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant,
  but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the
  author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being
  too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus.
  His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts
  that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best
  editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who
  afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of
  Oxford, 8vo, 1708.

=Herodicus=, a physician surnamed _Gymnastic_, who flourished B.C. 443.
  ――――A grammarian surnamed _Crateleus_, B.C. 123.

=Hērŏdŏtus=, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father’s
  name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when
  his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and
  travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned
  to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far
  from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased
  and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece
  from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly
  repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed,
  in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal
  applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to
  the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition,
  which has procured its author the title of father of history, is
  written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what
  Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His
  style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is
  any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the
  reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work
  is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from
  the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes,
  and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations
  in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and
  Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed
  to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen.
  Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an
  imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions
  of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam,
  1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. _Cicero_, _de
  Legibus_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de Herodoti
  Malignitate_.――――A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of
  Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height,
  and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion,
  at each of his meals. _Athenæus_, bk. 16.――――Another, whose
  victories are celebrated by Pindar.

=Heroes=, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born
  from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions,
  and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had
  rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as
  Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they
  could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or
  five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed
  to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they
  were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were
  crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often
  honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits
  were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the
  opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great
  men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the
  immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient
  heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.

=Herōis=, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in
  honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of
  mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele’s
  resurrection.

=Heron=, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the _ancient_
  and the other the _younger_. The former, who lived about 100 years
  before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book
  translated into Latin, under the title of _Spiritualium Liber_; the
  only edition of which is that of Baldus, _Aug._ _Vind._ 1616.

=Heroopŏlis=, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.

=Herŏphĭla=, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign
  of Tarquin. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Herophĭlus=, an impostor in the reign of Julius Cæsar, who pretended
  to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by Cæsar for
  his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.――――A Greek
  physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of
  the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have
  greatly commended him.

=Herostrătus.= _See:_ Erostratus.

=Herpa=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Herse=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury.
  The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse’s sister, in hopes of
  procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy,
  discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that
  he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse
  became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received
  divine honours at Athens. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 559,
  &c.――――A wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Hersephoria=, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more
  probably of Herse.

=Hersĭlia=, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the
  celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus,
  though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium,
  by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented
  with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the
  name of Ora. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 832.

=Hertha= and =Herta=, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the
  same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her
  service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth
  at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest
  rejoicings and festivity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Herŭli=, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who
  attacked the Roman power in its decline.

=Hesænus=, a mountain near Pæonia.

=Hēsiŏdus=, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Bœotia. His father’s
  name was Dius, and his mother’s Pycimede. He lived in the age of
  Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him,
  according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and
  others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but
  Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100
  years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture.
  This composition is called _The Works and the Days_; and besides
  the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the
  reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined
  Socrates or a Plato. His _Theogony_ is a miscellaneous narration
  executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection,
  yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the
  gods of antiquity. His _Shield of Hercules_ is but a fragment of a
  larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most
  celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master
  of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of
  his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems
  he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod’s
  verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of
  which the poet was a priest. If we believe _Clement of Alexandria_,
  bk. 6, _Stromateis_, the poet borrowed much from Musæus. One of
  Lucian’s dialogues bears the name of _Hesiod_, and in it the poet
  is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics,
  has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his _opera_ and
  _dies_ for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him,
  and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions,
  that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod
  was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body
  was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to
  the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were
  discovered by the poet’s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod
  flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions
  of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of
  Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 18.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 3, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Paterculus._――_Varro._
  ――_Plutarch_, _Septem Sapientium Convivium_, & _De Sollertia
  Animalium_.

=Hēsiŏne=, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter
  of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster,
  to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to
  appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom ♦Laomedon had
  offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received
  as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules
  attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he
  killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the
  hero’s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged
  Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except
  Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised
  horses to his sister’s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in
  marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war,
  and he established Priam upon his father’s throne. The removal of
  Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam,
  remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly
  given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the
  possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries
  upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after,
  to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself,
  armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which
  Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came
  out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of
  three days. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 212.――――The wife of Nauplius.

      ♦ ‘Lamedon’ replaced with ‘Laomedon’

=Hespĕria=, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the
  Amazons. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.――――A name common to both Italy and Spain.
  It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening,
  whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at
  the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons,
  was applied to Spain by the Latins. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
  634, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 258.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 11, li. 759.

=Hespĕrĭdes=, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus.
  Apollodorus mentions four, Ægle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and
  Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they
  were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples
  which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the
  place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more
  universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to
  Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits
  of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful
  dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules
  to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero,
  ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the
  nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told
  that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [_See:_ Nereus],
  would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was
  asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered
  all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent
  Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his
  information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas,
  and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded
  himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders
  of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return
  Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something
  on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience,
  Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which
  Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts,
  Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of
  Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept
  the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards
  carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as
  they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes
  represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded
  the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal
  wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon,
  and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is
  reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain
  mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who
  had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word μηλον,
  which signifies an _apple_ and a _sheep_, gave rise to the fable
  of the golden apples of the Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
  li. 215, &c.

=Hespĕris.= _See:_ Hesperus.――――A town of Cyrenaica, now _Bernic_
  or _Bengazi_, where most authors have placed the garden of the
  Hesperides.

=Hesperītis=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Hespĕrus=, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy,
  and the country received the name of _Hesperia_ from him, according
  to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married
  Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or
  Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――The name of Hesperus was also
  applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of
  the sun. It was called _Phosphorus_ or _Lucifer_ when it preceded
  the sun. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, _de
  Hippolytus_, li. 749; _Medea_, li. 71.

=Hestia=, one of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus._

=Hestiæa=, a town of Eubœa.

=Hesus=, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans.
  _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445.

=Hesychia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Hesychius=, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the
  third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by
  Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.

=Hetricŭlum=, now _Latarico_, a town in the country of the Brutii.
  _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Hetrūria= and =Etruria=, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west
  of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which
  had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names
  were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni,
  Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Cæretani.
  The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition,
  and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved
  powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans,
  and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Heurippa=, a surname of Diana.

=Hexapy̆lum=, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or
  the wall, bore the same name. _Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.――_Livy_,
  bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.

=Hiarbas=, or =Iarbas=, a king of Gætulia. _See:_ Iarbas.

=Hiber=, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river
  Hiberus or Iberus. _See:_ Iberus.

=Hibernia= and =Hybernia=, a large island at the west of Britain,
  now called _Ireland_. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia,
  Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Orpheus._――_Aristotle._

=Hibrildes=, an Athenian general. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 7.

=Hicetāon=, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of
  Menalippus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――The father of Thymœtes, who
  came to Italy with Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 133.

=Hicētas=, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth
  moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A tyrant
  of Syracuse. _See:_ Icetas.

=Hiempsal=, a king of Numidia, &c. _See:_ Hyempsal. _Plutarch._

=Hiera=, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said
  to surpass Helen in beauty.――――The mother of Pandarus and Bitias
  by Alcanor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 673.――――One of the Lipari
  islands, called also Theresia, now _Vulcano_. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 11.

=Hierapŏlis=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.――――Another of
  Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now _Bambukkalasi_.――――Another of
  Crete.

=Hiĕrax=, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was
  stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Antiochus, king of Syria and brother
  to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 3.
  ――――An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.

=Hierĭchus= (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the
  city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Hiĕro I.=, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered
  himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and
  avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and
  took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games,
  two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated
  him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign
  the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened
  in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his
  government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and
  merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the
  crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices
  and tyranny. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――――The second of that name, king
  of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected
  king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to
  carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in
  besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was
  beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to
  Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory
  lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his
  engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never
  had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year
  of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and
  all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost
  a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned,
  and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country.
  He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by
  Hieronymus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4, 8.――_Justin_, bk. 23,
  ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 16.――――An Athenian,
  intimate with Nicias the general. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A
  Parthian, &c. _Tacitus._

=Hierocæsarea=, a town of Lydia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47;
  bk. 3, ch. 62.

=Hierocepia=, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.

=Hierŏcles=, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who
  pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the
  miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted
  by Lactantius and Eusebius.――――A Platonic philosopher, who taught
  at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments
  of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses
  of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485.
  The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742.
  ――――A general in the interest of Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A
  governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.――――An officer.
  _See:_ Heliogabalus.

=Hierodūlum=, a town of Libya.

=Hieronĭca lex=, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity
  of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers
  of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on
  account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when
  they became masters of Sicily.

=Hierony̆mus=, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or
  grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself
  odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the
  alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and
  advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed
  in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.――――An historian of
  Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes,
  by whom he was appointed over Bœotia, B.C. 254. _Plutarch_,
  _Demetrius_.――――An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went
  to the king of Persia.――――A christian writer commonly called St.
  _Jerome_, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against
  heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew’s
  gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of _Vulgate_,
  polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers
  before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation,
  sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius,
  folio, Veronæ, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his
  91st year.

=Hierophĭlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice
  in the art of midwifery, &c. _See:_ Agnodice.

=Hierosoly̆ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Judæa,
  taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed _Hierosolymarius_.
  Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70,
  according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege
  by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to
  have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or
  wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the
  fury of wild beasts. _Josephus_, _War of the Jews_, bk. 7, ch. 16,
  &c.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 2.――_Flaccus_,
  bk. 28.

=Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the
  Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her
  sister Phœbe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas,
  they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them.
  Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister,
  obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to
  heroes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.――――Festivals at Rome
  in honour of the mother of the gods.

=Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several
  treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books.
  The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris,
  1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.

=Hilleviōnes=, a people of Scandinavia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Himella=, now _Aia_, a small river in the country of the Sabines.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 714.

=Himĕra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and
  destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
  ――――There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now
  _Fiumi de Termini_, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan
  sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated
  baths. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now
  _Fiume Salso_, running in a southern direction, and dividing the
  island in almost two parts. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.
  ――――The ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――_Polybius._

=Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe.
  _Festus Avienius._――――A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in
  the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his
  army by a plague, B.C. 398. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.

=Hippagŏras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the
  Argonauts.

=Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India.
  _Arrian_, _Periplus Ponti Euxini_.

=Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander’s age, who became enamoured of
  Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse.
  She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and
  represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him
  that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly
  to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost.
  _See:_ Crates. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 6.――_Suidas._

=Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant
  of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the
  learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness
  for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him
  many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band
  of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head,
  513 years before Christ. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.
  ――――One of Antony’s freedmen.――――The first person who was banished
  by ostracism at Athens.――――The father of Asclepiades.――――A
  mathematician and astronomer of Nicæa. He first discovered that the
  interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days,
  seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned
  by the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit. He divided the heavens
  into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern,
  and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars.
  He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from
  different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was
  led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance
  between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre
  and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and
  latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries.
  He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential
  to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after
  Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses,
  of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of
  labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing
  several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the
  heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 26, &c.――――An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who
  kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Hipparīnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse,
  and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
  ――――The father of Dion.

=Hippărion=, one of Dion’s sons.

=Hippăsus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A pupil of Pythagoras, born
  at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from
  fire. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A centaur killed at the nuptials
  of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352.――――An
  illegitimate son of Priam. _Hyginus_, fable 90.

=Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of
  Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippi=, four small islands near Erythræ.

=Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 82.――――A
  surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted
  in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games,
  he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical
  arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak,
  and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 32.――――A son of Pisistratus,
  who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with
  his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his
  brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he
  was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and
  was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians,
  B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 6.――_Thucydides_, bk. 7.

=Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes.
  _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (ἱππος)
  from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a
  name to Athens.

=Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the
  ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave
  birth to such men. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.――――A celebrated town
  of Africa, on the Mediterranean. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 252.
  ――――_Strabo_, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in
  Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called _Regius_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Livy_,
  bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.――――Also a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 30.
  ――――Of the Brutii.

=Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses
  could graze.

=Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on
  philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pythagoras_.

=Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. _See:_
  Centauri.

=Hippocoon=, a son of Œbalus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death
  by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of
  Lacedæmon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_,
  _Laconia_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 314.――――A friend
  of Æneas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral
  games of Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.

=Hippocorystes=, a son of Ægyptus,――――of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus._

=Hippocrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏcrătes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades.
  He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently
  distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in
  the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the
  diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had
  recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the
  beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded
  with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and
  the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his
  profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to
  cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which
  were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had
  fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications.
  He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when
  Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his
  court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born
  to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards
  which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the
  greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the
  symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious
  remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable
  advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame
  increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations,
  he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to
  others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all
  disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with
  the name of _Great_, the same honours which were paid to Hercules.
  His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet
  of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession.
  According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an
  oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus,
  though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and
  the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which
  Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions
  of his works are that of Fæsius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden,
  2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio,
  Viennæ, 1743. His treatises, especially the _Aphorisms_, have
  been published separately. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――_Cicero_, _On
  Oratory_, bk. 3.――――An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war.
  _Plutarch._――――A mathematician.――――An officer of Chalcedon, killed
  by Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A Syracusan defeated by
  Marcellus.――――The father of Pisistratus.――――A tyrant of Gela.

=Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.

=Hippocrēne=, a fountain of Bœotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the
  muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the
  horse Pegasus, whence the name ἱππου κρηνη, _the horse’s fountain_.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 256.

=Hippŏdămas=, a son of the Achelous,――――of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏdăme= and =Hippodamīa=, a daughter of Œnomaus king of Pisa, in
  Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either
  enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of
  his daughter’s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry
  her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the
  beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and
  accepted her father’s conditions, though death attended a defeat.
  Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives,
  when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously
  bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of Œnomaus, and ensured himself
  the victory. In the race, Œnomaus mounted on a broken chariot,
  which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was
  easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married
  Hippodamia, and avenged the death of Œnomaus, by throwing into
  the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of
  his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her
  husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it
  is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which
  her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.――_Hyginus_, fables 84 & 253.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poems 8 & 17.――――A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos,
  who married Pirithous king of the Lapithæ. The festivity which
  prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts
  of Eurytus to offer her violence. _See:_ Pirithous. She is called
  Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Danaus.
  _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.――――A
  daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 13, li. 429.

=Hippŏdămus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any
  previous knowledge of government. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_.
  ――――A Pythagorean philosopher.――――An Athenian who gave his house
  to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the
  port of the Piræus.――――An Athenian archon.――――A man famous for his
  voracious appetite.

=Hippŏdĭce=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._

=Hippodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――A Thessalian,
  who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony.
  _Philostratus._――――A place where horse-races were exhibited.
  _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 50.

=Hippŏla=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Hippŏlŏchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded
  the Lycians during the Trojan war.――――A son of Glaucus also bore the
  same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 119.――――A son of Antimachus,
  slain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 122.

=Hippŏly̆te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by
  Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order
  of Eurystheus. _See:_ Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called
  Hippolytus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3.
  ――――The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in
  exile at her husband’s court. She accused him of incontinence, and
  of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused
  to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. _See:_ Acastus.
  ――――A daughter of Cretheus. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏly̆tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues
  and his misfortunes. His stepmother Phædra fell in love with him,
  and when he refused to pollute his father’s bed, she accused him of
  offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was
  readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish
  the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment
  of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his
  horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune
  had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his
  chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised
  to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, where he received divine
  honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 268; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 469.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.――――A son of Ropalus king
  of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A giant
  killed by Mercury.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.
  ――――A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been
  edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.

=Hippŏmăchus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils
  because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was
  the greatest proof of his ignorance. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Hippŏmĕdon=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the
  seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son
  of Acastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.

=Hippomedūsa=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏmĕnes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to
  be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 459.――――A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta
  [_See:_ Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond
  lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had
  profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.――――The father of Megareus.

=Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived
  upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their
  manner of living, _De Aere Aquis et Locis_, ♦ch. 18.――_Dionysius
  Periegetes._

      ♦ ‘44’ replaced with ‘18’

=Hĭppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa.

=Hippōna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed
  in horses’ stables. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 157.

=Hippōnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the
  christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as
  Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of
  his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus.
  As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus,
  made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features,
  exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge
  the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical
  lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 24.

=Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii.

=Hipponīum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles
  built a dock. _Strabo._

=Hipponous=, the father of Peribœa and Capaneus. He was killed by the
  thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.――――The first name of Bellerophon.――――A
  son of Priam.

=Hippopŏdes=, a people of Scythia, who have _horses’ feet_. _Dionysius
  Periegetes._

=Hippostrătus=, a favourite of Lais.

=Hippŏtădes=, the patronymic of Æolus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta,
  as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 674.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 431.

=Hippŏtas=, or =Hippŏtes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river.
  _See:_ Crinisus.――――The father of Æolus, who from thence is called
  Hippotades. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 2.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_,
  poem 18, li. 46; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 224.

=Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the
  islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named
  Taphius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――One of the Nereides.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Pelias. _Apollodorus._

=Hippŏthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed
  in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be
  concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father
  ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain,
  and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when
  grown up, placed on his grandfather’s throne by the friendship of
  Theseus. _Hyginus_, fable 187.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its
  name from Hippothoon.

=Hippŏthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 17.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the
  hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 307.

=Hippŏtion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by
  Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 14.

=Hippūris=, one of the Cyclades. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis.

=Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12.

=Hirpīni=, a people of the Samnites. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 560.

=Quinctius Hirpīnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2,
  ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.

=Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.

=Hirtia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that
  none of Pompey’s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity
  in the state.

=Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when
  besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both
  killed in battle B.C. 43. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 10.――――An
  historian to whom the eighth book of Cæsar’s history of the
  Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is
  attributed. The style is inferior to that of Cæsar’s Commentaries.
  The author, who was Cæsar’s friend, and Cicero’s pupil, is supposed
  to be no other than the consul of that name.

=Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 384.

=Hispălis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called _Seville_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 32.

=Hispānia=, or =Hispāniæ=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_,
  and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from
  Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side
  by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phœnicia,
  and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long
  continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the
  end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_
  and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _Bætica_
  and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called
  _Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they
  often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome,
  by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver,
  which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no
  less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in
  the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold,
  silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to
  Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk.
  44.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1
  & 20.

=Hispānus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used,
  but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there.
  _Martial_, bk. 12, preface.

=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.

=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50.

=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.

=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister.

=Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his
  immense riches. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 58.

=Histiæa=, a city of Eubœa, anciently called Talantia. It was near the
  promontory called Ceneum. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Histiæōtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and
  mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion,
  and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the
  country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by
  the Perrhæbeans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the
  name of Histiæotis, or Estiæotis, from Estiæa, or Histiæa, a town of
  Eubœa, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants
  they had carried to Thessaly with them. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 4.――――A small country of Eubœa, of which Histiæa, or Estiæa,
  was the capital.

=Histiæus=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up
  arms against Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――――An historian of
  Miletus.

=Histria.= _See:_ Istria.

=Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war.

=Holŏcron=, a mountain of Macedon.

=Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.

=Hŏmērus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the
    profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though
    some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or,
    according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome.
    According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the
    christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him
    to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his
    era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with
    Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer;
    and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his
    nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right
    of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well
    expressed in these lines:

       _Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ,
          Orbis de patriâ certat, Homere, tuâ._

  He was called _Melesigenes_, because supposed to be born on the
  borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had
  established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and,
  indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the
  island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where
  the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock,
  at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the
  island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though
  Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen
  in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad
  and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of
  human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the
  fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater
  share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model,
  and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass,
  or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults
  found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which
  he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is
  indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad,
  Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal
  consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the
  Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses
  into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his
  voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into
  24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and
  though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey,
  yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though
  divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined
  of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the
  Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still
  preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of
  its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired,
  that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with
  facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was
  a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support
  any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who
  travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever
  deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are
  astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer
  described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried
  form, and the sailor who steers his course along the Ægean, sees all
  the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus,
  when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had
  such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and
  altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god.
  The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in
  his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting
  on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was
  consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple,
  within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded
  with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the
  honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades,
  boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians
  claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a
  female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he
  generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword;
  and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most
  valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of
  human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and
  precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens
  was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in
  the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the
  well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their
  preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer,
  yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove
  the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom
  some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and
  Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors,
  a poem upon Amphiaraus’s expedition against Thebes, besides the
  Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the
  Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit
  of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by
  those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 _Stromateis_,
  that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [_voce_
  Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet,
  who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged
  that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to Ælian,
  represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was
  indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other
  poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries
  published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is
  by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer’s
  Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols.,
  4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that
  of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of
  the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and
  that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns,
  and an index. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Theocritus_, poem 16.
  ――_Aristotle_, _Poetics_.―― _Strabo._――_ Dio Chrysostom_, bk. 33,
  _Orationes_.――_Pausanias_, bks. 2, 9, 10.――_Heliodorus_, bk. 3.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 8.――_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.――――One
  of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263.
  He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.――――There were seven other poets,
  of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.

=Homŏle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the
  Centaurs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Homŏlea=, a mountain of Magnesia.

=Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. _Apollodorus._

=Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 7, li. 252.

=Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia.

=Honōrius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded
  his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He
  was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid
  disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He
  conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself
  and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage
  of their imperial master’s indolence and inactivity. He died of
  a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423.
  He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his
  brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires.
  The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were
  called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius,
  who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the
  name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power
  proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another
  with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.

=Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected
  by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius
  Marcellus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.

=Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus.
  She was said to preside over beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 851.

=Horacitæ=, a people near Illyricum.

=Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His _Hieroglyphica_,
  a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de
  Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.

=Horæ=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to
  Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the
  seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were
  represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of
  Olympus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 749.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 11.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 902.

=Horātia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning
  the death of the Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Hŏrātius Cocles.= _See:_ Cocles.――――Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated
  poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor
  in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to
  learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the
  best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the
  timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually
  discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms,
  and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry.
  His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius,
  who recommended him to the care of Mecænas and Augustus, the most
  celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of
  the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence
  and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while
  he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of
  ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the
  tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become
  the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his
  refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he
  were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals
  with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often
  ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes
  of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs,
  _Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas_. Horace was warm in his
  friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence,
  the poet immediately made every concession which could effect
  a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly
  society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety
  was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his
  familiar intimacy with Mecænas has induced some to believe that the
  death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of
  the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book,
  which was written during the last illness of Mecænas, is too serious
  to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and
  indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered
  his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his
  possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended
  for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the
  licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too
  frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and
  Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the
  former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his
  more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of
  his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his
  satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical
  humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned,
  differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry
  he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin
  hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his
  pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful
  precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who,
  in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and
  court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be
  that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of
  Baxter’s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow,
  12mo, 1744. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4,
  poem 10, li. 49.――――Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who
  fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ.
  This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the
  people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory.
  In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only
  surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an
  honourable trophy. By ♦pretending to fly from the field of battle,
  he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by
  one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious
  to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the
  Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed
  at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the
  indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned.
  His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence
  of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious
  punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A
  trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the
  spoils of the conquered Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,
  ch. 26.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 3.――――A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.――――A
  consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During
  the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did
  not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a
  parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be
  buried. _Livy_, bk. 2.

      ♦ ‘pretenting’ replaced with ‘pretending’

=Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus
  in Cappadocia. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign
  of the Roman emperors.

=Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of
  Eskdale, now in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 38.

=Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private
  soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 9, ch. 7.

=Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator
  Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent
  degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon
  oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of
  the state, ♦Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so
  successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers
  escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. _Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 3.

      ♦ ‘Hortensa’ replaced with ‘Hortensia’

=Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It
  ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience
  to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this
  law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.

=Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and
  patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is
  the same as Hersilia.

=Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of
  the Nar and the Tiber. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 716.

=Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish
  himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19.
  His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his
  oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory.
  The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the
  ridiculous surname of _Dionysia_, a celebrated stage-dancer at the
  time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in
  his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them
  as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally
  bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than
  10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his
  death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost.
  _Cicero_, _Brutus_; _Letters to Atticus_; _On Oratory_, &c.――_Varro_,
  _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Corbio, a grandson of the orator
  of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.――――A rich Roman,
  who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave
  his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This
  behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed,
  that Cato’s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor,
  but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence.
  _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――――A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother’s
  tomb. _Plutarch._――――A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus.
  _Plutarch._――――One of Sylla’s lieutenants. _Plutarch._――――A Roman,
  the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at
  the feast which he gave when he was created augur.

=Hortōna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 3,
  ch. 30.

=Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.――――A king
  of Assyria.

=Hospitālis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of
  hospitality.

=Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the
  enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their
  assistance, were guilty of rapine.

=Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 40.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 12.

=Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs
  by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._――――A consul.――――A Latin poet in the age of Julius
  Cæsar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. _Macrobius_,
  satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.

=Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the
  fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name
  of Hungary.

=Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amyclæ, in Laconia, in honour
  of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during
  which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of
  Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during
  their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They
  did not even sing pæans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the
  solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day
  of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths,
  with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by
  playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing
  anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo.
  Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned,
  and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage
  singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who
  danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to
  the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of
  wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared
  in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and
  immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and
  the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During
  this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present
  at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 219.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.

=Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo
  and Zephyrus. He returned the former’s love, and Zephyrus, incensed
  at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As
  Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once
  played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon
  as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was
  killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of
  Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his
  name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans
  also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their
  king. _See:_ Hyacinthia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, &c.

=Hyădes=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so
  disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed
  by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars
  after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of
  the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother
  Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo.
  To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained
  that they were daughters of Hyas and Æthra, one of the Oceanides.
  Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed
  that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with
  much rain, whence the name (ὑω _pluo_). _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5,
  li. 165.――_Hyginus_, fable 182.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.

=Hyăgnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute.
  _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.

=Hyăla=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the
  same as at Sparta.――――One of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid._

=Hyampŏlis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the
  Hyanthes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8.

=Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of Bœotia, from king
  Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called _Hyanthius_, because he was king of
  Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 147.

=Hyantis=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.

=Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by Æthra. His extreme fondness
  for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a
  lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say
  that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed
  by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant
  lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed
  them into stars. _See:_ Hyades. _Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 170.

=Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards _Megara_, where thyme
  and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous
  for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the
  same name. There is also another near mount Ætna, close to Catana.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 26.――_Statius_, bk. 14, li. 201.――――A city of
  Attica bears also the name of Hybla.

=Hybrēas=, an orator of Caria, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace.

=Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.

=Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some
  suppose to be the same as Sardes.

=Hydara=, a town of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy
  the usurper Smerdis, &c. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 211.――――Another in India, now _Behut_ or _Chelum_, the
  boundaries of Alexander’s conquests in the east. It falls into the
  Indus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 227.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――――A friend of Æneas,
  killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 747.

=Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of
  the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna’s union
  with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according
  to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of
  Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off,
  two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was
  one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and
  this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied
  a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While
  Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent
  a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched;
  and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of
  Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now
  called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of
  the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave
  proved incurable and mortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 9, li. 69.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.

=Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.

=Hydrophŏria=, a festival observed at Athens, called ἀπο του φορειν
  ὑδωρ, _from carrying water_. It was celebrated in commemoration of
  those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.

=Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of
  Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles,
  Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey’s lieutenant, meditated the
  building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably
  situated, Hydrus, now called _Otranto_, is but an insignificant
  town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 375.

=Hydrūsa=, a town of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Hyĕla=, a town of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha,
  after the death of his father. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Hyettus=, a town of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of Æsculapius,
  held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented
  her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to
  her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding
  a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the
  serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the
  same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected
  her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of
  curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple.
  _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Caius Julius Hygīnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus.
  He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a
  Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian
  to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain
  himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological
  history, which he called fables, and _Poeticon Astronomicon_, besides
  treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were
  descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on
  Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of
  Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These
  compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness
  and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are
  spurious. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.

=Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 6.――――A colony of Phocis.

=Hylactor=, one of Actæon’s dogs, from his barking (ὐλακτω, _latro_).
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Hylæ=, a small town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Hylæus=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed
  by Hercules on mount Pholoe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.
  ――――Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 267.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 378.
  ――――Another, killed by Bacchus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 530.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 457.――――A fourth, killed by
  Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away
  by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the
  Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water,
  and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the
  fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned.
  The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the
  nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him
  away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite
  youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and
  at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 271.――_Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20.――――A river of
  Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Hylax=, a dog mentioned in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.

=Hylias=, a river of Magna Græcia.

=Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.

=Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father’s
  death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by
  the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus.
  The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the
  Heraclidæ, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory
  over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent
  his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted
  to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclidæ, and was killed in
  single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. _See:_ Heraclidæ, Hercules.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk.
  4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.――――A river of Lydia,
  flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. _Livy_, bk. 37,
  ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 180.

=Hylonŏme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her
  husband was murdered by the Lapithæ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 405.

=Hylophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Hymĕnæus= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son
  of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of
  the muses. Hymenæus, according to the more received opinions, was
  a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He
  became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest
  of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress
  removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself
  to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which
  all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymenæus, to accompany
  his mistress, disguised himself in woman’s clothes, and joined
  the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features,
  favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized
  by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenæus, who shared the
  captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and
  assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately
  after this, Hymenæus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to
  liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed
  to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The
  Athenians consented, and Hymenæus experienced so much felicity in
  his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals
  in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the
  Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as
  crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding
  a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple
  colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for,
  if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most
  dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud,
  “Hymen! Hymen!” &c. _Ovid_, _Medeâ_; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 215.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_, poem 62.

=Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and
  about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent
  honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a
  temple; whence he is called _Hymettius_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 3.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 2, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 34.

=Hypæpa=, or =Ipepæ=, now _Berki_, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus,
  between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 152.

=Hypæsia=, a country of Peloponnesus.

=Hypănis=, a river of European Scythia, now called _Bog_, which falls
  into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. _Herodotus_, bk.
  4, ch. 52, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 285.――――A river
  of India.――――Another of Pontus. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 2, ch. 39.――――A Trojan who joined himself to Æneas, and was
  killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the
  night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
  li. 428.

=Hyparīnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years
  after his father.――――The father of Dion.

=Hypătes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
  li. 231.

=Hypătha=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 25.

=Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her
  virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.

=Hypēnor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5, li. 144.

=Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Achæans, B.C. 224.

=Hyperbius=, a son of Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Hy̆perbŏrei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who
  were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in
  the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise
  and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are
  placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies _people
  who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas_. Thrace was the residence of
  Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made
  offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people
  of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word
  Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any
  cold climate. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Hyperea= and =Hyperīa=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the
  same name. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus.
  _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 375.

=Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hypĕrĭdes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and
  long the rival of Demosthenes. His father’s name was Glaucippus.
  He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part
  which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the
  unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might
  not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off
  his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322.
  Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness
  and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended
  the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he
  saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client,
  upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty,
  acquitted her. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_,
  ch. 1, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, &c.

=Hypĕrīon=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had
  Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for
  the sun itself. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1
  & 2.――_Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus
  son of Ægyptus. She disobeyed her father’s bloody commands, who had
  ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
  and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her
  father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience,
  but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and
  her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say
  that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered
  and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. _See:_
  Danaides. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――A daughter of Thestius.
  _Apollodorus._

=Hyperŏchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 12.

=Hyphæus=, a mountain of Campania. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.

=Hypsa=, now _Belici_, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus,
  and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 228.

=Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind,
  according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who
  was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.

=Hypsēnor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.

=Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.――――A pleader at the Roman bar
  before the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Hypsicrătēa=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in
  man’s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Hypsicrătes=, a Phœnician who wrote a history of his country, in
  the Phœnician language. This history was saved from the flames of
  Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into
  Greek.

=Hypsipĭdes=, a Macedonian in Alexander’s army, famous for his
  friendship for Menedemus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Hypsĭpy̆le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During
  her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted,
  punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so
  extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them,
  and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in
  a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the
  women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously
  put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who
  spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder,
  the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis,
  and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the
  Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the
  chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his
  departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought
  twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or
  Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the
  unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the
  Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that
  Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her
  flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nemæa.
  She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus;
  and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle,
  and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench
  their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down
  the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a
  serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but
  Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader
  of the Argives. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Thebiad_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_, fables 15, 74, &c. _See:_
  Archemorus.

=Hyrcānia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and
  at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It
  is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of
  battle. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 367.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 11.――――A town
  of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.

=Hyrcănum mare=, a large sea, called also _Caspian_. _See:_ Caspium
  mare.

=Hyrcānus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea.
  _Josephus._

=Hyria=, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town
  of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received
  its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her
  son, that she was changed into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 7, li. 372.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.――――A town of Isauria,
  on the Calycadnus.

=Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of
  Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter,
  Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over Bœotia. Being childless,
  he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as
  he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly
  loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the
  hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had
  been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered
  him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the
  expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found
  a beautiful child in the bull’s hide, whom he called Orion. _See:_
  Orion.

=Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who
  married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father,
  who greatly enriched her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Hyrnĭthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives.
  _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Hyrtăcus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the
  companions of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406.
  Hence the patronymic of _Hyrtacides_ is applied to Nisus. It is
  also applied to Hippocoon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 492.

=Hysia=, a town of Bœotia, built by Nycteus, Antiope’s father.――――A
  village of Argos.――――A city of Arcadia.――――The royal residence of
  the king of Parthia.

=Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, ♦bk. 14, li. 228.

      ♦ ‘24’ replaced with ‘14’

=Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.

=Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Achæmenides. His
  father’s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after
  the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that
  he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son
  had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as
  reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending
  the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who
  introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into
  Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly
  indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called _Hystaspes_,
  or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors
  of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83.
  ――_Ctesias_, _Fragments_.

=Hystieus.= _See:_ Histiæus.


                                I [& J]

=Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.

=Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, _ab_ ἰαχειν, from the _noise_ and
  _shouts_ which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 166.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――――Some suppose him to be a son of
  Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the
  word Iacchus was frequently repeated. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Iader=, a river of Dalmatia.

=Ialēmus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 14.

=Ialmĕnus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war
  with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the
  inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 19.

=Iāly̆sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was
  making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes.
  The Telchines were born there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable
  9.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,
  ltr. 21.――_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.――_Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 5.

=Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis,
  who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica
  in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories
  which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called
  _Iambics_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Iamblĭcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the
  history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise
  against Porphyry’s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He
  was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.

=Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,
  lis. 139 & 193.

=Iamĭdæ=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a
  son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father,
  which remained among his posterity. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Janĭcŭlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome
  joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel,
  to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [_See:_ Janus],
  which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city
  by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and
  perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the
  city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top
  the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous
  for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king
  of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators
  took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of
  Octavius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Ovid_,
  bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 246.――_Virgil_, _[Aeneid]_, bk. 8, li. 358.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.

=Ianīra=, one of the Nereides.

=Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.

=Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.――――One of the Nereides. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 30.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 47.

=Jānus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native
  of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy,
  where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber,
  which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Cœlus and
  Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign,
  Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where
  Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague
  on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was
  acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others,
  because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising,
  and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with
  four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes
  without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the
  first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is
  through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that
  circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a
  rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand,
  and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of
  which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the
  same as the world, or Cœlus; and from that circumstance they call
  him Eanus, _ab eundo_, because of the revolution of the heavens. He
  was called by different names, such as _Consivius_, _a conserendo_,
  because he presided over generation; _Quirinus_ or _Martialis_,
  because he presided over war. He is also called _Patuleius_ and
  _Clausius_, because the gates of his temples were open during the
  time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped
  among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus
  Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons
  were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows
  on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons
  of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three
  months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year.
  Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After
  death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the
  civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of
  Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut
  only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and
  under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were
  continually employed in war. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 65, &c.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 607.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 1.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1.――――A street at Rome near
  the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and
  money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 1.

=Japetĭdes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 111.

=Japĕtus=, a son of Cœlus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or,
  according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Menœtius,
  Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the
  father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men
  were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of
  _Iapetionides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 631.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, lis. 136 & 508.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Iāpis=, an Ætolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 475.――――A Trojan, favourite
  of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of
  medicinal herbs. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 391.

=Iapy̆dia=, a district of Illyricum, now _Carniola_. _Livy_, bk. 43,
  ch. 5.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, li. 109.――_Cicero_, _Cornelius Balbus_,
  ch. 14.

=Iāpy̆gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the
  peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some
  _Messapia_, _Peucetia_, and _Salentinum_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Iapyx=, a son of Dædalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he
  called _Iapygia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 458.――――A
  wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from
  Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the
  Greeks. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.

=Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gætulia, from whom
  Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival
  of Æneas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry
  Iarbas, destroyed herself. _See:_ Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li.
  36, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 552.

=Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven
  rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom
  and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of _Philostratus_,
  _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_.

=Iardānus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A river of Arcadia.――――Another in
  Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Iasĭdes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person
  of the name of Jasius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 843.――――Also of
  Jasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 392.

=Iăsion= and =Iăsius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the
  Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently
  applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or
  Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his
  nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom
  some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and
  mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom
  he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male
  children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved,
  rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta.
  Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among
  the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 973.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 168.――_Hyginus_,
  _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Iăsis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.

=Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.――――A son of Jupiter. _See:_
  Iasion.

=Jāson=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus,
  by Æson the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus.
  Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of Æolus, had two
  sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. Æson was king of Iolchis, and
  at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and Æson the lawful
  successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of
  young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he
  was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed
  by an oracle that one of the descendants of Æolus would dethrone him.
  After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science,
  Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle.
  He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the
  spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In
  his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or
  Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself
  into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals,
  and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and
  the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people,
  and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to
  see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to
  beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare
  and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of
  his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented.
  Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias,
  and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped.
  The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was
  unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of
  his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at
  once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that
  Ætes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered
  their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment
  called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be
  accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old
  age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that
  if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the
  crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason
  readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military
  fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of
  Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to
  accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board
  a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived
  at Colchis. _See:_ Argonautæ. Ætes promised to restore the golden
  fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the
  voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions.
  Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet
  and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars.
  After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from
  which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against
  him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon
  which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the
  golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the
  Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety
  of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the
  king’s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of
  herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged
  herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised
  her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to
  her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and
  received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect
  him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of
  Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed
  the dragon’s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field,
  and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell
  one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance
  of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason
  took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the
  sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the
  presence of Æetes and his people, who were all equally astonished at
  the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest,
  Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been
  so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this Æetes, desirous to
  revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus
  to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his
  limbs in her father’s way, that she might more easily escape, while
  he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. _See:_
  Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated
  with universal festivity; but Æson, Jason’s father, was unable to
  attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction
  was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored Æson
  to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. _See:_ Æson. Pelias the
  usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored
  to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who
  wished to avenge her husband’s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and
  placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was
  severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the
  bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action
  drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to
  Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union
  and love during 10 successive years. Jason’s partiality for Glauce
  the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their
  matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might
  more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity
  was severely revenged by Medea [_See:_ Glauce], who destroyed her
  children in the presence of their father. _See:_ Medea. After this
  separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life.
  As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which
  had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was
  crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him
  before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say
  that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom,
  and reigned in great security. _Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Apollonius._――_Flaccus._――_Hyginus_, fable 5,
  &c.――_Pindar_, bk. 3, _Nemean_.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c.
  ――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 195, &c.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――――A native of Argos, who wrote a history
  of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander.
  He lived in the age of Adrian.――――A tyrant of Thessaly, who made
  an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of
  Timotheus.――――Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained
  the esteem of the kings of Parthia. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Jasonĭdæ=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and
  Hypsipyle.

=Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A son of Argus, father of Agenor.
  ――――A son of Argus and Ismena.――――A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia.
  ――――An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria.
  The bay adjoining was called _Iasius sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Iaxartes=, now _Sir_ or _Sihon_, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by
  Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea.
  _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.――_Arrian_, bk. 4,
  ch. 15.

=Iazĭges=, a people on the borders of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 191; _ex
  Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.

=Ibēria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania
  on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great
  slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by
  setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is
  now called Georgia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Dio
  Cassius_, bk. 36.――_Florus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 166.
  ――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――――An ancient name of Spain, derived
  from the river Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 258.――_Horace_, bk. 4,
  ode 14, li. 50.

=Ibērus=, a river of Spain, now called _Ebro_, which, after the
  conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the
  Carthaginian possessions in that country. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 335.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.――――A
  river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 3.――――A fabulous king of Spain.

=Ibi=, an Indian nation.

=Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes
  the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also
  written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same
  satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some,
  to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the
  composition. _Suidas._

=Iby̆cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He
  was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the
  assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head.
  Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of
  them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions,
  αἰ Ἰβυκου ἐκδικοι παρεισιν, _there are the birds that are conscious
  of the death of Ibycus_. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus
  raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and
  tortured, and they confessed their guilt. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_.――――The
  husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.

=Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 3.

=Icăria=, a small island in the Ægean sea, between Chio, Samos, and
  Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and
  buried by Hercules. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 10 & 14.

=Icăris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of
  Icarius.

=Icărium mare=, a part of the Ægean sea near the islands of Mycone and
  Gyaros. _See:_ Icarus.

=Icărius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some
  peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of
  its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason,
  and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were
  immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After
  death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was
  led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful
  dog Mœra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into
  a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star
  Bootes, and the dog Mœra into the star Canis. _Hyginus_, fable 130.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A son of Œbalus of Lacedæmon. He
  gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca,
  but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband
  to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest
  petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark,
  that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to
  remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence,
  and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted
  his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to
  the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her
  blushes with her veil. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16, li. 435.

=Icărus=, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from
  Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high,
  proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings,
  and he fell into that part of the Ægean sea which was called after
  his name. _See:_ Dædalus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 178,
  &c.――――A mountain of Attica.

=Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him,
  bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of
  philosophy and the muses for military employments.――――One of the
  Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.

=Icĕlos=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all
  sorts of animals, whence the name (εἰκελος, _similis_). _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Icēni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They
  inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,
  ch. 21.

=Icĕtas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the
  death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he
  was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.

=Ichnæ=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called
  Ichnæa. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.

=Ichnūsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its
  likeness to a human foot. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 358.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Ichonūphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided
  when he visited Egypt with Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Ichthyophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who received this name from
  their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same
  name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15,
  ch. 7.

=Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397,
  by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build
  houses upon. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 54.――――A tribune who made a law,
  A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune
  while he was speaking in an assembly. _Livy_ bk. 2, ch. 58.――――A
  tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the
  Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs
  after the murder of Virginia, &c.

=Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which
  Cæsar crossed into Britain.

=Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now _Koniech_. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 27.

=Icos=, a small island near Eubœa. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous
  temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.

=Ictumulōrum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in
  gold mines.

=Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now _Angoulesme_, on the Charente.

=Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her
  name to a mountain of that country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li.
  177.――――The mother of Minos II.――――A celebrated mountain, or more
  properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood
  of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many
  rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, Æsepus, Granicus,
  &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize
  of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods,
  and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the
  Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets
  say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war.
  _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
  14, li. 283.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 3, 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 79.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.――――A mountain of Crete,
  the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was
  educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Idæi.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Idæa=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida.
  _Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 611.

=Idæus=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king
  Priam, killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li.
  487.――――One of the attendants of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 500.

=Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 204.

=Idălus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is _Idalium_, a
  town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called _Idalæa_. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 685.――_Catullus_, poems 37 & 62.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 2, poem 13.

=Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his
  daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal
  was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched
  against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated,
  and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. _Strabo_,
  bk. 13.

=Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians
  took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and
  military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa,
  the daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. Marpessa was carried away by
  Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife’s ravisher with bows and arrows,
  and obliged him to restore her. _See:_ Marpessa. According to
  Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux
  and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a
  sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal
  shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor,
  and Idas, to revenge his brother’s death, immediately killed Castor,
  and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid
  and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of
  Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they
  say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phœbe and Hilaira
  the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been
  invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the
  brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt
  to recover their wives. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables
  14, 100, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 700.――_Apollodorus_,
  bks. 1 & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.――――A son of
  Ægyptus.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 575.

=Idea=, or =Idæa=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second
  wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed
  in her by her husband. _See:_ Phineus.――――The mother of Teucer by
  Scamander. _Apollodorus._

=Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. _Strabo_,
  bk. 11.

=Idex=, a small river of Italy, now _Idice_, near Bononia.

=Idistavisus=, a plain, now _Hastenbach_, where Germanicus defeated
  Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was
  the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar
  in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He
  had predicted the time and manner of his own death. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Orpheus._――――A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed
  by Hercules, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Ægyptus, killed by
  his wife. _See:_ Danaides.

=Idŏmĕne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.

=Idŏmĕneus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete,
  and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90
  ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his
  valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made
  a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from
  the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever
  living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan
  shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate
  his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to
  the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered
  him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and
  migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded
  a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died
  in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing
  his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to
  the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his
  absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom
  to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage
  at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was
  persuaded by Nauplius king of Eubœa to put to death Meda the wife of
  his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom.
  After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne
  of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel
  the usurper. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 358.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 92.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 19.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 122.
  ――――A son of Priam.――――A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of
  Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.

=Idŏthea=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos. She was restored to
  her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――――A daughter of Proteus, the god who told
  Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 363.――――One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.

=Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who
  succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.
  ――_Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Idūme= and =Idūmēa=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza
  is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going
  to Egypt. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 216.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li.
  600.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 12.

=Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married Æetes king of Colchis, by
  whom she had Medea, &c. _Hyginus._――_Hesiod._――_Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Jenisus=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Jera=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Jerĭcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans,
  under Vespasian and Titus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――_Strabo._

=Jerne=, a name of Ireland. _Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Jerŏmus= and =Jerony̆mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of
  Alexander.――――A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose
  compositions some few historical fragments remain. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Jerusalem=, the capital of Judæa. _See:_ Hierosolyma.

=Jetæ=, a place of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 272.

=Igēni=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.

=Igilium=, now _Giglio_, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast
  of Tuscany. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
  ch. 34.

=Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.――――A
  bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by
  lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to
  the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ,
  and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests
  and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo,
  1708.

=Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now _Gubio_.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 460.

=Ilaīra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her
  sister Phœbe, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married,
  &c.

=Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles
  from the continent. _See:_ Ilua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 173.

=Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 22,
  ch. 21.

=Ilerda=, now _Lerida_, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes,
  on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia.
  _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 13.

=Ilergetes.= _See:_ Ilerda.

=Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by
  her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual
  chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of
  his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to
  Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper
  from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor,
  its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating
  the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some
  supposed that she married the god of that river. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 277.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
  li. 598.――――A wife of Sylla.

=Iliăci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the
  victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are
  supposed to be the same as the _Trojani ludi_ and the _Actia_; and
  Virgil says they were celebrated by Æneas, and not because they
  were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he
  wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium
  solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after,
  to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these
  games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 280.

=Iliăcus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Iliădes=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. _Ovid._――――A
  name given to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 484.

=Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It
  delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel
  the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field
  of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had
  sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into
  24 books. _See:_ Homerus.――――A surname of Minerva, from a temple
  which she had at Daulis in Phocis.

=Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41,
  chs. 6 & 12.

=Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. _See:_ Ilium.

=Ilĭone=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king
  of Thrace. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 657.

=Iliŏneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with Æneas.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 525.――――A son of Artabanus, made
  prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
  ――――One of Niobe’s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Ilipa=, a town of Bætica. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 1.

=Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the
  Piræus. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 52.

=Ilĭthyīa=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be
  the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in
  her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as
  an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius,
  who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the
  Roman people. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 450.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
  11, ode 19.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 283.

=Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the
  Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally
  taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was
  called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. _See:_ Troja. _Livy_,
  bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 505.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.

=Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he
  marched into Italy.

=Illice=, now _Elche_, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, _Sinus
  et Portus Illicitanus_, now _Alicant_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illipŭla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the
  other Minor.

=Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the
  modern Andujar, on the river Bætis, destroyed by Scipio, for having
  revolted to the Carthaginians. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24,
  ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Ilorcis=, now _Lorca_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Illy̆rĭcum=, =Illy̆ris=, and =Illy̆ria=, a country bordering on the
  Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different
  at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its
  king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms
  part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. _Strabo_, bks. 2 & 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_,
  bks. 1, 2, &c.

=Illy̆rīcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of
  Illyricum.

=Illy̆rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received
  its name. _Apollodorus._

=Ilua=, now _Elba_, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy
  and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called
  _Iluates_. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 39.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 173.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.

=Iluro=, now _Oleron_, a town of Gascony in France.

=Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He
  married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis,
  who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or
  rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his
  father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue
  of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so
  long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva
  was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the
  Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the
  goddess; though he recovered it some time after. _Homer_, _Iliad_.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.――――A name of Ascanius, while he was
  at Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 272.――――A friend of Turnus,
  killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 400.

=Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania Bætica, now _Ilora_. _Polybius._

=Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5.

=Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus.
  It divides Scythia, which is generally called _Intra Imaum_,
  and _Extra Imaum_. It extends, according to some, as far as the
  boundaries of the eastern ocean. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1.

=Imbărus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 123.

=Imbrăsĭdes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of
  Imbrasus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 343.

=Imbrăsus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped
  on its banks, received the surname of _Imbrasia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 4.――――The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during
  the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 10 & 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 4, li. 520.

=Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of
  Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.

=Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. _See:_ Licinius.

=Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married
  Medesicaste, Priam’s daughter. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.

=Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium.

=Imbros=, now _Embro_, an island of the Ægean sea, near Thrace, 32
  miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name.
  Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards
  subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings
  of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities
  particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. _Thucydides_,
  bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10,
  li. 18.

=Inăchi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from
  king Inachus.

=Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.――――A
  festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of
  Ino’s misfortunes.――――A courtesan in the age of _Horace_, Epode 12.

=Inăchĭdæ=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the
  throne of Argos.

=Inăchĭles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 704.――――Also of Perseus, descended from
  Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 11.

=Inăchis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 1, li. 454.

=Inăchium=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Inăchus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of
  Phoroneus and Ægialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was
  succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of
  Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――A river of Argos.――――Another in
  Epirus.

=Inamămes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis
  extended her empire. _Polyænus._

=Inarĭme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which
  Jupiter confined the giant Typhœus. It is now called _Ischia_, and
  is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly
  a volcano in the middle of the island. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 716.

=Inărus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis
  was built by the Milesians.――――A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.

=Incitātus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.

=Indathyrsus=. _See:_ Idanthyrsus.

=India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of
  Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its
  name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia,
  &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous
  for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients
  of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold.
  It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities,
  according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In
  more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia.
  Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of
  Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior
  was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended
  her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet
  their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage
  by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India
  is divided into several provinces. There is an India _extra Gangem_,
  an India _intra Gangem_, and an India _propria_; but these divisions
  are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age
  of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the Æthiopian nations.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Justin_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.

=Indibĭlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.

=Indĭgĕtes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only
  in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as
  Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from _Inde et geniti_,
  born at the same place where they received their worship. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 498.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 608.

=Indĭgĕti=, a people of Spain.

=Indus=, now _Sinde_, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent
  country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian
  ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile;
  and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before
  it falls into the sea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 720.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――A
  river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by Cæsar, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea.

=Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She
  married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by
  whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of
  Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred
  against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the
  throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed
  of Ino’s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden
  ram. _See:_ Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino’s prosperity, resolved
  to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of
  the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent,
  by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled
  the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a
  lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son
  Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband,
  and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta
  in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea
  deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also
  a sea god, known by the name of Palæmon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.
  ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
  ch. 48.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 5.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 12, 14, & 15.

=Inōa=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and
  sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered
  to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name
  of Leucothoe.――――Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was
  usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which,
  if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the
  surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.

=Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Palæmon, as son of Ino.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 823.

=Inōpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the
  Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that
  Apollo and Diana were born. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Flaccus_,
  bk. 5, li. 105.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Insŭbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po,
  supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans,
  and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan
  and Pavia were built. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,
  ch. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.――_Ptolemy_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against
  Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for
  not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius,
  who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper.
  When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death,
  his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion
  of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from
  death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her
  brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she
  preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she
  could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she
  could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead.
  Intaphernes was put to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.

=Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore.
  _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

      ♦ ‘Div.’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends’

=Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian
  Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between
  two branches of the Nar (_interamnes_), whence its name. _Varro_,
  _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,
  ch. 64.――――A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.

=Intercatia=, a town of Spain.

=Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the
  care of the government after the death of a king, till the election
  of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and
  none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to
  Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman
  history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled
  with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was
  sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this
  happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates,
  or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Inui castrum.= _See:_ Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus,
  a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and
  worshipped in this city.

=Inȳcus=, a city of Sicily. _Herodotus_.

=Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or
  Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured
  of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object
  of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though
  he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick
  mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and
  the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the
  animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded
  the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for
  the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore
  her to liberty. _See:_ Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus,
  was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather
  a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest
  part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she
  stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing
  torments of Juno’s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her
  to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer
  into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married
  Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she
  treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after
  death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name
  of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Phœnician
  merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been
  stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came
  to Egypt. She is sometimes called _Phoronis_, from her brother
  Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 748.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Moschus._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 789.――_Hyginus_, fable 145.

=Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenobœa, the
  wife of Prœtus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by
  Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called
  Philonoe, in marriage. _See:_ Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 57.

=Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his
  youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Jocasta=, a daughter of Menœceus, who married Laius king of Thebes,
  by whom she had Œdipus. She afterwards married her son Œdipus,
  without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices,
  &c. _See:_ Laius, Œdipus. When she discovered that she had married
  her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in
  despair. She is called _Epicasta_ by some mythologists. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 42.――_Seneca_ & _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 11.

=Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia.
  It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who
  assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several
  days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The
  next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The
  following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned
  with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They
  were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the
  exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be
  seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was
  buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and
  flowers on the day of the festival.

=Iŏlas=, or =Iolāus=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted
  Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the
  place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of
  others. _See:_ Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by
  Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards,
  Iolas assisted the Heraclidæ against Eurystheus, and killed the
  tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a
  monument in Bœotia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind
  themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the
  place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and
  Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone
  to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50
  daughters of Thespius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 399.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――――A
  compiler of a Phœnician history.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by
  Catillus in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 640.
  ――――A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. _Plutarch._

=Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born.
  It was founded by Cretheus son of Æolus and Enaretta. Mela mentions
  it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient
  geographers place it on the sea-shore. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 192.

=Iŏle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of Œchalia. Her father promised her
  in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements,
  and Iole was carried away by force. _See:_ Eurytus. It was to
  extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the
  poisoned tunic, which caused his death. _See:_ Hercules and Dejanira.
  After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.

=Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married
  Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of Ægiale. He succeeded on
  the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called
  Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the
  name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. _See:_ Iones and
  Ionia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.――――A
  tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens,
  met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended
  by Aristophanes and Athenæus, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.――――A
  native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato’s dialogues as reasoning with
  Socrates.

=Iōne=, one of the Nereides.

=Iōnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt
  at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the
  people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion
  conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and
  the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and
  settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection,
  they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this
  victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When
  the Achæans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, 80 years
  after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who
  were then masters of Ægialus. They were soon dispossessed of their
  territories by the Achæans, and went to Attica, where they met with
  a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was
  about 60 years after the return of the Heraclidæ, B.C. 1044, and 80
  years after the departure of the Æolians; and they therefore finally
  settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.

=Iōnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Æolia, on
  the west by the Ægean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and
  on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies
  from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects
  of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a
  celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12
  states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Ephesus, Lebedos,
  Teos, Phocæa, Erythræ, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios.
  The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called _Pan
  Ionium_, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every
  part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom
  and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia
  by Crœsus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of
  the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation
  to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece.
  They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored
  to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans
  under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for
  the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and
  the genius of its inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 1.――――An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was
  for some time the residence of the Ionians.

=Iōnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the
  Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the Ægean
  sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea
  of Ionia_, and not the _Ionian sea_. According to some authors, the
  Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after
  she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.
  ――_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Iōpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an
  excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his
  superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to Æneas.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 744.

=Iōpe= and =Joppa=, now _Jafa_, a famous town of Phœnicia, more
  ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about
  40 miles from the capital of Judæa, and was remarkable for a seaport
  much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks
  that lie before it. _Strabo_, bk. 16, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2,
  poem 28, li. 51.――――A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus.
  _Plutarch._

=Iŏphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence
  in the management of his affairs, &c. _Lucian_, _de Macrobii_.――――A
  poet of Gnossus, in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.

=Jordānes=, a river of Judæa, illustrious in sacred history. It rises
  near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis,
  and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into
  the Dead sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died
  A.D. 552.

=Ios=, now _Nio_, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos,
  celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his
  mother. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Josēphus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who
  signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days
  against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Judæa. When the city
  surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and
  the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life
  by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken
  refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had
  all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained
  the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the
  conqueror’s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day
  the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege
  of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it
  contained from the conqueror’s hands. He came to Rome with Titus,
  where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman
  citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian
  and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of
  the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it
  into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated
  it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of
  the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided
  into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in
  some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in
  the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against
  Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c.
  Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the
  bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions,
  and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the
  Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians,
  yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls
  him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of
  his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson’s, 2 vols., folio,
  Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp’s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726.
  _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, &c.

=Joviānus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of
  Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused
  to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects
  followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they
  removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him
  that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He
  made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian
  was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and
  20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated
  by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room,
  A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he
  was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch.
  _Marcellinus._

=Iphianassa=, a daughter of Prœtus king of Argos, who, with her
  sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. _See:_ Prœtides.
  ――――The wife of Endymion.

=Iphĭclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at
  the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together
  in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents
  to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the
  house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them,
  one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Theocritus._――――A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of
  Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and
  the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother
  [_See:_ Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught
  in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages
  from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only
  restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen.
  Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how
  to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards
  a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce
  and Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 13.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A
  son of Thestius king of Pleuron. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Iphicrătes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of
  a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices
  in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some
  victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against
  Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered
  them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married
  a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called
  Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the
  meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of
  his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.――――A sculptor of Athens.――――An
  Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3,
  ch. 13.

=Iphĭdămus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 11.

=Iphĭdĕmīa=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.

=Iphĭgēnĭa=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the
  Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at
  Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease
  the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon’s daughter, to
  Diana. _See:_ Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess
  by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror
  and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter,
  he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces,
  to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home.
  Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented
  to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As
  Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for
  her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra
  gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here
  she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the
  forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties
  were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was
  going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared,
  and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for
  the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the
  wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail
  from Aulis. Iphigenia’s innocence had raised the compassion of
  the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she
  carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her
  temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command
  of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country.
  Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when
  Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled
  friendship [_See:_ Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia
  that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her
  brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to
  fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the
  goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered
  Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors,
  the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of
  Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by ♦Theseus. Homer does not speak
  of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description
  of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which
  Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of
  Aricia in Italy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, ch. 116.
  ――_Aeschylus._――_Euripides._

      ♦ ‘Thesus’ replaced with ‘Theseus’

=Iphĭmĕdīa=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Alœus. She
  fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by
  Neptune, her father’s father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 124.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians
  and Heraclidæ. _Apollodorus._

=Iphĭmĕdūsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor.
  _See:_ Danaides.

=Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to
  destroy all the males of the island after their return from a
  Thracian expedition. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 163.――――One of the
  daughters of Prœtus. She died of a disease while under the care of
  Melampus. _See:_ Prœtides.

=Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid._

=Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos.
  He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban
  war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar
  of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1, 3, & 7.――――A beautiful
  youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete,
  and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate
  that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave
  without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 703.――――A daughter of Thespius.
  _Apollodorus._――――A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of
  Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy
  her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could
  not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her
  husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis
  commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa
  brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed
  for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the
  deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father
  resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter
  of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but
  Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the
  marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance
  of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The
  goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow,
  the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.

=Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed
  by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 382.

=Iphĭtus=, a son of Eurytus king of Œchalia. When his father had
  promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons
  in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off
  victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing
  that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole
  might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole
  away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft.
  Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with
  Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to
  give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking
  the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus,
  he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A
  Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with Æneas
  to Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.――――A king of Elis,
  son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the
  olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or
  about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in
  chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved
  in fabulous obscurity. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared,
  by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her
  in the absence of her son Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,
  li. 795.

=Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.

=Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought
  there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus
  and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The
  former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000
  horse, with 75 elephants. The latter’s forces consisted of above
  64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120
  armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. _Plutarch_,
  _Demetrius_.

=Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if
  he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is
  famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against
  the Lacedæmonians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second
  Messenian war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 7.

=Irenæus=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop
  of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what
  remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language,
  and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however,
  preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and
  often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He
  suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that
  of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.

=Irēne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.
  ――――One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Horæ.
  Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and
  Themis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus
  fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the
  inhabitants of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.

=Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides,
  messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office
  was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body
  of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and,
  from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the
  variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting
  behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described
  as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 266.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 271 _et
  seq._; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
  li. 694.――――A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling
  into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 121.――――A river of Pontus.

=Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope’s
  suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar’s dress,
  Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged
  him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged
  him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb,
  _Iro pauperior_. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.――――A mountain of India.

=Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with
  bitumen. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.――――A small town on the river
  of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.

=Isădas=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city,
  stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy.
  He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. _Plutarch._

=Isæa=, one of the Nereides.

=Isæus=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eubœa, who came to Athens, and
  became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master
  of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation
  and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance.
  Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he
  studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of
  style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. _Juvenal_, satire 3,
  li. 74.――_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Demosthenes._
  ――――Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly
  recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke
  extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great
  correctness.

=Isamus=, a river of India.

=Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father
  made against the Solymi. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.

=Isāpis=, a river of Umbria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Isar= and =Isara=, the _Isore_, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed
  the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the
  Rhone near Valence. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 399.
  ――――Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.

=Isar= and =Isæus=, a river of Vindelicia. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.

=Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 27.

=Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose
  inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly
  Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them.
  _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Strabo._――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to
  his Friends_, ltr. 2.

=Isaurĭcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over
  the Isaurians. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 594.――_Cicero_, bk. 5,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.

=Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.――――Another in
  Magna Græcia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the
  grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted
  himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near
  Olympia.

=Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. _Polyænus._

=Ischomăchus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of
  Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.

=Ischopŏlis=, a town of Pontus.

=Iscia.= _See:_ Œnotrides.

=Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius,
  guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.

=Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued
  nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley,
  as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the
  use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom
  they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a
  decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about
  200 years after, by Commodus.

=Isiacōrum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.

=Isidōrus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote
  some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.――――A
  disciple of Chrysostom, called _Pelusiota_, from his living in Egypt.
  Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness
  and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.――――A
  christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is
  surnamed _Hispalensis_. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul,
  Paris, 1601.

=Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and
  Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the
  same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human
  form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people
  with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine
  honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by
  Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by
  him even before she had left her mother’s womb. These two ancient
  deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all
  the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva
  of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the
  Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans,
  &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion
  of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign.
  _See:_ Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris
  and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently
  applied themselves in cultivating the earth. _See:_ Apis. As Isis
  was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented
  as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn.
  The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of
  the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the
  loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word _Isis_,
  according to some, signifies _ancient_, and, on that account, the
  inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words:
  _I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has
  hitherto taken off my veil_. The worship of Isis was universal in
  Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their
  head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and
  clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they
  abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the
  flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in
  continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the
  beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess,
  and affected to be called a second Isis. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,
  bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 59.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 831.

=Ismărus= (Ismăra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with
  vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its
  wines are excellent. The word _Ismarius_ is indiscriminately used
  for Thracian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
  2, li. 37; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 351.――――A Theban, son of Astacus.
  ――――A son of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus._――――A Lydian who accompanied
  Æneas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 139.

=Ismēne=, a daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister
  Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving
  burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant’s positive orders,
  declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being
  equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly
  opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in
  her calamities. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch.
  5.――――A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed
  Argus, by whom she had Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ismēnias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken
  prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed
  that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an
  ass. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A Theban, bribed by
  Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the
  Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lacedæmon,
  against which Xerxes was engaged in war. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.――――A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by
  his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king’s presence
  without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse
  to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved
  disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped
  his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground
  was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a
  satisfactory audience of the monarch.――――A river of Bœotia, falling
  into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was
  called _Ismenius_. A youth was yearly chosen by the Bœotians to
  be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once
  appointed. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_
  bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Ismenĭdes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the
  Ismenus, a river of Bœotia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 31.

=Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on
  the borders of the Ismenus.

=Ismēnus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave
  his name to the Ladon, a river of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into
  the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.
  ――――A son of Asopus and Metope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
  son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Isŏcrătes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical
  instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias
  and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in
  public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity
  from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of
  eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number,
  character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which
  he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly
  corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the
  Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which
  they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased
  Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronæa had such an
  effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of
  his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking
  any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before
  Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and
  graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions,
  and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant
  inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as
  a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however,
  is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of
  Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric.
  He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes
  poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly
  displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity
  of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death.
  About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after
  death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and
  Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of
  Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols.,
  8vo, Paris, 1782. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_, &c.
  ――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 20; _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 126;
  _Brutus_, ch. 15; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 2,
  &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――One of the officers of the
  Peloponnesian fleet, &c. _Thucydides._――――One of the disciples of
  Isocrates.――――A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.

=Issa=, now _Lissa_, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of
  Dalmatia.――――A town of Illyricum. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 26, ch. 25.

=Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved
  by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the
  form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis
  of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 124.

=Issus=, now _Aisse_, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria,
  famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and
  the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in
  consequence of which it was called _Nicopolis_. In this battle
  the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000
  horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to
  Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted
  of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,
  000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken
  prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was
  no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the
  Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those
  of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This
  spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194.
  _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 9.――_Curtius_, bk. 3,
  ch. 7.――_Arrian._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 20; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

=Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――――A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea,
  called also the _Danube_. _See:_ Danubius.――――A son of Ægyptus.
  _Apollodorus._

=Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names
  from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were
  celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea
  deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him
  in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions,
  when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in
  memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326.
  They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great
  regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them
  in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These
  games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so
  sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent
  the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman
  general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the
  Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been
  before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats
  of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with
  garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and
  the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years
  were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among
  the Romans from the consular government. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44;
  bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another,
  and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of
  Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins
  Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a
  communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called
  _Hexamili_. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 101.

=Istiæotis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. _See:_ Histiæotis.

=Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the
  Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived
  on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after
  the foundation of that city. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 10, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 9,
  ch. 2.

=Istropŏlis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by
  a Milesian colony. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Isus= and =Antĭphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the
  former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed
  their father’s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam,
  and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――――A city of Bœotia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Itălia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and
  Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared,
  and with some similitude, to a man’s leg. It has borne, at different
  periods, the different names of Saturnia, Œnotria, Hesperia,
  Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either
  from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word
  which signifies _an ox_, an animal very common in that part of
  Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature
  itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying
  this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support,
  but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called
  the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it
  seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called
  themselves _Aborigines_, offspring of the soil, and the country
  was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the
  Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided
  into as many different governments as there were towns, till the
  rapid increase of the Roman power [_See:_ Roma] changed the face
  of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause.
  Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the
  immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical
  abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided
  into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes
  known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy
  properly so called, and Magna Græcia. The sea above was called
  _Superum_, and that at the south _Inferum_. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 4,
  &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 2, &c.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 397, &c.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.

=Italĭca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.――――A town of Spain,
  now _Sevilla la Vieja_, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his
  wounded soldiers. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 16, ch. 13.――_Appian_, _Wars
  in Spain_.

=Italĭcus=, a poet. _See:_ Silius Italicus.

=Itălus=, a son of Telegonus. _Hyginus_, fable 127.――――An Arcadian
  prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called
  after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after
  death, as Æneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his
  adoration when he entered Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 178.
  ――――A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to
  have married Æneas or Ascanius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――――A king of
  the Cherusci, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Itargris=, a river of Germany.

=Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. _Hyginus_, fable 170.

=Itemales=, an old man who exposed Œdipus on mount Cithæron, &c.
  _Hyginus_, fable 65.

=Ithăca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts
  of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of
  the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures
  about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of
  _Isola del Compare_, or _Thiachi_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 139;
  _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.――_Strabo_,
  bks. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Ithacesiæ=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii.
  ――――Baiæ was called also _Ithacesiæ_, because built by Bajus the
  pilot of Ulysses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.

=Ithobălus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. _Josephus._

=Ithōme=, a town of Phthiotis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――Another of
  Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years’ siege, to Lacedæmon,
  724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call _Ithomates_,
  from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated,
  and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 32.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at
  Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs
  Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and
  the latter to a river.

=Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. _Columella_, bk. 10.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy.
  Cæsar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.

=Itōnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bœotia, where she was
  worshipped.

=Itōnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the
  manner of polishing metals. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 402.

=Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.

=Itūræa=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful
  in drawing the bow. _Lucan_, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 448.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Itūrum=, a town of Umbria.

=Ity̆lus=, a son of Zetheus and Ædon, killed by his mother. _See:_
  Ædon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 462.

=Ityræi=, a people of Palestine. _See:_ Ituræa.

=Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion
  king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six
  years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed
  into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into
  an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620;
  _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.――――A
  Trojan who came to Italy with Æneas, and was killed by Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 574.

=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father
  Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius Cæsar.
  He defeated Curio, whom Cæsar had sent to Africa, and after the
  battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He
  was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his
  subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good
  fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of
  which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 35.――_Dio
  Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.――――The
  second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the
  captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Cæsar. His captivity
  was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to
  study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the
  inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the
  courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity
  by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and
  conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all
  the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was
  so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making
  him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the
  Æthiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome
  in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but
  of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history
  of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from
  Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama,
  Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c.,
  now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.

=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in
  the age of Pompey, &c.

=Judæa=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt,
  Phœnicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants,
  whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were
  chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high
  priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and
  continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus.
  _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Dio Cassius_,
  bk. 36.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2,
  li. 593.

=Jugālis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage.
  _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32.

=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.

=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa.
  Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia.
  Micipsa, who had inherited his father’s kingdom, educated his nephew
  with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an
  aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the
  assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose
  a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his
  children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave
  and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa
  appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but
  the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha
  destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and
  obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the
  well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha’s gold prevailed
  among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his
  distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus
  was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success
  soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his
  savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus,
  and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his
  father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was
  delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five
  years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged
  in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put
  in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The
  name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen
  of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ &
  _Sulla_.――_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 691. It
  confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman
  magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and
  villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed
  should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the
  expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts
  in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the
  public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept
  of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the
  senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province,
  enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the
  previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.
  ――――Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the
  expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for
  the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar
  festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as
  marriages, births, &c., to 1000.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by
  Julius Cæsar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should
  be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two
  years.――――Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C.
  691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented
  according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among
  the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind
  themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.
  ――――Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius Cæsar, A.U.C. 664. It
  rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such
  as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of
  the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the
  Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new
  tribes.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius Cæsar. It confirmed
  the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be
  chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the
  senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni
  ærarii_.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the
  illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_
  their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition
  and bribery of Julius Cæsar.――――Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio
  & pudicitiâ_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards
  confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30,
  alludes to it.――――Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Poppæa_,
  which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls
  Papius and Poppæus, A.U.C. 762.――――Another, _de maritandis
  ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in
  matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on
  celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of
  senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children
  of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace
  alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.――――Another, _de
  majestate_, by Julius Cæsar. It punished with _aquæ & ignis
  interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen
  majestatis_, or treason against the state.

=Julia=, a daughter of Julius Cæsar, by Cornelia, famous for her
  personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius Cæpio,
  whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great.
  Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the
  father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C.
  53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced
  a civil war. _Plutarch._――――The mother of Marcus Antony, whose
  humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius
  Cæsar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.――――An aunt of Julius
  Cæsar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly
  pronounced by her nephew.――――The only daughter of the emperor
  Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries.
  She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to
  Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she
  had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married
  to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her
  husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus,
  informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her
  from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of
  Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius,
  who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._――――A
  daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her
  brother Domitian.――――A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who
  married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.――――A
  daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos,
  A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age
  of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her
  brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was
  banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled
  her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of
  Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She
  was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted
  herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler
  companions of her brother’s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose,
  was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.――――A celebrated
  woman, born in Phœnicia. She is also called Domna. She applied
  herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered
  herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms.
  She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the
  literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years
  after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial
  purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but
  he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest
  severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is
  even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to
  blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery
  and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her
  influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive
  of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and
  successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother
  Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted
  to screen her favourite son from his brother’s dagger. According to
  some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly
  married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were
  defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to
  her, after the death of Caracalla.――――A town of Gallia Togata.

=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_.

=Juliānus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine
  the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended
  the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne,
  nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two
  brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines
  of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate,
  and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus
  received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference
  and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity
  by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of
  paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went
  to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to
  the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed
  over Gaul, with the title of Cæsar, by Constans, and there he showed
  himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and
  the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in
  Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained
  him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian
  was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces
  to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised
  immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of
  Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to
  accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the
  death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master
  of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious
  sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity,
  and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This
  change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with
  which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to
  others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of
  some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore,
  Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public
  entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian
  war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the
  indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris,
  he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy’s
  country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition
  from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had
  been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or
  provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet
  again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of
  marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return
  of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated
  the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved
  fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his
  soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June,
  A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent
  in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the
  soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow
  for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian’s character has
  been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of
  his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he
  demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry,
  and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes,
  merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished
  the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and
  dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon
  Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal
  in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on
  the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night
  in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his
  daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public
  amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude.
  When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the
  inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments,
  ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The
  emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than
  destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to
  derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous
  work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the
  virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation
  for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into
  his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted
  policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of
  Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor,
  rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and
  afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished
  himself by his writings, as well as by his military character.
  Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote
  two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64
  of his letters on various subjects. His Cæsars is the most famous
  of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors
  from Julius Cæsar to Constantine. It is written in the form of
  a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable
  character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as
  a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his
  relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like
  Cæsar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his
  ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best
  edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696;
  and of the Cæsars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Gothæ, 1741. _Julian._
  ――_Socrates._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus Marcellinus._――_Libanius_,
  &c.――――A son of Constantine.――――A maternal uncle of the emperor
  Julian.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.――――A Roman, who
  proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian,
  &c.――――A governor of Africa.――――A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.
  ――――A general in Dacia, in Domitian’s reign.

=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon
  rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius Cæsar and Augustus
  were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that
  they were lineally descended from Æneas the founder of Lavinium.

=Jūliomăgus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou.

=Juliopŏlis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as
  Tarsus of Cilicia.

=Jūlis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides,
  &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some
  pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of
  its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Jūlius Cæsar.= _See:_ Cæsar.――――Agricola, a governor of Britain,
  A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing
  round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an
  account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――――Obsequens, a Latin
  writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de
  prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.――――Sextus,
  a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
  ――――Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the
  Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.――――Solinus,
  a writer. _See:_ Solinus.――――Titianus, a writer in the age of
  Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was
  made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history
  of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the
  ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated
  the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape
  of his age_.――――Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.
  ――――Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at
  the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son
  nearly shared his fate.――――Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in
  Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.――――Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by
  order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on
  him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.――――Proculus,
  a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus
  had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and
  that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god.
  Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid._――――Florus.
  _See:_ Florus.――――Lucius Cæsar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the
  triumvir the father of Cæsar the dictator. He died as he was putting
  on his shoes.――――Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against
  Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――Maximinus, a
  Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_
  Maximinus.

=Iūlus=, the name of Ascanius the son of Æneas. _See:_ Ascanius.
  ――――A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the
  kingdom of Alba, Æneas Sylvius the son of Æneas and Lavinia was
  preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 271.――――A son
  of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius.

=Jūnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of
  the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune
  should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made
  from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able
  to exercise the office of a tribune.――――Another, A.U.C. 627, which
  excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of
  Roman citizens.

=Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64
  years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.
  ――――Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her
  brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished
  by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Junius Blæsus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.――――Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius
  of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
  ch. 42.――――Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with
  Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3,
  ch. 24.――――Brutus. _See:_ Brutus.

=Jūno=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and
  Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c.
  She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was
  entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention,
  to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed
  that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river
  Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that
  she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus.
  Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and
  according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by
  means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up
  the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter.
  _See:_ Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his
  sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed
  himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air
  unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess,
  all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom.
  When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original
  form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had
  made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of
  Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the
  gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a
  young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided
  the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise,
  and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance
  the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the
  ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all
  the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness,
  however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her
  husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the
  highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate
  children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules
  and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her
  resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus
  in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of
  all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam.
  Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well
  known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she
  was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these,
  she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other
  sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation
  of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According
  to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought
  forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at
  the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter
  at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eubœa,
  and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a
  reconciliation, after he had applied to Cithæron for advice, and
  after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. _See:_
  Dædala. This reconciliation, however cordial ♦it might appear, was
  soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the
  jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He
  even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son
  Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and
  tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting
  his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from
  heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment
  rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it,
  and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and
  to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by
  bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune
  were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some
  attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was
  universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some
  authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity.
  She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and
  afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars
  a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were
  ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that
  animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants.
  Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock,
  often called _Junonia avis_ [_See:_ Argus], were sacred to her. The
  dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The
  latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when
  Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of
  her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies
  from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in
  that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains
  the name of the milky way, _lactea via_. As Juno’s power was
  extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess
  Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the
  thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the
  most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman
  of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even
  to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived
  either from the function or things over which she presided, or from
  the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of
  the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage
  and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and
  virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness
  in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was
  also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne
  with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand.
  Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on
  her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of
  her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a
  rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered
  upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice.
  The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was
  generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman
  matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and
  deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of
  her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames
  of Olympia, Sarnia, Lacedæmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena,
  Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cithæroneia, Bunea, Ammonia,
  Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos,
  Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina,
  Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta,
  Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.
  ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Argon._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Livy_, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, &c.;
  _Fasti_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4,
  poem 13.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 34.

      ♦ ‘in’ replaced with ‘it’

=Junonālia= and =Junonia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the
  same as the Heræa of the Greeks. _See:_ Heræa. _Livy_, bk. 27,
  ch. 37.

=Junōnes=, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the
  Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii.
  There were altars often erected to their honour. _Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――_Seneca_, ltr. 110.

=Junōnia=, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.
  ――――A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000
  Romans to rebuild it.

=Junonigĕna=, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 173.

=Junōnis promontorium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus.――――Laciniæ
  templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian
  promontory.

=Jūpĭter=, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According
  to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus
  mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To
  that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions
  of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the
  mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and
  entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received
  the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not
  raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but
  Ops, offended at her husband’s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave
  a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was
  a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete,
  and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or upon honey, according
  to others. He received the name of _Jupiter_, _quasi juvans pater_.
  His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the
  Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. _See:_ Corybantes. As
  soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to
  make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because
  he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and
  Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however,
  soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against
  his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and
  obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole
  master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers.
  He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire
  of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto.
  The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the
  rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished
  to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were
  so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon
  mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their
  fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming
  the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and
  by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic
  race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. _See:_ Gigantes.
  Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the
  pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres,
  Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. _See:_ Juno. He became a Proteus to
  gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of
  gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the
  form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed
  the company of Ægina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the
  habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain
  the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well
  as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was
  father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis,
  and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia,
  Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of
  Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. _See:_
  Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The
  worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans,
  the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were
  numerous, many of which he received from the place or function
  over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius,
  Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus,
  Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The
  worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity.
  His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with
  the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice
  of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because
  he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally
  represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in
  one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a
  sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long
  and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet.
  He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked,
  and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he
  is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the
  sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles,
  the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya.
  As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was
  extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his
  will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings
  and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with
  everything past, present, and future. He was represented at
  Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated
  with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle
  perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The
  Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the
  sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any
  particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At
  Lacedæmon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear
  with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which
  were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said
  that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan
  to open his head. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 1,
  4, 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 5,
  &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 4, &c.; _Hymn 23 to Zeus_.――_Orpheus._
  ――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Zeus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bks. 1, 3,
  5.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_; _Shield of
  Heracles_; _Works and Days_.――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, fable 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.

=Jura=, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the
  Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
  ch. 2.

=Justīnus Marcus Junianus=, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus,
  who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome,
  according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive
  work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian,
  Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and
  elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and
  animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and
  sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related
  only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his
  expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are
  that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo,
  Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.――――Martyr, a
  Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He
  died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides
  his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned
  style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio,
  1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb’s
  dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.――――An emperor of
  the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.――――Another,
  who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.――――Another, who died
  577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.

=Juturna=, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with
  contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was
  not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love
  with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the
  same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of
  that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those
  of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. _Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2,
  li. 585.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 139.――_Cicero_, _For Aulus
  Cluentius_, ch. 36.

=Juvenālis Decius Junius=, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came
  early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he
  applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke
  with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime
  Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed
  against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived
  in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero,
  the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the
  satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt.
  Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much
  from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He
  returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in
  the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated,
  and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice
  and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent
  manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind,
  rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He
  wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever
  displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure.
  It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than
  his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to
  his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his
  satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and
  with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry
  decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical
  composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden,
  1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of
  Grævius, _cum notis variorum_, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.

=Juventas=, or =Juventus=, a goddess at Rome who presided over
  youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and
  represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments.
  _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.――_Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.

=Juverna=, or =Hibernia=, an island at the west of Britain, now called
  _Ireland_. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.

=Ixibatæ=, a people of Pontus.

=Ixīon=, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus,
  of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela
  daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus,
  and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice
  he had made of him to be his daughter’s husband. His unwillingness,
  however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to
  violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion
  concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited
  his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom,
  and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw
  him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning
  coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring
  princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony,
  by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned
  and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and
  he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the
  gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion,
  served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and
  attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion
  of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the
  attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud
  in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had
  appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his
  embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others,
  Centaurus. _See:_ Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence
  of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had
  seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered
  Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls
  round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment
  of Ixion was eternal. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 62.
  ――_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
  4, li. 484; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius’] _Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of
  the Heraclidæ, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son
  of Alethes.

=Ixīŏnĭdes=, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. _Propertius_,
  bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.


                                   L

=Laander=, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c.
    ――_Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Laarchus=, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign
  power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus,
  the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly
  invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the
  power to Battus. _Polyænus._

=Labaris=, a king of Egypt after Sesostris.

=Labda=, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She
  married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus
  because she saved his life in a coffer. _See:_ Cypselus. This coffer
  was preserved at Olympia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.――_Aristotle_,
  _Politics_, bk. 5.

=Labdacĭdes=, a name given to Œdipus, as descended from Labdacus.

=Labdăcus=, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus
  king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood,
  and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his
  kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus
  as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether
  he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his
  father’s name was Phœnix. His descendants were called _Labdacides_.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 451.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Labdalon=, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Labeālis=, a lake in Dalmatia, now _Scutari_, of which the
  neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. _Livy_, bk. 44,
  ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Lăbeo Antistius=, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose
  views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His
  works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation
  of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent
  in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one
  of Cæsar’s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with
  insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons.
  _Appian_, _The Civil Wars_, bk. 4.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 45.
  ――――A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor
  Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had
  expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped
  by the interference of another of the tribunes.――――Quintus Fabius,
  a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the
  fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies,
  according to some.――――Actius, an obscure poet who recommended
  himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of
  Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is
  preserved by an old scholiast, _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 4, _Crudum
  manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos_.

=Lăbĕrius J. Decimus=, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents
  in writing pantomimes. Julius Cæsar compelled him to act one of his
  characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance,
  but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by
  throwing severe aspersions upon Julius Cæsar, by warning the
  audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes
  of the whole theatre. Cæsar, however, restored him to the rank
  of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his
  mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights,
  no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero
  said, _Recepissem te nisi angustè sederem_. Laberius was offended
  at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon
  his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of
  Cæsar and Pompey, by the reply of _Mirum si angustè sedes, qui soles
  duabas sellis sedere_. Laberius died 10 months after the murder
  of Julius Cæsar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. _Macrobius_,
  _Saturnalia_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10.
  ――_Seneca_, _de Controversiæ_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_,
  ch. 39.――――Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in Cæsar’s
  legions, killed in Britain. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Labīcum=, now _Colonna_, a town of Italy, called also _Lavicum_,
  between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four
  centuries B.C. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.――_Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47.

=Lăbiēnus=, an officer of Cæsar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to
  Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 6, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 346.――――A Roman who followed the
  interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians
  against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. _Strabo_,
  bks. 12 & 14.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Titus, an historian
  and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own
  compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable
  excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of
  their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss
  of his writings, destroyed himself. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 16.
  ――_Seneca._

=Labinētus=, or =Labynētus=, a king of Babylon, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 74.

=Labotas=, a river near Antioch in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son
  of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c.

=Labradeus=, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from
  _labrys_ which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet,
  which Jupiter’s statue held in its hand. _Plutarch._

=Labron=, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn.
  _Cicero_ bk. 2, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, ltr. 6.

=Lăby̆rinthus=, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing
  windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost
  impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one
  near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third
  at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt
  was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the
  beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was
  built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was
  intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the
  actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according
  to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were
  vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six
  doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all
  surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in
  the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were
  seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he
  was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy
  crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice.
  The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with
  sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and
  polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors,
  the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible
  noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by
  Dædalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous
  of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for
  Dædalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to
  Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and
  magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and
  thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour.
  Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent
  ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the
  lake Mœris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk.
  1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 148.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 588.

=Lăcæna=, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among
  others, to Helen. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 511.

=Lăcĕdæemon=, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas,
  who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas
  and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced
  the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them
  a temple. From Lacedæmon and his wife, the capital of Laconia
  was called Lacedæmon and Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 155.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A noble city
  of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also _Sparta_, and
  now known by the name of _Misitra_. It has been severally known by
  the name of _Lelegia_, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the
  country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and _Œbalia_, from Œbalus
  the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called _Hecatompolis_
  from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex
  is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in
  number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons
  of Orestes, when the Heraclidæ recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80
  years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants
  of the Heraclidæ, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it
  was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne
  together. _See:_ Eurysthenes. These two brothers began to reign
  B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called
  _Proclidæ_, and afterwards _Eurypontidæ_, and those of Eurysthenes,
  _Eurysthenidæ_, and afterwards _Agidæ_. The successors of Procles
  on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C.,
  after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis,
  1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus,
  873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus,
  690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus,
  526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397;
  Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295;
  Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225;
  Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059;
  Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957;
  Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776;
  Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607;
  Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus,
  under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius,
  408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371;
  Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II.,
  264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241;
  Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus
  and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though
  Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis,
  206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Lacedæmon joined the Achæan
  league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by
  order of Philopœmen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate
  of the Achæn confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius,
  147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of
  Lacedæmon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage
  and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for
  their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their
  youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their
  profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their
  only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care
  of their slaves. _See:_ Helotæ. They hardened their body by stripes
  and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo
  hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their
  valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home,
  they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and
  their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians,
  Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were
  forbidden by the laws of their country [_See:_ Lycurgus] to
  visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an
  intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which
  their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field
  of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small
  band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at
  Thermopylæ. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a
  mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had
  fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful
  flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As
  to domestic manners, the Lacedæmonians as widely differed from their
  neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were
  not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs
  of Greece, the interest of the Lacedæmonians was often powerful, and
  obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power
  and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their
  monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the
  power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours.
  _See:_ Ephori. The Lacedæmonians are remarkable for the honour and
  reverence which they paid to old age. The names of _Lacedæmon_ and
  _Sparta_ are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and
  often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis,
  and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs,
  or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This
  propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of
  time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous,
  and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. _See:_ Sparta,
  Laconia. The place where the city stood is now called _Paleo Chori_
  (_the old town_), and the new one erected on its ruins at some
  distance on the west is called _Misatra_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 33;
  bk. 45, ch. 28.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3.――_Justin_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Diodorus._――_Mela_, bk. 2. There
  were some festivals celebrated at Lacedæmon, the names of which
  are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old
  bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the
  shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to
  marry, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Lăcĕdæmŏnii= and =Lăcĕdæmŏnes=, the inhabitants of Lacedæmon. _See:_
  Lacedæmon.

=Lăcĕdæmŏnius=, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from
  his father’s regard for the Lacedæmonians. _Plutarch._

=Lăcerta=, a soothsayer in Domitian’s age, who acquired immense riches
  by his art. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 114.

=Lacetania=, a district at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23.

=Lachăres=, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city
  was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.――――An
  Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and
  escaped, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 3.――――A son of Mithridates king of
  Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.――――A robber
  condemned by Marcus Antony.――――An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth
  near Arsinoe.

=Laches=, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 12.――――An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in
  the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian
  war. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――――An artist who finished the Colossus
  of Rhodes.

=Lăchĕsis=, one of the Parcæ, whose name is derived from λαχειν, _to
  measure out by lot_. She presided over futurity, and was represented
  as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the
  spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated
  with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. _See:_ Parcæ.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 249.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 54.

=Lacidas=, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His
  father’s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he
  succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly
  esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his
  hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment,
  and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent
  funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through
  excess of drinking. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.

=Lacīdes=, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius,
  an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an
  altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 37.

=Lăcīnia=, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy,
  which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was
  a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. _See:_ Zeuxis. On an altar near
  the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius
  Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish
  a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and
  it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable
  life, and died in the greatest agonies. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 3.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Lacīnienses=, a people of Liburnia.

=Lacīnium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia, now cape _Colonna_, the
  southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a
  temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius,
  a famous robber killed there by Hercules. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 3;
  bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 522.

=Lacmon=, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 9, ch. 93.

=Laco=, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He
  was put to death.――――An inhabitant of Laconia or Lacedæmon.

=Lacobriga=, a city of Spain, where ♦Sertorius was besieged by
  Metellus.

      ♦ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

=Lacōnia=, =Lacōnĭca=, and =Lacedæmon=, a country in the southern
  parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north,
  Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of
  Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles.
  It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta,
  or Lacedæmon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged
  an enemy but at the full moon. _See:_ Lacedæmon. The brevity with
  which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and
  by the epithet of _Laconic_ we understand whatever is concise and
  not loaded with unnecessary words. The word _Laconicum_ is applied
  to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at
  Lacedæmon. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Lacrătes=, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to
  the assistance of the Egyptians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Lacrĭnes=, a Lacedæmonian ambassador to Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 152.

=Lactantius=, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are
  _de irâ divinâ_, _de Dei operibus_, and his _divine institutions_,
  in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian
  religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and
  absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy
  of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He
  died A.D. 325.――――The best editions of his works are that of Sparke,
  8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739;
  and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748.

=Lacter=, a promontory of the island of Cos.

=Lacydes=, a philosopher. _See:_ Lacidas.

=Lacȳdus=, an effeminate king of Argos.

=Ladas=, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was
  honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia.
  _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 10.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 97.

=Lade=, an island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where
  was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Lades=, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 343.

=Ladocea=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias._

=Ladon=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The
  metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed,
  happened near its banks. _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.―― _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 659.――――An Arcadian who followed Æneas into Italy, where he was
  killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 413.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 216.

=Lælaps=, one of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――The
  dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. _See:_ Lelaps, &c. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.

=Lælia=, a vestal virgin.

=Læliānus=, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers,
  A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he
  was conquered and put to death after a few months’ reign by another
  general called _Posthumus_, who aspired to the imperial purple as
  well as himself.

=Caius Lælius=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed _Sapiens_, so
  intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him
  in his treatise _De Amicitiâ_, as explaining the real nature of
  friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success
  against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the
  composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner
  in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness
  of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. _Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_.――――Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus
  the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.――――Archelaus, a
  famous grammarian. _Suetonius._

=Læna= and =Leæna=, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being
  tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit
  off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her
  executioners.――――A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed
  against Cæsar.

=Lænas=, a surname of the Popilii at Rome.

=Læneus=, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa.
  _Strabo._

=Læpa Magna=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Laertes=, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who
  married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by
  Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union
  with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses.
  _See:_ Anticlea. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes,
  though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and
  retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He
  was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from
  the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and Ulysses, at the sight
  of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long
  hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son,
  or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal
  feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This
  last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears
  at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on
  his neck, exclaiming, “O father, I am he for whom you weep.” This
  welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships
  which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son
  repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all
  the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed.
  Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11 & 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, li. 32; _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.――――A city of Cilicia,
  which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed _Laërtius_ from the place of
  his birth.

=Laërtius Diogenes=, a writer born at Laertes. _See:_ Diogenes.

=Læstry̆gŏnes=, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose
  them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been
  neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when
  Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his
  companions. _See:_ Antiphates. They were of a gigantic stature,
  according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country,
  but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some
  suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where
  they built the town of Formiæ, whence the epithet of _Læstrygonia_
  is often used for that of _Formiana_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 4; _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 4, ltr. 10.――_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, lis. 662 & 818.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 81.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 276.

=Læta=, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity
  and generous sentiments.

=Lætoria lex=, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to
  provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane,
  or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse
  the weakness of persons under such circumstances. _Cicero_, _de
  Officiis_, bk. 3.

=Lætus=, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This
  violence raised Lætus against Commodus; he conspired against him,
  and raised Pertinax to the throne.――――A general of the emperor
  Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or,
  according to others, on account of his popularity.

=Lævi=, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana.

=Lævīnus=, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed
  the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator
  in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was
  defeated by Pyrrhus.――――Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome,
  because he was distinguished by no good quality. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 6, li. 12.

=Lagaria=, a town of Lucania.

=Lagia=, a name of the island Delos. _See:_ Delos.

=Lagĭdes.= _See:_ Lagus.

=Laginia=, a town of Caria.

=Lagus=, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage
  Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king
  Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he
  exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the
  infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings
  against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was
  divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called
  him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously
  preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This
  Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According
  to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of
  Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as
  dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the
  Ptolemies is called _Lagus_, to distinguish him from his successors
  of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of
  Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son
  of Lagus, and he preferred the name of _Lagides_ to all other
  appellations. It is even said that he established a military order
  in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides
  was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till
  the reign of Cleopatra, Antony’s mistress. Plutarch mentions an
  anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy
  was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian,
  once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence
  of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question
  of, “Pray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?” “Tell me,”
  replied the grammarian, without hesitation, “tell me, if you
  can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.” This reflection on
  the meanness of the monarch’s birth did not in the least irritate
  his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation.
  Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his
  moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his
  patronage. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.――_Justin_, bk. 13.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _De Cohibenda Ira_.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 684.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 196.――――A Rutulian, killed by Pallas
  son of Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 381.

=Lagūsa=, an island in the Pamphylian sea.――――Another near Crete.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Lagȳra=, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.

=Laiădes=, a patronymic of Œdipus son of Laius. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 18.

=Laias=, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A king of Elis, &c.

=Lais=, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of
  Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her
  native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded
  Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000
  drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers,
  orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much
  commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which
  attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of _Non cuivis
  homini contingit adire Corinthum_. Even Demosthenes himself visited
  Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the
  courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the
  enormous sum of about 300_l._ English money, the orator departed, and
  observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The
  charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence
  upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty,
  she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast
  of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes
  the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in
  his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most
  unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of
  Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause
  of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of
  a brown colour, but to no purpose. “Fool that thou art,” said the
  courtesan, “to ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.” Lais
  ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness
  of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their
  passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the
  age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her
  door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her
  debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly,
  and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth
  called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of
  the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting
  the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of
  Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that
  there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 26.――_Ovid_,
  _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 5.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Lāius=, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes,
  which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother
  Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom
  by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the
  indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored,
  and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him
  that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of
  this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A
  day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and
  Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to
  a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved
  with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithæron, where his
  life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called Œdipus, was
  educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with
  his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. Œdipus ordered his
  father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused,
  and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer
  or charioteer shared his fate. _See:_ Œdipus. _Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 9 & 66.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.――_Plutarch_, _de
  Curiositate_.

=Lalăge=, one of Horace’s favourite mistresses. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 22, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 7.――――A woman censured for
  her cruelty. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 66.

=Lalassis=, a river of Isauria.

=Lamăchus=, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He
  was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much
  courage and intrepidity. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.――――A governor of
  Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he
  had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast.

=Lamalmon=, a large mountain of Æthiopia.

=Lambrāni=, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.

=Lambrus=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Lămia=, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or
  Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which
  it supported after Alexander’s death. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 16, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A river of Greece
  opposite mount Œta.――――A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile,
  an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――――A
  famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_,
  _Demetrius_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 13.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,
  ch. 9.

=Lamia= and =Auxesia=, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the
  same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an
  olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer
  a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.

=Lamiăcum bellum=, happened after the death of Alexander, when the
  Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators,
  resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians.
  Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched
  against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater
  entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was
  beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek
  confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323,
  where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful
  general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that
  had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the
  city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were
  delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being
  killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of
  Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus
  brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon,
  and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so
  dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater
  at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the
  usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses
  of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and
  Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited
  their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were
  accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape
  and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who
  ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death.
  _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Justin_, bk. 11,
  &c.

=Lămiæ=, small islands in the Ægean, opposite Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.――――A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus.
  ――――Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of
  a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They
  allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them;
  and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet
  their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be
  witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful
  woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to
  some, the fable of the Lamiæ is derived from the amours of Jupiter
  with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy
  of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon
  which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the
  children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. _See:_
  Lemures. _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius_.――_Horace_, _Art of
  Poetry_, li. 340.――_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_.――_Dion._

=Lămias Ælius=, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured
  with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a
  respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26,
  bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 6, ch. 27.――――Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death,
  &c.

=Lamīrus=, a son of Hercules by Iole.

=Lampĕdo=, a woman of Lacedæmon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and
  mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the
  mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.――_Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plato_, bk. 1,
  _Alcibiades_.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 41.

=Lampĕtia=, a daughter of Apollo and Neæra. She, with her sister
  Phaetusa, guarded her father’s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived
  on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven
  herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50.
  They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful
  and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled
  by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats
  and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed
  some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father,
  and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the
  Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which
  was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but
  dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked
  on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed
  them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved
  himself on the broken piece of a mast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12,
  ch. 119.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.――――According to _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades,
  who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother
  Phaeton.

=Lampeto= and =Lampedo=, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself
  to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where
  she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band
  of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. _Justin_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Lampeus= and =Lampia=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 8.

=Lampon=, =Lampos=, or =Lampus=, one of the horses of Diomedes,――――of
  Hector,――――of Aurora. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 23.
  ――――A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.――――A soothsayer of Athens
  in the age of Socrates. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.

=Lampōnia= and =Lampōnium=, a city of Troas. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 26.――――An island on the coast of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Lamponius=, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt
  the conquest of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Lampridius Ælius=, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote
  the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and
  his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus,
  Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the
  works of the _Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores_.

=Lamprus=, a celebrated musician, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Lampsăcus= and =Lampsăcum=, now _Lamsaki_, a town of Asia Minor on
  the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was
  the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the
  founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery,
  and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the
  epithet _Lampsacius_ is usual to express immodesty and wantonness.
  Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of
  its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the
  interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice
  of Anaximenes. _See:_ Anaximenes. It was formerly called Pityusa,
  and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of
  Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans
  who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired
  against their life. This timely information saved them from
  destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver.
  The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine
  was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of
  Themistocles. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 117.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Themistocles_, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9, li. 26;
  _Fasti_, bk. 8, li. 345.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 11, poems 17, 52.

=Lamptera=, a town of Phocæa in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.

=Lamptĕria=, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus,
  who was surnamed Lampter, from λαμπειν, _to shine_, because, during
  this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers
  went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands.
  It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts
  of every street in the city. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Lampus=, a son of Ægyptus.――――A man of Elis.――――A son of Prolaus.

=Lămus=, a king of the Læstrygones, who is supposed by some to have
  founded Formiæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiæ at Rome was,
  according to the opinion of some, descended from him. _Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 17.――――A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his
  mother on the throne of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 54.
  ――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 334.
  ――――A river of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――――A Spartan
  general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A
  city of Cilicia.――――A town near Formiæ built by the Læstrygones.

=Lămy̆rus=, _buffoon_, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.――――One of the
  auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 334.

=Lanassa=, a daughter of Cleodæus, who married Pyrrhus the son of
  Achilles by whom she had eight children. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Agathocles, who married
  Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. _Plutarch._

=Lancēa=, a fountain, &c. _Pausanias._

=Lancia=, a town of Lusitania. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Landi=, a people of Germany conquered by Cæsar.

=Langia=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth.

=Langobardi=, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called
  improperly Lombards by some. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 45;
  _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Langrobriga=, a town of Lusitania.

=Lanŭvium=, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian
  road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by
  the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose
  consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the
  goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat’s skin,
  and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned
  upwards in the form of a cone. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_; _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 29; _For Milo_, ch. 10.――_Livy_, bk. 8,
  ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 364.

=Laobōtas=, or =Lābotas=, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agidæ,
  who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign
  war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for
  37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 2.

=Lāŏcoon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of
  Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned
  by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him
  propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from
  the sea, and attacked Laocoon’s two sons, who stood next to the
  altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but
  the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated
  wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment
  was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans
  to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had
  consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin
  against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls.
  Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of
  Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by
  his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.――_Hyginus_, fable 135.

=Laodămas=, a son of Alcinous king of the Phæacians, who offered to
  wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father’s court. Ulysses, mindful
  of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 170.――――A son of Eteocles king of
  Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 15.

=Lāŏdămīa=, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married
  Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The
  departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief
  to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector,
  her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband
  whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be
  made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her
  servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter’s bed was daily
  defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and
  when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden
  image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter’s grief.
  He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the
  image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous
  traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was
  restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when
  he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his
  wife to accompany him. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 447.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 104.――_Propertius_, bk. 1,
  poem 19.――――A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter
  of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She
  dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but
  her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows
  of the goddess. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 12 & 16.――――A daughter
  of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus.
  She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled
  for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon
  after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself.
  _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.

=Lāŏdĭce=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of
  Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks
  to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She
  obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the
  house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas,
  which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas,
  whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son
  of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche.
  According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself
  down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked
  by the Greeks. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 13,
  ch. 26.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3 & 6.――――One of the Oceanides.――――A
  daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.――――A sister of Mithridates, who married
  Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother
  Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she
  prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was
  dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted
  to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.――――A queen
  of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of
  her children.――――A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death
  Berenice, whom her husband had married. _See:_ Antiochus II. She
  was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.――――A daughter
  of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical
  minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.――――A daughter
  of Seleucus.――――The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she
  brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into
  her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was
  engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to
  her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful,
  when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the
  same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called
  Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucidæ,
  had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. _Justin._ _Appian_,
  _Syrian Wars_ mentions this anchor, though in a different manner.

=Lāŏdĭcēa=, now _Ladik_, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria,
  Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft
  and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called _Diospolis_,
  and afterwards _Rhoas_; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour
  of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 12.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 15, _For Flaccus_.――――Another in Media, destroyed by
  an earthquake in the age of Nero.――――Another in Syria, called by way
  of distinction Laodicea _Cabiosa_, or _ad Libanum_.――――Another on
  the borders of Cœlosyria. _Strabo._

=Lāŏdĭcēne=, a province of Syria, which receives its name from
  Laodicea, its capital.

=Laodŏchus=, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise
  Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and
  Trojans. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.――――An attendant of Antilochus.
  ――――A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A son of Apollo
  and Phthia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Laogōnus=, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at
  the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 461.――――A priest
  of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 16, li. 604.

=Laogŏras=, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to
  become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was
  killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Laogŏre=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion.
She died in Egypt. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Lāŏmĕdon=, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some
  Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by
  the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and
  was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from
  heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for
  one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward
  the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid
  waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a
  pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended
  divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing
  could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but
  annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the
  monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the
  lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her
  country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the
  lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon’s daughter. The king was unwilling
  to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but
  his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In
  the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to
  deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised
  to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but
  when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements,
  and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of
  arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his
  daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the
  conqueror’s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans,
  and placed upon his father’s throne. According to Hyginus, the
  wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because
  he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the
  first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 6.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 89.――――A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.――――A satrap of
  Phœnicia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――――An Athenian, &c.
  _Plutarch._――――An Orchomenian. _Plutarch._

=Laŏmĕdonteus=, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king
  Laomedon. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8,
  li. 18.

=Laŏmĕdontiădæ=, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their
  king. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 248.

=Laonŏme=, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts.

=Laonŏmēne=, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons,
  Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Laŏthoe=, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married
  Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 21, li. 85.――――One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of
  Antidus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Laous=, a river of Lacedæmon.

=Lapăthus=, a city of Cyprus.

=Laphria=, a surname of Diana at Patræ in Achaia, where she had a
  temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in
  the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas,
  two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from
  Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her.
  There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of
  which _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account.

=Laphystium=, a mountain in Bœotia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence
  he was called _Laphystius_. It was here that Athamas prepared to
  immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a
  golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Lapideus=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans.

=Lăpĭthæ=, a people of Thessaly. _See:_ Lapithus.

=Lapĭtho=, a city of Cyprus.

=Lăpĭthus=, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus,
  and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas
  and Periphas. The name of _Lapithæ_ was given to the numerous
  children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of
  the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief
  of the Lapithæ assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one
  of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus,
  Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also
  invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would
  have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated
  Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous.
  The Lapithæ resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their
  companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended
  in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they
  at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapithæ showed
  himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends,
  and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity
  and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom
  Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the
  celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished
  the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. _See:_
  Centauri. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and
  Lapithæ, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of
  bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapithæ. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pindar_,
  bk. 2, _Pythian_.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,
  li. 304.

=Lapithæum=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Lara=, or =Laranda=, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon
  in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her
  parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to
  Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the
  god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the
  infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her
  by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two
  children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to
  the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
  li. 599.

=Larentia= and =Laurentia=, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome.
  _See:_ Acca.

=Lăres=, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and
  families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. _See:_
  Lara. In process of time their power was extended not only over
  houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares
  _Urbani_ to preside over the cities, _Familiares_ over houses,
  _Rustici_ over the country, _Compitales_ over cross-roads, _Marini_
  over the sea, _Viales_ over the roads, _Patellarii_, &c. According
  to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are
  supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom
  among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their
  houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered
  over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The
  statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin
  of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or
  around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog
  barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on
  their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their
  festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their
  statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of
  fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the
  Etruscan word _Lars_, which signifies conductor, or leader. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 129.――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 8.――_Plutarch_,
  _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23.――_Plautus_, _Aulularia_ & _Cistellaria_.

=Largra=, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_,
  satire 4, li. 25.

=Largus=, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in
  Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and
  elegance. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17.

=Larīdes=, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against
  Æneas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of
  Evander. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 391.

=Lārīna=, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against
  Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 655.

=Larīnum=, or =Lārīna=, now _Larino_, a town of the Frentani on the
  Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were
  called _Larinates_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 565.――_Cicero_,
  _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 63, 64; _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12;
  bk. 7, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.――_Cæsar_,
  _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 23.

=Larissa=, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities
  in Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――――A city between Palestine
  and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some
  accounts.――――A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a
  small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.――――A
  city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. _Strabo_,
  bk. 13.――――Another in Æolia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed
  _Phriconis_ by Strabo, by way of distinction. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 640.――――Another near Ephesus.
  ――――Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called
  _Cremaste_ from its situation (_Pensilis_), the most famous of all
  the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently
  killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple,
  on account of which he is called _Larissæus_. The same epithet is
  also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant,
  and bears the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 542.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Lucan_, bk. 6.――_Livy_, bk.
  31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.――――A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus.

=Larissæus.= _See:_ Larissa.

=Larissus=, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 43.

=Larius=, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs
  in its way into the Po, above Cremona. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 159.

=Larnos=, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace.

=Laronia=, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 2,
  li. 86.

=Lars Tolumnius=, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and
  put to death, A.U.C. 329. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19.

=Titus Lartius Flavius=, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by
  the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome,
  B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 18.――――Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood
  the fury of Porsenna’s army at the head of a bridge, while the
  communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were
  Cocles and Herminius. _See:_ Cocles. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.
  ――――The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans.

=Lartolætani=, a people of Spain.

=Larvæ=, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which,
  according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves
  in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word _larva_
  signifies a _mask_, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves
  to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or
  spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves
  of the dead. Some call them Lemures. _Servius_, _Commentary on the
  Aeneid of Vergil_, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152.

=Larymna=, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue.
  ――――Another in Caria. _Strabo_, bks. 9 & 16.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16;
  bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Larysium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.

=Lassia=, an ancient name of Andros.

=Lassus=, or =Lasus=, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in
  Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the
  wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer
  he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant
  and comfortable? “Experience.” He was acquainted with music. Some
  fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athenæus. He wrote an ode
  upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter
  S in the composition. _Athenæus_, bk. 10.

=Lasthĕnes=, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of
  Macedonia.――――A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman
  general.――――A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucidæ, kings
  of Syria.

=Lasthĕnīa=, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato’s
  lectures. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Latăgus=, a king of Pontus, who assisted Æetes against the Argonauts,
  and was killed by Darapes. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 584.――――One of the
  companions of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 697.

=Laterānus Plautus=, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy
  with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led
  to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the
  conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as
  guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head
  from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head,
  he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was
  cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives
  its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani.

=Latĕrium=, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 15.

=Latiālis=, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants
  of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which
  were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. _Livy_,
  bk. 21. _See:_ Feriæ Latinæ.

=Latīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. _See:_ Latium.

=Latīnus Latiaris=, a celebrated informer, &c. _Tacitus._

=Latīnus=, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy,
  who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a
  son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter,
  called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to
  Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The
  gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must
  become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Æneas in Italy
  seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his
  daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally,
  seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however,
  disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his
  lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Æneas took
  up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After
  mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by
  the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror.
  Æneas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after
  died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 2, &c.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1,
  &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――――A son of Sylvius Æneas, surnamed
  also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded
  his father. He was father to Alba his successor. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A son of
  Ulysses and Circe also bore this name.

=Lătium=, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally
  very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but
  afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, Æqui,
  Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were
  called _Aborigines_, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus
  their king. According to others the word is derived from _lateo_,
  _to conceal_, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying
  the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the
  country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under Æneas, and Alba under
  Ascanius. _See:_ Alba. The Latins, though originally known only among
  their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded
  the city of Rome in their country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 38;
  bk. 8, li. 322.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 12.――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 5.

=Latius=, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_,
  poem 2, li. 392.

=Latmus=, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the
  residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night,
  whence he is often called _Latmius Heros_. _See:_ Endymion. _Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 299; _Ars Amatoria_,
  bk. 3, li. 83.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 1, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, ch. 28.

=Latobius=, the god of health among the Corinthians.

=Latobrigri=, a people of Belgic Gaul.

=Latōis=, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.――――A
  country house near Ephesus.

=Latomiæ=. _See:_ ♦Lautumiæ.

    ♦ ‘Latumiæ’ replaced with ‘Lautumiæ’

=Latōna=, a daughter of Cœus the Titan and Phœbe, or, according to
  Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated
  for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous
  of her husband’s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance,
  and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her.
  Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy,
  continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven,
  and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where
  she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion,
  struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos,
  which before wandered in the Ægean, and appeared sometimes above, and
  sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail
  by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and
  gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an
  olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of
  her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the
  greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled
  her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she
  asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and
  insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their
  barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to
  repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the
  mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the
  piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. _See:_ Niobe. Her
  beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana
  put to death. _See:_ Tityus. At last Latona, though persecuted and
  exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and
  saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally
  established where her children received adoration, particularly
  at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in
  Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 155.――_Pausanias_, bks.
  2 & 3.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21; _Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis_.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 160.――_Hyginus_, fable 140.

=Latopŏlis=, a city of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Latous=, a name ♦given to Apollo, as son of Latona. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 9.

      ♦ ‘give’ replaced with ‘given’

=Latreus=, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself
  slain by Cæneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 463.

=Laudămia=, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias
  daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged
  populace. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.――――The wife of Protesilaus. _See:_
  Laodamia.

=Laudice.= _See:_ Laodice.

=Laverna=, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She
  did not only preside over robbers, called from her _Laverniones_,
  but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret
  machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular,
  and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city,
  which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was
  generally represented by a head without a body. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr.
  16, li. 60.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――――A place mentioned
  by _Plutarch_, &c.

=Lavernium=, a temple of Laverna, near Formiæ. _Cicero_, bk. 7,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.

=Laufella=, a wanton woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 319.

=Laviana=, a province of Armenia Minor.

=Lăvīnia=, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to
  her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father
  to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to Æneas after the
  death of Turnus. _See:_ Latinus. At her husband’s death she was left
  pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law,
  she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called Æneas
  Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bks. 6 & 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 507.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.

=Lavīnium=, or =Lavīnum=, a town of Italy, built by Æneas, and called
  by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder’s wife. It was the
  capital of Latium during the reign of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 262.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2.

=Laura=, a place near Alexandria in Egypt.

=Laureacum=, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now
  _Lorch_.

=Laurentālia=, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of
  Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They
  were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 3, li. 57.

=Laurentes agri=, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum.
  _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41.

=Laurentia.= _See:_ Acca.

=Laurentīni=, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from
  the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus
  found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to
  build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god,
  and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 59.

=Laurentius=, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 709.

=Laurentum=, now _Paterno_, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the
  reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. _See:_
  Laurentini. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171.

=Laurion=, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the
  Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built
  their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before
  the age of Strabo. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Lauron=, a town of Spain, where Pompey’s son was conquered by Cæsar’s
  army.

=Laus=, now _Laino_, a town on the river of the same name, which forms
  the southern boundary of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Laus Pompeia=, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by
  Pompey.

=Lausus=, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by
  his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father’s throne. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 54.――――A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed
  by Æneas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the
  Trojans. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c.

=Lautium=, a city of Latium.

=Lautumiæ=, or =Latomiæ=, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid
  rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden
  filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27;
  bk. 32, ch. 26.

=Leades=, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. _Apollodorus._

=Lēæi=, a nation of Pæonia, near Macedonia.

=Leæna=, an Athenian harlot. _See:_ Læna.

=Leander=, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. _See:_
  Hero.――――A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his
  country.

=Leandre=, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. _Apollodorus._

=Leandrias=, a Lacedæmonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according
  to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over
  Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Leanira=, a daughter of Amyclas. _See:_ Leandre.

=Learchus=, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall
  by his father, in a fit of madness. _See:_ Athamas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 6, li. 490.

=Lebădēa=, now _Lioadias_, a town of Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It
  received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous
  for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there,
  according to Pliny. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 36.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 59.

=Lebĕdus=, or =Lebĕdos=, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon,
  where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where
  Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and
  carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by
  an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. _Strabo_, bk.
  14.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 142.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Divination_, ch. 33.

=Lebēna=, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to
  Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.

=Lĕbinthos= and =Lebynthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, near Patmos.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8, li. 222.

=Lechæum=, now _Pelago_, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 381.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 23.

=Lectum=, a promontory, now cape _Baba_, separating Troas from Æolia.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 37.

=Lecythus=, a town of Eubœa.

=Leda=, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus
  king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter,
  when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god,
  struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus
  to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a
  swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the
  tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into
  the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from
  the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the
  naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his
  situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus
  brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena,
  and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed
  the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their
  father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not
  to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the
  education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth
  by Nemesis. _See:_ Helena. To reconcile this diversity of opinions,
  others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death.
  Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter
  into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown
  to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 6, li. 109.――_Hesiod_, bk. 17, li. 55.――_Hyginus_, fable 77.
  ――_Isocrates_, _Helen_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Euripides_,
  _Helen_.――――A famous dancer in the age of _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.

=Ledæa=, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 328.

=Ledus=, now _Lez_, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Lĕgio=, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have
  been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted
  of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000,
  after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was
  in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased
  to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse.
  This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10,
  and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it
  was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between
  the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time
  and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or
  25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of
  Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian
  maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were
  distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled
  and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions;
  16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in
  Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rhætia,
  three in Mœsia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were
  stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two
  in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain
  were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity
  of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles
  of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety
  of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished
  by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from
  the order in which they were first raised, as _prima_, _secunda_,
  _tertia_, _quarta_, &c. Besides this distinction, another more
  expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor
  who embodied them, as _Augusta_, _Claudiana_, _Galbiana_, _Flavia_,
  _Ulpia_, _Trajana_, _Antoniana_, &c.; from the provinces or quarters
  where they were stationed, as _Britannica_, _Cyreniaca_, _Gallica_,
  &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour,
  as _Parthica_, _Scythica_, _Arabica_, _Africana_, &c.; from the
  names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped,
  as _Minervia_, _Apollinaris_, &c.; or from more trifling accidents,
  as _Martia_, _Fulminatrix_, _Rapax_, _Adjutrix_, &c. Each legion was
  divided into 10 _cohorts_, each cohort into three _manipuli_, and
  every manipulus into two centuries or _ordines_. The chief commander
  of the legion was called _legatus_, lieutenant. The standards borne
  by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the
  standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal
  was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore
  it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A
  minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with
  which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth.
  Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who
  changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird
  in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman
  eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the
  dragon.

=Leitus=, or =Letus=, a commander of the Bœotians at the siege of Troy.
  He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by
  Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 6 & 17.――――One of the Argonauts,
  son of Alector. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Lelaps=, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal
  he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and
  Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that
  valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from
  Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured
  him. _Hyginus_, fable 128.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 771.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 211.

=Lĕlĕges= (_a_ λεγω, _to gather_), a wandering people, composed of
  different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants
  of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king.
  Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the
  neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation.
  The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time,
  from Lelex, one of their kings. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 725.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Lelegeis=, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the
  Leleges. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Lelex=, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned
  about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from
  him _Leleges_, and the place _Lelegeia mœnia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――――A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus.
  His subjects were also called _Leleges_, and the country where he
  reigned _Lelegia_. _Pausanias._

=Lemanis=, a place in Britain, where Cæsar is supposed to have first
  landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent.

=Lemannus=, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which
  the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or
  Lausanne. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Lemnos=, an island in the Ægean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and
  Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called _Lemnius pater_, who
  fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. _See:_ Vulcanus.
  It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian
  women murdering their husbands [_See:_ ♦Hypsipyle], and that of the
  Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by
  some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives.
  These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of _Lemnian
  actions_, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The
  first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians,
  who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of
  the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last
  expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era.
  Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who
  says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance
  of 87 miles. It has been called ♦_Hypsipyle_, from queen ♦Hypsipyle.
  It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called _terra
  Lemnia_ or _terra sigillata_, from the seal or impression which
  it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have
  taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and
  to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also
  celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions,
  surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still
  visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called
  _Stalimene_, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades,
  and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.
  593.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 7.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 140.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 78.――_Ovid_, _Ars
  Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 672.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 274.

      ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Lemovices=, a people of Gaul, now _Limousin_ and _Limoges_. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7; ch. 4.

=Lemovii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Lĕmŭres=, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls
  after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of
  its inhabitants. The good spirits were called _Lares familiares_, and
  the evil ones were known by the name of _Larvæ_, or _Lemures_. They
  terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious;
  and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their
  honour, called _Lemuria_, or ♦_Lemuralia_, in the month of May. They
  were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother
  Remus, from whom they were called _Remuria_, and, by corruption,
  _Lemuria_. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the
  temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual
  for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or
  to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them.
  They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums,
  they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to
  terrify their relations upon earth. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 421,
  &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.――_Persius_, bk. 5, li. 185.

      ♦ ‘Lemurialia’ replaced with ‘Lemuralia’

=Lĕmūria= and =Lĕmŭrālia=. _See:_ Lemures.

=Lenæus=, a surname of Bacchus, from ληνος, _a wine-press_. There
  was a festival called _Lenæa_, celebrated in his honour, in which
  the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly
  prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. _Pausanias._
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 4; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 207.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 14.――――A learned grammarian,
  ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical
  manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus.

=Lentŭlus=, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great
  men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius
  Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who
  infested Umbria.――――Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some
  gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.――――Cornelius
  Lentulus, surnamed _Sura_. He joined in Catiline’s conspiracy, and
  assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full
  senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.――――A
  consul who triumphed over the Samnites.――――Cnæus Lentulus, surnamed
  _Gætulicus_, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put
  to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He
  wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry.
  ――――Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa.
  ――――Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious
  slaves in Sicily.――――Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by
  Julius Cæsar, &c.――――A tribune at the battle of Cannæ.――――Publius
  Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (_On Oratory_,
  bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.――――Besides these,
  there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and
  whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was
  in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518,
  553, 555, 598, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――_Livy._――_Florus._――_Pliny._
  ――_Plutarch._――_Eutropius._

=Leo=, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the
  christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared
  him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important
  occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king
  of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of
  Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never
  succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic
  citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A
  letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his
  country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known
  than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher,
  to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification,
  strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and
  also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven
  books, which have been lost. _Plutarch._――――A Corinthian at Syracuse,
  &c.――――A king of Sparta.――――A son of Eurycrates. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.
  ――_Philostratus._――――An emperor of the east, surnamed the _Thracian_.
  He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II.
  for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno.

=Leocorion=, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea,
  Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when
  an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of
  the blood of the citizens must be shed. _Ælian_, bk. 12, ch. 28.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Leocrătes=, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 11.

=Leodămas=, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who
  defended the city against the Argives. He killed Ægialeus, and was
  himself killed by Alcmæon.――――A son of Hector and Andromache. _Dictys
  Cretensis._

=Leodŏcus=, one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus._

=Leogŏras=, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan
  Myrrhina.

=Leon=, a king of Sparta. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――――A town of
  Sicily, near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 25.

=Leona=, a courtesan, called also Læna. _See:_ Læna.

=Leonătus=, one of Alexander’s generals. His father’s name was Eunus.
  He distinguished himself in Alexander’s conquest of Asia, and once
  saved the king’s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of
  Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for
  his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He
  was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master
  of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like
  the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and
  dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly
  communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue
  to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist
  Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which
  was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as
  an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of
  camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his
  opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.――_Justin_, bk.
  13, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 18.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――――A
  Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans.

=Leonĭdas=, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the
  Eurysthenidæ, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia,
  who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was
  offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose
  his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and
  observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust
  though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas
  exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as
  they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at
  Thermopylæ, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the
  scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were
  obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days,
  till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment
  of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly
  fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only
  one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with
  insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which
  his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This
  celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era,
  taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely
  upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the
  fallen hero, and festivals, called _Leonidea_, yearly celebrated at
  Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed
  for the battle from Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his
  wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to
  raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her
  first husband. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Themistocles_.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_ & _Cleomenes_.
  ――――A king of Sparta after Areus II., ♦257 years before Christ.
  He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and
  afterwards re-established.――――A preceptor to Alexander the Great.
  ――――A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of
  the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed
  a separate cohort. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――――A learned man of
  Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c.

    ♦ omitted word ‘years’ added

=Leontium= and =Leontīni=, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant
  from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eubæa,
  and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the
  Lætrygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called
  _Læstrygonii campi_. The country was extremely fruitful, whence
  Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it
  produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored
  the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 6.――_Polybius_, bk. 7.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li.
  467.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 126.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  bk. 5.

=Leontium=, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy
  under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She
  prostituted herself to the philosopher’s scholars, and even to
  Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some
  of his enemies. _See:_ Epicurus. Metrodorus shared her favours in
  the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus
  was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying
  bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower
  of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support
  of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe
  the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and
  elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions.
  Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Leontocephălus=, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. _Plutarch._

=Leonton=, or =Leontopŏlis=, a town of Egypt where lions were
  worshipped. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 12, ch. 7.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 10.

=Leontychides.= _See:_ Leotychides.

=Leos=, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the
  good of Athens. _See:_ Leocorion.

=Leosthĕnes=, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander’s death, drove
  Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia.
  The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by
  a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged,
  B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of
  the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced
  at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been
  lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. _See:_ Lamiacum.
  _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――Another general of
  Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his
  arms against Peparethos.

=Leotychĭdes=, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the
  Proclidæ. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage
  and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of
  Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers
  at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by
  raising a report that a battle had been fought at Platæa, in which
  the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the
  information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Platæa, in
  which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian
  fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital
  crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt
  seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where
  he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by
  his grandson Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 11.――――A son of Agis king of Sparta by Timæa. The legitimacy of
  his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that
  he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the
  throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his
  death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in
  his place. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.――_Plutarch._――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Lephyrium=, a city of Cilicia.

=Lepĭda=, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband,
  from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned
  under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――――A woman who
  married Scipio.――――Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great
  niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by
  Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in
  her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death
  by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero’s mother. _Tacitus._――――A wife
  of Galba the emperor.――――A wife of Cassius, &c.

=Lepĭdus Marcus Æmĭlius=, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the
  triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family,
  and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for
  his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a
  great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Cæsar’s
  murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who
  had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their
  commander by his address. When his influence and power among the
  soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty,
  like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his
  own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He
  received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his
  indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers
  and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the
  unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign
  the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this
  degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of
  Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he
  ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon
  as out of power. _Appian._――_Plutarch_, _Life of Augustus_.――_Florus_,
  bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.――――A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of
  young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of
  the Roman people. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 67.――_Justin_, bk.
  30, ch. 3.――――A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was
  intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed
  adultery with Agrippina when young. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 59.――――An
  orator mentioned by _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A censor, A.U.C. 734.

=Lepīnus=, a mountain of Italy. _Columella_, bk. 10.

=Lepontii=, a people at the source of the Rhine. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Lepreos=, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called
  after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as
  Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards
  challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Leprium=, or =Lepreos=, a town of Elis. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to
  Atticus_, ltr. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Leptĭnes=, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cnæus Octavius, one of
  the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.――――A son of Hermocrates
  of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against
  the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50
  of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by
  Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests
  of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and
  oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured
  to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by
  Demosthenes.――――A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to
  Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Leptis=, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called
  _Major_, now _Lebida_, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a
  Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called _Minor_, now _Lemta_,
  was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent
  to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li.
  251.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 77.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 3, li. 256.――_Cæsar_. _Civil
  Wars_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Against Verres_, ch. 59.

=Leria=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18
  miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants
  were very dishonest. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 125.

=Lerĭna=, or =Planasia=, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the
  coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
  ch. 3.

=Lerna=, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake,
  where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their
  murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous
  hydra. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 597.――_Lucretius_, bk. 5.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 638.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――There was a festival, called
  _Lernæa_, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and
  Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple
  upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. _Pausanias._

=Lero=, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina.

=Leros.= _See:_ Leria.

=Lesbos=, a large island in the Ægean sea, now known by the name of
  _Metelin_, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called
  _Ægira_, _Lasia_, _Æthiope_, and _Pelasgia_, from the Pelasgi, by
  whom it was first peopled, _Macaria_, from Macareus who settled in it,
  and _Lesbos_, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore
  the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene.
  Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards
  subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was
  greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute
  among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients
  for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the
  general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated,
  that the epithet of _Lesbian_ was often used to signify debauchery
  and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious
  persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way
  of eminence often called _Lesboum carmen_, from Alcæus and Sappho,
  who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and
  were also natives of the place. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 90.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 160.

=Lesbus=, or =Lesbos=, a son of Lapithas, grandson of Æolus, who
  married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law,
  and gave his name to the island over which he reigned.

=Lesches=, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some
  suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few
  verses remain, quoted by _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.

=Lestrȳgŏnes.= _See:_ Læstrygones.

=Letānum=, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians.

=Lethæus=, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the Mæander.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.――――Another of Macedonia,――――of Crete.

=Lēthe=, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead
  drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in
  Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had
  done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, ληθη, _oblivion_.
  ――――Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under
  the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the
  fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.――――There is also a river of
  that name in Spain.――――Another in Bœotia, whose waters were drunk by
  those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 355.
  ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 545; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 714.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,
  li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.――_Horace_,
  bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27.

=Letus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18.

=Levāna=, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person
  who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been
  placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father,
  and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of
  a child could be disputed without it.

=Leuca=, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in
  Italy. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 376.――――A town of Ionia,――――of Crete,
  ――――of Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.

=Leucas=, or =Leucadia=, an island of the Ionian sea, now called
  _St. Maura_, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called
  _Leucate_, _Leucas_, or _Leucates_, where desponding lovers threw
  themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free
  herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The
  word is derived from λευκος, _white_, on account of the whiteness of
  its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often
  called _Leucadius_. The island was formerly joined to the continent
  by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the
  Peloponnesian war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 171.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 6, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 302.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.――――A town of Phœnicia.

=Leucasion=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Leucaspis=, a Lycian, one of the companions of Æneas, drowned in the
  Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 334.

=Leucate.= _See:_ Leucas.

=Leuce=, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form,
  between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to
  the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in
  the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped
  the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits
  during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has
  often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some
  accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or
  rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes
  of Ajax, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ammianus_,
  bk. 22.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 2, li. 773.――――One of the
  Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.

=Leuci=, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their
  capital is now called _Toul_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 40.
  ――――Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like
  _white_ clouds, whence the name.

=Leucippe=, one of the Oceanides.

=Leucippĭdes=, the daughters of Leucippus. _See:_ Leucippus.

=Leucippus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before
  Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous
  system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully
  explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have
  been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. _Diogenes Laërtius_
  has written his life.――――A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who
  married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters,
  Hilaira and Phœbe, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were
  carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going
  to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 701.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.――――A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon.
  He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was
  unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it.
  He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself
  if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his
  affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly
  loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded
  herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father
  resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The
  future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly
  entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the
  father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when
  Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his
  eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in
  the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape
  she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be
  the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father
  in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide
  obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where
  the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with
  the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where
  he died in the greatest misery and remorse. _Hermesianax referenced
  by Parthenius_, ch. 5.――――A son of Œnomaus, who became enamoured of
  Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female
  dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the
  affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his
  artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of
  his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing
  in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished
  by the darts of the females. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_,
  ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.――――A son of Hercules by Marse,
  one of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Leucŏla=, a part of Cyprus.

=Leucon=, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with
  the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly
  encouraged commerce. _Strabo._――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 14.――――A son of
  Athamas and Themisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.――――A king of Pontus
  killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 3.――――A town of Africa near Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.

=Leucōne=, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of
  Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Leucōnes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Leuconoe=, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace
  addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.

=Leucopĕtra=, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achæans were
  defeated by the consul Mummius.――――A promontory six miles east from
  Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.

=Leucŏphrys=, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the
  Mæander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with
  many breasts, and crowned with victory.――――An ancient name of Tenedos.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 14.

=Leucopŏlis=, a town of Caria.

=Leucos=, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.――――A man, &c. _See:_
  Idomeneus.

=Leucosia=, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name
  from one of the companions of Æneas, who was drowned there, or from
  one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708.

=Leucosy̆rii=, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians.
  _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――The same name is given to the inhabitants of
  Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14,
  ch. 1.

=Leucŏthoe=, or =Leucothea=, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea
  deity. _See:_ Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised
  her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered
  vows to their brother’s children. They did not entreat the deity to
  protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers.
  No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their
  curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away
  with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people’s
  children, Ovid alludes in these lines, _Fasti_, bk. 6:

            _Non tamen hanc pro stirpe suâ pia mater adorat,
                 Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens._

  ――――A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured
  of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he
  assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was
  complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous
  of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her
  father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover,
  unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on
  her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a
  beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, li. 196.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreæ.――――A
  fountain of Samos.――――A town of Egypt,――――of Arabia. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――――A part of Asia which produces frankincense.

=Leuctra=, a village of Bœotia, between Platæa and Thespia, famous for
  the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the
  superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July,
  B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their
  king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the
  Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for
  nearly 500 years. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_ & _Agesilaus_.――_Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 6.――_Xenophon_,
  _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.――_Cicero_,
  _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1,
  ch. 46; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Leuctrum=, a town of Laconia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Leucus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by
  Antiphus son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 491.

=Leucyanias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.

=Levinus.= _See:_ Lævinus.

=Leutychĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of
  Demaratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. _See:_ Leotychides.

=Lexovii=, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with
  great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Libānius=, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor
  Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch,
  which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary
  characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant,
  and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who
  wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to
  offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When
  Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence,
  Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a
  visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and
  independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of
  his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are
  extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and
  we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded
  nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer.
  Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the
  greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and
  showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and
  greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best
  edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a
  second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been
  edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.

=Libănus=, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.

=Libentīna=, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the
  young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of
  their youth, when arrived at nubile years. _Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Līber=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies _free_. He received
  this name from his delivering some cities of Bœotia from slavery,
  or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron,
  delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom
  and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. _Seneca_, _de
  Tranquilitate Animi_.

=Libĕra=, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  bk. 4, ch. 48.――――A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when
  he had married her. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 513.

=Libĕrālia=, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the
  17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and
  everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the
  same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _Varro._

=Libertas=, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine,
  raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio
  with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which
  were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented
  as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in
  the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the
  magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn
  by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was
  placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and
  impatient when confined. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.
  ――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.――_Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.
  ――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.

=Lībēthra=, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Bœotia,
  according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called
  _Libethrides_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 21.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 10.

=Lībethrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or
  from mount Libethrus in Thrace.

=Libici=, =Libecii=, or =Libri=, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy,
  A.U.C. 364. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 17.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Libĭtīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to
  some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius
  first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for
  funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead
  were usually kept. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Livy_,
  bk. 40, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Quæstiones Romanæ_.

=Libo=, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. _Plutarch._
  ――――A Roman citizen, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――――A friend of the
  first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.

=Libon=, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter
  Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.

=Libophœnīces=, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.

=Liburna=, a town of Dalmatia.

=Liburnia=, now _Croatia_, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and
  Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There
  were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public
  heralds, who were called _Liburni_, probably from being originally
  of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with
  strong beaks were also called _Liburnian_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem
  11, li. 44.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 75.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50,
  li. 33.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 534.――_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Liburnĭdes=, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic.
  _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Liburnum mare=, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.

=Liburnus=, a mountain of Campania.

=Lĭbya=, a daughter of Epaphus and ♦Cassiope, who became mother of
  Agenor and Belus by Neptune. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch.
  1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――――A name given to Africa, one of the
  three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking,
  is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the
  west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The
  ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and
  others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea,
  and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a
  perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived
  the epithets of _Libys_, _Libyssa_, _Libysis_, _Libystis_, _Libycus_,
  _Libysticus_, _Libystinus_, _Libystæus_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
  li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.――_Lucan_, bk. 4.――_Sallust_, &c.

      ♦ ‘Cassiopea’ replaced with ‘Cassiope’ for consistency

=Liby̆cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast
  of Cyrene. _Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Libycus= and =Libystis=. _See:_ Libya.

=Libys=, a sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Libyssa=, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was
  the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.

=Licates=, a people of Vindelicia.

=Licha=, a city near Lycia.

=Lichades=, small islands near Cæneum, a promontory of Eubœa, called
  from Lichas. _See:_ Lichas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, lis. 155,
  218.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Lichas=, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic
  from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with
  great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eubœan sea, by the
  compassion of the gods. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 211.

=Liches=, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea,
  &c. _Herodotus._

=Licĭnia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus
  Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy
  to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.
  ――――Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It
  transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the
  people. It was proposed, but did not pass.――――Another, by Caius
  Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500
  acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of
  small.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle
  the day for the celebration of the _Ludi Apollinares_, which was
  before uncertain.――――Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives,
  B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required
  that no more than 30 _asses_ should be spent at any table on the
  Calends, nones, or nundinæ, and only three pounds of fresh and one
  of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth
  were forbidden.――――Another, _de sodalitiis_, by Marcus Licinius the
  consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies
  assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the
  definition of _ambitus_, and of offering violence in some degree to
  the freedom and independence of the people.――――Another, called also
  _Æbutia_, by Licinius and Æbutius the tribunes. It enacted, that when
  any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person
  who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his
  friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested
  with the said office or power.

=Licĭnia=, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her
  husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was
  deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.――――A vestal virgin
  accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.――――Another vestal,
  put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.――――The wife of
  Mæcenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to
  Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  ode 12, li. 13.

=Caius Licĭnius=, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the
  consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a
  plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office
  of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed _Stolo_, or
  _useless sprout_, on account of the law which he had enacted during
  his tribuneship. _See:_ Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a
  law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with
  the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and
  was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and
  passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his
  ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a
  patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife
  of a consul. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 34.――_Plutarch._――――Caius Calvus,
  a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished
  himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some
  of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly
  commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted
  by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age.
  _Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 81.――――Macer, a Roman accused
  by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when
  he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself.
  _Plutarch._――――Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king
  of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his
  losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.――――A consul sent against
  Annibal.――――Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the
  Alps.――――A high priest.――――Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age
  of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence.
  His Nævia and Neæra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his
  poetry only two verses are preserved. _Aulus Gellius._――――A consul,
  &c.――――Lucullus. _See:_ Lucullus.――――Crassus. _See:_ Crassus.
  ――――Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of
  the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign
  of Vespasian.――――Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200
  years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic
  poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant.
  He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine
  virgins during the Macedonian war. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 12.――――Varro
  Muræna, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with
  Fannius Cæpio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2,
  ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. _Dio
  Cassius_, bk. 54.――――Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman
  emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a
  common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to
  the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the
  inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been
  invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him
  for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and
  he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in
  the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and
  Rhœtia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the
  favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him
  his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual successes
  of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride,
  and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The
  persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed,
  soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two
  battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties
  of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless
  ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements
  a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again
  attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where
  soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the
  imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for
  her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy
  had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled
  at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The
  avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous
  as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion
  totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity
  of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name.
  He was honoured with the title of Cæsar when scarce 20 months old.
  He was involved in his father’s ruin, and put to death by order of
  Constantine.

=Licīnus=, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to
  the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey’s
  family. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 301.

=Licymnius=, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so
  infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported
  by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive
  to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed
  Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_,
  poem 7.

=Lide=, a mountain of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.

=Quintus Ligarius=, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In
  the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned
  when Cæsar had conquered his enemies. Cæsar, however, and his
  adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by
  an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was
  pardoned. He became afterwards one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Cicero_,
  _For Ligarius_.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.

=Ligea=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4.

=Liger=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 576.

=Liger=, or =Ligĕris=, now _La Loire_, a large river of Gaul, falling
  into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 18.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.

=Ligŏras=, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of
  Sardis by stratagem, &c.

=Ligŭres=, the inhabitants of Liguria. _See:_ Liguria.

=Ligŭria=, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the
  river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the
  _Ligustic sea_, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the
  Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital
  of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though
  in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and
  addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the
  ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek
  origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus.
  Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears
  the name of _Leghorn_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 442.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33;
  bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 8.

=Ligurīnus=, a poet. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 50.――――A beautiful youth in
  the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.

=Ligus=, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the
  pursuit of Otho’s soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Ligustĭcæ Alpes=, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria,
  sometimes called _Maritimi_.

=Ligusticum mare=, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of
  Genoa. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Ligyes=, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus
  and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes
  of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Ligyrgum=, a mountain of Arcadia.

=Lilæa=, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 7, li. 348.

=Lĭly̆bæum=, now _Boco_, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same
  name near the Ægates, now _Marsalla_. The town was strong and very
  considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians,
  Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first
  Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in
  the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with
  stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of
  Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins
  of temples and aqueducts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 706.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.
  ――_Cæsar_, _African War_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 22.

=Limæa=, a river of Lusitania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Limenia=, a town of Cyprus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Limnæ=, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Limnæum=, a temple of Diana at Limnæ, from which the goddess was called
  Limnæa, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia.
  The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but
  the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the
  Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 43.

=Limnatidia=, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed _Limnatis_, from
  Limnæ, a school of exercise at Trœzene, where she was worshipped, or
  from λιμναι, _ponds_, because she presided over fishermen.

=Limniăce=, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 48.

=Limnonia=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.

=Limon=, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. _Statius_,
  bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.

=Limonum=, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, _Poictiers_. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=Limyra=, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.――_Velleius_, bk. 2, ch. 102.

=Lincasii=, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.

=Lindum=, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.

=Lindus=, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus
  son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva,
  and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to
  Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who
  were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes.
  _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153.――――A grandson of
  Apollo. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Lingrŏnes=, now _Langres_, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary
  to Rome by Julius Cæsar. They passed into Italy, where they made some
  settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk.
  14, ltr. 159.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 398.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,
  ch. 26.

=Linterna palus=, a lake of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 278.

=Linternum=, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis,
  where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 10, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, li. 713.

=Linus.= This name is common to different persons whose history is
  confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of
  Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo
  by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions
  him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at
  Thebes in Bœotia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger
  struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of
  Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his
  philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had
  been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to
  compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention
  that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre
  was fatal to him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15;
  bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to
  prevent abortion. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Liodes=, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, 22, &c.

=Lipăra=, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now
  called the _Lipari_. It had a city of the same name, which, according
  to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these
  islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus,
  according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by
  sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the
  tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was
  celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still
  in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain
  whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal
  powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus.
  _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 28.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 57.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town of Etruria.

=Lipăris=, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Liphlum=, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

=Lipodorus=, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

=Liquentia=, now _Livenza_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the
  Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Lircæus=, a fountain near Nemæa. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Liriŏpe=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311.――――A fountain of Bœotia on
  the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to
  some accounts.

=Liris=, now _Garigliano_, a river of Campania, which it separates from
  Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.――――A warrior
  killed by Camilla, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 670.

=Lisinias=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14.

=Lissa=, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage,
  as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with
  that fatal rage which ended in his death.

=Lisson=, a river of Sicily.

=Lissus=, now _Alesso_, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of
  Illyricum. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 5, li. 719.――――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea,
  between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes,
  when he invaded Greece. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Lista=, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

=Litabrum=, now _Buitrago_, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_,
  bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

=Litana=, a wood in Gallia Togata. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 24.

=Litavĭcus=, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic Wars_, bk. 7, ch. 37.

=Liternum=, a town of Campania.

=Lithobŏlia=, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and
  Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of
  the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the
  solemnity, λιθοβολια, _lapidation_.

=Lithrus=, a town of Armenia Minor. _Strabo._

=Lithubium=, a town of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.

=Lityersas=, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made
  strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He
  was at last killed by Hercules. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 10.

=Līvia Drusilla=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus
  Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the
  emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband
  to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus
  saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and
  he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced
  his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he
  celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the
  passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power
  and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the
  complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her
  son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly
  involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of
  Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked,
  when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten
  the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement
  of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom
  he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died
  in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as
  undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral,
  and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public,
  should be paid to her memory. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_ and _Tiberias_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another.
  _See:_ Drusilla.――――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched
  by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. _Suetonius_, _Galba_,
  ch. 25.――――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother,
  and committed adultery with him. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 3.

=Līvia lex=, _de sociis_, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy
  free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found
  murdered in his house before it passed.――――Another by Marcus Livius
  Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial
  power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and
  senators.

=Livineius=, a friend of Pompey, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 11,
  &c.

=Livilla=, a daughter of Drusus.――――A sister of Caligula, &c. _See:_
  Julia.

=Līvius Andronīcus=, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about
  240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the
  personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the
  Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though
  the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was
  reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a
  part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his
  audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the
  manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius
  Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete
  in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even
  recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved
  in the _Corpus Poetarum_.――――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul,
  sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the
  campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over
  Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his
  brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the
  Roman armies. _Livy._――――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians
  in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. _Plutarch_,
  _Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An uncle of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch.
  _――――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He
  passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more
  particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the
  learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars
  of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even
  in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul,
  and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such
  pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in
  his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also
  deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the
  poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be
  the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death
  prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was
  particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge.
  The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman
  empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and
  dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of
  authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is
  greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth
  on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was
  comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with
  the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus
  in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high
  rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is
  always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without
  affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without
  pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his
  narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is
  always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words
  with the name of _Patavinity_, yet the expressions, or rather the
  orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a
  native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded
  with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted
  with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps
  with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history
  with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he
  mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox
  spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that
  he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of
  a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and
  he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but
  everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice
  and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the
  moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first
  decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is
  lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war,
  which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of
  the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years.
  For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the
  researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These
  are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the
  celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some
  measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who
  with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman
  history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy.
  The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author
  has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors,
  and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which
  the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and
  superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to
  be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch,
  7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo,
  Edinburgh, 1751.――――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust
  to Annibal, &c.――――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii
  Manes.――――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the
  Hellespont.

=Lixus=, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus
  had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the
  neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 258.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――――A son of
  Ægyptus. _Apollodorus._

=Lobon=, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Lŏceus=, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Locha=, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s
  soldiers.

=Lochias=, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

=Locri=, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from
  Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before
  the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called
  _Locri_ or _Locrenses_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 399――_Strabo.
  _――_Pliny._――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――――A town of
  Locris in ♦Greece.

      ♦ ‘Greeee’ replaced with ‘Greece’

=Locris=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name
  of _Ozolæ_, _Epicnemidii_, and _Opuntii_. The country of the Ozolæ,
  called also _Epizephyrii_ from their westerly situation, was at the
  north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward.
  On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it
  had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The
  Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia
  at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the
  situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They
  alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members
  to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their
  name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders
  of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Ptolemy._――_Mela._――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 26;
  bk. 28, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, _Achaia_ & _Phocis_.

=Locusta=, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She
  poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy
  Nero himself, for which she was executed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
  ch. 66, &c.――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.

=Locutius.= _See:_ Aius.

=Lollia Paulīna=, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who
  married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was
  divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

=Lolliānus Spurius=, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in
  Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――――A consul, &c.

=Marcus Lollius=, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law
  of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in
  the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.

=Londīnum=, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between
  the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called
  _Londinium_, _Lundinum_, &c. Ammianus calls it _vetustum oppidum_.
  It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town,
  in the age of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 33.――_Ammianus._

=Longārēnus=, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

=Longimănus=, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer
  than the other. The Greeks called him _Macrochir_. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Kings_.

=Longīnus Dionysius Cassius=, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic
  of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards
  minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent
  zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him.
  When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra,
  Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273.
  At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with
  a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed
  the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end.
  Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on
  ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason
  to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best
  editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen.
  1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――――Cassius, a tribune
  driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar.
  He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――――A governor of Judæa.
  ――――A proconsul.――――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero
  ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a
  picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. _Juvenal_, satire 10,
  li. 6.

=Longobardi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.

=Longŭla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

=Longuntĭca=, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 22,
  ch. 20.

=Longus=, a Roman consul, &c.――――A Greek author who wrote a novel
  called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is
  not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are
  that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

=Lordi=, a people of Illyricum.

=Lory̆ma=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 17.

=Lotis=, or =Lotos=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus
  offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities
  she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called _Lotus_,
  consecrated to Venus and Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 348.

=Lotŏphăgi=, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They
  received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited
  their country, at his return from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 177.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

=Lōus=, or =Aous=, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

=Lua=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified
  by lustrations, whence the name (_à luendo_). She is supposed to be
  the same as Ops or Rhea.

=Luca=, now _Lucca_, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. _Livy_,
  bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his
  Friends_, ltr. 13.

=Lucăgus=, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 575.

=Lūcāni=, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the
  Brutii.

=Lūcānia=, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas,
  and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii.
  The country was famous for its grapes. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9,
  ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

=Quintus Lucanius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 5.

=Lūcānus Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early
  removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his
  lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero.
  This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to
  the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper
  age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his
  imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the
  tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero
  became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge.
  The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his
  resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor.
  The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose
  the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath,
  and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which,
  in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of
  a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused
  him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to
  free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused
  his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty.
  This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character
  of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he
  expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th
  year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his _Pharsalia_
  remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar
  and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of
  the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious
  numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment
  and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more
  exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions,
  however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his
  irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he
  is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of
  Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only
  assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it
  after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings.
  The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728;
  of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou,
  12mo, Paris, 1767. _Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 15, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――――Ocellus, or
  Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown.
  He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe,
  which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted
  by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated
  into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written
  in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a
  fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however,
  Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus,
  with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in
  4to.

=Lŭcăria=, or =Lŭcĕria=, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove
  between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves
  when besieged by the Gauls. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 77.

=Lucius Lucceius=, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write
  a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but
  was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

=Lucceius Albīnus=, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 58.

=Lucentum= (or ia), a town of Spain, now _Alicant_.

=Lŭcĕres=, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established
  by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from _Lucumo_, an
  Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from _lucus_,
  a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for
  all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city.
  The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with
  the legions. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

=Lucĕria=, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 2
  & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 2, li. 473.

=Lucerius=, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

=Lucetius=, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 570.

=Luciānus=, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in
  his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles,
  who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no
  proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better
  means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to
  promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began
  to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which
  he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and
  eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece,
  Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively
  acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his
  eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit,
  and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died
  A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted
  that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly
  for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which
  are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of
  dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much
  dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated,
  and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and
  much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner
  of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but
  also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure
  of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and
  blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of
  Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also
  attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius
  Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols.,
  8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam,
  1743.

=Lūcĭfer=, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called
  _Lucifer_, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when
  it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called
  _Hesperus_. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of
  Jupiter and Aurora.――――A christian writer, whose work was edited by
  the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

=Lucifĕri fanum=, a town of Spain.

=Caius Lūcīlius=, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only
  for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the
  uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He
  lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and
  even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as
  the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among
  the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome;
  and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with
  much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often
  lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river
  which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire
  and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses
  remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His
  fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus
  Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium,
  1735. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.
  ――_Horace._――――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after
  the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party
  of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by
  the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken
  and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life.
  _Plutarch._――――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to
  the dictatorship.――――A centurion, &c.――――A governor of Asia under
  Tiberius.――――A friend of Tiberius.

=Lucilla=, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues
  of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age
  of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who
  was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The
  conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw
  Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed
  his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw
  the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at
  last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator,
  by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the
  criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and
  indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined
  her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired
  against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was
  banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th
  year of her age.

      ♦ ‘Arminians’ replaced with ‘Armenians’

=Lūcīna=, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to
  others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without
  pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she
  presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either
  from _lucus_, or from _lux_, as Ovid explains it:

      _Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus;
        Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes._

  Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two
  goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the
  labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a
  famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 4.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 2, li. 449.――_Horace_, _Carmen Sæculare_.

=Lucius=, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving
  in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. _Josephus._
  ――――A brother of Marcus Antony. _See:_ Lucius Antonius.――――A Roman
  general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――――A relation of Julius
  Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――――A consul,
  &c.――――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in
  Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry,
  &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He
  cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge
  of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and
  simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his
  eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his
  compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus
  Aurelius.――――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――――A son of Agrippa, adopted
  by Augustus.――――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――――The
  word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account
  is given under their family names.

=Lūcrētia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife
  of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her,
  and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom
  were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic
  virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in
  the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally
  agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity
  of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see
  his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives
  of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of
  a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her
  female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The
  beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the
  son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He
  cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came
  to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He
  showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night
  he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what
  her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher
  when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves,
  and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to
  have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning,
  sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed
  to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin,
  and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with
  a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This
  fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous
  Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and
  barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of
  his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they
  expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at
  the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and
  the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C.
  244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
  ch. 1.――_Plutarch._――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
  ――――The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._

=Lŭcrētĭlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines,
  hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of
  Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11.

=Titius Lŭcrētius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who
  was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus.
  The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens,
  were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite
  of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and
  elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum naturâ_.
  In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet
  are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are
  justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being,
  but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly
  endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition,
  which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and
  finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned
  by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia
  had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th
  year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his
  death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written
  in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem
  shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would
  have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age
  of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo,
  Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that
  of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Quintilian_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself
  because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with
  a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
  _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――――Spurius
  Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul
  after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius
  Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.――_Plutarch_,
  _Publicola_.――――An interrex at Rome.――――A consul.――――Osella, a Roman,
  put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship
  without his permission. _Plutarch._

=Lucrīnum=, a town of Apulia.

=Lūcrīnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe
  that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the
  bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united
  by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea,
  near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared
  on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised
  on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000
  feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters
  to Atticus_, ltr. 10.――_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 161.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15.

=Caius Luctātius Catŭlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his
  colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He
  was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship,
  which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary
  talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――Caius Catulus, a Roman
  consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus.

=Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus,
  who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province.
  _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.――――Villa, a country seat near
  mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,
  ch. 50.

=Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness
  of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115
  years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by
  his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and
  philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where
  his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice.
  His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence
  of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his
  questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself
  more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was
  raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care
  of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents
  in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in
  Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over
  the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by
  the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as
  those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.
  Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired
  with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his
  father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the
  Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous
  forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of
  his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch,
  no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians
  lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was
  made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom
  only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking
  of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this
  immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of
  the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended
  with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the
  haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased
  his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him,
  and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had
  with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the
  most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted
  to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared
  his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was
  received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a
  triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and
  his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to
  the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested
  himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of
  Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary
  conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which
  was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned.
  Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died
  in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect
  for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the
  Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately
  buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has
  been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured
  for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were
  immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of
  the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they
  were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared
  upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that
  he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was
  fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were
  dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water
  was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes
  flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth
  were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane
  and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of
  human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of
  Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master
  of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some
  time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters.
  Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the
  conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all
  the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who
  might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey,
  had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from
  the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Quæstiones
  Academicæ_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Strabo._――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.――_Orosius_,
  bk. 6, &c.――――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――――A Roman put to death
  by Domitian.――――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.
  ――――A pretor of Macedonia.

=Lŭcŭmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed
  into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief.
  _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.――――A town of Gaul at the foot of the
  Alps.

=Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from
  Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called
  Celtica. _See:_ Gallia.

=Lugdūnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of
  the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was
  governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the
  second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1,
  li. 44.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as
  it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for
  its university.――――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees,
  now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony.

=Lūna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and
  was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was
  worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many
  superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians
  and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable
  power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven
  at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses,
  according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that
  account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours,
  and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians
  believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 263, &c.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.――――A maritime town
  of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called
  also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and
  abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given
  to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Livy_,
  bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481.

=Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because
  Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled
  and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises
  from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife
  of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children
  owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.――_Plutarch_,
  _Romulus_.

=Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where
  festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the
  she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.

=Lupercālia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February,
  in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats
  and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two
  illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were
  touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk.
  After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which
  whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about
  the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those
  whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes,
  as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and
  eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of
  Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented
  naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to
  have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful
  guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions,
  was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which
  suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others,
  and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were
  introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed
  from the Greek name of Pan, _Lycæus_, from λυκος, _a wolf_; not only
  because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in
  Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep
  from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the
  Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above
  the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the
  Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having
  disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed
  with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of
  these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which
  the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration
  of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they
  were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and
  respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into
  two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from
  Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was
  instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these
  two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself
  the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his
  cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views.
  _See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 663.

=Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus.
  He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to
  Herodian’s compositions.

=Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small
  river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 1, &c.

=Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.――――A governor of Britain.
  ――――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A comic writer of
  Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to
  Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
  ltr. 16, li. 26.――――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to
  the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army.
  He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the
  Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

=Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation
  have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the
  more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea
  of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The
  inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under
  Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived
  upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was
  usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their
  diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers.
  They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one
  dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed
  themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27,
  ch. 20.

=Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,
  ch. 22.――_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28.

=Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

=Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

=Lutātius Catŭlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace
  had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius.

=Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

=Lūtetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers
  Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from
  the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius
  Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some
  authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there
  some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Ammianus_, bk. 20.

=Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of
  Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed
  the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

=Lyæus=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, _solvere_,
  because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind,
  and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.

=Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

=Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was
  buried.

=Lycăbas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for
  murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and
  who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 624.――――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was
  fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 302.

=Lycabētus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._

=Lycæa=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds.
  They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――――A festival
  at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from
  wolves, &c.

=Lycæum=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica.
  It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught
  philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking,
  they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, _ambulo_. The philosopher
  continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false
  accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

=Lycæus=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple
  was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was
  also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lycæa_, were celebrated
  there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 343.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698.

=Ly̆cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage
  to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his
  engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more
  influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus;
  he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and
  rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition,
  that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.――_Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 52.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3.

=Ly̆cāon=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He
  built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of
  Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto,
  and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest
  of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 176.――_Catullus_, poem 76.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――――Another king of Arcadia,
  celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter,
  because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some
  attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind,
  as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the
  earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia,
  where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper
  adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice
  all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers
  of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up
  human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that
  he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a
  wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs
  are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two
  different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between
  their reigns.――――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles
  and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed
  by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.――――The
  father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――――A Gnossian
  artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 304.

=Ly̆cāŏnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia,
  and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the
  capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 27,
  ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon,
  one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――An island in the
  Tiber.

=Ly̆cas=, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed
  by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 315.――――Another officer of
  Turnus. _Æneid_, bk. 10, ch. 561.

=Ly̆caste=, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied
  Idomeneus to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A daughter
  of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.
  ――――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her
  great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

=Lycastum=, a town of Cappadocia.

=Lycastus=, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida
  the daughter of Corybas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Minos and
  Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne
  of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

=Lyce=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 374.

=Lyces=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 33.

=Lycēum.= _See:_ Lycæum.

=Lychnīdus=, now _Achridna_, a city with a lake of the same name, in
  Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

=Ly̆cia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on
  the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on
  the north. It was anciently called _Milyas_ and _Tremile_, from the
  Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The
  country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion,
  who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly
  commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and
  justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow.
  They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus.
  Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were
  governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the
  Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when
  Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house
  of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province
  by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at
  Patara, and the epithet _hiberna_ is applied to the country, because
  the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6,
  li. 686.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_,
  bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Lycĭdas=, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of
  Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.――――A shepherd’s
  name. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――――A beautiful youth, the admiration of
  Rome in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

=Lycimna=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Lycimnia=, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 446.

=Lyciscus=, an Athenian archon.――――A Messenian of the family of the
  Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed
  for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and
  Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after
  succeeded to the throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――――A youth of
  whom Horace was enamoured.

=Ly̆cius=, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――――A son of Lycaon.――――An
  epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave
  oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of _Lyciæ
  sortes_ was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 346.――――A surname of Danaus.

=Ly̆cŏmēdes=, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of
  Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of
  young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s
  clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must
  unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his
  treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven
  from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as
  it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest,
  or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated
  place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions,
  and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed.
  _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.
  ――――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――――An Arcadian, who, with 500
  chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A seditious person at Tegea.――――A Mantinean
  general, &c.――――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s
  ships at the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch._

=Lycon=, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of
  Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died
  in the 74th year of his age. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives and Opinions
  of Eminent Philosophers_.――――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.
  ――――A poet.――――A writer of epigrams.――――A player, greatly esteemed
  by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――――A
  peripatetic philosopher.

=Lycōne=, a city of Thrace.――――A mountain of Argolis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 24.

=Ly̆cōphron=, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his
  mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he
  resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel
  against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice
  of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to
  Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him
  odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of
  reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to
  the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged
  him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth
  while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra,
  only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he
  remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented.
  The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander,
  murdered Lycophron before he left that island. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.
  ――_Aristotle._――――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant
  of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he
  afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of
  Macedonia. _Plutarch._――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A general of Corinth,
  killed by Nicias. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――――A native of Cythera, son
  of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon,
  after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed,
  &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 450.――――A famous Greek poet and
  grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who
  flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number,
  obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an
  arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been
  preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called
  _Cassandra_ or _Alexandra_. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity
  has procured the epithet of _Tenebrosus_ to its author. It is a
  mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given
  by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron
  are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of
  Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter,
  folio, Oxford, 1702. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 533.――_Statius_, bk. 5,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 3.

=Lycopŏlis=, now _Siut_, a town of Egypt. It received this name on
  account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled
  an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Lycopus=, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Lycorea=, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people
  of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the
  howlings of wolves. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_, ch. 6.

=Lycoreus=, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was
  son of Apollo and Corycia. _Hyginus_, fable 161.

=Ly̆cōrias=, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 339.

=Ly̆cōris=, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called
  _Cytheris_, and _Volumnia_, from her master. She is celebrated for
  her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of
  her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the
  loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp,
  and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however,
  prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost
  the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris
  was originally a comedian. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Ovid_,
  _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537.

=Lycormas=, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It
  was afterwards called _Evenus_, from king Evenus, who threw himself
  into it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 245.

=Lycortas=, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was
  chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of
  Philopœmen, &c. _Plutarch._

=Lycosūra=, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

=Lyctus=, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often
  called _Lyctius_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401.

=Lycurgrĭdes=, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the
  lawgiver of Sparta.――――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. _Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 503.

=Lycurgus=, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the
  dead by Æsculapius. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 638.――――A giant
  killed by Osiris in Thrace. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A king of Thrace,
  son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on
  account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according
  to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom,
  and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished
  by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut
  off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death
  in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by
  the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more.
  This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus
  for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and
  disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered
  all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his
  subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery
  which are produced by too free a use of wine. _Hyginus_, fable 132.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 130.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 14.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19.――――A son of Hercules and Praxithea
  daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A son of Pheres
  the son of Cretheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――An orator of
  Athens, surnamed _Ibis_, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his
  justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was
  one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to
  Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years
  before Christ. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus,
  by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also
  Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.――――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of
  king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on
  the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was
  pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his
  nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to
  marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne
  by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful
  possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when
  guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and
  the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last
  yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He
  travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without
  suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury
  which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure
  from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he
  returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen.
  The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the
  government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking,
  he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the
  priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were
  warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of
  gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from
  the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty
  in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious
  in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven.
  This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first
  established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose
  authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained
  a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people,
  by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the
  seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed,
  and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the
  members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged
  the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was
  totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin
  brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual
  in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or
  violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater
  claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of
  Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to
  travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as
  they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to
  the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in
  a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were
  instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever
  the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment.
  Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these
  laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in
  Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men
  distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their
  magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or,
  according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all
  the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor
  their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he
  had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death,
  and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest,
  if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves
  freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a
  revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus
  have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they
  remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel
  and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to
  destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their
  youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years,
  and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage
  must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be
  expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never
  knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room,
  where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated
  occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females
  might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called
  injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of
  festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys
  of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much
  to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations
  seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery.
  Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of
  Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave
  his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established,
  and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with
  their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution,
  and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice
  was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The
  moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we
  recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence
  Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious
  tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The
  Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by
  yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or
  Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of
  Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which
  corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the
  prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated
  by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were
  soon after re-established by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Lycus=, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left
  no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the
  minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was
  further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away
  by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this
  expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and
  married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly
  displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the
  unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at
  last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge
  her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which
  their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied
  Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A king
  of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When
  Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked
  there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped
  by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of
  him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――――A son
  of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He
  offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was
  killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the
  Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 18,
  31, 32, 137.――――A son of Ægyptus,――――of Mars,――――of Lycaon king of
  Arcadia,――――of Pandion king of Athens.――――The father of Arcesilaus.
  ――――One of the companions of Æneas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 97 & 159.――――An officer of Alexander in the interest of
  Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of
  Andron, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――One of the Centaurs.――――A son of
  Priam.――――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and
  rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls
  into the Mæander. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 273.――――A
  river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――――Another in
  Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 1, li.
  47.――――Another in Assyria.――――Another in Armenia, falling into the
  Euxine near the Phasis. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 367.――――One
  of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 545.――――A youth beloved by Alcæus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 32.――――A
  town of Crete.

=Lyde=, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,
  poem 5.――――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could
  remove barrenness by medicines. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 141.

=Lȳdia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were
  different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major,
  Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times
  it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the
  Ægean sea. It was anciently called _Mæonia_, and received the name of
  Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who,
  after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order:
  Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules,
  735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619;
  and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the
  kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three
  different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and
  Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the
  Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained
  in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from
  father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the
  first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great
  warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of
  coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public
  sports, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 2, 5, & 13.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

=Lydias=, a river of Macedonia.

=Lȳdius=, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near
  Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

=Lydus=, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him
  received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to
  Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made
  on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 74.――――A
  eunuch, &c.

=Lygdamis=, or =Lygdamus=, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos.
  _Polyænus._――――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor,
  and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. _Callimachus._
  ――――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated
  queen of Halicarnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.――――A servant of
  the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

=Lygii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Lygodesma=, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue
  was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Lygus.= _See:_ Ligus.

=Lymīre=, a town of Lycia. _Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.

=Lymax=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.

=Lyncīdes=, a man at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_
  bk. 4, fable 12.

=Lyncestæ=, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal
  family. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

=Lyncestes=, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, &c.――――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired
  against Alexander and was put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 7.

=Lyncestius=, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating
  quality. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 17, li. 329.

=Lyncēus=, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian
  boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it
  is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects
  at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his
  brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when
  they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of
  Leucippus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.――_Hyginus_, fable.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 303.――_Apollodorus_,
  _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra
  the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity
  of his wife. _See:_ Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law,
  dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was
  reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death,
  and reigned 41 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.――――One of the
  companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 768.

=Lyncus=, =Lyncæus=, or =Lynx=, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according
  to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality,
  Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind
  agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to
  murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to
  give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into
  a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 657.

=Lyncus=, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called
  Lyncestæ. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Lyndus=, a town of Sicily.

=Lyrcæ=, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

=Lyrcæus=, a mountain of Arcadia. _See:_ Lycæus.――――A fountain.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.

=Lyrcea=, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Lyrcus=, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. _Parthenius._

=Lyrnessus=, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called
  from thence _Lyrnesseis_. It was taken and plundered by Achilles
  and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided
  among the conquerors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 197.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 108; _Heroides_, poem 3, li. 5;
  _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

=Lysander=, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the
  Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens,
  and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to
  the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and
  destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general
  fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which
  happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000
  men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring
  states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and
  the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and
  discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the
  enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its
  ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in
  short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon.
  Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens
  was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander.
  This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the
  Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already
  begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy
  in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown
  of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence
  and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government
  which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the
  assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles
  of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was
  even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple.
  The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from
  the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with
  Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations
  were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly
  meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody
  battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before
  Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and
  honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended
  for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and
  his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He
  was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and
  he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his
  courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all
  his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and
  his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to
  whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This
  behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians,
  who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated
  for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The
  father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates,
  was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the
  Heraclidæ. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 13.――――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before
  Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 491.――――One of the Ephori in the
  reign of Agis, &c. _Plutarch._――――A grandson of the great Lysander.
  _Pausanias._

=Lysandra=, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son
  of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus
  for protection. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

=Lysaniax=, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

=Lyse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Lysiădes=, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c.
  _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 5.――――An Athenian archon.――――A tyrant of
  Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. _Plutarch._

=Lysianassa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A
  daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Ly̆sias=, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse.
  His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born
  and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony
  which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there
  he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his
  eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his
  orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch,
  though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of
  these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor,
  8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783.
  He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian
  era. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_;
  _On Oratory_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 2.――――An Athenian general, &c.――――A town of Phrygia. _Strabo._
  ――――Another of Syria, now _Berziech_, near Emesa.――――A tyrant of
  Tarsus, B.C. 267.

=Lysĭcles=, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the
  conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and
  sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

=Lysĭdĭce=, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor
  the son of Perseus and Andromeda. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――――A daughter of Thespius.
  _Apollodorus._

=Lysimăche=, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Lysimăchia=, now _Hexamili_, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus.
  _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 10.――――Another in Æolia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Lysimăchus=, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of
  Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master
  of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia.
  He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius,
  and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards
  seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C.
  286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his
  son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and
  powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them
  to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind
  reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ,
  in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps
  of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully
  watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus
  for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He,
  as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by
  order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save
  his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted
  upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it
  into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary
  ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence
  recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after
  esteemed by the monarch. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 19, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An Acarnanian, preceptor
  to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil
  Achilles, and Philip Peleus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_,
  bk. 15, ch. 3.――――An historian of Alexandria.――――A son of Aristides,
  rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.
  ――――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ,
  &c. _Josephus._――――A physician greatly attached to the notions of
  Hippocrates.――――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

=Lysimelia=, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

=Lysinoe=, now _Aglasson_, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. _Livy_,
  bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Lysippe=, a daughter of Prœtus. _See:_ Prœtides.――――A daughter of
  Thespius.

=Lysippus=, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith,
  and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and
  inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He
  flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of
  Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that
  he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus
  excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the
  head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that
  they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends,
  and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented
  men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they
  appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired
  of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits
  high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned
  his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were
  drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of
  Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. _Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 164; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_,
  bk. 4, ch. 148.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 7.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――――A comic poet, some of whose
  plays are mentioned by Athenæus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.――――A general
  of the Achæan league.

=Lysis=, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He
  flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed
  by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to
  Pythagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 2.

=Lysistrătus=, an Athenian parasite.――――A brother of Lysippus. He was
  the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. _Pliny_, bk. 34,
  ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

=Lysithous=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Lyso=, a friend of Cicero, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his
  Friends_, ltr. 19,

=Lystra=, a town of Lycaonia.

=Lytæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians.
  _Apollodorus._

=Lyzanias=, a king of Chalcis, &c.


                                   M

=Macæ=, a people of Arabia Felix. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed
  in Africa near the larger Syrtis by _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 175.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194.

=Macar=, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony
  to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring
  islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats
  of the Macares, or the blessed (μακαρ, _beatus_). _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Măcăreus=, an ancient historian.――――A son of Æolus, who debauched his
  sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of
  the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to
  his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to
  Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_;
  _Heroides_, poem 11; _Ibis_, li. 562.――――One of the companions of
  Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where Æneas found him. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 159.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Măcăria=, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death
  of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclidæ, whom the
  Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants
  of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him
  self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused
  to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the
  victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory.
  Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of
  Marathon was called by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――An
  ancient name of Cyprus.

=Macăris=, an ancient name of Crete.

=Macednus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Măcēdo=, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which
  were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf’s skin,
  for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――――A man who
  gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the
  son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson
  of Deucalion by the mother’s side. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Măcēdŏnia=, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus,
  and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods.
  Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace,
  and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different
  nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus,
  a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in
  existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus
  remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the
  Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a
  reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Cœnus, who ascended the throne
  786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Argæus, 678; Philip, 640;
  Æropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497;
  Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398;
  Amyntas II., 397; Argæus the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390;
  Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366;
  Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Aridæus,
  323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king
  of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280;
  Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus
  Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221;
  Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia
  has been severally called Æmonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, Edonia, Æmathia,
  &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though
  in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the
  borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in
  the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European
  dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body
  of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted
  and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous
  enemies. _Livy_, bk. 44.――_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10,
  &c.――_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Macedonĭcum bellum=, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king
  of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200.
  The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had
  exercised against the Achæans, the friends and allies of Rome. The
  consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on
  the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian
  fleets were also defeated; Eubœa was taken; and Philip, after
  continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the
  fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son
  and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was
  undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however,
  did not discourage them; Paulus Æmilius was chosen consul in the 60th
  year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to
  a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with
  the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the
  field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had
  already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian
  era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners,
  and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15
  years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false
  pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus,
  obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus
  at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces,
  till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus,
  who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes
  called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a
  Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years
  before the christian era.

=Macedonĭcus=, a surname given to Metellus, from his conquests in
  Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained any victory in
  that province.

=Macella=, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. _Livy_,
  bk. 26, ch. 21.

=Macer Æmylius=, a Latin poet of Verona, intimate with Tibullus and
  Ovid, and commended for his genius, his learning, and the elegance
  of his poetry. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds,
  mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy,
  to serve as a supplement to Homer’s Iliad. His compositions are now
  lost. He died B.C. 16. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 44;
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――Lucius
  Claudius, a propretor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the
  title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba.

=Machæra=, a river of Africa.――――A common crier at Rome. _Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 9.

=Machanĭdas=, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed
  by Philopœmen, after being defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 208. Nabis
  succeeded him. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 28, chs. 5
  & 7.

=Măchāon=, a celebrated physician, son of Æsculapius and brother to
  Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica,
  Ithome, and Œchalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. As
  physician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds which they received
  during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden
  horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus the
  son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a
  temple in Messenia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_ _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 3, ltr. 4.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 6, li. 409.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 263 & 426.

=Macra=, a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from
  Etruria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 426.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 32.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Macri campi=, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near the river Gabellus.
  _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18; bk. 45, ch. 12.――――A plain near Mutina bears
  the same name. _Columella_, bk. 7, ch. 2.

=Macriānus Titus Fulvius Julius=, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who,
  from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army,
  and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner
  by the Persians, A.D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation;
  his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial
  purple, and the enemies of Rome were severely defeated, either by
  the emperors or their generals. When he had supported his dignity for
  a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards
  Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was
  defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to
  death with his son, at his own expressive request, A.D. 262.

=Macrīnus Marcus Opilius Severus=, a native of Africa, who rose
  from the most ignominious condition to the rank of prefect of
  the pretorian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of
  Caracalla, whom he inhumanly ♦sacrificed to his ambition, A.D. 217.
  The beginning of his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes,
  and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his
  subjects. These promising appearances did not long continue, and the
  timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the Persians
  by a large sum of money, soon rendered him odious; and while he
  affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius without possessing the good
  qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignificant.
  This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe
  punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers
  the whole army mutinied; and their tumult was increased by their
  consciousness of their power and numbers, which Macrinus had the
  imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of
  Rome encamped together in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was
  proclaimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight.
  He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut off and
  sent to his successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about
  two months and three days. His son, called Diadumenianus, shared his
  father’s fate.――――A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his second
  satire is inscribed.

      ♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’

=Macro=, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his
  intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised
  himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was
  accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion
  of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He
  soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill
  himself together with his wife, A.D. 38.

=Macrŏbii=, a people of Æthiopia, celebrated for their justice and
  the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120th
  year, some say 1000 years; and indeed from that longevity they have
  obtained their name (μακρος βιος, _long life_), to distinguish them
  more particularly from the other inhabitants of Æthiopia. After
  so long a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed from the
  ♦indulgences of vice, and from maladies, they dropped into the
  grave as to sleep, without pain and without terror. _Orpheus_,
  _Argonautica_, li. 1105.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

      ♦ ‘induligencies’ replaced with ‘indulgences’

=Macrobius=, a Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. Some suppose that
  he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II.; but this appears
  groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism,
  and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to
  the enjoyment of high stations, except such as were of the christian
  religion. Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a composition
  called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection of antiquities and
  criticism, supposed to have been the result of a conversation of
  some of the learned Romans during the celebration of the Saturnalia.
  This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which
  the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a
  part of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he
  himself candidly confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learned
  reflections which they contain, and particularly for some curious
  observations on the two greatest epic poets of antiquity. Besides
  this, Macrobius wrote a commentary on Cicero’s _Somnium Scipionis_,
  which was likewise composed for the improvement of the author’s son,
  and dedicated to him. The best editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo,
  Leiden, 1670, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1777.

=Macrŏchir=, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, the same as _Longimanus_.
  This surname arises from his having one _hand longer_ than the other.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.

=Macrōnes=, a nation of Pontus, on the confines of Colchis and Armenia.
  _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.――_Herodotus._

=Mactorium=, a town of Sicily at the south, near Gela.

=Măcŭlōnus=, a rich and penurious Roman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
  li. 40.

=Madaura=, a town on the borders of Numidia and Gætulia, of which the
  inhabitants were called _Madaurenses_. It was the native place of
  Apuleius. _Apuleius_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.

=Madestes=, a town of Thrace.

=Madetes=, a general of Darius, who bravely defended a place against
  Alexander. The conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 30
  orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis prevailed over the almost
  inexorable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 3.

=Maduatēni=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.

=Madyes=, a Scythian prince who pursued the Cimmerians in Asia, and
  conquered Cyaxares, B.C. 623. He held for some time the supreme power
  of Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 103.

=Mæander=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys.――――A celebrated river of Asia
  Minor, rising near Celænæ, and flowing through Caria and Ionia into
  the Ægean sea between Miletus and Priene, after it has been increased
  by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Lethæus, &c. It is
  celebrated among the poets for its windings, which amount to no less
  than 600, and from which all obliquities have received the name of
  _Mæanders_. It forms in its course, according to the observations of
  some travellers, the Greek letters ε, ζ, ξ, ς, and ω, and from its
  windings Dædalus had the first idea of his famous labyrinth. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 145, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li.
  254.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 208; bk. 6, li. 471.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
  2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 22.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 12, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Mæandria=, a city of Epirus.

=Mæatæ=, a people at the south of Scotland. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 76,
  ch. 12.

=Mæcenas.= _See:_ Mecænas.

=Mædi=, a people of _Mædica_, a district of Thrace, near Rhodope.
  _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 40, ch. 21.

=Mælius=, a Roman, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to
  tyranny at Rome in the early ages of the republic.

=Mæmacteria=, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter
  month Mæmacterion. The god surnamed _Mæmactes_ was intreated to send
  mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was
  the god of the air.

=Mænădes=, a name of the Bacchantes, or priestesses of Bacchus. The
  word is derived from μαινομαι, _to be furious_, because in the
  celebration of their festivals, their gestures and actions were those
  of mad women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 458.

=Mænăla=, a town of Spain.

=Mænălus= (plural, Mænala), a mountain of Arcadia sacred to the god
  Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It received its name from
  Mænalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo
  and shade have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 216.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 1, li. 17; _Eclogues_ poem 8, li. 24.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Arcadia.――――A
  son of Lycaon.――――The father of Atalanta.

=Mænius=, a Roman consul.――――A dictator accused and honourably
  acquitted, &c.――――A spendthrift at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15,
  li. 26.

=Mænon=, a tyrant of Sicily, B.C. 285.

=Mænus=, a river of Germany, now called _the Mayne_, falling into the
  Rhine at Mayence.

=Mæŏnia=, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Lydia. It is to be
  observed, that only part of Lydia was known by the name of Mæonia,
  that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolus, and the country watered
  by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――The Etrurians, as being
  descended from a Lydian colony, are often called _Mæonidæ_ (_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 759), and even the lake Thrasymenus in their
  country is called _Mæonius lacus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 35.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, because Homer, their greatest
  and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of Mæonia.

=Mæŏnĭdes=, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of
  some writers, he was born in Mæon. _Ovid._――――The surname is also
  applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in Mæonia.

=Mæŏnis=, an epithet applied to Omphale, as queen of Lydia or Mæonia.
  _Ovid._――――The epithet is also applied to Arachne, as a native of
  Lydia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.

=Mæōtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.

=Mæōtis Palus=, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and
  Asia, at the north of the Euxine, to which it communicates by the
  Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the _sea of Azof_ or _Zaback_. It
  was worshipped as a deity by the Massagetæ. It extends about 390
  miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in
  circumference. The Amazons are called _Mæotides_, as living in
  the neighbourhood. _Strabo._――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Justin_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_,
  ♦_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 12; _epistles of Sabinus_, ltr. 2, li. 9.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 739.

      ♦ ‘Fasti’ replaced with ‘Tristia’

=Mæsia sylva=, a wood in Etruria, near the mouth of the Tiber. _Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Mævia=, an immodest woman. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 22.

=Mævius=, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made himself
  known by his illiberal attacks on the character of the first writers
  of his time, as well as by his affected compositions. His name would
  have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third
  eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode.

=Magas=, a king of Cyrene, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He
  reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 257. _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Magella=, a town of Sicily about the middle of the island.

=Magetæ=, a people of Africa.

=Magi=, a religious sect among the eastern nations of the world, and
  particularly in Persia. They had great influence in the political as
  well as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch seldom ascended
  the throne without their previous approbation. Zoroaster was founder
  of their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed
  a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things. In their
  religious tenets they had two principles, one good, the source of
  everything good; and the other evil, from whence sprang all manner
  of ills. Their professional skill in the mathematics and philosophy
  rendered everything familiar to them, and from their knowledge of the
  phenomena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned
  men; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience and
  profession, were confounded with the magicians who impose upon the
  superstitious and credulous. Hence the word _Magi_ and _Magicians_
  became synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped
  the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, and the fraud was
  not discovered till the seven noble Persians conspired against the
  usurper, and elected Darius king. From this circumstance there was
  a certain day on which none of the Magi were permitted to appear in
  public, as the populace had the privilege of murdering whomsoever of
  them they met. _Strabo._――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 62, &c.

=Magius=, a lieutenant of Piso, &c.――――A man in the interest of Pompey,
  grandfather to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. _Paterculus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 115.

=Magna Græcia=, a part of Italy. _See:_ Græcia Magna.

=Magna Mater=, a name given to Cybele.

=Magnentius=, an ambitious Roman, who distinguished himself by his
  cruelty and perfidy. He conspired against the life of Constans,
  and murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was highly resented by
  Constantius; and the assassin, unable to escape from the fury of his
  antagonist, murdered his own mother and the rest of his relations,
  and afterwards killed himself by falling upon a sword, which he
  had thrust against a wall. He was the first of the followers of
  christianity who ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A.D. 353.

=Magnes=, a young man who found himself detained by the iron nails
  which were under his shoes as he walked over a stone mine. This was
  no other than the magnet, which received its name from the person
  who had been first sensible of its powers. Some say that Magnes was a
  slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. _Orphic
  Lithica_, bk. 10, li. 7.――――A son of Æolus and Anaretta, who married
  Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
  poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia.

=Magnēsia=, a town of Asia Minor on the Mæander, about 15 miles from
  Ephesus, now called _Guzelhizar_. It is celebrated for the death
  of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years
  before the christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of
  Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to
  Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which
  have been exaggerated by ♦Florus to 300,000 men; the Roman army
  consisted of about 28,000 or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed
  in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse,
  and the Romans only 300 killed, with 25 horse. It was founded by a
  colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called _Magnesia
  ad Mæandrum_, to distinguish it from another called _Magnesia ad
  Sipylum_ in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was
  destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.――――A country on
  the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes
  called _Æmonia_ and _Magnes Campus_. The capital was also called
  Magnesia.――――A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 37.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 2.――_Appian._

      ♦ ‘Florius’ replaced with ‘Florus’

=Mago=, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.
  He obtained a victory, and granted peace to the conquered. In a
  battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was
  killed. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the command of the
  Carthaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach
  of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused
  in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution
  of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on
  a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.――――A brother of Annibal the
  Great. He was present at the battle of Cannæ, and was deputed by his
  brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which
  had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was
  unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account
  of the victory of Cannæ, he emptied in the senate-house the three
  bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights
  slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated
  the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engagement, totally
  ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he conquered; and one of
  the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis,
  _Port Mahon_. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took
  possession of part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by
  Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the
  christian era. _Livy_, bk. 30, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,
  ch. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either
  perished in a shipwreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps
  Annibal had two brothers of that name.――――A Carthaginian, more known
  by the excellence of his writings than by his military exploits. He
  wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by Scipio, at
  the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were
  translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin
  by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so
  copiously upon the subject; and the Romans, as it has been observed,
  consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the
  books of the Sybilline verses. _Columella._――――A Carthaginian sent
  by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the
  Tarentines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused
  by the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar.
  _Valerius Maximus._

=Magon=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Māgrontiăcum=, or =Magontea=, a large city of Germany, now called
  _Mentz_. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, bks. 15 & 23.

=Magus=, an officer of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 522.

=Maherbal=, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who
  commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cannæ. He advised
  the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required
  time to consider on so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal observed,
  that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make a proper use of
  victory.

=Maīa=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter.
  She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters.
  _See:_ Pleiades. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 301.――――A surname of Cybele.

=Majestas=, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honour and
  Reverence. _Ovid_, bk. 5; _Fasti_, li. 25.

=Majoriānus Julius Valerius=, an emperor of the western Roman empire,
  raised to the imperial throne A.D. 457. He signalized himself by his
  private as well as public virtues. He was massacred, after a reign
  of 37 years, by one of his generals, who envied in his master the
  character of an active, virtuous, and humane emperor.

=Majorca=, the greatest of the islands called Baleares, on the coast of
  Spain, in the Mediterranean. _Strabo._

=Mala Fortuna=, the goddess of evil fortune, was worshipped among the
  Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Malēa=, a promontory of Lesbos.――――Another in Peloponnesus, at the
  south of Laconia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that the
  dangers which attended a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb
  of _Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliviscere quæ sunt domi_. _Strabo_,
  bks. 8 & 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 58.――_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 193.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16, li. 24; poem 11, li. 20.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Maleventum=, the ancient name of Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 27.

=Malho=, or =Matho=, a general of an army of Carthaginian mercenaries,
  258 B.C.

=Malia=, a city of Phthiotis, near mount Œta and Thermopylæ. There were
  in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus
  has mentioned. From Malia a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood,
  at the western extremities of the island of Eubœa, has received the
  name of the gulf of Malia, _Maliacum Fretum_, or _Maliacus Sinus_.
  Some call it the gulf of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is
  often taken for the _Sinus Pelasgicus_ of the ancients. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._

=Malii=, a people of Mesopotamia.

=Malis=, a servant-maid of Omphale, beloved by Hercules.

=Mallea=, or =Mallia aqua=. _See:_ Malia.

=Malleŏlus=, a man who murdered his mother, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad
  Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Mallius=, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c.

=Mallophŏra= (_lanam ferens_), a surname under which Ceres had a temple
  at Megara, because she had taught the inhabitants the utility of
  wool, and the means of tending sheep to advantage. This temple is
  represented as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling
  to decay. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Mallos=, a town of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.

=Malthīnus=, a name under which Horace has lashed some of his friends
  or enemies. Bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.

=Mamaus=, a river of Peloponnesus.

=Mamercus=, a tyrant of Catana, who surrendered to Timoleon. His
  attempts to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were received
  with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a
  wall, and endeavoured to destroy himself. The blows were not fatal,
  and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A dictator at
  Rome, B.C. 437.――――A consul with Decimus Brutus.

=Mamerthes=, a Corinthian who killed his brother’s son in hopes of
  reigning, upon which he was torn to pieces by his brother. _Ovid_,
  _Ibis_.

=Mamertīna=, a town of Campania, famous for its wines.――――A name of
  Messana in Sicily. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 117.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Mamertīni=, a mercenary band of soldiers which passed from Campania
  into Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the
  service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the
  election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to
  support their unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased by the
  authority of some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to
  leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great
  kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for
  hospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all
  the males in the city, and married their wives and daughters, and
  rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they
  assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city _Mamertina_,
  from a provincial word, which in their language signified _martial_
  or _warlike_. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and
  totally disabled from repairing their ruined affairs. _Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_, &c.

=Mamilia lex=, _de limitibus_, by the tribune Mamilius. It ordained
  that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land should
  be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private
  property. It also appointed commissioners to see it carried into
  execution.

=Mamilii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from the Aborigines.
  They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. _Livy_,
  bk. 3, ch. 29.

=Mamilius Octavius=, a son-in-law of Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon
  bravery at the battle of Regillæ. He is also called Manilius. _See:_
  Manilius.

=Mammea=, the mother of the emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235.

=Mamŭrius Veturius=, a worker in brass in Numa’s reign. He was ordered
  by the monarch to make a number of ancylia or shields, like that
  one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to
  distinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in
  his undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that his name
  might be frequently mentioned in the hymns which were sung by the
  Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 392.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.

=Mamurra=, a Roman knight born at Formiæ. He followed the fortune of
  Julius Cæsar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He built a
  magnificent palace on mount Cœlius, and was the first who incrusted
  his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams.
  Formiæ is sometimes called _Mamurrarum urbs_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.

=Manastăbal=, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated
  Jugurtha. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.

=Caius Mancīnus=, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army
  of 30,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 138. He was
  dragged from the senate, &c. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Mandāne=, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her father to
  Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed
  that his daughter’s urine had drowned all his city, which had been
  interpreted in an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers, who assured
  him that his daughter’s son would dethrone him. The marriage of
  Mandane with Cambyses would, in the monarch’s opinion, prevent the
  effects of the dream, and the children of this connection would, like
  their father, be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages
  were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. _See:_ Cyrus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 107.

=Mandānes=, an Indian prince and philosopher, whom Alexander invited
  by his ambassador, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, as
  being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and
  promises of Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Mandēla=, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace’s
  country seat. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 105.

=Mandonius=, a prince of Spain, who for some time favoured the cause
  of the Romans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was
  ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely
  reprimanded and punished. _Livy_, bk. 29.

=Mandrŏcles=, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Mandron=, a king of the Bebryces, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Mandubii=, a people of Gaul (now _Burgundy_), in Cæsar’s army, &c.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 78.

=Mandubratius=, a young Briton who came over to Cæsar in Gaul. His
  father Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by
  order of Cassivelaunus. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Manduria=, a city of Calabria near Tarentum, whose inhabitants were
  famous for eating dog’s flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.――_Livy_,
  bk. 27, ch. 15.

=Manes=, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in Mæonia. He was
  father of Cotys, by Callirrhoe the daughter of Oceanus.

=Mānes=, a name generally applied by the ancients to the souls when
  separated from the body. They were reckoned among the infernal
  deities, and generally supposed to preside over the burying places
  and the monuments of the dead. They were worshipped with great
  solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs always invoked
  them when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil
  introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and
  to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The
  word _manes_ is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some
  reckoned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it
  from _manare, quod per omnia ætherea terrenaque manabant_, because
  they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent
  to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say that _manes_
  comes from _manis_, an old Latin word which signified _good_ or
  _propitious_. The word _manes_ is differently used by ancient authors;
  sometimes it is taken for the infernal regions, and sometimes it is
  applied to the deities of Pluto’s kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the
  Romans were always superscribed with D. M., _Dîs Manibus_, to remind
  the sacrilegious and profane not to molest the monuments of the dead,
  which were guarded with such sanctity. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.
  ――_Virgil_, bk. 4, _Georgics_, li. 469; _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 8, li. 28.――――A river of Locris.

=Manētho=, a celebrated priest of Heliopolis in Egypt, surnamed the
  Mendesian, B.C. 261. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, which
  has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly
  by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury,
  and from the journals and annals which are preserved in the Egyptian
  temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The
  author supported that all the gods of the Egyptians had been mere
  mortals, and had all lived upon earth. This history, which is now
  lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant.
  There is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power
  of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is
  explained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to, by
  Gronovious, Leiden, 1698.

=Mania=, a goddess, supposed to be the mother of the Lares and Manes.
  ――――A female servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy.――――A
  mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from
  her folly. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Manilia lex=, by Manilius the tribune, A.U.C. 678. It required that
  all the forces of Lucullus and his province, together with Bithynia,
  which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to
  Pompey, and that this general should, without any delay, declare war
  against Mithridates, and still retain the command of the Roman fleet,
  and the empire of the Mediterranean, as before.――――Another, which
  permitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public
  offices, to be employed in the management of affairs.――――A woman
  famous for her debaucheries. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 242.

=Mānīlius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He lived
  at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when
  banished from Rome, &c. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――――Caius, a celebrated
  mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise
  on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed
  stars. The style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not
  known, though some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan age. No
  author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius.
  The best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 4to, London, 1739,
  and Stoeberus, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1767.――――Titus, a learned historian
  in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero,
  _pro Roscio_.――――Marcus, another mentioned by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 1, ch. 48, as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of
  an eloquent and powerful orator.

=Manĭmi=, a people in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Manlia lex=, by the tribune Publius Manlius, A.U.C. 557. It revived
  the office of _treviri epulones_, first instituted by Numa. The
  _epulones_ were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter and the
  gods at public festivals, &c.

=Manlius Torquātus=, a celebrated Roman, whose youth was distinguished
  by a lively and cheerful disposition. These promising talents
  were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking; and the father,
  unwilling to expose his son’s rusticity at Rome, detained him in
  the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and
  Marius Pomponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly
  behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and with
  a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, and made
  him solemnly promise that he would drop the accusation. This action
  of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen
  military tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the
  challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous
  arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of
  the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his
  arms, and from the collar (_torquis_) which he took from the enemy’s
  neck, he was ever after surnamed _Torquatus_. Manlius was the
  first Roman who was raised to the dictatorship without having been
  previously consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been
  deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to
  death his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained
  an honourable victory, without his previous permission. This uncommon
  rigour displeased many of the Romans; and though Torquatus was
  honoured with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services,
  yet the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of the consul’s
  severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other
  conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was offered to
  him, but he refused it, observing that the people could not bear
  his severity, nor he the vices of the people. From the rigour of
  Torquatus, all edicts and actions of severity and justice have been
  called _Manliana edicta_. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 9.――――Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valour was
  displayed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When
  Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his countrymen
  fled into the Capitol, which he defended when it was suddenly
  surprised in the night by the enemy. This action gained him the
  surname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese, which by their clamour had
  awakened him to arm himself in his own defence, were ever after held
  sacred among the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to abolish
  the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. The
  dictator Cornelius Cossus seized him as a rebel, but the people put
  on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. This did
  not in the least check his ambition; he continued to raise factions,
  and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at
  last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He
  was tried in the Campius Martius; but when the distant view of the
  Capitol which Manlius had saved seemed to influence the people in his
  favour, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned.
  He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, A.U.C. 371, and to
  render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were afterwards
  permitted to bear the surname of _Marcus_, and the place where his
  house had stood was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. _Livy_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31; bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 13 & 26.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 825.
  ――――Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He
  was accused of detaining his son at home. _See:_ Manlius Torquatus.
  ――――Volsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia,
  and made war against the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He
  was honoured with a triumph at his return, though it was at first
  strongly opposed. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 12,
  &c.――――Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the best
  and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 300. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 54; bk. 3,
  ch. 31.――――Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made war against the
  Etrurians and Veientes with great success, and he died of a wound
  which he had received in a battle.――――Another, who in his pretorship
  reduced Sardinia. He was afterwards made dictator.――――Another, who
  was defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.――――A pretor in Gaul,
  who fought against the Boii, with very little success.――――Another,
  called Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, &c.――――Another,
  who conspired with Catiline against the Roman republic.――――Another,
  in whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut.――――Another, who was
  banished under Tiberius for his adultery.――――A Roman appointed judge
  between his son Silanus and the province of Macedonia. When all the
  parties had been heard, the father said, “It is evident that my son
  has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem him unworthy
  of the republic and of my house, and I order him to depart from my
  presence.” Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his father, that
  he hanged himself. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――A learned man
  in the age of Cicero.

=Mannus=, the son of Thiasto, both famous divinities among the Germans.
  _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 2.

=Julius Mansuētus=, a friend of Vitellius, who entered the Roman armies,
  and left his son, then very young, at home. The son was promoted by
  Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the partisans of Vitellius
  in which his father was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was
  wounded by the hand of his son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,
  ch. 25.

=Mantinea=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. It was taken by Aratus
  and Antigonus, and, on account of the latter, it was afterwards
  called _Antigonia_. The emperor Adrian built there a temple in honour
  of his favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the battle which was
  fought there between Epaminondas at the head of the Thebans, and
  the combined forces of Lacedæmon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia,
  about 363 years before Christ. The Theban general was killed in the
  engagement, and from that time Thebes lost its power and consequence
  among the Grecian states. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Epaminondas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Mantineus=, the father of Ocalea, who married Abas the son of Lynceus
  and Hypermnestra. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Mantinōrum oppidum=, a town of Corsica, now supposed to be _Bastia_.

=Mantius=, a son of Melampus.

=Manto=, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, endowed with the gift
  of prophecy. She was made prisoner by the Argives when the city of
  Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the worthiest part of
  the booty, the conquerors sent her to Apollo the god of Delphi, as
  the most valuable present they could make. Manto, often called Daphne,
  remained for some time at Delphi, where she officiated as priestess,
  and where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia,
  where she established an oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius
  the sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son called Mopsus.
  Manto afterwards visited Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king
  of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of the river Tiber. From
  this marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbourhood,
  which, in honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, according to
  a certain tradition, was so struck at the misfortunes which afflicted
  Thebes, her native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, and was
  turned into a fountain. Some suppose her to be the same who conducted
  Æneas into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin the
  Proud. She received divine honours after death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 199; bk. 10, li. 199.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li. 157.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Strabo_,
  bks. 14 & 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 10 & 33; bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Mantua=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, founded about 300 years before
  Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus the son of Manto. It was the ancient capital
  of Etruria. When Cremona, which had followed the interest of Brutus,
  was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the
  neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, though it had favoured
  the party of Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically
  deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was among them, and a
  native of the town, and from thence often called _Mantuanus_, applied
  for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his poetical
  talents. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, &c.;
  _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 12; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 180.――_Ovid_,
  _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15.

=Maracanda=, a town of Sogdiana.

=Mărătha=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Mărăthon=, a village of Attica, 10 miles from Athens, celebrated for
  the victory which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Platæans, under the
  command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of
  100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Valerius Maximus,
  of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the command of
  Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490, B.C. In this battle,
  according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the
  Persians 6300. Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in this
  expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this
  immortal victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small
  columns, with the names inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes.
  It was also in the plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a
  celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring country. Erigone
  is called _Marathonia virgo_, as being born at Marathon. _Statius_,
  bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 74.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_――――A king of
  Attica, son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small village there.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――A king of Sicyon.

=Marăthos=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Marcella=, a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus.
  She married Agrippa.

=Marcellīnus Ammiānus=, a celebrated historian who carried arms under
  Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote a history of Rome from the
  reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His
  style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valuable
  for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author
  was nearly concerned. This history was composed at Rome, where
  Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does
  not betray that severity against the christians which other writers
  have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of paganism,
  the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was
  divided into 31 books, of which only the 18 last remain, beginning at
  the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums
  upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed and who so eminently patronised
  his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes
  mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus
  has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it has descended
  to us mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of Ammianus are
  those of Gronovius, folio, and 4to, Leiden, 1693, and of Ernesti,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.――――An officer under Julian.

=Marcellus Marcus Claudius=, a famous Roman general, who, after the
  first Punic war, had the management of an expedition against the
  Gauls, where he obtained the _Spolia opima_, by killing with his
  own hand Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such success rendered
  him popular, and soon after he was entrusted to oppose Annibal in
  Italy. He was the first Roman who obtained some advantage over this
  celebrated Carthaginian, and showed his countrymen that Annibal
  was not invincible. The troubles which were raised in Sicily by the
  Carthaginians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and
  Marcellus, in his third consulship, was sent with a powerful force
  against Syracuse. He attacked it by sea and land, but his operations
  proved ineffectual, and the invention and industry of a philosopher
  [_See:_ Archimedes] were able to baffle all the efforts, and to
  destroy all the great and stupendous machines and military engines
  of the Romans during three successive years. The perseverance of
  Marcellus at last obtained the victory. The inattention of the
  inhabitants during their nocturnal celebration of the festivals
  of Diana, favoured his operations; he forcibly entered the town,
  and made himself master of it. The conqueror enriched the capital
  of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and when he was accused of
  rapaciousness, for stripping the conquered city of all its paintings
  and ornaments, he confessed that he had done it to adorn the public
  buildings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the fine arts and
  elegance of the Greeks among his countrymen. After the conquest
  of Syracuse, Marcellus was called upon by his country to oppose
  a second time Annibal. In this campaign he behaved with greater
  vigour than before; the greatest part of the towns of the Samnites,
  which had revolted, were recovered by force of arms, and 3000 of the
  soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an engagement
  with the Carthaginian general proved unfavourable; Marcellus had the
  disadvantage; but on the morrow a more successful skirmish vindicated
  his military character, and the honour of the Roman soldiers.
  Marcellus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant against the snares
  of his adversary. He imprudently separated himself from his camp, and
  was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of his age, in his fifth
  consulship, A.U.C. 546. His body was honoured with a magnificent
  funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver
  urn to his son. Marcellus claims our commendation for his private
  as well as public virtues; and the humanity of the general will ever
  be remembered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought
  that many were going to be exposed to the avarice and rapaciousness
  of an incensed soldiery, which the policy of Rome and the laws of war
  rendered inevitable. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 855.――_Paterculus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_, &c.――――One of his descendants,
  who bore the same name, signalized himself in the civil wars of Cæsar
  and Pompey, by his firm attachment to the latter. He was banished by
  Cæsar, but afterwards recalled at the request of the senate. Cicero
  undertook his defence in an oration which is still extant.――――The
  grandson of Pompey’s friend rendered himself popular by his universal
  benevolence and affability. He was son of Marcellus, by Octavia the
  sister of Augustus. He married Julia, that emperor’s daughter, and
  was publicly intended as his successor. The suddenness of his death,
  at the early age of 18, was the cause of much lamentation at Rome,
  particularly in the family of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself
  great favours by celebrating the virtues of this amiable prince.
  _See:_ Octavia. Marcellus was buried at the public expense. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 883.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_,
  _Marcellus_.――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Marciam_.――_Paterculus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 93.――――The son of the great Marcellus who took Syracuse,
  was caught in the ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but he
  forced his way from the enemy and escaped. He received the ashes of
  his father from the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.――――A man who
  conspired against Vespasian.――――The husband of Octavia the sister of
  Augustus.――――A conqueror of Britain.――――An officer under the emperor
  Julian.――――A man put to death by Galba.――――A man who gave Cicero
  information of Catiline’s conspiracy.――――A colleague of Cato in
  the questorship.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem
  on physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus
  Aurelius.――――A Roman drowned in a storm, &c.

=Marcia lex=, by Marcius Censorinus. It forbade any man to be invested
  with the office of censor more than once.

=Marcia=, the wife of Regulus. When she heard that her husband had
  been put to death at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she
  retorted the punishment, and shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a
  barrel, which she had previously filled with sharp nails. The senate
  was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. _Diodorus_, bk. 24.
  ――――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, whom he poisoned.――――A
  vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence.――――A daughter of Philip,
  who married Cato the censor. Her husband gave her to his friend
  Hortensius for the sake of procreating children, and after his death
  he took her again to his own house.――――An ancient name of the island
  of Rhodes.――――A daughter of Cato of Utica.――――A stream of water.
  _See:_ Martia aqua.

=Marciāna=, a sister of the emperor Trajan, who, on account of her
  public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was declared
  Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113.

=Marcianopŏlis=, the capital of Lower Mœsia in Greece. It receives its
  name in honour of the empress Marciana.

=Marciānus=, a native of Thrace, born of an obscure family. After he
  had for some time served in the army as a common soldier, he was made
  private secretary to one of the officers of Theodosius. His winning
  address and uncommon talents raised him to higher stations; and
  on the death of Theodosius II., A.D. 450, he was invested with the
  imperial purple in the east. The subjects of the Roman empire had
  reason to be satisfied with their choice. Marcianus showed himself
  active and resolute, and when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns,
  asked of the emperor the annual tribute, which the indolence and
  cowardice of his predecessors had regularly paid, the successor of
  Theodosius firmly said that he kept his gold for his friends, but
  that iron was the metal which he had prepared for his enemies. In
  the midst of universal popularity Marcianus died, after a reign of
  six years, in the 69th year of his age, as he was making warlike
  preparations against the barbarians that had invaded Africa. His
  death was lamented, and indeed his merit was great, since his
  reign has been distinguished by the appellation of the golden age.
  Marcianus married Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is
  said, that in the years of his obscurity he found a man who had been
  murdered, and that he had the humanity to give him a private burial,
  for which circumstance he was accused of the homicide and imprisoned.
  He was condemned to lose his life, and the sentence would have been
  executed, had not the real murderer been discovered, and convinced
  the world of the innocence of Marcianus.――――Capella, a writer. _See:_
  Capella.

=Marcus Marcius Sabīnus=, was the progenitor of the Marcian family at
  Rome. He came to Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa to
  accept of the crown which the Romans offered to him. He attempted
  to make himself king of Rome, in opposition to Tullus Hostilius, and
  when his efforts proved unsuccessful he killed himself. His son, who
  married a daughter of Numa, was made high priest by his father-in-law.
  He was father of Ancus Marcius. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A Roman who
  accused Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt of misdemeanour in the Roman
  senate.――――A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites. He was more
  successful against the Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c.
  ――――Another consul, who obtained a victory over the Etrurians.
  ――――Another, who defeated the Hernici.――――A Roman who fought against
  Asdrubal.――――A man whom Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero.

=Marcius Saltus=, a place in Liguria, &c.

=Marcomanni=, a people of Germany, who originally dwelt on the banks of
  the Rhine and the Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the Roman
  emperors. Augustus granted them peace, but they were afterwards
  subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 109.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 62; _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Marcus=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans. _See:_ Æmilius,
  Lepidus, &c.――――A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c.――――Caryensis,
  a general of the Achæan league, 255 B.C.

=Mardi=, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. They were
  very poor, and generally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their
  country, in later times, became the residence of the famous assassins
  destroyed by Hulakou the grandson of Zingis Khan. _Herodotus_, bks.
  1 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Mardia=, a place of Thrace, famous for a battle between Constantine
  and Licinius, A.D. 315.

=Mardonius=, a general of Xerxes, who, after the defeat of his master
  at Thermopylæ and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army of 300,000
  chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it under the power
  of Persia. His operations were rendered useless by the courage and
  vigilance of the Greeks; and in a battle at Platæa, Mardonius was
  defeated and left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander
  of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice
  that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Darius. _Plutarch_,
  _Aristotle_.――_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.

=Mardus=, a river of Media, falling into the Caspian sea.

=Mare Mortuum=, called also, from the _bitumen_ which it throws up,
  the lake _Asphaltites_, is situate in Judæa, and is near 100 miles
  long and 25 broad. Its waters are ♦saltier than those of the sea, but
  the vapours exhaled from them are not so pestilential as have been
  generally represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, of which
  Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, were the capital,
  were destroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake formed. Volcanic
  appearances now mark the face of the country, and earthquakes are
  frequent. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 4,
  ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 16, p. 764.――_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 3.

      ♦ ‘salter’ replaced with ‘saltier’

=Măreōtis=, now _Siwah_, a lake in Egypt near Alexandria. Its
  neighbourhood is famous for wine, though some make the _Mareoticum
  vinum_ grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, called also
  Mareotis, near Egypt. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 38, li. 14.――_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 10.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Marginia= and =Margiania=, a town and country near the river Oxus,
  at the east of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines are so
  uncommonly large that two men can scarcely grasp the trunk of one of
  them. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.

=Margītes=, a man against whom, as some suppose, Homer wrote a poem,
  to ridicule his superficial knowledge, and to expose his affectation.
  When Demosthenes wished to prove Alexander an inveterate enemy to
  Athens, he called him another Margites.

=Margus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube, with a town of the
  same name, now _Kastolatz_.

=Mariăba=, a city in Arabia, near the Red sea.

=Maria lex=, by Caius Marius the tribune, A.U.C. 634. It ordered the
  planks called _pontes_, on which the people stood up to give their
  votes in the _comitia_, to be narrower, that no other might stand
  there to hinder the proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or other
  disturbances.――――Another, called also _Porcia_, by Lucius Marius and
  Porcius, tribunes, A.U.C. 691. It fined a certain sum of money such
  commanders as gave a false account to the Roman senate of the number
  of the slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear to the truth of
  their return when they entered the city, according to the best
  computation.

=Mariamna=, a Jewish woman, who married Herodes, &c.

=Mariānæ fossæ=, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, which received its name
  from the _dyke_ (_fossa_) which Marius opened from thence to the sea.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Mariandynum=, a place near Bithynia, where the poets feign that
  Hercules dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 19; bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Mariānus=, a surname given to Jupiter from a temple built to his
  honour by Marius. It was in this temple that the Roman senate
  assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance communicated to him in
  a dream. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Marīca=, a nymph of the river Liris, near Minturnæ. She married king
  Faunus, by whom she had king Latinus, and she was afterwards called
  Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a goddess. A city of Campania bore
  her name. Some suppose her to be the same as Circe. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――――A wood on the borders of
  Campania bore also the name of _Marica_, as being sacred to the nymph.
  _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17, li. 7.

=Marīcus=, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the reign of Vitellius, who
  refused to devour him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 61.

=Marīna=, a daughter of Arcadius, &c.

=Marīnis=, a friend of Tiberius, put to death, &c.

=Marion=, a king of Tyre in the age of Alexander the Great.

=Marissa=, an opulent town of Judæa.

=Marīta lex.= _See:_ Julia de Maritandis.

=Maris=, a river of Scythia.――――A son of Armisodares, who assisted
  Priam against the Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 317.

=Marisus=, a river of Dacia.

=Caiaus Marius=, a celebrated Roman, who, from a peasant, became one
  of the most powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during
  her consular government. He was born at Arpinum, of obscure and
  illiterate parents. His father bore the same name as himself, and
  his mother was called Fulcinia. He forsook the meaner occupations of
  the country for the camp, and signalized himself under Scipio at the
  siege of Numantia. The Roman general saw the courage and intrepidity
  of young Marius, and foretold the era of his future greatness. By
  his seditions and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the inferior
  offices of the state, he rendered himself known; and his marriage
  with Julia, who was of the family of the Cæsars, contributed in
  some measure to raise him to consequence. He passed into Africa as
  lieutenant to the consul Metellus against Jugurtha, and after he had
  there ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and raised enemies to
  his friend and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvassed for
  the consulship. The extravagant promises he made to the people, and
  his malevolent insinuations about the conduct of Metellus, proved
  successful. He was elected, and appointed to finish the war against
  Jugurtha. He showed himself capable in every degree to succeed
  Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated and afterwards betrayed into the
  hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. No sooner was Jugurtha
  conquered, than new honours and fresh trophies awaited Marius.
  The provinces at Rome were suddenly invaded by an army of 300,000
  barbarians, and Marius was the only man whose activity and boldness
  could resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected consul, and sent
  against the Teutones. The war was prolonged, and Marius was a third
  and fourth time invested with the consulship. At last two engagements
  were fought, and not less than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of
  the Ambrones and Teutones were slain in the field of battle, and
  90,000 made prisoners. The following year was also marked by a
  total overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde of barbarians, in which
  140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners.
  After such honourable victories, Marius, with his colleague Catulus,
  entered Rome in triumph, and for his eminent services, he deserved
  the appellation of the third founder of Rome. He was elected consul
  a sixth time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered his country from
  its foreign enemies, he sought employment at home, and his restless
  ambition began to raise seditions and to oppose the power of Sylla.
  This was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused
  to deliver up the command of the forces with which he was empowered
  to prosecute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to oppose the
  authors of a demand which he considered as arbitrary and improper. He
  advanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save his life by flight.
  The unfavourable winds prevented him from seeking a safer retreat
  in Africa, and he was left on the coasts of Campania, where the
  emissaries of his enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where he had
  plunged himself in the mud, and left only his mouth above the surface
  for respiration. He was violently dragged to the neighbouring town of
  Minturnæ, and the magistrates, all devoted to the interest of Sylla,
  passed sentence of immediate death on their magnanimous prisoner. A
  Gaul was commanded to cut off his head in the dungeon, but the stern
  countenance of Marius disarmed the courage of the executioner, and,
  when he heard the exclamation of _Tune, homo, audes occidere Caium
  Marium_, the dagger dropped from his hand. Such an uncommon adventure
  awakened the compassion of the inhabitants of Minturnæ. They released
  Marius from prison, and favoured his escape to Africa, where he
  joined his son Marius, who had been arming the princes of the country
  in his cause. Marius landed near the walls of Carthage, and he
  received no small consolation at the sight of the venerable ruins
  of a once powerful city, which, like himself, had been exposed to
  calamity, and felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This place of
  his retreat was soon known, and the governor of Africa, to conciliate
  the favours of Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbouring
  island. He soon after learned that Cinna had embraced his cause at
  Rome, when the Roman senate had stripped him of his consular dignity
  and bestowed it upon one of his enemies. This intelligence animated
  Marius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at the head of 1000
  men. His army, however, gradually increased, and he entered Rome like
  a conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sacrificed to his fury. Rome
  was filled with blood, and he who had once been called the father
  of his country, marched through the streets of the city, attended by
  a number of assassins, who immediately slaughtered all those whose
  salutations were not answered by their leader. Such were the signals
  for bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified their
  resentment, they made themselves consuls, but Marius, already worn
  out with old age and infirmities, died 16 days after he had been
  honoured with the consular dignity for the seventh time, B.C. 86. His
  end was probably hastened by the uncommon quantities of wine which
  he drank when labouring under a dangerous disease, to remove, by
  intoxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. Such was the end
  of Marius, who rendered himself conspicuous by his victories, and
  by his cruelty. As he was brought up in the midst of poverty and
  among peasants, it will not appear wonderful that he always betrayed
  rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in others those polished
  manners and that studied address which education had denied him. He
  hated the conversation of the learned only because he was illiterate,
  and if he appeared an example of sobriety and temperance, he owed
  these advantages to the years of obscurity which he had passed at
  Arpinum. His countenance was stern, his voice firm and imperious, and
  his disposition untractable. He always betrayed the greatest timidity
  in the public assemblies, as he had not been early taught to make
  eloquence and oratory his pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his
  age when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at the fall of a man
  whose ambition had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. His
  only qualifications were those of a great general, and with these
  he rendered himself the most illustrious and powerful of the Romans,
  because he was the only one whose ferocity seemed capable to oppose
  the barbarians of the north. The manner of his death, according to
  some opinions, remains doubtful, though some have charged him with
  the crime of suicide. Among the instances which are mentioned of
  his firmness this may be recorded: A swelling in the leg obliged him
  to apply to a physician, who urged the necessity of cutting it off.
  Marius gave it, and saw the operation performed without a distortion
  of the face, and without a groan. The physician asked the other,
  and Marius gave it with equal composure. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 8, li. 245, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 69.――――Caius, the son of
  the great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and shared his good and
  his adverse fortune. He made himself consul in the 25th year of his
  age, and murdered all the senators who opposed his ambitious views.
  He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Præneste, where he killed
  himself. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――Priscus, a governor of Africa,
  accused of extortion in his province by Pliny the younger, and
  banished from Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 11.――_Juvenal_, satire 1,
  li. 48.――――A lover, &c. _See:_ Hellas.――――One of the Greek fathers
  of the fifth century, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 vols.,
  folio, Paris, 1673; and by Baluzius, Paris, 1684.――――Marcus Aurelius,
  a native of Gaul, who, from the mean employment of a blacksmith,
  became one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last caused himself
  to be saluted emperor. Three days after this elevation, a man who had
  shared his poverty without partaking of his more prosperous fortune,
  publicly assassinated him, and he was killed by a sword which he
  himself had made in the time of his obscurity. Marius has been often
  celebrated for his great strength, and it is confidently reported
  that he could stop, with one of his fingers only, the wheel of a
  chariot in its most rapid course.――――Maximus, a Latin writer, who
  published an account of the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexander,
  now lost. His compositions were entertaining, and executed with
  great exactness and fidelity. Some have accused him of inattention,
  and complain that his writings abounded with many fabulous and
  insignificant stories.――――Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from death
  by Otho, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 45.――――Sextus, a
  rich Spaniard, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on account of his
  riches, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Marmăcus=, the father of Pythagoras. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Marmărenses=, a people of Lycia.

=Marmărĭca.= _See:_ Marmaridæ.

=Marmărĭdæ=, the inhabitants of that part of Lybia called _Marmarica_,
  between Cyrene and Egypt. They were swift in running, and pretended
  to possess some drugs or secret power to destroy the poisonous
  effects of the bite of serpents. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 300;
  bk. 11, li. 182.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 680; bk. 9, li. 894.

=Marmărion=, a town of Eubœa, whence Apollo is called _Marmarinus_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Maro.= _See:_ Virgilius.

=Marobodui=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Maron=, a son of Evanthes, high priest of Apollo in Africa, when
  Ulysses touched upon the coast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, li. 179.
  ――――An Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, and built
  a city in Thrace, called from him Maronea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Maronēa=, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, near the Hebrus, of
  which Bacchus is the chief deity. The wine has always been reckoned
  excellent, and with it, it was supposed that Ulysses intoxicated the
  Cyclops Polyphemus. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 2,――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 57.

=Marpĕsia=, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, who waged a successful
  war against the inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The mountain was
  called _Marpesius Mons_ from its female conqueror. _Justin_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.

=Marpessa=, a daughter of the Evenus, who married Idas, by whom she had
  Cleopatra the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly loved by her
  husband; and when Apollo endeavoured to carry her away, Idas followed
  the ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and
  Idas were separated by Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with
  that of the two lovers whom she most approved of. She returned to her
  husband. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 549.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8, li. 305.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Marpesus=, a town of Mysia.――――A mountain of Paros, abounding in white
  marble, whence _Marpesia cautes_. The quarries are still seen by
  modern travellers. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 471.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Marres=, a king of Egypt, who had a crow which conveyed his letters
  wherever he pleased. He raised a celebrated monument to this faithful
  bird near the city of crocodiles. _Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_,
  bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Marrucīni=, a people of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 564.

=Marrŭvium=, or =Marrubium=, now _San Benedetto_, a place near
  the Liris, in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 750.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 497.

=Mars=, the god of war among the ancients, was the son of Jupiter and
  Juno, according to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, or of Juno
  alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished
  to become a mother without the assistance of the other sex, like
  Jupiter, who had produced Minerva all armed from his head, and she
  was shown a flower by Flora in the plains near Olenus, whose very
  touch made women pregnant. _See:_ Juno. The education of Mars was
  entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing
  and in every manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated court
  of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the
  murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. _See:_
  Areopagitæ. The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated.
  The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the
  gratification of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious of
  their familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife’s debaucheries, and
  awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the bed,
  and the two lovers were exposed in each other’s arms, to the ridicule
  and satire of all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband
  to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked
  Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom
  he had stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the
  sun [_See:_ Alectryon], and Venus also showed her resentment by
  persecuting with the most inveterate fury the children of Apollo.
  In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus and
  Ephialtes, and confined for 15 months, till Mercury procured him his
  liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the side
  of the Trojans, but whilst he defended these favourites of Venus
  with uncommon activity, he was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily
  retreated to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resentment, and
  to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had directed the unerring weapon
  of his antagonist. The worship of Mars was not very universal among
  the ancients; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome
  he received the most unbounded honours, and the warlike Romans were
  proud of paying homage to a deity whom they esteemed as the patron
  of their city, and the father of the first of their monarchs. His
  most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the
  battle of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the _avenger_.
  His priests among the Romans were called Salii; they were first
  instituted by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred
  Ancylia, one of which, as was supposed, had fallen down from heaven.
  Mars was generally represented in the naked figure of an old man,
  armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a
  military dress, and with a long flowing beard, and sometimes without.
  He generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses, which the
  poets called Flight and Terror. His altars were stained with the
  blood of the horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf,
  on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also offered
  up to him, on account of their greediness and voracity. The Scythians
  generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The
  weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, because it grows, as it is
  commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or
  where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood.
  The surnames of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors,
  Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares,
  and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls,
  and the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and
  Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by
  Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and Thestius,
  by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed
  father of Romulus, Œnomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He
  presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever
  exercises or amusements have something manly and warlike. Among the
  Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition,
  to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a
  solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand of the ♦statue
  of the god, at the same time exclaiming, “_Mars vigila!_ god of war,
  watch over the safety of this city.” _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li.
  231; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 925.――_Hyginus_, fable 148.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 346; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 701.――_Lucian_,
  _Electrum_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 1; _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Flaccus_, bk. 6.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Pindar_, ode 4, _Pythian_.
  ――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 21 & 28.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 102.

      ♦ ‘staute’ replaced with ‘statue’

=Marsala=, a town of Sicily.

=Marsæus=, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 35, for
  his prodigality to courtesans.

=Marse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Marsi=, a nation of Germany, who afterwards came to settle near the
  lake Fucinus in Italy, in a country chequered with forests, abounding
  with wild boars and other ferocious animals. They at first proved
  very inimical to the Romans, but in process of time they became their
  firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil
  war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the
  name of the _Marsian war_. The large contributions which they made
  to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they
  continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring,
  and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of
  the honours and privileges which were enjoyed by the citizens of
  Rome, B.C. 91. This petition, though supported by the interest, the
  eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received
  with contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with their allies,
  showed their dissatisfaction by taking up arms. Their resentment
  was increased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been basely
  murdered by the means of the nobles; and they erected themselves into
  a republic, and Corfinium was made the capital of their new empire. A
  regular war was now begun, and the Romans led into the field an army
  of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some battles
  were fought in which the Roman generals were defeated, and the allies
  reaped no inconsiderable advantages from their victories. A battle,
  however, near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause: 4000 of them
  were left dead on the spot; their general, Francus, a man of uncommon
  experience and abilities, was slain, and such as escaped from the
  field perished by hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought a
  shelter. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their
  principal cities, the allies, grown dejected and tired of hostilities
  which had already continued for three years, sued for peace one by
  one, and tranquillity was at last re-established in the republic, and
  all the states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The armies of the
  allies consisted of the Marsi, the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hirpini,
  Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentani, Apuli, Lucani, and
  Samnites. The Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. _Horace_, epode 5,
  li. 76; epode 27, li. 29.――_Appian._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_, _Caius Marius_, &c.
  ――_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.――_Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 1, chs. 50 & 56; _Germania_, ch. 2.

=Marsigni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Marsus Domitius=, a Latin poet.

=Marsyaba=, a town of Arabia.

=Marsyas=, a celebrated piper of Celænæ, in Phrygia, son of Olympus,
  or of Hyagnis, or Œagrus. He was so skilful in playing on the
  flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. According to
  the opinion of some, he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside
  on account of the distortion of her face when she played upon it.
  Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as
  Nysa, where he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of
  his skill as a musician. The god accepted the challenge, and it was
  mutually agreed that he who was defeated should be flayed alive by
  the conquerer. The Muses, or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants
  of Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill,
  and the victory, with much difficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The
  god, upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive.
  The death of Marsyas was universally lamented; the Fauns, Satyrs,
  and Dryads wept at his fate, and from their abundant tears, arose a
  river of Phrygia, well known by the name of Marsyas. The unfortunate
  Marsyas is often represented on monuments as tied, his hands behind
  his back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before him with his lyre
  in his hand. In independent cities among the ancients the statue
  of Marsyas was generally erected in the forum, to represent the
  intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the emblems
  of liberty. It was also erected at the entrance of the Roman forum,
  as a spot where usurers and merchants resorted to transact business,
  being principally intended _in terrorem litigatorum_; a circumstance
  to which Horace seems to allude, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 120. At
  Celænæ, the skin of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some time;
  it was suspended in the public place in the form of a bladder, or a
  foot-ball. _Hyginus_, fable 165.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 707;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 503.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29; bk. 7, ch. 56.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――The
  sources of the Marsyas were near those of the Mæander, and those two
  rivers had their confluence a little below the town of Celænæ. _Livy_,
  bk. 38, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 265.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 208.――――A writer who published a history of Macedonia,
  from the first origin and foundation of that empire till the reign of
  Alexander, in which he lived.――――An Egyptian who commanded the armies
  of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she attempted
  to dethrone.――――A man put to death by Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily.

=Martha=, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, whose artifice and fraud
  proved of the greatest service to Caius Marius in the numerous
  expeditions which he undertook. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.

=Martia=, a vestal virgin, put to death for her incontinence.――――A
  daughter of Cato. _See:_ Marcia.

=Martia aqua=, water at Rome, celebrated for its clearness and
  salubrity. It was conveyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 miles,
  from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martius, whence it received its name.
  _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3; bk. 36,
  ch. 15.

=Martiāles ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Mars.

=Martiālis Marcus Valerius=, a native of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came
  to Rome about the 20th year of his age, where he recommended himself
  to notice by his poetical genius. As he was the panegyrist of the
  emperors, he gained the greatest honours, and was rewarded in the
  most liberal manner. Domitian gave him the tribuneship; but the
  poet, unmindful of the favours he received, after the death of his
  benefactor, exposed to ridicule the vices and cruelties of a monster,
  whom in his lifetime he had extolled as the pattern of virtue,
  goodness, and excellence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness, and
  Martial, after he had passed 35 years in the capital of the world, in
  the greatest splendour and affluence, retired to his native country,
  where he had the mortification to be the object of malevolence,
  satire, and ridicule. He received some favours from his friends, and
  his poverty was alleviated by the ♦liberality of Pliny the younger,
  whom he had panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about the 104th
  year of the christian era, in the 75th year of his age. He is now
  well known by the 14 books of epigrams which he wrote, and whose
  merit is now best described by the candid confession of the author
  in this line,

        _Sunt bona, sunt quædam mediocria, sunt mala plura._

  But the genius which he displays in some of his epigrams deserves
  commendation, though many critics are liberal in their censure upon
  his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, which are
  often low and despicable. In many of his epigrams the poet has shown
  himself a declared enemy to decency, and the book is to be read with
  caution which can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate the
  votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has been observed of
  Martial, that his talent was epigrams. Everything which he did was
  the subject of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon monuments in
  the epigrammatical style, and even a new year’s gift was accompanied
  with a distich, and his poetical pen was employed in begging a favour
  as well as in satirizing a fault. The best editions of Martial are
  those of Rader, folio, Mogunt. 1627; of Schriverius, 12mo, Leiden,
  1619; and of Smids, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1701.――――A friend of Otho.――――A
  man who conspired against Caracalla.

      ♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’

=Martiānus.= _See:_ Marcianus.

=Martīna=, a woman skilled in the knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 79, &c.

=Martiniānus=, an officer, made Cæsar by ♦Licinius, to oppose
  Constantine. He was put to death by order of Constantine.

      ♦ ‘Linicius’ replaced with ‘Licinius’

=Martius=, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, expressive of his power and
  valour. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.――――A Roman consul sent against
  Perseus, &c.――――A consul against the Dalmatians, &c.――――Another, who
  defeated the Carthaginians in Spain.――――Another, who defeated the
  Privernates, &c.

=Marullus=, a tribune of the people, who tore the garlands which had
  been placed upon Cæsar’s statues, and who ordered those that had
  saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was deprived of his consulship
  by Julius Cæsar. _Plutarch._――――A governor of Judæa.――――A Latin poet
  in the age of Marcus Aurelius. He satirized the emperor with great
  licentiousness, but his invectives were disregarded, and himself
  despised.

=Marus= (the _Morava_), a river of Germany, which separates modern
  Hungary and Moravia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Massa Bæbius=, an informer at the court of Domitian. _Juvenal_,
  satire 1, li. 35.

=Masæsylii=, a people of Libya, where Syphax reigned. _See:_ Massyla.

=Masinissa=, son of Gala, was king of a small part of Africa, and
  assisted the Carthaginians in their wars against Rome. He proved
  a most indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of generosity
  rendered him amicable to the interests of Rome. After the defeat of
  Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Africanus who had obtained the victory,
  found, among the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Masinissa.
  He sent him back to his uncle loaded with presents, and conducted
  him with a detachment for the safety and protection of his person.
  Masinissa was struck with the generous action of the Roman general;
  he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops to those of
  Scipio. This change of sentiments was not the effect of a wavering
  or unsettled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most attached
  and the firmest ally the Romans ever had. It was to his exertions
  they owed many of their victories in Africa, and particularly in
  that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. The Numidian
  conqueror, charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife
  of Syphax, carried her to his camp and married her; but when he
  perceived that this new connection displeased Scipio, he sent poison
  to his wife, and recommended her to destroy herself, since he could
  not preserve her life in a manner which became her rank, her dignity,
  and fortune, without offending his Roman allies. In the battle
  of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the defeat of the great
  Annibal, and the Romans, who had been so often spectators of his
  courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax,
  and some of the Carthaginian territories. At his death Masinissa
  showed the confidence which he had in the Romans, and the esteem he
  entertained for the rising talents of Scipio Æmilianus, by entrusting
  him with the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to divide it
  among his sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his age, after
  a reign of above 60 years, 149 years before the christian era. He
  experienced adversity as well as prosperity, and in the first years
  of his reign he was exposed to the greatest danger, and obliged often
  to save his life by seeking a retreat among his savage neighbours.
  But his alliance with the Romans was the beginning of his greatness,
  and he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. He is remarkable
  for the health which he long enjoyed. In the last years of his
  life he was seen at the head of his armies behaving with the most
  indefatigable activity, and he often remained for many successive
  days on horseback without a saddle under him, or a covering upon his
  head, and without showing the least mark of fatigue. This strength
  of mind and body he chiefly owed to the temperance which he observed.
  He was seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent like a private
  soldier the day after he had obtained an immortal victory over the
  armies of Carthage. He left 54 sons, three of whom were legitimate,
  Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. The kingdom was fairly divided
  among them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children received,
  as their portion, very valuable presents. The death of Gulussa
  and Manastabal soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large
  possessions of Masinissa. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Polybius._――_Appian_,
  _Lybica [Punic Wars]_.――_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 8.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Livy_, bk. 25, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 769.――_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1; bk. 38, ch. 6.

=Maso=, a name common to several persons mentioned by Cicero.

=Massăga=, a town of India, taken by Alexander the Great.

=Massăgĕte=, a people of Scythia, who had their wives in common, and
  dwelt in tents. They had no temples, but worshipped the sun, to
  whom they offered horses, on account of their swiftness. When their
  parents had come to a certain age, they generally put them to death,
  and ate their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Authors are divided
  with respect to the place of their residence. Some place them near
  the Caspian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and some confound
  them with the Getæ and the Scythians. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35, li.
  40.――_Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 738.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 204.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 50.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Massāna.= _See:_ Messana.

=Massāni=, a nation at the mouth of the Indus.

=Massĭcus=, a mountain of Campania near Minturnæ, famous for its wine,
  which even now preserves its ancient character. _Pliny_, bk. 14,
  ch. 6.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1, li. 19.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 143.――――An Etrurian prince, who assisted Æneas against Turnus
  with 1000 men. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 166, &c.

=Massilia=, a maritime town of Gaul Narbonensis, now called
  _Marseilles_, founded B.C. 539, by the people of Phocæa, in Asia,
  who quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of the Persians. It
  is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for
  its being long the seat of literature. It acquired great consequence
  by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, and even waged
  war against Carthage. By becoming the ally of Rome, its power was
  established; but in warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against
  Cæsar, its views were frustrated, and it was so much reduced by
  the insolence and resentment of the conqueror, that it never after
  recovered its independence and warlike spirit. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 164.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Horace_, epode 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 2.――_Cicero_, _For Flaccus_, ch. 26; _De Officiis_, bk. 2,
  ♦ch. 28.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _Agricola_, ch. 4.

      ♦ ‘8’ replaced with ‘28’

=Massȳla=, an inland part of Mauritania near mount Atlas. When the
  inhabitants, called _Massyli_, went on horseback, they never used
  saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their character was warlike,
  their manners simple, and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some
  suppose them to be the same as the Masæylii, though others say half
  the country belonged only to this last-mentioned people. _Livy_,
  bk. 24, ch. 48; bk. 28, ch. 17; bk. 29, ch. 32.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, li. 282; bk. 16, li. 171.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 682.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 132.

=Mastramela=, a lake near Marseilles, now _mer de Martegues_. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Măsŭrius=, a Roman knight under Tiberius, learned, but poor. _Persius_,
  bk. 5, li. 90.

=Masus Domitius=, a Latin poet. _See:_ Domitius.

=Matho=, an infamous informer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_,
  satire 1, li. 32.

=Matiēni=, a people in the neighbourhood of Armenia.

=Matĭnus=, a mountain of Apulia, abounding in yew trees and bees.
  _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 184.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 27; epode 16,
  li. 28.

=Matisco=, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, now called _Macon_.

=Matrālia=, a festival at Rome, in honour of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons
  and freeborn women were admitted. They made offerings of flowers, and
  carried their relations’ children in their arms, recommending them to
  the care and patronage of the goddess whom they worshipped. _Varro_,
  _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 22.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 47.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Camillus_.

=Matrōna=, a river of Gaul, now called the _Marne_, falling into the
  Seine. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 462.――――One of the surnames of Juno,
  because she presided over marriage and over child-birth.

=Matronālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Mars, celebrated by
  married women, in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of
  the peace which their intreaties had obtained between their fathers
  and husbands. Flowers were then offered in the temples of Juno.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 229.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Mattiăci=, a nation of Germany, now _Marpurg_, in Hesse. The _Mattiacæ
  aquæ_ was a small town, now _Wisbaden_, opposite Mentz. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 29; _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Mātūta=, a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoe of the
  Greeks. She was originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity
  [_See:_ Ino and Leucothoe], and she was worshipped by sailors as such,
  at Corinth, in a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married women and
  freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her temples at Rome, where
  they generally brought the children of their relations in their arms.
  _Livy_, bk. 5, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, li. 19.

=Mavors=, a name of Mars. _See:_ Mars.

=Mavortia=, an epithet applied to every country whose inhabitants were
  warlike, but especially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of Mavors.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 280, and to Thrace, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 13.

=Mauri=, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This name is derived from their
  black complexion (μαυροι). Everything among them grew in greater
  abundance and greater perfection than in other countries. _Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 29; bk. 12, ltr. 67.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 569; bk. 10, li. 402.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5;
  bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206.

=Mauritānia=, a country on the western part of Africa, which forms the
  modern kingdom of _Fez_ and _Morocco_. It was bounded on the west by
  the Atlantic, south by Gætulia, and north by the Mediterranean, and
  is sometimes called _Maurusia_. It became a Roman province in the
  reign of the emperor Claudius. _See:_ Mauri.

=Maurus=, a man who flourished in the reign of Trajan, or, according to
  others, of the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper Egypt. He
  wrote a Latin poem upon the rules of poetry and versification.

=Maurūsii=, the people of Maurusia, a country near the columns of
  Hercules. It is also called Mauritania. _See:_ Mauritania. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 206.

=Mausōlus=, a king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was so disconsolate
  at his death, which happened B.C. 353, that she drank up his ashes,
  and resolved to erect one of the grandest and noblest monuments of
  antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a husband whom she tenderly
  loved. This famous monument, which passed for one of the seven
  wonders of the world, was called _Mausoleum_, and from it all other
  magnificent sepulchres and tombs have received the same name. It was
  built by four different architects. Scopas erected the side which
  faced the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares had the west, and
  Bruxis the north. Pithis was also employed in raising a pyramid over
  this stately monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot drawn by
  four horses. The expenses of this edifice were immense, and this gave
  an occasion to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it,
  “How much money changed into stones!” _See:_ Artemisia. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 99.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 16.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 10, ch.
  18.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 21.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
  ch. 100.

=Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a son of the emperor Maximianus
  Hercules. Some suppose him to have been a supposititious child. The
  voluntary abdication of Diocletian, and of his father, raised him in
  the state, and he declared himself independent emperor, or Augustus,
  A.D. 306. He afterwards incited his father to reassume his imperial
  authority, and in a perfidious manner destroyed Severus, who had
  delivered himself into his hands and relied upon his honour for
  the safety of his life. His victories and successes were impeded
  by Galerius Maximianus, who opposed him with a powerful force. The
  defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon restored peace to Italy,
  and Maxentius passed into Africa, where he rendered himself odious
  by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after returned to Rome, and
  was informed that Constantine was come to dethrone him. He gave his
  adversary battle near Rome, and, after he had lost the victory, he
  fled back to the city. The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber
  was in a decayed state, and he fell into the river and was drowned,
  on the 24th of September, A.D. 317. The cowardice and luxuries of
  Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He oppressed his
  subjects with heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his pleasures,
  or the avarice of his favourites. He was debauched in his manners,
  and neither virtue nor innocence were safe whenever he was inclined
  to voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally deformed, and of an unwieldy
  body. To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise himself under a
  marble portico, or to walk on a shady terrace, was to him a Herculean
  labour, which required the greatest exertions of strength and
  resolution.

=Cornelius Maximiliāna=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for incontinency,
  A.D. 92.

=Maximiānus Herculius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a native of Sirmium,
  in Pannonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When
  Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he remembered the
  valour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded
  his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding
  to him the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain,
  and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed
  the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the
  barbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms; but in Africa
  he defeated and put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed
  himself emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial purple,
  and obliged Maximianus to follow his example on the 1st of April,
  A.D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly complied with the command of a
  man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year of his
  resignation had elapsed, he was roused from his indolence and retreat
  by the ambition of his son Maxentius. He reassumed the imperial
  dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to
  resign the sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This
  proposal was not only rejected with the contempt which it deserved,
  but the troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safety
  to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daughter
  Faustina in marriage. Here he again acted a conspicuous character,
  and reassumed the imperial power, which his misfortunes had obliged
  him to relinquish. This offended Constantine. But, when open violence
  seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, he had
  recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina
  to leave the doors of her chamber open in the dead of night; and
  when she promised faithfully to execute his commands, he secretly
  introduced himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the heart the
  man who slept by the side of his daughter. This was not Constantine;
  Faustina, faithful to her husband, had apprised him of her father’s
  machinations, and a eunuch had been placed in his bed. Constantine
  watched the motions of his father-in-law, and when he heard the
  fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers,
  and secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man
  who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left
  to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at
  Marseilles, A.D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body was found
  fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the 11th
  century.――――Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who, in the first
  years of his life, was employed in keeping his father’s flocks. He
  entered the army, where his valour and bodily strength recommended
  him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian,
  who invested him with the imperial purple in the east, and gave him
  his daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deserved the confidence
  of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, and checked
  the insolence of the Persians. In a battle, however, with the king
  of Persia, Galerius was defeated; and, to complete his ignominy,
  and render him more sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged
  him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This
  humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he assembled another army,
  and gave battle to the Persians. He gained a complete victory,
  and took the wives and children of his enemy. This success elated
  Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed the most dignified
  appellations, and ordered himself to be called the son of Mars.
  Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, it is said, abdicated
  the imperial dignity by means of his threats. This resignation,
  however, is attributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, and to
  a desire of enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian
  had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A.D. 304, but his
  cruelty soon rendered him odious, and the Roman people, offended
  at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the imperial dignity the
  following year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent of
  his unpopularity, and to fly before his more fortunate adversary.
  He died in the greatest agonies, A.D. 311. The bodily pains and
  sufferings which preceded his death were, according to the christian
  writers, the effects of the vengeance of an offended providence for
  the cruelty which he had exercised against the followers of Christ.
  In his character Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he often
  feasted his eyes with the sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity
  had delivered to bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to learned
  men arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if he was deprived
  of the benefits of education, he proved the more cruel and the
  more inexorable. _Lactantius_, _de Mortibus Persecutorum_, ch. 33.
  ――_Eusebius_, bk. 8, ch. 16.

=Maximīnus Caius Julius Verus=, the son of a peasant in Thrace. He
  was originally a shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against
  the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians and robbers,
  he inured himself to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp.
  He entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose to the first
  offices; and on the death of Alexander Severus he caused himself to
  be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which he had gained
  when general of the armies, was at an end when he ascended the throne.
  He was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no less
  than 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having
  conspired against the emperor’s life. They died in the greatest
  torments, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself
  with their sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, others
  expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were shut
  up in the bellies of animals just killed. The noblest of the Roman
  citizens were the objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more
  conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no
  means to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked
  upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his
  oppression, and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his
  early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical
  Maximinus. In his military capacity he acted with the same ferocity;
  and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only cut down the corn, but
  he totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, to the extent of
  450 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last provoked the people of
  Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and
  pacific virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. After
  their fall, the Roman senate invested 20 men of their number with
  the imperial dignity and entrusted into their hands the care of the
  republic. These measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that at the
  first intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and almost destroyed
  himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When
  his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter.
  His bloody machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of
  accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of
  Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before
  the walls of Aquileia, A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The
  news of his death was received with the greatest rejoicings at Rome;
  public thanksgivings were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed on
  the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a
  gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his
  wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity
  was as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally ate 40 pounds
  of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was
  proportionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone draw a loaded
  waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a
  horse’s mouth; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers,
  and cleft trees with his hand. _Herodian._――_Jornandes_, _Getica_.
  ――_Capitol._ Maximinus made his son, of the same name, emperor,
  as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was
  unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army.
  ――――Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the
  imperial dignity by Diocletian, A.D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius
  Maximianus, by his mother’s side, and to him he was indebted for his
  rise and consequence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus was ambitious
  and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who
  shared the dignity of emperor with himself. He declared war against
  Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon
  after followed, on the 30th of April, A.D. 313, between Heraclea
  and Adrianopolis, left him without resources and without friends.
  His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus,
  forsaken and almost unknown. He attempted to put an end to his
  miserable existence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and though
  his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally
  believed that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful
  distemper, which consumed him, day and night, with inexpressible
  pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miserable end,
  according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment
  of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus had exercised against
  the followers of christianity, and for the many blasphemies which he
  had uttered. _Lactantius._――_Eusebius._――――A minister of the emperor
  Valerian.――――One of the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila
  king of the Huns.

=Maxĭmus Magnus=, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor,
  A.D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and
  he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but
  he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused the
  honours of a burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when he had
  made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors
  into the east, and demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge
  him as his associate on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse
  and delay him, but Maximus resolved to support his claim by arms,
  and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her
  gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now determined to revenge the
  audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began
  to make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear inferior to
  his adversary, had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius,
  by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at
  Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror,
  moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy,
  granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly
  struck off his head, A.D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the
  imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury
  of the soldiers.――――Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious
  family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended
  the throne; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married the empress,
  to whom he had the weakness and imprudence to betray that he had
  sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration
  irritated the empress; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge
  the death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his
  soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 455. He reigned
  only 77 days.――――Pupianus. _See:_ ♦Pupianus.――――A celebrated cynic
  philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian
  in magic; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in
  the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian
  originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even
  submitted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused
  to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied
  with the refusal, appointed him high pontiff in the province of
  Lydia, an office which he discharged with the greatest moderation and
  justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him
  success, and even said that his conquests would be more numerous and
  extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial
  pupil that, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, his body
  was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness
  and victories he was going to eclipse. After the death of Julian,
  Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but
  the interposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to
  Constantinople. He was soon after accused of magical practices before
  the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A.D. 366. He wrote some
  philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated
  to Julian. They are all now lost. _Ammianus._――――Tyrius, a Platonic
  philosopher in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This emperor, who was
  naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and
  paid great deference to his instructions. There are extant of Maximus
  41 dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in
  Greek, the best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo, Cambridge,
  1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.――――One of
  the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose works were edited
  by Combesis, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1675.――――Paulus Fabius, a consul
  with Marcus Antony’s son. Horace speaks of him, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 10,
  as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious
  and indefatigable.――――An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the
  greatest and most powerful of all the gods.――――A native of Sirmium,
  in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the
  Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage
  with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He
  was father to the emperor Probus.――――A general of Trajan, killed in
  the eastern provinces.――――One of the murderers of Domitian, &c.――――A
  philosopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor.

      ♦ Reference not found.

=Mazăca=, a large city of Cappadocia, the capital of the province. It
  was called Cæsarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus.

=Mazāces=, a Persian governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the
  Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Mazæus=, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes Ochus.――――A governor
  of Babylon, son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Mazāres=, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of
  Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 161.

=Mazaxes= (singular, Mazax), a people of Africa, famous for shooting
  arrows. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 681.

=Mazĕras=, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea.
  _Plutarch._

=Mazīces= and =Mazȳges=, a people of Libya, very expert in the use of
  missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on account
  of their great swiftness. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 30.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 4, li. 684.

=Mecænas=, or =Mecœnas Caius ♦Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight,
  descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal
  by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters; and to his
  prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the
  security which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed him
  from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was born,
  a Roman knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the
  friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It
  was from the result of his advice, against the opinion of Agrippa,
  that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and
  not by a voluntary resignation to plunge Rome into civil commotions.
  The emperor received the private admonitions of Mecœnas in the
  same friendly manner as they were given, and he was not displeased
  with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these
  words, “Descend from the tribunal, thou butcher!” while he sat in the
  judgment-seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance.
  He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without
  passing sentence of death on the criminals. To the interference of
  Mecœnas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was
  proud to boast that his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness
  from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of
  Philippi. Mecœnas was himself fond of literature, and, according to
  the most received opinion, he wrote a history of animals, a journal
  of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and
  kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and
  Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eight years
  before Christ; and, on his death-bed, he particularly recommended his
  poetical friend Horace to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca,
  who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mecœnas,
  has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence, and
  effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the
  princes of heroic and lyric poetry among the Latins received from
  the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since
  been called _Mecœnates_. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, and
  Horace his odes. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 66, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Augustus_.――_Herodian_, bk. 7.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 19 & 92.

      ♦ ‘Cilnus’ replaced with ‘Cilnius’

=Mechaneus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings.
  He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the
  people swore, before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer
  or to perish. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Mecisteus=, son of Echius, or Talaus, was one of the companions of
  Ajax. He was killed by Polydamus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 28,
  &c.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Mecrida=, the wife of Lysimachus. _Polyænus_, bk. 6.

=Mēdēa=, a celebrated magician, daughter of Æetes king of Colchis.
  Her mother’s name, according to the more received opinion of Hesiod
  and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate,
  Asterodia, Antiope, or Neræa. She was the niece of Circe. When Jason
  came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured
  of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Argonauts
  owed their preservation. _See:_ Jason and Argonautæ. Medea had an
  interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound
  themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal
  fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which
  Æetes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors
  for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces
  her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through
  which Æetes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed
  to Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached Iolchos, his native
  country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated
  with universal rejoicings; but Æson the father of Jason was unable
  to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age.
  Medea, at her husband’s request, removed the weakness of Æson, and
  by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again
  with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour
  and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in Æson astonished
  the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also
  desirous to see their father restored, by the same power, to the
  vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which her
  husband’s family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity,
  and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their
  presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same
  experiment upon their father’s body. They accordingly killed him
  of their own accord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron; but Medea
  refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which she had
  done to Æson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even
  deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of
  Iolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the
  resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for 10 years
  with much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason for Glauce, the
  king’s daughter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was
  divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death
  of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. _See:_ Glauce. This
  action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two
  of her children in their father’s presence, and when Jason attempted
  to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon
  a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens,
  where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her
  murder, she married king Ægeus, or, according to others, lived in an
  adulterous manner with him. From her connection with Ægeus, Medea had
  a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make
  himself known to his father [_See:_ Ægeus], Medea, jealous of his
  fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison him at a feast
  which had been prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however,
  failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by
  his side, convinced Ægeus that the stranger against whose life he
  had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. The father and
  the son were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which
  her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared
  through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she
  was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country
  after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as
  Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of
  her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields,
  according to the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of
  Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason’s children by Medea,
  is not attributed to their mother according to Ælian, but the
  Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acræa.
  To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the
  pestilence which visited their country after so horrid a massacre,
  they engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy,
  which cleared them of the murder, and represented Medea as the cruel
  assassin of her own children. And besides, that this opinion might
  be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother
  was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own
  sons. _See:_ Heræa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fables
  21, 22, 23, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Dionysius Periegetes._
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 21.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.
  3; bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Euripides_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4. ――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1; _Medicamina Faciei Femineæ_.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.
  ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 3, &c.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 556.

=Medesicaste=, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius son of Mentor,
  who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 13, ch. 172.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Media=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by the
  Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia
  and Hyrcania. It was originally called _Aria_, till the age of Medus
  the son of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of
  Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian
  monarchy, B.C. 820; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of
  republican government, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself to
  be called king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded
  by Phraortes, B.C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His
  successor was Astyages, B.C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus became master
  of Media, B.C. 551; and ever after the empire was transferred to the
  Persians. The Medes were warlike in the primitive ages of their power;
  they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the homage which
  they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This
  title was afterwards adopted by their conquerors the Persians, and it
  was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. _Justin_, bk. 1,
  ch. 5.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Polybius_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 5, &c.――_Diodorus Siculus_, bk. 13.――_Ctesias._

=Medias=, a tyrant of Mysia, &c.

=Medĭcus=, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against
  Lycophron tyrant of Pheræ. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Mediolānum=, now _Milan_, the capital of Insubria at the mouth of the
  Po. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 34, ch. 46.――――Aulercorum, a town of
  Gaul, now _Evreux_, in Normandy.――――Santŏnum, another, now _Saintes_,
  in Guienne.

=Mediomatrices=, a nation that lived on the borders of the Rhine, now
  _Metz_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Mediterraneum mare=, a sea which divides Europe and Asia Minor from
  Africa. It receives its name from its situation, _medio terræ_,
  situate in _the middle of the land_. It has a communication with the
  Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine through the
  Ægean. The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the classics; but it
  is sometimes called _internum_, _nostrum_, or _medius liquor_, and
  is frequently denominated in Scripture the _Great_ sea. The first
  naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in
  the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under Minos.
  Afterwards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the
  Pelasgi, 1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the
  Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of the Phœnicians, 826; of the
  Egyptians, 787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of
  the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 years. _Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 3, li. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 668.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,
  ch. 17.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 42.

=Meditrīna=, the goddess of medicines, whose festivals, called
  _Meditrinalia_, were celebrated at Rome the last day of September,
  when they made offerings of fruits. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Medoacus=, or =Meduacus=, a river in the country of the Veneti, falling
  into the Adriatic sea. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Medobithyni=, a people of Thrace.

=Medobriga=, a town of Lusitania, now destroyed. _Hirtius_, ch. 48.

=Medon=, son of Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, was
  the first Archon that was appointed with regal authority, B.C. 1070.
  In the election Medon was preferred to his brother Neleus, by the
  oracle of Delphi, and he rendered himself popular by the justice and
  moderation of his administration. His successors were called from him
  _Medontidæ_, and the office of archon remained for above 200 years in
  the family of Codrus under 12 perpetual archons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――――A man killed in the Trojan war.
  Æneas saw him in the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li.
  483.――――A statuary of Lacedæmon, who made a famous statue of Minerva,
  seen in the temple of Juno at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.
  ――――One of the Centaurs, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 303.
  ――――One of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by Bacchus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 671.――――A river of Peloponnesus.
  ――――An illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. _Homer._――――One of Penelope’s
  suitors. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by
  the Argonauts.――――A king of Argos, who died about 990 years B.C.――――A
  son of Pylades by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.

=Medontias=, a woman of Abydos, with whom Alcibiades cohabited as with
  a wife. She had a daughter, &c. _Lysias._

=Meduacus=, two rivers (_Major_, now _Brenta_, and _Minor_, now
  _Bachilione_), falling, near Venice, into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Meduana=, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Ligeris, now the _Mayne_.
  _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 438.

=Medullīna=, a Roman virgin ravished by her father, &c. _Plutarch_,
  _Parallela minora_.――――An infamous courtesan in Juvenal’s age,
  satire 6, li. 321.

=Medus=, now _Kur_, a river of Media, falling into the Araxes. Some
  take Medus adjectively, as applying to any of the great rivers of
  Media. _Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 21.――――A son
  of Ægeus and Medea, who gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus,
  when arrived to years of maturity, went to seek his mother, whom the
  arrival of Theseus in Athens had driven away. _See:_ Medea. He came
  to Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped the
  throne of Æetes, his mother’s father, because the oracle had declared
  that Perses should be murdered by one of the grandsons of Æetes.
  Medus assumed another name, and called himself Hippotes son of Creon.
  Meanwhile Medea arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a
  priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one of Creon’s children
  was imprisoned, she resolved to hasten the destruction of a person
  whose family she detested. To effect this with more certainty, she
  told the usurper that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent by his
  mother to murder him. She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that
  she might sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses consented. Medea
  discovered that it was her own son, and she instantly armed him with
  the dagger which she had prepared against his life, and ordered him
  to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was,
  and made her son Medus sit on his grandfather’s throne. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Justin_,
  bk. 42.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Diodorus._

=Medūsa=, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She
  was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She
  is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks.
  Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the
  temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple
  provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa,
  which had inspired Neptune’s love, into serpents. According to
  Apollodorus and others, Medusa and her sisters came into the world
  with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and
  brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales,
  and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones.
  Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He
  cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced
  the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed
  Medusa’s head on the ægis of Minerva, which he had used in his
  expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as
  before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. _See:_
  Andromeda. Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women,
  whom Perseus conquered. _See:_ Gorgones. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 624.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_ fable 151.
  ――――A daughter of Priam.――――A daughter of Sthenelus. _Apollodorus._

=Megabizi=, certain priests in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. They were all
  eunuchs. _Quintilian_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Megabyzus=, one of the noble Persians who conspired against the
  usurper Smerdis. He was set over an army in Europe by king Darius,
  where he took Perinthus and conquered all Thrace. He was greatly
  esteemed by his sovereign. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, &c.――――A son of
  Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt, &c. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 160.――――A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his
  king, and defeated two large armies that had been sent against him.
  The interference of his friends restored him to the king’s favour,
  and he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which
  threatened his life in hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus
  was looked upon with envy by the king. He was discarded and
  afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means of his mother. He died
  in the 76th year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly regretted. _Ctesias._

=Megăcles=, an Athenian archon, who involved the greatest part of the
  Athenians in the sacrilege which was committed in the conspiracy of
  Cylon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A brother of Dion, who assisted his
  brother against Dionysius, &c.――――A son of Alcmæon, who revolted
  with some Athenians after the departure of Solon from Athens. He was
  ejected by Pisistratus.――――A man who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus,
  when assisting the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in that
  disguise.――――A native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate
  enmity to Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.――――A man who destroyed the
  leading men of Mitylene, because he had been punished.――――A man who
  wrote an account of the lives of illustrious persons.――――The maternal
  grandfather of Alcibiades.

=Megaclides=, a peripatetic philosopher in the age of Protagoras.

=Megæra=, one of the furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. The word is
  derived from μεγαιρειν, _invidere, odisse_, and she is represented
  as employed by the gods, like her sisters, to punish the crimes of
  mankind, by visiting them with diseases, with inward torments, and
  with death. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 846. _See:_ Eumenides.

=Megăle=, the Greek name of Cybele the mother of the gods, whose
  festivals were called Megalesia.

=Megaleas=, a seditious person of Corinth. He was seized for his
  treachery to king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed
  himself to avoid punishment.

=Megalesia=, games in honour of Cybele, instituted by the Phrygians,
  and introduced at Rome in the second Punic war, when the statue
  of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 337.

=Megalia=, a small island of Campania, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 2,
  _Sylvæ_, ♦poem 3, li. 80.

      ♦ omitted from text

=Megalŏpŏlis=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus, built by Epaminondas.
  It joined the Achæan league, B.C. 232, and was taken and ruined by
  Cleomenes king of Sparta. The inhabitants were called _Megalopolitæ_,
  or _Megalopolitani_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.

=Megamēde=, the wife of Thestius, mother by him of 50 daughters.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Meganīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis in Attica. She was
  mother of Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over Attica,
  taught agriculture. She received divine honours after death, and she
  had an altar raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres had first
  been seen when she arrived in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.
  ――――The wife of Arcas. _Apollodorus._

=Megapenthes=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus, who, after his father’s
  return from the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of Alector, a
  native of Sparta. His mother’s name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Megāra=, a daughter of Creon king of Thebes, given in marriage to
  Hercules, because he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny of
  the Orchomenians. _See:_ Erginus. When Hercules went to hell by order
  of Eurystheus, violence was offered to Megara by Lycus, a Theban
  exile, and she would have yielded to her ravisher had not Hercules
  returned that moment and punished him with death. This murder
  displeased Juno, and she rendered Hercules so delirious, that he
  killed Megara and the three children he had by her, in a fit of
  madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. Some say that Megara did
  not perish by the hand of her husband, but that he afterwards married
  her to his friend Iolas. The names of Megara’s children by Hercules
  were Creontiades, Therimachus, and Deicoon. _Hyginus_, fable 82.
  ――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.

=Megāra= (æ, and plural, orum), a city of Achaia, the capital of a
  country called _Megaris_, founded about 1131 B.C. It is situate
  nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and Athens, on the Sinus
  Saronicus. It was built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and
  preserves its ancient name. It was called after Megareus the son of
  Neptune, who was buried there, or from Megareus, a son of Apollo. It
  was originally governed by 12 kings, but became afterwards a republic,
  and fell into the hands of the Athenians, from whom it was rescued
  by the Heraclidæ. At the battle of Salamis the people of Megara
  furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece, and at Platæa they
  had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. There was here a sect of
  philosophers called the _Megaric_, who held the world to be eternal.
  _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17;
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Sicily,
  founded by a colony from Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the
  christian era. It was destroyed by Gelon king of Syracuse; and before
  the arrival of the Megarean colony it was called _Hybla_. _Strabo_,
  ♦bk. 6, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689.

      ♦ ‘26’ replaced with ‘6’

=Megareus=, the father of Hippomenes, was son of Onchestus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 605.――――A son of Apollo.

=Megāris=, a small country of Achaia, between Phocis on the west and
  Attica on the east. Its capital city was called Megara. _See:_ Megara.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.

=Megarsus=, a town of Sicily,――――of Cilicia.――――A river of India.

=Megasthĕnes=, a Greek historian in the age of Seleucus Nicanor, about
  300 years before Christ. He wrote about the oriental nations, and
  particularly the Indians. His history is often quoted by the ancients.
  What now passes as his composition is spurious.

=Meges=, one of Helen’s suitors, governor of Dulichium and of the
  Echinades. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2.

=Megilla=, a native of Locris, remarkable for beauty, and mentioned by
  Horace, bk. 1, ode 27, li. 11.

=Megista=, an island of Lycia, with a harbour of the same name. _Livy_,
  bk. 37, ch. 22.

=Megistias=, a soothsayer, who told the Spartans that defended
  Thermopylæ, that they all should perish, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 219, &c.――――A river. _See:_ Mella.

=Mela Pomponius=, a Spaniard, who flourished about the 45th year of the
  christian era, and distinguished himself by his geography divided
  into three books, and written with elegance, with great perspicuity
  and brevity. The best editions of this book, called _De Situ Orbis_,
  are those of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1722, and of Reinhold, 4to, Eton,
  1761.

=Melænæ=, a village of Attica. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 619.

=Melampus=, a celebrated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son of
  Amythaon and Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Peloponnesus.
  His servants once killed two large serpents, which had made their
  nests at the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid so much regard
  to these two reptiles, that he raised a burning pile and burned them
  upon it. He also took particular care of their young ones, and fed
  them with milk. Some time after this the young serpents crept to
  Melampus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and, as if sensible
  of the favours of their benefactor, they wantonly played around him,
  and softly licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who was astonished
  at the sudden change which his senses had undergone. He found
  himself acquainted with the chirping of the birds, and with all
  their rude notes, as they flew around him. He took advantage of this
  supernatural gift, and soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of
  futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the art of medicine. He
  had soon after the happiness of curing the daughters of Prœtus, by
  giving them hellebore, which from this circumstance has been called
  _melampodium_, and as a reward for his trouble he married the eldest
  of these princesses. _See:_ Prœtides. The tyranny of his uncle Neleus
  king of Pylos obliged him to leave his native country, and Prœtus,
  to show himself more sensible of his services, gave him part of
  his kingdom, over which he established himself. About this time
  the personal charms of Pero the daughter of Neleus had gained
  many admirers, but the father promised his daughter only to him
  who brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition
  displeased many; but Bias, who was also one of her admirers, engaged
  his brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him.
  Melampus was caught in the attempt and imprisoned, and nothing but
  his services as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would have
  saved him from death. All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but
  when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, he
  not only obtained his liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he
  compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe distemper,
  which had rendered the women of Argos insane, was totally removed by
  Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who then sat on the throne, rewarded his
  merit by giving him part of his kingdom, where he established himself,
  and where his posterity reigned during six successive generations.
  He received divine honours after death, and temples were raised
  to his memory. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 287; bk. 15, li. 225.
  ――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 9.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.
  ――――The father of Cisseus and Gyas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10.――――A
  son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Melampyges=, a surname of Hercules, from the black and hairy appearance
  of his back, &c.

=Melanchætes=, one of Actæon’s dogs, so called from his _black hair_.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Melanchlæni=, a people near the Cimmerian Bosphorus.

=Melanchrus=, a tyrant of Lesbos, who died about 612 B.C.

=Melane=, the same as Samothrace.

=Melaneus=, a son of Eurytus, from whom Eretria has been called
  Melaneis.――――A centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.――――One of
  Actæon’s dogs. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――An Æthiopian, killed at the
  nuptials of Perseus. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.

=Melanida=, a surname of Venus.

=Melanion=, the same as Hippomenes, who married Atalanta, according to
  some mythologists. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Melanippe=, a daughter of Æolus, who had two children by Neptune,
  for which her father put out both her eyes, and confined her in a
  prison. Her children, who had been exposed and preserved, delivered
  her from confinement, and Neptune restored to her her eye-sight. She
  afterwards married Metapontus. _Hyginus_, fable 186.――――A nymph who
  married Itonus son of Amphictyon, by whom she had Bœotus, who gave
  his name to Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Melanippĭdes=, a Greek poet about 520 years before Christ. His
  grandson, of the same name, flourished about 60 years after at the
  court of Perdiccas II. of Macedonia. Some fragments of their poetry
  are extant.

=Melanippus=, a priest of Apollo at Cyrene, killed by the tyrant
  Nicocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A son of Astacus, one of the Theban
  chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes against the army of Adrastus
  king of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded,
  and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Tydeus.
  Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound he had received, bit the head
  with such barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva,
  offended with his conduct, took away the herb which she had given
  him to cure his wound, and he died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
  ――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18.
  ――――A son of Mars, who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess of
  Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in the temple, and ravished his
  mistress, for which violation of the sanctity of the place the two
  lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, and the country was
  visited by a pestilence, which was stopped only after the offering of
  a human sacrifice by the direction of the oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 19.――――A Trojan, killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 15.――――Another, killed by Patroclus.――――Another, killed
  by Teucer.――――A son of Agrius.――――Another, son of Priam.――――A son of
  Theseus.

=Melanosyri=, a people of Syria.

=Melanthii=, rocks near the island of Samos.

=Melanthius=, a man who wrote a history of Attica.――――A famous painter
  of Sicyon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.――――A tragic poet of a very malevolent
  disposition in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch._――――A Trojan, killed
  by Eurypylus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A shepherd in
  _Theocritus_, _Idylls_.――――A goat-herd, killed by Telemachus after
  the return of Ulysses. _Ovid_, ltr. 1, _Heroides_.――――An elegiac poet.

=Melantho=, a daughter of Proteus, ravished by Neptune under the form
  of a dolphin. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 12.――――One of
  Penelope’s women, sister to Melanthius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18,
  &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 18.

=Melanthus=, =Melanthes=, or =Melanthius=, a son of Andropompus,
  whose ancestors were kings of Pylos. He was driven from his paternal
  kingdom by the Heraclidæ, and came to Athens, where king Thymœtes
  resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a battle against
  Xanthus, a general of the Bœotians, who made war against him. He
  fought and conquered [_See:_ Apaturia], and his family, surnamed
  the _Neliadæ_, sat on the throne of Athens, till the age of Codrus.
  He succeeded to the crown 1128 years B.C., and reigned 37 years.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A man of Cyzicus. _Flaccus._――――A
  river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Borysthenes. _Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10, li. 55.

=Melas= (æ), a river of Peloponnesus.――――Of Thrace, at the west of the
  Thracian Chersonesus.――――Another in Thessaly,――――in Achaia,――――in
  Bœotia,――――in Sicily,――――in Ionia,――――in Cappadocia.――――A son of
  Neptune.――――Another, son of Proteus.――――A son of Phryxus, who was
  among the Argonauts, and was drowned in that part of the sea which
  bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Meldæ=, or =Meldorum urbs=, a city of Gaul, now _Meaux_, in Champagne.

=Mĕleāger=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, son of Œneus king of Ætolia,
  by Althæa daughter of Thestius. The Parcæ were present at the moment
  of his birth, and predicted his future greatness. Clotho said that
  he would be brave and courageous, Lachesis foretold his uncommon
  strength, and Atropos declared that he should live as long as that
  fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed.
  Althæa no sooner heard this, than she snatched the stick from the
  fire, and kept it with the most jealous care, as the life of her
  son was destined to depend upon its preservation. The fame of
  Meleager increased with his years; he signalized himself in the
  Argonautic expedition, and afterwards delivered his country from the
  neighbouring inhabitants, who made war against his father, at the
  instigation of Diana, whose altars Œneus had neglected. _See:_ Œneus.
  No sooner were they destroyed than Diana punished the negligence
  of Œneus by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which
  laid waste all the country, and seemed invincible on account of its
  immense size. It became soon a public concern; all the neighbouring
  princes assembled to destroy this terrible animal, and nothing
  became more famous in mythological history than the hunting of
  the Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs who assembled, and who
  are mentioned by mythologists, are Meleager son of Œneus, Idas and
  Lynceus sons of Aphareus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons
  of Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, Theseus son of Ægeus,
  Anceus and Cepheus sons of Lycurgus, Admetes son of Pheres, Jason son
  of Æson, Peleus and Telamon sons of Æacus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon,
  Eurytryon son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, Iolas the
  friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus,
  Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Althæa, Hippothous son of Cercyon,
  Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Phœnix son of
  Amyntor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Menœtius the father of
  Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four
  sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men attacked the boar with
  unusual fury, and it was at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror
  gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded
  the animal. This partiality to a woman irritated the others, and
  particularly Toxeus and Plexippus the brothers of Althæa, and they
  endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honourable present. Meleager
  defended a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and killed his uncles
  in the attempt. Meantime the news of this celebrated conquest had
  already reached Calydon, and Althæa went to the temple of the gods to
  return thanks for the victory which her son had gained. As she went
  she met the corpses of her brothers that were brought from the chase,
  and at this mournful spectacle she filled the whole city with her
  lamentations. She was upon this informed that they had been killed
  by Meleager, and in the moment of resentment, to revenge the death of
  her brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal stick on which her
  son’s life depended, and Meleager died as soon as it was consumed.
  Homer does not mention the fire-brand, whence some have imagined
  that this fable is posterior to that poet’s age. But he says that the
  death of Toxeus and Plexippus so irritated Althæa, that she uttered
  the most horrible curses and imprecations upon the head of her son.
  Meleager married Cleopatra the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also
  Atalanta, according to some accounts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.
  ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 997; bk. 3, li. 518.
  ――_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.
  ――――A general who supported Aridæus when he had been made king, after
  the death of his brother Alexander the Great.――――A brother of Ptolemy,
  made king of Macedonia B.C. 280 years. He was but two months invested
  with the regal authority.――――A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus,
  the last of the Seleucidæ. He was born at Tyre, and died at Cos.
  It is to his well-directed labours that we are indebted for the
  _Anthologia_, or collection of Greek epigrams, which he selected from
  46 of the best and most esteemed poets. The original collection of
  Meleager has been greatly altered by succeeding editors. The best
  edition of the _Anthologia_ is that of Brunck, in three vols., 4to
  and 8vo, Strasbourg, 1772.

=Mĕleāgrĭdes=, the sisters of Meleager, daughters of Œneus and Althæa.
  They were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager,
  that they refused all aliments, and were, at the point of death,
  changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it
  is supposed, are of a different colour. The youngest of the sisters,
  Gorge and Dejanira, who had been married, escaped this metamorphosis.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 540.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Melesander=, an Athenian general, who died B.C. 414.

=Meles= (ētis), a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some
  of the ancients supposed that Homer was born on the banks of that
  river, from which circumstance they call him _Melisigènes_, and his
  compositions _Meletææ chartæ_. It is even supported that he composed
  his poems in a cave near the source of that river. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
  ――_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 7, li. 34.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4,
  poem 1, li. 201.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――A beautiful Athenian
  youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose affections he repaid with
  the greatest coldness and indifference. He even ordered Timagoras
  to leap down a precipice, from the top of the citadel of Athens,
  and Timagoras, not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the
  fall. This token of true friendship and affection had such an effect
  upon Meles, that he threw himself down from the place, to atone
  by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Timagoras.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――A king of Lydia, who succeeded his
  father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to
  Candaules.

=Melesigĕnes=, or =Melesigĕna=, a name given to Homer. _See:_ Meles.

=Melia=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Inachus.――――A nymph, &c.
  _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She
  became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed
  with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon in Bœtia assumed the
  name of Ismarus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――One of the Nereides.
  ――――A daughter of Agenor.

=Mĕlĭbœa=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus.――――A daughter
  of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus._――――A maritime town of Magnesia
  in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, famous for dyeing wool.
  The epithet of _Melibœus_ is applied to Philoctetes, because he
  reigned there. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 401; bk. 5, li. 251.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 188.――――Also an island at the mouth of the
  Orontes in Syria, whence _Melibœa purpura_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Melibœus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Mĕlĭcerta=, =Melicertes=, or =Melicertus=, a son of Athamas and Ino.
  He was saved by his mother from the fury of his father, who prepared
  to dash him against the wall as he had done his brother Learchus.
  The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea,
  with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes
  of Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino
  was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Melicerta was known among the
  Greeks by the name of Palæmon, and among the Latins by that of
  Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were in honour of
  Melicerta. _See:_ Isthmia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 529, &c.――_Plutarch_ _de Convivium Septem
  Sapientium_.

=Meligūnis=, one of the Æolian islands near Sicily.

=Melīna=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Laomedon by Hercules.

=Melīsa=, a town of Magna Græcia.

=Melissa=, a daughter of Melissus king of Crete, who, with her sister
  Amalthæa, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out
  the means of collecting honey; whence some have imagined that she was
  changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect.
  _Columella._――――One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom
  she had Phoroneus and Ægialus.――――A daughter of Procles, who married
  Periander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her pregnancy, she was
  killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his
  concubines. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A
  woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of
  Ceres, after she had received admission. She was torn to pieces upon
  this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise from her
  body.

=Melissus=, a king of Crete, father to Melissa and Amalthæa. _Hyginus_,
  _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1,
  ch. 22.――――An admiral of the Samian fleet, B.C. 441. He was defeated
  by Pericles, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――A philosopher of Samos,
  who maintained that the world was infinite, immovable, and without
  a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could advance any
  argument upon the power or attributes of Providence, as all human
  knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocles was among his pupils.
  He flourished about 440 years before the christian era. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――――A freedman of Mecænas, appointed librarian to Augustus.
  He wrote some comedies. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 30.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.

=Melĭta=, an island in the Libyan sea, between Sicily and Africa, now
  called _Malta_. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its
  wool. It was first peopled by the Phœnicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked
  there, and cursed all venomous creatures, which now are not to be
  found in the whole island. Some, however, suppose that the island
  on which the Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island of the same
  name in the Adriatic on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Melede_.
  Malta is now remarkable as being the residence of the knights of
  Malta, formerly of St. John of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 1530,
  by the concession of Charles V., after their expulsion from Rhodes
  by the Turks. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 46.――――Another on the coast of Illyricum,
  in the Adriatic, now _Melede_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――――An ancient
  name of Samothrace. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――――One of the Nereides.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 825.

=Melitene=, a province of Armenia.

=Melĭtus=, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of the principal
  accusers of Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates
  had been put ignominiously to death, the Athenians repented of their
  severity to the philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Melitus
  perished among them. His character was mean and insidious, and his
  poems had nothing great or sublime. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Spurius Melius=, a Roman knight accused of aspiring to tyranny, on
  account of his uncommon liberality to the populace. He was summoned
  to appear by the dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, and when he
  refused to obey, he was put to death by Ahala the master of horse,
  A.U.C. 314.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Melixandrus=, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the
  Lapithæ and Centaurs. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.

=Mella=, or =Mela=, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into
  the Ollius, and with it into the Po. _Catullus_, poem 68, li. 33.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 278.

=Mella Annæus=, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy
  to Piso’s conspiracy against Nero, upon which he opened his veins.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 17.

=Melobōsis=, one of the Oceanides.

=Melon=, an astrologer, who feigned madness and burnt his house that he
  might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be attended with
  great calamities.――――An interpreter of king Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 13.

=Melos=, now _Milo_, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus, about
  24 miles from Scyllæum, about 60 miles in circumference, and of an
  oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence for above 700 years before
  the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was originally peopled
  by a Lacedæmonian colony, 1116 years before the christian era. From
  this reason the inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands
  and the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. This refusal was
  severely punished. The Athenians took Melos, and put to the sword
  all such as were able to bear arms. The women and children were made
  slaves, and the island left desolate. An Athenian colony repeopled
  it, till Lysander reconquered it and re-established the original
  inhabitants in their possessions. The island produced a kind of earth
  successfully employed in painting and medicine. _Strabo_, bk. 7.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 35, ch. 9.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2, &c.

=Melpes=, now _Melpa_, a river of Lucania, falling into the Tyrrhene
  sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Melpia=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Melpŏmĕne=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.
  She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his
  odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was generally
  represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments
  were splendid; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and
  in the other a sceptre and crowns. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.

=Memaceni=, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. _Curtius._

=Memmia Sulpitia=, a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus.
  She died when young.

=Memmia lex=, ordained that no one should be entered on the calendar of
  criminals who was absent on the public account.

=Memmius=, a Roman citizen, accused of _ambitus_. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.――――A Roman knight, who rendered himself
  illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made
  tribune, pretor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was accused
  of extortion in his province, and banished by Julius Cæsar, though
  Cicero undertook his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him.
  _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Regulus, a Roman of whom Nero observed, that
  he deserved to be invested with the imperial purple. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 47.――――A Roman who accused Jugurtha before
  the Roman people.――――A lieutenant of Pompey, &c.――――The family of
  the Memmii were plebeians. They were descended, according to some
  accounts, from Mnestheus the friend of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 117.

=Memnon=, a king of Æthiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came with
  a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Trojan war,
  where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor’s
  son. The aged father challenged the Æthiopian monarch, but Memnon
  refused it on account of the venerable age of Nestor, and accepted
  that of Achilles. He was killed in the combat, in the sight of the
  Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death
  of her son, that she flew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged
  the god to grant her son such honours as might distinguish him from
  other mortals. Jupiter consented, and immediately a numerous flight
  of birds issued from the burning pile on which the body was laid,
  and after they had flown three times round the flames, they divided
  themselves into two separate bodies, and fought with such acrimony,
  that above half of them fell down into the fire, as victims to
  appease the manes of Memnon. These birds were called _Memnonides_;
  and it has been observed by some of the ancients, that they never
  failed to return yearly to the tomb of Memnon in Troas, and repeat
  the same bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, from whom they
  received their name. The Æthiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon
  reigned, erected a celebrated statue to the honour of their monarch.
  This statue had the wonderful property of uttering a melodious sound
  every day, at sun-rising, like that which is heard at the breaking
  of the string of a harp when it is wound up. This was effected by the
  rays of the sun when they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun,
  and in the night the sound was lugubrious. This is supported by the
  testimony of the geographer Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant
  whether it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the people that
  were then round it. This celebrated statue was dismantled by order
  of Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish
  modern travellers by their grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the
  inventor of the alphabet, according to Anticlides, a writer mentioned
  by Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56. _Moschus_, _Epitaphios Bionis_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 578, &c.――_Ælian_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bks. 13
  & 17.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 5.――_Philostratus_, on _Apollodorus_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.――_Quintus
  Calaber [Smyrnæus]._――――A general of the Persian forces, when
  Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his attachment
  to the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness of
  his counsels, and his great sagacity. He defended Milotus against
  Alexander, and died in the midst of his successful enterprises, B.C.
  333. His wife Barsine was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A governor of Cœlosyria.――――A man appointed
  governor of Thrace by Alexander.――――A man who wrote a history of
  Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Augustus.

=Memphis=, a celebrated town of Egypt, on the western banks of the
  Nile, above the Delta. It once contained many beautiful temples,
  particularly those of the god Apis (_bos Memphites_), whose worship
  was observed with the greatest ceremonies. _See:_ Apis. It was in the
  neighbourhood of Memphis that those famous pyramids were built, whose
  grandeur and beauty still astonish the modern traveller. These noble
  monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass for one of the wonders of
  the world, are about 20 in number, three of which, by their superior
  size, particularly claim attention. The largest of these is 481 feet
  in height measured perpendicularly, and the area of its basis is
  on 480,249 square feet, or something more than 11 English acres of
  ground. It has steps all round with massy and polished stones, so
  large that the breadth and depth of every step is one single stone.
  The smallest stone, according to an ancient historian, is not less
  than 30 feet. The number of steps, according to modern observation,
  amounts to 208, a number which is not always adhered to by travellers.
  The place where Memphis formerly stood is not now known; the ruins
  of its fallen grandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its
  palaces, or to adorn the neighbouring cities. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem
  7, li. 28.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 660.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside
  et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Josephus_, _Jewish
  Antiquities_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, daughter of the Nile, who married
  Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her name to the celebrated
  city of Memphis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The wife of Danaus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Memphītis=, a son of Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt. He was put to
  death by his father.

=Mena=, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and supposed to preside over the
  monthly infirmities of women. She was the same as Juno. According
  to some, the sacrifices offered to her were young puppies that
  still sucked their mother. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 2.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 4.

=Mena=, or =Menes=, the first king of Egypt, according to some accounts.

=Menalcas=, a shepherd in Virgil’s eclogues.

=Menalcĭdas=, an intriguing Lacedæmonian in the time of the famous
  Achæan league. He was accused before the Romans, and he killed
  himself.

=Menalippe=, a sister of Antiope queen of the Amazons, taken by
  Hercules when that hero made war against this celebrated nation. She
  was ransomed, and Hercules received in exchange the arms and belt of
  the queen. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 229.――――A daughter of the centaur
  Chiron, beloved and ravished by Æolus son of Hellen. She retired into
  the woods to hide her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when
  she had brought forth she entreated the gods to remove her totally
  from the pursuits of Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and called
  Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assumed the name of Menalippe, and lost
  that of Ocyroe. She became a constellation after death, called the
  horse. Some authors call her Hippe, or Evippe. _Hyginus_, _Poetica
  Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Pollux_, bk. 4.――――Menalippe is a name
  common to other persons, but it is generally spelt _Melanippe_ by the
  best authors. _See:_ Melanippe.

=Menalippus.= _See:_ Melanippus.

=Menander=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, educated under
  Theophrastus. He was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and received
  the appellation of Prince of the New Comedy. He did not disgrace his
  compositions, like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflections
  and illiberal satire, but his writings were replete with elegance,
  refined wit, and judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which he
  wrote, nothing remains but a few fragments. It is said that Terence
  translated all these, and indeed we may have cause to lament the
  loss of such valuable writings, when we are told by the ancients
  that the elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion of his
  countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. It is said that Menander
  drowned himself in the 52nd year of his age, B.C. 293, because
  the compositions of his rival Philemon obtained more applause than
  his own. Only eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded with
  a poetical prize. The name of his father was Diopythus, and that
  of his mother Hegistrata. His fragments, with those of Philemon,
  were published by Clericus, 8vo, 1709. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――A man who wrote an account of
  embassies, &c.――――A king of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among
  his subjects, &c.――――An historian of Ephesus.――――Another of Pergamus.
  ――――An Athenian general defeated at Ægospotamos by Lysander.――――An
  Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias.――――A man put to death by
  Alexander for deserting a fortress of which he had the command.――――An
  officer under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus.

=Menapii=, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the Mosa. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Menapis=, a Persian exile, made satrap of Hyrcania by Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Menas=, a freedman of Pompey the Great, who distinguished himself by
  the active and perfidious part which he took in the civil wars which
  were kindled between the younger Pompey and Augustus. When Pompey
  invited Augustus to his galley, Menas advised his master to seize
  the person of his enemy, and at the same time the Roman empire, by
  cutting the cables of his ship. “No,” replied Pompey, “I would have
  approved of the measure if you had done it without consulting me; but
  I scorn to break my word.” _Suetonius_, _Octavius Augustus_. Horace,
  epode 4, has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind
  his former meanness and obscurity.

=Menchēres=, the twelfth king of Memphis.

=Mendes=, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis, on one of the mouths of
  the Nile, called the Mendesian mouth. Pan, under the form of a goat,
  was worshipped there with the greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to
  kill one of these animals, with which the Egyptians were not ashamed
  to have public commerce, to the disgrace of human nature, from
  the superstitious notion that such embraces had given birth to the
  greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, chs. 42 & 46.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Menĕcles=, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, who settled at Rhodes.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Meneclides=, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.

=Menecrătes=, a physician of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and
  arrogance. He was generally accompanied by some of his patients,
  whose disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo,
  and the other in that of Æsculapius, while he reserved for himself
  the title and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over those
  inferior deities. He crowned himself like the master of the gods;
  and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he styled
  himself in these words, _Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting_.
  The Macedonian monarch answered, _Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and
  better sense_. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when
  the meats were served up, a table was put separate for the physician,
  on which he was served only with perfumes and frankincense, like
  the father of the gods. This entertainment displeased Menecrates; he
  remembered that he was a mortal, and hurried away from the company.
  He lived about 360 years before the christian era. The book which he
  wrote on cures is lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 51.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 7, ch. 13.――――One of the generals of Seleucus.――――A
  physician under Tiberius.――――A Greek historian of Nysa, disciple to
  Aristarchus, B.C. 119. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――An Ephesian architect
  who wrote on agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――――An historian.
  ――――A man appointed to settle the disputes of the Athenians and
  Lacedæmonians in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. His
  father’s name was Amphidorus.――――An officer in the fleet of Pompey
  the son of Pompey the Great.

=Menedēmus=, an officer of Alexander, killed by the ♦Dahæ. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, ch. 6.――――A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was
  originally a tent-maker, an employment which he left for the
  profession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and philosophical
  lectures of Plato had such an influence over him, that he gave up
  his offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said that he
  died through melancholy when Antigonus, one of Alexander’s generals,
  had made himself master of his country, B.C. 301, in the 74th year of
  his age. Some attribute his death to a different cause, and say that
  he was falsely accused of treason, for which he became so desperate
  that he died, after he had passed seven days without taking any
  aliments. He was called the _Eretrian Bull_, on account of his gravity.
  _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A cynic philosopher of
  Lampsacus, who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins
  and wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of the furies, and his
  behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was the disciple of Colotes
  of Lampsacus. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An officer of Lucullus.――――A
  philosopher of Athens. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

      ♦ ‘Danæ’ replaced with ‘Dahæ’

=Menegetas=, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon’s army, &c.
  _Polyænus._

=Menĕlāi portus=, a harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene
  and Egypt. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_, ch. 8.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1.――――Mons, a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called
  _Menelaium_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28.

=Mĕnĕlāia=, a festival celebrated at Therapnæ in Laconia, in honour
  of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was worshipped with his
  wife Helen, as one of the supreme gods.

=Mĕnĕlāus=, a king of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. His father’s name
  was Atreus, according to Homer, or, according to the more probable
  opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c., he was the son of Plisthenes and
  Ærope. _See:_ Plisthenes. He was educated with his brother Agamemnon
  in the house of Atreus, but soon after the death of this monarch,
  Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom, and banished the two
  children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court
  of Œneus king of Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness and
  paternal care. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the
  rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen
  the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses,
  Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon
  Menelaus, and married him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly
  bound themselves by an oath to defend her, and protect her person
  against the violence or assault of every intruder. _See:_ Helena. As
  soon as the nuptials were celebrated, ♦Tyndarus resigned the crown to
  his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however,
  of short duration; Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus
  had promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty.
  _See:_ Paris. The arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great
  revolutions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities to
  the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away
  home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This
  action was highly resented by Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes
  of their oath and solemn engagements when they courted the daughter
  of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his
  cause. The combined forces assembled at Aulis in Bœotia, where they
  chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for their high priest;
  and after their applications to the court of Priam for the recovery
  of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in
  the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit
  and courage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus
  interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his
  wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered him from fighting so
  powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan war, Helen,
  as it is reported, obtained the forgiveness and the good graces of
  Menelaus by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that Troy was
  reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had married
  after the death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally reconciled
  her to her first husband; and she returned with him to Sparta, during
  a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had
  a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostratus, according to some, by
  Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say that
  Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to obtain
  Helen, who had been detained there by the king of the country. _See:_
  Helena. The palace which Menelaus once inhabited was still entire in
  the days of Pausanias, as well as the temple which had been raised to
  his memory by the people of Sparta. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.;
  _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk.
  3, chs. 14 & 19.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 2, &c.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_ bk. 14.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5
  & 13.――_Hyginus_ fable 79.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 2.――_Sophocles._――――A lieutenant of Ptolemy, set over Salamis.
  _Polyænus._――_Pausanias._――――A city of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A
  mathematician in the age of the emperor Trajan.

      ♦ ‘Tyndaros’ replaced with ‘Tyndarus’

=Menēnius Agrippa=, a celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace
  in the infancy of the consular government by repeating the well-known
  fable of the belly and limbs. He flourished 495 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  chs. 16, 32, 33.――――A Roman consul.――――An insane person in the age of
  Horace.

=Menĕphron=, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother.
  He was changed into a wild beast. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
  li. 387.

=Mēnes=, the first king of Egypt. He built the town of Memphis, as is
  generally supposed, and deserved, by his abilities and popularity,
  to be called a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 90.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Menesthēi portus=, a town of Hispania ♦Bætica.

      ♦ ‘Bœtica’ replaced with ‘Bætica’

=Menesteus=, =Menestheus=, or =Mnestheus=, a son of Pereus, who so
  insinuated himself into the favour of the people of Athens, that,
  during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful
  monarch at his return home was expelled, and Mnestheus established
  his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had
  been one of Helen’s suitors, he went to the Trojan war at the head of
  the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos.
  He reigned 23 years B.C. 1205, and was succeeded by Demophoon the
  son of Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A son of Iphicrates, who
  distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Timoleon_.

=Menesthius=, a Greek killed by Paris in the Trojan war.

=Menetas=, a man set governor over Babylon by Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Meninx=, or =Lotophagītis insula=, now _Zerbi_, an island on the
  coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people
  of Neritos, and thence called _Neritia_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 318.

=Menippa=, one of the Amazons who assisted Ætes, &c.

=Menippides=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Menippus=, a cynic philosopher of Phœnicia. He was originally a slave,
  and obtained his liberty with a sum of money, and became one of the
  greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual
  reproaches and insults to which he was daily exposed on account of
  his meanness, that he destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of satires,
  which have been lost. Marcus Varro composed satires in imitation of
  his style, and called them _Menippean_.――――A native of Stratonice,
  who was preceptor to Cicero for some time. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 91.

=Menius=, a plebeian consul at Rome. He was the first who made the
  rostrum at Rome with the beaks (_rostra_) of the enemy’s ships.――――A
  son of Lycaon, killed by the same thunderbolt which destroyed his
  father. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 472.

=Mennis=, a town of Assyria abounding in bitumen. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 1.

=Menodŏtus=, a physician.――――A Samian historian.

=Menœceus=, a Theban, father of Hipponome, Jocasta, and Creon.――――A
  young Theban, son of Creon. He offered himself to death when Tiresias,
  to ensure victory on the side of Thebes against the Argive forces,
  ordered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of those who
  sprang from the dragon’s teeth, and he killed himself near the cave
  where the dragon of Mars had formerly resided. The gods required this
  sacrifice because the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner
  was Creon dead than his countrymen obtained the victory. _Statius_,
  _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 614.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 1, ch. 98.――_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.

=Menœtes=, the pilot of the ship Gyas, at the naval games exhibited by
  Æneas at the anniversary of his father’s death. He was thrown into
  the sea by Gyas for his inattention, and saved himself by swimming to
  a rock. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 161, &c.――――An Arcadian, killed
  by Turnus in the wars of Æneas. _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 517.

=Menœtiades.= _See:_ Menœtius.

=Menœtius=, a son of Actor and Ægina after her amour with Jupiter.
  He left his mother and went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele,
  or, according to others, by Philomela or Polymela, Patroclus, often
  called from him _Menœtiades_. Menœtius was one of the Argonauts.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 24.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 307.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.

=Menon=, a Thessalian commander in the expedition of Cyrus the younger
  against his brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on the suspicion
  that he had betrayed his fellow-soldiers. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A
  Thessalian refused the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a
  number of auxiliaries to the people.――――The husband of Semiramis.
  ――――A sophist in the age of Socrates.――――One of the first kings of
  Phrygia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A scholar of Phidias, &c.

=Menophĭlus=, a eunuch to whom Mithridates, when conquered by Pompey,
  entrusted the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered the princess
  for fear of her falling into the enemy’s hands. _Ammianus_, bk. 16.

=Menta=, or =Minthe=. _See:_ Minthe.

=Mentes=, a king of the Taphians in Ætolia, son of Anchialus, in the
  time of the Trojan war.

=Mentissa=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 17.

=Mento=, a Roman consul, &c.

=Mentor=, a faithful friend of Ulysses.――――A son of Hercules.――――A king
  of Sidonia, who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and afterwards was
  restored to favour by his treachery to his allies, &c. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 16.――――An excellent artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers
  on them. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63, ltr. 16.

=Menyllus=, a Macedonian set over the garrison which Antipater had
  stationed at Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence of
  Phocion. _Plutarch._

=Mera=, a priest of Venus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 478.――――A
  dog of Icarius, which by his cries showed Erigone where her murdered
  father had been thrown. Immediately after this discovery the daughter
  hung herself in despair, and the dog pined away, and was made a
  constellation in the heavens known by the name of Canis. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 363.――_Hyginus_, fable 130.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 28.

=Mera=, or =Mœra=, one of the Atlantides, who married Tegeates son of
  Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.

=Mercurii promontorium=, a cape of Africa near Clypea. _Livy_, bk. 26,
  ch. 44; bk. 29, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Mercŭrius=, a celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks.
  There were no less than five of this name according to Cicero; a son
  of Cœlus and Lux; a son of Valens and Coronis; a son of the Nile; a
  son of Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the Egyptians Thaut.
  Some add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of
  Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others have been probably
  attributed, as he is the most famous and the best known. Mercury
  was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; he was
  the patron of travellers and of shepherds; he conducted the souls
  of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over
  orators, merchants, declaimers, but he was also the god of thieves,
  pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived _a
  mercibus_, because he was the god of merchandise among the Latins.
  He was born, according to the more received opinion, in Arcadia, on
  mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the
  Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day,
  he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing
  away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He gave another proof
  of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of
  the divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of
  his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his
  sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These
  specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and
  Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in
  the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the
  promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with
  a winged cap called _petasus_, and with wings for his feet called
  _talaria_. He had also a short sword called _herpe_, which he lent
  to Perseus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the
  universe he pleased with the greatest celerity; and besides, he was
  permitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape
  he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his
  secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and
  he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confidant
  of Jupiter’s amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy
  and intrigues of Juno. The invention of the lyre and its seven
  strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in
  exchange the celebrated caduceus with which the god of poetry used
  to drive the flocks of king Admetus. _See:_ Caduceus. In the wars of
  the giants against the gods, Mercury showed himself brave, spirited,
  and active. He delivered Mars from the long confinement which he
  suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the
  Danaides of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his wheel
  in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he
  sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to
  the tent of Achilles, to redeem the body of his son Hector, and he
  carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many
  surnames and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacetos,
  from Acacos, an Arcadian; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius,
  Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Arcas, &c. His children are also numerous
  as well as his amours. He was father of Autolycus by Chione; of
  Myrtillus by Cleobula; of Libys by Libya; of Echion and Eurytus by
  Antianira; of Cephalus by Creusa; of Prylis by Issa; and of Priapus,
  according to some. He was also father of Hermaphroditus by Venus; of
  Eudorus by Polimela; of Pan by Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was
  well established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was
  worshipped at Tanagra in Bœotia, under the name of Criophorus, and
  represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, because he delivered
  the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in
  that manner round the walls of their city. The Roman merchants yearly
  celebrated a festival on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, in a
  temple near the Circus Maximus. A pregnant sow was then sacrificed,
  and sometimes a calf and particularly the tongues of animals were
  offered. After the votaries had sprinkled themselves with water with
  laurel leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, and entreated
  him to be favourable to them, and to forgive whatever artful measures,
  false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit
  of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak
  round his arm, or tied under his chin. The chief ensigns of his power
  and offices are his _caduceus_, his _petasus_, and his _talaria_.
  Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a crayfish, holding in one
  hand his caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other
  times he is like a young man without a beard, holding in one hand
  a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his
  wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion,
  and a fly. Some of his statues represented him as a youth _fascino
  erecto_. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt
  his statues represented him with the head of a dog, whence he was
  often confounded with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a stork.
  Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of
  eloquence, whose powers were sweet and persuasive. The Greeks and
  Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, as
  he was the patron of speaking of which the tongue is the organ.
  Sometimes his statues represent him as without arms, because,
  according to some, the power of speech can prevail over everything,
  even without the assistance of arms. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, &c.;
  _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Hymn to Hermes_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 667; _Metamorphoses_, bks. 1, 4,
  11, 14.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 35.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.――_Orpheus._――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.
  ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 6.――_Plato_, _Phædras_.――_Livy_,
  bk. 36.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1; _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 48.
  ――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, & 3.
  ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.
  ――_Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.――_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_,
  li. 219.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.――_Lactantius [Placidus].
  _――_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 27.――_Marcus Manilius.
  _――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 19.――――Trismegistus, a
  priest and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to
  cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and to understand
  hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books
  on theology, medicine, and geography, from which Sanchoniathon the
  Phœnician historian has taken his theogonia. _Diodorus_, bks. 1, & 5.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura
  Deorum_.

=Merĕtrix=, a name under which Venus was worshipped at Abydos and at
  Samos, because both those places had been benefited by the intrigues
  or the influence of courtesans. _Athenæus_, bk. 13.

=Mēriŏnes=, a charioteer of Idomeneus king of Crete during the Trojan
  war, son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized
  himself before Troy, and fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam,
  whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even
  paid him divine honours after death. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6,
  li. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.――――A brother of Jason
  son of Æson, famous for his great opulence and for his avarice.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Mermĕros=, a centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 305.――――A
  Trojan, killed by Antilochus.――――A son of Jason and Medea, who was
  father to Ilus of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Mermnadæ=, a race of kings in Lydia, of which Gyges was the first.
  They sat on the Lydian throne till the reign of Crœsus, who was
  conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of the
  Heraclidæ, and probably received the name of Mermnadæ from Mermnas,
  one of their own family. They were descended from Lemnos, or,
  according to others, from Agelaus, the son of Omphale by Hercules.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 14.

=Meroe=, now _Nuabia_, an island of Æthiopia, with a town of the same
  name, celebrated for its wines. Its original name was _Saba_, and
  Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sister. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 31.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 173.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 3, 33; bk. 10, lis. 163 & 303. =Merŏpe=,
  one of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus son of Æolus, and, like
  her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. _See:_
  Pleiades. It is said, that in the constellation of the Pleiades the
  star of Merope appears more dim and obscure than the rest, because
  she, as the poets observe, married a mortal, while her sisters
  married some of the gods or their descendants. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 175.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 192.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Cypselus, who married Cresphontes
  king of Messenia, by whom she had three children. Her husband and two
  of her children were murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer obliged
  her to marry him, and she would have been forced to comply had not
  Epytus or Telephontes, her third son, revenged his father’s death by
  assassinating Polyphontes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 3.――――A daughter of Œnopion, beloved by Orion.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A daughter of the Cebrenus, who
  married Æsacus the son of Priam.――――A daughter of Erechtheus, mother
  of Dædalus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A daughter of Pandarus.――――A
  daughter of the river Sangarius, who married king Priam.

=Merops=, a king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one
  of the Oceanides. He was changed into an eagle and placed among
  the constellations. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 763.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2,
  ch. 16.――――A celebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who foretold
  the death of his sons Adrastus and Amphius, who were engaged in the
  Trojan war. They slighted their father’s advice, and were killed by
  Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――One of the companions of Æneas,
  killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 702.

=Meros=, a mountain of India sacred to Jupiter. It is called by Pliny,
  bk. 6, ch. 21, Nysa. Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose the
  fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh (μηρος) of his father.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Curtius_, bk. 8,
  ch. 10.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Merŭla Cornelius=, a Roman who fought against the Gauls, and who was
  made consul by Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time after
  killed himself in despair, &c. _Plutarch._

=Mesabătes=, a eunuch in Persia, flayed alive by order of Parysatis,
  because he had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. _Plutarch_,
  _Artaxerxes_.

=Mesabius=, a mountain of Bœotia, hanging over the Euripus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 22.

=Mesapia=, an ancient name of Bœotia.

=Mesaubius=, a servant of Eumæus the steward of Ulysses. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 14, li. 449.

=Mesembria=, now _Miseuria_, a maritime city of Thrace. Hence
  _Mesembriacus_. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, bk. 6, li. 37.――――Another
  at the mouth of the Lissus.

=Mesene=, an island in the Tigris where Apamea was built, now _Disel_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Mesomēdes=, a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus.

=Mesopotămia=, a country of Asia, which receives its name from its
  situation (μεσος ποταμος) _between_ the _rivers_ Tigris and Euphrates.
  It is yearly inundated by the Euphrates, and the water properly
  conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called _Diarbec_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.

=Messāla=, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from his having conquered
  Messana in Sicily. This family was very ancient; the most celebrated
  was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi.
  He was afterwards reconciled to Augustus, and died A.D. 9, in his
  77th year. _Plutarch._――――Another consul, &c.――――The father of
  Valeria, who married the dictator Sylla. _Plutarch._――――A great
  flatterer at the court of Tiberius.――――A governor of Syria.――――A
  tribune in one of the Roman legions during the civil war between
  Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an historical account
  mentioned by Tacitus, _Dialogue on Oratory_, ch. 14.――――A consul with
  Domitius, &c.――――A painter at Rome, who flourished B.C. 235.――――A
  writer, whose book _de Augusti progenie_ was edited 12mo, Leiden,
  1648.

=Messalīna Valeria=, a daughter of Messala Barbatus. She married
  the emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruelties and
  incontinence. Her husband’s palace was not the only seat of her
  lasciviousness, but she prostituted herself in the public streets,
  and few men there were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed
  the favours of the impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last
  irritated her husband; he commanded her to appear before him to
  answer all the accusations which were brought against her, upon which
  she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of
  the tribunes, who had been sent to her, despatched her with his sword,
  A.D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness that a
  celebrated satirist says,

            _Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit_.

  _Juvenal._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 37.――_Suetonius_,
  _Claudius_.――_Dio Cassius._――――Another, called also Statilia. She
  was descended from a consular family, and married the consul Atticus
  Vistinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of
  tenderness her husband’s murderer and married him. She had married
  four husbands before she came to the imperial throne; and after
  the death of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and peaceful
  occupations. Otho courted her, and would have married her had he not
  destroyed himself. In his last moments he wrote her a very pathetic
  and consolatory letter, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.

=Messālīnus Marcus Valerius=, a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius.
  He was appointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known by
  his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the Romans
  of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on
  their different expeditions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.――――One
  of Domitian’s informers.――――A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius.

=Messāna=, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily, on the straits
  which separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called _Zancle_,
  and was founded 1600 years before the christian era. The inhabitants,
  being continually exposed to the depredation of the people of Cuma,
  implored the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and
  with them repelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the
  Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with the
  inhabitants that they changed their name, and assumed that of the
  Messenians, and called their city Messana. Another account say that
  Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium made war against the Zancleans, with the
  assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had
  obtained a decisive victory, he called the conquered city Messana in
  compliment to his allies, about 494 years before the christian era.
  After this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertini took possession of it,
  and made it the capital of the neighbouring country. _See:_ Mamertini.
  It afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, and was for some
  time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. The inhabitants
  were called Messanii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The straits of
  Messana have always been looked upon as very dangerous, especially
  by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the
  irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7,
  ch. 28.

=Messapia=, a country of Italy, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It
  is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messapus the son
  of Neptune, who left a part of Bœotia called _Messapia_, and came
  to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians against Æneas. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 691;
  bk. 8, li. 6; bk. 9, li. 27.

=Messatis=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Messe=, a town in the island of Cythera. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 4, li. 226.

=Messeis=, a fountain of Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Messēne=, a daughter of Triopas king of Argos, who married Polycaon,
  son of Lelex king of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to levy
  troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had been
  conquered, received her name. She received divine honours after her
  death, and had a magnificent temple at Ithome, where her statue was
  made half of gold and half of Parian marble. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  chs. 1 & 13.

=Messēne=, or =Messēna=, now _Maura-Matra_, a city in the Peloponnesus,
  the capital of the country called Messenia. The inhabitants have
  rendered themselves famous for the war which they carried on against
  the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the _Messenian
  war_. The first Messenian war arose from the following circumstances.
  The Messenians offered violence to some Spartan women, who had
  assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to
  both nations, and which stood on the borders of their respective
  territories; and, besides, they killed Teleclus the Spartan king,
  who attempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account,
  according to the Spartan traditions, is contradicted by the
  Messenians, who observe that Teleclus, with a chosen body of
  Spartans, assembled at the temple before mentioned, disguised in
  women’s clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile
  preparation was to surprise some of the neighbouring inhabitants;
  and in a quarrel which soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates
  were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messenian
  war, which began B.C. 743. It was carried on with vigour and spirit
  on both sides, and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been
  fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by the
  taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of
  10 years, and been defended with all the power of the Messenians. The
  insults to which the conquered Messenians were continually exposed
  at last excited their resentment, and they resolved to shake off the
  yoke. They suddenly revolted, and the second Messenian war was begun
  685 B.C., and continued 14 years. The Messenians at first gained
  some advantage, but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so
  totally disheartened them, that they fled to Ira, where they resolved
  to maintain an obstinate siege against their victorious pursuers.
  The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieging Ira, and the
  Messenians were at last obliged to submit to the superior power of
  their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Lacedæmonians, after
  a siege of 11 years, put an end to the second Messenian war. Peace
  was re-established for some time in Peloponnesus, but after the
  expiration of 200 years, the Messenians attempted a third time to
  free themselves from the power of Lacedæmon, B.C. 465. At that time
  the Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the Messenians, by
  joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their
  respective calamities as common, and thought themselves closely
  interested in each other’s welfare. The Lacedæmonians were assisted
  by the Athenians, but they soon grew jealous of one another’s power,
  and their political connection ended in the most inveterate enmity,
  and at last in open war. Ithome was the place in which the Messenians
  had a second time gathered all their forces, and though 10 years had
  already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory.
  The Spartans were afraid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi
  had threatened them with the greatest calamities if they offered any
  violence to a place which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The
  Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious
  adversaries, B.C. 453, and they consented to leave their native
  country, and totally to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly
  promising that if they ever returned into Messenia, they would suffer
  themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messenians upon this, miserably
  exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were permitted
  to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to
  take possession of their ancient territories in Messenia, during the
  Peloponnesian war. The third Messenian war was productive of great
  revolutions in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel, it soon
  engaged the attention of all the neighbouring states, and kindled the
  flames of dissension everywhere. Every state took up arms as if in
  its own defence, or to prevent additional power and dominion from
  being lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descendants of the
  Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B.C. 370, after a long
  banishment of 300 years. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_, &c.――_Justin_,
  bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 11, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Polyænus_,
  bk. 3.――_Polybius_, bk. 4, &c.

=Messēnia=, a province of Peloponnesus, situate between Laconia, Elis,
  Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. _See:_ Messena.

=Mestor=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Lysidice daughter
  of Pelops, by whom he had Hippothoe.――――A son of Pterilaus.――――of
  Priam. _Apollodorus._

=Mesūla=, a town of Italy, in the country of the Sabines.

=Metăbus=, a tyrant of the Privernates. He was father of Camilla, whom
  he consecrated to the service of Diana, when he had been banished
  from his kingdom by his subjects. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 540.

=Metagitnia=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by the
  inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name
  from its being observed in the month called Metagitnion.

=Metanīra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who first taught
  mankind agriculture. She is also called Meganira. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Metapontum=, a town of Lucania in Italy, founded about 1269 years B.C.
  by Metabus the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the companions
  of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some time, and perished
  in a sedition. Annibal made it his head-quarters when in that part
  of Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was afterwards severely
  punished by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its liberties and
  independence. A few broken pillars of marble are now the only
  vestiges of Metapontum. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bks. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c.

=Metapontus=, a son of Sisyphus, who married ♦Theano. _See:_ ♦Theano.
  _Hyginus_, fable 166.

      ♦ ‘Theana’ replaced with ‘Theano’ for consistency

=Metaurus=, now _Metro_, a town with a small river of the same name, in
  the country of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Tyrrhene
  sea above Sicily.――――Another, in Umbria, famous for the defeat of
  Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 38.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 495.

=Metella=, the wife of Sylla.

=Metelli [Metellus]=, the surname of the family of the Cæcilii at Rome,
  the most known of whom were:――A general who defeated the Achæans,
  took Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c.――――Quintus Cæcilius, who
  rendered himself illustrious by his successes against Jugurtha the
  Numidian king, from which he was surnamed _Numidicus_. He took, in
  this expedition, the celebrated Marius as his lieutenant, and he had
  soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. Marius
  raised himself to power by defaming the character of his benefactor,
  and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and accused of extortion and
  ill-management. Marius was appointed successor to finish the
  Numidian war, and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his
  charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that
  the probity of his whole life and the greatness of his exploits
  were greater proofs of his innocence than the most powerful
  arguments. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_.――――Lucius Cæcilius, another, who saved from the
  flames the palladium, when Vesta’s temple was on fire. He was then
  high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and
  the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted him always to
  be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an honour which no one
  had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over the
  Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and led in his triumph 13
  generals and 120 elephants taken from the enemy. He was honoured
  with the dictatorship, and the office of master of horse, &c.
  ――――Quintus Cæcilius Celer, another, who distinguished himself
  by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married Clodia
  the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and
  lasciviousness. He died 57 years B.C. He was greatly lamented by
  Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful
  and valuable friends. _Cicero_, _For Marcus Cæcilius._――――Lucius
  Cæcilius, a tribune in the civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey.
  He favoured the cause of Pompey, and opposed Cæsar when he entered
  Rome with a victorious army. He refused to open the gates of
  Saturn’s temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon
  which they were broken open by Cæsar, and Metellus retired,
  when threatened with death.――――Quintus Cæcilius, the grandson of
  the high priest, who saved the palladium from the flames, was a
  warlike general, who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia,
  was surnamed _Macedonicus_. He had six sons, of whom four are
  particularly mentioned by Plutarch.――――Quintus Cæcilius, surnamed
  _Balearicus_, from his conquest of the Baleares.――――Lucius Cæcilius,
  surnamed _Diadematus_, but supposed the same as that called Lucius
  with the surname of _Dalmaticus_, from a victory obtained over
  the Dalmatians during his consulship with Mutius Scævola.――――Caius
  Cæcilius, surnamed _Caprarius_, who was consul with Carbo, A.U.C.
  641.――――The fourth was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is
  remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one day, but over what
  nations is not mentioned by _Eutropius_, ch. 4.――――Nepos, a consul,
  &c.――――Another, who accused Caius Curio, his father’s detractor,
  and who also vented his resentment against Cicero when going to
  banishment.――――Another, who, as tribune, opposed the ambition
  of Julius Cæsar.――――A general of the Roman armies against
  the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched he offered
  sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the
  goddess was so incensed that she demanded the blood of his daughter
  Metella. When Metella was going to be immolated, the goddess placed
  a heifer in her place, and carried her to a temple at Lanuvium,
  of which she became the priestess.――――Lucius Cæcilius, or Quintus,
  surnamed _Creticus_, from his conquest in Crete, B.C. 66, is
  supposed by some to be the son of Metellus Macedonicus.――――Cimber,
  one of the conspirators against Julius Cæsar. It was he who gave
  the signal to attack and murder the dictator in the senate-house.
  ――――Pius, a general in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head
  he set a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. He
  distinguished himself also in the Marsian war, and was high priest.
  He obtained the name of _Pius_ from the sorrow he showed during the
  banishment of his father Metellus _Numidicus_, whom he caused to be
  recalled. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,
  ch. 44.――――A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. _Valerius Maximus._
  ――_Pliny._――_Plutarch._――_Livy._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 8 & 13.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, &c.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 138.
  ――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_.

=Metharma=, a daughter of Pygmalion king of Cyprus, and mother of
  Adonis by Cinyras, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Methīon=, the father of Phorbas, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  fable 3.

=Methodius=, a bishop of Tyre, who maintained a controversy against
  Porphyry. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, folio, 1657.

=Methōne=, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first
  battle over the Athenians, B.C. 360.――――A town of Macedonia, south
  of Pella, in the siege of which, according to _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6,
  Philip lost his right eye.――――Another in Magnesia. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2, li. 71.

=Methydrium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Megalopolis. _Valerius
  Flaccus._

=Methymna= (now _Porto Petero_), a town of the island of Lesbos, which
  received its name from a daughter of ♦Macareus. It is the second
  city of the island in greatness, population, and opulence, and its
  territory is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was
  the native place of Arion. When the whole island of Lesbos revolted
  from the power of the Athenians, Methymna alone remained firm to its
  ancient allies. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, satire 8, li. 50.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.

      ♦ ‘Marcareus’ replaced with ‘Macareus’

=Metiadūsa=, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she
  had Pandion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Metilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 536, to settle the power of the
  dictator, and of his master of horse, within certain bounds.

=Metilii=, a patrician family, brought from Alba to Rome by Tullus
  Hostilius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Metilius=, a man who accused Fabius Maximus before the senate, &c.

=Mētiŏchus=, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Phœnicians,
  and given to Darius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the
  monarch, though his father had conquered the Persian armies in the
  plains of Marathon. _Plutarch._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――An
  Athenian entrusted with the care of the roads, &c. _Plutarch._

=Metion=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens and Praxithea. He married
  Alcippe daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons drove Pandion from
  the throne of Athens, and were afterwards expelled by Pandion’s
  children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Metis=, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupiter’s first wife, celebrated
  for her great prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods.
  Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world
  a child more cunning and greater than himself, devoured her in the
  first month of her pregnancy. Some time after this adventure the god
  had his head opened, from which issued Minerva, armed from head to
  foot. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, Metis gave a portion to
  Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the children whom he had devoured.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 890.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.
  ――_Hyginus._

=Metiscus=, a charioteer to Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 469.

=Metius Curtius=, one of the Sabines who fought against the Romans,
  on account of the stolen virgins.――――Suffetius, a dictator of Alba,
  in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He fought against the Romans,
  and at last, finally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single
  combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans were conquered,
  and Metius promised to assist the Romans against their enemies.
  In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed his
  infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the first onset, and retired
  to a neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and
  to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. The Romans obtained the
  victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots,
  which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs
  were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the christian
  era. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 642.――――A critic. _See:_ Tarpa.――――Carus, a
  celebrated informer under Domitian, who enriched himself with the
  plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor’s suspicion.

=Metœcia=, festivals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the
  people of Attica having removed to Athens.

=Meton=, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father’s
  name was Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen,
  and pretended to be insane, because he foresaw the calamities that
  attended that expedition. In a book called _Enneadecaterides_, or
  the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to adjust the course of the
  sun and the moon, and supported that the solar and lunar years could
  regularly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by
  the moderns _the golden numbers_. He flourished B.C. 432. _Vitruvius_,
  bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Nicias_. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to
  be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen,
  when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king
  Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.

=Metŏpe=, the wife of the river Sangarius. She was mother of Hecuba.
  ――――The daughter of Ladon, who married the Asopus.――――A river of
  Arcadia.

=Metra=, the daughter of Eresichthon, a Thessalian prince, beloved by
  Neptune. When her father had spent all his fortune to gratify the
  canine hunger under which he laboured, she prostituted herself to her
  neighbours, and received for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, which she
  presented to Eresichthon. Some say that she had received from Neptune
  the power of changing herself into whatever animal she pleased,
  and that her father sold her continually to gratify his hunger, and
  that she instantly assumed a different shape, and became again his
  property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 21.

=Metragryrte=, one of the names of Tellus, or Cybele.

=Metrobius=, a player greatly favoured by Sylla. _Plutarch._

=Metrŏcles=, a pupil of Theophrastus, who had the care of the education
  of Cleombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when old and
  infirm. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Metrodōrus=, a physician of Chios, B.C. 444. He was the disciple of
  Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His compositions
  on medicine, &c., are lost. He supported that the world was eternal
  and infinite, and denied the existence of motion. _Diogenes Laërtius._
  ――――A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent
  to Paulus Æmylius, who, after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of
  the Athenians a philosopher and a painter; the former to instruct
  his children, and the latter to make a painting of his triumphs.
  Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philosopher and
  the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 5, _De Finibus
  Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, bk. 4; _Academica._
  ――♦_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Epicurus_.――――A friend of Mithridates, sent
  as ambassador to Tigranes king of Armenia. He was remarkable for his
  learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by
  his royal master for his infidelity, B.C. 72. _Strabo._――_Plutarch._
  ――――Another, of a very retentive memory.

      ♦ ‘Diod.’ replaced with ‘Diogenes Laërtius’

=Metrophănes=, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Eubœa, &c.

=Metropŏlis=, a town of Phrygia on the Mæander.――――Another of Thessaly
  near Pharsalia.

=Mettius=, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by Julius Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_.

=Mettus.= _See:_ Metius.

=Metulum=, a town of Liburnia, in besieging of which Augustus was
  wounded. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.

=Mevania=, now _Bevagna_, a town of Umbria, on the Clitumnus,
  the birthplace of the poet Propertius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 473.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 124.

=Mevius=, a wretched poet. _See:_ Mævius.

=Mezentius=, a king of the Tyrrhenians when Æneas came into Italy. He
  was remarkable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death by
  slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a dead corpse face to face,
  and suffered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his
  subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in his war against the
  Trojans. He was killed by Æneas, with his son Lausus. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk.
  1, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 648; bk. 8, li. 482.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 881.

=Micea=, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philodemus, murdered by a
  soldier called Lucius, &c. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.

=Micipsa=, a king of Numidia, son of Masinissa, who, at his death,
  B.C. 119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal,
  and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha abused his uncle’s favours by
  murdering his two sons. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Gaius Gracchus_.

=Micythus=, a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the Persian
  king, made an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Epaminondas_, ch. 4.――――A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 170.

=Mĭdas=, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or Gorgius. In the
  early part of his life, according to some traditions, he found a
  large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The
  hospitality he showed to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had
  been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded; and
  Midas, when he conducted the old man back to the god, was permitted
  to choose whatever recompence he pleased. He had the imprudence and
  the avarice to demand of the god that whatever he touched might be
  turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon convinced
  of his injudicious choice; and when the very meats which he attempted
  to eat became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a
  present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered
  to wash himself in the river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into
  gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure, Midas had
  the imprudence to support that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing
  and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended
  god changed his ears into those of an ass, to show his ignorance
  and stupidity. This Midas attempted to conceal from the knowledge
  of his subjects, but one of his servants saw the length of his
  ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal it,
  apprehensive of the king’s resentment, he opened a hole in the earth,
  and after he had whispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass,
  he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the
  ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds,
  which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound that had
  been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the
  ears of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas by the
  supposition that he kept a number of informers and spies, who were
  continually employed in gathering every seditious word that might
  drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo,
  died of drinking hot bull’s blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions,
  to free himself from the numerous ill dreams which continually
  tormented him. Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. He
  built a town, which he called Ancyræ. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 11, fable 5.――_Plutarch_, _de Superstitione_.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 191, 274.――_Maximus Tyrius_, ch. 30.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 14.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 12.――_Cicero_, _De
  Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Midea=, a town of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――――Of Lycia.
  _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 45.――――Of Bœotia, drowned by the
  inundations of the lake Copais. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A nymph, who had
  Aspledon by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.――――A mistress of
  Electryon. _Apollodorus._

=Milānion=, a youth who became enamoured of Atalanta. He is supposed by
  some to be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_,
  bk. 2, li. 188.――――A son of Amphidamas.

=Mīlēsii=, the inhabitants of Miletus. _See:_ Miletus.

=Milesiorum murus=, a place of Egypt, at the entrance of one of the
  mouths of the Nile.

=Milesius=, a surname of Apollo.――――A native of Miletus.

=Milētia=, one of the daughters of Scedasus, ravished with her sister
  by some young Thebans. _Plutarch_ & _Pausanias_.

=Milētium=, a town of Calabria, built by the people of Miletus of Asia.
  ――――A town of Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 154.

=Mīlētus=, a son of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath
  of Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, where
  he built a city which he called by his own name. Some suppose that
  he only conquered a city there called Anactoria, which assumed
  his name. They further say, that he put the inhabitants to the
  sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a daughter
  of the Mæander, fell to his share. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 446.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A celebrated town of Asia Minor,
  the capital of all Ionia, situate about 10 stadia south of the mouth
  of the river Mæander, near the sea coast on the confines of Ionia and
  Caria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, according
  to others, by Neleus the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter’s
  son. It has successively been called _Lelegeis_, _Pithyusa_, and
  _Anactoria_. The inhabitants, called _Milesii_, were very powerful,
  and long maintained an obstinate war against the kings of Lydia.
  They early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less
  than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 380, in different parts
  of the world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander,
  Hecatæus, Timotheus the musician, Pittacus, one of the seven wise
  men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo
  Didymæus, and for its excellent wool, with which were made stuffs and
  garments, held in the highest reputation, both for softness, elegance,
  and beauty. The words _Milesiæ fabulæ_, or _Milesiaca_, were used to
  express wanton and ludicrous plays. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 413.
  ――_Capitolinus_, _Life of Albinus_, ch. 11.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.
  3, li. 306.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Helviam_.

=Milias=, a part of Lycia.

=Milichus=, a freedman who discovered Piso’s conspiracy against Nero.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 54.

=Milinus=, a Cretan king, &c.

=Milionia=, a town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans.

=Mīlo=, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father’s name was
  Diotimus. He early accustomed himself to carry the greatest burdens,
  and by degrees became a monster in strength. It is said that he
  carried on his shoulders a young bullock four years old, for above 40
  yards, and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist, and ate it
  up in one day. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and
  six at Olympia. He presented himself a seventh time, but no one had
  the courage or boldness to enter the lists against him. He was one of
  the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength the learned
  preceptor and his pupils owed their life. The pillar which supported
  the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the
  whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his
  auditors time to escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull up
  a tree by the roots and break it. He partly effected it, but his
  strength being gradually exhausted, the tree, when half cleft,
  re-united, and his hands remained pinched in the body of the tree.
  He was then alone, and being unable to disentangle himself, he was
  eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, about 300 years before
  the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15.――_Cicero_, _de
  Senectute_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――――Titus Annius, a native of Lanuvium,
  who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue and
  seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo
  would have succeeded had not an unfortunate event totally frustrated
  his hopes. As he was going into the country, attended by his wife and
  a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the Appian
  road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to Rome with three of his
  friends and some domestics completely armed. A quarrel arose between
  the servants. Milo supported his attendants, and the dispute became
  general. Clodius received many severe wounds, and was obliged to
  retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his
  retreat, and ordered his servants to despatch him. Eleven of the
  servants of Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of the house
  who had given them a reception. The body of the murdered tribune
  was carried to Rome, and exposed to public view. The enemies of Milo
  inveighed bitterly against the violence and barbarity with which the
  sacred person of a tribune had been treated. Cicero undertook the
  defence of Milo, but the continual clamours of the friends of Clodius,
  and the sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded the seat of
  judgment, so terrified the orator, that he forgot the greatest part
  of his arguments, and the defence he made was weak and injudicious.
  Milo was condemned and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent
  his exiled friend a copy of the oration which he had delivered in his
  defence, in the form in which we have it now; and Milo, after he had
  read it, exclaimed, “O Cicero, hadst thou spoken before my accusers
  in those terms, Milo would not be now eating figs at Marseilles.” The
  friendship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits of long
  intimacy and familiar intercourse. It was by the successful labours
  of Milo that the orator was recalled from banishment and restored to
  his friends. _Cicero_, _For Milo_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 47 &
  68.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.――――A general of the forces of Pyrrhus.
  He was made governor of Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of
  his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain,
  which was covered with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had
  perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum
  of money. _Polyænus_, bk. 8, &c.――――A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown
  into the river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppression. _Ovid_,
  _Ibis_, li. 325.

=Milōnius=, a drunken buffoon at Rome, accustomed to dance when
  intoxicated. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 24.

=Miltas=, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in explaining prodigies, &c.

=Miltiădes=, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, who obtained a victory in a
  chariot race at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his countrymen
  to the Chersonesus. The causes of this appointment are striking
  and singular. The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with the
  Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of Delphi to take for their
  king the first man they met in their return home, who invited them
  to come under his roof and partake of his entertainments. This was
  Miltiades, whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms
  and garments, had struck. He invited them to his house, and was made
  acquainted with the commands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the
  oracle of Delphi had approved a second time the choice of the Dolonci,
  he departed for the Chersonesus, and was invested by the inhabitants
  with sovereign power. The first measure he took was to stop the
  further incursions of the Absynthians, by building a strong wall
  across the isthmus. When he had established himself at home, and
  fortified his dominions against foreign invasion, he turned his arms
  against Lampsacus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he was taken in
  an ambuscade, and made prisoner. His friend Crœsus king of Lydia was
  informed of his captivity, and he procured his release by threatening
  the people of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He lived a
  few years after he had recovered his liberty. As he had no issue, he
  left his kingdom and his possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon,
  who was his brother by the same mother. The memory of Miltiades
  was greatly honoured by the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated
  festivals and exhibited shows in commemoration of a man to whom they
  owed their greatness and preservation. Some time after Stesagoras
  died without issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, and the brother
  of the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with one ship to take
  possession of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared
  mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his brother. The
  principal inhabitants of the country visited the new governor to
  condole with him; but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal
  to them. Miltiades seized their persons, and made himself absolute
  in Chersonesus; and to strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the
  daughter of Olorus the king of the Thracians. His prosperity, however,
  was of short duration. In the third year of his government his
  dominions were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian Nomades,
  whom Darius had some time before irritated by entering their country.
  He fled before them, but as their hostilities were but momentary,
  he was soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after he left
  Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where he was received with
  great applause. He was present at the celebrated battle of Marathon,
  in which all the chief officers ceded their power to him, and left
  the event of the battle to depend upon his superior abilities.
  He obtained an important victory [_See:_ Marathon] over the more
  numerous forces of his adversaries; and when he had demanded of his
  fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of his valour in the
  field of battle, he was not only refused, but severely reprimanded
  for presumption. The only reward, therefore, that he received for
  a victory which proved so beneficial to the interests of universal
  Greece, was in itself simple and inconsiderable, though truly great
  in the opinion of that age. He was represented in the front of a
  picture among the rest of the commanders who fought at the battle of
  Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and animate his soldiers to fight
  with courage and intrepidity. Some time after Miltiades was entrusted
  with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which
  had revolted to the Persians. He was successful at first, but a
  sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him,
  changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the
  siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and
  ♦particularly of holding a correspondence with the enemy. The falsity
  of these accusations might have appeared, if Miltiades had been
  able to come into the assembly. A wound which he had received before
  Paros detained him at home, and his enemies, taking advantage of his
  absence, became more eager in their accusations and louder in their
  clamours. He was condemned to death, but the rigour of the sentence
  was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the
  Athenians, and he was put into prison till he had paid a fine of
  50 talents to the state. His inability to discharge so great a
  sum detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became
  incurable, and he died about 489 years before the christian era. His
  body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and
  pay the 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial. The crimes
  of Miltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes of his countrymen
  when they remembered how he made himself absolute in Chersonesus;
  and in condemning the barbarity of the Athenians towards a general
  who was the source of their military prosperity, we must remember the
  jealousy which ever reigns among a free and independent people, and
  how watchful they are in defence of the natural rights which they
  see wrested from others by violence and oppression. Cornelius Nepos
  has written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon; but his history
  is incongruous and not authentic; and the author, by confounding the
  actions of the son of Cimon with those of the son of Cypselus, has
  made the whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance in reading
  the actions of both the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration
  of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who was indisputably
  more informed and more capable of giving an account of the life and
  exploits of men who flourished in his age, and of which he could see
  the living monuments. Herodotus was born about six years after the
  famous battle of Marathon, and Cornelius Nepos, as a writer of the
  Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after the age of the father
  of history. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 137;
  bk. 6, ch. 34, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias._――――An Archon of Athens.

      ♦ ‘paticularly’ replaced with ‘particularly’

=Milto=, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the younger. _See:_ Aspasia.

=Milvius=, a parasite at Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7.――――A
  bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called _Pont de Molle_. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 33.――_Sallust_, _Catilinæ
  Coniuratio_, ch. 45.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 47.

=Milyas=, a country of Asia Minor, better known by the name of Lycia.
  Its inhabitants, called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Solymi_, were
  among the numerous nations which formed the army of Xerxes in his
  invasion of Greece. _Herodotus._――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,
  ch. 38.

=Mimallŏnes=, the Bacchanals, who, when they celebrated the orgies
  of Bacchus, put horns on their heads. They are also called
  _Mimallonides_, and some derive their name from the mountain
  Mimas. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 99.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 541.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 660.

=Mimas=, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with thunder. _Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 4.――――A high mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 5.――――A Trojan, son of Theano and
  Amycus, born on the same night as Paris, with whom he lived in
  great intimacy. He followed the fortune of Æneas, and was killed by
  Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 702.

=Mimnermus=, a Greek poet and musician of Colophon in the age of Solon.
  He chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have attributed
  the invention of it to him; and, indeed, he was the poet who made
  elegy an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy tale.
  In the expression of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this
  verse shows:

            _Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero_.

  In his old age Mimnermus became enamoured of a young girl called
  Nanno. Some few fragments of his poetry remain, collected by Stobæus.
  He is supposed by some to be the inventor of the pentameter verse,
  which others, however, attribute to Callinus or Archilochus. The
  surname of _Ligustiades_, λιγυς (_shrill-voiced_), has been applied
  to him, though some imagine the word to be the name of his father.
  _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Diogenes
  Laërtius_, bk. 1.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 11.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 65.

=Mincius=, now _Mincio_, a river of Venetia, flowing from the lake
  Benacus, and falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 13; _Germania_, ch. 3, li. 15;
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 206.

=Mindărus=, a commander of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian
  war. He was defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B.C. _Plutarch._

=Mīnēĭdes=, the daughters of Minyas or Mineus, king of Orchomenos
  in Bœotia. They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and
  Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and Iris. They derided
  the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired them
  with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew
  lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The
  lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was
  instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into
  bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, it was usual among
  the Orchomenians for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice
  was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had
  entered the temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 12.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_,
  ch. 38.

=Mĭnerva=, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was
  produced from Jupiter’s brain without a mother. The god, as it is
  reported, married Metis, whose superior prudence and sagacity above
  the rest of the gods, made him apprehend that the children of such
  a union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent
  than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in
  her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve the pains which he
  suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva
  came all armed and grown up from her father’s brain, and immediately
  was admitted into the assembly of the gods, and made one of the most
  faithful counsellors of her father. The power of Minerva was great
  in heaven; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life
  of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was the only
  one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal
  to those of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are numerous, as well as
  the kindnesses by which she endeared herself to mankind. Her quarrel
  with Neptune concerning the right of giving a name to the capital
  of Cecropia deserves attention. The assembly of the gods settled
  the dispute by promising the preference to whichever of the two
  gave the most useful and necessary present to the inhabitants of the
  earth. Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with his trident, and
  immediately a horse issued from the earth. Minerva produced the olive,
  and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who
  observed that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far preferable
  to the horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity
  called the capital _Athenæ_, and became the tutelar goddess of the
  place. Minerva was always very jealous of her power, and the manner
  in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known.
  _See:_ Arachne. The attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are
  strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give
  to Vulcan, who had made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he
  desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of the gods, who
  had permitted Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, but
  privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could
  to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and force of
  Vulcan proved ineffectual, and her chastity was not violated, though
  the god left on her body the marks of his passion, and, from the
  impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva threw
  down upon the earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erichthon, an
  uncommon monster. _See:_ Erichthonius. Minerva was the first who
  built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for
  the Argonauts, which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the
  ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known among the ancients by
  many names. She was called Athena, Pallas [_See:_ Pallas], Parthenos,
  from her remaining in perpetual celibacy; Tritonia, because
  worshipped near the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of
  her eyes; Agorea, from her presiding over markets; Hippia, because
  she first taught mankind how to manage the horse; Stratea and Area,
  from her martial character; Coryphagenes, because born from Jupiter’s
  brain; Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some attributed to her
  the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia,
  Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once amused herself
  in playing upon her favourite flute before Juno and Venus, but
  the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the
  instrument. Minerva, convinced of the justness of their remarks
  by looking at herself in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the
  musical instrument, and denounced a melancholy death to him who
  found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her
  expressions. The worship of Minerva was universally established;
  she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phœnicia, all parts of Greece,
  Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens particularly
  claimed her attention, and it is even said that Jupiter rained a
  shower of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much
  veneration and such an early reverence to the divinity of his
  daughter. The festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn and
  magnificent. _See:_ Panathenæa. She was invoked by every artist,
  and particularly such as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and
  sculpture. It was the duty of almost every member of society to
  implore the assistance and patronage of a deity who presided over
  sense, taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to say,

              _Tu nihil invitâ dices faciesve Minervâ_,

  and,

              _Qui bene placârit Pallada, doctus erit_.

  Minerva was represented in different ways, according to the different
  characters in which she appeared. She generally appeared with a
  countenance full more of masculine firmness and composure, than of
  softness and grace. Most usually she was represented with a helmet on
  her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. In one hand she held
  a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa
  upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon’s head was on her breastplate, with
  living serpents writhing round it, as well as round her shield and
  helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sitting, and
  sometimes she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When
  she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts she was arrayed in
  a variegated veil, which the ancients called _peplum_. Sometimes
  Minerva’s helmet was covered at the top with the figure of a cock,
  a bird which, on account of his great courage, is properly sacred to
  the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with
  a sphinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In
  some medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a dragon
  or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet.
  She was partial to the olive tree; the owl and the cock were her
  favourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles was sacred to her.
  The functions, offices, and actions of Minerva seem so numerous, that
  they undoubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speaks of
  five persons of this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a daughter
  of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from
  Jupiter’s brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a
  fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally represented with winged shoes.
  This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue.
  _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16; bk. 3,
  ode 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 6, 9, & 13.
  ――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 15;
  bk. 3, ch. 23, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_,
  poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 354.――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus_.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, &c.; _Odyssey_; _Hymn to Pallas Athena_.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.――_Lucian_,
  _Dialogues_.――_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 2.
  ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 31.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 14, li. 448.
  ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 168.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 2, li. 721; bk. 7, &c.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 5.

=Minervæ Castrum=, a town of Calabria, now _Castro_.――――Promontorium, a
  cape at the most southern extremity of Campania.

=Mĭnervālia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Minerva, celebrated in
  the months of March and June. During this solemnity scholars obtained
  some relaxation from their studious pursuits, and the present,
  which it was usual for them to offer to their masters, was called
  _Minerval_, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who patronized
  over literature. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 3, li. 809.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.

=Mĭnio=, now _Mignone_, a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene
  sea. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 183.――――One of the favourites of
  Antiochus king of Syria.

=Minnæi=, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea. _Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 14.

=Minoa=, a town of Sicily, built by Minos when he was pursuing Dædalus,
  and called also _Heraclea_.――――A town of Peloponnesus.――――A town of
  Crete.

=Minois=, belonging to Minos. Crete is called _Minoia regna_, as being
  the legislator’s kingdom. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 14.――――A
  patronymic of Ariadne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.

=Minos=, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, who gave laws to
  his subjects, B.C. 1406, which still remained in full force in the
  age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and moderation procured
  him the appellation of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of
  Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of Greece; and, according
  to the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, after death, with the
  office of supreme and absolute judge in the infernal regions. In this
  capacity, he is represented sitting in the middle of the shades and
  holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their different causes
  before him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is
  filled with the destinies of mankind. He married Ithona, by whom he
  had Lycastes, who was the father of Minos II. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 19, li. 178.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 432.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 28.

=Minos II.=, was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos I. king of Crete.
  He married Pasiphae the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her
  he had many children. He increased his paternal dominions by the
  conquest of the neighbouring islands, but he showed himself cruel
  in the war which he carried on against the Athenians, who had put
  to death his son Androgeus. _See:_ Androgeus. He took Megara by
  the treachery of Scylla [_See:_ Scylla], and, not satisfied with
  a victory, he obliged the vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete
  seven chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to be devoured
  by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. This bloody tribute was at last
  abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. _See:_ Theseus.
  When Dædalus, whose industry and invention had fabricated the
  labyrinth, and whose imprudence, in assisting Pasiphae in the
  gratification of her unnatural desires, had offended Minos, fled
  from the place of his confinement with wings [_See:_ Dædalus], and
  arrived safe in Sicily, the incensed monarch pursued the offender,
  resolved to punish his infidelity. Cocalus king of Sicily, who
  had hospitably received Dædalus, entertained his royal guest with
  dissembled friendship; and that he might not deliver to him a man
  whose ingenuity and abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to death.
  Some say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who put the king of
  Crete to death, by detaining him so long in a bath till he fainted,
  after which they suffocated him. Minos died about 35 years before
  the Trojan war. He was father of Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deucalion,
  and two daughters, Phædra and Ariadne. Many authors have confounded
  the two monarchs of this name, the grandfather and the grandson,
  but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they were
  two different persons. _Pausanias_, _Achaia_, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Hyginus_, fable 41.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 141.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 21.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Athenæus._――_Flaccus_, bk. 14.

=Minōtaurus=, a celebrated monster, half a man and half a bull,
  according to this verse of Ovid, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 24,

              _Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem_.

  It was the fruit of Pasiphae’s amour with a bull. Minos refused to
  sacrifice a white bull to Neptune, an animal which he had received
  from the god for that purpose. This offended Neptune, and he made
  Pasiphae the wife of ♦Minos enamoured of this fine bull, which had
  been refused to his altars. Dædalus prostituted his talents in being
  subservient to the queen’s unnatural desires, and, by his means,
  Pasiphae’s horrible passions were gratified, and the Minotaur came
  into the world. Minos confined in the labyrinth a monster which
  convinced the world of his wife’s lasciviousness and indecency, and
  reflected disgrace upon his family. The Minotaur usually devoured
  the chosen young men and maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly
  extracted from the Athenians. Theseus delivered his country from this
  shameful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to
  the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king’s
  daughter, he destroyed the monster, and made his escape from the
  windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous traditions of the Minotaur,
  and of the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, have
  been often explained. Some suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one
  of her husband’s courtiers, called Taurus, and that Dædalus favoured
  the passion of the queen by suffering his house to become the retreat
  of the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought twins into the
  world, one of whom greatly resembled Minos, and the other Taurus.
  In the natural resemblance of their countenance with that of their
  supposed fathers originated their name, and consequently the fable
  of the Minotaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 40.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Palæphatus._――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 26.

      ♦ ‘Minys’ replaced with ‘Minos’

=Minthe=, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by Pluto. Proserpine discovered
  her husband’s amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, called by
  the same name, _mint_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 729.

=Minturnæ=, a town of Campania, between Sinuessa and Formiæ. It was in
  the marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed himself in
  the mud, to avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people condemned him to
  death, but when his voice alone had terrified the executioner, they
  showed themselves compassionate, and favoured his escape. Marica was
  worshipped there; hence _Maricæ regna_ applied to the place. _Strabo_,
  bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 21;
  bk. 27, ch. 38.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.

=Mĭnŭtia=, a vestal virgin, accused of debauchery on account of the
  beauty and elegance of her dress. She was condemned to be buried
  alive because a female supported the false accusation, A.U.C. 418.
  _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 15.――――A public way from Rome to Brundusium.
  _See:_ Via.

=Mĭnŭtius Augurinus=, a Roman consul slain in a battle against the
  Samnites.――――A tribune of the people, who put Mælius to death when
  he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was honoured with a brazen
  statue for causing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to the
  people. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――――Rufus, a
  master of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His disobedience to
  the commands of the dictator was productive of an extension of his
  prerogative, and the master of the horse was declared equal in power
  to the dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill success
  against Annibal, and was saved by the interference of Fabius; which
  circumstance had such an effect upon him, that he laid down his power
  at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that he would never act again
  but by his directions. He was killed at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy.
  _――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――――A Roman consul who defended
  Coriolanus from the insults of the people, &c.――――Another, defeated
  by the Æqui, and disgraced by the dictator Cincinnatus.――――An officer
  under Cæsar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the conspirators
  against his patron. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.――――A
  tribune who warmly opposed the views of Caius Gracchus.――――A Roman,
  chosen dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, because, during
  the time of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was heard.――――A
  Roman, one of the first who were chosen questors.――――Felix, an
  African lawyer, who flourished 207 A.D. He has written an elegant
  dialogue in defence of the christian religion, called _Octavius_,
  from the principal speaker in it. This book was long attributed
  to Arnobius, and even printed as an eighth book (_Octavus_), till
  Balduinus discovered the imposition in his edition of Felix, 1560.
  The two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo, Cambridge, 1712; and
  of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1709.

=Minyæ=, a name given to the inhabitants of Orchomenos in Bœotia,
  from Minyas king of the country. Orchomenos the son of Minyas
  gave his name to the capital of the country, and the inhabitants
  still retained their original appellation, in contradistinction to
  the Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians passed into
  Thessaly and settled in Iolchos; from which circumstance the people
  of the place, and particularly the Argonauts, were called Minyæ. This
  name they received, according to the opinion of some, not because a
  number of Orchomenians had settled among them, but because the chief
  and noblest of them were descended from the daughters of Minyas. Part
  of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons of Codrus when they migrated
  to Ionia. The descendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts
  themselves, received the name of Minyæ. They first inhabited Lemnos,
  where they had been born from the Lemnian women who had murdered
  their husbands. They were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about
  1160 years before the christian era, and came to settle in Laconia,
  from whence they passed into Calliste with a colony of Lacedæmonians.
  _Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 6.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1,
  _Argonautica_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 145.

=Mĭnyas=, a king of Bœotia, son of Neptune and Tritogenia the daughter
  of Æolus. Some make him the son of Neptune and Callirrhoe, or of
  Chryses, Neptune’s son, and Chrysogenia the daughter of Halmus.
  He married Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and
  Eteoclymenus. He was father of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas,
  by a second marriage with Phanasora the daughter of Paon. According
  to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leuconoe,
  Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed into bats. _See:_ Mineides.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.――_Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_, ch. 38.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, lis. 1 & 468.

=Miny̆cus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the sea near Arene, called
  afterwards Orchomenus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Minyeides.= _See:_ Mineides.

=Minyia=, a festival observed at Orchomenus, in honour of Minyas the
  king of the place. The Orchomenians were called Minyæ, and the river
  upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos.――――A small island near
  Patmos.

=Minytus=, one of Niobe’s sons. _Apollodorus._

=Miraces=, a eunuch of Parthia, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 690.

=Misēnum=, or =Misenus=. _See:_ Misenus.

=Misēnus=, a son of Æolus, who was piper to Hector. After Hector’s
  death he followed Æneas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast
  of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. Æneas
  afterwards found his body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a
  promontory which bears his name, now _Miseno_. There was also a town
  of the same name on the promontory, at the west of the bay of Naples,
  and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of
  the Roman emperors generally kept stationed one of their fleets.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 239; bk. 6, lis. 164 & 234.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 13.――_Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 9; _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Misitheus=, a Roman celebrated for his virtues and his misfortunes. He
  was father-in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and actions
  he guided by his prudence and moderation. He was sacrificed to the
  ambition of Philip, a wicked senator who succeeded him as prefect of
  the pretorian guards. He died A.D. 243, and left all his possessions
  to be appropriated for the good of the public.

=Mithras=, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun, or, according to
  others, Venus Urania. His worship was introduced at Rome, and the
  Romans raised him altars, on which was this ♦inscription, _Deo Soli
  Mithræ_, or _Soli Deo invicto Mithræ_. He is generally represented
  as a young man, whose head is covered with a turban, after the manner
  of the Persians. He supports his knee upon a bull that lies on the
  ground, and one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while with
  the other he plunges a dagger into his neck. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,
  bk. 1, li. 720.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Claudian_, _de consulatu
  Stilichonis_, bk. 1.

      ♦ ‘incription’ replaced with ‘inscription’

=Mithracenses=, a Persian who fled to Alexander after the murder of
  Darius by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5.

=Mithradātes=, a herdsman of Astyages, ordered to put young Cyrus
  to death. He refused, and educated him at home as his own son, &c.
  _Herodotus._――_Justin._

=Mithrēnes=, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3.

=Mithridātes I.=, was the third king of Pontus. He was tributary to the
  crown of Persia, and his attempts to make himself independent proved
  fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, and obtained peace with
  difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He
  was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B.C. 363. _Diodorus._――_Xenophon._

=Mithridātes II.=, king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He
  made himself master of Pontus, which had been conquered by Alexander,
  and had been ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the
  Macedonian empire among the conqueror’s generals. He reigned about
  26 years, and died at the advanced age of 84 years, B.C. 302. He was
  succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some say that Antigonus put
  him to death, because he favoured the cause of Cassander. _Appian_,
  _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Diodorus._

=Mithridātes III.=, was son of the preceding monarch. He enlarged his
  paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia,
  and died after a reign of 36 years. _Florus._

=Mithridātes IV.=, succeeded his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son
  of Mithridates III.

=Mithridātes V.=, succeeded his father Mithridates IV., and strengthened
  himself on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose
  daughter Laodice he married. He was succeeded by his son Pharnaces.

=Mithridātes VI.=, succeeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first of
  the kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Romans. He furnished
  them with a fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them against
  Aristonicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of Pergamus. This
  fidelity was rewarded; he was called _Evergetes_, and received
  from the Roman people the province of Phrygia Major, and was called
  the friend and ally of Rome. He was murdered B.C. 123. _Appian_,
  _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.

=Mithridātes VII.=, surnamed _Eupator_ and _The Great_, succeeded
  his father Mithridates VI., though only at the age of 11 years.
  The beginning of his reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and
  artifice. He murdered his own mother, who had been left by his father
  co-heiress of the kingdom, and he fortified his constitution by
  drinking antidotes against the poison with which his enemies at
  court attempted to destroy him. He early inured his body to hardship,
  and employed himself in many manly exercises, often remaining whole
  months in the country, and making the frozen snow and the earth the
  place of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no
  pains to acquire himself power and dominion. He murdered the two sons
  whom his sister Laodice had had by Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and
  placed one of his own children, only eight years old, on the vacant
  throne. These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes king of Bithynia,
  who married Laodice the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to
  be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice
  was sent to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure them that her
  third son was still alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom
  of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. Mithridates used the same
  arms of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor
  of his son, who solemnly declared before the Roman people, that
  the youth who sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third son
  and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported as such by
  Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the Roman senate, and
  finally to settle the dispute between the two monarchs, the powerful
  arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia from Mithridates, and
  Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms, being thus separated
  from their original possessors, were presented with their freedom
  and independence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and received
  Ariobarzanes for king. Such were the first seeds of enmity between
  Rome and the king of Pontus. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Mithridates
  never lost an opportunity by which he might lessen the influence
  of his adversaries; and the more effectually to destroy their power
  in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that were in his dominions to
  be massacred. This was done in one night, and no less than 150,000,
  according to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, were
  made, at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. This universal
  massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla,
  marched against Mithridates with a large army. The former was made
  prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the king’s generals,
  and another decisive engagement rendered him master of all Greece,
  Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had submitted to the
  victorious arms of the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune was
  aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were killed in the
  several engagements that had been fought; and Mithridates, weakened
  by repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for peace from the
  conqueror, which he obtained on condition of defraying the expenses
  which the Romans had incurred by the war, and of remaining satisfied
  with the possessions which he had received from his ancestors.
  While these negotiations of peace were carried on, Mithridates
  was not unmindful of his real interests. His poverty, and not his
  inclinations, obliged him to wish for peace. He immediately took
  the field, with an army of 140,000 infantry and 16,000 horse, which
  consisted of his own forces and those of his son-in-law Tigranes king
  of Armenia. With such a numerous army, he soon made himself master
  of the Roman provinces in Asia; none dared to oppose his conquests,
  and the Romans, relying on his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest
  part of their armies from the country. The news of his warlike
  preparations was no sooner heard, than Lucullus the consul marched
  into Asia, and without delay blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who
  was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch escaped from him,
  and fled into the heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the
  utmost celerity, and would have taken him prisoner after a battle,
  had not the avidity of his soldiers preferred the plundering of a
  mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch who had exercised
  such cruelties against their countrymen, and shown himself so
  faithless to the most solemn engagements. After this escape,
  Mithridates was more careful about the safety of his person, and he
  even ordered his wives and sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of
  their falling into the enemy’s hands. The appointment of Glabrio to
  the command of the Roman forces, instead of Lucullus, was favourable
  to Mithridates, and he recovered the greatest part of his dominions.
  The sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon put an end to his
  victories. A battle, in the night, was fought near the Euphrates,
  in which the troops of Pontus laboured under every disadvantage.
  The engagement was by moonlight, and, as the moon then shone in
  the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows of the arms of the
  Romans having induced Mithridates to believe that the two armies
  were close together, the arrows of his soldiers were darted from a
  great distance, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. A universal
  overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed
  through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of 800 horsemen,
  500 of which perished in the attempt to follow him. He fled to
  Tigranes, but that monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-law,
  whom he had before supported with all the collected forces of his
  kingdom. Mithridates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, and,
  though destitute of power, friends, and resources, yet he meditated
  the destruction of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the heart
  of Italy by land. These wild projects were rejected by his followers,
  and he sued for peace. It was denied to his ♦ambassadors, and the
  victorious Pompey declared that, to obtain it, Mithridates must ask
  it in person. He scorned to trust himself into the hands of his enemy,
  and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects refused to follow him
  any longer, and they revolted from him, and made his son Pharnaces
  king. The son showed himself ungrateful to his father, and even,
  according to some writers, he ordered him to be put to death. This
  unnatural treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; he obliged his
  wife to poison herself, and attempted to do the same himself. It was
  in vain; the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early part of his
  life strengthened his constitution against the poison, and, when this
  was unavailing, he attempted to stab himself. The blow was not mortal;
  and a Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, gave him the
  fatal stroke, about 63 years before the christian era, in the 72nd
  year of his age. Such were the misfortunes, abilities, and miserable
  end of a man, who supported himself so long against the power of
  Rome, and who, according to the declaration of the Roman authors,
  proved a more powerful and indefatigable adversary to the capital of
  Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus.
  Mithridates has been commended for his eminent virtues, and censured
  for his vices. As a commander he deserves the most unbounded applause,
  and it may create admiration to see him waging war with such success
  during so many years against the most powerful people on earth,
  led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the
  greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to the opinion
  of Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of his military character can
  be brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings which happened
  in the Roman armies and in the capital at the news of his death.
  No less than 12 days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the
  immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of
  his death to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, was rewarded
  with the most uncommon honours. _See:_ Ampia lex. It is said that
  Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whose different languages he
  knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. As a
  man of letters he also deserves attention. He was acquainted with
  the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on
  botany. His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a
  celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called _Mithridate_.
  Superstition, as well as nature, had united to render him great; and
  if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his birth was accompanied
  by the appearance of two large comets, which were seen for 70 days
  successively, and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and
  covered the fourth part of the heavens. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 1,
  &c.――_Strabo._――_Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_; _Lucullus_; _Caius Marius_; & _Pompey_.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 30,
  &c.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 97; bk. 7,
  ch. 24; bk. 25, ch. 2; bk. 33, ch. 3, &c.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s
  Command_, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Eutropius_, bk. 5.
  ――_Josephus_, bk. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c.

      ♦ ‘ambassaders’ replaced with ‘ambassadors’

=Mithridātes=, a king of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner.――――A
  man made king of Armenia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned
  by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one
  of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_.――――Another, king of Armenia.――――A king of Pergamus, who
  warmly embraced the cause of Julius Cæsar, and was made king of
  Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to be the son of the great
  Mithridates by a concubine. He was murdered, &c.――――A king of
  Iberia.――――Another of Comagena.――――A celebrated king of Parthia, who
  enlarged his possessions by the conquest of some of the neighbouring
  countries. He examined with a careful eye the constitution and
  political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed
  from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws.
  _Justin._――_Orosius._――――Another, who murdered his father, and made
  himself master of the crown.――――A king of Pontus, put to death by
  order of Galba, &c.――――A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was
  rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger; but,
  when he boasted that he had killed him, he was cruelly put to death.
  _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――――A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely
  murdered Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Mithridātĭcum bellum=, begun 89 years B.C., was one of the longest and
  most celebrated wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign
  power. The ambition of Mithridates, from whom it receives its name,
  may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom
  of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Romans, first engaged
  him to take up arms against the republic. Three Romans officers,
  Lucius Cassius the proconsul, Marcus Aquilius, and Quintus Oppius,
  opposed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia,
  Paphlagonia, and Gallo-græcia. The army of these provinces, together
  with the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men and 6000
  horse. The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly superior to
  these; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 130 armed chariots into
  the field of battle, under the command of Neoptolemus and Archelaus.
  His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, well manned and provisioned.
  In an engagement the king of Pontus obtained the victory, and
  dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He became master of the greatest
  part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of the
  Roman generals were taken, and Marcus Aquilius, who was principally
  entrusted with the conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, and
  exposed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, and at last put
  to death by Mithridates, who ordered melted gold to be poured down
  his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. The conqueror
  took every possible advantage; he subdued all the islands of the
  Ægean sea, and, though Rhodes refused to submit to his power, yet
  all Greece was soon overrun by his general Archelaus, and made
  tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Meanwhile the Romans, incensed
  against Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and of his cruelty
  in massacring 80,000 of their countrymen in one day all over Asia,
  appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, where
  the inhabitants readily acknowledged his power; but Athens shut her
  gates against the Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defended it,
  defeated, with the greatest courage, all the efforts and operations
  of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short duration. Archelaus
  retreated into Bœotia, where Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile
  armies drew up in a line of battle near Chæronea, and the Romans
  obtained the victory, and of the almost innumerable forces of the
  Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Thessaly,
  near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Dorylaus,
  one of his generals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for peace.
  Sylla listened to the terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome
  was now become necessary to quell the commotions and cabals which
  his enemies had raised against him. He pledged himself to the king
  of Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his dominions, and to
  procure him the title of friend and ally of Rome; and Mithridates
  consented to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappadocia
  to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans
  2000 talents to defray the expenses of the war, and to deliver into
  their hands 70 galleys, with all their rigging. Though Mithridates
  seemed to have re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fimbria,
  whose sentiments were contrary to those of Sylla, and who made
  himself master of the army of Asia by intrigue and oppression,
  kept him under continual alarms, and rendered the existence of his
  power precarious. Sylla, who had returned from Greece to ratify the
  treaty which had been made with Mithridates, rid the world of the
  tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pontus, awed by the resolution
  and determined firmness of his adversary, agreed to the conditions,
  though with reluctance. The hostile preparations of Mithridates,
  which continued in the time of peace, became suspected by the Romans,
  and Muræna, who was left as governor of Asia in Sylla’s absence, and
  who wished to make himself known by some conspicuous action, began
  hostilities by taking Comana and plundering the temple of Bellona.
  Mithridates did not oppose him, but he complained of this breach of
  peace before the Roman senate. Muræna was publicly reprimanded; but,
  as he did not cease from hostilities, it was easily understood that
  he acted by the private directions of the Roman people. The king
  upon this marched against him, and a battle was fought, in which both
  the adversaries claimed the victory. This was the last blow which
  the king of Pontus received in this war, which is called the second
  Mithridatic war, and which continued for about three years. Sylla
  at that time was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he commanded
  Muræna to retire from the kingdom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla
  changed the face of affairs; the treaty of peace between the king
  of Pontus and the Romans, which had never been committed to writing,
  demanded frequent explanations, and Mithridates at last threw off
  the mask of friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at his death,
  left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithridates disputed their
  right to the possessions of the deceased monarch, and entered the
  field with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports,
  16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with scythes.
  Lucullus was appointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care of
  the Mithridatic war. His valour and prudence showed his merit; and
  Mithridates, in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no less
  than 300,000 men. Success continually attended the Roman arms. The
  king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody engagements, and with
  difficulty saved his life, and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes
  king of Armenia. Lucullus pursued him; and, when his applications
  for the person of the fugitive monarch had been despised by Tigranes,
  he marched to the capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his sudden
  approach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The
  Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less than 100,000 foot
  of the Armenians perished, and only five men of the Romans were
  killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the country, fell into
  the conqueror’s hands. After such signal victories, Lucullus had the
  mortification to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dispossessed of
  the command by the arrival of Pompey. The new general showed himself
  worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mithridates, and rendered
  his affairs so desperate, that the monarch fled for safety into the
  country of the Scythians; where, for a while, he meditated the ruin
  of the Roman empire, and, with more wildness than prudence, secretly
  resolved to invade Italy by land, and march an army across the
  northern wilds of Asia and Europe to the Apennines. Not only the
  kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the enemy’s hands, but also
  all the neighbouring kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey saw
  prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had
  lately treated the Romans with such contempt. Meantime, the wild
  projects of Mithridates terrified his subjects; and they, fearful
  to accompany him in a march of above 2000 miles across a barren and
  uncultivated country, revolted, and made his son king. The monarch,
  forsaken in his old age, even by his own children, put an end to his
  life [_See:_ Mithridates VII.], and gave the Romans cause to rejoice,
  as the third Mithridatic war was ended in his fall, B.C. 63. Such
  were the unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates against the power
  of Rome. He was always full of resources, and the Romans had never
  a greater or more dangerous war to sustain. The duration of the
  Mithridatic war is not precisely known. According to Justin, Orosius,
  Floras, and Eutropius, it lasted 40 years; but the opinion of others,
  who fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credible; and, indeed,
  by proper calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 years from the
  time that Mithridates first entered the field against the Romans,
  till the time of his death. _Appian_, _ Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_,
  bk. 37, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Livy._――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_,
  &c.――_Orosius._――_Paterculus._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Mithridātis=, a ♦daughter of Mithridates the Great. She was poisoned
  by her father.

      ♦ ‘daughther’ replaced with ‘daughter’

=Mithrobarzānes=, a king of Armenia, &c.――――An officer sent by Tigranes
  against Lucullus, &c. _Plutarch._――――The father-in-law of Datames.

=Mĭty̆lēne= and =Hĭty̆lĕnæ=, the capital city of the island of Lesbos,
  which receives its name from Mitylene the daughter of Macareus, a
  king of the country. It was greatly commended by the ancients for
  the stateliness of its buildings and the fruitfulness of its soil,
  but more particularly for the great men whom it produced. Pittacus,
  Alcæus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Hellenicus, &c., were all
  natives of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes
  and Athens, it had the honour of having educated many of the great
  men of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans
  suffered greatly for their revolt from the power of Athens; and, in
  the Mithridatic wars, they had the boldness to resist the Romans,
  and disdain the treaties which had been made between Mithridates and
  Sylla. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, &c.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pompey_, &c.

=Mitys=, a man whose statue fell upon his murderer, and crushed him to
  death, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 10, _Poetics_.――――A river of Macedonia.

=Mizæi=, a people of Elymais.

=Mnasalces=, a Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. _Athenæus._――_Strabo._

=Mnasias=, an historian of Phœnicia.――――Another of Colophon.――――A third
  of Patræ, in Achaia, who flourished 141 B.C.

=Mnasicles=, a general of Thymbro, &c. _Diodorus_, ♦bk. 18.

      ♦ ‘58’ replaced with ‘18’

=Mnasīlus=, a youth who assisted Chromis to tie the old Silenus, whom
  they found asleep in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus
  under the name of Mnasilus. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 13.

=Mnasippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, who imposed upon the credulity of the
  people, &c. _Polyænus._

=Mnasippus=, a Lacedæmonian, sent with a fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men
  to Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Mnasitheus=, a friend of Aratus.

=Mnason=, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 pieces of gold for 12
  pictures of 12 gods to Asclepiodorus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.

=Mnasyrium=, a place in Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Mnemon=, a surname given to Artaxerxes on account of his retentive
  memory. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.――――A Rhodian.

=Mnēmŏsy̆ne=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, mother of the nine Muses
  by Jupiter, who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her company.
  The word _Mnemosyne_ signifies _memory_, and therefore the poets
  have rightly called memory the mother of the Muses, because it is to
  that mental endowment that mankind are indebted for their progress
  in science. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.――_Pindar_,
  _Isthmean_, ch. 6.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1, &c.――――A fountain of Bœotia, whose waters were generally drunk
  by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 39.

=Mnesarchus=, a celebrated philosopher of Greece, pupil to Panætius,
  &c. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Mnesidămus=, an officer who conspired against the lieutenant of
  Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Mnesilaus=, a son of Pollux and Phœbe. _Apollodorus._

=Mnesimăche=, a daughter of Dexamenus king of Olenus, courted by
  Eurytion, whom Hercules killed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Mnesimăchus=, a comic poet.

=Mnester=, a freedman of Agrippina, who murdered himself at the death
  of his mistress. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 9.

=Mnestheus=, a Trojan, descended from Assaracus. He was a competitor
  for the prize given to the best sailing vessel by Æneas, at the
  funeral games of Anchises in Sicily, and became the progenitor of the
  family of the Memmii at Rome. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 116, &c.
  ――――A son of Peteus. _See:_ Menestheus.――――A freedman of Aurelian, &c.
  _Eutropius_, bk. 9.――_Aurelius Victor._

=Mnestia=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Mnestra=, a mistress of Cimon.

=Mnĕvis=, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun in the town of
  Heliopolis. He was worshipped with the same superstitious ceremonies
  as Apis, and, at his death, he received the most magnificent funeral.
  He was the emblem of Osiris. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _de
  Iside et Osiride_.

=Moaphernes=, the uncle of Strabo’s mother, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Modestus=, a Latin writer, whose book _De re Militari_ has been
  elegantly edited in 2 vols., 8vo, Vesaliæ, 1670.

=Modia=, a rich widow at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 130.

=Mœcia=, one of the tribes at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Mœnus=, now _Mayne_, a river of Germany, which falls into the Rhine
  near Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.

=Mœragĕtes=, _fatorum ductor_, a surname of Jupiter. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Mœris=, a king of India, who fled at the approach of Alexander.
  _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――A steward of the shepherd Menalcas in
  _Virgil’s_, _Eclogues_, poem 9.――――A king of Egypt. He was the last
  of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and reigned 68 years.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――――A celebrated lake in Egypt, supposed
  to have been dug by the king of the same name. It is about 220 miles
  in circumference, and intended as a reservoir for the superfluous
  waters during the inundation of the Nile. There were two pyramids in
  it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other
  appeared above the surface. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.

=Mœdi=, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia.

=Mœon=, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathocles, &c.

=Mœra=, a dog. _See:_ Mera.

=Mœsia=, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of
  Dalmatia, north by mount Hæmus, extending from the confluence of the
  Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into
  Upper and Lower Mœsia. Lower Mœsia was on the borders of the Euxine,
  and contained that tract of country which received the name of Pontus
  from its vicinity to the sea, and which is now part of _Bulgaria_.
  Upper Mœsia lies beyond the other, in the inland country, now called
  _Servia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,
  li. 102.

=Moleia=, a festival in Arcadia, in commemoration of a battle in which
  Lycurgus obtained the victory.

=Molion=, a Trojan prince, who distinguished himself in the defence
  of his country against the Greeks as the friend and companion of
  Thymbræus. They were slain by Ulysses and Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 11, li. 320.

=Molīŏne=, the wife of Actor son of Phorbas. She became mother
  of Cteatus and Eurytus, who, from her, are called _Molionides_.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Molo=, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of
  opinion that Apollonius and Molo are two different persons, who were
  both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of Menecles, of the same
  place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo
  flourished some time after Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and Julius
  Cæsar among his pupils. _See:_ Apollonius. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.
  ――――A prince of Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and killed
  himself when his rebellion was attended with ill success.

=Moloeis=, a river of Bœotia, near Platæa.

=Mŏlorchus=, an old shepherd near Cleonæ, who received Hercules with
  great hospitality. The hero, to repay the kindness he received,
  destroyed the Nemæan lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country
  and, therefore, the Nemæan games, instituted on this occasion, are to
  be understood by the words _Lucus Molorchi_. There were two festivals
  instituted in his honour, called _Molorcheæ_. _Martial_, bk. 9,
  ltr. 44; bk. 14, ltr. 44.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 160.

=Mŏlossi=, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country
  which was called _Molossia_, or _Molossis_ from king Molossus. This
  country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of
  the Perrhæbeans on the east. The dogs of the place were famous,
  and received the name of _Molossi_ among the Romans. Dodona was the
  capital of the country according to some writers. Others, however,
  reckon it as the chief city of Thesprotia. _Lucretius_, bk. 5,
  lis. 10, 62.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 440.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy._
  ――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 2, ch. 8.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 495.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 6,
  li. 114.

=Mŏlossia=, or =Molossis=. _See:_ Molossi.

=Molossus=, a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. He reigned in Epirus,
  after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions received the
  name of Molossia from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――――A surname
  of Jupiter in Epirus.――――An Athenian general, &c. _Pausanias_,
  _Theseus_.――――The father of Merion of Crete. _See:_ Molus. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 6.

=Molpadia=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Plutarch._

=Molpus=, an author who wrote a history of Lacedæmon.

=Molus=, a Cretan, father of Meriones. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.――――A
  son of Deucalion.――――Another, son of Mars and Demonice.

=Molycrion=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Naupactum.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Momemphis=, a town of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Momus=, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, was son of Nox,
  according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satirizing the
  gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed
  Vulcan, because in the human form which he had made of clay, he had
  not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or
  thought there might be easily brought to light. He censured the house
  which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it movable,
  by which means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. In the bull
  which Neptune had produced, he observed that his blows might have
  been surer if his eyes had been placed near his horns. Venus herself
  was exposed to his satire; and when the sneering god had found no
  fault in the body of the naked goddess, he observed, as she retired,
  that the noise of her feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the
  goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the
  cause that Momus was driven from heaven. He is generally represented
  raising a mask from his face, and holding a small figure in his hand.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Lucian_, _Hermotimus_.

=Mona=, an island between Britain and Hibernia, anciently inhabited by
  a number of Druids. It is supposed by some to be the modern island of
  _Anglesey_, and by others, the island of _Man_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 14, chs. 18 & 29.

=Monæses=, a king of Parthia, who favoured the cause of Marcus Antony
  against Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A Parthian in the
  age of Mithridates, &c.

=Monda=, a river between the Durius, and Tagus, in Portugal. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Monēsus=, a general killed by Jason at Colchis, &c.

=Monēta=, a surname of Juno among the Romans. She received it because
  she advised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to avert an
  earthquake. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 15. _Livy_ says
  (bk. 7, ch. 28) that a temple was vowed to Juno under this name, by
  the dictator Furius, when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,
  and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the senate, on
  the spot where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly stood.
  _Suidas_, however, says, that Juno was surnamed _Moneta_, from
  assuring the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus they complained
  of want of pecuniary resources, that money could never fail to those
  who cultivated justice.

=Monĭma=, a beautiful woman of Miletus, whom Mithridates the Great
  married. When his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered his
  wives to destroy themselves; Monima attempted to strangle herself,
  but when her efforts were unavailing, she ordered one of her
  attendants to stab her. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Monimus=, a philosopher of Syracuse.

=Monŏdus=, a son of Prusias. He had one continued bone instead of a row
  of teeth, whence his name (μονος ὁδους). _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 16.

=Monœcus=, now _Monaco_, a town and port of Liguria, where Hercules had
  a temple; whence he is called _Monœcius_, and the harbour _Herculis
  Portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 830.

=Monoleus=, a lake of Æthiopia.

=Monophăge=, sacrifices in Ægina.

=Monophĭlus=, a eunuch of Mithridates. The king entrusted him with the
  care of one of his daughters; and the eunuch, when he saw the affairs
  of his master in a desperate situation, stabbed her, lest she should
  fall into the enemy’s hands, &c.

=Mons Sacer=, a mountain near Rome, where the Roman populace retired in
  a tumult, which was the cause of the election of the tribunes.

=Mons Sevērus=, a mountain near Rome, &c.

=Montānus=, a poet who wrote in hexameter and elegiac verses. _Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_.――――An orator under Vespasian.――――A favourite of Messalina.
  ――――One of the senators whom Domitian consulted about boiling a
  turbot. _Juvenal_, satire 4.

=Mony̆chus=, a powerful giant, who could root up trees and hurl them
  like a javelin. He receives his name from his having the feet of a
  horse, as the word implies. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 11.

=Mony̆ma.= _See:_ Monima.

=Mony̆mus=, a servant of Corinth, who, not being permitted by his master
  to follow Diogenes the cynic, pretended madness, and obtained his
  liberty. He became a great admirer of the philosopher, and also of
  Crates, and even wrote something in the form of facetious stories.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Mophis=, an Indian prince conquered by Alexander.

=Mopsium=, a hill and town of Thessaly, between Tempe and Larissa.
  _Livy_, bk. 42.

=Mopsopia=, an ancient name of Athens, from Mopsus, one of its kings,
  and from thence the epithet of _Mopsopius_ is often applied to an
  Athenian.

=Mopsuhestia=, or =Mopsos=, a town of Cilicia near the sea. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Mopsus=, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto and Apollo, during the
  Trojan war. He was consulted by Amphimachus king of Colophon, who
  wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which
  he was going to undertake. He predicted the greatest calamities;
  but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the Greeks during the
  Trojan war, promised the greatest successes. Amphimachus followed
  the opinion of Calchas, but the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified.
  This had such an effect upon Calchas that he died soon after. His
  death is attributed by some to another mortification of the same
  nature. The two soothsayers, jealous of each other’s fame, came
  to a trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first asked his
  antagonist how many figs a neighbouring tree bore. “Ten thousand
  except one,” replied Mopsus, “and one single vessel can contain them
  all.” The figs were gathered, and his conjectures were true. Mopsus,
  now to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a certain
  pregnant sow would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance, and
  Mopsus immediately said that the sow would bring forth on the morrow
  10 young ones, of which only one should be a male, all black, and
  that the females should all be known by their white streaks. The
  morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas died by
  excess of the grief which this defeat produced. Mopsus after death
  was ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Malia, celebrated
  for the true and decisive answers which it gave. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Ammianus_, bk. 14, ch. 8.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――――A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at
  Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer of the
  Argonauts, and died at his return from Colchis by the bite of a
  serpent in Libya. Jason erected to him a monument on the sea-shore,
  where afterwards the Africans built him a temple where he gave
  oracles. He has often been confounded with the son of Manto, as
  their professions and their names were alike. _Hyginus_, fables 14,
  128, 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A shepherd of that name in _Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_.

=Morgantium= (or ia), a town of Sicily, near the mouth of the Simethus.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Morĭni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the British ocean.
  The shortest passage to Britain was from their territories. They
  were called _extremi hominum_ by the Romans, because situate on the
  extremities of Gaul. Their city, called _Morinorum castellum_, is now
  _Mount Cassel_, in Artois; and _Morinorum civitas_, is _Terouenne_,
  on the Lis. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 726.――_Cæsar_, bk. 4,
  _Gallic War_, ch. 21.

=Moritasgus=, a king of the Senones at the arrival of Cæsar in Gaul.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Morius=, a river of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Morpheus=, the son and minister of the god Somnus, who naturally
  imitated the grimaces, gestures, words, and manners of mankind. He is
  sometimes called the god of sleep. He is generally represented as a
  sleeping child of great corpulence, and with wings. He holds a vase
  in one hand, and in the other are some poppies. He is represented by
  Ovid as sent to inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy Alcyone
  of the fate of her husband Ceyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  fable 10.

=Mors=, one of the infernal deities born of Night, without a father.
  She was worshipped by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedæmonians,
  with great solemnity, and represented not as an actually existing
  power, but as an imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in one of
  his tragedies on the stage. The moderns represent her as a skeleton
  armed with a scythe and a scymetar.

=Mortuum mare.= _See:_ Mare Mortuum.

=Morys=, a Trojan killed by Meriones during the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 13, &c.

=Mosa=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the German ocean, and now
  called the _Maese_ or _Meuse_. The bridge over it, _Mosæpons_, is now
  supposed to be _Maestricht_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66.

=Moscha=, now _Mascat_, a port of Arabia on the Red sea.

=Moschi=, a people of Asia, at the west of the Caspian sea. _Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 270.

=Moschion=, a name common to four different writers, whose compositions,
  character, and native place are unknown. Some fragments of their
  writings remain, some few verses and a treatise _de morbis mulierum_,
  edited by Gesner, 4to, Basil, 1566.

=Moschus=, a Phœnician who wrote the history of his country in his own
  mother tongue.――――A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed to be the
  founder of anatomical philosophy. _Strabo._――――A Greek Bucolic poet
  in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and elegance of his
  eclogues, which are still extant, make the world regret the loss of
  poetical pieces no ways inferior to the productions of Theocritus.
  The best editions of Moschus with Bion is that of Heskin, 8vo,
  Oxford, 1748.――――A Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age of Horace,
  defended by Torquatus in an accusation of having poisoned some of his
  friends. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 9.

=Mosella=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the Rhine at Coblentz,
  and now called the _Moselle_. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 53.

=Moses=, a celebrated legislator and general among the Jews, well
  known in sacred history. He was born in Egypt 1571 B.C., and after he
  had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites
  through the Red sea, and given them laws and ordinances, during their
  peregrination of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he died at the
  age of 120. His writings have been quoted and commended by several of
  the heathen authors, who have divested themselves of their prejudices
  against a Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the effects of his
  wisdom. _Longinus._――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Mosychlus=, a mountain of Lemnos. _Nicander._

=Mosynæci=, a nation on the Euxine sea, in whose territories the 10,000
  Greeks stayed on their return from Cunaxa. _Xenophon._

=Mothōne=, a town of Magnesia, where Philip lost one of his eyes.
  _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6. The word is oftener spelt Methone.

=Motya=, a town of Sicily, besieged and taken by Dionysius tyrant of
  Syracuse.

=Muciānus=, a facetious and intriguing general under Otho and Vitellius,
  &c.

=Mucius.= _See:_ Mutius.

=Mucræ=, a village of Samnium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 565.

=Mulcĭber=, a surname of Vulcan (_a mulcendo ferrum_), from his
  occupation. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 5. _See:_ Vulcanus.

=Mulŭcha=, a river of Africa, dividing Numidia from Mauritania. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Mulvius pons=, a bridge on the Flaminian way, about one mile distant
  from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 14.

=Lucius Mummius=, a Roman consul sent against the Achæans, whom he
  conquered, B.C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by
  order of the senate, and obtained the surname of _Achaicus_ from
  his victories. He did not enrich himself with the spoils of the
  enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so
  unacquainted with the value of the paintings and works of the most
  celebrated artists of Greece, which were found in the plunder of
  Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them to Rome, that if
  they lost them or injured them, they should make others in their
  stead. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 37, ch. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 24.――――Publius, a man commended by Caius Publicius for
  the versatility of his mind, and the propriety of his manners.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.――――A Latin poet. _Macrobius_, bk. 1,
  _Saturnalia_, ch. 10.――――Marcus, a pretor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.
  ――――Spurius, a brother of Achaicus before mentioned, distinguished as
  an orator, and for his fondness for the stoic philosophy. _Cicero_,
  _Brutus_, ch. 25; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 6.――――A
  lieutenant of Crassus defeated, &c. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.

=Munatius Plancus=, a consul sent to the rebellious army of Germanicus.
  He was almost killed by the incensed soldiery, who suspected that it
  was through him that they had not all been pardoned and indemnified
  by a decree of the senate. Calpurnius rescued him from their fury.
  ――――An orator and disciple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and
  great grandfather bore the same name. He was with Cæsar in Gaul, and
  was made consul with Brutus. He promised to favour the republican
  cause for some time, but he deserted again to Cæsar. He was long
  Antony’s favourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium to
  conciliate the favours of Octavius. His services were great in the
  senate; for through his influence and persuasion, that venerable body
  flattered the conqueror of Antony with the appellation of Augustus.
  He was rewarded with the office of censor. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
  ――――Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 30.――――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
  ch. 23.――――A friend of Horace, epode 3, li. 31.

=Munda=, a small town of Hispania Bætica, celebrated for a battle which
  was fought there on the 17th of March, B.C. 45, between Cæsar and
  the republican forces of Rome, under Labienus and the sons of Pompey.
  Cæsar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloody battle, and
  by this blow put an end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 30,000
  men, and Cæsar only 1000, and 500 wounded. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 400.――_Hirtius_, _Spanish War_, ch. 27.――_Lucan_, bk. 1.

=Munītus=, a son of Laodice, the daughter of Priam by Acamas. He was
  entrusted to the care of Æthra as soon as born, and at the taking of
  Troy he was made known to his father, who saved his life, and carried
  him to Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a serpent.
  _Parthenius_, ch. 10.

=Muny̆chia= (and æ), a port of Attica, between the Piræus and the
  promontory of Sunium, called after king _Munychus_, who built there
  a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he instituted festivals called
  _Munychia_. The temple was held so sacred that whatever criminals
  fled there for refuge were pardoned. During the festivals they
  offered small cakes which they called _amphiphontes_, ἀπο τον
  ἁμφιφαειν, _from shining all round_, because there were lighted
  torches hung round when they were carried to the temple, or because
  they were offered at the full moon, at which time the solemnity was
  observed. It was particularly in honour of Diana, who is the same as
  the moon, because it was full moon when Themistocles conquered the
  Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Munychia was well fortified and
  of great consequence; therefore the Lacedæmonians, when sovereigns
  of Greece, always kept a regular garrison there. _Plutarch._――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 709.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Muræna=, a celebrated Roman, left at the head of the armies of the
  republic in Asia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithridates
  with success, but soon after met with a defeat. He was honoured
  with a triumph at his return to Rome. He commanded one of the wings
  of Sylla’s army at the battle against Archelaus near Chæronea. He
  was ably defended in an oration by Cicero, when his character was
  attacked and censured. _Cicero_, _for Lucius Murena_.――_Appian_,
  _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A man put to death for conspiring against
  Augustus, B.C. 22.

=Murcia.= _See:_ Murtia.

=Murcus=, an enemy of the triumvirate of Julius Cæsar.――――Statius, a
  man who murdered Piso in Vesta’s temple in Nero’s reign. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Murgantia=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 27.

=Murrhēnus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 529.

=Mursa=, now _Essek_, a town of Hungary, where the Drave falls into the
  Danube.

=Murtia=, or =Myrtia= (_a_ μυρτος), a supposed surname of Venus,
  because she presided over the _myrtle_. This goddess was the
  patroness of idleness and cowardice. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 4, ch. 32.

=Mus=, a Roman consul. _See:_ Decius.

=Musa Antonius=, a freedman and physician of Augustus. He cured his
  imperial master of a dangerous disease under which he laboured, by
  recommending to him the use of the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded
  for this celebrated cure. He was honoured with a brazen statue by the
  Roman senate, which was placed near that of Æsculapius, and Augustus
  permitted him to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted from all
  taxes. He was not so successful in recommending the use of the cold
  bath to Marcellus, as he had been to Augustus, and his illustrious
  patient died under his care. The cold bath was for a long time
  discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles introduced it again, and
  convinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was brother to
  Euphorbus the physician of king Juba. Two small treatises, _de
  herbâ Botanicâ_, and _de tuendâ Valetudine_, are supposed to be the
  productions of his pen.――――A daughter of Nicomedes king of Bithynia.
  She attempted to recover her father’s kingdom from the Romans, but
  to no purpose, though Cæsar espoused her cause. _Paterculus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_.

=Musæ=, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing,
  and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and
  Mnemosyne, and were nine in number: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene,
  Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose
  that there were in ancient times only three Muses, Melete, Mneme,
  and Aœde; others four, Telxiope, Aœde, Arche, Melete. They were,
  according to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which
  circumstance they are called _Pierides_. The name of Pierides might
  probably be derived from mount Pierus, where they were born. They
  have been severally called _Castalides_, _Aganippides_, _Lebethrides_,
  _Aonides_, _Heliconiades_, &c., from the places where they were
  worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, who was the patron
  and the conductor of the Muses, has received the name of _Musagetes_,
  or leader of the Muses. The same surname was also given to Hercules.
  The palm tree, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon,
  Parnassus, &c., were sacred to the Muses. They were generally
  represented as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They were fond
  of solitude, and commonly appeared in different attire, according to
  the arts and sciences over which they presided. _See:_ Clio, Euterpe,
  Thalia, Melpomene, &c. Sometimes they were represented as dancing
  in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connection which
  exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes
  appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed
  themselves from the violence of Pyrenæus. Their contest with the
  daughters of Pierus is well known. _See:_ Pierides. The worship
  of the Muses was universally established, particularly in the
  enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices
  were ever offered to them, though no poet ever began a poem without
  a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There
  were festivals instituted in their honour in several parts of Greece,
  especially among the Thespians, every fifth year. The Macedonians
  observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter and the Muses. It
  had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with
  stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued
  nine days, according to the number of the Muses. _Plutarch_,
  _Amatorius_.――_Pollux._――_Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 310.――_Homer_, _Hymn 25
  to the Muses and Apollo_.――_Juvenal_, satire 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 14.

=Musæus=, an ancient Greek poet, supposed to have been son or disciple
  of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years before the
  christian era. Virgil has paid great honour to his memory by placing
  him in the Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, and taller
  by the head than his followers. None of the poet’s compositions are
  extant. The elegant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero was written
  by a Musæus, who flourished in the fourth century, according to the
  more received opinions. Among the good editions of Musæus two may
  be selected as the best; that of Rover, 8vo, Leiden, 1727, and that
  of Schroder, 8vo, Leovard, 1743. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 677.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A Latin poet, whose compositions were very
  obscene. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 96.――――A poet of Thebes who lived
  during the Trojan war.

=Musonius Rufus=, a stoic philosopher of Etruria in the reign of
  Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 81.

=Mustēla=, a man greatly esteemed by Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 12.――――A gladiator. _Cicero._

♦=Muta=, a goddess who presided over silence, among the Romans. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 580.

      ♦ corrected alphabetic order.

=Muthullus=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 48.

=Mutia=, a daughter of Quintus Mutius Scævola, and sister of Metellus
  Celer. She was Pompey’s third wife. Her incontinent behaviour so
  disgusted her husband, that at his return from the Mithridatic
  war, he divorced her, though she had borne him three children. She
  afterwards married Marcus Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteemed her.
  _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――A wife of Julius Cæsar, beloved by Clodius
  the tribune. _Suetonius_, _Julius Cæsar_, ch. 50.――――The mother of
  Augustus.

=Mutia lex=, the same as that which was enacted by Licinius Crassus,
  and Quintus Mutius, A.U.C. 657. _See:_ Licinia lex.

=Mutica=, or =Mutyce=, a town of Sicily west of the cape Pachynus.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.

=Mutilia=, a woman intimate with Livia Augusta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Mutĭna=, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, where Marcus Antony
  besieged Decimus Brutus, whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered.
  Two battles on the 15th of April, B.C. 43, were fought there, in
  which Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to retire. Mutina is
  now called _Modena_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41; bk. 7, li. 872.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 592.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 822.
  ――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 14; _Brutus_,
  ltr. 5.

=Mutīnes=, one of Annibal’s generals, who was honoured with the freedom
  of Rome on delivering up Agrigentum. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 41; bk. 27,
  ch. 5.

=Mutinus.= _See:_ Mutunus.

=Mutius=, the father-in-law of Caius Marius.――――A Roman who saved
  the life of young Marius by conveying him away from the pursuit of
  his enemies in a load of straw.――――A friend of Tiberius Gracchus,
  by whose means he was raised to the office of a tribune.――――Caius
  Scævola, surnamed _Cordus_, became famous for his courage and
  intrepidity. When Porsenna king of Etruria had besieged Rome to
  reinstate Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius determined
  to deliver his country from so dangerous an enemy. He disguised
  himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could fluently speak the
  language, he gained an easy introduction into the camp, and soon into
  the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his secretary when Mutius
  entered. The Roman rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him to the
  heart, mistaking him for his royal master. This occasioned a noise,
  and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and brought before the king.
  He gave no answer to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told
  them that he was a Roman; and to give them a proof of his fortitude,
  he laid his right hand on an altar of burning coals, and sternly
  looking at the king, and without uttering a groan, he boldly told him
  that 300 young Romans like himself had conspired against his life,
  and entered the camp in disguise, determined either to destroy him
  or perish in the attempt. This extraordinary confession astonished
  Porsenna; he made peace with the Romans, and retired from their city.
  Mutius obtained the surname of _Scævola_, because he had lost the use
  of his right hand by burning it in the presence of the Etrurian king.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 12.――――Quintus Scævola, a Roman consul. He obtained a
  victory over the Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the
  Marsian war. He is highly commended by Cicero, whom he instructed in
  the study of civil law. _Cicero._――_Plutarch._――――Another, appointed
  proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so much popularity, that
  he was generally proposed to others as a pattern of equity and
  moderation. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, learned, and ingenious,
  equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in the
  temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 years
  before Christ. _Plutarch._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Mutūnus=, or =Mutīnus=, a deity among the Romans, much the same as
  the Priapus of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particularly new
  married women, disgraced themselves by the obscene ceremonies which
  custom obliged them to observe before the statue of this impure deity.
  _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 9.――_Lactantius_,
  bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Mutuscæ=, a town of Umbria. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 711.

=Muzeris=, a town of India, now _Vizindruk_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Myagrus=, or =Myodes=, a divinity among the Egyptians, called also
  Achor. He was entreated by the inhabitants to protect them from flies
  and serpents. His worship passed into Greece and Italy. _Pliny_,
  bk. 10, ch. 28.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 26.

=My̆căle=, a celebrated magician, who boasted that she could draw down
  the moon from her orb. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263.――――A
  city and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, celebrated for a
  battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Persians on the
  22nd of September, 479 B.C., the same day that Mardonius was defeated
  at Platæa. The Persians were about 100,000 men, that had just
  returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece. They
  had drawn their ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as if
  determined to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks to disembark
  from their fleet without the least molestation, and were soon obliged
  to give way before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior
  number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered
  some thousands of the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed back to
  Samos with an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money
  among other very valuable things. _Herodotus._――_Justin_, bk. 2,
  ch. 14.――_Diodorus._――――A woman’s name. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.

=Mycalessus=, an inland town of Bœotia, where Ceres had a temple.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.

=My̆cēnæ=, a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, built by Perseus son of
  Danae. It was situate on a small river at the east of the Inachus,
  about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its name from Mycene,
  a nymph of Laconia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, whose
  monarchs reigned in the following order: Acrisius, 1344 B.C.; Perseus,
  Electryon, Mæstor, and Sthenelus, and Sthenelus alone for eight years;
  Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon, Ægysthus, Orestes, Æpytus, who was
  dispossessed 1104 B.C., on the return of the Heraclidæ. The town of
  Mycenæ was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B.C. 568; and it
  was almost unknown where it stood in the age of the geographer Strabo.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 839.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. The word _Mycenæus_ is used
  for Agamemnon, as he was one of the kings of Mycenæ.

=Mycēnis= (idis), a name applied to Iphigenia, as residing at Mycenæ.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 34.

=Mycerīnus=, a son of Cheops king of Egypt. After the death of his
  father he reigned with great justice and moderation. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 129.

=Myciberna=, a town of the Hellespont. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.

=Mycithus=, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium. He was entrusted
  with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the deceased
  prince, and he exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation,
  that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored
  the kingdom to his master’s children when come to years of maturity,
  and retired to peace and solitude with a small portion. He is called
  by some Micalus. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Mycon=, a celebrated painter, who with others assisted in making and
  perfecting the _Pœcile_ of Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus.
  _Pliny_, bks. 33 & 35.――――A youth of Athens changed into a poppy by
  Ceres.

=Mycŏnos= (or e), one of the Cyclades between Delos and Icaria, which
  received its name from Myconus, an unknown person. It is about three
  miles at the east of Delos, and is 36 miles in circumference. It
  remained long uninhabited on account of the frequent earthquakes
  to which it was subject. Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules
  killed were buried under that island, whence arose the proverb of
  _everything is under Mycone_, applied to those who treat of different
  subjects under one and the same title, as if none of the defeated
  giants had been buried under no other island or mountain about Mycone.
  Strabo observes, and his testimony is supported by that of modern
  travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very early,
  even at the age of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they were called,
  by way of contempt, _the bald heads of Mycone_. Pliny says that
  the children of the place were always born without hair. The island
  was poor, and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence Archilochus
  reproached a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a
  Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 76.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 37; bk. 12,
  ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 1.――_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.
  29.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.

=Mydon=, one of the Trojan chiefs who defended Troy against the Greeks.
  He was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 580.

=Myecphŏris=, a town in Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis.

=Myēnus=, a mountain of Ætolia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.

=Mygdon=, a brother of Amycus, killed in a war against Hercules.――――A
  brother of Hecuba. _See:_ Mygdonus.

=Mygdŏnia=, a small province of Macedonia, near Thrace, between
  the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inhabitants, called _Mygdones_,
  migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country
  received the name of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called
  _Mygdonia_, from the worship she received in Mygdonia in Phrygia.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 22; bk. 3, ode 16, li. 41.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 45.――――A small province of Mesopotamia
  bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a
  Macedonian colony. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12.

=Mygdŏnus=, or =Mygdon=, a brother of Hecuba, Priam’s wife, who reigned
  in part of Thrace. His son Corœbus was called _Mygdonides_, from him.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 341.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.――――A
  small river running through Mesopotamia.

=Mylassa= (orum), a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.

=Myle=, or =Mylas=, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a town of
  the same name. _Livy_, bk. 24, chs. 30 & 31.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,
  ch. 16.――――Also a town of Thessaly, now _Mulazzo_. _Livy_, bk. 42,
  ch. 54.

=Myles=, a son of Lelex.

=Mylitta=, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples
  all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 131 & 199.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Myndus=, a maritime town of Caria near Halicarnassus. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Mynes=, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married Briseis. He was killed by
  Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conqueror. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 3.

=Myniæ.= _See:_ Minyæ.

=Myŏnia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias._

=Myonēsus=, a town and promontory of Ionia, now _Jalanghi-Liman_.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 13 & 27.

=Myra= (orum, or æ), a town of Lycia, on a high hill, two miles from
  the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Myriandros=, a town of Seleucia in Syria, on the bay of Issus, which
  is sometimes called _Sinus Myriandricus_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 108.

=Myrīna=, a maritime town of Æolia, called also _Sebastopolis_, and
  now _Sanderlic_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――_Livy_, bk. 33,
  ch. 30.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A queen of the Amazons, &c. _Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――――A town of Lemnos, now _Palio Castro_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake
  in Trajan’s reign.――――The wife of Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she
  had ♦Hypsipyle.

      ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Myrīnus=, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina in Æolia, where he was
  worshipped.――――A gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 29.

=Myriœ=, a town of Arcadia, called also Megalopolis.

=Myrlææ=, or =Apamea=, a town of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Myrmecĭdes=, an artist of Miletus, mentioned as making chariots
  so small that they could be covered by the wing of a fly. He also
  inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of Indian sesamum. _Cicero_,
  bk. 4, _Academica._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1.

=Myrmĭdŏnes=, a people on the southern borders of Thessaly, who
  accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. They received their name from
  Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa, who married one of the
  daughters of Æolus son of Hellen. His son Actor married Ægina the
  daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt
  near the river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons
  received their name from their having been originally ants, μυρμηκες.
  _See:_ Æacus. According to Strabo, they received it from their
  industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, and like
  them were indefatigable, and were continually employed in cultivating
  the earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 654.――_Strabo._
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 52.

=Myron=, a tyrant of Sicyon.――――A man of Priene, who wrote a history
  of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――A celebrated statuary of
  Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much
  resembling life, that even bulls were deceived and approached her
  as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the
  Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years before Christ. _Ovid_,
  _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 319.――_Pausanias._――_Juvenal_ satire 8.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 41.

=Myronianus=, an historian. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Myronides=, an Athenian general who conquered the Thebans. _Polyænus._

=Myrrha=, a daughter of Cinyras king of Cyprus. She became enamoured
  of her father, and introduced herself into his bed unknown. She had
  a son by him, called Adonis. When Cinyras was apprised of the incest
  he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha
  fled into Arabia, where she was changed into a tree called myrrh.
  _Hyginus_, fables 58 & 275.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 298.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Myrsĭlus=, a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclidæ who reigned in
  Lydia. He is also called Candaules. _See:_ Candaules.

=Myrsus=, the father of Candaules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
  Greek historian in the age of Solon.

=Myrtăle=, a courtesan of Rome, mistress to the poet Horace, bk. 1,
  ode 33.

=Myrtea=, a surname of Venus. _See:_ Murtia.

=Myrtĭlus=, son of Mercury and Phaetusa, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was
  arm-bearer to Œnomaus king of Pisa. He was so experienced in riding
  and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of Œnomaus
  the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal
  to him. Œnomaus had been informed by an oracle that his daughter
  Hippodamia’s husband would cause his death, and on that account
  he resolved to marry her only to him who should overcome him in a
  chariot race. This seemed totally impossible, and to render it more
  terrible, Œnomaus declared that death would be the consequence of a
  defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were so great, that
  many sacrificed their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain her
  hand. Pelops at last presented himself, undaunted at the fate of
  those who had gone before him, but before he entered the course he
  bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he should share Hippodamia’s
  favours if he returned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who was
  enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to Œnomaus, which broke
  in the course and caused his death. Pelops gained the victory, and
  married Hippodamia; and when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the
  reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the
  sea, where he perished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some,
  was carried by the waves to the sea-shore, where he received an
  honourable burial, and as he was the son of Mercury, he was made
  a constellation. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 84 & 224.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.

=Myrtis=, a Greek woman who distinguished herself by her poetical
  talents. She flourished about 500 years B.C., and instructed the
  celebrated Corinna in the several rules of versification. Pindar
  himself, as some report, was also one of her pupils.

=Myrtōum mare=, a part of the Ægean sea which lies between Eubœa,
  Attica, and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Melea. It receives this
  name from Myrto, a woman; or from Myrtos, a small island opposite
  to Carystos in Eubœa; or from Myrtilus the son of Mercury, who was
  drowned there, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Hyginus_, fable 84.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Myrtuntium=, a name given to that part of the sea which lies on the
  coast of Epirus, between the bay of Ambracia and Leucas.

=Myrtūsa=, a mountain of Libya. _Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.

=Mys= (Myos), an artist famous in working and polishing silver. He
  beautifully represented the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithæ, on a
  shield in the hand of Minerva’s statue made by Phidias. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltrs. 34 & 51; bk. 14, ltr. 93.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 14.

=Myscellus=, or =Miscellus=, a native of Rhypæ in Achaia, who founded
  Crotona in Italy according to an oracle, which told him to build a
  city where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the oracle
  long perplexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all in tears in
  Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his favour. According
  to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out of
  Argos without the permission of the magistrates, for which he was
  condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball as a sign
  of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white,
  and had his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus left Greece and came
  to Italy, where he built Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
  li. 19.――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 8.――_Suidas._

=Mysia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into major and
  minor. Mysia minor was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis
  and Bithynia, and Phrygia on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia
  major had Æolia on the south, the Ægean on the west, and Phrygia on
  the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c.
  The inhabitants were once very warlike, but they greatly degenerated;
  and the words _Mysorum ultimus_ were emphatically used to signify a
  person of no merit. The ancients generally hired them to attend their
  funerals as mourners, because they were naturally melancholy and
  inclined to shed tears. They were once governed by monarchs. They
  are supposed to be descended from the Mysians of Europe, a nation
  which inhabited that part of Thrace which was situate between mount
  Hæmus and the Danube. _Strabo._――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_.――_Flaccus_, ch. 27.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――――A festival in honour of Ceres,
  surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple near
  Pallene in Achaia. Some derive the words ἀπο του μυσιαν, _to cloy_,
  or _satisfy_, because Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of
  men by giving them corn. The festival continued during seven days, &c.

=Myson=, a native of Sparta, one of the seven wise men of Greece.
  When Anacharsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was
  the wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he who was now
  ploughing his fields. This was Myson. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives
  and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.

=Mystes=, a son of the poet Valgius, whose early death was so lamented
  by the father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his
  friend. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9.

=Mythecus=, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied cookery, and when he
  thought himself sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went to
  Sparta, where he gained much practice, especially among the younger
  citizens. He was soon after expelled the city by the magistrates, who
  observed that the aid of Mythecus was unnecessary, as hunger was the
  best seasoning.

=My̆tilēne.= _See:_ Mitylene.

=Myus= (_Myuntis_), a town of Ionia on the confines of Caria, founded
  by a Grecian colony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia,
  situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from the mouth of the
  Mæander. Artaxerxes king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to
  maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to support him in bread, and
  Lampsacus in wine. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 142.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.


                                   N

=Nabazanes=, an officer of Darius III., at the battle of Issus. He
  conspired with Bessus to murder his royal master, either to obtain
  the favour of Alexander or to seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Năbăthæa=, a country of Arabia, of which the capital was called Petra.
  The word is often applied to any of the eastern countries of the
  world by the poets, and seems to be derived from Nabath the son of
  Ishmael. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 61; bk. 5, li. 163.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 63.――_Juvenal_, satire 11,
  li. 126.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 160, &c.

=Nābis=, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedæmon, who in all acts of cruelty
  and oppression surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was
  filled with flatterers and with spies, who were continually employed
  in watching the words and the actions of his subjects. When he had
  exercised every art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, he made a
  statue, which in resemblance was like his wife, and was clothed in
  the most magnificent apparel, and whenever any one refused to deliver
  up his riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately,
  by means of secret springs, seized him in its arms, and tormented him
  in the most excruciating manner with bearded points and prickles, hid
  under the clothes. To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an
  alliance with Flaminius the Roman general, and pursued with the most
  inveterate enmity the war which he had undertaken against the Achæans.
  He besieged Gythium and defeated Philopœmen in a naval battle. His
  triumph was short; the general of the Achæans soon repaired his
  losses, and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and treacherously
  murdered, as he attempted to save his life by flight, B.C. 192, after
  a usurpation of 14 years. _Polybius_, bk. 13.――_Justin_, bks. 30 & 31.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Florus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second
  Punic war, as he fought against the Romans. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15,
  li. 672.

=Nabonassar=, a king of Babylon, after the division of the Assyrian
  monarchy. From him the _Nabonassarean epoch_ received its name,
  agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 746 B.C.

=Nacri campi=, a place of Gallia Togata near Mutina. _Livy_, bk. 41,
  ch. 18.

=Nadagara.= _See:_ ♦Nagara.

      ♦ reference not found

=Nænia=, the goddess of funerals at Rome, whose temple was without the
  gates of the city. The songs which were sung at funerals were also
  called _nænia_. They were generally filled with the praises of the
  deceased, but sometimes they were so unmeaning and improper, that the
  word became proverbial to signify nonsense. _Varro_, ♦_Antiquitates
  rerum humanarum et divinarum_.――_Plautus_, _Asinaria_. ♠act 4,
  scene 1, li. 63.

      ♦ ‘de Vitâ P. R.’ replaced with ‘Antiquitates rerum humanarum
        et divinarum’
      ♠ ‘41’ replaced with ‘4’

=Cnæus Nævius=, a Latin poet in the first Punic war. He was originally
  in the Roman armies, but afterwards he applied himself to study and
  wrote comedies, besides a poetical account of the first Punic war,
  in which he had served. His satirical disposition displeased the
  consul Metellus, who drove him from Rome. He passed the rest of his
  life in Utica, where he died, about 203 years before the christian
  era. Some fragments of his poetry are extant. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 1; _de Senectute_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr.
  1, li. 53.――――A tribune of the people at Rome, who accused Scipio
  Africanus of extortion.――――An augur in the reign of Tarquin. To
  convince the king and the Romans of his power as an augur, he cut
  a flint with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the populace into
  admiration. Tarquin rewarded his merit by erecting to him a statue
  in the _comitium_, which was still in being in the age of Augustus.
  The razor and flint were buried near it under an altar, and it was
  usual among the Romans to make witnesses in civil causes swear near
  it. This miraculous event of cutting a flint with a razor, though
  believed by some writers, is treated as fabulous and improbable by
  Cicero, who himself had been an augur. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 17;
  _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Nævŏlus=, an infamous pimp in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 9,
  li. 1.

=Naharvali=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Nāiădes=, or =Naides=, certain inferior deities who presided over
  rivers, springs, wells, and fountains. The Naiades generally
  inhabited the country, and resorted to the woods or meadows near the
  stream over which they presided, whence the name (ναιειν, _to flow_).
  They are represented as young and beautiful virgins, often leaning
  upon an urn, from which flows a stream of water. Ægle was the
  fairest of the Naiades, according to Virgil. They were held in great
  veneration among the ancients, and often sacrifices of goats and
  lambs were offered to them, with libations of wine, honey, and oil.
  Sometimes they received only offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers.
  _See:_ Nymphæ. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 328.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.

=Nais=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Chiron or Glaucus by Magnes.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A nymph, mother by Bucolion of Ægesus
  and Pedasus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――――A nymph in an island of
  the Red sea, who by her incantations turned to fishes all those
  who approached her residence, after she had admitted them to her
  embraces. She was herself changed into a fish by Apollo. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 49, &c.――――The word is used for water
  by _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7.

=Naissus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nissa_, a town of Mœsia, the birthplace of
  Constantine, ascribed by some to Illyricum or Thrace.

=Nantuates=, a people of Gaul near the Alps. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Napææ=, certain divinities among the ancients, who presided over the
  hills and woods of the country. Some suppose that they were tutelary
  deities of the fountains, and the Naiades of the sea. Their name is
  derived from ναπη, _a grove_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 535.

=Napata=, a town of Æthiopia.

=Naphĭlus=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the Alpheus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1.

=Nar=, now _Nera_, a river of Umbria, whose waters, famous for
  their sulphureous properties, pass through the lake Velinus, and
  issuing from thence with great rapidity, fall into the Tiber.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 517.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 15.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79; bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Narbo Martius=, now _Narbonne_, a town of Gaul, founded by the consul
  Marcius, A.U.C. 636. It became the capital of a large province of
  Gaul, which obtained the name of Gallia _Narbonensis_. _Paterculus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.

=Narbonensis Gallia=, one of the four great divisions of ancient Gaul,
  was bounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, Belgicum,
  and the Mediterranean, and contained the modern provinces of
  Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné, and Savoy.

=Narcæus=, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.

=Narcea=, a surname of Minerva in Elis, from her temple there, erected
  by Narcæus.

=Narcissus=, a beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope,
  born at Thespis in Bœotia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain,
  and became enamoured of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the place.
  His fruitless attempts to approach this beautiful object so provoked
  him, that he grew desperate and killed himself. His blood was changed
  into a flower, which still bears his name. The nymphs raised a
  funeral pile to burn his body, according to Ovid, but they found
  nothing but a beautiful flower. Pausanias says that Narcissus had a
  sister as beautiful as himself, of whom he became deeply enamoured.
  He often hunted in the woods in her company, but his pleasure was
  soon interrupted by her death; and still to keep afresh her memory,
  he frequented the groves, where he had often attended her, or
  reposed himself on the brim of a fountain, where the sight of his
  own reflected image still awakened tender sentiments. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 21.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,
  li. 346, &c.――_Philostratus_, bk. 1.――――A freedman and secretary of
  Claudius, who abused his trust and the infirmities of his imperial
  master, and plundered the citizens of Rome to enrich himself.
  Messalina, the emperor’s wife, endeavoured to remove him, but
  Narcissus sacrificed her to his avarice and resentment. Agrippina,
  who succeeded in the place of Messalina, was more successful.
  Narcissus was banished by her intrigues, and compelled to kill
  himself, A.D. 54. The emperor greatly regretted his loss, as he had
  found him subservient to his most criminal and extravagant pleasures.
  _Tacitus._――_Suetonius._――――A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to
  death by Galba.――――A wretch who strangled the emperor Commodus.

=Nargara=, a town of Africa, where Hannibal and Scipio came to a parley.
  _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.

=Narisci=, a nation of Germany, in the Upper Palatinate. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Narnia=, or =Narna=, anciently _Nequinum_, now _Narni_, a town of
  Umbria, washed by the river Nar, from which it received its name. In
  its neighbourhood are still visible the remains of an aqueduct and of
  a bridge, erected by Augustus. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 9.

=Naro=, now _Narenta_, a river of Dalmatia, falling into the Adriatic,
  and having the town of _Narona_, now called _Narenza_, on its banks,
  a little above the mouth.

=Narses=, a king of Persia, A.D. 294, defeated by Maximianus Galerius,
  after a reign of seven years.――――A eunuch in the court of Justinian,
  who was deemed worthy to succeed Belisarius, &c.――――A Persian general,
  &c.

=Narthēcis=, a small island near Samos.

=Narycia=, =Narycium=, or =Naryx=, a town of Magna Græcia, built by
  a colony of Locrians after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece
  from which they came bore the same name, and was the country of
  Ajax Oileus. The word _Narycian_ is more universally understood as
  applying to the Italian colony, near which pines and other trees grew
  in abundance. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 438; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 399.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 705.

=Nasămōnes=, a savage people of Libya near the Syrtes, who generally
  lived upon plunder. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 439.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 165.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 116;
  bk. 11, li. 180.

=Nascio=, or =Natio=, a goddess at Rome who presided over the birth of
  children. She had a temple at Ardea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Nasīca=, the surname of one of the Scipios. Nasica was the first who
  invented the measuring of time by water, B.C. 159, about 134 years
  after the introduction of sun-dials at Rome. _See:_ Scipio.――――An
  avaricious fellow who married his daughter to Coranus, a man as
  mean as himself, that he might not only not repay the money he
  had borrowed, but moreover become his creditor’s heir. Coranus,
  understanding his meaning, purposely alienated his property from
  him and his daughter, and exposed him to ridicule. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  satire 5, li. 64, &c.

=Nasidiēnus=, a Roman knight, whose luxury, arrogance, and ostentation,
  exhibited at an entertainment which he gave to Mecænas, were
  ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 8.

=Lucius Nasidius=, a man sent by Pompey to assist the people of
  Massilia. After the battle of Pharsalia, he followed the interests
  of Pompey’s children, and afterwards revolted to Antony. _Appian._

=Naso=, one of the murderers of Julius Cæsar.――――One of Ovid’s names.
  _See:_ Ovidius.

=Nassus=, or =Nasus=, a town of Acarnania, near the mouth of the
  Achelous. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24. Also a part of the town of Syracuse.

=Nasua=, a general of the Suevi, when Cæsar was in Gaul.

=Natālis Antonius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero with
  Piso. He was pardoned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.

=Natiso=, now _Natisone_, a river rising in the Alps, and falling into
  the Adriatic east of Aquileia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Natta=, a man whose manner of living was so mean, that his name became
  almost proverbial at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6, li. 224.

=Nava=, now _Nape_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine at
  Bingen, below Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.

=Naubŏlus=, a charioteer of Laius king of Thebes.――――A Phocean, father
  of Iphitus. The sons of Iphitus were called _Naubolides_, from their
  grandfather.――――A son of Lernus, one of the Argonauts.

=Naucles=, a general of the mercenary troops of Lacedæmon against
  Thebes, &c.

=Naucrătes=, a Greek poet, who was employed by Artemisia to write a
  panegyric upon Mausolus.――――Another poet. _Athenæus_, bk. 9.――――An
  orator who endeavoured to alienate the cities of Lycia from the
  interest of Brutus.

=Naucrătis=, a city of Egypt on the left side of the Canopic mouth
  of the Nile. It was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship was
  permitted to land at any other place, but was obliged to sail
  directly to the city, there to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to
  Athenæus. The inhabitants were called _Naucratitæ_, or _Naucratiotæ_.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 97 & 179.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Navius Actius=, a famous augur. _See:_ Nævius.

=Naulŏchus=, a maritime town of Sicily near Pelorum.――――A town of
  Thrace on the Euxine sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――――A promontory of
  the island of Imbros.――――A town of the Locri. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Naupactus=, or =Naupactum=, a city of Ætolia, at the mouth of the
  Evenus, now called _Lepanto_. The word is derived from ναυς and
  πηγνυμι because it was there that the Heraclidæ _built_ the first
  _ship_, which carried them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to the
  Locri Ozolæ, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Athenians,
  who gave it to the Messenians, who had been driven from Peloponnesus
  by the Lacedæmonians. It became the property of the Lacedæmonians,
  after the battle of Ægospotamos, and it was restored to the Locri.
  Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it, and gave it to the Ætolians,
  from which circumstance it has generally been called one of the chief
  cities of their country. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 25.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.

=Nauplia=, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, the naval station of the
  Argives. The famous fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Naupliădes=, a patronymic of Palamedes son of Nauplius. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 39.

=Nauplius=, a son of Neptune and Amymone, king of Eubœa. He was father
  to the celebrated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sacrificed to the
  artifice and resentment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan
  war. The death of Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, and to avenge
  the injustice of the Grecian princes, he attempted to debauch their
  wives and ruin their character. When the Greeks returned from the
  Trojan war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure distressed in a storm on
  the coasts of Eubœa, and to make their disaster still more universal,
  he lighted fires on such places as were surrounded with the most
  dangerous rocks, that the fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast.
  This succeeded, but Nauplius was so disappointed when he saw Ulysses
  and Diomedes escape from the general calamity, that he threw himself
  into the sea. According to some mythologists, there were two persons
  of this name.――――A native of Argos, who went to Colchis with Jason.
  He was son of Neptune and Amymone. The other was king of Eubœa,
  and lived during the Trojan war. He was, according to some, son
  of Clytonas, one of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The
  Argonaut was remarkable for his knowledge of sea affairs, and of
  astronomy. He built the town of Nauplia, and sold Auge daughter of
  Aleus to king Teuthras, to withdraw her from her father’s resentment.
  _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 35.――_Hyginus_, fable 116.

=Nauportus=, a town of Pannonia on a river of the same name, now called
  _Ober_, or _Upper Laybach_. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Naura=, a country of Scythia in Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 3.――――Of India
  within the Ganges. _Arrian._

=Nausĭcaa=, a daughter of Alcinous king of the Phæaceans. She met
  Ulysses shipwrecked on her father’s coasts, and it was to her
  humanity that he owed the kind reception which he experienced from
  the king. She married, according to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus
  the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son called Perseptolis or
  Ptoliporthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 126.

=Nausĭcles=, an Athenian, sent to assist the Phocians with 5000 foot, &c.

=Nausīmĕnes=, an Athenian, whose wife lost her voice from the alarm she
  received in seeing her son guilty of incest.

=Nausithoe=, one of the Nereides.

=Nausithous=, a king of the Phæaceans, father to Alcinous. He was son
  of Neptune and Peribœa. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and Calypso.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, bk. 1, li. 16.――――The pilot of the vessel which
  carried Theseus into Crete.

=Naustathmus=, a port of Phocæa in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.
  ――――Also a part of Cyrenaica, now _Bondaria_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Nautes=, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted Æneas when his fleet had
  been burnt in Sicily. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 704. He was the
  progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to whom the Palladium of
  Troy was, in consequence of the service of their ancestors, entrusted.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 794.

=Naxos=, now _Naxia_, a celebrated island in the Ægean sea, the
  largest and most fertile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in
  circumference, and 30 broad. It was formerly called _Strongyle_,
  _Dia_, _Dionysias_, and _Callipolis_, and received the name of Naxos
  from Naxus, who was at the head of a Carian colony, which settled
  in the island. Naxos abounds with all sorts of fruits, and its
  wines are still in the same repute as formerly. The Naxians were
  anciently governed by kings, but they afterwards exchanged this form
  of government for a republic, and enjoyed their liberty till the age
  of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They were reduced
  by the Persians; but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes against
  Greece, they revolted and fought on the side of the Greeks. During
  the Peloponnesian war, they supported the interest of Athens. Bacchus
  was the chief deity of the island. The capital was also called
  Naxos; and near it, on the 20th Sept., B.C. 377, the Lacedæmonians
  were defeated by Chabrias. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus._
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 636.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 125.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
  ――_Pindar._――――An ancient town on the eastern side of Sicily, founded
  759 years before the christian era. There was also another town at
  the distance of five miles from Naxos, which bore the same name, and
  was often called, by contradistinction, _Taurominium_. _Pliny_, bk. 3.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.――――A town of Crete, noted for hones. _Pliny_,
  bk. 36, ch. 7.――――A Carian who gave his name to the greatest of the
  Cyclades.

=Nazianzus=, a town of Cappadocia where St. Gregory was born, and hence
  he is called _Nazianzenus_.

=Nea=, or =Nova insula=, a small island between Lemnos and the
  Hellespont, which rose out of the sea during an earthquake. _Pliny_,
  bk. 2, ch. 87.

=Neæra=, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and Lampetia by the Sun. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 12.――――A woman mentioned by Virgil’s _Eclogues_,
  poem 3.――――A mistress of the poet Tibullus.――――A favourite of Horace.
  ――――A daughter of Pereus, who married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus,
  Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ravished by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――The wife of Autolycus.
  _Pausanias._――――A daughter of Niobe and Amphion.――――The wife of
  Strymon. _Apollodorus._

=Neæthus=, now _Neto_, a river of Magna Græcia near Crotona. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 51.

=Nealces=, a friend of Turnus in his war against Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 753.

=Nealices=, a painter, amongst whose capital pieces are mentioned a
  painting of Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyptians,
  and an ass drinking on the shore, with a crocodile preparing to
  attack it.

=Neandros= (or ia), a town of Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.

=Neanthes=, an orator and historian of Cyzicum, who flourished 257
  years B.C.

=Neapŏlis=, a city of Campania, anciently called Parthenope, and now
  known by the name of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at the back
  of a beautiful bay 30 miles in circumference. As the capital of that
  part of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 350,000 souls, who
  exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant magnificence, and extreme
  poverty. Augustus called it Neapolis. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 98.
  ――――A town in Africa.――――A city of Thrace.――――A town of Egypt,――――of
  Palestine,――――of Ionia.――――Also a part of Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25,
  ch. 24.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.

=Nearchus=, an officer of Alexander in his Indian expedition. He
  was ordered to sail upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus, and to
  examine it. He wrote an account of this voyage and of the king’s life;
  but his veracity has been called in question by Arrian. After the
  king’s death he was appointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. _Curtius_, bk.
  9, ch. 10.――_Polyænus_, bk. 9.――_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 2, &c.――――A beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 20.――――An
  old man mentioned by Cicero, _de Senectute_.

=Nebo=, a high mountain near Palestine, beyond Jordan, from the top of
  which Moses was permitted to view the promised land.

=Nebrissa=, a town of Spain, now _Lebrixa_.

=Nebrōdes=, a mountain of Sicily, where the Himera rises. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 237.

=Nebrophŏnos=, a son of Jason and Hypsipyle. _Apollodorus._――――One of
  Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.

=Nebŭla=, a name given to Nephele the wife of Athamas. _Lactantius
  [Placidus]_ on _Achilleid_ of _Statius_, bk. 1, ch. 65.

=Necessĭtas=, a divinity who presided over the destinies of mankind,
  and who was regarded as the mother of the Parcæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Nechos=, a king of Egypt, who attempted to make a communication
  between the Mediterranean and Red seas, B.C. 610. No less than
  12,000 men perished in the attempt. It was discovered in his reign
  that Africa was circumnavigable. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 158; bk. 4,
  ch. 42.

=Necropŏlis=, one of the suburbs of Alexandria.

=Nectanēbus= and =Nectanābis=, a king of Egypt, who defended his
  country against the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B.C. 363.
  His grandson, of the same name, made an alliance with Agesilaus king
  of Sparta, and with his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his
  subjects. Some time after he was joined by the Sidonians, Phœnicians,
  and inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from the king of Persia.
  This powerful confederacy was soon attacked by Darius the king of
  Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend
  his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary
  soldiers in Greece, the same number in Libya, and 60,000 were
  furnished in Egypt. This numerous body was not equal to the Persian
  forces; and Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up all hopes of
  resistance, and fled into Æthiopia, B.C. 350, where he found a safe
  asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became from that time tributary to the
  king of Persia. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c.
  ――_Polyænus._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.

=Necysia=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks in memory of the dead.

=Neis=, the wife of Endymion. _Apollodorus._

=Neleus=, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He was brother to Pelias,
  with whom he was exposed by his mother, who wished to conceal her
  infirmities from her father. They were preserved and brought to Tyro,
  who had then married Cretheus king of Iolchos. After the death of
  Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized the kingdom of Iolchos, which
  belonged to Æson, the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch.
  After they had reigned for some time conjointly, Pelias expelled
  Neleus from Iolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of Messenia, who
  treated him with kindness, and permitted him to build a city, which
  he called Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter of Amphion,
  by whom he had a daughter and 12 sons, who were all, except Nestor,
  killed by Hercules, together with their father. Neleus promised
  his daughter in marriage only to him who brought him the bulls of
  Iphiclus. Bias was the successful lover. _See:_ Melampus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 418.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A river of Eubœa.

=Nelo=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Nemæa=, a town of Argolis between Cleonæ and Phlius, with a wood,
  where Hercules, in the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated
  Nemæan lion. This animal, born of the hundred-headed Typhon, infested
  the neighbourhood of Nemæa, and kept the inhabitants under continual
  alarms. It was the first labour of Hercules to destroy it; and the
  hero, when he found that his arrows and his club were useless against
  an animal whose skin was hard and impenetrable, seized him in his
  arms and squeezed him to death. The conqueror clothed himself in the
  skin, and games were instituted to commemorate so great an event. The
  Nemæan games were originally instituted by the Argives in honour of
  Archemorus, who died by the bite of a serpent [_See:_ Archemorus],
  and Hercules some time after renewed them. They were one of the four
  great and solemn games which were observed in Greece. The Argives,
  Corinthians, and the inhabitants of Cleonæ generally presided by
  turns at the celebration, in which were exhibited foot and horse
  races, chariot races, boxing, wrestling, and contests of every kind,
  both gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was rewarded with a crown
  of olives, afterwards of green parsley, in memory of the adventure of
  Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a sprig of that plant. They
  were celebrated every third, or, according to others, every fifth
  year, or more properly on the first and third year of every Olympiad,
  on the 12th day of the Corinthian month _Panemos_, which corresponds
  to our August. They served as an era to the Argives, and to the
  inhabitants of the neighbouring country. It was always usual for
  an orator to pronounce a funeral oration in memory of the death
  of Archemorus, and those who distributed the prizes were always
  dressed in mourning. _Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 30 & 31; bk. 34, ch. 41.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 97, _Epistles_, ltr. 9, li. 61.
  ――_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.――_Clement of Alexandria._――_Athenæus.
  _――_Polyænus._――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Hyginus_, fables 30 & 273.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A river of Peloponnesus falling
  into the bay of Corinth. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 15.

=Nemausus=, a town of Gaul, in Languedoc, near the mouth of the Rhone,
  now _Nismes_.

=Nemesia=, festivals in honour of Nemesis. _See:_ Nemesis.

=Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesiānus=, a Latin poet, born at Carthage,
  of no very brilliant talents, in the third century, whose poems on
  hunting and bird-catching were published by Burman, inter scriptores
  rei venaticæ, 4to, Leiden, 1728.

=Nĕmĕsis=, one of the infernal deities, daughter of Nox. She was the
  goddess of vengeance, always prepared to punish impiety, and at the
  same time liberally to reward the good and virtuous. She is made one
  of the Parcæ by some mythologists, and is represented with a helm
  and a wheel. The people of Smyrna were the first who made her statues
  with wings, to show with what celerity she is prepared to punish the
  crimes of the wicked, both by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel
  in her hands intimate. Her power did not only exist in this life, but
  she was also employed after death to find out the most effectual and
  rigorous means of correction. Nemesis was particularly worshipped at
  Rhamnus in Attica, where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits long,
  made of Parian marble by Phidias, or, according to others, by one
  of his pupils. The Romans were also particularly attentive to the
  adoration of a deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to whom they
  offered sacrifices before they declared war against their enemies,
  to show the world that their wars were undertaken upon the most just
  grounds. Her statue at Rome was in the Capitol. Some suppose that
  Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter deceived in the form of a swan,
  and that Leda was entrusted with the care of the children which
  sprang from the two eggs. Others observe that Leda obtained the name
  of Nemesis after death. According to Pausanias, there were more than
  one Nemesis. The goddess Nemesis was surnamed _Rhamnusia_ because
  worshipped at Rhamnus, and _Adrastia_ from the temple which Adrastus
  king of Argos erected to her, when he went against Thebes, to revenge
  the indignities which his son-in-law Polynices had suffered in being
  unjustly driven from his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated
  a festival called _Nemesia_, in memory of deceased persons, as the
  goddess Nemesis was supposed to defend the relics and the memory of
  the dead from all insult. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2,
  ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 224.――_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 28; bk. 26,
  ch. 5.――――A mistress of Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3, li. 55.

=Nemesius=, a Greek writer, whose elegant and useful treatise, _de
  Naturâ Hominis_, was edited in 12mo, Ant. apud Plant. 1565, and in
  8vo, Oxford, 1671.

=Nemetacum=, a town of Gaul, now _Arras_.

=Nemetes=, a nation of Germany, now forming the inhabitants of Spire,
  which was afterwards called _Noviomagus_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_,
  ch. 28.

=Nemoralia=, festivals observed in the woods of Aricia, in honour
  of Diana, who presided over the country and the forests, on which
  account that part of Italy was sometimes denominated _Nemorensis
  ager_. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 259.

=Nemossus= (or um), the capital of the Arverni in Gaul, now _Clermont_.
  _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 419.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Neobūle=, a daughter of Lycambes, betrothed to the poet Archilochus.
  _See:_ Lycambes. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13; bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 79.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 54.――――A beautiful woman, to whom Horace
  addressed bk. 3, ode 12.

=Neocæsaria=, a town of Pontus.

=Neochabis=, a king of Egypt.

=Neŏcles=, an Athenian philosopher, father, or according to Cicero,
  brother to the philosopher Epicurus. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Natura
  Deorum_, ch. 21.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――The father of Themistocles.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Themistocles_.

=Neogĕnes=, a man who made himself absolute, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Neomoris=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Neon=, a town of Phocis.――――There was also another of the same name in
  the same country, on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards called
  _Tithorea_. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Pausanias_, _Phocis_.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 32.――――One of the commanders of the 10,000 Greeks who
  assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes.

=Neontīchos=, a town of Æolia near the Hermus. _Herodotus._――_Pliny._

=Neōptŏlĕmus=, a king of Epirus, son of Achilles and Deidamia, called
  _Pyrrhus_ from the _yellow_ colour of his hair. He was carefully
  educated under the eye of his mother, and gave early proofs of
  his valour. After the death of Achilles, Calchas declared, in
  the assembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not be taken without
  the assistance of the son of the deceased hero. Immediately upon
  this, Ulysses and Phœnix were commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the
  war. He returned with them with pleasure, and received the name of
  Neoptolemus (_new soldier_), because he had come late to the field.
  On his arrival before Troy, he paid a visit to the tomb of his father,
  and wept over his ashes. He afterwards, according to some authors,
  accompanied Ulysses to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the
  Trojan war. He greatly signalized himself during the remaining time
  of the siege, and he was the first who entered the wooden horse. He
  was inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in valour, and Ulysses
  and Nestor alone could claim a superiority over him in eloquence,
  wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however, was as great as that of
  his father. Not satisfied with breaking down the gates of Priam’s
  palace, he exercised the greatest barbarities upon the remains of
  his family, and without any regard to the sanctity of the place
  where Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him without mercy;
  or, according to others, dragged him by the hair to the tomb of
  his father, where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off his head,
  and carried it in exultation through the streets of Troy, fixed on
  the point of a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, and
  immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles, according to those who
  deny that that sacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, the
  captives were divided among the conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his
  share Andromache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the son of Priam.
  With these he departed for Greece, and he probably escaped from
  destruction by giving credit to the words of Helenus, who foretold
  him that, if he sailed with the rest of the Greeks, his voyage would
  be attended with fatal consequences, and perhaps with death. This
  obliged him to take a different course from the rest of the Greeks,
  and he travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, where he had a
  severe encounter with queen Harpalyce. _See:_ Harpalyce. The place of
  his retirement after the Trojan war is not known. Some maintain that
  he went to Thessaly, where his grandfather still reigned; but this
  is confuted by others, who observe, perhaps with more reason, that
  he went to Epirus, where he laid the foundation of a new kingdom,
  because his grandfather Peleus had been deprived of his sceptre by
  Acastus the son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with Andromache after
  his arrival in Greece, but it is unknown whether he treated her as a
  lawful wife or a concubine. He had a son by this unfortunate princess,
  called Molossus, and two others, if we rely on the authority of
  Pausanias. Besides Andromache, he married Hermione the daughter
  of Menelaus, as also Lanassa the daughter of Cleodæus, one of the
  descendants of Hercules. The cause of his death is variously related.
  Menelaus, before the Trojan war, had promised his daughter Hermione
  to Orestes, but the services he experienced from the valour and
  the courage of Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, induced him
  to reward his merit by making him his son-in-law. The nuptials were
  accordingly celebrated, but Hermione became jealous of Andromache,
  and because she had no children, she resolved to destroy her Trojan
  rival, who seemed to steal away the affections of their common
  husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted
  to murder Andromache, but she was prevented by the interference of
  Peleus, or, according to others, of the populace. When she saw her
  schemes defeated, she determined to lay violent hands upon herself,
  to avoid the resentment of Neoptolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes
  changed her resolution, and she consented to elope with her lover to
  Sparta. Orestes at the same time, to revenge and to punish his rival,
  caused him to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, and he was
  murdered at the foot of the altar by Machareus the priest, or by the
  hand of Orestes himself, according to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus.
  Some say that he was murdered by the Delphians, who had been bribed
  by the presents of Orestes. It is unknown why Neoptolemus went to
  Delphi. Some support that he wished to consult the oracle to know
  how he might have children by the barren Hermione; others say that
  he went thither to offer the spoils which he had obtained during the
  Trojan war, to appease the resentment of Apollo, whom he had provoked
  by calling him the cause of the death of Achilles. The plunder of
  the rich temple of Delphi, if we believe others, was the object
  of the journey of Neoptolemus, and it cannot but be observed that
  he suffered the same death and the same barbarities which he had
  inflicted in the temple of Minerva upon the aged Priam and his
  wretched family. From this circumstance, the ancients have made use
  of the proverb _Neoptolemic revenge_, when a person had suffered
  the same savage treatment which others had received from his hand.
  The Delphians celebrated a festival with great pomp and solemnity
  in memory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain in his attempt to
  plunder their temple, because, as they said, Apollo, the patron
  of the place, had been in some manner accessary to the death of
  Achilles. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2
  & 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  lis. 334, 455, &c.; _Heroides_, poem 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pindar_,
  _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_ & _Orestes_, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bks. 4, 5, & 6.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 504;
  _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 326.――_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables 97 & 102.――_Philostratus_,
  _Heroicus_, ch. 19, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Quintus Smyrnæus_,
  bk. 14.――――A king of the Molossi, father of Olympias the mother of
  Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.――――Another, king of Epirus.――――An
  uncle of the celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Tarentines. He
  was made king of Epirus by the Epirots, who had revolted from their
  lawful sovereign, and was put to death when he attempted to poison
  his nephew, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――――A tragic poet of Athens,
  greatly favoured by Philip king of Macedonia. When Cleopatra, the
  monarch’s daughter, was married to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some
  verses which proved to be prophetic of the tragical death of Philip.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A relation of Alexander. He was the first
  who climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was taken by Alexander.
  After the king’s death he received Armenia as his province, and made
  war against Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus, but an engagement
  with Eumenes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus was killed, and
  himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, B.C. 321. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Eumenes_.――――One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, beaten
  by Lucullus in a naval battle. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――――A tragic
  writer.

=Neoris=, a large country of Asia, near Gedrosia, almost destitute
  of waters. The inhabitants were called _Neoritæ_, and it was usual
  among them to suspend their dead bodies from the boughs of trees.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Nepe=, a constellation of the heavens, the same as Scorpio.――――An
  inland town of Etruria, called also _Nepete_, whose inhabitants are
  called _Nepesini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 490.――_Livy_, bk. 5,
  ch. 19; bk. 26, ch. 34.

=Nephalia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Mnemosyne the mother
  of the Muses, and Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used during the
  ceremony, but merely a mixture of water and honey. _Pollux_, bk. 6,
  ch. 3.――_Athenæus_, bk. 15.――_Suidas._

=Nĕphĕle=, the first wife of Athamas king of Thebes, and mother of
  Phryxus and Helle. She was repudiated on pretence of being subject to
  fits of insanity, and Athamas married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by
  whom he had several children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, because
  her children would succeed to their father’s throne before hers, by
  right of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them. Nephele was
  apprised of her wicked intentions, and she removed her children from
  the reach of Ino, by giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from the
  union of Neptune and Theophane, on whose back they escaped to Colchis.
  _See:_ Phryxus. Nephele was afterwards changed into a cloud, whence
  her name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some call her _Nebula_,
  which word is the Latin translation of _Nephele_. The fleece of the
  ram, which saved the life of Nephele’s children, is often called the
  _Nephelian fleece_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 2,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 195.――_Flaccus_, bk. 11,
  li. 56.――――A mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs.

=Nephĕlis=, a cape of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.

=Nepherītes=, a king of Egypt, who assisted the Spartans against Persia,
  when Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 100 ships, which
  were intercepted by Conon, as they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Nephus=, a son of Hercules.

=Nepia=, a daughter of Jasus, who married Olympus king of Mysia, whence
  the plains of Mysia are sometimes called _Nepiæ campi_.

=Nepos, Cornelius=, a celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus.
  He was born at Hostilia, and, like the rest of his learned
  contemporaries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the patronage of
  the emperor. He was the intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus,
  and recommended himself to the notice of the great and opulent
  by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. According to
  some writers, he composed three books of chronicles, as also a
  biographical account of all the most celebrated kings, generals,
  and authors of antiquity. Of all his valuable compositions, nothing
  remains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and Roman generals,
  which have often been attributed to Æmylius Probus, who published
  them in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to conciliate the
  favour and the friendship of that emperor. The language of Cornelius
  has always been admired, and as a writer of the Augustan age, he is
  entitled to many commendations for the delicacy of his expressions,
  the elegance of his style, and the clearness and precision of his
  narrations. Some support that he translated Dares Phrygius from
  the Greek original; but the inelegance of the diction, and its many
  incorrect expressions, plainly prove that it is the production,
  not of a writer of the Augustan age, but the spurious composition
  of a more modern pen. Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek
  historians _Dion_, ch. 3. Among the many good editions of Cornelius
  Nepos, two may be selected as the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo, Leiden,
  1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1761.――――Julius, an emperor of the
  west, &c.

=Nepotiānus Flavius Popilius=, a son of Eutropia the sister of the
  emperor Constantine. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of
  his cousin Constans, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and
  oppression. He was murdered by Anicetus, after one month’s reign, and
  his family were involved in his ruin.

=Nepthys=, wife of Typhon, became enamoured of Osiris her brother-in-law,
  and introduced herself to his bed. She had a son called Anubis by him.
  _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.

=Neptūni fanum=, a place near Cenchreæ. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
  ――――Another in the island of Calauria.――――Another near Mantinea.

=Neptūnia=, a town and colony of Magna Græcia.

=Neptūnium=, a promontory of Arabia at the entrance of the gulf.

=Neptūnius=, an epithet applied to Sextus Pompey, because he believed
  himself to be god of the sea, or descended from him, on account
  of his superiority in ships, &c. _Horace_ epode 9.――_Dio Cassius_,
  bk. 48.

=Neptūnus=, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto,
  and Juno. He was devoured by his father the day of his birth, and
  again restored to life by means of Metis, who gave Saturn a certain
  potion. Pausanias says that his mother concealed him in a sheepfold
  in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her husband, telling him that
  she had brought a colt into the world, which was instantly devoured
  by Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and
  received as his portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, did
  not seem equivalent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter
  had claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him, with the rest
  of the gods. The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter condemned
  Neptune to build the walls of Troy. _See:_ Laomedon. A reconciliation
  was soon after made, and Neptune was reinstituted to all his rights
  and privileges. Neptune disputed with Minerva the right of giving a
  name to the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, and the olive
  which the goddess suddenly raised from the earth was deemed more
  serviceable for the good of mankind than the horse which Neptune had
  produced by striking the ground with his trident, as that animal is
  the emblem of war and slaughter. This decision did not please Neptune;
  he renewed the combat by disputing for Trœzene, but Jupiter settled
  their disputes by permitting them to be conjointly worshipped there,
  and by giving the name of Polias, or the _protectress of the city_,
  to Minerva, and that of king of Trœzene to the god of the sea. He
  also disputed his right for the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo;
  and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the
  isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being
  god of the sea, was entitled to more power than any of the other
  gods, except Jupiter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and fountains were
  subjected to him, but he also could cause earthquakes at his pleasure,
  and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a blow of his
  trident. The worship of Neptune was established in almost every part
  of the earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated him above all
  other nations, and looked upon him as the first and greatest of the
  gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also attached to his worship,
  and they celebrated their isthmian games and Consualia with the
  greatest solemnity. He was generally represented sitting in a chariot
  made of a shell, and drawn by sea-horses or dolphins. Sometimes he is
  drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident in his hand, and stands
  up as his chariot flies over the surface of the sea. Homer represents
  him as issuing from the sea, and in three steps crossing the whole
  horizon. The mountains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as he
  walked; the whales, and all the fishes of the sea, appear round him,
  and even the sea herself seems to feel the presence of her god. The
  ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse on his altars, and
  the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims,
  which in taste resembles the bitterness of the sea water. The amours
  of Neptune are numerous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, the
  favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of perpetual celibacy,
  and he placed among the constellations the fish which had persuaded
  the goddess to become his wife. He also married Venilia and Salacia,
  which are only the names of Amphitrite according to some authors,
  who observed that the former word is derived from _venire_, alluding
  to the continual motion of the sea. Salacia is derived from _Salum_,
  which signifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Neptune
  became a horse to enjoy the company of Ceres. _See:_ Arion. To
  deceive Theophane, he changed himself into a ram. _See:_ Theophane.
  He assumed the form of the river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of
  Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had Pelias and Neleus.
  He was also father of Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoossa; of Lycus,
  Nycteus, and Euphemus by Celeno; of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Ancæus
  by Astypalea; of Bœotus and Helen by Antiope; of Leuconoe by Themisto;
  of Agenor and Bellerophon by Eurynome the daughter of Nysus; of
  Antas by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa; of
  Actor and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Augias; of Megareus by
  Œnope daughter of Epopeus; of Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Otus,
  Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word _Neptunus_ is often used
  metaphorically by the poets, to signify _sea water_. In the Consualia
  of the Romans, horses were led through the streets finely equipped
  and crowned with garlands, as the god in whose honour the festivals
  were instituted had produced the horse, an animal so beneficial
  for the use of mankind. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 7, &c.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 12, &c.; bks. 2, 3, &c.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.
  117, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 50; bk. 4, ch. 188.――_Macrobius_,
  _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.――_Hyginus_, fable 157.――_Euripides_,
  _Phœnician Women_.――_Flaccus._――_Apollonius Rhodius._

=Nēreĭdes=, nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. They
  were 50, according to the greater number of the mythologists, whose
  names are as follows: Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, Galatæa, Thoe, Eucrate,
  Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave,
  Eulimene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa,
  Protomelia, Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione,
  Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glauconome,
  Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynome, Laomedia,
  Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Psamathe, Nemertes. In those
  which Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find the following
  names different from those spoken of by Hesiod: Halia, Limmoria, Iera,
  Amphitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Callianira, Apseudes, Callanassa,
  Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Mera, Orythya, Amathea. Apollodorus, who
  mentions 45, mentions the following names different from the others:
  Glaucothoe, Protomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, Neomeris,
  Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, Ione, Ceto.
  Hyginus and others differ from the preceding authors in the following
  names: Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio,
  Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydice, and
  Leucothoe. The Nereides were implored as the rest of the deities;
  they had altars chiefly on the coast of the sea, where the piety
  of mankind made offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of
  the flesh of goats. When they were on the sea-shore they generally
  resided in grottos and caves which were adorned with shells, and
  shaded by the branches of vines. Their duty was to attend upon the
  more powerful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to the will
  of Neptune. They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they
  had the power of ruffling or calming the waters, they were always
  addressed by sailors, who implored their protection, that they might
  grant them a favourable voyage and a prosperous return. They are
  represented as young and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and
  holding Neptune’s trident in their hand, or sometimes garlands of
  flowers. _Orpheus_, _Hymn_ 23.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and
  Thetis_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 361, &c.――_Statius_,
  bk. 2, _Sylvæ_, poem 2; bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2, & 3.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 39.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.
  ――_Hyginus_, &c.

=Nereius=, a name given to Achilles, as son of Thetis, who was one of
  the Nereides. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 8.

=Nēreus=, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus and Terra. He married
  Doris, by whom he had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. _See:_
  Nereides. Nereus was generally represented as an old man with a
  long flowing beard, and hair of an azure colour. The chief place of
  his residence was in the Ægean sea, where he was surrounded by his
  daughters, who often danced in choruses round him. He had the gift
  of prophecy, and informed those that consulted him with the different
  fates that attended them. He acquainted Paris with the consequences
  of his elopement with Helen; and it was by his directions that
  Hercules obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides. But the
  sea-god often evaded the importunities of inquirers by assuming
  different shapes, and totally escaping from their grasp. The word
  _Nereus_ is often taken for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes
  called the most ancient of all the gods. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Hyginus._――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.――_Apollodorus._――_Orpheus_,
  _Argonautica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 13.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.

=Nerio=, or =Neriēne=, the wife of Mars. _Aulus Gellius_, ch. 21.

=Nerĭphus=, a desert island near the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Nerĭtos=, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, as also a small island
  in the Ionian sea, according to Mela. The word Neritos is often
  applied to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses the king of it is
  called _Neritius dux_, and his ship _Neritia navis_. The people of
  Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian colony, are called _Neritia
  proles_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 317.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 271.――_Pliny_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 712; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 263.

=Nerĭtum=, a town of Calabria, now called _Nardo_.

=Nerius=, a silversmith in the age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.
  ――――A usurer in Nero’s age, who was so eager to get money that he
  married as often as he could, and as soon destroyed his wives by
  poison, to possess himself of their estates. _Persius_, bk. 2, li. 14.

=Nero Claudius Domitius Cæsar=, a celebrated Roman emperor, son of
  Caius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus.
  He was adopted by the emperor Claudius, A.D. 50, and four years
  after he succeeded to him on the throne. The beginning of his reign
  was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and condescension,
  by affability, complaisance, and popularity. The object of his
  administration seemed to be the good of his people; and when he was
  desired to sign his name to a list of malefactors that were to be
  executed, he exclaimed, “I wish to heaven I could not write.” He was
  an enemy to flattery, and when the senate had liberally commended
  the wisdom of his government, Nero desired them to keep their praises
  till he deserved them. These promising virtues were soon discovered
  to be artificial, and Nero displayed the propensities of his nature.
  He delivered himself from the sway of his mother, and at last
  ordered her to be assassinated. This unnatural act of barbarity might
  astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted adherents; and
  when he declared that he had taken away his mother’s life to save
  himself from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, and the people
  signified their approbation. Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy
  fate of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all
  such as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his inclination. In the
  night he generally sallied out from his palace, to visit the meanest
  taverns and all the scenes of debauchery which Rome contained.
  In this nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the people in the
  streets, and his attempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman
  senator nearly cost him his life. He also turned actor, and publicly
  appeared on the Roman stage in the meanest characters. In his
  attempts to excel in music, and to conquer the disadvantages of a
  hoarse, rough voice, he moderated his meals, and often passed the
  day without eating. The celebrity of the Olympian games attracted
  his notice. He passed into Greece, and presented himself as a
  candidate for the public honours. He was defeated in wrestling,
  but the flattery of the spectators adjudged him the victory, and
  Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and ♦splendour of an eastern
  conqueror, drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended by a band
  of musicians, actors, and stage dancers, from every part of the
  empire. These private and public amusements of the emperor were
  indeed innocent; his character was injured, but not the lives of the
  people. But his conduct soon became more abominable; he disguised
  himself in the habit of a woman, and was publicly married to one of
  his eunuchs. This violence to nature and decency was soon exchanged
  for another; Nero resumed his sex, and celebrated his nuptials with
  one of his meanest catamites, and it was on this occasion that one
  of the Romans observed that the world would have been happy if Nero’s
  father had had such a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in a
  more superlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife
  Octavia Poppæa, and the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius,
  &c. The christians also did not escape his barbarity. He had heard of
  the burning of Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal scene, he
  caused Rome to be set on fire in different places. The conflagration
  became soon universal, and during nine successive days the fire
  was unextinguished. All was desolation; nothing was heard but
  the lamentations of mothers whose children had perished in the
  flames, the groans of the dying, and the continual fall of palaces
  and buildings. Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general
  consternation. He placed himself on the top of a high tower, and he
  sang on his lyre the destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene which
  his barbarity had realized before his eyes. He attempted to avert
  the public odium from his head, by a feigned commiseration of the
  miseries of his subjects. He began to repair the streets and the
  public buildings at his own expense. He built himself a celebrated
  palace, which he called his golden house. It was profusely adorned
  with gold and precious stones, and with whatever was rare and
  exquisite. It contained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods,
  gardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur.
  The entrance of this edifice could admit a large colossus of the
  emperor 120 feet high; the galleries were each a mile long, and
  the whole was covered with gold. The roofs of the dining halls
  represented the firmament in motion as well as in figure, and
  continually turned round night and day, showering down all sorts of
  perfumes and sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, according
  to Pliny, extended all round the city, was finished, Nero said, that
  now he could lodge like a man. His profusion was not less remarkable
  in all his other actions. When he went a-fishing, his nets were made
  with gold and silk. He never appeared twice in the same garment,
  and when he undertook a voyage, there were thousands of servants
  to take care of his wardrobe. This continuation of debauchery and
  extravagance at last roused the resentment of the people. Many
  conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but they were generally
  discovered, and such as were accessary suffered the greatest
  punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy against Nero’s life
  was that of Piso, from which he was delivered by the confession of
  a slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more successful; and the
  conspirator, when he was informed that his plot was known to Nero,
  declared himself emperor. The unpopularity of Nero favoured his cause;
  he was acknowledged by all the Roman empire, and the senate condemned
  the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged naked through the
  streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and afterwards to be thrown
  down from the Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefactor. This,
  however, was not done, and Nero, by a voluntary death, prevented the
  execution of the sentence. He killed himself, A.D. 68, in the 32nd
  year of his age, after a reign of thirteen years and eight months.
  Rome was filled with acclamations at the intelligence, and the
  citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps such as
  were generally used by slaves who had received their freedom. Their
  vengeance was not only exercised against the statues of the deceased
  tyrant, but his friends were the objects of the public resentment,
  and many were crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that one
  of the senators, amid the universal joy, said that he was afraid they
  should soon have cause to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired,
  begged that his head might not be cut off from his body, and exposed
  to the insolence of an enraged populace, but that the whole might be
  burned on the funeral pile. His request was granted by one of Galba’s
  freedmen, and his obsequies were performed with the usual ceremonies.
  Though his death seemed to be the source of universal gladness, yet
  many of his favourites lamented his fall, and were grieved to see
  that their pleasures and amusements were stopped by the death of the
  patron of debauchery and extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent
  ambassadors to Rome to condole with the Romans, and to beg that they
  would honour and revere the memory of Nero. His statues were also
  crowned with garlands of flowers, and many believed that he was not
  dead, but that he would soon make his appearance, and take a due
  vengeance upon his enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in
  finishing the character of this tyrannical emperor, that the name
  of _Nero_ is even now used emphatically to express a barbarous and
  unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the common enemy and the fury of
  mankind, and in this he has been followed by all writers, who exhibit
  Nero as the pattern of the most execrable barbarity and unpardonable
  wantonness. _Plutarch_, _Galba_.――_Suetonius_, _Lives_.――_Pliny_, bk.
  7, ch. 8, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 64.――_Aurelius Victor._――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_.――――Claudius, a Roman general sent into Spain to succeed
  the two Scipios. He suffered himself to be imposed upon by Asdrubal,
  and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. He was afterwards
  made consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain
  into Italy with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An
  engagement was fought near the river Metaurus, in which 56,000 of
  the Carthaginians were left on the field of battle, and great numbers
  taken prisoners, 207 B.C. Asdrubal the Carthaginian general was
  also killed, and his head cut off and thrown into his brother’s camp
  by the conquerors. _Appian_, _Hannibalic War_.――_Orosius_, bk. 4.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 27, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.――_Florus_, bk.
  2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――Another, who opposed
  Cicero when he wished to punish with death such as were accessary
  to Catiline’s conspiracy.――――A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by
  Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. He died in the place of
  his exile. His death was voluntary, according to some. _Suetonius_,
  _Tiberius_.――――Domitian was called _Nero_, because his cruelties
  surpassed those of his predecessors, and also _Calvus_, from the
  baldness of his head. _Juvenal_, satire 4.――――The Neros were of the
  Claudian family, which, during the republican times of Rome, was
  honoured with 28 consulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, seven
  censorships, and two ovations. They assumed the surname of Nero,
  which, in the language of the Sabines, signifies _strong_ and
  _warlike_.

      ♦ ‘slendour’ replaced with ‘splendour’

=Neronia=, a name given to Artaxata by Tiridates, who had been restored
  to his kingdom by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by calling the
  capital of his dominions after the name of his benefactor.

=Neroniānæ Thermæ=, baths at Rome, made by the emperor Nero.

=Nertobrigia=, a town of Spain on the Bilbilis.

=Nerva Cocceius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Domitian, A.D.
  96. He rendered himself popular by his mildness, his generosity, and
  the active part he took in the management of affairs. He suffered no
  statues to be raised to his honour, and he applied to the use of the
  government all the gold and silver statues which flattery had erected
  to his predecessor. In his civil character he was the pattern of good
  manners, of sobriety, and temperance. He forbade the mutilation of
  male children, and gave no countenance to the law which permitted
  the marriage of an uncle with his niece. He made a solemn declaration
  that no senator should suffer death during his reign; and this he
  observed with such sanctity that, when two members of the senate
  had conspired against his life, he was satisfied to tell them that
  he was informed of their wicked machinations. He also conducted
  them to the public spectacles, and seated himself between them, and
  when a sword was offered to him, according to the usual custom, he
  desired the conspirators to try it upon his body. Such goodness of
  heart, such confidence in the self-conviction of the human mind,
  and such reliance upon the consequence of his lenity and indulgence,
  conciliated the affection of all his subjects. Yet, as envy and
  danger are the constant companions of greatness, the pretorian
  guards at last mutinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to their fury. He
  uncovered his aged neck in the presence of the incensed soldiery, and
  bade them wreak their vengeance upon him, provided they spared the
  life of those to whom he was indebted for the empire, and whom his
  honour commanded him to defend. His seeming submission was unavailing,
  and he was at last obliged to surrender to the fury of his soldiers
  some of his friends and supporters. The infirmities of his age,
  and his natural timidity, at last obliged him to provide himself
  against any future mutiny or tumult, by choosing a worthy successor.
  He had many friends and relations, but he did not consider the
  aggrandizement of his family, and he chose for his son and successor
  Trajan, a man of whose virtues and greatness of mind he was fully
  convinced. This voluntary choice was approved by the acclamations
  of the people, and the wisdom and prudence which marked the reign of
  Trajan showed how discerning was the judgment, and how affectionate
  were the intentions, of Nerva for the good of Rome. He died on the
  27th of July, A.D. 98, in his 72nd year, and his successor showed
  his respect for his merit and his character by raising him altars
  and temples in Rome, and in the provinces, and by ranking him in
  the number of the gods. Nerva was the first Roman emperor who was
  of foreign extraction, his father being a native of Crete. _Pliny_,
  _Panegyrics_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 69.――――Marcus Cocceius, a consul
  in the reign of Tiberius. He starved himself, because he would not be
  concerned in the extravagance of the emperor.――――A celebrated lawyer,
  consul with the emperor Vespasian. He was father to the emperor of
  that name.

=Nervii=, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, who continually upbraided
  the neighbouring nations for submitting to the power of the Romans.
  They attacked Julius Cæsar, and were totally defeated. Their country
  forms the modern province of _Hainault_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 428.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Nerulum=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lagonegro_. _Livy_, bk. 9,
  ch. 20.

=Nerium=, or =Artabrum=, a promontory of Spain, now cape _Finisterre_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Nesactum=, a town of Istria at the mouth of the Arsia, now _Castel
  Nuovo_.

=Nesæa=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 338.

=Nesimăchus=, the father of Hippomedon, a native of Argos, who was one
  of the seven chiefs who made war against Thebes. _Hyginus_, fable 70.
  ――_Scholiast_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 44.

=Nesis= (is, or idis), now _Nisita_, an island on the coast of
  Campania, famous for asparagus. Lucan and Statius speak of its air
  as unwholesome and dangerous. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 8.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 6, li. 90.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltrs. 1
  & 2.――_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 1, li. 148.

=Nessus=, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. He offered
  violence to Dejanira, whom Hercules had entrusted to his care,
  with orders to carry her across the river Evenus. _See:_ Dejanira.
  Hercules saw the distress of his wife from the opposite shore of the
  river, and immediately he let fly one of his poisoned arrows, which
  struck the centaur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the
  tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her that, from the poisoned
  blood which had flowed from his wounds, it had received the power
  of calling a husband away from unlawful loves. Dejanira received
  it with pleasure, and this mournful present caused the death of
  Hercules. _See:_ Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_,
  ltr. 9.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 28.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A river. _See:_ Nestus.

=Nestŏcles=, a famous statuary of Greece, rival to Phidias. _Pliny_,
  bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Nestor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias and grandson
  to Neptune. He had 11 brothers, who were all killed, with his father,
  by Hercules. His tender age detained him at home, and was the cause
  of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him
  on the throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice the daughter of Clymenes,
  or, according to others, Anaxibia the daughter of Atreus. He early
  distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at
  the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody battle was fought between
  the Lapithæ and Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia he led his
  subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself among the
  rest of the Grecian chiefs by eloquence, address, wisdom, justice,
  and an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer displays his character as
  the most perfect of all his heroes; and Agamemnon exclaims, that
  if he had 10 generals like Nestor, he should soon see the walls
  of Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, Nestor retired to
  Greece, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and
  tranquillity which were due to his wisdom and to his old age. The
  manner and the time of his death are unknown; the ancients are all
  agreed that he lived three generations of men, which length of time
  some suppose to be 300 years, though more probably only 90, allowing
  30 years for each generation. From that circumstance, therefore, it
  was usual among the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a long
  and happy life to their friends, to wish them to see the years of
  Nestor. He had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and seven sons,
  Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and
  Trasimedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, according to _Valerius
  Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 380, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 10 & 273.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 31.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 162, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15.――――A poet of Lycaonia
  in the age of the emperor Severus. He was father to Pisander, who,
  under the emperor Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories.――――One of
  the body-guards of Alexander. _Polyænus._

=Nestorius=, a bishop of Constantinople, who flourished A.D. 431.
  He was condemned and degraded from his episcopal dignity for his
  heretical opinions, &c.

=Nestus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nesto_, a small river of Thrace, rising
  in mount Rhodope, and falling into the Ægean sea above the island of
  Thasos. It was for some time the boundary of Macedonia on the east,
  in the more extensive power of that kingdom.

=Netum=, a town of Sicily, now called _Noto_, on the eastern coast.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 269.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  bk. 4, ch. 26; bk. 5, ch. 51.

=Neuri=, a people of Sarmatia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Nicæa=, a widow of Alexander, who married Demetrius.――――A daughter
  of Antipater, who married Perdiccas.――――A city of India, built by
  Alexander on the very spot where he had obtained a victory over king
  Porus.――――A town of Achaia near Thermopylæ, on the bay of Malia.――――A
  town of Illyricum.――――Another in Corsica.――――Another in Thrace,――――in
  Bœotia.――――A town of Bithynia (now _Nice_, or _Is-nik_), built by
  Antigonus, the son of Philip king of Macedonia. It was originally
  called _Antigonia_, and afterwards _Nicæa_ by Lysimachus, who gave
  it the name of his wife, who was daughter of Antipater.――――A town
  of Liguria, built by the people of Massilia, in commemoration of a
  victory.

=Nicagŏras=, a sophist of Athens in the reign of the emperor Philip.
  He wrote the lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned one of the
  greatest and most learned men of his age.

=Nicander=, a king of Sparta, son of Charillus, of the family of
  the Proclidæ. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 770.――――A writer
  of Chalcedon.――――A Greek grammarian, poet, and physician, of
  Colophon, 137 B.C. His writings were held in estimation, but his
  judgment cannot be highly commended, since, without any knowledge
  of agriculture, he ventured to compose a book on that intricate
  subject. Two of his poems, entitled _Theriaca_, on hunting, and
  _Alexipharmaca_, on antidotes against poison, are still extant; the
  best editions of which are those of Gorræus, with a translation in
  Latin verse by Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to, Paris, 1557, and
  Salvinus, 8vo, Florence, 1764. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _On Oratory_, ch. 16.

=Nicānor=, a man who conspired against the life of Alexander. _Curtius_,
  bk. 6.――――A son of Parmenio, who died in Hyrcania, &c.――――A surname
  of Demetrius. _See:_ Demetrius II.――――An unskilful pilot of Antigonus.
  _Polyænus._――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.――――A
  Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers.――――A governor of Media,
  conquered by Seleucus. He had been governor over the Athenians under
  Cassander, by whose orders he was put to death.――――A general of the
  emperor Titus, wounded at the siege of Jerusalem.――――A man of Stagira,
  by whom Alexander the Great sent a letter to recall the Grecian
  exiles. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A governor of Munychia, who seized
  the Piræus, and was at last put to death by Cassander, because he
  wished to make himself absolute over Attica. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.――――A
  brother of Cassander, destroyed by Olympias. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.――――A
  general of Antiochus king of Syria. He made war against the Jews, and
  showed himself uncommonly cruel.

=Nicarchus=, a Corinthian philosopher in the age of Periander.
  _Plutarch._――――An Arcadian chief, who deserted to the Persians,
  at the return of the 10,000 Greeks.

=Nicarthīdes=, a man set over Persepolis by Alexander.

=Nicātor=, a surname of Seleucus king of Syria, from his having been
  unconquered.

=Nice=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._

=Nicephorium=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, where Venus had
  a temple. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41.

=Nicephŏrius=, now _Khabour_, a river which flowed by the walls of
  Tigranocerta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Nicephŏrus Cæsar=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited
  folio, Paris, 1661.――――Gregoras, another, edited folio, Paris, 1702.
  ――――A Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works were edited by
  Ducæus, 2 vols., Paris, 1630.

=Nicer=, now the _Necker_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine
  at the modern town of Manheim. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 423.

=Nicerātus=, a poet who wrote a poem in praise of Lysander.――――The
  father of Nicias.

=Nicetas=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited
  folio, Paris, 1647.

=Niceteria=, a festival at Athens, in memory of the victory which
  Minerva obtained over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a name
  to the capital of the country.

=Nicia=, a city. _See:_ Nicæa.――――A river falling into the Po at
  Brixellum. It is now called _Lenza_, and separates the duchy of
  Modena from Parma.

=Nicias=, an Athenian general, celebrated for his valour and for his
  misfortunes. He early conciliated the good will of the people by his
  liberality, and he established his military character by taking the
  island of Cythera from the power of Lacedæmon. When Athens determined
  to make war against Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades and
  Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, which he reprobated as impolitic,
  and as the future cause of calamities to the Athenian power. In
  Sicily he behaved with great firmness, but he often blamed the quick
  and inconsiderate measures of his colleagues. The success of the
  Athenians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was recalled by his
  enemies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at the head of affairs.
  Syracuse was surrounded by a wall, and though the operations were
  carried on slowly, yet the city would have surrendered, had not the
  sudden appearance of Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians,
  cheered up the courage of the besieged at the most critical moment.
  Gylippus proposed terms of accommodation to the Athenians, which were
  refused; some battles were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained
  the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his ill success, and
  grown desponding, demanded of the Athenians a reinforcement or a
  successor. Demosthenes, upon this, was sent with a powerful fleet,
  but the advice of Nicias was despised, and the admiral, by his
  eagerness to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his fleet and the
  interest of Athens. The fear of his enemies at home prevented Nicias
  from leaving Sicily; and when, at last, a continued series of ill
  success obliged him to comply, he found himself surrounded on every
  side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. He gave himself up to
  the conquerors with all his army, but the assurances of safety which
  he had received soon proved vain and false, and he was no sooner
  in the hands of the enemy than he was shamefully put to death with
  Demosthenes. His troops were sent to quarries, where the plague and
  hard labour diminished their numbers and aggravated their misfortunes.
  Some suppose that the death of Nicias was not violent. He perished
  about 413 years before Christ, and the Athenians lamented in him
  a great and valiant but unfortunate general. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.
  ――_Cicero._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.――_Thucydides_, bk. 4,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A grammarian of Rome, intimate with
  Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.――――A man of Nicæa, who wrote a history
  of philosophers.――――A physician of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, who made
  an offer to the Romans of poisoning his master for a sum of money.
  The Roman general disdained his offers, and acquainted Pyrrhus with
  his treachery. He is oftener called Cineas.――――A painter of Athens in
  the age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy in his pictures of women.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 31.

=Nicippe=, a daughter of Pelops, who married Sthenelus.――――A daughter
  of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Nicippus=, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose sheep brought forth a lion,
  which was considered as portending his future greatness, and his
  elevation to the sovereignty. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1,
  ch. 29.

=Nico=, one of the Tarentine chiefs who conspired against the life of
  Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 30.――――A celebrated architect and geometrician.
  He was father to the celebrated Galen the prince of physicians.
  ――――One of the slaves of Craterus.――――The name of an ass which
  Augustus met before the battle of Actium, a circumstance which
  he considered as a favourable omen.――――The name of an elephant
  remarkable for his fidelity to king Pyrrhus.

=Nicochăres=, a Greek comic poet in the age of Aristophanes.

=Nicŏcles=, a familiar friend of Phocion, condemned to death.
  _Plutarch._――――A king of Salamis, celebrated for his contest with a
  king of Phœnicia, to prove which of the two was most effeminate.――――A
  king of Paphos, who reigned under the protection of Ptolemy king of
  Egypt. He revolted from his friend to the king of Persia, upon which
  Ptolemy ordered one of his servants to put him to death, to strike
  terror into the other dependent princes. The servant, unwilling to
  murder the monarch, advised him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and
  all his family followed his example, 310 years before the christian
  era.――――An ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a happy race of
  men, because light published their good deeds to the world, and the
  earth hid all their faults and imperfections.――――A king of Cyprus,
  who succeeded his father Evagoras on the throne, 374 years before
  Christ. It was with him that the philosopher Isocrates corresponded.
  ――――A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus the Achæan.
  _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Nicocrătes=, a tyrant of Cyrene.――――An author at Athens.――――A king of
  Salamis in Cyprus, who made himself known by the valuable collection
  of books which he had. _Athenæus_, bk. 1.

=Nicocreon=, a tyrant of Salamis in the age of Alexander the Great.
  He ordered the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to pieces in a
  mortar.

=Nicodēmus=, an Athenian appointed by Conon over the fleet which was
  going to the assistance of Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――――A
  tyrant of Italy, &c.――――An ambassador sent to Pompey by Aristobulus.

=Nicodōrus=, a wrestler of Mantinea, who studied philosophy in his
  old age. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 22.――_Suidas._――――An
  Athenian archon.

=Nicodrŏmus=, a son of Hercules and Nice. _Apollodorus._――――An Athenian
  who invaded Ægina, &c.

=Nicolāus=, a philosopher.――――A celebrated Syracusan, who endeavoured,
  in a pathetic speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offering
  violence to the Athenian prisoners who had been taken with Nicias
  their general. His eloquence was unavailing.――――An officer of Ptolemy
  against Antigonus.――――A peripatetic philosopher and historian in the
  Augustan age.

=Nicomăcha=, a daughter of Themistocles.

=Nicomăchus=, the father of Aristotle, whose son also bore the same
  name. The philosopher composed his 10 books of morals for the use
  and improvement of his son, and thence they are called Nicomachea.
  _Suidas._――――One of Alexander’s friends, who discovered the
  conspiracy of Dymus. _Curtius_, bk. 6.――――An excellent painter.――――A
  Pythagorean philosopher.――――A Lacedæmonian general, conquered by
  Timotheus.――――A writer in the fifth century, &c.

=Nicomēdes I.=, a king of Bithynia, about 278 years before the
  christian era. It was by his exertions that this part of Asia became
  a monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to his brothers, and built
  a town which he called by his own name, _Nicomedia_. _Justin._
  ――_Pausanias_, &c.

=Nicomēdes II.=, was ironically surnamed _Philopater_, because he
  drove his father Prusias from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused
  him to be assassinated, B.C. 149. He reigned 59 years. Mithridates
  laid claim to his kingdom, but all their disputes were decided by
  the Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the province of Paphlagonia,
  and his ambitious rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections of
  his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and by a mild and peaceful
  government. _Justin._

=Nicomēdes III.=, son and successor of the preceding, was dethroned by
  his brother Socrates, and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates.
  The Romans re-established him on his throne, and encouraged him to
  make reprisals upon the king of Pontus. He followed their advice, and
  he was, at last, expelled another time from his dominions, till Sylla
  came into Asia, who restored him to his former power and affluence.
  _Strabo._――_Appian._

=Nicomēdes IV.=, was son and successor of Nicomedes III. He passed his
  life in an easy and tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which his
  alliance with the Romans had procured him. He died B.C. 75, without
  issue, and left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to the Roman
  people. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.――_Justin_,
  bk. 38, ch. 2, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Nicomēdes=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of the philosopher
  Eratosthenes. He made himself known by his useful machines, &c.――――An
  engineer in the army of Mithridates.――――One of the preceptors of the
  emperor Marcus Antoninus.

=Nicomēdia= (now _Is-nikmid_), a town of Bithynia, founded by
  Nicomedes I. It was the capital of the country, and it has been
  compared, for its beauty and greatness, to Rome, Antioch, or
  Alexandria. It became celebrated for being, for some time, the
  residence of the emperor Constantine and most of his imperial
  successors. Some suppose that it was originally called _Astacus_, and
  _Olbia_, though it is generally believed that they were all different
  cities. _Ammianus_, bk. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.

=Nicon=, a pirate of Phære in Peloponnesus, &c. _Polyænus._――――An
  athlete of Thasos, 14 times victorious at the Olympic games.――――A
  native of Tarentum. _See:_ Nico.

=Niconia=, a town of Pontus.

=Nicophanes=, a famous painter of Greece, whose pieces are mentioned
  with commendation. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Nicŏphron=, a comic poet of Athens some time after the age of
  Aristophanes.

=Nicŏpolis=, a city of Lower Egypt.――――A town of Armenia, built by
  Pompey the Great in memory of a victory which he had there obtained
  over the forces of Mithridates. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――――Another, in
  Thrace, built on the banks of the Nestus by Trajan, in memory of a
  victory which he obtained there over the barbarians.――――A town of
  Epirus, built by Augustus after the battle of Actium.――――Another,
  near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor Vespasian.――――Another, in
  Mœsia.――――Another, in Dacia, built by Trajan to perpetuate the memory
  of a celebrated battle.――――Another, near the bay of Issus, built by
  Alexander.

=Nicostrăta=, a courtesan who left all her possessions to Sylla.――――The
  same as Carmente mother of Evander.

=Nicostrătus=, a man of Argos of great strength. He was fond of
  imitating Hercules by clothing himself in a lion’s skin. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 16.――――One of Alexander’s soldiers. He conspired against the
  king’s life, with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8.――――A painter who
  expressed great admiration at the sight of Helen’s picture by Zeuxis.
  _Ælian_, bk. 14, ch. 47.――――A dramatic actor of Ionia.――――A comic
  poet of Argos.――――An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor
  Marcus Antoninus.――――A son of Menelaus and Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 18.――――A general of the Achæans, who defeated the Macedonians.

=Nicotelea=, a celebrated woman of Messenia, who said that she became
  pregnant of Aristomenes by a serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Nicotĕles=, a Corinthian drunkard, &c. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, ch. 14.

=Niger=, a friend of Marcus Antony, sent to him by Octavia.――――A
  surname of Clitus, whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness.
  ――――Caius Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor in Syria, well
  known by his valour in the Roman armies, while yet a private man. At
  the death of Pertinax he was declared emperor of Rome, and his claims
  to that elevated situation were supported by a sound understanding,
  prudence of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue. He proposed
  to imitate the actions of the venerable Antoninus, of Trajan, of
  Titus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was remarkable for his fondness for
  ancient discipline, and never suffered his soldiers to drink wine,
  but obliged them to quench their thirst with water and vinegar. He
  forbade the use of silver and gold utensils in his camp, all the
  bakers and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers ordered to live,
  during the expedition they undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his
  punishments Niger was inexorable; he condemned 10 of his soldiers to
  be beheaded in the presence of the army, because they had stolen and
  eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with groans: the army interfered;
  and when Niger consented to diminish the punishment for fear of
  kindling a rebellion, he yet ordered the criminals to make each a
  restoration of 10 fowls to the person whose property they had stolen.
  They were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the rest of the
  campaign, but to live upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing but
  water. Such great qualifications in a general seemed to promise the
  restoration of ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but the death
  of Niger frustrated every hope of reform. Severus, who had also been
  invested with the imperial purple, marched against him; some battles
  were fought, and Niger was at last defeated, A.D. 194. His head was
  cut off and fixed to a long spear, and carried in triumph through
  the streets of Rome. He reigned about one year. _Herodian_, bk. 3.
  ――_Eutropius._

=Niger=, or =Nigris= (itis), a river of Africa, which rises in Æthiopia,
  and falls by three mouths into the Atlantic, little known to the
  ancients, and not yet satisfactorily explored by the moderns. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, chs. 1 & 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Ptolemy_,
  bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Publius Nigidius Figŭlus=, a celebrated philosopher and astrologer
  at Rome, one of the most learned men of his age. He was intimate
  with Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed opinions concerning the
  conspirators who had leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. He was
  made pretor, and honoured with a seat in the senate. In the civil
  wars he followed the interest of Pompey, for which he was banished
  by the conqueror. He died in the place of his banishment, 47 years
  before Christ. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 4, ltr. 13.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 639.

=Nigrītæ=, a people of Africa, who dwell on the banks of the Niger.
  _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Nileus=, a son of Codrus, who conducted a colony of Ionians to
  Asia, where he built Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus,
  Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenæ, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2, &c.――――A
  philosopher who had in his possession all the writings of Aristotle.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 1.

=Nilus=, a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the river which flows
  through the middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediterranean sea.
  The Nile, anciently called _Ægyptus_, is one of the most celebrated
  rivers in the world. Its sources were unknown to the ancients,
  and the moderns were till lately ignorant of their situation,
  whence an impossibility is generally meant by the proverb of _Nili
  caput quærere_. It flows through the middle of Egypt in a northern
  direction, and when it comes to the town of Cercasorum, it then
  divides itself into several streams, and falls into the Mediterranean
  by seven mouths. The most eastern canal is called the Pelusian,
  and the most western is called the Canopic mouth. The other canals
  are the Sebennytican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and
  Bucolic. They have all been formed by nature, except the two last,
  which have been dug by the labours of men. The island which the Nile
  forms by its division into several streams is called _Delta_, from
  its resemblance to the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. The Nile
  yearly overflows the country, and it is to those regular inundations
  that the Egyptians are indebted for the fertile produce of their
  lands. It begins to rise in the month of May for 100 successive days,
  and then decreases gradually the same number of days. If it does not
  rise as high as 16 cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if it
  exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most dangerous consequences;
  houses are overturned, the cattle are drowned, and a great number
  of insects are produced from the mud, which destroy the fruits of
  the earth. The river, therefore, proves a blessing or a calamity to
  Egypt, and the prosperity of the nation depends so much upon it, that
  the tributes of the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are still
  under the present government, proportioned to the rise of the waters.
  The causes of the overflowings of the Nile, which remained unknown
  to the ancients, though searched with the greatest application, are
  owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall in Æthiopia, in the
  months of April and May, and which rush down like torrents upon the
  country, and lay it all under water. These causes, as some people
  suppose, were well known to Homer, as he seems to show it, by saying
  that the Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabitants of Egypt, near
  the banks of the river, were called _Niliaci_, _Niligenæ_, &c., and
  large canals were also from this river denominated _Nili_ or _Euripi_.
  _Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; _Letters to his brother
  Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 9; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 12.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 187; bk. 15,
  li. 753.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 9.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones
  Naturales_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Claudian_, _de Nilus_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 288; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 800; bk.
  9, li. 31.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2.――_Lucretius_,
  bk. 6, li. 712.――_Ammianus_, bk. 22.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――One of the Greek fathers, who flourished
  A.D. 440. His works were edited at Rome, folio, 2 vols., 1668 & 1678.

=Ninnius=, a tribune who opposed Clodius the enemy of Cicero.

=Ninias.= _See:_ Ninyas.

=Ninus=, a son of Belus, who built a city to which he gave his own
  name, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first
  sovereign, B.C. 2059. He was very warlike, and extended his conquests
  from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana. He became
  enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his officers, and he
  married her after her husband had destroyed himself through fear of
  his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 52 years, and at his death he left
  his kingdom to the care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had a son.
  The history of Ninus is very obscure, and even fabulous according
  to the opinion of some. Ctesias is the principal historian from
  whom it is derived, but little reliance is to be placed upon him,
  when Aristotle deems him unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death
  received divine honours, and became the Jupiter of the Assyrians
  and the Hercules of the Chaldeans. _Ctesias._――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2.――――A celebrated city,
  now _Nino_, the capital of Assyria, built on the banks of the Tigris
  by Ninus, and called _Nineveh_ in Scripture. It was, according to
  the relation of Diodorus Siculus, 15 miles long, nine broad, and 48
  in circumference. It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, on
  the top of which three chariots could pass together abreast, and was
  defended by 1500 towers, each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken by the
  united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar king of Babylon, B.C. 606.
  _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 33.――_Lucian._

=Ninyas=, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king of Assyria, who succeeded
  his mother, who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose
  that Semiramis was put to death by her own son, because she had
  encouraged him to commit incest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable
  for its luxury and extravagance. The prince left the care of the
  government to his favourites and ministers, and gave himself up to
  pleasure, riot, and debauchery, and never appeared in public. His
  successors imitated the example of his voluptuousness, and therefore
  their names or history are little known till the age of Sardanapalus.
  _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.

=Niŏbe=, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione.
  She married Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she had 10 sons and
  10 daughters according to Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters
  according to Herodotus. Homer and Propertius say that she had six
  daughters and as many sons, and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c., according to
  the more received opinion, support that she had seven sons and seven
  daughters. The names of the sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus,
  Agenor, Phædimus, Damasichthon, and Ismenus; and those of the
  daughters, Cleodoxa, Ethodæa or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia or
  Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The number of her children increased
  the pride of Niobe, and she not only had the imprudence to prefer
  herself to Latona, who had only two children, but she even insulted
  her, and ridiculed the worship which was paid to her, observing that
  she had a better claim to altars and sacrifices than the mother of
  Apollo and Diana. This insolence provoked Latona, who entreated her
  children to punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and
  immediately all the sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo,
  and all the daughters except Chloris, who had married Neleus king
  of Polos, were equally destroyed by Diana; and Niobe, struck at the
  suddenness of her misfortunes, was changed into a stone. The carcases
  of Niobe’s children, according to Homer, were left unburied in the
  plains for nine successive days, because Jupiter changed into stones
  all such as attempted to inter them. On the tenth day they were
  honoured with a funeral by the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 36.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 9.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6.――――A daughter
  of Phoroneus king of Peloponnesus by Laodice. She was beloved by
  Jupiter, by whom she had a son called Argus, who gave his name to
  Argia or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 22.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Niphæus=, a man killed by horses, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 570.

=Niphātes=, a mountain of Asia, which divides Armenia from Assyria, and
  from which the Tigris takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 30.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――A river of
  Armenia, falling into the Tigris. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 20.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 245.

=Niphe=, one of Diana’s companions. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,
  li. 245.

=Nireus=, a king of Naxos, son of Charops and Aglaia, celebrated for
  his beauty. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 20.

=Nisa=, a town of Greece. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A country-woman.
  _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.――――A place. _See:_ Nysa.――――A
  celebrated plain of Media near the Caspian sea, famous for its
  horses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 106.

=Nisæa=, a naval station on the coasts of Megaris. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――――A town of Parthia, called also Nisa.

=Nisæe=, a sea-nymph. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 826.

=Niseia.= _See:_ Nisus.

=Nisĭbis=, a town of Mesopotamia, built by a colony of Macedonians on
  the Tigris, and celebrated as being a barrier between the provinces
  of Rome and the Persian empire during the reign of the Roman emperors.
  It was sometimes called _Antiochia Mygdonica_. _Josephus_, bk. 20,
  ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Ammianus_, bk. 25, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 13.

=Nisus=, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount Ida near Troy. He came to
  Italy with Æneas, and signalized himself by his valour against the
  Rutulians. He was united in the closest friendship with Euryalus,
  a young Trojan, and with him he entered, in the dead of night, the
  enemy’s camp. As they were returning victorious, after much bloodshed,
  they were perceived by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Nisus,
  in endeavouring to rescue his friend from the enemy’s darts, perished
  himself with him, and their heads were cut off and fixed on a spear,
  and carried in triumph to the camp. Their death was greatly lamented
  by all the Trojans, and their great friendship, like that of a
  Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and Pirithous, is become
  proverbial. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 176, &c.――――A king of
  Dulichium, remarkable for his probity and virtue. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 18.――――A king of Megara, son of Mars, or more probably of Pandion.
  He inherited his father’s kingdom with his brothers, and received
  as his portion the country of Megaris. The peace of the brothers was
  interrupted by the hostilities of Minos, who wished to avenge the
  death of his son Androgeus, who had been murdered by the Athenians.
  Megara was besieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Nisus
  depended totally upon a yellow lock, which, as long as it continued
  upon his head, according to the words of an oracle, promised him
  life, and success to his affairs. His daughter Scylla (often called
  _Niseia Virgo_) saw from the walls of Megara the royal besieger, and
  she became desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a more immediate
  interview with this object of her passion, she stole away the
  fatal hair from her father’s head as he was asleep; the town was
  immediately taken, but Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and
  she threw herself into the sea. The gods changed her into a lark,
  and Nisus assumed the nature of the hawk at the very moment that he
  gave himself death, not to fall into the enemy’s hands. These two
  birds have continually been at variance with each other, and Scylla,
  by her apprehensions at the sight of her father, seems to suffer
  the punishment which her perfidy deserved. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 6, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,
  li. 404, &c.

=Nisȳros=, an island in the Ægean sea, at the west of Rhodes, with a
  town of the same name. It was originally joined to the island of Cos,
  according to Pliny, and it bore the name of _Porphyris_. Neptune, who
  was supposed to have separated them with a blow of his trident, and
  to have there overwhelmed the giant Polybotes, was worshipped there,
  and called _Nisyreus_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Nitētis=, a daughter of Apries king of Egypt, married by his successor
  Amasis to Cyrus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Nitiobriges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be _Agenois_, in Guienne.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 7.

=Nitōcris=, a celebrated queen of Babylon, who built a bridge across
  the Euphrates, in the middle of that city, and dug a number of
  reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that river. She ordered
  herself to be buried over one of the gates of the city, and placed an
  inscription on her tomb, which signified that her successors would
  find great treasures within if ever they were in need of money, but
  that their labours would be but ill repaid if ever they ventured to
  open it without necessity. Cyrus opened it through curiosity, and
  was struck to find within these words: _If thy avarice had not been
  insatiable, thou never wouldst have violated the monuments of the
  dead_. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185.――――A queen of Egypt, who built
  a third pyramid.

=Nitria=, a country of Egypt with two towns of the same name, above
  Memphis.

=Nivaria=, an island at the west of Africa, supposed to be _Teneriff_,
  one of the Canaries. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 32.

=Noas=, a river of Thrace falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 46.

=Nocmon=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767.

=Noctilūca=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Rome on mount
  Palatine, where torches were generally lighted in the night. _Varro_,
  _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 38.

=Nola=, an ancient town of Campania, which became a Roman colony before
  the first Punic war. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, according to
  others, by an Eubœan colony. It is said that Virgil had introduced
  the name of Nola in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused a
  glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed through the city, he
  totally blotted it out of his poem, and substituted the word _ora_,
  in the 225th line of the second book of his Georgics. Nola was
  besieged by Annibal, and bravely defended by Marcellus. Augustus died
  there on his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first invented
  there in the beginning of the fifth century, from which reason they
  have been called _Nolæ_, or _Campanæ_, in Latin. The inventor was
  St. Paulinus, the bishop of the place, who died A.D. 431, though
  many imagine that bells were known long before, and only introduced
  into churches by that prelate. Before his time, congregations were
  called to the church by the noise of wooden rattles (_sacra ligna_).
  _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 517; bk. 12, li. 161.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 14 & 39; bk. 24, ch. 13.

=Nomădes=, a name given to all those uncivilized people who had no
  fixed habitation, and who continually changed the place of their
  residence, to go in quest of fresh pasture for the numerous cattle
  which they tended. There were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia,
  and Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards called _Numidians_, by
  a small change of the letters which composed their name. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 215.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk.
  1, ch. 15; bk. 4, ch. 187.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1;
  bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 343.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 43.

=Nomæ=, a town of Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 14, li. 266.

=Nomentānus=, an epithet applied to Lucius Cassius as a native of
  Nomentum. He is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury and
  dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 102 & _alibi_.

=Nomentum=, a town of the Sabines in Italy, famous for wine, and now
  called _Lamentana_. The dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus gave the
  Veientes and Fidenates battle there A.U.C. 312, and totally defeated
  them. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 905.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 4,
  ch. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 773.

=Nomii=, mountains of Arcadia. _Pausanias._

=Nomius=, a surname given to Apollo, because he fed (νεμω, _pasco_),
  the flocks of king Admetus in Thessaly. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 23.

=Nōnācris=, a town of Arcadia, which received its name from a wife of
  Lycaon. There was a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood.
  Evander is sometimes called _Nonacrius heros_, as being an Arcadian
  by birth, and Atalanta _Nonacria_, as being a native of the
  place. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 97;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 17, &c.

=Nonius=, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for paying respect to Galba’s
  statues, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 56.――――A Roman who
  exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the
  flight of Pompey, by observing that eight standards (_aquilæ_) still
  remained in the camp, to which Cicero answered, _Recte, si nobis cum
  graculis bellum esset_.

=Nonnius Marcellus=, a grammarian, whose treatise _de variâ
  significatione verborum_ was edited by Mercer, 8vo, Paris, 1614.

=Nonnus=, a Greek writer of the fifth century, who wrote an account
  of the embassy he had undertaken to Æthiopia, among the Saracens
  and other eastern nations. He is also known by his _Dionysiaca_, a
  wonderful collection of heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to,
  Antwerp, 1569. His _paraphrase_ on John was edited by Heinsius, 8vo,
  Leiden, 1627.

=Nonus=, a Greek physician, whose book _de omnium morborum curatione_
  was edited in 12mo, Strasbourg, 1568.

=Nopia=, or =Cinopia=, a town of Bœotia, where Amphiaraus had a temple.

=Nōra=, now _Nour_, a place of Phrygia, where Eumenes retired for some
  time, &c. _Cornelius Nepos._――――A town. _See:_ Norax.

=Norax=, a son of Mercury and Eurythæa, who led a colony of Iberians
  into Sardinia, where he founded a town, to which he gave the name of
  Nora. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Norba=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――――Cæsarea, a
  town of Spain on the Tagus.

=Caius Norbānus=, a young and ambitious Roman who opposed Sylla, and
  joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he
  marched against Sylla, by whom he was defeated, &c. _Plutarch._――――A
  friend and general of Augustus, employed in Macedonia against the
  republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c.

=Norĭcum=, a country of ancient Illyricum, which now forms a part of
  modern _Bavaria_ and _Austria_. It extended between the Danube, and
  part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants, who were
  once governed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans, and
  were at last conquered under Tiberius, and the country became a
  dependent province. In the reign of Diocletian, Noricum was divided
  into two parts, _Ripense_ and _Mediterranean_. The iron that was
  drawn from Noricum was esteemed excellent, and thence _Noricus ensis_
  was used to express the goodness of a sword. _Dionysius Periegetes.
  _――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 9.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 712.

=Northippus=, a Greek tragic poet.

=Nortia=, a name given to the goddess of Fortune among the Etrurians.
  _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Nothus=, a son of Deucalion.――――A surname of Darius king of Persia,
  from his illegitimacy.

=Notium=, a town of Æolia near the Cayster. It was peopled by the
  inhabitants of Colophon, who left their ancient habitations because
  Notium was more conveniently situated in being on the seashore.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 26, 38, 39.

=Notus=, the south wind, called also Auster.

=Novæ= (_tabernæ_), the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and
  adorned with the shields of the Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 2, ch. 66.――――The _Veteres tabernæ_ were adorned with those of
  the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Novaria=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now _Novara_, in Milan. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 70.

=Novātus=, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, under
  a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him, and only fined him a
  small sum of money.

=Novesium=, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called
  _Nuys_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.

=Noviodūnum=, a town of the Ædui in Gaul, taken by Julius Cæsar. It is
  pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called _Noyon_, or, as
  others suppose, _Nevers_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Noviomagus=, or =Neomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Nizeux_, in Normandy.
  ――――Another, called also _Nemetes_, now _Spire_.――――Another, in
  Batavia, now _Nimeguen_, on the south side of the Waal.

=Novium=, a town of Spain, now _Noya_.

=Novius Priscus=, a man banished from Rome by Nero, on suspicion that
  he was accessary to Piso’s conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
  ch. 71.――――A man who attempted to assassinate the emperor Claudius.
  ――――Two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age of Horace
  for their officiousness. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Novum Comum=, a town of Insubria on the lake Larinus, of which the
  inhabitants were called _Novocomenses_. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,
  bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Nox=, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of
  Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the
  Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parcæ, Hesperides,
  Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by some
  of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men, and
  therefore she was worshipped with great solemnity by the ancients.
  She had a famous statue in Diana’s temple at Ephesus. It was usual
  to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the furies. The
  cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of
  day, during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted
  on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The
  constellations generally went before her as her constant messengers.
  Sometimes she is seen holding two children under her arms, one of
  which is black, representing death, or rather night, and the other
  white, representing sleep or day. Some of the moderns have described
  her as a woman veiled in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and
  carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6,
  li. 950.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 455.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 38.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 125 & 212.

=Nuceria=, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. It became a Roman
  colony under Augustus, and was called _Nuceria Constantia_, or
  _Alfaterna_. It now bears the name of _Nocera_, and contains about
  30,000 inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 472.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 41;
  bk. 27, ch. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 531.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bks. 13 & 14.――――A town of Umbria at the foot of the
  Apennines. _Strabo._――_Pliny._

=Nuithones=, a people of Germany, possessing the country now called
  Mecklenburg and Pomerania. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Numa Martius=, a man made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was
  son-in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Martius. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.

=Numa Pompilius=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Cures, a village of
  the Sabines, on the day that Romulus laid the foundation of Rome. He
  married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at
  her death he retired into the country to devote himself more freely
  to literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon
  him to be their new king, and two senators were sent to acquaint
  him with the decisions of the senate and of the people. Numa refused
  their offers, and it was not but at the repeated solicitations and
  prayers of his friends that he was prevailed upon to accept the
  royalty. The beginning of his reign was popular, and he dismissed
  the 300 body-guards which his predecessor had kept around his person,
  observing that he did not distrust a people who had compelled him to
  reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond of war and military
  expeditions, but he applied himself to tame the ferocity of his
  subjects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence for the Deity,
  and to quell their dissensions by dividing all the citizens into
  different classes. He established different orders of priests, and
  taught the Romans not to worship the Deity by images; and from his
  example no graven or painted statues appeared in the temples or
  sanctuaries of Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encouraged the
  report which was spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph
  Egeria, and made use of her name to give sanction to the laws and
  institutions which he had introduced. He established the college
  of the vestals, and told the Romans that the safety of the empire
  depended upon the preservation of the sacred _ancyle_ or _shield_
  which, as was generally believed, had dropped down from heaven. He
  dedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his whole reign, remained
  shut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a
  reign of 43 years, in which he had given every possible encouragement
  to the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated peace, B.C. 672.
  Not only the Romans, but also the neighbouring nations, were eager
  to pay their last offices to a monarch whom they revered for his
  abilities, moderation, and humanity. He forbade his body to be burnt
  according to the custom of the Romans, but he ordered it to be buried
  near mount Janiculum, with many of the books which he had written.
  These books were accidentally found by one of the Romans, about
  400 years after his death, and as they contained nothing new or
  interesting, but merely the reasons why he had made innovations in
  the form of worship and in the religion of the Romans, they were
  burnt by order of the senate. He left behind one daughter called
  Pompilia, who married Numa Martius, and became the mother of Ancus
  Martius, the fourth king of Rome. Some say that he had also four
  sons, but this opinion is ill-founded. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Varro._
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Pliny_, bks. 13 & 14, &c.――_Florus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 809; bk. 9, li. 562.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, chs. 2 & 17.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 59.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.――――One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in
  the night by Nisus and Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 454.

=Numāna=, a town of Picenum in Italy, of which the people were called
  _Numanates_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Numantia=, a town of Spain near the sources of the river Durius,
  celebrated for the war of 14 years which, though unprotected by walls
  and towers, it bravely maintained against the Romans. The inhabitants
  obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio Africanus
  was empowered to finish the war, and to see the destruction of
  Numantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000 men, and was
  bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no more than 4000 men
  able to bear arms. Both armies behaved with uncommon valour, and the
  courage of the Numantines was soon changed into despair and fury.
  Their provisions began to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their
  horses, and afterwards on that of their dead companions, and at last
  were necessitated to draw lots to kill and devour one another. The
  melancholy situation of their affairs obliged some to surrender to
  the Roman general. Scipio demanded them to deliver themselves up on
  the morrow; they refused, and when a longer time had been granted
  to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their houses, and
  all destroyed themselves, B.C. 133, so that not even one remained to
  adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, however, deny
  that, and support that a number of Numantines delivered themselves
  into Scipio’s hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in triumph at
  Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numantia was more
  glorious than that of Carthage or Corinth, though inferior to them.
  The conqueror obtained the surname of _Numantinus_. _Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 18.――_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Officiis_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 6.――_Plutarch._――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 1.

=Numantīna=, a woman accused under Tiberius of making her husband
  insane by enchantments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 22.

=Numānus Remŭlus=, a Rutulian who accused the Trojans of effeminacy. He
  had married the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by Ascanius
  during the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 592, &c.

=Numēnes=, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, born at
  Apamea in Syria. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus.

=Numenia=, or =Neomenia=, a festival observed by the Greeks at the
  beginning of every lunar month, in honour of all the gods, but
  especially of Apollo or the Sun, who is justly deemed the author
  of light, and of whatever distinction is made in the months,
  seasons, days, and nights. It was observed with games and public
  entertainments which were provided at the expense of rich citizens,
  and which were always frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were
  offered at Athens during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the
  republic. The demigods as well as the heroes of the ancients were
  honoured and invoked in the festival.

=Numenius=, a philosopher, who supposed that Chaos, from which the
  world was created, was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He
  lived in the second century.

=Numentāna via=, a road at Rome, which led to mount Sacer through the
  gate Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 52.

=Numeria=, a goddess at Rome who presided over numbers. _Augustine_,
  _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Numeriānus Marcus Aurelius=, a son of the emperor Carus. He accompanied
  his father into the east with the title of Cæsar, and at his death
  he succeeded him with his brother Carinus, A.D. 282. His reign was
  short. Eight months after his father’s death, he was murdered in
  his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in
  an expedition. The murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant throne,
  continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he
  found a proper opportunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of
  the body, however, soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sacrificed
  to the fury of the soldiers. Numerianus had been admired for his
  learning as well as his moderation. He was naturally an eloquent
  speaker, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer of his age.――――A
  friend of the emperor Severus.

=Numerius=, a man who favoured the escape of Marius to Africa, &c.――――A
  friend of Pompey taken by Julius Cæsar’s adherents, &c. _Pliny._

=Numicia via=, one of the great Roman roads, which led from the capital
  to the town of Brundusium.

=Nŭmīcus=, a small river of Latium, near Lavinium, where the dead body
  of Æneas was found, and where Anna, Dido’s sister, drowned herself.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 150, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,
  li. 359.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 358, &c.; _Fasti_,
  bk. 3, li. 643.――――A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 1,
  ltr. 6.

=Numĭda=, a surname given by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, to one of the
  generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose
  that it is Pomponius; others, Plotius.

=Nŭmĭdia=, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom
  of _Algiers_ and _Bildulgerid_. It was bounded on the north by the
  Mediterranean sea, south by Gætulia, west by Mauritania, and east
  by a part of Libya, which was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants
  were called _Nomades_, and afterwards _Numidæ_. It was the kingdom of
  Masinissa, which was the occasion of the third Punic war, on account
  of the offence which he had received from the Carthaginians. Jugurtha
  reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was conquered,
  and became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor.
  The Numidians were excellent warriors, and in their expeditions
  they always endeavoured to engage with the enemy in the night-time.
  They rode without saddles or bridles, whence they have been called
  _infræni_. They had their wives in common, as the rest of the
  barbarian nations of antiquity. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 754.

=Numidius Quadratus=, a governor of Syria under Claudius. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 12.

=Numistro=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 17.

=Nŭmĭtor=, a son of Procas king of Alba, who inherited his father’s
  kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly with
  him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a colleague on the throne; he
  expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure himself,
  he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to
  the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy.
  These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became pregnant,
  and though the two children whom she brought forth were exposed
  in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was preserved,
  and Numitor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, and the
  tyrannical usurper was put to death. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
  _――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, li. 55, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 768.――――A son of
  Phorcus, who fought with Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 342.――――A rich and dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal,
  satire 7, li. 74.

=Numitōrius=, a Roman who defended Virginia, to whom Appius wished to
  offer violence. He was made military tribune.――――Quintus Pullus, a
  general of Fregellæ, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Numonius=. _See:_ Vala.

=Nuncoreus=, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, who made an obelisk,
  some ages after brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. _Pliny_,
  bk. 26, ch. 11.――――He is called Pheron by Herodotus.

=Nundīna=, a goddess whom the Romans invoked when they named their
  children. This happened the ninth day after their birth, whence the
  name of the goddess, _Nona dies_. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1,
  ch. 16.

=Nundīnæ=. _See:_ Feriæ.

=Nursæ=, a town of Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 744.

=Nurscia=, a goddess who patronized the Etrurians. _Juvenal_, satire 10,
  li. 74.

=Nursia=, now _Norza_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called
  _Nursini_. Its situation was exposed, and the air considered as
  unwholesome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 716.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.

=Nutria=, a town of Illyricum. _Polybius_, bk. 2.

=Nycteis=, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus.――――A
  patronymic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion and
  Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her
  company. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 110.

=Nyctelia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus [_See:_ Nyctelius], observed
  on mount Cithæron. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.

=Nyctelius=, a surname of Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated
  in the night (νυξ _nox_, τελεω _perficio_). The words _latex
  Nyctelius_ thence signify wine. _Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.

=Nycteus=, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia.――――A son of Chthonius.――――A son
  of Neptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas king of Lesbos, or of Thebes,
  according to the more received opinion. He married a nymph of Crete,
  called Polyxo or Amalthæa, by whom he had two daughters, Nyctimene
  and Antiope. The first of these disgraced herself by her criminal
  amours with her father, into whose bed she introduced herself by
  means of her nurse. When the father knew the incest which he had
  committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who was immediately
  changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who
  had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound which he had received
  in an engagement, leaving his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he
  entreated to continue the war, and punish Antiope for her immodest
  conduct. _See:_ Antiope. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Hyginus_,
  fables 157 & 204.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 590, &c.;
  bk. 6, li. 110, &c.

=Nyctimĕne=, a daughter of Nycteus. _See:_ Nycteus.

=Nyctĭmus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. He died without issue, and
  left his kingdom to his nephew Arcas the son of Callisto. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Nymbæum=, a lake of Peloponnesus in Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  li. 23.

=Nymphæ=, certain female deities among the ancients. They were generally
  divided into two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs of the sea.
  Of the nymphs of the earth, some presided over woods, and were called
  _Dryades_ and _Hamadryades_; others presided over mountains, and
  were called _Oreades_; some presided over hills and dales, and were
  called _Napææ_, &c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called _Oceanides_,
  _Nereides_, _Naiades_, _Potamides_, _Limnades_, &c. These presided
  not only over the sea, but also over rivers, fountains, streams,
  and lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence not only in the sea,
  but also on mountains, rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos
  were beautified by evergreens and delightful and romantic scenes. The
  nymphs were immortal, according to the opinion of some mythologists;
  others supposed that, like men, they were subject to mortality,
  though their life was of long duration. They lived for several
  thousand years, according to Hesiod, or, as Plutarch seems obscurely
  to intimate, they lived above 9720 years. The number of the nymphs
  is not precisely known. They were, according to Hesiod, above 3000,
  whose power was extended over the different places of the earth,
  and the various functions and occupations of mankind. They were
  worshipped by the ancients, though not with so much solemnity as the
  superior deities. They had no temples raised to their honour, and
  the only offerings they received were milk, honey, oil, and sometimes
  the sacrifice of a goat. They were generally represented as young and
  beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and sometimes they held a
  vase, from which they seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had grass,
  leaves, and shells, instead of vases. It was deemed unfortunate to
  see them naked, and such sight was generally attended by a delirium,
  to which Propertius seems to allude in this verse, wherein he speaks
  of the innocence and simplicity of the primitive ages of the world,

                _Nec fuerat nudas pœna videre Deas_.

  The nymphs were generally distinguished by an epithet which denoted
  the place of their residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were
  called _Sicelides_; those of Corycus, _Corycides_, &c. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 320; bk. 5, li. 412; bk. 9, li. 651, &c.;
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 769.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 14.

=Nymphæum=, a port of Macedonia. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――――A promontory
  of Epirus on the Ionian sea.――――A place near the walls of Apollonia,
  sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had also an oracle. The place was
  also celebrated for the continual flames of fire which seemed to rise
  at a distance from the plains. It was there that a sleeping satyr was
  once caught and brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mithridatic
  war. This monster had the same features as the poets ascribed to the
  satyr. He was interrogated by Sylla and by his interpreters, but his
  articulations were unintelligible, and the Roman spurned from him a
  creature which seemed to partake of the nature of a beast more than
  that of a man. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 41.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 36 & 49.――――A
  city of Taurica Chersonesus.――――The building at Rome where the nymphs
  were worshipped bore also this name, being adorned with their statues
  and with fountains and waterfalls, which afforded an agreeable and
  refreshing coolness.

=Nymphæus=, a man who went into Caria at the head of a colony of
  Melians, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Nymphidius=, a favourite of Nero, who said that he was descended
  from Caligula. He was raised to the consular dignity, and soon after
  disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain by the soldiers, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.

=Nymphis=, a native of Heraclea, who wrote a history of Alexander’s
  life and actions, divided into 24 books. _Ælian_, bk. 7, _de Natura
  Animalium_.

=Nymphodōrus=, a writer of Amphipolis.――――A Syracusan who wrote a
  history of Sicily.

=Nympholleptes=, or =Nymphomănes=, _possessed by the nymphs_. This name
  was given to the inhabitants of mount Cithæron, who believed that
  they were inspired by the nymphs. _Plutarch_, _Aristeides_.

=Nymphon=, a native of Colophon, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother
  Quintus_, bk. 1.

=Nypsius=, a general of Dionysius the tyrant, who took Syracuse, and
  put all the inhabitants to the sword. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Nysa=, or =Nyssa=, a town of Æthiopia, at the south of Egypt, or,
  according to others, of Arabia. This city, with another of the same
  name in India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who was educated there
  by the nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysius,
  which seems to be compounded of Διος and ♦Νυσα, the name of his
  father, and that of the place of his education. The god made this
  place the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered
  nations of the east. Diodorus, in his third and fourth books, has
  given a prolix account of the birth of the god at Nysa, and of
  his education and heroic actions. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 13, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li.
  198.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 805.
  ――――According to some geographers there were no less than 10 places
  of the name of Nysa. One of these was on the coast of Eubœa, famous
  for its vines, which grew in such an uncommon manner, that if a twig
  was planted in the ground in the morning, it was said immediately
  to produce grapes, which were full ripe in the evening.――――A city of
  Thrace.――――Another seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and sacred
  to Bacchus. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 63.

      ♦ ‘Νμσα’ replaced with ‘Νυσα’

=Nysæus=, a surname of Bacchus, because he was worshipped at Nysa.
  _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 17, li. 22.――A son of Dionysius of Syracuse.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.

=Nysas=, a river of Africa, rising in Æthiopia.

=Nysisæ portæ=, a small island in Africa.

=Nysiădes=, a name given to the nymphs of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter
  entrusted the education of his son Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, li. 314, &c.

=Nysīros=, an island. _See:_ Nisyros.

=Nysius=, a surname of Bacchus as the protecting god of Nysa. _Cicero_,
  _Flaccus_, ch. 25.

=Nyssa=, a sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._


                                   O

=Oarses=, the original name of Artaxerxes Memnon.

=Oarus=, a river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mœotis.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Oăsis=, a town about the middle of Libya, at the distance of seven
  days’ journey from Thebes in Egypt, where the Persian army, sent by
  Cambyses to plunder Jupiter Ammon’s temple, was lost in the sands.
  There were two other cities of that name very little known. Oasis
  became a place of banishment under the lower empire. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――_Zosimus_, bk. 5, ch. 97.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Oaxes=, a river of Crete, which received its name from Oaxus the son
  of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, li. 66.

=Oaxus=, a town of Crete where Etearchus reigned, who founded Cyrene.
  ――――A son of Apollo and the nymph Anchiale.

=Obringa=, now _Ahr_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine above
  Rimmagen.

=Obultronius=, a questor put to death by Galba’s orders, &c. _Tacitus._

=Ocalea=, or =Ocalia=, a town of Bœotia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
  ――――A daughter of Mantineus, who married Abas son of Lynceus and
  Hypermnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and Prœtus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Oceia=, a woman who presided over the sacred rites of Vesta for 57
  years with the greatest sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius,
  and the daughter of Domitius succeeded her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 2, ch. 86.

=Oceănĭdes= and =Oceanītĭdes=, sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from
  whom they received their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They were
  3000 according to Apollodorus, who mentions the names of seven of
  them: Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis.
  Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41: Pitho, Admete,
  Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia,
  Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plexaure, Perseis, Pluto, Thoe,
  Polydora, Melobosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, Ianira, Telestho,
  Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia,
  Amphiro, with those mentioned by Apollodorus, except Amphitrite.
  Hyginus mentions 16, whose names are almost all different from
  those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference proceeds from the
  mutilation of the original text. The Oceanides, like the rest of
  the inferior deities, were honoured with libations and sacrifices.
  Prayers were offered to them, and they were entreated to protect
  sailors from storms and dangerous tempests. The Argonauts, before
  they proceeded on their expedition, made an offering of flour,
  honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the deities of the sea,
  and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection. When
  the sacrifice was made on the sea-shore the blood of the victim was
  received in a vessel, but when it was in the open sea, the blood
  was permitted to run down into the waters. When the sea was calm,
  the sailors generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but if it
  was agitated by the winds, and rough, a black bull was deemed
  the most acceptable victim. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3.――_Horace._
  ――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.
  ――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Oceănus=, a powerful deity of the sea, son of Cœlus and Terra. He
  married Tethys, by whom he had the most principal rivers, such
  as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c., with a number of daughters
  who are called from him Oceanides. _See:_ Oceanides. According to
  Homer, Oceanus was the ♦father of all the gods, and on that account
  he received frequent visits from the rest of the deities. He is
  generally represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and
  sitting upon the waves of the sea. He often holds a pike in his hand,
  whilst ships under sail appear at a distance, or a sea monster stands
  near him. Oceanus presided over every part of the sea, and even the
  rivers were subjected to his power. The ancients were superstitious
  in their worship to Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a
  deity to whose care they entrusted themselves when going on any
  voyage. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 81, &c.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_.

      ♦ ‘fathers’ replaced with ‘father’

=Ocellus=, an ancient philosopher of Lucania. _See:_ Lucanus.

=Ocēlum=, a town of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.

=Ocha=, a mountain of Eubœa, and the name of Eubœa itself.――――A sister
  of Ochus, buried alive by his orders.

=Ochesius=, a general of Ætolia in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5.

=Ochus=, a surname given to Artaxerxes III., king of Persia. _See:_
  Artaxerxes.――――A man of Cyzicus, who was killed by the Argonauts.
  _Flaccus_, bk. 3.――――A prince of Persia, who refused to visit his
  native country for fear of giving all the women each a piece of gold.
  _Plutarch._――――A river of India, or of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 16; bk. 31, ch. 7.――――A king of Persia. He exchanged his name
  for that of Darius. _See:_ Darius Nothus.

=Ocnus=, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, who assisted Æneas against
  Turnus. He built a town, which he called Mantua after his mother’s
  name. Some suppose that he is the same as Bianor. _Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 9; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 198.――――A man remarkable
  for his industry. He had a wife as remarkable for her profusion;
  she always consumed and lavished away whatever the labours of her
  husband had earned. He is represented as twisting a cord, which an
  ass standing by eats up as soon as he makes it; whence the proverb
  of _the cord of Ocnus_ often applied to labour which meets no return,
  and which is totally lost. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 21.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.

=Ocricŭlum=, now _Otricoli_, a town of Umbria near Rome. _Cicero_, _For
  Milo_.――_Livy_, bk. 19, ch. 41.

=Ocridion=, a king of Rhodes, who was reckoned in the number of the
  gods after death. _Plutarch_, _Græcæ Quæstiones_, ch. 27.

=Ocrīsia=, a woman of Corniculum, who was one of the attendants of
  Tanaquil the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was throwing into
  the flames, as offerings, some of the meats that were served on
  the table of Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what Ovid calls
  _obscœni forma virilis_. She informed the queen of it, and when by
  her orders she had approached near it, she conceived a son who was
  called Servius Tullus, and who, being educated in the king’s family,
  afterwards succeeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose that Vulcan
  had assumed that form which was presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, and
  that the god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. _Plutarch_,
  _de Fortuna Romanorum_.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 27.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 6, li. 627.

=Octacillius=, a slave who was manumitted, and who afterwards taught
  rhetoric at Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the number of his pupils.
  _Suetonius_, _Rhetoricians_.――_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 79.

=Octāvia=, a Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, and celebrated
  for her beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and after
  his death, Marcus Antony. Her marriage with Antony was a political
  step to reconcile her brother and her husband. Antony proved for
  some time attentive to her, but he soon after despised her for
  Cleopatra, and when she attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful
  amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was secretly rebuked, and
  totally banished from his presence. This affront was highly resented
  by Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to pacify him by
  palliating her husband’s behaviour, he resolved to revenge her cause
  by arms. After the battle of Actium and the death of Antony, Octavia,
  forgetful of the injuries she had received, took into her house all
  the children of her husband and treated them with maternal tenderness.
  Marcellus her son by her first husband was married to a niece of
  Augustus, and publicly intended as a successor to his uncle. His
  sudden death plunged all his family into the greatest grief. Virgil,
  whom Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself to pay a melancholy
  tribute to the memory of a young man whom Rome regarded as her future
  father and patron. He was desired to repeat his composition in the
  presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears as
  soon as the poet began; but when he mentioned, _Tu Marcellus eris_,
  she swooned away. This tender and pathetic encomium upon the merit
  and the virtues of young Marcellus was liberally rewarded by Octavia,
  and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for every one of the verses.
  Octavia had two daughters by Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor.
  The elder married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had Cnæus
  Domitius the father of the emperor Nero, by Agrippina the daughter
  of Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as beautiful
  as her mother, married Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she
  had Germanicus and Claudius, who reigned before Nero. The death
  of Marcellus continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died
  of melancholy about 10 years before the christian era. Her brother
  paid great regard to her memory, by pronouncing himself her funeral
  oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her virtues
  by their wish to pay her divine honours. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.――――A daughter of the emperor Claudius
  by Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of
  Agrippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of
  her age. She was soon after divorced on pretence of barrenness, and
  the emperor married Poppæa, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia by
  causing her to be banished into Campania. She was afterwards recalled
  at the instance of the people, and Poppæa, who was resolved on her
  ruin, caused her again to be banished to an island, where she was
  ordered to kill herself by opening her veins. Her head was cut off
  and carried to Poppæa. _Suetonius_ in _Claudius_, ch. 27; _Nero_,
  chs. 7 & 35.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.

=Octāviānus=, or =Octāvius Cæsar=, the nephew of Cæsar the dictator.
  After the battle of Actium and the final destruction of the Roman
  republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him the title and surname
  of _Augustus_, as more expressive of his greatness and dignity.
  _See:_ Augustus.

=Octāvius=, a Roman officer who brought Perseus king of Macedonia a
  prisoner to the consul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guardian
  to Ptolemy Eupator the young king of Egypt, where he behaved with
  the greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was before
  regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent to Rome.――――A man who opposed
  Metellus in the reduction of Crete by means of Pompey. He was obliged
  to retire from the island.――――A man who banished Cinna from Rome,
  and became remarkable for his probity and fondness of discipline. He
  was seized and put to death by order of his successful rivals Marius
  and Cinna.――――A Roman who boasted of being in the number of Cæsar’s
  murderers. His assertions were false, yet he was punished as if he
  had been accessary to the conspiracy.――――A lieutenant of Crassus
  in Parthia. He accompanied his general to the tent of the Parthian
  conqueror, and was killed by the enemy as he attempted to hinder them
  from carrying away Crassus.――――A governor of Cilicia. He died in his
  province, and Lucullus made applications to succeed him, &c.――――A
  tribune of the people at Rome, whom Tiberias Gracchus his colleague
  deposed.――――A commander of the forces of Antony against Augustus.
  ――――An officer who killed himself, &c.――――A tribune of the people,
  who debauched a woman of Pontus from her husband. She proved
  unfaithful to him, upon which he murdered her. He was condemned
  under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.
  ――_Florus._――_Livy_, &c.――――A poet in the Augustan age, intimate
  with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.

=Octodūrus=, a village in the modern country of Switzerland, now called
  _Martigny_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Octogesa=, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus,
  now called _Mequinensa_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 61.

=Octolophum=, a place of Greece. _Livy_, bk. 31.

=Ocyălus=, one of the Phæacians with Alcinous. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.

=Ocypĕte=, one of the Harpies, who infected whatever she touched.
  The name signifies _swift flying_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A daughter of Thaumas.――――A
  daughter of Danaus.

=Ocy̆roe=, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, who had the gift of
  prophecy. She was changed into a mare. _See:_ Melanippe. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 638, &c.――――A woman, daughter of Chesias,
  carried away by Apollo, as she was going to a festival at Miletus.

=Odenātus=, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He early inured himself to
  bear fatigues, and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accustomed
  himself to the labours of a military life. He was faithful to the
  Romans; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor king
  of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause, and
  solicited his release by writing a letter to the conqueror and
  sending him presents. The king of Persia was offended at the liberty
  of Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the presents which
  were offered to be thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had
  the impudence, as he observed, to pay homage to so great a monarch
  as himself, he ordered him to appear before him, on pain of being
  devoted to instant destruction, with all his family, if he dared to
  refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, and opposed force
  to force. He obtained some advantages over the troops of the Persian
  monarch, and took his wife prisoner with a great and rich booty.
  These services were seen with gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus,
  the then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as his colleague on the
  throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his children and to his
  wife, the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power,
  resolved to signalize himself more conspicuously by conquering the
  northern barbarians, but his exaltation was short, and he perished by
  the dagger of one of his relations, whom he had slightly offended in
  a domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa, about the 267th year of
  the christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and honours.

=Odessus=, a seaport town at the west of the Euxine sea in Lower Mœsia,
  below the mouths of the Danube. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9,
  li. 57.

=Odeum=, a musical theatre at Athens. _Vitruvius_, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Odīnus=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who flourished about 70 years
  before the christian era, in the northern parts of ancient Germany,
  or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a soldier,
  a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credulity
  of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could
  raise the dead to life, and that he was acquainted with futurity.
  When he had extended his power, and increased his fame by conquest
  and by persuasion, he resolved to die in a different manner from
  other men. He assembled his friends, and with a sharp point of a
  lance he made on his body nine different wounds in the form of a
  circle, and as he expired he declared he was going into Scythia,
  where he should become one of the immortal gods. He further added
  that he would prepare bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen
  as lived a virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and who died
  like heroes in the field of battle. These injunctions had the desired
  effect; his countrymen superstitiously believed him, and always
  recommended themselves to his protection whenever they engaged in a
  battle, and they entreated him to receive the souls of such as had
  fallen in war.

=Odītes=, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus at the nuptials of Pirithous.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 457.――――A prince killed at the
  nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 97.

=Odoācer=, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed the western empire of
  Rome, and called himself king of Italy, A.D. 476.

=Odomanti=, a people of Thrace on the eastern banks of the Strymon.
  _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 4.

=Odŏnes=, a people of Thrace.

=Odry̆sæ=, an ancient people of Thrace, between Abdera and the river
  Ister. The epithet of _Odrysius_ is often applied to a Thracian.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 490; bk. 13, li. 554.――_Statius_,
  _Achilleis_, bk. 1, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.

=Odyssēa=, one of Homer’s epic poems, in which he describes in 24 books
  the adventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, with
  other material circumstances. The whole of the action comprehends no
  more than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet.
  _See:_ Homerus.

=Odyssēum=, a promontory of Sicily, at the west of Pachynus.

=Œa=, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 257.――――Also a place in Ægina. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 5, ch. 83.

=Œagrus=, or =Œager=, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king
  of Thrace, and from him mount Hæmus, and also the Hebrus, one of the
  rivers of the country, have received the appellation of _Œagrius_,
  though Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the explanation of
  Diodorus, by asserting that the Œagrus is a river of Thrace, whose
  waters supply the streams of the Hebrus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 414.
  ――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,
  li. 524.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 463.――_Diodorus._
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Œanthe= and =Œanthia=, a town of Phocis, where Venus had a temple.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.

=Œax=, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He was brother to Palamedes, whom
  he accompanied to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly resented
  on his return to Greece, by raising disturbances in the family of
  some of the Grecian princes. _Dictys Cretensis._――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 117.

=Œbălia=, the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from king
  Œbalus, and thence _Œbalides puer_ is applied to Hyacinthus as a
  native of the country, and _Œbalius sanguis_ is used to denominate
  his blood. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――――The same name is given to Tarentum because built by a Lacedæmonian
  colony, whose ancestors were governed by Œbalus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 125.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 451.

=Œbălus=, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who was king of Laconia. He
  married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom he had Hippocoon,
  Tyndarus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 10.――――A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the
  neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 734.

=Œbăres=, a satrap of Cyrus, against the Medes. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.――――A
  groom of Darius son of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his master
  obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his artifice in making his horse
  neigh first. _See:_ Darius I. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 85.――_Justin_,
  bk. 1, ch. 10.

=Œchălia=, a country of Peloponnesus in Laconia, with a small town of
  the same name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, while Eurytus
  was king over it, from which circumstance it was often called
  _Eurytopolis_.――――A small town of Eubœa, where, according to some,
  Eurytus reigned, and not in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bks. 8, 9, & 10.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 291.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.――_Sophocles_, _Trachiniæ_, li. 74
  & _Scholia_.

=Œclīdes=, a patronymic of Amphiaraus son of Œcleus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 7.

=Œcleus.= _See:_ Oicleus.

=Œcumenius=, wrote in the middle of the 10th century a paraphrase of
  some of the books of the New Testament in Greek, edited in two vols.,
  folio, Paris, 1631.

=Œdipŏdia=, a fountain of Thebes in Bœotia.

=Œdĭpus=, a son of Laius king of Thebes and Jocasta. As being descended
  from Venus by his father’s side, Œdipus was born to be exposed to
  all the dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict upon the
  posterity of the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of Œdipus was
  informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must
  perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelligence awakened
  his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved
  never to approach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were violated
  in a fit of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still
  intent to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child as
  soon as it came into the world. The mother had not the courage to
  obey, yet she gave the child as soon as born to one of her domestics,
  with orders to expose him on the mountains. The servant was moved
  with pity, but to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored the feet of
  the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on
  mount Cithæron, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of
  Polybus king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home; and Peribœa
  the wife of Polybus, who had no children, educated him as her own
  child, with maternal tenderness. The accomplishments of the infant,
  who was named Œdipus, on account of the swelling of his feet (οἰδεω
  _tumeo_, ποδες _pedes_), soon became the admiration of the age. His
  companions envied his strength and his address; and one of them, to
  mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child.
  This raised his doubts; he asked Peribœa, who, out of tenderness,
  told him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with
  this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told not
  to return home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the murderer of
  his father, and the husband of his mother. This answer of the oracle
  terrified him; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he
  resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently
  attended him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his journey, met in
  a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily
  ordered Œdipus to make way for him. Œdipus refused, and a contest
  ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. As Œdipus
  was ignorant of the quality and of the rank of the men whom he had
  just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by
  the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible monster, which Juno had sent to
  lay waste the country [_See:_ ♦Sphinx], resorted in the neighbourhood
  of Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted to explain, without
  success, the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity was now become
  an object of public concern, and as the successful explanation of an
  enigma would end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who at the death
  of Laius had ascended the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and
  Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was
  this: What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon
  two, and in the evening upon three? This was left for Œdipus to
  explain; he came to the monster and said, that man, in the morning
  of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; when he has attained the
  years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; and in the evening,
  he supports his old age with the assistance of a staff. The monster,
  mortified at the true explanation, dashed his head against a rock and
  perished. Œdipus ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta,
  by whom he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two daughters,
  Ismene and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban territories were
  visited with a plague; and the oracle declared that it should cease
  only when the murderer of king Laius was banished from Bœotia. As
  the death of Laius had never been examined, and the circumstances
  that attended it never known, this answer of the oracle was of the
  greatest concern to the Thebans; but Œdipus, the friend of his people,
  resolved to overcome every difficulty by the most exact inquiries.
  His researches were successful, and he was soon proved to be the
  murderer of his father. The melancholy discovery was rendered the
  more alarming when Œdipus considered, that he had not only murdered
  his father, but that he had committed incest with his mother. In the
  excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light,
  and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by
  his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone,
  and came near Colonus, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies.
  He remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place,
  and to become the source of prosperity to the country in which his
  bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus king of
  the country, to inform him of the resolution of Œdipus. When Theseus
  arrived, Œdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that the gods
  had called him to die in the place where he stood; and to show the
  truth of this he walked, himself, without the assistance of a guide,
  to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth opened, and
  Œdipus disappeared. Some suppose that Œdipus had not children by
  Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as she knew the
  incest which had been committed. His tomb was near the Areopagus, in
  the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets represent him in hell,
  as suffering the punishment which crimes like his seemed to deserve.
  According to some, the four children which he had were by Euriganea
  the daughter of Periphas, whom he married after the death of Jocasta.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.――_Euripides_,
  _Phœnician Women_, &c.――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_ & _Colonus_,
  Antigone, &c.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk.
  11, ch. 270.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_,
  bk. 8, li. 642.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Athenæus_, bks. 6 & 10.

      ♦ ‘Sphynx’ replaced with ‘Sphinx’ to match listing

=Œme=, a daughter of Danaus by Crino. _Apollodorus._

=Œnanthes=, a favourite of young Ptolemy king of Egypt.

=Œne=, a small town of Argolis. The people were called _Œneadæ_.

=Œnea=, a river of Assyria. _Ammianus._

=Œneus=, a king of Calydon in Ætolia, son of Parthaon, or Portheus, and
  Euryte. He married Althæa the daughter of Thestius, by whom he had
  Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Althæa’s death, he
  married Peribœa the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. In
  a general sacrifice, which Œneus made to all the gods upon reaping
  the rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess,
  to revenge this unpardonable neglect, incited his neighbours to take
  up arms against him, and, besides, she sent a wild boar to lay waste
  the country of Calydonia. The animal was at last killed by Meleager
  and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated chase, known
  by the name of the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time after,
  Meleager died, and Œneus was driven from his kingdom by the sons of
  his brother Agrius. Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon restored
  him to his throne; but the continual misfortunes to which he was
  exposed rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself from Calydon, and
  left his crown to his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he was going
  to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of Diomedes, in a town of
  Argolis, which from him received the name of _Œnoe_. It is reported
  that Œneus received a visit from Bacchus, and that he suffered the
  god to enjoy the favours of Althæa, and to become the father of
  Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that the wine of which he was
  the patron should be called among the Greeks by the name of Œneus
  (οἰνος). _Hyginus_, fable 129.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 539.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 25.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 510.

=Œniadæ=, a town of Acarnania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24; bk. 38, ch. 11.

=Œnĭdes=, a patronymic of Meleager son of Œneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8, fable 10.

=Œnoe=, a nymph who married Sicinus, the son of Thoas king of Lemnos.
  From her the island of Sicinus had been called Œnoe.――――Two villages
  of Attica were also called Œnoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 74.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A city of Argolis, where Œneus fled when driven
  from Calydon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――――A town of Elis in the
  Peloponnesus. _Strabo._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, &c.

=Œnŏmaus=, a son of Mars, by Sterope the daughter of Atlas. He was
  king of Pisa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia, by Evarete daughter
  of Acrisius, or Eurythoa the daughter of Danaus. He was informed
  by the oracle that he should perish by the hands of his son-in-law,
  therefore as he could skilfully drive a chariot he determined to
  marry his daughter only to him who could outrun him, on condition
  that all who entered the list should agree to lay down their life,
  if conquered. Many had already perished, when Pelops son of Tantalus
  proposed himself. He previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of
  Œnomaus, by promising him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippodamia,
  if he proved victorious. Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot,
  whose axletree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to the
  Corinthian isthmus, and Œnomaus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia,
  and became king of Pisa. As he expired, Œnomaus entreated Pelops to
  revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had
  been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax, Alcathous,
  Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus,
  Tricolonus, Prias, Aristomachus, Æolius, Eurythrus, and Chronius.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 11, &c.――_Apollonius Rhodius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 20.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 367;
  _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 8; _Heroides_, poem 8, li. 70.

=Œnon=, a part of Locris on the bay of _Corinth_.

=Œnōna=, an ancient name of the island Ægina. It is also called
  _Œnopia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 46.――――Two villages of Attica are
  also called Œnona, or rather Œnoe.――――A town of Troas, the birthplace
  of the nymph Œnone. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Œnōne=, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of the river Cebrenus in
  Phrygia. As she had received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to
  Paris, whom she married before he was discovered to be the son of
  Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended with the most
  serious consequences, and the total ruin of his country, and that he
  should have recourse to her medicinal knowledge at the hour of death.
  All these predictions were fulfilled; and Paris, when he had received
  the fatal wound, ordered his body to be carried to Œnone, in hopes
  of being cured by her assistance. He expired as he came into her
  presence; and Œnone was so struck at the sight of his dead body, that
  she bathed it with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She
  was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this son perished by the hand
  of his father when he attempted, at the instigation of Œnone, to
  persuade him to withdraw his affection from Helen. _Dictys Cretensis._
  ――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_ li. 457; _Heroides_, poem 5.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 9.

=Œnŏpia=, one of the ancient names of the island Ægina. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 473.

=Œnopĭdes=, a mathematician of Chios. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Œnopion=, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, according to others, by
  Bacchus. He married Helice, by whom he had a daughter called Hero,
  or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became enamoured. The father,
  unwilling to give his daughter to such a lover, and afraid of
  provoking him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, and at
  last put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some suppose that
  this violence was offered to Orion after he had dishonoured Merope.
  Œnopion received the island of Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had
  conquered most of the islands of the Ægean sea, and his tomb was
  still seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more
  probability, that he reigned not at Chios, but at Ægina, which from
  him was called Œnopia. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 4.――_Diodorus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Apollonius Rhodius_,
  bk. 3.

=Œnōtri=, the inhabitants of Œnotria.

=Œnōtria=, a part of Italy, which was afterwards called _Lucania_.
  It received this name from Œnotrus the son of Lycaon, who settled
  there with a colony of Arcadians. The Œnotrians afterwards spread
  themselves into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the country of the
  Sabines, according to some writers. The name of Œnotria is sometimes
  applied to Italy. That part of Italy where Œnotrus settled, was
  before inhabited by the Ausones. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
  536; bk. 7, li. 85.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 220.

=Œnotrĭdes=, two small islands on the coast of Lucania, where some of
  the Romans were banished by the emperors. They were called Ischia and
  Pontia.

=Œnōtrus=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He passed into Magna Græcia
  with a colony, and gave the name of Œnotria to that part of the
  country where he settled. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 11.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Œnūsæ=, small islands near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus,
  near Messenia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Œonus=, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta, where he accompanied
  Hercules; and as the hero had promised Licymnius to bring back his
  son, he burnt his body and presented the ashes to the afflicted
  father. From this circumstance arose a custom of burning the dead
  among the Greeks. _Scholia_, _Homer_, _Iliad_.――――A small river of
  Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28.

=Œnoe=, an island of Bœotia formed by the Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9,
  ch. 50.

=Œta=, now _Banina_, a celebrated mountain between Thessaly and
  Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given
  occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars arose
  behind it. Mount Œta, properly speaking, is a long chain of mountains
  which runs from the straits of Thermopylæ and the gulf of Malia, in
  a western direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence to the bay of
  Ambracia. The straits or passes of mount Œta are called the straits
  of Thermopylæ, from the hot baths and mineral waters which are in
  the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25 feet in breadth.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Catullus_, poem 66, li. 54.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_,
  poem 9; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 216; bk. 9, li. 204, &c.
  ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 5.――_Seneca_,
  _Medea_.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.――――A small town at the foot of mount
  Œta near Thermopylæ.

=Œty̆lus=, or =Œty̆lum=, a town of Laconia, which received its name
  from Œtylus, one of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Ofellus=, a man whom, though unpolished, Horace represents as a
  character exemplary for wisdom, economy, and moderation. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, satire 2, li. 2.

=Ofi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.

=Ogdolăpis=, a navigable river flowing from the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Ogdōrus=, a king of Egypt.

=Oglosa=, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east of Corsica, famous for
  wine, and now called _Monte Christo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Ogmius=, a name of Hercules among the Gauls. _Lucian_, _Hercules_.

=Ogoa=, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under whose temple, as was
  supposed, the sea passed. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.

=Ogulnia lex=, by Quintus and Cnæus Ogulnius, tribunes of the people,
  A.U.C. 453. It increased the number of pontifices and augurs from
  four to nine. The addition was made to both orders from plebeian
  families.――――A Roman lady as poor as she was lascivious. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 351.

=Ogy̆ges=, a celebrated monarch, the most ancient of those that reigned
  in Greece. He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune,
  and married Thebe the daughter of Jupiter. He reigned in Bœotia,
  which from him is sometimes called _Ogygia_, and his power was also
  extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was of Egyptian or
  Phœnician extraction; but his origin, as well as the age in which
  he lived, and the duration of his reign, are so obscure and unknown,
  that the epithet of _Ogygian_ is often applied to everything of
  dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so
  inundated the territories of Attica, that they remained waste for
  near 200 years. This, though it is very uncertain, is supposed to
  have happened about 1764 years before the christian era, and previous
  to the deluge of Deucalion. According to some writers, it was owing
  to the overflowing of one of the rivers of the country. The reign
  of Ogyges was also marked by an uncommon appearance in the heavens,
  and, as it is reported, the planet Venus changed her colour, diameter,
  figure, and her course. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, &c.

=Ogy̆gia=, a name of one of the gates of Thebes in Bœotia. _Lucan_,
  bk. 1, li. 675.――――One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, changed
  into stones. _Apollodorus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――――An ancient
  name of Bœotia, from Ogyges, who reigned there.――――The island of
  Calypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna Græcia, where
  Ulysses was shipwrecked. The situation, and even the existence of
  Calypso’s island, is disputed by some writers. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 52 & 85; bk. 5, li. 254.

=Ocy̆ris=, an island in the Indian ocean.

=Oicleus=, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, who married Hypermnestra
  daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polybœa, and
  Amphiaraus. He was killed by Laomedon when defending the ships which
  Hercules had brought to Asia, when he made war against Troy. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 15.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8;
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Oīleus=, a king of the Locrians. His father’s name was Odoedocus,
  and his mother’s Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he had Ajax,
  called _Oileus_ from his father, to discriminate him from Ajax the
  son of Telamon. He had also another son called Medon, by a courtesan
  called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Argonauts. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk.
  1, li. 45.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 15.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Olane=, one of the mouths of the Po.――――A mountain of Armenia.

=Olanus=, a town of Lesbos.

=Olastræ=, a people of India. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 249.――_Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 20.

=Olba=, or =Olbus=, a town of Cilicia.

=Olbia=, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence of the Hypanis and the
  Borysthenes, about 15 miles from the sea, according to Pliny. It was
  afterwards called _Borysthenes_ and _Miletopolis_, because peopled
  by a Milesian colony, and is now supposed to be _Oczakow_. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――――A town of Bithynia. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 19.――――A town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The
  capital of Sardinia. _Claudian._

=Olbius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Olbus=, one of Æetes’ auxiliaries. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 639.

=Olchinium=, or =Olcinium=, now _Dulcigno_, a town of Dalmatia, on the
  Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Olbades=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5.

=Oleăros=, or =Oliaros=, one of the Cyclades, about 16 miles in
  circumference, separated from Paros by a strait of seven miles.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 126.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,
  li. 469.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Oleatrum=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Strabo._

=Olen=, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished some time before the age
  of Orpheus, and composed many hymns, some of which were regularly
  sung at Delphi, on solemn occasions. Some suppose that he was the
  first who established the oracle of Apollo at Delphi where he first
  delivered oracles. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 35.

=Olenius=, a Lemnian killed by his wife. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2,
  li. 164.

=Olĕnus=, a son of Vulcan, who married Lethæa, a beautiful woman, who
  preferred herself to the goddesses. She and her husband were changed
  into stones by the deities. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 68.
  ――――A famous soothsayer of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.

=Olĕnus=, or =Olenum=, a town of Peloponnesus between Patræ and Cyllene.
  The goat Amalthæa, which was made a constellation by Jupiter, is
  called _Olenia_, from its residence there. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 8.――――Another in Ætolia.

=Oleorus=, one of the Cyclades, now _Antiparo_.

=Olgasys=, a mountain of Galatia.

=Oligyrtis=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Olinthus=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Olynthus.

=Olisipo=, now _Lisbon_, a town of ancient Spain on the Tagus, surnamed
  _Felicitas Julia_ (_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22), and called by some
  Ulysippo, and said to be founded by Ulysses. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Solinus_, bk. 23.

=Olitingi=, a town of Lusitania. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Olīzon=, a town of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Homer._

=Titus Ollius=, the father of Poppæa, destroyed on account of his
  intimacy with Sejanus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 45.――――A
  river rising in the Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the
  _Oglio_. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Ollovĭco=, a prince of Gaul, called the friend of the republic by the
  Roman senate. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 31.

=Olmiæ=, a promontory near Megara.

=Olmius=, a river of Bœotia, near Helicon, sacred to the Muses.
  _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 284.

=Oloosson=, now _Alessone_, a town of Magnesia. _Homer._

=Olophyxus=, a town of Macedonia on mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 22.

=Olpæ=, a fortified place of Epirus, now _Forte Castri_.

=Olus= (untis), a town at the west of Crete.

=Olympeum=, a place of Delos.――――Another in Syracuse.

=Olympia= (orum), celebrated games which received their name either
  from Olympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, to
  whom they were dedicated. They were, according to some, instituted
  by Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first observed by
  the Idæi Dactyli, B.C. 1453. Some attribute the institution to Pelops,
  after he had obtained a victory over Œnomaus and married Hippodamia;
  but the more probable, and indeed the more received opinion is, that
  they were first established by Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius,
  after a victory obtained over Augias, B.C. 1222. Strabo objects
  to this opinion, by observing that if they had been established in
  the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them,
  as he is in every particular careful to mention the amusements and
  diversions of the ancient Greeks. But they were neglected after
  their first institution by Hercules, and no notice was taken of them,
  according to many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver
  of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the celebration with greater
  solemnity. This reinstitution, which happened B.C. 884, forms a
  celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is the beginning of the
  Olympiad. _See:_ Olympias. They, however, were neglected for some
  time after the age of Iphitus, till Corœbus, who obtained a victory,
  B.C. 776, reinstituted them to be regularly and constantly celebrated.
  The care and superintendence of the games were entrusted to the
  people of Elis, till they were excluded by the Pisæans, B.C. 364,
  after the destruction of Pisa. These obtained great privileges
  from this appointment; they were in danger neither of violence nor
  war, but they were permitted to enjoy their possessions without
  molestation, as the games were celebrated within their territories.
  Only one person superintended till the 50th Olympiad, when two were
  appointed. In the 103rd Olympiad, the number was increased to 12,
  according to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the following
  Olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards increased to 10,
  which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The presidents were
  obliged solemnly to swear that they would act impartially, and not
  take any bribes, or discover why they rejected some of the combatants.
  They generally sat naked, and held before them the crown which was
  prepared for the conqueror. There were also certain officers to
  keep good order and regularity, called ἀλυται, much the same as the
  Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called ἀλυταρχης. No women were
  permitted to appear at the celebration of the Olympian games, and
  whoever dared to trespass this law was immediately thrown down from
  a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglected, for we find not
  only women present at the celebration, but also some among the
  combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for
  these festivals were great. No person was permitted to enter the
  lists if he had not regularly exercised himself 10 months before the
  celebration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were
  allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe his adversary was subjected
  to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were connected with
  impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as
  combatants; and even the father and relations were obliged to swear
  that they would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the
  victory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were appointed
  by lot. Some little balls, superscribed with a letter, were thrown
  into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter were obliged to
  contend one with the other. He who had an odd letter remained the
  last, and he often had the advantage, as he was to encounter the last
  who had obtained the superiority over his adversary. He was called
  ἐφεδρος. In these games were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling,
  boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether
  πενταθλον, or _quinquertium_. Besides these, there were horse and
  chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the
  fine arts. The only reward that the conqueror obtained, was a crown
  of olive; which, as some suppose, was in memory of the labours of
  Hercules, which was accomplished for the universal good of mankind,
  and for which the hero claimed no other reward than the consciousness
  of having been the friend of humanity. So small and trifling a
  reward stimulated courage and virtue, and was more the source
  of great honours than the most unbounded treasures. The statues
  of the conquerors, called Olympionicæ, were erected at Olympia,
  in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a
  warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and
  everywhere received with the greatest acclamations. Their entrance
  into their native city was not through the gates, but, to make it
  more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters
  and poets were employed in celebrating their names; and indeed the
  victories severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of the most
  beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked; a scarf was
  originally tied round the waist, but when it had entangled one of
  the adversaries, and been the cause that he lost the victory, it was
  laid aside, and no regard was paid to decency. The Olympic games were
  observed every fifth year, or, to speak with greater exactness, after
  a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year,
  and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most
  ancient and the most solemn of all the festivals of the Greeks, it
  will not appear wonderful that they drew so many people together,
  not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring islands
  and countries. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, chs. 1 & 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_, _Lycurgus_, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, li. 1.
  ――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 46.――_Lucian_,
  _Anacharsis_.――_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_.――♦_Aristotle._――_Statius_,
  _Thebaid_, bk. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Preface_.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 49.――――A town of Elis in Peloponnesus,
  where Jupiter had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high,
  reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. The Olympic games
  were celebrated in the neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.

      ♦ ‘Aristotel’ replaced with ‘Aristotle’

=Olympias=, a certain space of time which elapsed between the
  celebration of the Olympic games. The Olympic games were celebrated
  after the expiration of four complete years, whence some have said
  that they were observed every fifth year. This period of time was
  called Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among the Greeks,
  who computed their time by it. The custom of reckoning time by the
  celebration of the Olympic games was not introduced at the first
  institution of these festivals, but, to speak accurately, only the
  year in which Corœbus obtained the prize. This Olympiad, which has
  always been reckoned the first, fell, according to the accurate and
  learned computations of some of the moderns, exactly 776 years before
  the christian era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 23
  years before the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the
  time of the full moon, next after the summer solstice; therefore
  the Olympiads were of unequal length, because the time of the full
  moon differs 11 days every year, and for that reason they sometimes
  began the next day after the solstice, and at other times four weeks
  after. The computations by Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after
  the 364th, in the year 440 of the christian era. It was universally
  adopted, not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring
  countries, though still the Pythian games served as an epoch to
  the people of Delphi and to the Bœotians, the Nemæan games to the
  Argives and Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the Corinthians and the
  inhabitants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the Olympiads history
  is much indebted. They have served to fix the time of many momentous
  events, and indeed before this method of computing time was observed,
  every page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled with obscurity
  and contradiction, and no true chronological account can be properly
  established and maintained with certainty. The mode of computation,
  which was used after the suppression of the Olympiads and of the
  consular fasti of Rome, was more useful as it was more universal;
  but while the era of the creation of the world prevailed in the east,
  the western nations in the sixth century began to adopt with more
  propriety the christian epoch, which was propagated in the eighth
  century, and at last, in the tenth, became legal and popular.――――A
  celebrated woman, who was daughter of a king of Epirus, and who
  married Philip king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great.
  Her haughtiness, and more probably her infidelity, obliged Philip
  to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra the niece of king Attalus.
  Olympias was sensible of this injury, and Alexander showed his
  disapprobation of his father’s measures by retiring from the court to
  his mother. The murder of Philip, which soon followed this disgrace,
  and which some have attributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was
  productive of the greatest extravagancies. The queen paid the highest
  honour to her husband’s murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs,
  placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near those of
  Philip. The administration of Alexander, who had succeeded his father,
  was, in some instances, offensive to Olympias; but when the ambition
  of her son was concerned, she did not scruple to declare publicly
  that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but that he was the
  offspring of an enormous serpent which had supernaturally introduced
  itself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the
  government of Macedonia, and to establish her usurpation, she cruelly
  put to death Aridæus, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor the
  brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Macedonia, who were
  inimical to her interest. Such barbarities did not long remain
  unpunished; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had retired
  with the remains of her family, and she was obliged to surrender
  after an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her to be accused,
  and to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were directed to put
  the bloody commands into execution, but the splendour and majesty
  of the queen disarmed their courage, and she was at last massacred
  by those whom she had cruelly deprived of their children, about 316
  years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 1.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius._――_Pausanias._――――A fountain of
  Arcadia which flowed for one year and the next was dry. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 29.

=Olympiodōrus=, a musician who taught Epaminondas music. _Cornelius
  Nepos._――――A native of Thebes in Egypt, who flourished under
  Theodosius II., and wrote 22 books of history, in Greek, beginning
  with the seventh consulship of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius,
  to the period when Valentinian was made emperor. He wrote also
  an account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations of the
  north, &c. His style is censured by some as low, and unworthy of
  an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodorus on the _Meteora_ of
  Aristotle, were edited with Aldus Manutius, 1550, in folio.――――An
  Athenian officer, present at the battle of Platæa, where he behaved
  with great valour. _Plutarch._

=Olympius=, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a
  celebrated temple and statue, which passed for one of the seven
  wonders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 2.――――A native of Carthage, called also Nemesianus.
  _See:_ Nemesianus.――――A favourite at the court of Honorius, who
  was the cause of Stilicho’s death.

=Olympus=, a physician of Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who wrote some
  historical treatises. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A poet and musician
  of Mysia, son of Mæon and disciple to Marsyas. He lived before the
  Trojan war, and distinguished himself by his amatory elegies, his
  hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs which he composed, and
  which were still preserved in the age of Aristophanes. _Plato_,
  _Minos_.――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 8.――――Another musician of
  Phrygia, who lived in the age of Midas. He is frequently confounded
  with the preceding. _Pollux_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――――A son of Hercules
  and Eubœa. _Apollodorus._――――A mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly,
  now _Lacha_. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with
  its top; and, from that circumstance, they have placed the residence
  of the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter. It is about
  one mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with
  pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of the mountain,
  according to the notions of the poets, there was neither wind nor
  rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bks. 2, 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A
  mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olympus, a name which it still
  preserves.――――Another in Elis.――――Another in Arcadia.――――Another in
  the island of Cyprus, now _Santa Croce_. Some suppose the Olympus of
  Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same.――――A town on the coast of Lycia.

=Olympusa=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Olynthus=, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, on the isthmus
  of the peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing
  situation, and for its frequent disputes with the Athenians and
  Lacedæmonians, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, and sold
  the inhabitants for slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Cohibenda Ira_, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 127.――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.

=Olyras=, a river near Thermopylæ, which, as the mythologists report,
  attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was
  consumed. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Olyzon=, a town of Thessaly.

=Omarius=, a Lacedæmonian sent to Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Ombi= and =Tentyra=, two neighbouring cities of Egypt, whose
  inhabitants were always in discord one with another. _Juvenal_,
  satire 15, li. 35.

=Ombri.= _See:_ ♦Umbria.

      ♦ ‘Umbri’ replaced with ‘Umbria’ to match listing

=Omŏle=, or =Homŏle=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 675.――――There were some festivals called _Homoleia_, which were
  celebrated in Bœotia in honour of Jupiter, surnamed _Homoleius_.

=Omophagia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus. The word signifies _the
  eating of raw flesh_. _See:_ Dionysia.

=Omphăle=, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus,
  who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Omphale had
  been informed of the great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see
  so illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder
  of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave,
  that he might recover his health, and the right use of his senses.
  Mercury was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale bought him, and
  restored him to liberty. The hero became enamoured of his mistress,
  and the queen favoured his passion, and had a son by him, whom some
  call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this son were descended Gyges
  and Crœsus; but this opinion is different from the account which
  makes these Lydian monarchs spring from Alcæus, a son of Hercules by
  Malis, one of the female servants of Omphale. Hercules is represented
  by the poets as so desperately enamoured of the queen that, to
  conciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women, while
  she covers herself with the lion’s skin, and arms herself with the
  club of the hero, and often strikes him with her sandals for the
  uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness
  was mutual. As they once travelled together, they came to a grotto
  on mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in the habit of her
  lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had
  supped, they both retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacrifice
  on the morrow to Bacchus required. In the night, Faunus, or rather
  Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself into the cave.
  He went to the bed of the queen, but the lion’s skin persuaded him
  that it was the dress of Hercules, and therefore he repaired to the
  bed of Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of his affection.
  The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down
  by his side. The hero was awakened, and kicked the intruder into
  the middle of the cave. The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was
  discovered lying on the ground, greatly disappointed and ashamed.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 305, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9;
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11,
  li. 17.

=Omphălos=, a place of Crete, sacred to Jupiter, on the borders of the
  river Triton. It received its name from the umbilical cord (ὀμφαλος)
  of Jupiter, which fell there soon after his birth. _Diodorus._

=Omphis=, a king of India, who delivered himself up to Alexander the
  Great. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Onæum=, or =Oæneum=, a promontory and town of Dalmatia. _Livy_, bk. 43,
  ch. 19.

=Onārus=, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed to have married Ariadne
  after she had been abandoned by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Onasĭmus=, a sophist of Athens, who flourished in the reign of
  Constantine.

=Onātas=, a famous statuary of Ægina son of Micon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 42.

=Onchemītes=, a wind which blows from Onchesmus, a harbour of
  Epirus, towards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt _Anchesites_
  and _Anchemites_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.
  ――_Ptolemæus._

=Onchestus=, a town of Bœotia, founded by Onchestus, a son of Neptune.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.

=Oneion=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Onesicrĭtus=, a cynic philosopher of Ægina, who went with Alexander
  into Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote a
  history of the king’s life, which has been censured for the romantic,
  exaggerated, and improbable narrative it gives. It is asserted that
  Alexander, upon reading it, said that he should be glad to come to
  life again for some time, to see what reception the historian’s work
  met with. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Onesĭmus=, a Macedonian nobleman, treated with great kindness by the
  Roman emperors. He wrote an account of the life of the emperor Probus,
  and of Carus, with great precision and elegance.

=Onesippus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Onesius=, a king of Salamis, who revolted from the Persians.

=Onetorĭdes=, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder the garrison
  which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Onium=, a place of Peloponnesus, near Corinth.

=Onoba=, a town near the columns of Hercules. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Onobala=, a river of Sicily.

=Onochŏnus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. It was dried
  up by the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 196.

=Onomacrĭtus=, a soothsayer of Athens. It is generally believed that
  the Greek poem on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus,
  was written by Onomacritus. The elegant poems of Musæus are also, by
  some, supposed to be the production of his pen. He flourished about
  516 years before the christian era, and was expelled from Athens by
  Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.
  ――――A Locrian, who wrote concerning laws, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2,
  _Politics_.

=Onomarchus=, a Phocian, son of Euthycrates and brother of Philomelus,
  whom he succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in the sacred
  war. After exploits of valour and perseverance, he was defeated
  and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered his body to
  be ignominiously hung up, for the sacrilege offered to the temple
  of Delphi. He died 353 B.C. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A man to whose care Antigonus entrusted the
  keeping of Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.

=Onomastorĭdes=, a Lacedæmonian ambassador sent to Darius, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Onomastus=, a freedman of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus._

=Onophas=, one of the seven Persians who conspired against the usurper
  Smerdis. _Ctesias._――――An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against
  Greece.

=Onosander=, a Greek writer, whose book _De Imperatoris Institutione_
  has been edited by Schwebel, with a French translation, folio,
  Nuremberg, 1752.

=Onythes=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 514.

=Opalia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans, in honour of Ops, on the
  14th of the calends of January.

=Ophēlas=, a general of Cyrene, defeated by Agathocles.

=Opheltes=, a son of Lycurgus king of Thrace. He is the same as
  Archemorus. _See:_ Archemorus.――――The father of Euryalus, whose
  friendship with Nisus is proverbial. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 201.――――One of the companions of Acœtes, changed into a dolphin
  by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 8.

=Ophensis=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 50.

=Ophiădes=, an island on the coast of Arabia, so called from the great
  number of serpents found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings,
  and was considered valuable for the topaz it produced. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 3.

=Ophias=, a patronymic given to Combe, as daughter of Ophius, an
  unknown person. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382.

=Ophioneus=, was an ancient soothsayer in the age of Aristodemus. He
  was born blind.

=Ophis=, a small river of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus.

=Ophiūsa=, the ancient name of Rhodes.――――A small island near Crete.
  ――――A town of Sarmatia.――――An island near the Baleares, so called
  from the number of serpents which it produced (ὀφις, _serpens_). It
  is now called _Formentera_.

=Ophrynium=, a town of Troas on the Hellespont. Hector had a grove
  there. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Opĭci=, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, from whose mean
  occupations the word _Opicus_ has been used to express disgrace.
  _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 207.

=Opilius=, a grammarian who flourished about 94 years before Christ. He
  wrote a book called _Libri Musarum_.

=Lucius Opimius=, a Roman who made himself consul in opposition to
  the interests and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed himself a most
  inveterate enemy to Caius Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved,
  during his consulship, like a dictator. He was accused of bribery,
  and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachium. _Cicero_, _For Sestius_,
  _For Plancius_, & _Against Piso_.――_Plutarch._――――A Roman, who killed
  one of the Cimbri in single combat.――――A rich usurer at Rome in the
  age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 142.

=Opis=, a town on the Tigris, afterwards called Antiochia. _Xenophon_,
  _Anabasis_, bk. 2.――――A nymph who was among Diana’s attendants.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, lis. 532 & 867.――――A town near the mouth
  of the Tigris.――――One of Cyrene’s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 343.

=Opĭter=, a Roman consul, &c.

=Opitergīni=, a people near Aquileia, on the Adriatic. Their chief city
  was called _Opitergum_, now _Oderso_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416.

=Opītes=, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_.

=Oppia=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her incontinence.

=Oppia lex=, by Caius Oppius the tribune, A.U.C. 540. It required that
  no woman should wear above half an ounce of gold, have party-coloured
  garments, or be carried in any city or town, or to any place within
  a mile’s distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred festivals
  or solemnities. This famous law, which was made while Annibal was
  in Italy, and while Rome was in distressed circumstances, created
  discontent, and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies petitioned the
  assembly of the people that it might be repealed. Cato opposed it
  strongly, and made many satirical reflections upon the women for
  their appearing in public to solicit votes. The tribune Valerius, who
  had presented their petition to the assembly, answered the objections
  of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence on the minds of
  the people, that the law was instantly abrogated with the unanimous
  consent of all the _comitia_, Cato alone excepted. _Livy_, bks. 33
  & 34.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.

=Oppiānus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the second century. His father’s
  name was Agesilaus, and his mother’s Zenodota. He wrote some poems,
  celebrated for their elegance and sublimity. Two of his poems are
  now extant, five books on fishing called _alieuticon_, and four on
  hunting called _cynegeticon_. The emperor Caracalla was so pleased
  with his poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of
  his cynegeticon; from which circumstance the poem received the name
  of the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died of the plague in the
  30th year of his age. His countrymen raised statues to his honour,
  and engraved on his tomb that the gods had hastened to call back
  Oppian in the flower of youth, only because he had already excelled
  all mankind. The best edition of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo,
  Strasbourg, 1776.

=Oppidius=, a rich old man introduced by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3,
  li. 168, as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, and
  warning them against those follies and that extravagance which he
  believed he saw rising in them.

=Caius Oppius=, a friend of Julius Cæsar, celebrated for his life of
  Scipio Africanus, and of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid not
  much regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame
  Pompey, to extol the character of his patron Cæsar. In the age of
  Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, African,
  and Spanish wars, which some attribute to Cæsar, and others to Aulus
  Hirtius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 53.
  ――――An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He met with
  ill success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c.――――A Roman who
  saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate.

=Ops= (_opis_), a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, the same as the Rhea
  of the Greeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter.
  She was known among the ancients by the different names of _Cybele_,
  _Bona Dea_, _Magna Mater_, _Thya_, _Tellus_, _Proserpina_, and even
  of _Juno_ and _Minerva_; and the worship which was paid to these
  apparently several deities was offered merely to one and the same
  person, mother of the gods. The word _Ops_ seems to be derived from
  _Opus_; because the goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives
  nothing without _labour_. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was
  generally represented as a matron, with her right hand opened, as if
  offering assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in her left
  hand. Her festivals were called _Opalia_, &c. _Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 4.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Tibullus_,
  poem 4, li. 68.――_Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 6.

=Optātus=, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, folio,
  Paris, 1700.

=Optĭmus Maximus=, epithets given to Jupiter to denote his greatness,
  omnipotence, and supreme goodness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Opus= (_opuntis_), a city of Locris, on the Asopus, destroyed by an
  earthquake. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 28,
  ch. 7.

=Ora=, a town in India, taken by Alexander.――――One of Jupiter’s
  mistresses.

=Oracŭlum=, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the
  place where those answers were given. Nothing is more famous than the
  ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to be
  the will of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, not only
  upon every important matter, but even in the affairs of private life.
  To make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a
  colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient
  reasons to consult the will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them,
  showed that they wished to pay implicit obedience to the command
  of the divinity, and, when they had been favoured with an answer,
  they acted with more spirit and with more vigour, conscious that the
  undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In
  this, therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so many places
  were sacred to oracular purposes. The small province of Bœotia could
  once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number.
  Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time,
  heroes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the oracles
  of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of
  Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were
  those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. _See:_ Dodona, Delphi,
  Ammon. The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the
  other temples; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were
  so great, that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous
  armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner
  of delivering oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi [_See:_
  Pythia] was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her
  delivery of the answers was always attended with acts of apparent
  madness and desperate fury. Not only women but even doves, were the
  ministers of the temple of Dodona; and the suppliant votary was often
  startled to hear his questions readily answered by the decayed trunk
  or the spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Ammon conveyed his
  answers in a plain and open manner; but Amphiaraus required many
  ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he generally communicated
  his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. Sometimes
  the first words that were heard, after issuing from the temple,
  were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nodding
  or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a
  neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food which
  was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most express and
  the minutest explanations. The answers were also sometimes given in
  verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning was always obscure,
  and often the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. Crœsus,
  when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, if he crossed
  the Halys, he should destroy a great empire; he supposed that that
  empire was the empire of his enemy, but unfortunately it was his own.
  The words of _Credo te, Æacida, Romanos vincere posse_, which Pyrrhus
  received when he wished to assist the Tarentines against the Romans,
  by a favourable interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero
  was ordered by the oracle of Delphi to beware of 73 years; but the
  pleasing idea that he should live to that age, rendered him careless,
  and he was soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73rd
  year, had the presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among
  the learned whether the oracles were given by the inspiration of evil
  spirits, or whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests.
  Imposture, however, and forgery cannot long flourish, and falsehood
  becomes its own destroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well known
  how much confidence an enlightened age, therefore, much more the
  credulous and the superstitious, place upon dreams and romantic
  stories. Some have strongly believed that all the oracles of the
  earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but the supposition is false.
  It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline; but they remained in
  repute, and were consulted, though perhaps not so frequently, till
  the fourth century, when christianity began to triumph over paganism.
  The oracles often suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it,
  but it is well known that Lysander failed in the attempt. Herodotus,
  who first mentioned the corruption which often prevailed in the
  oracular temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for
  his remarks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness
  of the corruption, and he observed that the oracles of Greece were
  servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of
  Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word φιλιππιζειν. If
  some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid
  so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their
  veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their
  philosophers were apprised of their deceit, and paid no regard to
  the command of priests, whom money could corrupt, and interposition
  silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the most superstitious
  of mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the
  priests, who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their
  life depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of
  a crocodile. _Homer_, _Iliad_; _Odyssey_, bk. 10.――_Herodotus_,
  bks. 1 & 2.――_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.――_Strabo_, bks. 5, 7, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_;
  _Agesilaus_; _De Herodoti Malignitate_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_
  bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 37.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_.
  ――_Aristophanes_, _Knights_ & _Wealth_.――_Demosthenes_, _Philippics_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1.

=Oræa=, a small country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.
  ――――Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits offered in the four seasons
  of the year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were offered
  to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, who attended upon the
  sun, and who received divine worship at Athens.

=Orasus=, a man who killed Ptolemy the son of Pyrrhus.

=Orates=, a river of European Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
  poem 10, li. 47. As this river is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes,
  a river which is found in Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 719.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 4.

=Orbelus=, a mountain of Thrace or Macedonia.

=Orbĭlius Pupillus=, a grammarian of Beneventum, who was the first
  instructor of the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship
  of Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, acquired more fame than
  money. He was naturally of a severe disposition, of which his pupils
  often felt the effects. He lived almost to his 100th year, and lost
  his memory some time before his death. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the
  Grammarians_, ch. 9.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 71.

=Orbitanium=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Orbōna=, a mischievous goddess at Rome, who, as it was supposed, made
  children die. Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods Lares.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Orcădes=, islands on the northern coasts of Britain, now called
  the _Orkneys_. They were unknown till Britain was discovered to be
  an island by Agricola, who presided there as governor. _Tacitus_,
  _Agricola_.――_Juvenal_ satire 2, li. 161.

=Orchālis=, an eminence of Bœotia, near Haliartus, called also Alopecos.
  _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.

=Orchămus=, a king of Assyria, father of Leucothoe by Eurynome.
  He buried his daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 212.

=Orchia lex=, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. 566. It was enacted
  to limit the number of guests that were to be admitted at an
  entertainment; and it also enforced that, during supper, which was
  the chief meal among the Romans, the doors of every house should be
  left open.

=Orchomĕnus=, or =Orchomĕnum=, a town of Bœotia, at the west of
  the lake Copais. It was anciently called _Minyeia_, and from
  that circumstance the inhabitants were often called _Minyans_ of
  Orchomenos. There was at Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by
  Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who were from thence
  called the Orchomenian goddesses. The inhabitants founded Teos in
  conjunction with the Ionians, under the sons of Codrus. _Pliny_, bk.
  4, ch. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――――A town of Thessaly, with a river of the
  same name. _Strabo._――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia, who gave his
  name to a city of Arcadia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.――――A son of Minyas
  king of Bœotia, who gave the name of Orchomenians to his subjects.
  He died without issue, and the crown devolved to Clymenus the son of
  Presbon, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.

=Orcus=, one of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though
  confounded by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The word
  _Orcus_ is generally used to signify the infernal regions. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 29, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 502, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 116.

=Orcynia=, a place of Cappadocia, where Eumenes was defeated by
  Antigonus.

=Ordessus=, a river of Scythia, which falls into the Ister. _Herodotus._

=Ordovices=, the people of North Wales in Britain, mentioned by
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.

=Oreădes=, nymphs of the mountains (ὀρος, _mons_), daughters of
  Phoroneus and Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and give them
  Jupiter for father. They generally attended upon Diana, and
  accompanied her in hunting. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 504.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 787.

=Oreas=, a son of Hercules and Chryseis.

=Orestæ=, a people of Epirus. They received their name from Orestes,
  who fled to Epirus when cured of his insanity. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 249.――――Of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34.

=Orestes=, a son of ♦Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father was
  cruelly murdered by Clytemnestra and Ægisthus, young Orestes was
  saved from his mother’s dagger by means of his sister Electra, called
  Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to the house of
  Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had married a sister of
  Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated him
  with his son Pylades. The two young princes soon became acquainted,
  and, from their familiarity, arose the most inviolable attachment
  and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the years of manhood, he
  visited Mycenæ, and avenged his father’s death by assassinating his
  mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer Ægisthus. The manner in which
  he committed this murder is variously reported. According to Æschylus
  he was commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, and, therefore,
  he introduced himself, with his friend Pylades, at the court of
  Mycenæ, pretending to bring the news of the death of Orestes from
  king Strophius. He was at first received with coldness, and when
  he came into the presence of Ægisthus, who wished to inform himself
  of the particulars, he murdered him, and soon after Clytemnestra
  shared the adulterer’s fate. Euripides and Sophocles mention the same
  circumstance. Ægisthus was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according
  to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering
  the adulterer, while he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This
  murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who were present,
  but Orestes appeases their fury by telling them who he is, and
  immediately he is acknowledged king of the country. Afterwards he
  stabs his mother, at the instigation of his sister Electra, after he
  has upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to her husband. Such
  meditated murders receive the punishment which, among the ancients,
  was always supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is tormented by the
  Furies, and exiles himself to Argos, where he is still pursued by the
  avengeful goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted
  by the unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself
  instituted on this occasion, according to the narration of the
  poet Æschylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, by
  representing them as passing judgment even upon the gods themselves.
  According to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the murder, not at
  Delphi, but at Trœzene, where still was seen a large stone at the
  entrance of Diana’s temple, upon which the ceremonies of purification
  had been performed by nine of the principal citizens of the place.
  There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the
  Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his teeth
  in a fit of insanity. These different traditions are confuted by
  Euripides, who says that Orestes, after the murder of his mother,
  consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed that
  nothing could deliver him from the persecutions of the Furies, if he
  did not bring into Greece Diana’s statue, which was in the Taurica
  Chersonesus, and which, as it is reported by some, had fallen
  down from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. The king of the
  Chersonesus always sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all such
  as entered the borders of his country. Orestes and his friend were
  both carried before Thoas the king of the place, and they were doomed
  to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana’s temple,
  and it was her office to immolate these strangers. The intelligence
  that they were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphigenia was
  anxious to learn something about a country which had given her birth.
  _See:_ Iphigenia. She even interested herself in their misfortunes,
  and offered to spare the life of one of them provided he would convey
  letters to Greece from her hand. This was a difficult trial; never
  was friendship more truly displayed, according to the words of Ovid,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2:

           _Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem,
              Hic negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori._

  At last Pylades gave way to the pressing entreaties of his friend,
  and consented to carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were
  addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances
  soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the priestess
  with the man whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced
  that he was her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their
  journey had been explained, she resolved, with the two friends, to
  fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. Their
  flight was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue them; but Minerva
  interfered, and told him that all had been done by the will and
  approbation of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to Cappadocia
  from Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of Diana at
  Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and, according to Pausanias,
  the statue of Diana Orthia was the same as that which had been
  carried away from the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that Orestes
  brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana’s worship was established.
  After these celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the throne of
  Argos, where he reigned in perfect security, and married Hermione
  the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades.
  The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a matter of dispute among
  the ancients. All are agreed that she had been promised to the son
  of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus the son
  of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly interested in his cause
  during the Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with Neoptolemus
  displeased Orestes; he remembered that she had been early promised to
  him, and therefore he resolved to recover her by force or artifice.
  This he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or
  assassinating him himself. According to Ovid’s epistle of Hermione
  to Orestes, Hermione had always been faithful to her first lover,
  and even it was by her persuasion that Orestes removed her from the
  house of Neoptolemus. Hermione was dissatisfied with the partiality
  of Neoptolemus for Andromache, and her attachment for Orestes was
  increased. Euripides, however, and others, speak differently of
  Hermione’s attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so tenderly, that
  she resolved to murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a small
  degree, the affection of her husband. She was ready to perpetrate
  the horrid deed when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was easily
  persuaded by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in her husband’s
  absence, from a country which seemed to contribute so much to her
  sorrows. Orestes, the better to secure the affections of Hermione,
  assassinated Neoptolemus [_See:_ Neoptolemus], and retired to his
  kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security,
  and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his
  son Tisamenes by Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclidæ recovered
  the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from the
  throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the
  bite of a serpent; and the Lacedæmonians, who had become his subjects
  at the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring his
  bones to Sparta. They were some time after discovered at Tegea, and
  his stature appeared to be seven cubits, according to the traditions
  mentioned by Herodotus and others. The friendship of Orestes
  and of Pylades became proverbial, and the two friends received
  divine honours among the Scythians, and were worshipped in temples.
  _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 3.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 13.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 8; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk.
  15; _Ibis_.――_Euripides_; _Orestes_; _Andromache_, &c. _Iphigeneia_.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Electra_, &c.――_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_; _Agamemnon_,
  &c.――_Horodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 69.――_Hyginus_, fables 120 & 261.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 6, &c.――_Pindar_,
  _Pythian_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  &c.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 304; bk. 4, li. 530.――_Tzetzes_,
  _On Lycophron_, li. 1374.――――A son of Achelaus. _Apollodorus._――――A
  man sent as ambassador, by Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor
  Theodosius. He was highly honoured at the Roman court, and his
  son Augustulus was the last emperor of the western empire.――――A
  governor of Egypt under the Roman emperors.――――A robber of Athens who
  pretended madness, &c. _Aristophanes_, _Acharnians_, li. 1166.――――A
  general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 108.

      ♦ ‘Agememnon’ replaced with ‘Agamemnon’

=Oresteum=, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was
  founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called
  _Oresthesium_, and afterwards _Oresteum_, from Orestes the son
  of Agamemnon, who resided there for some time after the murder
  of Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Euripides._

=Orestīdæ=, the descendants or subjects of Orestes the son of Agamemnon.
  They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidæ, and came
  to settle in a country which, from them, was called _Orestida_,
  at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that part of
  Greece originally received its name from Orestes, who fled and built
  there a city, which gave its founder’s name to the whole province.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 31.

=Aurelia Orestilla=, a mistress of Catiline. _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

      ♦ ‘ad. Div. 7,’ replaced with ‘Letters to his Friends, bk. 8’

=Orestis=, or =Orestida=, a part of Macedonia. _Cicero_, _On the
  Responses of the Haruspices_, ch. 16.

=Orĕtæ=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea.

=Oretāni=, a people of Spain, whose capital was _Oretum_, now _Oreto_.
  _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 11; bk. 35, ch. 7.

=Oretillia=, a woman who married Caligula, by whom she was soon after
  banished.

=Orēum=, one of the principal towns of Eubœa. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.

=Orga=, or =Orgas=, a river of Phrygia, falling into the Mæander.
  _Strabo._――_Pliny._

=Orgessum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.

=Orgetŏrix=, one of the chief men of the Helvetii, while Cæsar was in
  Gaul. He formed a conspiracy against the Romans, and, when accused,
  he destroyed himself. _Cæsar._

=Orgia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They are the same as the
  _Bacchanalia_, _Dionysia_, &c., which were celebrated by the ancients
  to commemorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. _See:_ Dionysia.

=Oribăsus=, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor
  Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of
  Galenus, and of all the most respectable writers on physic, at the
  request of the emperor. He accompanied Julian into the east, but his
  skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fatal wound which
  his benefactor had received. After Julian’s death, he fell into the
  hands of the barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of
  Dundas, 4to, Leiden, 1745.――――One of Actæon’s dogs, _ab_ ὀρος, _mons_,
  and (βαινω, _scando_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.

=Orĭcum=, or =Orĭcus=, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian sea, founded by
  a colony from Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called _Dardania_,
  because Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned
  over the country after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated harbour,
  and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its situation,
  but it was not well defended. The tree which produces the turpentine
  grew there in abundance. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 136.――_Livy_,
  bk. 24, ch. 40.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 187.

=Oriens=, in ancient geography, is taken for all the most eastern parts
  of the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c.

=Origen=, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his
  manners, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning and the
  sublimity of his genius. He was surnamed _Adamantus_, from his
  assiduity; and became so rigid a christian that he made himself
  a eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the
  Greek testament, which speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ.
  He suffered martyrdom in his 69th year, A.D. 254. His works
  were excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies,
  commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, besides
  the _Hexapla_, so called from its being divided into six columns, the
  first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text
  in Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint,
  the fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth
  Theodotion’s Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for
  the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen have been
  learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is not
  yet completed, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The
  Hexapla was published in 8vo, at Lipscomb, 1769, by Carl Friedrich
  Bahrdt.

=Orīgo=, a courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,
  li. 55.

=Orinus=, a river of Sicily.

=Oriobătes=, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. _Curtius_,
  bk. 4.

=Orīon=, a celebrated giant sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune,
  and Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over Bœotia, met
  with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who
  was ignorant of their dignity and character. They were entertained
  with whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus had discovered
  that they were gods, because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter’s
  cup with wine, after he had served it before the rest, the old man
  welcomed them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his
  piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the
  old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised never
  to marry again, desired them that, as he was childless, they would
  give him a son without another marriage. The gods consented, and
  they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into
  which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they commanded,
  and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he found in it
  a beautiful child, whom he called _Urion, ab urinâ_. The name was
  changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says,
  _Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum_. Orion soon rendered himself
  celebrated, and Diana took him among her attendants, and even became
  deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic stature, however, displeased
  Œnopion king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he demanded
  in marriage. The king, not to deny him openly, promised to make him
  his son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island from wild beasts.
  This task, which Œnopion deemed impracticable, was soon performed
  by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. Œnopion, on pretence of
  complying, intoxicated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes
  on the seashore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion,
  finding himself blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sound
  to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one of the workmen on his
  back, and by his directions, went to a place where the rising sun
  was seen with the greatest advantage. Here he turned his face towards
  the luminary, and, as it is reported, he immediately recovered his
  eyesight, and hastened to punish the perfidious cruelty of Œnopion.
  It is said that Orion was an excellent workman in iron, and that he
  fabricated a subterraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had
  inspired with love, carried him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy
  his company with the greater security; but Diana, who was jealous
  of this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say that Orion had
  provoked Diana’s resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her
  female attendants, or, according to others, because he had attempted
  the virtue of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, Orion died
  of the bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, to punish his
  vanity in boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he
  could not conquer. Some say that Orion was the son of Neptune and
  Euryale, and that he had received from his father the privilege and
  power of walking over the sea without wetting his feet. Others made
  him son of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph
  called Sida before his connection with the family of Œnopion; but
  Sida was the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than
  Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior
  to the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built
  the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily against the
  frequent inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, called
  Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After
  death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations
  still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the
  feet of the bull, is composed of 17 stars, in the form of a man
  holding a sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak
  of Orion’s sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about
  the 9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally
  supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and
  storms, it has acquired the epithet of _aquosus_, given it by Virgil.
  Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the
  people of Tanagra in Bœotia showed, as containing the remains of this
  celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of Orion
  distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the oracle
  had declared that Bœotia should not be delivered from a dreadful
  pestilence before two of Jupiter’s children were immolated on the
  altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed
  themselves for the good of their country. Their names were Menippe
  and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana, and Venus
  and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable presents. The
  deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two females,
  and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth, which
  still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the heavens in
  the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were burned by
  the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons whom the gods
  soon after changed into constellations. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 5, li. 121; bk. 11, li. 309.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 517.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bks. 8 & 13; _Fasti_, bk. 5, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 125, & _Poetica
  Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 44, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 3,
  odes 4 & 27; _Epodes_, poem 10, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.――_Catullus_,
  _Carmina_.――_Palæphatus_, bk. 1.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes
  Amatoriae_, ch. 20.

=Orissus=, a prince of Spain, who put Hamilcar to flight, &c.

=Orisulla Livia=, a Roman matron, taken away from Piso, &c.

=Orītæ=, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. _Strabo_,
  bk. 15.

=Orithyia=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens by Praxithea.
  She was courted and carried away by Boreas king of Thrace, as she
  crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus,
  and Calais. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Apollonius_, bk. 3, ch. 15.
  ――_Orpheus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 706; _Fasti_,
  bk. 5, li. 204.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 5, ch. 19.――――One of
  the Nereides.――――A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon.
  ――――One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and intrepid spirit.
  _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Orĭtias=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 8.

=Oriundus=, a river of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.

=Ormĕnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Cercaphus. He built a town which
  was called Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 9, li. 448.――――A man who settled at Rhodes.――――A son of Eurypylus,
  &c.

=Ornea=, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between
  the Lacedæmonians and Argives. _Diodorus._

=Orneates=, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea.

=Orneus=, a centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302.――――A son of Erechtheus king of
  Athens, who built Ornea in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.

=Ornithiæ=, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called
  from the appearance of birds (ὀρνιθες, _aves_). _Columella_, bk. 11,
  ch. 2.

=Ornītron=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon.

=Ornitus=, a friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 677.

=Ornospădes=, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He
  assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 37.

=Ornytion=, a son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, father of Phocus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.

=Ornytus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Valerius
  Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 173.

=Oroanda=, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.

=Orobia=, a town of Eubœa.

=Orobii=, a people of Italy, near Milan.

=Orōdes=, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates,
  and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus the Roman triumvir, and
  poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach
  him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius
  and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and
  infirm, his 30 children applied to him, and disputed in his presence
  their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained
  the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he
  attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates,
  still determined on his father’s death, strangled him with his own
  hands, about 37 years before the christian era. Orodes had then
  reigned about 50 years. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 4.――_Paterculus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 30.――――Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty.
  _Josephus_, bk. 18, _Jewish Antiquities_.――――A son of Artabanus king
  of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.――――One of the friends
  of Æneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 732, &c.

=Orœtes=, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of
  Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. _Herodotus._

=Oromĕdon=, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.
  ――――A giant. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 48.

=Orontas=, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made
  peace with Evagoras, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

♦=Orontes=, a satrap of Mysia, B.C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes,
  &c. _Polyænus._――――A governor of Armenia. _Polyænus._――――A king of
  the Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed Æneas, and perished
  in a shipwreck. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 117; bk. 6, li. 34.
  ――――A river of Syria (now _Asi_), rising in Cœlosyria, and falling,
  after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, below
  Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts
  concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of
  five miles. The word _Oronteus_ is often used as Syrius. _Dionysius
  Periegetes._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 248.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.

    ♦ ‘Orantes’ replaced with ‘Orontes’

=Orophernes=, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He died
  B.C. 154.

=Orōpus=, a town of Bœotia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus,
  which received its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was the
  frequent cause of quarrels between the Bœotians and the Athenians,
  whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at
  last confirmed in the possession of the Athenians by Philip king of
  Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――――A small town of Eubœa.――――Another in Macedonia.

=Orosius=, a Spanish writer, A.D. 416, who published a universal
  history, in seven books, from the creation to his own time, in which,
  though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance
  of the knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best
  edition is that of Havercamp, 4to, Leiden, 1767.

=Orospeda=, a mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Orpheus=, a son of Œager by the muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be
  the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He received
  a lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, from Mercury, upon which
  he played with such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers
  ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest forgot their wildness,
  and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed
  charmed and animated, and the nymphs were his constant companions.
  Eurydice was the only one who made a deep impression on the melodious
  musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness,
  however, was short; Aristaeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, as
  she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in the grass,
  bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous wound. Her loss was
  severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, or perish
  in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal
  regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto.
  The king of hell was charmed with the melody of his strains; and,
  according to the beautiful expressions of the poets, the wheel of
  Ixion stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot his
  perpetual thirst, and even the Furies relented. Pluto and Proserpine
  were moved with his sorrow, and consented to restore him Eurydice,
  provided he forbore looking behind till he had come to the extremest
  borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was
  already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he forgot his
  promises, and turned back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He saw
  her, but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He attempted to follow
  her, but he was refused admission; and the only comfort he could find,
  was to soothe his grief at the sound of his musical instrument, in
  grottoes, or on the mountains. He totally separated himself from the
  society of mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by
  his coldness to their amorous passion, or, according to others, by
  his unnatural gratifications and impure indulgencies, attacked him
  while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn
  his body to pieces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still
  articulated the words “Eurydice! Eurydice” as it was carried down the
  stream into the Ægean sea. Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which
  celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account, still extant.
  This is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to Cicero, that
  there never existed an Orpheus, but that the poems which pass under
  his name are the compositions of a Pythagorean philosopher named
  Cecrops. According to some of the moderns, the _Argonautica_, and the
  other poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production of the pen of
  Onomacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus tyrant of
  Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Orpheus as
  a great poet and musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by
  his knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding,
  and by the laws which he enacted. Some maintain that he was killed
  by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, according
  to Apollodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in
  their city, and the people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the
  same honour, and further observed, that the nightingales, which built
  their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other
  birds. Orpheus, as some report, after death received divine honours,
  the muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre
  became one of the constellations in the heavens. The best edition of
  Orpheus is that of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1764. _Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 38.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 1, &c.; bk. 11,
  fable 1.――_Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 1, odes 13 & 35.
  ――_Orpheus._

=Orphĭca=, a name by which the orgies of Bacchus were called, because
  they had been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus.

=Orphne=, a nymph of the infernal regions, mother of Ascalaphus by
  Acheron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 542.

=Orsedĭce=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus._

=Orseis=, a nymph who married Hellen. _Apollodorus._

=Orsillus=, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered
  Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Orsilŏchus=, a son of Idomeneus, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan
  war, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 260.――――A son of the river
  Alpheus.――――A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, lis. 636 & 690.

=Orsīnes=, one of the officers of Darius at the battle of Arbela.
  _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Orsippus=, a man of Megara, who was prevented from obtaining a prize
  at the Olympic games, because his clothes were entangled as he
  ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the
  combatants were obliged to appear naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.

=Marcus Ortalus=, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry
  by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be
  extinguished. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 37.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.

=Orthagŏras=, a man who wrote a treatise on India, &c. _Ælian_, _de
  Natura Animalium_.――――A musician in the age of Epaminondas.――――A
  tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government.
  The sovereign authority remained upwards of 100 years in his family.

=Orthæa=, a daughter of Hyacinthus. _Apollodorus._

=Orthe=, a town of Magnesia. _Pliny._

=Orthia=, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual
  for boys to be whipped. _See:_ Diamastigosis. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_,
  &c.

=Orthosia=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 25.――――Of Phœnicia.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.

=Orthrus=, or =Orthos=, a dog which belonged to Geryon, from which and
  the Chimæra sprung the Sphinx and the Nemæan lion. He had two heads,
  and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed
  by Hercules. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 310.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 5.

=Ortōna.= _See:_ Artona.

=Ortygia=, a grove near Ephesus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 16.
  ――――A small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which
  formed once one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in
  this island that the celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia
  is now the only part remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about
  two miles in circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has
  suffered, like the towns on the eastern coast, by the eruptions of
  Ætna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 694.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15,
  li. 403.――――An ancient name of the island of Delos. Some suppose
  that it received this name from Latona, who fled thither when changed
  into a quail (ὀρτυξ) by Jupiter, to avoid the pursuit of Juno. Diana
  was called _Ortygia_, as being born there; as also Apollo. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 651; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 692.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 124.

=Ortygius=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 573.

=Orus=, or =Horus=, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris
  and Isis. He assisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been
  murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted
  with futurity, and he made the good and the happiness of his subjects
  the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of the sun among
  the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed
  in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff, which terminated
  in the head of a hawk, in the other a whip with three thongs.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 1.――――The first king of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Oryander=, a satrap of Persia, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Oryx=, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Osaces=, a Parthian general, who received a mortal wound from Cassius.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20.

=Osca=, a town of Spain, now _Huesca_, in Arragon. _Livy_, bk. 34,
  ch. 10.

=Oschophŏria=, a festival observed by the Athenians. It receives its
  name ἀπο του φερειν τας ὀσχας, _from carrying boughs hung up with
  grapes_, called ὀσχαι. Its original institution is thus mentioned by
  _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. Theseus, at his return from Crete, forgot to
  hang out the white sail by which his father was to be apprised of his
  success. This neglect was fatal to Ægeus, who threw himself into the
  sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent
  a herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean
  time he began to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he first
  set sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found
  the people in great agitation. Some lamented the king’s death, while
  others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned
  the herald with garlands in demonstration of their joy. The herald
  carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore, and after
  he had waited till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the
  melancholy story of the king’s death. Upon this, the people ran in
  crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations.
  From that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the Oschophoria,
  not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the
  people that are present always exclaim ἐλελευ, ιου, ιου, the first
  of which expresses haste, and the other a consternation or depression
  of spirits. The historian further mentions that Theseus, when he
  went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but
  that, instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths
  of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising
  their dress, and by using them to the ointment and perfumes of women,
  as well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The
  imposition succeeded; their sex was not discovered in Crete, and
  when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these two
  youths, led a procession with branches in their hands, in the same
  habit which is still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The
  branches which were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of Ariadne,
  or because they returned in autumn when the grapes were ripe. Besides
  this procession, there was also a race exhibited, in which only young
  men whose parents were both alive were permitted to engage. It was
  usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva,
  which was on the sea-shore. The place where they stopped was called
  ὀσχοφοριον, because the _boughs_ which they carried in their hands
  were deposited there. The reward of the conqueror was a cup called
  τεντα πλοα, _five-fold_, because it contained a mixture of five
  different things――wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.

=Osci=, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who
  assisted Turnus against Æneas. Some suppose that they are the same
  as the _Opici_, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation
  of the other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions
  of this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their
  indecent tendency some suppose the word _obscænum_ (_quasi oscenum_)
  is derived. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 14.――_Cicero_, _Letters
  to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 20.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 730.

=Oscius=, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace.
  _Thucydides._

=Oscus=, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,
  _Histories_, bk. 17.

=Osi=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 28 & 43.

=Osinius=, a king of Clusium, who assisted Æneas against Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 655.

=Osīris=, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe.
  All the ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this
  celebrated god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took
  particular care to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals,
  to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture.
  After he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go
  and spread cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his
  kingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister
  Hermes or Mercury. The command of his troops at home was left to the
  trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was
  accompanied by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan.
  His march was through Æthiopia, where his army was increased by the
  addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing
  and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards
  passed through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms
  of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by
  introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for
  the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the
  minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had
  raised seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris,
  whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured
  to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice
  to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his
  body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt.
  Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and
  threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of
  her husband on the coast of Phœnicia, where it had been conveyed by
  the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis,
  and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed.
  This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband’s death, and,
  with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his
  conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband’s body,
  the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea;
  and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she
  made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body.
  Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; and
  Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the priests
  of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a
  statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all
  the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath
  that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour
  to show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and
  paying divine honours to their prince. They were further directed
  to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and
  the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest
  reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when
  dead with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment
  more popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land
  allotted to them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which
  necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part
  of the body of Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with
  more particular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should
  receive honours more solemn, and at the same time more mysterious,
  than the other members. _See:_ Phallica. As Osiris had particularly
  instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose
  the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration
  to that animal. _See:_ Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some
  mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid
  by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter,
  a Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian
  temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as
  her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris,
  so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can
  give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this
  inscription, which has been found on some ancient monuments: _Saturn,
  the youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who
  conducted a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India,
  and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the
  streams of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing
  benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earth_. Osiris was
  generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two
  horns; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip with
  three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that
  bird, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the
  sun. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 144.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 323.――_Ælian_,
  _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 8.――――A Persian general, who lived 450 B.C.――――A friend of Turnus,
  killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 458.

=Osismii=, a people of Gaul in Britany. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Osphăgus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Osrhoēne=, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one
  of its kings called Osrhoes.

=Ossa=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the
  Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as
  some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated
  valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more
  probably effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous
  accounts represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa
  was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against
  the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more
  facility. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 155; bk. 2, li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 307;
  bk. 3, li. 441.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bks. 1 & 6.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281.――――A town of Macedonia.

=Osteōdes=, an island near the Lipari isles.

=Ostia=, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius
  king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated
  harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally
  spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a
  small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the
  wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained
  the obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to
  adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud
  deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the
  size of the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance
  of the river. Ostia, and her harbour called _Portus_, became
  gradually separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the
  sea. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Suetonius._――_Pliny._

=Ostorius Scapŭla=, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 23.――――Another, who put himself
  to death when accused before Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,
  ch. 48.――――Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero’s reign.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 33.

=Ostracine=, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Osymandyas=, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period.

=Otacilius=, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c.

=Otānes=, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the
  usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first
  discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast
  of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70, &c.

=Otho Marcus Salvius=, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient
  kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and as such he
  was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor
  of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from
  Rome, lest Nero’s love for Poppæa should prove his ruin. After Nero’s
  death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor; but when
  he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him
  as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute, without any
  regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which
  he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be
  assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by
  the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius
  in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and it was mutually
  resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided
  by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a
  general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he
  stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a
  reign of about three months, on the 20th of April, A.D. 69. It has
  been justly observed that the last moments of Otho’s life were those
  of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes,
  and he expressed his concern for their safety, when they earnestly
  solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed
  himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should
  die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His
  nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of
  the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed that Vitellius
  would be kind and affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho,
  since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time of their greatest
  enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly treatment
  from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the
  hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who
  had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general. These noble and
  humane sentiments of a man who was the associate of Nero’s shameful
  pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have
  appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the features of policy,
  and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. _Plutarch_,
  _Lives_.――_Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 50, &c.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 90.――――Roscius, a tribune of the people,
  who, in Cicero’s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman
  knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the
  seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but
  Cicero ably defended it, &c. _Horace_, epode 4, li. 10.――――The father
  of the Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius.

=Othryădes=, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives,
  when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two
  Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The
  Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but Othryades,
  who had been reckoned among the number of the slain, on account of
  his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils, of
  which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his countrymen;
  and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own
  blood, the word _vici_ on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling
  to survive the death of his countrymen. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela Minora_.――――A patronymic given to
  Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 319.

=Othryoneus=, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of
  marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 13.

=Othrys=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly,
  the residence of the Centaurs. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 129.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 675.

=Otreus=, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba.

=Otrœda=, a small town on the confines of Bithynia.

=Otus= and =Ephialtes=, sons of Neptune. _See:_ Aloides.

=Otys=, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to
  Agesilaus. _Xenophon._

=Ovia=, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 21.

=Publius Ovīdius Naso=, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the
  20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his
  father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 16th
  year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was
  great, but the father’s expectations were frustrated; his son was
  born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural
  inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and
  died in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in
  poetical numbers, as he himself says, _et quod tentabam scribere
  versus erat_. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained
  him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius,
  Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and
  Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These
  favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after
  banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause
  of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a shameful
  amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others support that it
  arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest
  of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These reasons are, indeed,
  merely conjectural; the cause was of a very private and very secret
  nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from
  error and not from criminality. It was, however, something improper
  in the family and court of Augustus, as these lines seem to indicate.

             _Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci?
                Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est?
              Inscius Actæon vidit sine veste Dianam;
                Præda fuit canibus non minus ille suis._

  Again,

           _Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector,
              Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum._

  And in another place,

         _Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error,
            Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est._

  In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however
  afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and
  impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen,
  and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his
  pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all
  entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome
  who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished
  for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, continued
  his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died, he was
  so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant on the
  shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense every
  morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to the
  entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the seventh
  or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A.D.
  17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian era,
  the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of
  Austria:

             _Hic situs est vates quem Divi Cæsaris ira.
                Augusti patriâ cedere jussit humo.
              Sæpe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris,
                Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum._

  This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure
  corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The
  greatest part of Ovid’s poems are remaining. His _Metamorphoses_,
  in 15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different
  mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can
  have no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more
  indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of
  the ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His _Fasti_
  were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in
  the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world
  have reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so
  much light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and
  sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six
  that have survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His _Tristia_,
  which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and
  softness of expression, as also his _Elegies_ on different subjects.
  The _Heroides_ are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is
  excellent, the language varied, but the expressions are often too
  wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions.
  His three books of _Amorum_, and the same number _de Arte Amandi_,
  with the other _de Remedio Amoris_, are written with great elegance,
  and contain many flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they
  hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution,
  as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the
  foundations of virtue and morality. His _Ibis_, which is written in
  imitation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical
  performance. Besides these, there are extant some fragments of other
  poems, and among these some of a tragedy called _Medea_. The talents
  of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have
  observed that he, who is so often void of sentiment, was not born
  to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts
  of poetry at once. On whatever he has written, he has totally
  exhausted the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints
  nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar
  expressions. It has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after
  his banishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity
  which we admire in his other compositions. His _Fasti_ are perhaps
  the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank
  his love verses, his _Heroides_, and, after all, his _Metamorphoses_,
  which were not totally finished when Augustus sent him into
  banishment. His _Epistles from Pontus_ are the language of an
  abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the
  indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged
  that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like
  that of Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid
  married three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness
  and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives
  is unknown; and she herself became mother of two children, by two
  husbands. The best editions of Ovid’s works are those of Burman,
  4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in 8vo, and of
  Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bks. 3 & 4,
  &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bks. 3 & 8.――――A man who
  accompanied his friend Cæsonius when banished from Rome by Nero.
  _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 43.

=Ovinia lex= was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among
  the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people.

=Ovinius=, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――Quintus, a Roman senator, punished
  by Augustus for disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra.
  _Eutropius_, bk. 1.

=Oxathres=, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and
  made one of his generals. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.――――Another Persian,
  who favoured the cause of Alexander. _Curtius._

=Oxidătes=, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took
  him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He
  became oppressive, and was removed. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9,
  ch. 8.

=Oximes=, a people of European Sarmatia.

=Oxionæ=, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented
  as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that
  of beasts. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.

=Oxus=, a large river of Bactriana, now _Gihon_, falling into the east
  of the Caspian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 6.――――Another in Scythia.

=Oxyares=, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander.

=Oxycānus=, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c.

=Oxydrăcæ=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 4.

=Oxy̆lus=, a leader of the Heraclidæ, when they recovered the
  Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 4.――――A son of Mars and Protogenia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.

=Oxynthes=, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years.

=Oxypŏrus=, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Oxyrynchus=, a town of Egypt on the Nile. _Strabo._

=Ozīnes=, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to
  revolt from Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Ozŏlæ=, or =Ozŏli=, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of Ætolia,
  which were called _Ozolea_. This tract of territory lay at the north
  of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They
  received their name from the _bad stench_ (ὀζη) of their bodies and
  of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from
  the offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after
  death was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a
  burial. Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the
  stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to
  a fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different
  circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought
  into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in
  the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced
  grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called _Ozolæ_,
  not from ὀζειν, _to smell bad_, but from ὀζος, _a branch or sprout_.
  The name of Ozolæ, on account of its indelicate signification, highly
  displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of
  Ætolians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.


                                   P

=Pacatianus Titus Julius=, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed
  himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip’s reign. He
  was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c.

=Paccius=, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. _Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 12.

=Paches=, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_,
  bk. 4.

=Păchīnus=, or =Pachynus=, now _Passaro_, a promontory of Sicily,
  projecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula,
  at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the
  same name. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 699.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Marcus Paconius=, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. _Suetonius_,
  _Tiberias_, ch. 61.――――A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He
  was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the
  greatest composure and indifference. _Arrian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Pacŏrus=, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent
  against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner.
  He took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party
  of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius Cæsar. He was killed in a
  battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June)
  that Crassus had been defeated. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.――――A king of Parthia, who made a treaty
  of alliance with the Romans, &c.――――Another, intimate with king
  Decebalus.

=Pactōlus=, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and
  falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It
  was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold
  whatever he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled
  golden sands, and received the name of _Chrysorrhoas_. It is called
  Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his
  age. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 142.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 86.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 110.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 8.

=Pactyas=, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Crœsus
  at Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted him,
  and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He laid
  siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian
  generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cumæ and afterwards to
  Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Pactye=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.

=Pactyes=, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Pācŭvius Marcus=, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the
  poet Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and
  by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were
  represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved,
  as Peribœa, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes
  was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however,
  though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the
  commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays
  of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of
  the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age
  retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years
  before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are
  preserved in the collections of Latin poets. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 2; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 27.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
  ltr. 1, li. 56.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Padæi=, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 99.

=Padinum=, now _Bondeno_, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch
  into different channels. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Pădua=, a town called also _Patavium_, in the country of the Venetians,
  founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the
  native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so
  powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. _Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 251.

=Padus= (now called the _Po_), a river in Italy, known also by the name
  of _Eridanus_, which forms the northern boundary of the territories
  of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains
  of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of
  above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the
  Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano,
  and the Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it
  rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the
  inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius
  Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous
  for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down
  there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
  li. 258, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 680.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2.

=Padūsa=, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers
  as the Po itself. _See:_ Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and
  from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 11, li. 455.

=Pæan=, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word _pæan_, a hymn
  which was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent
  Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim _Io Pæan!_ The
  exclamation of Io Pæan! was made use of in speaking to the other gods,
  as it often was a demonstration of joy. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 171.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 18.

=Pædaretus=, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of
  the 300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being
  mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be
  found in Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.

=Pædius=, a lieutenant of Julius Cæsar in Spain, who proposed a law
  to punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his
  patron, &c.

=Pæmāni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the
  country at the west of Luxemburg. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Pæon=, a Greek historian. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――――A celebrated
  physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the
  Trojan war. From him, physicians are sometimes called _Pæonii_, and
  herbs serviceable in medicinal processes, _Pæoniæ herbæ_. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 769.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 535.

=Pæŏnes=, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the
  country called _Pæonia_. Some believe that they were descended from a
  Trojan colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 13,
  &c.

♦=Pæŏnia=, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It
  received its name from Pæon, a son of Endymion, who settled there.
  _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.――――A small town of Attica.

      ♦ ‘Peŏnia’ replaced with ‘Pæŏnia’

=Pæŏnĭdes=, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated
  by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pæonia. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, last fable.

=Pæos=, a small town of Arcadia.

=Pæsos=, a town of the Hellespont, called also _Apæsos_, situated
  at the north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants
  migrated to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian
  origin. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Homer_ _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Pæstum=, a town of Lucania, called also _Neptunia_ and _Posidonia_
  by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice
  a year. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent,
  are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and
  porticoes. The _Sinus Pæstanus_ on which it stood is now called the
  gulf of _Salerno_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 119.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28.

=Pætovium=, a town of Pannonia.

=Pætus Cæcinna=, the husband of Arria. _See:_ Arria.――――A governor of
  Armenia, under Nero.――――A Roman who conspired with Catiline against
  his country.――――A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect
  money. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5.

=Pagæ=, a town of Megaris,――――of Locris. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.

=Păgăsæ=, or =Păgăsa=, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour
  and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there, as
  some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail
  from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo,
  but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by
  the epithet of _Pagasæus_. Pliny confounds Pagasæ with Demetrias,
  but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants
  of the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its
  conveniences. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Apollodorus Rhodius_, bk. 1, li. 238, &c.

=Păgăsus=, a Trojan killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
  li. 670.

=Pagræ=, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Pagus=, a mountain of Æolia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.

=Palācium=, or =Palātium=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A
  small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built.

=Palæ=, a town at the south of Corsica, now _St. Bonifacio_.

=Palæa=, a town of Cyprus,――――of Cephallenia.

=Palæapŏlis=, a small island on the coast of Spain. _Strabo._

=Palæmon=, or =Palemon=, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His
  original name was _Melicerta_, and he assumed that of Palæmon, after
  he had been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. _See:_ Melicerta.
  ――――A noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made
  himself ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 451.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 86.――――A son of Neptune, who was
  amongst the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._

=Palæpăphos=, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the
  new. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Palæpharsālus=, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. _Cæsar_,
  _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.

=Palæphătus=, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown,
  though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times
  of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books _de incredibilibus_,
  of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain
  fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best
  edition of Palæphatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo,
  Lipscomb, 1773.――――An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the
  creation of the world.――――A disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos.
  ――――An historian of Egypt.

=Palepŏlis=, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples
  afterwards was erected. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Palæste=, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Cæsar first landed
  with his fleet. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 460.

=Palæstīna=, a province of Syria, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 606.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Palæstīnus=, an ancient name of the river Strymon.

=Palætyrus=, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. _Strabo_,
  bk. 16.

=Pălămēdes=, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eubœa by Clymene.
  He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war,
  to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the
  expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose upon
  his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to
  sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon
  perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his
  wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of
  the pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes
  took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world,
  and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he
  was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt
  his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend
  the Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between
  Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every
  opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were
  frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and
  to make him dig a hole in his master’s tent, and there conceal a
  large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian
  characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to Palamedes.
  In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver
  into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which
  had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This
  forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses, before the princes of
  the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn
  protestations of innocence. But all was in vain; the money that was
  discovered in his tent served only to corroborate the accusation, and
  he was found guilty by all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is
  silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions
  that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had
  drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus,
  who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles
  and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that
  they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly
  offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as
  well as a soldier, and, according to some, he completed the alphabet
  of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters θ, ξ, χ, φ, during the
  Trojan war. To him, also, is attributed the invention of dice and
  backgammon; and it is said he was the first who regularly ranged an
  army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round a camp, and
  excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword.
  _Hyginus_, fables 95, 105, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 56
  & 308.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 4, li.
  205.――_Philostratus_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Euripides_, _Phœnician Women_.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 75.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Palantia=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pălātīnus mons=, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills
  on which Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first
  foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there
  also he kept his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus,
  and all the succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word
  _Palatium_ has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch
  or prince. The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess
  _Pales_, or from the _Palatini_, who originally inhabited the place,
  or from _balare_ or _palare_, the bleatings of sheep, which were
  frequent there, or perhaps from the word _palantes_, wandering,
  because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the
  inhabitants, and made them all one society. There were some games
  celebrated in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, because kept
  on the hill. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 53.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li.
  709.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 822.――_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 23.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 71.
  ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _Against
  Catiline_, bk. 1.――――Apollo, who was worshipped on the Palatine hill,
  was also called _Palatinus_. His temple there had been built, or
  rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library,
  valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts
  which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books deposited there.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17.

=Palantium=, a town of Arcadia.

=Palēis=, or =Palæ=, a town in the island of Cephallenia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 15.

=Pales=, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans.
  She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals,
  called _Palilia_, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to
  lay the foundation of the city of Rome. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  lis. 1 & 294.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.――_Paterculus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Palfurius Sura=, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who
  suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
  li. 53.

=Palibothra=, a city of India, supposed now to be _Patna_, or,
  according to others, _Allahabad_. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Palīci=, or =Palisci=, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom
  Æschylus calls Ætna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to
  the words of Macrobius. The nymph Ætna, when pregnant, entreated
  her lover to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed
  her in the bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery
  was come, the earth opened, and brought into the world two children,
  who received the name of Palici, ἀπο του παλιν ἰκεσθαι, _because
  they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth_. These
  deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and
  near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which
  were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that
  they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn
  oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If
  any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were
  immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose oath,
  by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici
  had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great emergencies,
  and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In
  a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with
  the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon
  abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 585.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 506.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 5,
  ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 219.

=Palīlia=, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the
  goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and
  leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications
  were made with the smoke of horses’ blood, and with the ashes of a
  calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had
  been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of
  the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the
  pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled
  wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This
  festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the
  celebration that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call
  this festival Parilia _quasi a pariendo_, because the sacrifices were
  offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 774; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6,
  li. 257.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 19.――_Tibullus_, bk. 2,
  poem 5, li. 87.

=Pălĭnūrus=, a skilful pilot of the ship of Æneas. He fell into the
  sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the
  waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia,
  where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain
  his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as,
  according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was
  suffered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed,
  if his remains had not been decently buried, we find Æneas, when he
  visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring
  him, that though his bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place
  were his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and
  bear his name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now
  _Palinuro_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.;
  bk. 6, li. 341.――_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 577.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Strabo._――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28.

=Paliscōrum=, or =Palīcōrum stagnum=, a sulphureous pool in Sicily.
  _See:_ Palici.

=Paliurus=, now _Nahil_, a river of Africa, with a town of the same
  name at its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean.
  _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădes=, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated
  to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should
  prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a
  purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and afterwards
  they were permitted to marry. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Pallădium=, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits
  high, and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in
  her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell
  down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building
  the citadel of Ilium. Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at
  Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to others, Dardanus received it
  as a present from his mother Electra. There are some authors who
  maintain that the Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by
  Abaris; but Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece
  of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions
  of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally
  agreed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This
  fatality was well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and
  therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away.
  They effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of
  some authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the
  son of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because
  his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of
  whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence which
  was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Palladium
  itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by the flashes
  which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth,
  it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true Palladium,
  as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks,
  but only one of the statues of similar size and shape, which were
  placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted
  to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed
  safe from Troy to Italy by Æneas, and it was afterwards preserved by
  the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple
  of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew.
  _Herodian_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 336.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 166; bk.
  9, li. 151.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Lucan_, bk. 9.――_Dares
  Phrygius._――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 139.

=Palladius=, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo,
  Leiden, 1745.――――A learned Roman under Adrian, &c.

=Pallantēum=, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel
  built by Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates.
  Virgil says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander;
  but Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 8, lis. 54 & 341.

=Pallantia=, a town of _Spain_, now _Palencia_, on the river Cea.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Pallantias=, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant
  Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 12.

=Pallantides=, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother
  of Ægeus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of Ægeus, whom they
  opposed when he came to take possession of his father’s kingdom. This
  opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as Ægeus
  left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed,
  as he was born at Trœzene. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 22.

=Pallas= (ădis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The
  goddess received this name either because she killed the giant
  _Pallas_, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to _brandish_ in
  her hands (παλλειν). For the functions, power, and character of the
  goddess, _See:_ Minerva.

=Pallas= (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to
  assist Æneas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after
  he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 104, &c.――――One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was
  killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some
  suppose, she is called Pallas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――A
  son of Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had
  Victory, Valour, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A son of Lycaon.――――A
  son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 7, fable 17.――_Apollodorus._――――A freedman of Claudius, famous
  for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor,
  his master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for
  his successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that
  the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to
  the throne. Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He
  discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death,
  that he might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.

=Pallēne=, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called _Phlegra_,
  situate above the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean sea, and containing
  five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this
  place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened
  between the gods and the giants. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 45, ch.
  30.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 391.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, li. 357.――――A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple,
  and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 1,
  161.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Pallenses=, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala
  or Palæa. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.――_Polybius_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Palma=, a governor of Syria.

=Palmaria=, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 6.

=Palmȳra=, the capital of _Palmyrene_, a country on the eastern
  boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is
  famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus,
  in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the
  splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces,
  are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_,
  bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30.

=Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4,
  li. 53.

=Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45.

=Pamīsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 129.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――Another of Messenia in
  Peloponnesus.

=Pammēnes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against
  the Mantineans, &c.――――An astrologer.――――A learned Grecian, who was
  preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9.

=Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._

=Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76.

=Pamphĭlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip,
  distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature,
  and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more
  successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the
  school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed
  not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children
  of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting.
  Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of
  Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod’s age.

=Pamphy̆la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in
  Nero’s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is
  lost.

=Pamphy̆lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_,
  and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called
  the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east
  by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was
  peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.――_Livy_,
  bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.

=Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants
  of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to
  Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter
  and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son
  of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god
  gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as
  she tended her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage
  with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became
  mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and
  that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the
  palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which
  signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he
  had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose
  flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The
  education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe,
  but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such
  a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of
  beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the
  gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance.
  Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan.
  The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and
  the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute
  with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful
  nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and
  who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving
  the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed
  in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate
  Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into
  a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the
  mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid
  his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what
  manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well
  established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount
  Lycæus. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lycæa_, were brought
  to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name
  of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different
  functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient
  Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians,
  who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called
  _Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all
  Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was
  really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the
  emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all
  things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun,
  and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and
  the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast
  was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted
  the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some
  suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into
  Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into
  a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities.
  Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief
  of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius,
  an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian
  sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily
  believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but
  they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice,
  which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers
  who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes,
  which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with
  the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always
  attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another
  Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually
  terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of
  fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary,
  has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror
  has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous
  armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest
  consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 689.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.――_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327.
  ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 &
  145, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.――_Homer_,
  _Hymn to Pan_.――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes
  (Mercury).――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Pănăcēa=, a goddess, daughter of Æsculapius, who presided over health.
  _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c.

=Panætius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at
  Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen,
  observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one
  country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils Lælius
  and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by
  the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in
  his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To
  the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly
  indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some
  time enjoyed. Panætius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose
  merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon
  it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk.
  2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.――――A tyrant of Leontini
  in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Panætolium=, a general assembly of the Ætolians. _Livy_, bk. 31,
  ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32.

=Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c.

=Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king
  Antiochus. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Panathenæa=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens.
  They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called
  _Athenæa_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to
  be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had
  united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their
  name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_,
  as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first
  years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but
  afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended
  with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great
  Panathenæa_ (μεγαλα), which were observed every fifth year, beginning
  on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatombæon_, or the 7th of July;
  and the _lesser Panathenæa_ (μικρα), which were kept every third year,
  or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called
  _Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of
  May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10
  presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four
  years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race
  with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback,
  contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The
  second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and
  bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted
  by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking
  of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidæ, and of
  Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of
  Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the
  harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they
  played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four
  plays, called from their number τετραλογια. The last of these was
  a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight.
  Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with
  a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever
  manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to
  transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of
  the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred
  to Minerva, and called μορειαι, from μορος, _death_, in remembrance
  of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his
  own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given
  the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two
  deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that
  the word is derived from μερος, _a part_, because these olives were
  given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There
  was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in
  armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over
  the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens
  became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was
  permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed
  he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the
  games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in
  which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the
  whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the
  flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals,
  the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more
  solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly
  the procession, in which Minerva’s sacred πεπλος, or _garment_,
  was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins,
  called ἐργαστικαι, from ἐργον, _work_. They were superintended by
  two of the ἀρρηφοροι, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age
  nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of
  gold. Minerva’s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and
  embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the
  goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of
  Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that
  circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be ἀξιοι πεπλου,
  worthy to be portrayed on Minerva’s sacred garment. In the procession
  of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the
  _ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form
  of a ship, upon which Minerva’s garment was hung as a sail, and the
  whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by
  subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from
  thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva’s
  statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers,
  which was called πλακις. Persons of all ages, of every sex and
  quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women
  carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were
  called θαλλοφοροι, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of
  full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the μετοικοι,
  or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their
  foreign origin, and from that account they were called σκαφηφοροι,
  _boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the
  wives of the foreigners, called ὑδριαφοροι, because they carried
  _water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet
  and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select
  virgins of the noblest families, called κανηφοροι, _basket-bearers_,
  because they carried baskets, in which were certain things
  necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were
  also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in
  the possession of the chief manager of the festival called
  ἀρχιθεωρος, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins
  were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried
  umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named διφρηφοροι,
  _seat-carriers_. The boys, called παιδαμικοι, as it may be supposed,
  led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The
  necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a
  public hall erected for that purpose, between the Piræan gate and
  the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was
  entrusted to the ὑομοφυλακες, or people employed in seeing the
  rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set
  all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as
  had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen
  to sing some of Homer’s poems, a custom which was first introduced
  by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this
  festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the
  prosperity of the Platæans, whose services had been so conspicuous
  at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_,
  _Arcadia_, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Panchæa=, =Panchēa=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where
  Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.――――A part of Arabia
  Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which
  it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379;
  _The Gnat_, li. 87.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417.

=Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of
  roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re
  Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22.

=Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea.

=Pandărus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war
  against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and
  therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had
  been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus
  and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He
  was at last killed by Diomedes; and Æneas, who then carried him in
  his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by
  the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 495.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Servius_, _Aeneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 495 ff.――――A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias
  by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 735.――――A native of Crete,
  punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus.
  What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus
  stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to
  which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which
  watched Jupiter’s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was
  concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters,
  Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden
  death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion
  upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses
  were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom
  and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva
  instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a
  wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and
  when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to
  grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies
  carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to
  share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 30.――_Pindar._

=Pandărus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela.
  She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake,
  her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy.
  Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens.

=Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa
  Maria_.

=Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the
  affections of mankind.

=Pandēmus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians
  and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the
  vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial
  origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.

=Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it
  received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter,
  who can τα παντα διγευειν, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases.
  Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does παντοτε
  ἰεναι, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather
  than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was
  celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for
  the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have
  it, the son, of the moon.

=Pandīon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who
  succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and
  Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such
  an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported
  that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a
  successful war against Labdacus king of Bœotia, and gave his daughter
  Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him.
  The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus
  [_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and
  he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.――――There
  was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who
  succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal
  dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his
  daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion
  became father of four children, called from him _Pandionidæ_, Ægeus,
  Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered
  his father’s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions
  together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have
  been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and
  Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Hyginus_, fable 48.――――A son
  of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A son of Ægyptus and Hephæstina.
  ――――A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus.

=Pandōra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived,
  according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay
  by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety
  and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman
  of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the
  gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art
  of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo
  taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and
  Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these
  valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman
  was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_
  necessary _gift_, παν δωρον. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful
  box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and
  by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus.
  The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always
  distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had
  stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent
  away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms.
  His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and
  sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she
  presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and
  distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which,
  from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race.
  Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it
  is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man,
  and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――――A daughter
  of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who
  sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the Bœotian
  war.

=Pandōrus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens.

=Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain.
  Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――A town
  of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Pandrŏsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros
  and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal
  curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care
  [_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her
  near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called
  _Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.

=Panenus=, or =Panæus=, a celebrated painter who was for some time
  engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Pangæus=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_,
  and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus.
  It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain
  that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus
  called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains
  and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver
  mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739.
  ――_Thucydides_, bk. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482.

=Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis.

=Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of
  Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this
  place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for
  their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to
  offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name
  πανιωγιον, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which
  assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos,
  Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythræ. If the
  bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the
  highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god
  of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves
  of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.

=Panius=, a place at Cœlo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas,
  B.C. 198.

=Pannŏnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper
  Mœsia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube.
  It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The
  inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius
  Cæsar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son
  Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium
  was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern
  provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March,
  with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria.
  _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,
  li. 109.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.――_Strabo_, bks.
  4 & 7.――_Jornandes._――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Suetonius_,
  _Augustus_, ch. 20.

=Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas.

=Panomphæus=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped
  by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the
  supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the
  gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (πας _omnis_, ὀμφη
  _vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 8.

=Panŏpe=, or =Panŏpēa=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally
  invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or
  seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 825.――――One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580.

=Panŏpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of
  Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by
  Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 300.

=Panŏpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon
  when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who
  made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of Phocis,
  between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his
  servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed,
  the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by
  a back door. He afterwards went into his master’s bed, and suffered
  himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._

=Panopŏlis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_.
  Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity,
  and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2.

=Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the
  Phœnicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and
  capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians
  in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.――――A
  town of the Thracian Chersonesus.――――A town of Ionia, near Ephesus,
  ――――Another in Crete,――――in Macedonia,――――Achaia,――――Samos.――――A
  Messenian who insulted the religion of the Lacedæmonians. _See:_
  Gonippus.

=Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Pansa Cætronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius,
  pursued the murderers of Julius Cæsar, and was killed in a battle
  near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite
  his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death
  of Julius Cæsar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the
  celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put
  to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician
  Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and
  Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief
  magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls
  afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Dio
  Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.――_Plutarch_ &
  _Appian_.

=Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 1.

=Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls
  into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over
  rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 689.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 471.

=Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664,
  after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad
  from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called
  for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the
  Pisæans presided.――――An Ætolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15.

=Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the
  mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Pantauchus=, a man appointed over Ætolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._

=Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles.

=Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal
  affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her,
  not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed
  herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle,
  &c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Suidas._――――The
  mother of Eumæus the faithful servant of Ulysses.

=Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign
  of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name πας θεος.
  It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed.
  ♦Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a
  christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
  ch. 15.――_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

    ♦ ‘Adarin’ replaced with ‘Adrian’

=Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo.
  When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of
  Æneas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 429.

=Panthoĭdes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras
  is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was
  Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.――――A Spartan general
  killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.

=Panticăpæum=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by
  the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards
  subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the
  capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there.
  _Pliny._――_Strabo._

=Panticăpes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the
  Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 54.

=Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78.

=Panyăsis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He
  celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another,
  and was universally esteemed. _Athenæus_, bk. 2.

=Panyăsus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near
  Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._

=Papæus=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Păphāges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her
  whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502.

=Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at
  Paphos.――――An ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Paphlăgŏnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate
  at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from
  Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by
  the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Mela._――_Pliny._――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, _De Lege
  Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9.

=Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded,
  as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the
  head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly
  worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars,
  which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of
  Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and
  lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the
  place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 2, ch. 96.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62;
  _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into
  a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
  li. 297.

=Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which
  required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was
  afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.――――Another,
  called _Papia Poppæa_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus
  Papius Mutilus and Quintus Poppæus Secundus, who had received
  consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the
  Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who
  himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis
  ordinibus_.――――Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20
  virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.――――Another, in the age
  of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of
  his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not
  three children.

=Papiānus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the
  Gordians. He was put to death.

=Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine
  of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of
  his.

=Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ Æmylius Papinianus.

=Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.――――A man who
  destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49.

=Pāpĭria=, the wife of Paulus Æmylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._

=Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in
  passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given
  on tablets.――――Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that
  no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the
  consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch.
  50.――――Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the
  value of the Roman _as_.――――Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom
  of the city to the citizens of Acerræ.――――Another, A.U.C. 623. It was
  proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man
  tribune of the people as often as he wished.

=Pāpĭrius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.――――A patrician, chosen _rex
  sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.――――A Roman
  who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of
  his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly
  treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree
  was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but
  only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till
  the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed.
  Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person,
  of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.――――Carbo, a Roman consul who
  undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and
  putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the
  formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.――――Cursor, a man
  who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C.
  293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.――――A
  dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because
  he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his
  consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor
  made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed
  over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He
  flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9,
  ch. 14.――――One of his family surnamed _Prætextatus_, from an action
  of his whilst he wore the _prætexta_, a certain gown for young men.
  His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where
  affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the
  senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed
  in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that
  august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been
  considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to
  give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The
  mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to
  the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the
  senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather
  than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this
  petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from
  that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man
  should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except
  Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus,
  who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the
  senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――Carbo, a friend
  of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and
  was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered
  himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been
  proscribed by Sylla.――――A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri.
  ――――Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.――――A consul
  murdered by the Gauls, &c.――――A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated
  the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.――――Maso, a
  consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the
  form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph,
  upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his
  victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his
  head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were
  refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch.
  6.――――The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished
  for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of
  _Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Prætextatus_, and _Pætus_,
  of which the three first branches became the most illustrious.

=Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives,
  if they had no children.――――Another, by which a person less than 50
  years old could not marry another of 60.

=Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign
  of Theodosius the Great.

=Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius.

=Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior
  consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Paradīsus=, a town of Syria or Phœnicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――In the plains of Jericho there was a large
  palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called
  _Balsami Paradisus_.

=Parætacæ=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where
  Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_,
  ch. 8.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.

=Parætonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis
  was worshipped. The word _Parætonius_ is used to signify Egyptian,
  and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the
  neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,
  li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7.

=Parăli=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this
  name from their being near the _sea coast_, παρα and ἁλς.

=Parălus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius.
    ――――A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by
    his father. _Plutarch._

=Parasia=, a country at the east of Media.

=Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on
  Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives
  were preserved.

=Parcæ=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life
  of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos,
  daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and
  Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them
  daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided
  over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand;
  Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos,
  the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair
  of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this
  ancient verse:

    _Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._

  The name of the Parcæ, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_
  or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and
  by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_:
  but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod
  nemini parcant_. The power of the Parcæ was great and extensive. Some
  suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter,
  while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their
  commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer’s
  Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the
  superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According
  to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life
  and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the
  world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parcæ. Some make them
  ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at
  the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant
  thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with
  stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the
  names of the Parcæ were different from those already mentioned. The
  most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania,
  who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia
  was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often
  disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human
  life. The worship of the Parcæ was well established in some cities
  of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were
  inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they
  were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising
  them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the
  Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep,
  during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands
  of flowers. The Parcæ were generally represented as three old women
  with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the
  narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the
  same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another
  the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she
  cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently
  represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe,
  and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her
  hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was
  variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a
  variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors
  in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to
  the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed
  to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek
  letters, α, β, η, τ, υ, and others call them the secretaries of
  heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call
  the Parcæ by the different names of μοιρα, αἰσα, κηρ, εἰμαρμενη,
  which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20;
  _Odyssey_, bk. 7.――_Theocritus._――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.
  ――_Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem
  10; _Nemean_, poem 7.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Plutarch_, _de
  Faciæ Quæ in Orbe Lunæ Apparet_.――_Hyginus_, in preface to fables &
  fable 277.――_Varro._――_Orpheus_, hymn 58.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.――_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li.
  533.――_Lucan_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  &c.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.

=Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the
  dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the
  occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. Æneas
  first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544.

=Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Păris=, the son of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba, also called
  _Alexander_. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the
  ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first month of
  her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch
  which should set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the
  calamities which might be expected from the imprudence of her future
  son, and which would end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to
  prevent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus
  to destroy the child as soon as born. The slave, either touched
  with humanity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but
  was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, where the shepherds of the
  place found him, and educated him as their own son. Some attribute
  the preservation of his life, before he was found by the shepherds,
  to the motherly tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young
  Paris, though educated among shepherds and peasants, gave early
  proofs of courage and intrepidity, and from his care in protecting
  the flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he
  obtained the name of Alexander (_helper_ or _defender_). He gained
  the esteem of all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and
  manly deportment recommended him to the favour of Œnone, a nymph of
  Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect
  tenderness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. At the marriage
  of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been
  invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by
  throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration
  of the nuptials, a golden apple on which were written the words
  _Detur pulchriori_. All the goddesses claimed it as their own: the
  contention at first became general, but at last only three, Juno,
  Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to
  beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair of so
  tender and so delicate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize
  of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the shepherd
  seemed properly qualified to decide so great a contest, as his wisdom
  was so well established, and his prudence and sagacity so well known.
  The goddesses appeared before their judge without any covering or
  ornament, and each tried by promises and entreaties to gain the
  attention of Paris, and to influence his judgment. Juno promised him
  a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest woman in
  the world for his wife, as Ovid expresses it, _Heroides_, poem 17,
  li. 118,

    _Udaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem;
      Tyndaridis conjux, tertia dixit, eris._

  After he had heard their several claims and promises, Paris adjudged
  the prize to Venus, and gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps,
  she seemed entitled as the goddess of beauty. This decision of Paris
  in favour of Venus drew upon the judge and his family the resentment
  of the two other goddesses. Soon after Priam proposed a contest among
  his sons and other princes, and promised to reward the conqueror with
  one of the finest bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent to
  procure the animal, and it was found in the possession of Paris, who
  reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was desirous of obtaining
  again this favourite animal, and he went to Troy and entered the
  list of the combatants. He was received with the greatest applause,
  and obtained the victory over his rivals, Nestor the son of Neleus;
  Cycnus son of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus sons of Priam.
  He also obtained a superiority over Hector himself, and the prince,
  enraged to see himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued
  him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother’s
  resentment, had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred
  retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra the daughter of Priam,
  struck with the similarity of the features of Paris with those of her
  brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances
  she soon discovered that he was her brother, and as such she
  introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam acknowledged
  Paris as his son, forgetful of the alarming dream which had
  influenced him to meditate his death, and all jealousy ceased among
  the brothers. Paris did not long suffer himself to remain inactive;
  he equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his father’s
  sister, whom Hercules had carried away and obliged to marry Telamon
  the son of Æacus. This was the pretended motive of his voyage, but
  the causes were far different. Paris recollected that he was to
  be the husband of the fairest of women; and if he had been led to
  form those expectations while he was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he
  had now every plausible reason to see them realized, since he was
  acknowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen was the fairest woman
  of the age, and Venus had promised her to him. On these grounds,
  therefore, he visited Sparta, the residence of Helen, who had married
  Menelaus. He was received with every mark of respect, but he abused
  the hospitality of Menelaus, and while the husband was absent in
  Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with him and fly to Asia. Helen
  consented, and Priam received her into his palace without difficulty,
  as his sister was then detained in a foreign country, and as he
  wished to show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This
  affair was soon productive of serious consequences. When Menelaus had
  married Helen, all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn oath
  to protect her person, and to defend her from every violence [_See:_
  Helena], and therefore the injured husband reminded them of their
  engagements, and called upon them to recover Helen. Upon this all
  Greece took up arms in the cause of Menelaus; Agamemnon was chosen
  general of all the combined forces, and a regular war was begun.
  _See:_ Troja. Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to the
  petitions and embassies of the Greeks, armed himself with his
  brothers and subjects to oppose the enemy; but the success of the
  war was neither hindered nor accelerated by his means. He fought with
  little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so
  recently injured, all his resolution vanished, and he retired from
  the front of the army, where he walked before like a conqueror. In
  a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook at the persuasion of his
  brother Hector, Paris must have perished, had not Venus interfered,
  and stolen him from the resentment of his adversary. He nevertheless
  wounded, in another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, and,
  according to some opinions, he killed with one of his arrows the
  great Achilles. _See:_ Achilles. The death of Paris is differently
  related; some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the
  arrows of Philoctetes, which had been once in the possession of
  Hercules, and that when he found himself languid on account of his
  wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of Œnone, whom
  he had basely abandoned, and who, in the years of his obscurity,
  had foretold him that he would solicit her assistance in his dying
  moments. He expired before he came into the presence of Œnone, and
  the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, threw herself upon
  his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, after she had plentifully
  bathed it with her tears. According to some authors, Paris did not
  immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was
  driven on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the
  country, detained him, and when he heard of the violence which had
  been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court,
  and permitted Paris to retire. _See:_ Helena. _Dictys Cretensis_,
  bks. 1, 3, & 4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5, 16, & 17.――_Quintus Calabrus
  [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 10, li. 290.――_Horace_, ode 3.――_Euripides_,
  _Iphigeneia_.――_Hyginus_, fables 92 & 273.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 27.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.――_Lycophron_. & _Tzetzes_ on
  _Lycophron_.――――A celebrated player at Rome, in the good graces of
  the emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 19, &c.

=Parisădes=, a king of Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great.
  ――――Another, king of Bosphorus.

=Parīsii=, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, now called _Paris_, the
  capital of the kingdom of France. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Parisus=, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Danube. _Strabo._

=Parium=, now _Camanar_, a town of Asia Minor, on the Propontis, where
  Archilochus was born, as some say. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 7,
  ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Parma=, a town of Italy, near Cremona, celebrated for its wool, and
  now for its cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius were
  born there. It was made a Roman colony, A.U.C. 569. The inhabitants
  are called _Parmenenses_ and _Parmani_. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 55.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 3.――_Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, bk. 14, li. 3.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 7,
  ch. 31.――_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43, li. 4; bk. 3, ltr. 13, li. 8 &
  ltr. 14, li. 155.

=Parmenĭdes=, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 505
  years before Christ. He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil
  of Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to some. He maintained
  that there were only two elements, fire and the earth; and he taught
  that the first generation of men was produced from the sun. He first
  discovered that the earth was round, and habitable only in the two
  temperate zones, and that it was suspended in the centre of the
  universe, in a fluid lighter than air, so that all bodies left to
  themselves fell on its surface. There were, as he supposed, only two
  sorts of philosophy,――one founded on reason, and the other on opinion.
  He digested this unpopular system in verses, of which a few fragments
  remain. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Parmenio=, a celebrated general in the armies of Alexander, who
  enjoyed the king’s confidence, and was more attached to his person as
  a man than as a monarch. When Darius king of Persia offered Alexander
  all the country which lies at the west of the Euphrates, with his
  daughter Statira in marriage, and 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio
  took occasion to observe that he would, without hesitation, accept of
  these conditions, if he were Alexander. “So would I, were I Parmenio,”
  replied the conqueror. This friendship, so true and inviolable, was
  sacrificed to a moment of resentment and suspicion; and Alexander,
  who had too eagerly listened to a light and perhaps a false
  accusation, ordered Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if
  guilty of treason against his person. Parmenio was in the 70th year
  of his age, B.C. 330. He died in the greatest popularity, and it
  has been judiciously observed, that Parmenio obtained many victories
  without Alexander, but Alexander not one without Parmenio. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Parnassus=, a mountain of Phocis, anciently called _Larnassos_, from
  the _boat_ of Deucalion (λαρναξ), which was carried there in the
  universal deluge. It received the name of Parnassus from Parnassus
  the son of Neptune by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, and
  to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was barren, but the valleys and
  the green woods that covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and
  fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus is one of the highest
  mountains of Europe, and it is easily seen from the citadel of
  Corinth, though at the distance of about 80 miles. According to the
  computation of the ancients, it is one day’s journey round. At the
  north of Parnassus, there is a large plain, about eight miles in
  circumference. The mountain, according to the poets, had only two
  tops, called _Hyampea_ and _Tithorea_, on one of which the city of
  Delphi was situated, and thence it was called _Biceps_. _Strabo_, bks.
  8, 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 317; bk. 2, li. 221; bk. 5,
  li. 278.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 71; bk. 3, li. 173.――_Livy_, bk. 42,
  ch. 16.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 311.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 23, li. 13;
  bk. 3, poem 11, li. 54.――――A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a
  mountain of Phocis.

=Parnes= (etis), a mountain of Africa, abounding in vines. _Statius_,
  bk. 12, _Thebaid_, li. 620.

=Parnessus=, a mountain of Asia near Bactriana. _Dionysius Periegeta_,
  li. 737.

=Parni=, a tribe of the Scythians, who invaded Parthia. _Strabo_,
  bk. 11.

=Paron= and =Heraclides=, two youths who killed a man who had insulted
  their father. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Paropamisus=, a ridge of mountains at the north of India, called the
  _Stony Girdle_, or Indian Caucasus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Paropus=, now _Colisano_, a town at the north of Sicily, on the shores
  of the Tyrrhene sea. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

=Paroreia=, a town of Thrace, near mount Hæmus. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 27.
  ――――A town of Peloponnesus.――――A district of Phrygia Magna. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Paros=, a celebrated island among the Cyclades, about 7½ miles distant
  from Naxos, and 28 from Delos. According to Pliny, it is half as
  large as Naxos, that is, about 36 or 37 miles in circumference, a
  measure which some of the moderns have extended to 50 and even 80
  miles. It has borne the different names of _Pactia_, _Minoa_, _Hiria_,
  _Demetrias_, _Zacynthus_, _Cabarnis_, and _Hyleassa_. It received
  the name of Paros, which it still bears, from Paros, a son of Jason,
  or, as some maintain, of Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich
  and powerful, and well known for its famous marble, which was always
  used by the best statuaries. The best quarries were those of Marpesus,
  a mountain where still caverns of the most extraordinary depth are
  seen by modern travellers, and admired as the sources from whence
  the ♦labyrinth of Egypt and the porticoes of Greece received their
  splendour. According to Pliny, the quarries were so uncommonly deep,
  that, in the clearest weather, the workmen were obliged to use lamps,
  from which circumstance the Greeks have called the marble _Lychnites_,
  worked by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine
  cattle which it produces, and for its partridges, and wild pigeons.
  The capital city was called Paros. It was first peopled by the
  Phœnicians, and afterwards a colony of Cretans settled in it. The
  Athenians made war against it, because it had assisted the Persians
  in the invasion of Greece, and took it, and it became a Roman
  province in the age of Pompey. Archilochus was born there. The
  _Parian_ marbles, perhaps better known by the appellation of
  _Arundelian_, were engraved in this island in capital letters, B.C.
  264, and, as a valuable chronicle, preserved the most celebrated
  epochas of Greece, from the year 1582 B.C. These valuable pieces of
  antiquity were procured originally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman,
  and afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, by whom they were
  given to the university of Oxford, where they are still to be seen.
  Prideaux published an account of all the inscriptions in 1676. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_ &
  _Alcibiades_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 593; _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 34.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 419; bk. 7, li. 466.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 36, ch. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5, &
  _Thucydides_, bk. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 19, li. 6.

    ♦ ‘labryrinth’ replaced with ‘labyrinth’

=Parphŏrus=, a native of Colophon, who, at the head of a colony, built
  a town at the foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situation nearer
  his native city. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Parrhăsia=, a town of Arcadia, founded by Parrhasius the son of
  Jupiter. The Arcadians are sometimes called _Parrhasians_, and
  Arcas _Parrhasis_, and Carmenta, Evander’s mother, _Parrhasiadea_.
  _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 333.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 315; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 618; _Tristia_,
  bk. 1, li. 190.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Parrhăsius=, a famous painter, son of Evenor of Ephesus, in the age
  of Zeuxis, about 415 years before Christ. He was a great master of
  his profession, and particularly excelled in strongly expressing
  the violent passions. He was blessed with a great genius, and much
  invention, and he was particularly happy in his designs. He acquired
  himself great reputation by his pieces, but by none more than that
  in which he allegorically represented the people of Athens with all
  the injustice, the clemency, the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance
  and inconsistency, which so eminently characterized that celebrated
  nation. He once entered the lists against Zeuxis, and when they had
  produced their respective pieces, the birds came to pick with the
  greatest avidity the grapes which ♦Zeuxis had painted. Immediately
  Parrhasius exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, “Remove your
  curtain, that we may see the painting.” The curtain was the painting,
  and Zeuxis acknowledged himself conquered, by exclaiming, “Zeuxis
  has deceived birds, but Parrhasius has deceived Zeuxis himself”.
  Parrhasius grew so vain of his art, that he clothed himself in purple,
  and wore a crown of gold, calling himself the king of painters. He
  was lavish in his own praises, and by his vanity too often exposed
  himself to the ridicule of his enemies. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_;
  _Quomodo Adolescens Poetas Audire Debeat_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch.
  28.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.――――A son of
  Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, by a nymph called Philonomia.

    ♦ ‘Xeuxis’ replaced with ‘Zeuxis’

=Parthamisiris=, a king of Armenia, in the reign of Trajan.

=Parthāon=, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, who married Euryte daughter
  of Hippodamus, by whom he had many children, among whom were Œneus
  and Sterope. Parthaon was brother to Demonice, the mother of Evenus
  by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and Thestius. He is called
  Portheus by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 129 & 239.――――A son of Peripetus and father of
  Aristas. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Parthĕniæ= and =Parthĕnii=, a certain number of desperate citizens
  of Sparta. During the Messenian war, the Spartans were absent from
  their city for the space of 10 years, and it was unlawful for them to
  return, as they had bound themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit
  Sparta before they had totally subdued Messenia. This long absence
  alarmed the Lacedæmonian women, as well as the magistrates. The
  Spartans were reminded by their wives, that if they continued in
  their resolution, the state must at last decay for want of citizens,
  and when they had duly considered this embassy, they empowered all
  the young men in the army, who had come to the war while yet under
  age, and who therefore were not bound by the oath, to return to
  Sparta, and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse with all the
  unmarried women of the state, to raise a future generation. It was
  carried into execution, and the children that sprang from this union
  were called Partheniæ, or _sons of virgins_ (παρθενος). The war
  with Messenia was some time after ended, and the Spartans returned
  victorious; but the cold indifference with which they looked upon
  the Partheniæ was attended with serious consequences. The Partheniæ
  knew they had no legitimate fathers, and no inheritance, and
  that therefore their life depended upon their own exertions. This
  drove them almost to despair. They joined with the Helots, whose
  maintenance was as precarious as their own, and it was mutually
  agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, and to seize their
  possessions. This massacre was to be done at a general assembly, and
  the signal was the throwing of a cap in the air. The whole, however,
  was discovered through the diffidence and apprehensions of the Helots;
  and when the people had assembled, the Partheniæ discovered that all
  was known, by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man should
  throw up his cap. The Partheniæ, though apprehensive of punishment,
  were not visibly treated with greater severity; their calamitous
  condition was attentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of
  another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, permitted them to
  sail for Italy, with Phalantus their ringleader at their head. They
  settled in Magna Græcia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years before
  Christ. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, on
  _Laconia_, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Parthĕnias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing by Elis. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 21.――――The ancient name of Samos. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Parthĕnion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus at the north of Tegea.
  _Pausanias._

=Parthĕnius=, a river of Paphlagonia, which, after separating Bithynia,
  falls into the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. It received its name either
  because the _virgin_ Diana (παρθενος) bathed herself there, or
  perhaps it received it from the purity and mildness of its waters.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 104.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A mountain
  of Arcadia, which was said to abound in tortoises. Here Telephus
  had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought up there.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 54.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of the emperor Domitian.
  He conspired against his imperial master, and assisted to murder him.
  ――――A river of European Sarmatia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10,
  li. 49.――――A friend of Æneas killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 748.――――A Greek writer, whose romance, _de Amatoriis
  Affectionibus_ has been edited in 12mo, Basil, 1531.

=Parthĕnon=, a temple of Athens, sacred to Minerva. It was destroyed by
  the Persians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles in a more magnificent
  manner, and still exists. All the circumstances which related to
  the birth of Minerva were beautifully and minutely represented in
  bas-relief, on the front of the entrance. The statue of the goddess,
  26 cubits high, and made of gold and ivory, passed for one of the
  masterpieces of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 34.

=Parthĕnŏpæus=, a son of Meleager and Atalanta, or, according to some,
  of Milanion and another Atalanta. He was one of the seven chiefs
  who accompanied Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedition against
  Thebes. He was killed by Amphidicus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 19.――――A son of Talaus.

=Parthĕnŏpe=, one of the Sirens.――――A daughter of Stymphalus.
  _Apollodorus._――――A city of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis,
  or _the new city_, when it had been beautified and enlarged by a
  colony from Eubœa. It is now called _Naples_. It received the name
  of Parthenope from one of the Sirens, whose body was found on the
  sea-shore there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 564.――_Strabo_,
  bks. 1 & 5.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12,
  li. 167.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33.

=Parthia=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the west by
  Media, south by Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by Aria, &c.,
  containing, according to Ptolemy, 25 large cities, the most capital
  of which was called _Hecatompylos_, from its _hundred gates_. Some
  suppose that the present capital of the country is built on the
  ruins of Hecatompylos. According to some authors, the Parthians
  were Scythians by origin, who made an invasion on the more southern
  provinces of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near Hyrcania.
  They long remained unknown and unnoticed, and became successively
  tributary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians. When
  Alexander invaded Asia, the Parthians submitted, like the other
  dependent provinces of Persia, and they were for some time under
  the power of Eumenes, Antigonus, Seleucus, Nicanor, and Antiochus,
  till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, a lieutenant of the
  latter, roused their spirit, and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man
  of obscure origin, but blessed with great military powers, placed
  himself at the head of his countrymen, and laid the foundation of
  the Parthian empire, about 250 years before the christian era. The
  Macedonians attempted in vain to recover it; a race of active and
  vigilant princes, who assumed the surname of _Arsacides_, from the
  founder of their kingdom, increased its power, and rendered it so
  formidable, that, while it possessed 18 kingdoms between the Caspian
  and Arabian seas, it even disputed the empire of the world with the
  Romans, and could never be subdued by that nation, which had seen
  no people on earth unconquered by their arms. It remained a kingdom
  till the reign of Artabanus, who was killed about the year 229 of the
  christian era, and from that time it became a province of the newly
  re-established kingdom of Persia, under Artaxerxes. The Parthians
  were naturally strong and warlike, and were esteemed the most expert
  horsemen and archers in the world. The peculiar custom of discharging
  their arrows while they were retiring full speed, has been greatly
  celebrated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, who all
  observe that their flight was more formidable than their attacks.
  This manner of fighting, and the wonderful address and dexterity
  with which it was performed, gained them many victories. They were
  addicted much to drinking, and to every manner of lewdness, and
  their laws permitted them to raise children even by their mothers
  and sisters. _Strabo_, bks. 2, 6, &c.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 31, &c.;
  _Æneid_ bk. 7, li. 606.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, &c., _Fasti_,
  bk. 5, li. 580.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.――_Polybius_, bk. 5, &c.――_Marcellinus._
  ――_Herodian_, bk. 3, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 230; bk. 6, li. 50;
  bk. 10, li. 53.――_Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 19,
  li. 11; bk. 2, ode 13, li. 17.

=Parthini=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 29, ltr. 12; bk. 33,
  ch. 34; bk. 44, ch. 30.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 19.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Piso_, ch. 40.

=Parthytēne=, a province of Parthia, according to Ptolemy, though some
  authors support that it is the name of Parthia itself.

=Parysădes=, a king of Pontus, B.C. 310. _Diodorus._――――A king of the
  Cimmerian Bosphorus, who flourished 284 B.C.

=Parysătis=, a Persian princess, wife of Darius Ochus, by whom she
  had Artaxerxes, Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was so extremely
  partial to her younger son, that she committed the greatest cruelties
  to encourage his ambition, and she supported him with all her
  interest in his rebellion against his brother Memnon. The death
  of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged with the grossest
  barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she
  found concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Statira the wife of
  her son Artaxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs of the court to
  be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on two poles before her
  eyes, because he had, by order of the king, cut off the hand and the
  head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and he ordered
  his mother to be confined in Babylon; but they were soon after
  reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her power and influence till
  the time of her death. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.――_Ctesiphon._

=Pasargada=, a town of Persia, near Carmania, founded by Cyrus on the
  very spot where he had conquered Astyages. The kings of Persia were
  always crowned there, and the Pasargadæ were the noblest families of
  Persia, in the number of which were the Achæmenides. _Strabo_, bk. 15.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.――_Mela_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Paseas=, a tyrant in Sicyon in Peloponnesus, father to Abantidas, &c.
  _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Pasicles=, a grammarian, &c.

=Pasicrătes=, a king of part of the island of Cyprus. _Plutarch._

=Pasiphae=, a daughter of the Sun and of Perseis, who married Minos king
  of Crete. She disgraced herself by her unnatural passion for a bull,
  which, according to some authors, she was enabled to gratify by means
  of the artist Dædalus. This celebrated bull had been given to Minos
  by Neptune, to be offered on his altars, but as the monarch refused
  to sacrifice the animal on account of his beauty, the god revenged
  his disobedience by inspiring Pasiphæ with an unnatural love for it.
  This fabulous tradition, which is universally believed by the poets,
  who observe that the Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous commerce,
  is refuted by some writers, who suppose that the infidelity of
  Pasiphæ to her husband was betrayed in her affection for an officer
  called Taurus; and that Dædalus, by permitting his house to be
  the asylum of the two lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the
  gratification of Pasiphæ’s lust. From this amour with Taurus, as it
  is further remarked, the queen became mother of twins, and the name
  of _Minotaurus_ arises from the resemblance of the children to the
  husband and the lover of Pasiphæ. Minos had four sons by Pasiphæ,
  Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and Androgeus, and three daughters,
  Hecate, Ariadne, and Phædra. _See:_ Minotaurus. _Plato_, _Minos_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 24.――_Hyginus_, fable 40.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, lis. 57 & 165.

=Pasithea=, one of the Graces, also called Aglaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 35.――――One of the Nereides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Atlas.

=Pasitĭgris=, a name given to the river Tigris. _Strabo_, bk. 15.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Passaron=, a town of Epirus, where, after sacrificing to Jupiter, the
  kings swore to govern according to law, and the people to obey and
  to defend the country. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.――_Livy_, bk. 45, chs.
  26 & 33.

=Passiēnus=, a Roman who reduced Numidia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.
  ――――Paulus, a Roman knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, whose
  elegiac compositions he imitated. He likewise attempted lyric poetry,
  and with success, and chose for his model the writings of Horace.
  _Pliny_, ltrs. 6 & 9.――――Crispus, a man distinguished as an orator,
  but more as the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrippina,
  Nero’s mother, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Pasus=, a Thessalian in Alexander’s army, &c.

=Patala=, a harbour at the mouth of the Indus, in an island called
  _Patale_. The river here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pliny
  places this island within the torrid zone. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Arrian_, bk. 6,
  ch. 17.

=Pătăra= (orum), now _Patera_, a town of Lycia, situate on the eastern
  side of the mouth of the river Xanthus, with a capacious harbour,
  a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, surnamed _Patareus_, where was
  preserved and shown, in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap, which
  had been made by the hands of Vulcan, and presented by the god to
  Telephus. The god was supposed by some to reside for the six winter
  months at Patara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. The city was
  greatly embellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who attempted in vain to
  change its original name into that of his wife Arsinoe. _Livy_, bk.
  37, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 41.――_Horace_,
  bk. 3, ode 14, li. 64.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Pătăvium=, a city of Italy, at the north of the Po, on the shores
  of the Adriatic, now called _Padua_, and once said to be capable of
  sending 20,000 men into the field. _See:_ Padua. It is the birthplace
  of Livy, from which reason some writers have denominated _Patavinity_
  those peculiar expressions and provincial dialect, which they seem
  to discover in the historian’s style, not strictly agreeable to
  the purity and refined language of the Roman authors who flourished
  in or near the Augustan age. _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 17, li. 8.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 56; bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 10,
  ch. 2; bk. 41, ch. 27.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Patercŭlus=, a Roman, whose daughter Sulpicia was pronounced the
  chastest matron at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――Velleius, an
  historian. _See:_ Velleius.

=Patizithes=, one of the Persian Magi, who raised his brother to the
  throne because he resembled Smerdis the brother of Cambyses, &c.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 61.

=Patmos=, one of the Cyclades, with a small town of the same
  name, situate at the south of Icaria, and measuring 30 miles in
  circumference, according to Pliny, or only 18, according to modern
  travellers. It has a large harbour, near which are some broken
  columns, the most ancient in that part of Greece. The Romans
  generally banished their culprits there. It is now called _Palmosa_.
  _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Patræ=, an ancient town at the north-west of Peloponnesus, anciently
  called _Aroe_. Diana had there a temple, and a famous statue of gold
  and ivory. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li. 417.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Patro=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――An epicurean
  philosopher intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 13, ch. 1.

=Pātrōcles=, an officer of the fleet of Seleucus and Antiochus. He
  discovered several countries, and it is said that he wrote a history
  of the world. _Strabo._――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Patrocli=, a small island on the coast of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,
  ch. 5.

=Pātrōclus=, one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war, son of
  Menœtius by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, or Polymela. The
  accidental murder of Clysonymus the son of Amphidamus, in the time
  of his youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where his father reigned.
  He retired to the court of Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly
  received, and where he contracted the most intimate friendship with
  Achilles the monarch’s son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan war,
  Patroclus also accompanied them at the express command of his father,
  who had visited the court of Peleus, and he embarked with 10 ships
  from Phthia. He was the constant companion of Achilles, and he lodged
  in the same tent; and when his friend refused to appear in the field
  of battle, because he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus
  imitated his example, and by his absence was the cause of the
  overthrow of the Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed upon him to
  return to the war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in his armour.
  The valour of Patroclus, together with the terror which the sight of
  the arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed the victorious armies of
  the Trojans, and obliged them to fly within their walls for safety.
  He would have broken down the walls of the city; but Apollo, who
  interested himself for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose him, and
  Hector, at the instigation of the god, dismounted from his chariot
  to attack him, as he attempted to strip one of the Trojans whom he
  had slain. The engagement was obstinate, but at last Patroclus was
  overpowered by the valour of Hector, and the interposition of Apollo.
  His arms became the property of the conqueror, and Hector would have
  severed his head from his body had not Ajax and Menelaus intervened.
  His body was at last recovered and carried to the Grecian camp, where
  Achilles received it with the bitterest lamentations. His funeral was
  observed with the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed near the
  burning pile 12 young Trojans, besides four of his horses, and two
  of his dogs, and the whole was concluded by the exhibition of funeral
  games, in which the conquerors were liberally rewarded by Achilles.
  The death of Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, gave rise to
  new events; Achilles forgot his resentment against Agamemnon, and
  entered the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and his anger was
  gratified only by the slaughter of Hector, who had more powerfully
  kindled his wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan armies
  in the armour which had been taken from the body of Patroclus. The
  patronymic of _Actorides_ is often applied to Patroclus, because
  Actor was father to Menœtius. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Homer_,
  bk. 9, _Iliad_, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fables
  97 & 275.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 273.――――A son of
  Hercules. _Apollodorus._――――An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus.

=Patron=, an Arcadian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 298.

=Patrous=, a surname of Jupiter among the Greeks, represented by his
  statues as having three eyes, which some suppose to signify that he
  reigned in three different places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Patulcius=, a surname of Janus, which he received _a pateo_, because
  the doors of his temple were always open in the time of war. Some
  suppose that he received it because he presided over gates, or
  because the year began by the celebration of his festivals. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 129.

=Paventia=, a goddess who presided over terror at Rome, and who was
  invoked to protect her votaries from its effects. _Augustine_, _City
  of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Paula=, the first wife of the emperor Heliogabalus. She was daughter
  of the prefect of the pretorian guards. The emperor divorced her, and
  Paula retired to solitude and obscurity with composure.

=Paulīna=, a Roman lady who married Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in
  the reign of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was disturbed,
  and violence was offered to her virtue by a young man called Mundus,
  who was enamoured of her, and who had caused her to come to the
  temple of Isis by means of the priests of the goddess, who declared
  that Anubis wished to communicate to her something of moment.
  Saturninus complained to the emperor of the violence which had been
  offered to his wife, and the temple of Isis was overturned and Mundus
  banished, &c. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 4.――――The wife
  of the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to kill herself when Nero
  had ordered her husband to die. The emperor, however, prevented
  her, and she lived some few years after in the greatest melancholy.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 63, &c.――――A sister of the emperor
  Adrian.――――The wife of the emperor Maximinus.

=Paulīnus Pompeius=, an officer in Nero’s reign, who had the command of
  the German armies, and finished the works on the banks of the Rhine,
  which Drusus had begun 63 years before. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13,
  ch. 53.――_Suetonius._――――A Roman general, the first who crossed mount
  Atlas with an army. He wrote a history of this expedition in Africa,
  which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished himself in Britain, &c. He
  followed the arms of Otho against Vitellius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.
  ――――Valerius, a friend of Vespasian.――――Julius, a Batavian nobleman,
  put to death by Fonteius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Paulus Æmylius=, a Roman, son of the Æmylius who fell at Cannæ,
  was celebrated for his victories, and received the surname of
  _Macedonicus_ from his conquest of Macedonia. In the early part of
  life he distinguished himself by his uncommon application, and by his
  fondness for military discipline. His first appearance in the field
  was attended with great success, and the barbarians that had revolted
  in Spain were reduced with the greatest facility under the power of
  the Romans. In his first consulship his arms were directed against
  the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His applications for a
  second consulship proved abortive; but when Perseus the king of
  Macedonia had declared war against Rome, the abilities of Paulus
  were remembered, and he was honoured with the consulship about the
  60th year of his age. After this appointment he behaved with uncommon
  vigour, and soon a general engagement was fought near Pydna. The
  Romans obtained the victory, and Perseus saw himself deserted by all
  his subjects. In two days the conqueror made himself master of all
  Macedonia, and soon after the fugitive monarch was brought into his
  presence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy; but when he
  had gently rebuked him for his temerity in attacking the Romans,
  he addressed himself in a pathetic speech to the officers of his
  army who surrounded him, and feelingly enlarged on the instability
  of fortune, and the vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had
  finally settled the government of Macedonia with 10 commissioners
  from Rome, and after he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided
  the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus returned to Italy. He
  was received with the usual acclamations, and though some of the
  seditious soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal entry into the
  capital, yet three days were appointed to exhibit the fruits of his
  victories. Perseus, with his wretched family, adorned the triumph of
  the conqueror, and as they were dragged through the streets before
  the chariot of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion from the people.
  The riches which the Romans derived from this conquest were immense,
  and the people were freed from all taxes till the consulship of
  Hirtius and Pansa; but while every one of the citizens received some
  benefit from the victories of Paulus, the conqueror himself was poor,
  and appropriated for his own use nothing of the Macedonian treasures
  except the library of Perseus. In the office of censor, to which he
  was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with the greatest moderation,
  and at his death, which happened about 168 years before the christian
  era, not only the Romans, but their very enemies, confessed, by
  their lamentations, the loss which they had sustained. He had married
  Papiria, by whom he had two sons, one of whom was adopted by the
  family of Maximus, and the other by that of Scipio Africanus. He had
  also two daughters, one of whom married a son of Cato, and the other
  Ælius Tubero. He afterwards divorced Papiria; and when his friends
  wished to reprobate his conduct in doing so, by observing that she
  was young and handsome, and that she had made him father of a fine
  family, Paulus replied, that the shoe which he then wore was new and
  well made, but that he was obliged to leave it off, though no one but
  himself, as he said, knew where it pinched him. He married a second
  wife, by whom he had two sons, whose sudden death exhibited to
  the Romans, in the most engaging view, their father’s philosophy
  and stoicism. The elder of these sons died five days before Paulus
  triumphed over Perseus, and the other three days after the public
  ♦procession. This domestic calamity did not shake the firmness of the
  conqueror; yet before he retired to a private station, he harangued
  the people, and in mentioning the severity of fortune upon his family,
  he expressed his wish that every evil might be averted from the
  republic by the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an individual.
  _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Livy_, bks. 43, 44, &c. _Justin_, bk. 33,
  ch. 1, &c.――――Samosatenus, an author in the reign of Gallienus.
  ――――Maximus. _See:_ Maximus Fabius.――――Ægineta, a Greek physician
  whose work was edited _apud_, _Aldus Manutius_, Venice, folio, 1528.
  ――――Lucius Æmylius, a consul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy,
  checked the rashness of his colleague Varro, and recommended an
  imitation of the conduct of the great Fabius, by harassing and not
  facing the enemy in the field. His advice was rejected, and the
  battle of Cannæ, so glorious to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon
  followed. Paulus was wounded, but when he might have escaped from
  the slaughter, by accepting a horse generously offered by one of
  his officers, he disdained to fly, and perished by the darts of the
  enemy. _Horace_, ode 12, li. 38.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 39.――――Julius,
  a Latin poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote some
  poetical pieces, recommended by Aulus Gellius.

    ♦ ‘processsion’ replaced with ‘procession’

=Pāulus.= _See:_ Æmylius.

=Pavor=, an emotion of the mind which received divine honours among
  the Romans, and was considered of a most tremendous power, as
  the ancients swore by her name in the most solemn manner. Tullus
  Hostilius, the third king of Rome, was the first who built her
  temples, and raised altars to her honour, as also to Pallor the
  goddess of paleness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Pausanias=, a Spartan general, who greatly signalized himself at
  the battle of Platæa, against the Persians. The Greeks were very
  sensible of his services, and they rewarded his merit with the tenth
  of the spoils taken from the Persians. He was afterwards set at
  the head of the Spartan armies, and extended his conquests in Asia;
  but the haughtiness of his behaviour created him many enemies, and
  the Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the affairs of Greece.
  Pausanias was dissatisfied with his countrymen, and he offered to
  betray Greece to the Persians, if he received in marriage, as the
  reward of his perfidy, the daughter of their monarch. His intrigues
  were discovered by means of a youth, who was entrusted with his
  letters to Persia, and who refused to go, on the recollection that
  such as had been employed in that office before had never returned.
  The letters were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of
  Pausanias laid open. He fled for safety to a temple of Minerva, and
  as the sanctity of the place screened him from the violence of his
  pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded with heaps of stones,
  the first of which was carried there by the indignant mother of the
  unhappy man. He was starved to death in the temple, and died about
  471 years before the christian era. There was a festival, and solemn
  games instituted in his honour, in which only free-born Spartans
  contended. There was also an oration spoken in his praise, in which
  his actions were celebrated, particularly the battle of Platæa, and
  the defeat of Mardonius. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Plutarch_,
  _Aristeides_ & _Themistocles_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 9.――――A favourite of
  Philip king of Macedonia. He accompanied the prince in an expedition
  against the Illyrians, in which he was killed.――――Another, at the
  court of king Philip, very intimate with the preceding. He was
  grossly and unnaturally abused by Attalus, one of the friends of
  Philip, and when he complained of the injuries he had received, the
  king in some measure disregarded his remonstrances, and wished them
  to be forgotten. This incensed Pausanias; he resolved to revenge
  himself, and when he had heard from his master Hermocrates the
  sophist that the most effectual way to render himself illustrious was
  to murder a person who had signalized himself by uncommon actions,
  he stabbed Philip as he entered a public theatre. After this bloody
  action he attempted to make his escape to his chariot, which waited
  for him at the gate of the city, but he was stopped accidentally
  by the twig of a vine, and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other
  friends of Philip, who pursued him, immediately fell upon him and
  despatched him. Some support that Pausanias committed this murder
  at the instigation of Olympias the wife of Philip, and of her
  son Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_,
  _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A king of Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas,
  after a year’s reign. _Diodorus._――――Another, who attempted to
  seize upon the kingdom of ♦Macedonia, from which he was prevented
  by Iphicrates the Athenian.――――A friend of Alexander the Great,
  made governor of Sardis.――――A physician in the age of Alexander.
  _Plutarch._――――A celebrated orator and historian, who settled at Rome,
  A.D. 170, where he died in a very advanced age. He wrote a history
  of Greece, in 10 books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he gives,
  with great precision and geographical knowledge, an account of the
  situation of its different cities, their antiquities, and the several
  curiosities which they contained. He has also interwoven mythology in
  his historical account, and introduced many fabulous traditions and
  superstitious stories. In each book the author treats of a separate
  country, such as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, &c. Some suppose
  that he gave a similar description of Phœnicia and Syria. There was
  another Pausanias, a native of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, who wrote some
  declamations, and who is often confounded with the historian of that
  name.――――The best edition of Pausanias is that of Khunius, folio,
  Lipscomb, 1696.――――A Lacedæmonian, who wrote a partial account of his
  country.――――A statuary of Apollonia, whose abilities were displayed
  in adorning Apollo’s temple at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.
  ――――A king of Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ, who died 397
  B.C., after a reign of 14 years.

    ♦ ‘Macedona’ replaced with ‘Macedonia’

=Pausias=, a painter of Sicyon, the first who understood how to apply
  colours to wood or ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful
  painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he represented as sitting
  on the ground, and making garlands with flowers, and from this
  circumstance the picture, which was bought afterwards by Lucullus for
  two talents, received the name of _Stephanoplocon_. Some time after
  the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged to part with the
  pictures which they possessed to deliver themselves from an enormous
  debt, and Marcus Scaurus the Roman bought them all, in which were
  those of Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had been built during
  his edileship. Pausias lived about 350 years before Christ. _Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 11.

=Pausily̆pus=, a mountain near Naples, which receives its name from
  the beauty of its situation, (παυω λυπη, _cessare facio dolor_). The
  natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and regard it with the highest
  veneration. There were near some fish-ponds belonging to the emperor.
  The mountain is now famous for a subterraneous passage near half
  a mile in length, and 22 feet in breadth, which affords a safe and
  convenient passage to travellers. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_, poem 4,
  li. 52.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 53.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 5
  & 57.

=Pax=, an allegorical divinity among the ancients. The Athenians raised
  her a statue, which represented her as holding Plutus the god of
  wealth in her lap, to intimate that peace gives rise to prosperity
  and to opulence; and they were the first who erected an altar
  to her honour after the victories obtained by Timotheus over the
  Lacedæmonian power, though Plutarch asserts it had been done after
  the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. She was represented among
  the Romans with the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive branch
  in her hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple at
  Rome, which was consumed by fire in the reign of Commodus. It was
  customary for men of learning to assemble in that temple, and even to
  deposit their writings there, as in a place of the greatest security.
  Therefore when it was burnt, not only books, but also many valuable
  things, jewels, and immense treasures, were lost in the general
  conflagration. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timotheus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Cimon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.

=Paxos=, a small island between Ithaca and the Echinades in the Ionian
  sea.

=Peas=, a shepherd, who, according to some, set on fire the pile on
  which Hercules was burnt. The hero gave him his bow and arrows.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Pedæus=, an illegitimate son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Pedācia=, a woman of whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 39, speaks of
  as a contemptible character.

=Pedāni.= _See:_ Pedum.

=Pedānius=, a prefect of Rome, killed by one of his slaves for having
  denied him his liberty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42.

=Pedasa= (orum), a town of Caria, near Halicarnassus. _Livy_, bk. 33,
  ch. 30.

=Pedăsus=, a son of Bucolion the son of Laomedon. His mother was one
  of the Naiades. He was killed in the Trojan war by Euryalus. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.――――One of the four horses of Achilles. As
  he was not immortal like the other three, he was killed by Sarpedon.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A town near Pylos in the Peloponnesus.

=Pediadis=, a part of Bactriana, through which the Oxus flows.
  _Polybius._

=Pedias=, the wife of Cranaus.

=Pedius Blæsus=, a Roman, accused by the people of Cyrene of plundering
  the temple of Æsculapius. He was condemned under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 18.――――A nephew of Julius Cæsar, who commanded
  one of his legions in Gaul, &c.――――Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of
  Horace. His father was one of Julius Cæsar’s heirs, and became consul
  with Augustus after Pansa’s death.

=Pedo=, a lawyer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 129.
  ――――Albinovanus. _See:_ Albinovanus.

=Pedianus Asconius=, flourished A.D. 76.

=Pedum=, a town of Latium, about 10 miles from Rome, conquered by
  Camillus. The inhabitants were called _Pedani_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39;
  bk. 8, chs. 13 & 14.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 2.

=Pegæ=, a fountain at the foot of mount Arganthus in Bithynia, into
  which Hylas fell. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 33.

=Pegăsĭdes=, a name given to the Muses from the horse Pegasus, or from
  the fountain which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking it
  with his foot. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 27.

=Pēgăsis=, a name given to Œnone by Ovid, _Heroides_, poem 5, because
  she was daughter of the _river_ (πηγη) Cebrenus.

=Pegăsium stagnum=, a lake near Ephesus, which arose from the earth when
  Pegasus struck it with his foot.

=Pegăsus=, a winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa, when Perseus
  had cut off her head. He received his name from his being born,
  according to Hesiod, near the _sources_ (πηγη) of the ocean. As
  soon as born he left the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather,
  according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, where,
  by striking the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain,
  which has been called Hippocrene. He became the favourite of the
  Muses; and being afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was
  given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chimæra. No sooner was this fiery
  monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he was
  a mortal, or rather, according to the more received opinion, because
  he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in Bellerophon
  was punished by Jupiter, who sent an insect to torment Pegasus,
  which occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. Pegasus continued
  his flight up to heaven, and was placed among the constellations by
  Jupiter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus,
  when he destroyed the sea monster which was going to devour Andromeda.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 282.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 20.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 179.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3
  & 4.――_Lycophron_, li. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 12, chs. 3 & 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 785.――_Hyginus_, fable 57.

=Pelăgo=, a eunuch, one of Nero’s favourites, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 14, ch. 59.

=Pelăgon=, a man killed by a wild boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 360.――――A son of Asopus and Metope.――――A Phocian, one of whose
  men conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, according to the oracle,
  he was to build a city.

=Pelagonia=, one of the divisions of Macedonia at the north. _Livy_,
  bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 31, ch. 28.

=Pelarge=, a daughter of Potneus, who re-established the worship of
  Ceres in Bœotia. She received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 25.

=Pelasgi=, a people of Greece, supposed to be one of the most ancient
  in the world. They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which
  from them received the name of _Pelasgia_, and about 1883 years
  before the christian era they passed into Æmonia, and were afterwards
  dispersed in several parts of Greece. Some of them fixed their
  habitation in Epirus, others in Crete, others in Italy, and others in
  Lesbos. From these different changes of situation in the Pelasgians,
  all the Greeks are indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their
  country Pelasgia, though, more properly speaking, it should be
  confined to Thessaly, Epirus, and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of
  the Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica, settled at Lemnos,
  where some time after they carried some Athenian women, whom they
  had seized in an expedition on the coast of Attica. They raised some
  children by these captive females, but they afterwards destroyed
  them with their mothers, through jealousy, because they differed
  in manners as well as language from them. This horrid murder was
  attended by a dreadful pestilence, and they were ordered, to expiate
  their crime, to do whatever the Athenians commanded them. This
  was to deliver their possessions into their hands. The Pelasgians
  seem to have received their name from Pelasgus, the first king and
  founder of their nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――_Flaccus._――_Seneca_, _Medea_ &
  _Agamemnon_.

=Pelasgia=, or =Pelasgiotis=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants
  are called _Pelasgi_ or _Pelasgiotæ_. Every country of Greece, and
  all Greece in general, is indiscriminately called Pelasgia, though
  the name should be more particularly confined to a part of Thessaly,
  situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, and the Sperchius. The
  maritime borders of this part of Thessaly were afterwards called
  _Magnesia_, though the sea or its shore still retained the name of
  _Pelasgicus Sinus_, now the gulf of _Volo_. Pelasgia is also one of
  the ancient names of Epirus, as also of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Pelasgi.

=Pelasgus=, a son of Terra, or, according to others, of Jupiter and
  Niobe, who reigned in Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient
  inhabitants of Peloponnesus.

=Pĕlēthrŏnii=, an epithet given to the Lapithæ, because they inhabited
  the town of _Pelethronium_, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thessaly;
  or because one of their number bore the name of Pelethronius. It
  is to them that mankind is indebted for the invention of the bit
  with which they tamed their horses with so much dexterity. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 452.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 387.

=Peleus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Æacus and Endeis the daughter of
  Chiron. He married Thetis, one of the Nereides, and was the only one
  among mortals who married an immortal. He was accessary to the death
  of his brother Phocus, and on that account he was obliged to leave
  his father’s dominions. He retired to the court of Eurytus the son of
  Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or according to the less received
  opinion of Ovid, he fled to Ceyx king of Trachinia. He was purified
  of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual ceremonies, and the monarch
  gave him his daughter Antigone in marriage. Some time after this
  Peleus and Eurytus went to the chase of the Calydonian boar, where
  the father-in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow which his
  son-in-law had aimed at the beast. This unfortunate event obliged him
  to banish himself from the court of Phthia, and he retired to Iolchos,
  where he was purified of the murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king
  of the country. His residence at Iolchos was short; Astydamia the
  wife of Acastus became enamoured of him, and when she found him
  insensible to her passionate declaration, she accused him of attempts
  upon her virtue. The monarch partially believed the accusations of
  his wife, but not to violate the laws of hospitality, by putting him
  instantly to death, he ordered his officers to conduct him to mount
  Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and there to tie him to a tree, that
  he might become the prey of the wild beasts of the place. The orders
  of Acastus were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, who knew the
  innocence of his grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him at
  liberty. As soon as he had been delivered from danger, Peleus
  assembled his friends to punish the ill-treatment which he had
  received from Acastus. He forcibly took Iolchos, drove the king from
  his possessions, and put to death the wicked Astydamia. After the
  death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose superior charms
  Jupiter himself had been enamoured. His pretensions however, were
  rejected, and, as he was a mortal, the goddess fled from him with the
  greatest abhorrence; and the more effectually to evade his inquiries,
  she generally assumed the shape of a bird, or of a tree, or of a
  tigress. Peleus became more animated from her refusal; he offered a
  sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus informed him that to obtain Thetis
  he must surprise her while she was asleep in her grotto, near the
  shores of Thessaly. This advice was immediately followed, and Thetis,
  unable to escape from the grasp of Peleus, at last consented to marry
  him. Their nuptials were celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and
  all the gods attended, and made them each the most valuable presents.
  The goddess of discord was the only one of the deities who was not
  present, and she punished this seeming neglect by throwing an apple
  into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of
  _Detur pulchriori_. _See:_ Discordia. From the marriage of Peleus and
  Thetis was born Achilles, whose education was early entrusted to the
  Centaur Chiron, and afterwards to Phœnix the son of Amyntor. Achilles
  went to the Trojan war, at the head of his father’s troops, and
  Peleus gloried in having a son who was superior to all the Greeks
  in valour and intrepidity. The death of Achilles was the source of
  grief to Peleus; and Thetis, to comfort her husband, promised him
  immortality, and ordered him to retire into the grottos of the island
  of Leuce, where he would see and converse with the manes of his son.
  Peleus had a daughter called Polydora, by Antigone. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 9, li. 482.――_Euripides_, _Andromache_.――_Catullus_, _Marriage of
  Peleus and Thetis_ [poem 64].――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 5; _Fasti_,
  bk. 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fables 7 & 8.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 54.

=Peliădes=, the daughters of Pelias. _See:_ Pelias.

=Pelias=, the twin brother of Neleus, was son of Neptune, by Tyro the
  daughter of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed from the world by his
  mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of her incontinence. He
  was exposed in the woods, but his life was preserved by shepherds,
  and he received the name of _Pelias_, from a spot of the colour of
  _lead_ in his face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro married
  Cretheus, son of Æolus king of Iolchos, and became mother of three
  children, of whom Æson was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his
  mother, and was received in her family; and, after the death of
  Cretheus, he unjustly seized the kingdom, which belonged to the
  children of Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen himself in
  his usurpation, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he was told to
  beware of one of the descendants of Æolus, who should come to his
  court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately removed
  the son of Æson, after he had publicly declared that he was dead.
  These precautions proved abortive. Jason the son of Æson, who had
  been educated by Chiron, returned to Iolchos, when arrived to years
  of maturity; and as he had lost one of his shoes in crossing the
  river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pelias immediately perceived that this
  was the person whom he was advised so much to dread. His unpopularity
  prevented him from acting with violence against a stranger, whose
  uncommon dress and commanding aspect had raised admiration in his
  subjects. But his astonishment was excited when he saw Jason arrive
  at his palace, with his friends and his relations, and boldly
  demand the kingdom which he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his
  complaints were well founded, and therefore, to divert his attention,
  he told him that he would voluntarily resign the crown to him if he
  went to Colchis to avenge the death of Phryxus the son of Athamas,
  whom Æetes had cruelly murdered. He further observed that the
  expedition would be attended with the greatest glory, and that
  nothing but the infirmities of old age had prevented him himself from
  vindicating the honour of his country, and the injuries of his family
  by punishing the assassin. This, so warmly recommended, was as warmly
  accepted by the young hero, and his intended expedition was made
  known all over Greece. _See:_ Jason. During the absence of Jason, in
  the Argonautic expedition, Pelias murdered Æson and all his family;
  but, according to the more received opinion of Ovid, Æson was still
  living when the Argonauts returned, and he was restored to the vigour
  of youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden change in the vigour and
  the constitution of Æson astonished all the inhabitants of Iolchos,
  and the daughters of Pelias, who had received the patronymic of
  _Peliades_, expressed their desire to see their father’s infirmities
  vanish by the same powerful arts. Medea, who wished to avenge the
  injuries which her husband Jason had received from Pelias, raised the
  desires of the Peliades, by cutting an old ram to pieces, and boiling
  the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards turning it into a fine young
  lamb. After they had seen this successful experiment, the Peliades
  cut their father’s body to pieces, after they had drawn all the blood
  from his veins, on the assurance that Medea would replenish them by
  her incantations. The limbs were immediately put into a cauldron of
  boiling water, but Medea suffered the flesh to be totally consumed,
  and refused to give the Peliades the promised assistance, and the
  bones of Pelias did not even receive a burial. The Peliades were four
  in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus
  adds Medusa. Their mother’s name was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias,
  or Philomache, the daughter of Amphion. After this parricide, the
  Peliades fled to the court of Admetus, where Acastus the son-in-law
  of Pelias pursued them, and took their protector prisoner. The
  Peliades died, and were buried in Arcadia. _Hyginus_, fables 12, 13,
  & 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 3 & 4; _Heroides_, poem
  12, li. 129.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.
  9.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.――_Pindar_,
  _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A Trojan chief wounded by
  Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his country,
  and followed the fortune of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 431.
  ――――The ship Argo is called _Pelias arbor_, built of the trees of
  mount Pelion.――――The spear of Achilles. _See:_ Pelion.

=Pelīdes=, a patronymic of Achilles, and of Pyrrhus, as being descended
  from Peleus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 264.

=Pēligni=, a people of Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines and Marsi,
  and had Corfinium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The most expert
  magicians were among the Peligni, according to Horace. _Livy_, bk. 8,
  chs. 6 & 29; bk. 9, ch. 41.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 8, li.
  42.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 8.

=Pelignus=, a friend of the emperor Claudius, made governor of
  Cappadocia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 49.

=Pelinæus=, a mountain of Chios.

=Pelinnæum=, or =Pelinna=, a town of Macedonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 36, chs. 10 & 14.

=Pelion= and =Pelios=, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly, whose top is
  covered with pine trees. In their wars against the gods, the giants,
  as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the
  heavens with more facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, which
  none but the hero could wield, had been cut down on this mountain,
  and was thence called _Pelias_. It was a present from his preceptor
  Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed his residence here.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 13, li. 199.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281;
  bk. 3, li. 94.――_Seneca_, _Hercules_ & _Medea_.

=Pelium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.

=Pella=, a celebrated town of Macedonia, on the Ludias, not far
  from the Sinus Thermaicus, which became the capital of the country
  after the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia was educated
  there, and Alexander the Great was born there, whence he is often
  called _Pellæus juvenis_. The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the
  neighbourhood. The epithet _Pellæus_ is often applied to Egypt or
  Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of
  Macedonian origin. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 85.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li.
  60; bk. 8, lis. 475 & 607; bk. 9, lis. 1016 & 1073; bk. 10, li. 55.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 41.

=Pellāne=, a town of Laconia, with a fountain whose waters have a
  subterraneous communication with the waters of another fountain.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Pellēne=, a town of Achaia, in the Peloponnesus, at the west of Sicyon,
  famous for its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or, according
  to others, by Pellen of Argos, son of Phorbas, and was the country
  of Proteus the sea-god. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 14.

=Pĕlŏpēa=, or =Pĕlŏpīa=, a daughter of Thyestes the brother of Atreus.
  She had a son by her father, who had offered her violence in a wood,
  without knowing that she was his own daughter. Some suppose that
  Thyestes purposely committed the incest, as the oracle had informed
  him that his wrongs should be avenged, and his brother destroyed,
  by a son who should be born from him and his daughter. This proved
  too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, who kindly
  received in his house his wife’s illegitimate child, called Ægysthus,
  because preserved by goats (αἰγες) when exposed in the mountains.
  Ægysthus became his uncle’s murderer. _See:_ Ægysthus. _Hyginus_,
  fable 87, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 359.――_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.

=Pelŏpēia=, a festival observed by the people of Elis in honour of
  Pelops. It was kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to
  Pelops in a trench, as it was usual, when the manes and the infernal
  gods were the objects of worship.

=Pelŏpīa=, a daughter of Niobe.――――A daughter of Pelias.――――The mother
  of Cycnus.

=Pelopĭdas=, a celebrated general of Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He
  was descended of an illustrious family, and was remarkable for his
  immense possessions, which he bestowed with great liberality to
  the poor and necessitous. Many were the objects of his generosity;
  but when Epaminondas had refused to accept his presents, Pelopidas
  disregarded all his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoyment of
  his friend’s conversation and of his poverty. From their friendship
  and intercourse the Thebans derived the most considerable advantages.
  No sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the
  friends of liberty and national independence been banished from the
  city, than Pelopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, resolved
  to free his country from foreign slavery. His plan was bold and
  animated, and his deliberations were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas,
  who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in appearance
  a worthless and insignificant philosopher, animated the youths of
  the city, and at last Pelopidas, with 11 of his associates, entered
  Thebes, and easily massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed
  the country from foreign masters. After this successful enterprise,
  Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head of the government; and
  so confident were the Thebans of his abilities as a general and a
  magistrate, that they successively re-elected him 13 times to fill
  the honourable office of governor of Bœotia. Epaminondas shared with
  him the sovereign power, and it was to their valour and prudence that
  the Thebans were indebted for a celebrated victory at the battle of
  Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried on against Alexander tyrant
  of Pheræ, Pelopidas was appointed commander; but his imprudence,
  in trusting himself unarmed into the enemy’s camp, nearly proved
  fatal to him. He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas restored him to
  liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he was killed
  bravely fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops obtained
  the victory, B.C. 364 years. He received an honourable burial. The
  Thebans showed their sense for his merit by their lamentations; they
  sent a powerful army to revenge his death on the destruction of the
  tyrant of Pheræ; and his relations and his children were presented
  with immense donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is
  admired for his valour, as he never engaged an enemy without
  obtaining the advantage. The impoverished state of Thebes before his
  birth, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the superiority of
  his genius and of his abilities; and it has been justly observed,
  that with Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and the independence
  of the Thebans rose and set. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.
  ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 15.――_Polybius._

=Peloponnesiăcum bellum=, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years
  between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus with their
  respective allies. It is the most famous and the most interesting of
  all the wars which have happened between the inhabitants of Greece;
  and for the minute and circumstantial description which we have of
  the events and revolutions which mutual animosity produced, we are
  indebted more particularly to the correct and authentic writings of
  Thucydides and of Xenophon. The circumstances which gave birth to
  this memorable war are these. The power of Athens, under the prudent
  and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over
  Greece, and it had procured itself many admirers and more enemies,
  when the Corcyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian colony,
  refused to pay their founders those marks of respect and reverence
  which among the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother
  country. The Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; and when
  the people of Epidamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had
  been invaded by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the people
  of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which
  had in vain been solicited from the Corcyreans, their founders and
  their patrons. The Corcyreans were offended at the interference of
  Corinth in the affairs of their colony; they manned a fleet, and
  obtained a victory over the Corinthian vessels which had assisted
  the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, and their
  insolence to some of the Elians, who had furnished a few ships to the
  Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and the discontent became
  general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties to Athens to claim its
  protection, and to justify these violent proceedings. The greatest
  part of the Athenians heard their various reasonings with moderation
  and with compassion; but the enterprising ambition of Pericles
  prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens,
  that in all the states of Peloponnesus they had to dread the most
  malevolent enemies, and the most insidious of rivals, they were
  listened to with attention, and were promised support. This step was
  no sooner taken, than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian
  states, and particularly to the Lacedæmonians. Their complaints
  were accompanied by those of the people of Megara and of Ægina, who
  bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence
  of the Athenians. This had due weight with the Lacedæmonians, who
  had long beheld with concern and with jealousy the ambitious power
  of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause of the
  Corinthians. However, before they proceeded to hostilities, an
  embassy was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of entering
  into a war with the most powerful and flourishing of all the Grecian
  states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently
  spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic,
  and of the weakness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies
  were silenced, and the answer which was returned to the Spartans
  was taken as a declaration of war. The Spartans were supported by
  all the republics of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part of
  Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bœotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas,
  Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Platæans, the Lesbians, Carians,
  Chians, Messenians, Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians,
  and Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, with all the
  Cyclades, except Eubœa, Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow had
  already been struck, May 7, B.C. 431, by an attempt of the Bœotians
  to ♦surprise Platæa; and therefore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had
  in vain recommended moderation to the allies, entered Attica at the
  head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire
  and sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the government, did not
  attempt to oppose them in the field; but a fleet of 150 ships set
  sail, without delay, to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara
  was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of
  the first year of the war was concluded in celebrating, with the most
  solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The
  following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens,
  and which destroyed the greatest part of the inhabitants. The public
  calamity was still heightened by the approach of the Peloponnesian
  army on the borders of Attica, and by the ♠unsuccessful expedition
  of the Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. The pestilence
  which had carried away so many of the Athenians proved also fatal
  to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the
  commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The following years did not
  give rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Lesbos from the
  alliance of the Athenians was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene
  the capital of the island was recovered, and the inhabitants treated
  with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the
  seat of new seditions, and those citizens who had been carried away
  prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated
  with lenity, and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, were no
  sooner returned home, than they raised commotions and endeavoured
  to persuade their countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confederates.
  This was strongly opposed; but both parties obtained by turns the
  superiority, and massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those
  who obstructed their views. Some time after Demosthenes the Athenian
  general invaded Ætolia, where his arms were attended with the
  greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and
  gained so many advantages over the confederates, that they sued for
  peace, which the insolence of Athens refused. The fortune of the war
  soon after changed, and the Lacedæmonians, under the prudent conduct
  of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many valuable places in
  Thrace. But this victorious progress was soon stopped by the death
  of their general, and that of Cleon the Athenian commander; and the
  pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now at the head of Athens,
  made overtures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax the
  king of the Spartans wished them to be accepted; but the intrigues
  of the Corinthians prevented the discontinuation of the war, and
  therefore hostilities began anew. But while war was carried on with
  various success in different parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged
  in a new expedition; they yielded to the persuasive eloquence of
  Gorgias of Leontium, and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and
  sent a fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against the
  tyrannical power of Syracuse, B.C. 416. This was warmly opposed by
  Nicias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a powerful
  fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. These vigorous though
  impolitic measures of the Athenians were not viewed with indifference
  by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored the
  assistance of Corinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her operations,
  and to defend her against the power of her enemies. The events of
  battles were dubious, and though the Athenian army was animated by
  the prudence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the more hasty courage of
  Demosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and after a
  campaign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally
  ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the destructive siege,
  made prisoners of war. So fatal a blow threw the people of Attica
  into consternation and despair, and while they sought for resources
  at home, they severely felt themselves deprived of support abroad,
  their allies were alienated by the intrigues of the enemy, and
  rebellion was fomented in their dependent states and colonies on
  the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however, was timely averted,
  and Alcibiades, who had been treated with cruelty by his countrymen,
  and who had for some time resided in Sparta, and directed her
  military operations, now exerted himself to defeat the designs of
  the confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse the cause of
  his country. But in a short time after, the internal tranquillity
  of Athens was disturbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish the
  democracy, called away the attention of his fellow-citizens from
  the prosecution of a war which had already cost them so much blood.
  This, however, was but momentary; the Athenians soon after obtained a
  naval victory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Alcibiades.
  The Athenians beheld with rapture the success of their arms; but
  when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, had been defeated
  and destroyed near Andros by Lysander the Lacedæmonian admiral, they
  showed their discontent and mortification by eagerly listening to
  the accusations which were brought against their naval leader, to
  whom they gratefully had acknowledged themselves indebted for their
  former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced in the public assembly,
  and 10 commanders were appointed to succeed him in the management
  of the republic. This change of admirals, and the appointment of
  Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose office had expired with the
  revolving year, produced new operations. The Athenians fitted out a
  fleet, and the two nations decided their superiority near Arginusæ,
  in a naval battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Lacedæmonians
  conquered, but the rejoicings which the intelligence of this victory
  occasioned were soon stopped, when it was known that the wrecks of
  some of the disabled ships of the Athenians, and the bodies of the
  slain, had not been saved from the sea. The admirals were accused in
  the tumultuous assembly, and immediately condemned. Their successors
  in office were not so prudent, but they were more unfortunate in
  their operations. Lysander was again placed at the head of the
  Peloponnesian forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeeded to the
  command at the death of Callicratidas. The age and the experience
  of this general seemed to promise something decisive, and indeed
  an opportunity was not long wanting for the display of his military
  character. The superiority of the Athenians over that of the
  Peloponnesians, rendered the former insolent, proud, and negligent,
  and when they had imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge their
  indolence, or pursue their amusements on the sea-shore at Ægospotamus,
  Lysander attacked their fleet, and his victory was complete. Of
  180 sail, only nine escaped, eight of which fled, under the command
  of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, and the other carried to Athens
  the melancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners were all
  massacred; and when the Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their
  dominion over the states and communities of Europe and Asia, which
  formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, they returned home to
  finish the war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. The siege
  was carried on with vigour, and supported with firmness, and the
  first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, was
  instantly sacrificed to the fury and the indignation of the populace,
  and all the citizens unanimously declared, that the same moment would
  terminate their independence and their lives. This animated language,
  however, was not long continued; the spirit of faction was not yet
  extinguished at Athens; and it proved, perhaps, more destructive
  to the public liberty, than the operations and assaults of the
  Peloponnesian besiegers. During four months, negotiations were
  carried on with the Spartans by the aristocratical part of the
  Athenians, and at last it was agreed that to establish the peace,
  the fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be demolished,
  together with the long walls which joined them to the city; all their
  ships, except 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy; they were
  to resign every pretension to their ancient dominions abroad; to
  recall from banishment all the members of the late aristocracy; to
  follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time of peace, to frame their
  constitution according to the will and the prescriptions of their
  Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms were accepted, and the enemy
  entered the harbour, and took possession of the city, that very
  day on which the Athenians had been accustomed to celebrate the
  anniversary of the immortal victory which their ancestors had
  obtained over the Persians about 76 years before, near the island of
  Salamis. The walls and fortifications were instantly levelled with
  the ground, and the conquerors observed, that in the demolition of
  Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The
  day was concluded with a festival, and the recitation of one of the
  tragedies of Euripides, in which the misfortunes of the daughter of
  Agamemnon, who was reduced to misery, and banished from her father’s
  kingdom, excited a kindred sympathy in the bosom of the audience, who
  melted into tears at the recollection that one moment had likewise
  reduced to misery and servitude the capital of Attica, which was
  once called the common patroness of Greece, and the scourge of Persia.
  This memorable event happened about 404 years before the christian
  era, and 30 tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the government
  of the city. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Plutarch_, _Lysander_,
  _Pericles_, _Alcibiades_, _Nicias_, & _Agesilaus_.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 11, &c.――_Aristophanes._――_Thucydides._――_Plato._――_Aristotle._
  ――_Lycias._――_Isocrates._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_,
  _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 24.

    ♦ ‘supprise’ replaced with ‘surprise’

    ♠ ‘unsuccesful’ replaced with ‘unsuccessful’

=Peloponnēsus=, a celebrated peninsula which comprehends the most
  southern parts of Greece. It received its name from Pelops, who
  settled there, as the name indicates (πηλοπος νησος, _the island
  of Pelops_). It had been called before _Argia_, _Pelasgia_, and
  _Argolis_, and in its form, it has been observed by the moderns,
  highly to resemble the leaf of the plane tree. Its present name
  is _Morea_, which seems to be derived either from the Greek word
  μορεα, or the Latin _morus_, which signifies a _mulberry tree_,
  which is found there in great abundance. The ancient Peloponnesus
  was divided into six different provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis,
  Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon.
  These provinces all bordered on the sea-shore, except Arcadia. The
  Peloponnesus was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, by the
  Heraclidæ or descendants of Hercules, who had been forcibly expelled
  from it. The inhabitants of this peninsula rendered themselves
  illustrious, like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, their
  fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the
  profession of arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated war,
  which they carried on against Athens and her allies for 27 years, and
  which from them received the name of the Peloponnesian war. _See:_
  Peloponnesiacum bellum. The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in
  length, and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in circumference. It
  was separated from Greece by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as
  being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Cæsar, Nero, and some others,
  attempted in vain to cut, to make a communication between the bay
  of Corinth, and the Saronicus sinus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Thucydides._
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21; bk. 8, ch. 1.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 40.

=Pelopēa mœnia=, is applied to the cities of Greece, but more
  particularly to Mycenæ and Argos, where the descendants of Pelops
  reigned. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 193.

=Pelops=, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. His
  mother’s name was Euryanassa, or, according to others, Euprytone, or
  Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered by his father, who wished to
  try the divinity of the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on
  their table the limbs of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious
  cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the
  recent loss of her daughter had rendered melancholy and inattentive.
  She ate one of the shoulders of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter
  had compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, he placed a
  shoulder of ivory instead of that which Ceres had devoured. This
  shoulder had an uncommon power, and it could heal by its very touch
  every complaint, and remove every disorder. Some time after, the
  kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros king of Troy, on pretence
  that he had carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape had been
  committed by Jupiter himself; the war, nevertheless, was carried on,
  and Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to fly with his son
  Pelops, and to seek a shelter in Greece. This tradition is confuted
  by some, who support that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had
  been some time before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions for
  his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the only one whom the enmity
  of Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of the
  suitors of Hippodamia the daughter of king Œnomaus, and he entered
  the lists against the father, who promised his daughter only to him
  who could outrun him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terrified
  at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had entered the course
  against Œnomaus, and had, according to the conditions proposed,
  been put to death when conquered. He previously bribed Myrtilus the
  charioteer of Œnomaus, and therefore he easily obtained the victory.
  _See:_ Œnomaus. He married Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the
  sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. According
  to some authors, Pelops had received some winged horses from Neptune,
  with which he was enabled to outrun Œnomaus. When he had established
  himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia’s possession, he extended
  his conquests over the neighbouring countries, and from him the
  peninsula, of which he was one of the monarchs, received the name of
  Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received divine honours, and he
  was as much revered above all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter
  was above the rest of the gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near that
  of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to him a small portion of land,
  and offered to him a sacrifice. The place where this sacrifice had
  been offered was religiously observed, and the magistrates of the
  country yearly, on coming upon office, made there an offering of
  a black ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed,
  as at other times, to have a share of the victim, but he alone who
  furnished the wood was permitted to take the neck. The wood for
  sacrifices, as may be observed, was always furnished by some of the
  priests to all such as offered victims, and they received a price
  equivalent to what they gave. The white poplar was generally used in
  the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The children of Pelops
  by Hippodamia were Pitheus, Trœzen, Atreus, Thyestes, &c., besides
  some by concubines. The time of his death is unknown, though it is
  universally agreed that he survived for some time Hippodamia. Some
  suppose that the Palladium of the Trojans was made with the bones
  of Pelops. His descendants were called _Pelopidæ_. Pindar, who,
  in his first Olympic, speaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions of
  his ivory shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up to heaven to
  become the cup-bearer to the gods, from which he was expelled, when
  the impiety of Tantalus wished to make mankind partake of the nectar
  and the entertainments of the gods. Some suppose that Pelops first
  instituted the Olympic games in honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate
  the victory which he had obtained over Œnomaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 1, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
  ――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 404, &c.――_Hyginus_, fables 9,
  82, & 83.

=Pelor=, one of the men who sprang from the teeth of the dragon killed
  by Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.

=Peloria=, a festival observed by the Thessalians, in commemoration of
  the news which they received by one Pelorious, that the mountains of
  Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, and that the waters of the
  lake which lay there stagnated, had found a passage into the Alpheus,
  and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 3.

=Pelōrus= (_v._ is-dis, _v._ ias-iados), now Cape _Faro_, one of the
  three great promontories of Sicily, on whose top is erected a tower
  to direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast of Italy,
  and received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which
  carried away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated general, as it is
  reported, was carried by the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and
  as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked the pilot of his ship the
  name of the promontory, which appeared at a distance. The pilot told
  him it was one of the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no credit to
  his information, and murdered him on the spot, on the apprehension
  that he would betray him into the hands of the Romans. He was,
  however, soon convinced of his error, and found that the pilot had
  spoken with great fidelity; and therefore, to pay honour to his
  memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a magnificent
  funeral, and ordered that the promontory should bear his name, and
  from that time it was called Pelorus. Some suppose that this account
  is false, and they observe that it bore that name before the age of
  Annibal. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, lis. 411 & 687.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 350; bk. 13, li. 727; bk. 15, li. 706.

=Peltæ=, a town of Phrygia.

=Pelūsium=, now _Tineh_, a town of Egypt, situate at the entrance of
  one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about
  20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the name of _Pelusium_
  from the lakes and marshes (♦πυλος) which are in its neighbourhood.
  It was the key of Egypt on the side of Phœnicia, as it was impossible
  to enter the Egyptian territories without passing by Pelusium, and
  therefore on that account it was always well fortified and garrisoned,
  as it was of such importance for the security of the country. It
  produced lentils, and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made there.
  It is now in ruins. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――_Columella_, bk. 5, ch. 10.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 25.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 466; bk. 9,
  li. 83; bk. 10, li. 53.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 19; bk. 45, ch. 11.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 228.

    ♦ ‘πμλος’ replaced with ‘πυλος’

=Pĕnātes=, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided
  over houses and the domestic affairs of families. They were called
  _Penates_, because they were generally placed in the innermost and
  most secret parts of the house, _in Penitissimâ ædium parte, quod_,
  as Cicero says, _penitus insident_. The place ♦where they stood was
  afterwards called _penetralia_, and they themselves received the name
  of _Penetrales_. It was in the option of every master of a family to
  choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, and some of the superior
  gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. According
  to some, the gods Penates were divided into four classes; the first
  comprehended all the celestial, the second the sea-gods, the third
  the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received
  divine honours after death. The Penates were originally the manes of
  the dead, but when superstition had taught mankind to pay uncommon
  reverence to the statues and images of their deceased friends, their
  attention was soon exchanged for regular worship, and they were
  admitted by their votaries to share immortality and power over the
  world, with a Jupiter or a Minerva. The statues of the Penates were
  generally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to the
  affluence of the worshipper, and the only offerings they received
  were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs,
  sheep, goats, &c. In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices were
  offered to them; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abolished
  this unnatural custom. When offerings were made to them, their
  statues were crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic, and besides
  the monthly day that was set apart for their worship, their festivals
  were celebrated during the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the
  Lares and the Penates, but they were different. _Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27; _Against Verres_, bk. 2.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

    ♦ ‘were’ replaced with ‘where’

=Pendalium=, a promontory of Cyprus.

=Pēneia=, or =Penēis=, an epithet applied to Daphne, as daughter of
  Peneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452.

=Penelius=, one of the Greeks killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 494.――――A son of Hippalmus among the Argonauts.

=Pēnĕlŏpe=, a celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius,
  and wife of Ulysses king of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was
  celebrated about the same time that Menelaus married Helen, and she
  retired with her husband to Ithaca, against the inclination of her
  father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, her native country. She
  soon after became mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with
  great reluctance from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go to
  the Trojan war. _See:_ Palamedes. The continuation of hostilities
  for 10 years made her sad and melancholy; but when Ulysses did not
  return like the other princes of Greece at the conclusion of the
  war, her fears and her anxieties were increased. As she received
  no intelligence of his situation, she was soon beset by a number of
  importuning suitors, who wished her to believe that her husband was
  shipwrecked, and that therefore, she ought no longer to expect his
  return, but forget his loss, and fix her choice and affections on one
  of her numerous admirers. She received their addresses with coldness
  and disdain; but as she was destitute of power, and a prisoner, as it
  were, in their hands, she yet flattered them with hopes and promises,
  and declared that she would make choice of one of them, as soon as
  she had finished a piece of tapestry, on which she was employed.
  The work was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their eager
  expectations, by undoing in the night what she had done in the
  daytime. This artifice of Penelope has given rise to the proverb of
  _Penelope’s web_, which is applied to whatever labour can never be
  ended. The return of Ulysses, after an absence of 20 years, however,
  delivered her from her fears and from her dangerous suitors. Penelope
  is described by Homer as a model of female virtue and chastity, but
  some more modern writers dispute her claims to modesty and continence,
  and they represent her as the most debauched and voluptuous of her
  sex. According to their opinions, therefore, she liberally gratified
  the desires of her suitors, in the absence of her husband, and had a
  son whom she called Pan, as if to show that he was the offspring of
  all her admirers. Some, however, suppose that Pan was son of Penelope
  by Mercury, and that he was born before his mother’s marriage with
  Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Penelope, under the form
  of a beautiful goat, as she was tending her father’s flocks on one
  of the mountains of Arcadia. After the return of Ulysses, Penelope
  had a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe; but if we believe the
  traditions that were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated
  his wife for her incontinence during his absence, and Penelope
  fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and was
  buried. After the death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she married
  Telegonus, her husband’s son by Circe, by order of the goddess
  Minerva. Some say that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace, and
  that she was called Penelope, when some river birds called Penelopes
  had saved her from the waves of the sea, when her father had exposed
  her. Icarius had attempted to destroy her, because the oracles had
  told him that his daughter by Peribœa would be the most dissolute of
  her sex, and a disgrace to his family. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 1; _Metamorphoses_.――_Aristotle_, _History of
  Animals_, bk. 8.――_Hyginus_, fable 127.――_Aristophanes_, _The Birds_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 37.

=Pēneus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Pindus, and falling
  into the Thermean gulf, after a wandering course between mount Ossa
  and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It received its name from
  Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated
  the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated the mountains
  Ossa and Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where
  the waters formerly stagnated. From this circumstance, therefore,
  it obtained the name of Arexes, _ab_ ἀρασσω, _scindo_. Daphne the
  daughter of the Peneus, according to the fables of the mythologists,
  was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. This tradition
  arises from the quantity of laurels which grow near the Peneus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――Also a small river of Elis in Peloponnesus,
  better known under the name of Araxes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 11.

=Penidas=, one of Alexander’s friends, who went to examine Scythia
  under pretence of an embassy. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Penīnæ alpes=, a certain part of the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Pentapŏlis=, a town of India.――――A part of Africa near Cyrene. It
  received this name on account of the _five cities_ which it contained,
  Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais, or Barce, and Apollonia.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.――――Also part of Palestine, containing the five
  cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.

=Pentelĭcus=, a mountain of Attica, where were found quarries of
  beautiful marble. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.

=Penthesĭlēa=, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars by Otrera, or
  Orithya. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war,
  and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. The hero was so
  struck with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he stripped her of her
  arms, that he even shed tears for having too violently sacrificed
  her to his fury. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for
  which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says that Achilles
  slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea when
  she was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron differs from that
  opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed that Achilles
  offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when she was dead,
  and that Thersites was killed because he had reproached the hero
  for this infamous action, in the presence of all the Greeks. The
  death of Thersites so offended Diomedes that he dragged the body of
  Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It is
  generally supposed that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon before
  he fought with her, and that she had by him a son called Cayster.
  _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.
  ――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li.
  495; bk. 11, li. 662.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_,
  li. 995, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 112.

=Pentheus=, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in Bœotia. His
  refusal to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attended with the
  most fatal consequences. He forbade his subjects to pay adoration to
  this new god; and when the Theban women had gone out of the city to
  celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery
  which attended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, who conducted
  the religious multitude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed with
  reluctance, but when the doors of the prison in which Bacchus had
  been confined opened of their own accord, Pentheus became more
  irritated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole band of
  the bacchanals. This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus inspired
  the monarch with the ardent desire of seeing the celebration of the
  orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in a wood on mount Cithæron,
  from whence he could see all the ceremonies unperceived. But here
  his curiosity soon proved fatal; he was descried by the bacchanals,
  and they all rushed upon him. His mother was the first who attacked
  him, and her example was instantly followed by her two sisters, Ino
  and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces
  Bacchus among his priestesses, when Pentheus was put to death; but
  Ovid, who relates the whole in the same manner, differs from the
  Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus himself, but one of
  his priests, was present. The tree on which the bacchanals found
  Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by order of the oracle,
  and with it two statues of the god of wine were made, and placed in
  their forum. _Hyginus_, fable 184.――_Theocritus_, poem 26.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 7, 8, & 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4,
  li. 469.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Seneca_, _Phœnissæ_ & _Hippolytus_.

=Penthĭlus=, a son of Orestes by Erigone the daughter of Ægysthus, who
  reigned conjointly with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was driven
  some time after from his throne by the Heraclidæ, and he retired to
  Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Penthylus=, a prince of Paphos, who assisted Xerxes with 12 ships.
  He was seized by the Greeks, to whom he communicated many important
  things concerning the situation of the Persians, &c. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 195.

=Pepărēthos=, a small island of the Ægean sea, on the coast of
  Macedonia, about 20 miles in circumference. It abounded in olives,
  and its wines have always been reckoned excellent. They were not,
  however, palatable before they were seven years old. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 470.――_Livy_, bk. 28,
  ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 58.

=Pephnos=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Pephrēdo=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was born
  with white hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a sister called
  Enyo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.――_Apollodorus._

=Peræa=, or =Beræa=, a country of Judæa, near Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 14.――――A part of Caria, opposite to Rhodes. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch.
  33.――――A colony of the Mityleneans in Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 21.

=Perasippus=, an ambassador sent to Darius by the Lacedæmonians, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Percōpe=, or =Percote=, a city which assisted Priam during the Trojan
  war. _See:_ Percote.

=Percosius=, a man acquainted with futurity. He attempted in vain to
  dissuade his two sons from going to the Trojan war by telling them
  that they should perish there.

=Percōte=, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and Lampsacus, near
  the sea-shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles, to maintain his
  wardrobe. It is sometimes called Percope. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 117.
  ――_Homer._

=Perdiccas=, the fourth king of Macedonia, B.C. 729, was descended from
  Temenus. He increased his dominions by conquest, and in the latter
  part of his life, he showed his son Argeus where he wished to be
  buried, and told him, that as long as the bones of his descendants
  and successors on the throne of Macedonia were laid in the same grave,
  so long would the crown remain in their family. These injunctions
  were observed till the time of Alexander, who was buried out
  of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 8.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.
  ――――Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during
  the Peloponnesian war, and assisted the Lacedæmonians against Athens.
  He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B.C. 413, after
  a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had subdued
  some of his barbarian neighbours.――――Another, king of Macedonia, who
  was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athenian against the
  intrusions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the Illyrians,
  B.C. 360. _Justin_, bk. 7, &c.――――One of the friends and favourites
  of Alexander the Great. At the king’s death he wished to make himself
  absolute; and the ring which he had received from the hand of the
  dying Alexander, seemed in some measure to favour his pretensions.
  The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra
  the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league
  with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus,
  and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, like
  Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and honours of the deceased
  monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus
  against him, and after much bloodshed on both sides, Perdiccas was
  totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his
  own officers, about 321 years before the christian era. Perdiccas had
  not the prudence and the address which were necessary to conciliate
  the esteem and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, and this
  impropriety of his conduct alienated the heart of his friends, and
  at last proved his destruction. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Diodorus_,
  bks. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.

=Perdix=, a young Athenian, son of the sister of Dædalus. He invented
  the saw, and seemed to promise to become a greater artist than had
  ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he
  threw him down from the top of a tower and put him to death. Perdix
  was changed into a bird which bears his name. _Hyginus_, fables 39 &
  274.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 220, &c.

=Perenna.= _See:_ Anna.

=Perennis=, a favourite of the emperor Commodus. He is described by
  some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint
  him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, who committed the
  greatest barbarities to enrich himself. He was put to death for
  aspiring to the empire. _Herodian._

=Pereus=, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grandson of Arcas. He left only
  one daughter, called Neæra, who was mother of Auge, and of Cepheus
  and Lycurgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Perga=, a town of Pamphylia. _See:_ Perge, _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 57.

=Pergămus= (Pergama plural), the citadel of the city of Troy. The word
  is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most elevated part
  of the town, on the shores of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to
  the top of this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he marched to
  invade Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 466, &c.

=Pergamus=, now _Pergamo_, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus.
  It was the capital of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of
  Pergamus, which was founded by Philæterus, a eunuch, whom Lysimachus,
  after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which
  he had obtained in the war. Philæterus made himself master of the
  treasures and of Pergamus, in which they were deposited, B.C. 283,
  and laid the foundation of an empire, over which he himself presided
  for 20 years. His successors began to reign in the following order:
  His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B.C.; Attalus, 241;
  ♦Eumenes II., 197; Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attalus Philomator,
  138, who, B.C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as
  he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by
  a usurper, who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman
  general was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and
  to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed
  to their houses till the whole was reduced into the form of a
  dependent province. The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was famous
  for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the
  different monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was
  afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of
  Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, till it
  was most fatally destroyed by the Saracens, A.D. 642. Parchment was
  first invented and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe books, as
  Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from
  his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from making a library as
  valuable and as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstance
  parchment has been called _charta pergamena_. Galenus the physician
  and Apollodorus the mythologist were born there. Æsculapius was the
  chief deity of the country. _Pliny_, bks. 5 & 15.――_Isidorus_, bk. 6,
  ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 46.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 13, ch. 11.――――A son of Neoptolemus
  and Andromache, who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

    ♦ ‘Enmenes’ replaced with ‘Eumenes’

=Perge=, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana had a magnificent temple,
  whence her surname of Pergæa. Apollonius the geometrician was born
  there. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Pergus=, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where Proserpine was carried away
  by Pluto. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 386.

=Perĭander=, a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cypselus. The first years of
  his government were mild and popular, but he soon learnt to become
  oppressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of Sicily, about the
  surest way of reigning. He received no other answer but whatever
  explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant’s having, in
  the presence of his messenger, plucked, in a field, all the ears
  of corn which seemed to tower above the rest. Periander understood
  the meaning of this answer. He immediately surrounded himself with
  a numerous guard, and put to death the richest and most powerful
  citizens of Corinth. He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his
  family also were objects of his vengeance. He committed incest with
  his mother, and put to death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation.
  He also banished his son Lycophron to the island of Corcyra, because
  the youth pitied and wept at the miserable end of his mother, and
  detested the barbarities of his father. Periander died about 585
  years before the christian era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness
  of his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the seven wise men of
  Greece. Though he was tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts; he
  was fond of peace, and he showed himself the friend and the protector
  of genius and of learning. He used to say that a man ought solemnly
  to keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it if ever it clashed
  with his interest. He said also, that not only crimes ought to be
  punished, but also every wicked and corrupt thought. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_ in _Lives_.――_Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2.――――A tyrant of Ambracia, whom some rank with the seven wise
  men of Greece, and not the tyrant of Corinth.――――A man distinguished
  as a physician, but contemptible as a poet. _Plutarch._――_Lucan._

=Periarchus=, a naval commander of Sparta, conquered by Conon.
  _Diodorus._

=Peribœa=, the second wife of Œneus king of Calydon, was daughter
  of Hipponous. She became mother of Tydeus. Some suppose that Œneus
  debauched her, and afterwards married her. _Hyginus_, fable 69.――――A
  daughter of Alcathous, sold by her father on suspicion that she
  was courted by Telamon, son of Æacus king of Ægina. She was carried
  to Cyprus, where Telamon the founder of Salamis married her, and
  she became mother of Ajax. She also married Theseus, according to
  some. She is also called Eribœa. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 42.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――The wife of Polybus king of Corinth, who
  educated Œdipus as her own child.――――A daughter of Eurymedon, who
  became mother of Nausithous by Neptune.――――The mother of Penelope,
  according to some authors.

=Peribomius=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 16.

=Perĭcles=, an Athenian of a noble family, son of Xanthippus and
  Agariste. He was naturally endowed with great powers, which he
  improved by attending the lectures of Damon, of Zeno, and of
  Anaxagoras. Under these celebrated masters, he became a commander,
  a statesman, and an orator, and gained the affections of the people
  by his uncommon address and well-directed liberality. When he took
  a share in the administration of public affairs, he rendered himself
  popular by opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of the nobility;
  and to remove every obstacle which stood in the way of his ambition,
  he lessened the dignity and the power of the court of the Areopagus,
  which the people had been taught for ages to respect and to venerate.
  He also attacked Cimon, and caused him to be banished by the
  ostracism. Thucydides also, who had succeeded Cimon on his banishment,
  shared the same fate, and Pericles remained for 15 years the sole
  minister, and, as it may be said, the absolute sovereign of a
  republic which always showed itself so jealous of her liberties,
  and which distrusted so much the honesty of her magistrates. In
  his ministerial capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but the
  prosperity of Athens was the object of his administration. He made
  war against the Lacedæmonians, and restored the temple of Delphi to
  the care of the Phocians, who had been illegally deprived of that
  honourable trust. He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near
  Nemæa, and waged a successful war against the inhabitants of Samos,
  at the request of his favourite mistress, Aspasia. The Peloponnesian
  war was fomented by his ambitious views [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum
  bellum], and when he had warmly represented the flourishing state,
  the opulence, and actual power of his country, the Athenians did not
  hesitate a moment to undertake a war against the most powerful
  republics of Greece, a war which continued for 27 years, and which
  was concluded by the destruction of their empire, and the demolition
  of their walls. The arms of the Athenians were for some time crowned
  with success; but an unfortunate expedition raised clamours against
  Pericles, and the enraged populace attributed all their losses to
  him, and to make atonement for their ill success, they condemned
  him to pay 50 talents. This loss of popular favour by republican
  caprice, did not so much affect Pericles as the recent death of
  all his children; and when the tide of unpopularity was passed by,
  he condescended to come into the public assembly, and to view with
  secret pride the contrition of his fellow-citizens, who universally
  begged his forgiveness for the violence which they had offered to his
  ministerial character. He was again restored to all his honours, and
  if possible invested with more power and more authority than before;
  but the dreadful pestilence which had diminished the number of his
  family proved fatal to him, and about 429 years before Christ in his
  70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady which robbed
  Athens of so many of her citizens. Pericles was for 40 years at the
  head of the administration, 25 with others, and 15 alone; and the
  flourishing state of the empire during his government gave occasion
  to the Athenians publicly to lament his loss, and venerate his
  memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his friends
  that stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on the most glorious
  actions of his life, and the victories which he had won, when he
  suddenly interrupted their tears and conversation, by saying that,
  in mentioning the exploits that he had achieved, and which were
  common to him with all generals, they had forgotten to mention a
  circumstance which reflected far greater glory upon him as a minister,
  a general, and above all, as a man. “It is,” says he, “that not a
  citizen in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning on my account.”
  The Athenians were so pleased with his eloquence that they compared
  it to thunder and lightning, and, as to another father of the gods,
  they gave him the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flatterers,
  said that the goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and
  attractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched at the head
  of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that he had the command
  of a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also
  declared, that not only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes
  and his tongue, should be pure and undefiled. Yet great and venerable
  as his character may appear, we must not forget the follies of
  Pericles. His vicious partiality for the celebrated courtesan Aspasia
  subjected him to the ridicule and the censure of his fellow-citizens;
  but if he triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the Athenians
  had occasion to execrate the memory of a man who by his example
  corrupted the purity and innocence of their morals, and who made
  licentiousness respectable, and the indulgence of every impure desire
  the qualification of the soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles
  lost all his legitimate children by the pestilence, and to call a
  natural son by his own name he was obliged to repeal a law which he
  had made against spurious children, and which he had enforced with
  great severity. This son, called Pericles, became one ♦of the 10
  generals who succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of affairs,
  and, like his colleagues, he was condemned to death by the Athenians,
  after the unfortunate battle of Arginusæ. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 25.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 9.――_Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 10.
  ――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――_Thucydides._

    ♦ duplicate ‘of’ removed

=Periclymĕnus=, one of the 12 sons of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed
  by Hercules. He was one of the Argonauts, and had received from
  Neptune his grandfather the power of changing himself into whatever
  shape he pleased. _Apollodorus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 556.

=Peridia=, a Theban woman, whose son was killed by Turnus in the
  Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 515.

=Periegētes Dionysius=, a poet. _See:_ Dionysius.

=Periēres=, a son of Æolus, or, according to others, of Cynortas.
  _Apollodorus._――――The charioteer of Menœceus. _Apollodorus._

=Perigĕnes=, an officer of Ptolemy, &c.

=Perigŏne=, a woman who had a son called Melanippus by Theseus. She
  was daughter of Synnis the famous robber, whom Theseus killed.
  She married Deioneus the son of Eurytus, by consent of Theseus.
  _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.

=Perilāus=, an officer in the army of Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,
  bk. 10.――――A tyrant of Argos.

=Perilēus=, a son of Icarius and Peribœa.

=Perilla=, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She was extremely fond of
  poetry and literature. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 1.

=Perillus=, an ingenious artist at Athens, who made a brazen bull
  for Phalaris tyrant of Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to
  put criminals to death by burning them alive, and it was such that
  their cries were like the roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it
  to Phalaris, the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor,
  and cruelly put him to death by lighting a slow fire under the belly
  of the bull. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,
  li. 653; _Ibis_, li. 439.――――A lawyer and usurer in the age of Horace.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 75.

=Perimēde=, a daughter of Æolus, who married Achelous.――――The wife
  of Licymnius.――――A woman skilled in the knowledge of herbs and of
  enchantments. _Theocritus_, poem 2.

=Perimēla=, a daughter of Hippodamus, thrown into the sea for receiving
  the addresses of the Achelous. She was changed into an island in the
  Ionian sea, and became one of the Echinades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 8, li. 690.

=Perinthia=, a play of Menander’s. _Terence_, _Andria_, prologue, li. 9.

=Pĕrinthus=, a town of Thrace, on the Propontis, anciently surnamed
  _Mygdonica_. It was afterwards called _Heraclea_, in honour of
  Hercules, and now _Erekli_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30.

=Peripatetĭci=, a sect of philosophers at Athens, disciples to
  Aristotle. They derived this name from the place where they were
  taught, called _Peripaton_, in the Lyceum, or because they received
  the philosopher’s lectures as they _walked_ (περιπατουντες). The
  Peripatetics acknowledged the dignity of human nature, and placed
  their _summum bonum_, not in the pleasures of passive sensation,
  but in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties.
  The habit of this exercise, when guided by reason, constituted the
  highest excellence of man. The philosopher contended that our own
  happiness chiefly depends upon ourselves, and though he did not
  require in his followers that self-command to which others pretended,
  yet he allowed a moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming human
  nature, and he considered a certain sensibility of passion totally
  necessary, as by resentment we are enabled to repel injuries, and
  the smart which past calamities have inflicted renders us careful to
  avoid the repetition. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, &c.

=Perĭphas=, a man who attempted, with Pyrrhus, Priam’s palace, &c.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 476.――――A son of Ægyptus, who married
  Actæa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――One of the Lapithæ. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 449.――――One of the first kings of Attica,
  before the age of Cecrops, according to some authors.

=Periphēmus=, an ancient hero of Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at
  Salamis, by order of the oracle.

♦=Periphētes=, a robber of Attica, son of Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus.
  He is also called Corynetes. _Hyginus_, fable 38.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.

    ♦ ‘Periphātes’ replaced with ‘Periphētes’
      Resorted in alphebetical order.

=Perisades=, a people of Illyricum.

=Peristhĕnes=, a son of Ægyptus, who married Electra. _Apollodorus._

=Peritanus=, an Arcadian who enjoyed the company of Helen after her
  elopement with Paris. The offended lover punished the crime by
  mutilation, whence mutilated persons were called Peritani in Arcadia.
  _Ptolemy Hephæstion_, bk. 1, near the beginning.

=Peritas=, a favourite dog of Alexander the Great, in whose honour the
  monarch built a city.

=Peritonium=, a town of Egypt, on the western side of the Nile,
  esteemed of great importance, as being one of the keys of the country.
  Antony was defeated there by Caius Gallus the lieutenant of Augustus.

=Permessus=, a river of Bœotia, rising in mount Helicon, and flowing
  all round it. It received its name from Permessus, the father of a
  nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her name to one of the fountains
  of Helicon. The river Permessus, as well as the fountain Aganippe,
  were sacred to the Muses. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Propertius_, bk. 2,
  poem 8.

=Pero=, or =Perone=, a daughter of Neleus king of Pylos by Chloris.
  Her beauty drew many admirers, but she married Bias son of Amythaon,
  because he had by the assistance of his brother Melampus [_See:_
  Melampus], and according to her father’s desire, recovered some oxen
  which Hercules had stolen away; and she became mother of Talaus.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 284.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 2, li.
  17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.――――A daughter of Cimon, remarkable
  for her filial affection. When her father had been sent to prison,
  where his judges had condemned him to starve, she supported his life
  by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her own child. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Peroe=, a fountain of Bœotia, called after Peroe, a daughter of the
  Asopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.

=Perola=, a Roman who meditated the death of Hannibal in Italy. His
  father Pacuvius dissuaded him from assassinating the Carthaginian
  general.

=Perpenna Marcus=, a Roman who conquered Aristonicus in Asia, and took
  him prisoner. He died B.C. 130.――――Another, who joined the rebellion
  of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. He was defeated by Metellus,
  and some time after he had the meanness to assassinate Sertorius,
  whom he had invited to his house. He fell into the hands of Pompey,
  who ordered him to be put to death. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――――A Greek who obtained the consulship
  at Rome. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Perperēne=, a place of Phrygia, where, as some suppose, Paris adjudged
  the prize of beauty to Venus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Perranthes=, a hill of Epirus, near Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 4.

=Perrhæbia=, a part of Thessaly situate on the borders of the Peneus,
  extending between the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. The
  inhabitants were driven from their possessions by the Lapithæ, and
  retired into Ætolia, where part of the country received the name of
  _Perrhæbia_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34; bk. 39, ch. 34.

=Persa=, or =Perseis=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Æetes, Circe,
  and Pasiphae by Apollo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.

=Persæ=, the inhabitants of Persia. _See:_ Persia.

=Persæus=, a philosopher intimate with Antigonus, by whom he was
  appointed over the Acrocorinth. He flourished B.C. 274. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Zeno of Citium_.

=Persēe=, a fountain near Mycenæ, in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 16.

=Persēis=, one of the Oceanides.――――A patronymic of Hecate, as daughter
  of Perses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 69.

=Persĕphŏne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, called also Proserpine.
  _See:_ Proserpina.――――The mother of Amphion by Jasus.

=Persĕpŏlis=, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire.
  It was laid in ruins by Alexander after the conquest of Darius.
  The reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that the sight of
  about 800 Greeks, whom the Persians had shamefully mutilated, so
  irritated Alexander, that he resolved to punish the barbarity of
  the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of the neighbouring country, by
  permitting his soldiers to plunder their capital. Others suppose
  that Alexander set it on fire at the instigation of Thias, one of his
  courtesans, when he had passed the day in drinking and in riot and
  debauchery. The ruins of Persepolis, now _Estakar_, or _Tehel-Minar_,
  still astonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and
  magnificence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.
  ――_Arrian._――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 14.

=Perses=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. From him the Persians, who
  were originally called _Cephenes_, received their name. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 61.――――A king of Macedonia. _See:_ Perseus.

=Perseus=, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. As
  Acrisius had confined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her
  becoming a mother, because he was to perish, according to the words
  of an oracle, by the hands of his daughter’s son, Perseus was no
  sooner born [_See:_ Danae] than he was thrown into the sea with his
  mother Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frustrated; the slender boat
  which carried Danae and her son was driven by the winds on the coasts
  of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were found
  by a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king
  of the place. They were treated with great humanity, and Perseus
  was entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva’s temple. His
  rising genius and manly courage, however, soon displeased Polydectes,
  and the monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared
  the resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes resolved to remove every
  obstacle. He invited all his friends to a sumptuous entertainment,
  and it was requisite that all such as came should present the monarch
  with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the number of the invited,
  and the more particularly so, as Polydectes knew that he could not
  receive from him the present which he expected from all the rest.
  Nevertheless, Perseus, who wished not to appear inferior to the
  others in magnificence, told the king that as he could not give him
  a horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of the
  Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable
  to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on
  account of its seeming impossibility, the attempt might perhaps end
  in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was patronized by the gods.
  Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful power of making
  its bearer invisible; Minerva gave him her buckler, which was as
  resplendent as glass; and he received from Mercury wings and the
  talaria, with a short dagger, made of diamonds, and called _herpe_.
  According to some it was from Vulcan, and not from Mercury, that he
  received the _herpe_, which was in form like a scythe. With these
  arms Perseus began his expedition, and traversed the air, conducted
  by the goddess Minerva. He went to the Graiæ, the sisters of the
  Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had wings like the Gorgons, but
  only one eye and one tooth between them all, of which they made use,
  each in her turn. They were three in number, according to Æschylus
  and Apollodorus; or only two, according to Ovid and Hesiod. With
  Pluto’s helmet, which rendered him invisible, Perseus was enabled
  to steal their eye and their tooth while they were asleep, and he
  returned them only when they had informed him where their sisters the
  Gorgons resided. When he had received every necessary information,
  Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate
  beyond the western ocean, according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or
  in Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan; or in the deserts of Asiatic
  Scythia, according to Æschylus. He found these monsters asleep;
  and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be
  instantly changed into a stone, he continually looked on his shield,
  which reflected all the objects as clearly as the best of glasses.
  He approached them, and with a courage which the goddess Minerva
  supported, he cut off Medusa’s head with one blow. The noise awoke
  the two immortal sisters, but Pluto’s helmet rendered Perseus
  invisible, and the attempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa’s death
  proved fruitless; the conqueror made his way through the air, and
  from the blood which dropped from Medusa’s head sprang all those
  innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts
  of Libya. Chrysaor also, with the golden sword, sprung from these
  drops of blood, as well as the horse Pegasus, which immediately flew
  through the air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where he became the
  favourite of the Muses. Meantime Perseus had continued his journey
  across the deserts of Libya; but the approach of night obliged him
  to alight in the territories of Atlas king of Mauritania. He went
  to the monarch’s palace, where he hoped to find a kind reception
  by announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he was
  disappointed. Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient oracle,
  his gardens were to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of
  Jupiter, and therefore he not only refused Perseus the hospitality
  which he demanded, but he even offered violence to his person.
  Perseus, finding himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed him
  Medusa’s head, and instantly Atlas was changed into a large mountain
  which bore the same name in the deserts of Africa. On the morrow
  Perseus continued his flight, and as he passed across the territories
  of Libya, he discovered, on the coasts of Æthiopia, the naked
  Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was struck at the sight,
  and offered her father Cepheus to deliver her from instant death,
  if he obtained her in marriage as a reward of his labours. Cepheus
  consented, and immediately Perseus raised himself in the air, flew
  towards the monster, which was advancing to devour Andromeda, and
  he plunged his dagger in ♦its right shoulder, and destroyed it.
  This happy event was attended with the greatest rejoicings. Perseus
  raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after he
  had offered the sacrifice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the
  nuptials were celebrated with the greatest festivity. The universal
  joy, however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda’s uncle, entered
  the palace with a number of armed men, and attempted to carry away
  the bride, whom he had courted and admired long before the arrival of
  Perseus. The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain;
  a bloody battle ensued, and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the
  rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself at last with the same
  arms which proved fatal to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon’s head to his
  adversaries, and they were instantly turned to stone, each in the
  posture and attitude in which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus,
  and such as supported Perseus, shared not the fate of Phineus, as the
  hero had previously warned them of the power of Medusa’s head, and
  of the services which he received from it. Soon after this memorable
  adventure Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very moment that his
  mother Danae fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit
  of Polydectes, who attempted to offer her violence. Dictys, who
  had saved her from the sea, and who, as some say, was the brother
  of Polydectes, defended her against the attempts of her enemies,
  and therefore Perseus, sensible of his merit, and of his humanity,
  placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa’s head
  turned into stones the wicked Polydectes, and the officers who were
  the associates of his guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his
  talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and
  to Minerva her shield; but as he was more particularly indebted to
  the goddess of wisdom for her assistance and protection, he placed
  the Gorgon’s head on her shield, or rather, according to the more
  received opinion, on her ægis. After he had finished these celebrated
  exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native country;
  and accordingly he embarked for the Peloponnesus, with his mother and
  Andromeda. When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was informed
  that Teutamias king of Larissa was then celebrating funeral games
  in honour of his father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa to
  signalize himself in throwing the quoit, of which, according to some,
  he was the inventor. But here he was attended by an evil fate, and
  had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit which he had thrown in
  the air. This was no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who, on the
  first intelligence that his grandson had reached the Peloponnesus,
  fled from his kingdom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally
  Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle which had obliged
  him to treat his daughter with so much barbarity. Some suppose, with
  Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to be reconciled to
  his grandson, whose fame had been spread in every city of Greece;
  and Ovid maintains that the grandfather was under the strongest
  obligations to his son-in-law, as through him he had received his
  kingdom, from which he had been forcibly driven by the sons of his
  brother Prœtus. This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the spirits
  of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne
  of Argos, but he refused to reign there; and to remove himself from a
  place which reminded him of the parricide which he had unfortunately
  committed, he exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the
  maritime coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes the son of Prœtus then
  reigned. When he had finally settled in this part of the Peloponnesus,
  he determined to lay the foundations of a new city, which he made
  the capital of his dominions, and which he called _Mycenæ_, because
  the pommel of his sword, called by the Greeks _myces_, had fallen
  there. The time of his death is unknown, yet it is universally agreed
  that he received divine honours like the rest of the ancient heroes.
  He had statues at Mycenæ, and in the island of Seriphos, and the
  Athenians raised him a temple, in which they consecrated an altar in
  honour of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her infant son with so
  much paternal tenderness. The Egyptians also paid particular honour
  to his memory, and asserted that he often appeared among them wearing
  shoes two cubits long, which was always interpreted as a sign of
  fertility. Perseus had by Andromeda, Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor,
  Electryon, and Gorgophone, and after death, according to some
  mythologists, he became a constellation in the heavens. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 91.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.――_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_,
  bk. 4, li. 1509.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 442.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16; bk. 5, fable 1, &c.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 9, li. 668.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270,
  & _Shield of Heracles_.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 7, & _Olympian_,
  bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9.――_Propertius_, bk. 2.――_Athenæus_,
  bk. 13.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Tzetzes_, on _Lycophron_, ch. 17.
  ――――A son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A
  writer who published a treatise on the republic of Sparta.――――A
  philosopher, disciple to Zeno. _See:_ Persæus.

    ♦ ‘his’ replaced with ‘its’

=Perseus=, or =Perses=, a son of Philip king of Macedonia. He
  distinguished himself, like his father, by his enmity to the Romans,
  and when he had made sufficient preparations, he declared war
  against them. His operations, however, were slow and injudicious;
  he wanted courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained
  some advantage over the Roman armies, yet his avarice and his
  timidity proved destructive to his cause. When Paulus was appointed
  to the command of the Roman armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his
  inferiority by his imprudent encampments, and when he had at last
  yielded to the advice of his officers, who recommended a general
  engagement, and drawn up his forces near the walls of Pydna, B.C. 168,
  he was the first who ruined his own cause, and, by flying as soon as
  the battle was begun, he left the enemy masters of the field. From
  ♦Pydna, Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discovered in his
  obscure retreat, and brought into the presence of the Roman conqueror,
  where the meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ridicule, and
  not to mercy. He was carried to Rome, and dragged along the streets
  of the city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. His family was
  also exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, who shed tears on
  viewing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a monarch who had
  once defeated their armies, and spread alarm all over Italy, by the
  greatness of his military preparations, and by his bold undertakings.
  Perseus died in prison, or, according to some, he was put to a
  shameful death the first year of his captivity. He had two sons,
  Philip and Alexander, and one daughter, whose name is not known.
  Alexander, the younger of these, was hired to a Roman carpenter, and
  led the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity
  raised him to notice. He was afterwards made secretary to the senate.
  _Livy_, bk. 40, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Æmilius Paulus_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
  poem 12, li. 39.

    ♦ ‘Pydua’ replaced with ‘Pydna’

=Persia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which, in its ancient state,
  extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, and
  from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 2000 miles. As a province,
  Persia was but small, and according to the description of Ptolemy,
  it was bounded on the north by Media, west by Susiana, south by the
  Persian gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the
  Persian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559
  years before the christian era, and under the succeeding monarchs
  it became one of the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the
  earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in the following order:
  Cyrus, B.C. 559; Cambyses 529; and, after the usurpation of Smerdis
  for seven months, Darius, 521; Xerxes the Great, 485; Artabanus seven
  months, and Artaxerxes Longimanus, 464; Xerxes II., 425; Sogdianus
  seven months, 424; Darius II., or Nothus, 423; Artaxerxes II., or
  Memnon, 404; Artaxerxes III., or Ochus, 358; Arses, or Arogus, 337;
  and Darius III., or Codomanus, 335, who was conquered by Alexander
  the Great, 331. The destruction of the Persian monarchy by the
  Macedonians was easily effected, and from that time Persia became
  tributary to the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when the
  Macedonian empire was divided among the officers of the deceased
  conqueror, Seleucus Nicanor made himself master of the Persian
  provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians introduced new
  revolutions in the east. Persia was partly reconquered from the
  Greeks, and remained tributary to the Parthians for near 500 years.
  After this the sovereignty was again placed into the hands of the
  Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A.D. 229,
  who became the founder of the second Persian monarchy, which proved
  so inimical to the power of the Roman emperors. In their national
  character, the Persians were warlike, they were early taught to
  ride, and to handle the bow, and by the manly exercises of hunting,
  they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a military life.
  Their national valour, however, soon degenerated, and their want of
  employment at home soon rendered them unfit for war. In the reign of
  Xerxes, when the empire of Persia was in its most flourishing state,
  a small number of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel for three
  successive days an almost innumerable army. This celebrated action,
  which happened at Thermopylæ, shows in a strong light the superiority
  of the Grecian soldiers over the Persians, and the battles that
  before, and a short time after, were fought between the two nations
  at Marathon, Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale, are again an incontestible
  proof that these Asiatics had more reliance upon their numbers and
  upon the splendour and richness of their arms, than upon the valour
  and the discipline of their troops. Their custom, too prevalent among
  the eastern nations, of introducing luxury into the camp, proved
  also in some measure destructive to their military reputation, and
  the view which the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, of his
  cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and perfumers, is no
  very favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod,
  could command millions of men to flock to his standard. In their
  religion the Persians were very superstitious; they paid the greatest
  veneration to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and they offered
  sacrifices to fire, but the supreme Deity was never represented by
  statues among them. They permitted polygamy, and it was no incest
  among them to marry a sister or a mother. In their punishments they
  were extremely severe, even to barbarity. The monarch always appeared
  with the greatest pomp and dignity; his person was attended by a
  guard of 15,000 men, and he had besides a body of 10,000 chosen
  horsemen, called _immortal_. He styled himself, like the rest
  of the eastern monarchs, the king of kings, as expressive of his
  greatness and his power. The Persians were formerly called _Cephenes_,
  _Achæmenians_, and _Artæi_, and they are often confounded with the
  Parthians by the ancient poets. They received the name of Persians
  from Perses the son of Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to
  have settled among them. Persepolis was the capital of the country.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 14; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_,
  _Alexander_, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 2, ch. 15.
  ――_Xenophon_, _Cyropædia_.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125, &c.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Marcellinus_, ch. 23.

=Persĭcum mare=, or =Persicus sinus=, a part of the Indian ocean on the
  coast of Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf of _Balgora_.

=Persis=, a province of Persia, bounded by Media, Carmania, Susiana,
  and the Persian gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself.

=Aulus Persius Flaccus=, a Latin poet of Volaterræ. He was of an
  equestrian family, and he made himself known by his intimacy with
  the most illustrious Romans of the age. The early part of his life
  was spent in his native town, and at the age of 16 he was removed
  to Rome, where he studied philosophy under Cornutus the celebrated
  stoic. He also received the instructions of Palemon the grammarian,
  and Virginius the rhetorician. Naturally of a mild disposition,
  his character was unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and his
  benevolence universally admired. He distinguished himself by his
  satirical humour, and made the faults of the orators and poets of his
  age, the subject of his poems. He did not even spare Nero, and the
  more effectually to expose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced
  into his satires some of his verses. The _torva mimalloneis implerunt
  cornua bombis_, with the three following verses, are Nero’s,
  according to some. But though he was so severe upon the vicious
  and ignorant, he did not forget his friendship for Cornutus, and he
  showed his regard for his character and abilities by making mention
  of his name with great propriety in his satires. It was by the advice
  of his learned preceptor that he corrected one of his poems in which
  he had compared Nero to Midas, and at his representation he altered
  the words _Auriculas asini Mida rex habet_, into _Auriculas asini
  quis non habet_? Persius died in the 30th year of his age, A.D. 62,
  and left all his books, which consisted of 700 volumes, and a large
  sum of money, to his preceptor; but Cornutus only accepted the
  books, and returned the money to the sisters and friends of the
  deceased. The satires of Persius are six in number, blamed by some
  for obscurity of style and of language. But though they may appear
  almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be remembered that they
  were read with pleasure and with avidity by his contemporaries, and
  that the only difficulties which now appear to the moderns, arise
  from their not knowing the various characters which they described,
  the vices which they lashed, and the errors which they censured. The
  satires of Persius are generally printed with those of Juvenal, the
  best editions of which will be found to be by Hennin, 4to, Leiden,
  1695, and by Hawkey, 12mo, Dublin, 1746. The best edition of Persius,
  separate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo, London, 1647. _Martial._
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Augustine_, _de Magistro_, ch. 9.
  ――_Lactantius._――――A man whose quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in
  a ridiculous manner by Horace, satire 7. He is called _Hybrida_, as
  being son of a Greek by a Roman woman.

=Pertĭnax Publius Helvius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Commodus.
  He was descended from an obscure family, and, like his father, who
  was either a slave or the son of a manumitted slave, he for some
  time followed the mean employment of drying wood and making charcoal.
  His indigence, however, did not prevent him from receiving a liberal
  education, and indeed he was for some time employed in teaching a
  number of pupils the Greek and the Roman languages in Etruria. He
  left this laborious profession for a military life, and by his valour
  and intrepidity, he gradually rose to offices of the highest trust
  in the army, and was made consul by Marcus Aurelius for his eminent
  services. He was afterwards entrusted with the government of Mœsia,
  and at last he presided over the city of Rome as governor. When
  Commodus was murdered, Pertinax was universally selected to succeed
  to the imperial throne, and his refusal, and the plea of old age and
  increasing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted emperor
  and Augustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but his mildness, his
  economy, and the popularity of his administration, convinced the
  senate and the people of the prudence and the justice of their choice.
  He forbade his name to be inscribed on such places or estates as were
  part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they belonged not to
  him, but to the public. He melted all the silver statues which had
  been raised to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed to public sale
  all his concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the instruments of
  his pleasure and extravagance. With the money raised from these he
  enriched the empire, and was enabled to abolish all the taxes which
  Commodus had laid on the rivers, ports, and highways through the
  empire. This patriotic administration gained him the affection of the
  worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, but the extravagant
  and luxurious raised their clamours against him, and when Pertinax
  attempted to introduce among the pretorian guards that discipline
  which was so necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome,
  the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the minds of the soldiers
  totally alienated. Pertinax was apprised of this mutiny, but he
  refused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned the advice of his
  friends who wished him to withdraw from the impending storm, and he
  unexpectedly appeared before the seditious pretorians, and without
  fear or concern, boldly asked them whether they, who were bound
  to defend the person of their prince and emperor, were come to
  betray him and to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance and his
  intrepidity would have had the desired effect, and the soldiers had
  already begun to retire, when one of the most seditious advanced and
  darted his javelin at the emperor’s breast, exclaiming, “The soldiers
  send you this.” The rest immediately followed the example, and
  Pertinax, muffling up his head, and calling upon Jupiter to avenge
  his death, remained unmoved, and was instantly dispatched. His head
  was cut off, and carried upon the point of a spear as in triumph
  to the camp. This happened on the 28th of March, A.D. 193. Pertinax
  reigned only 87 days, and his death was the more universally lamented,
  as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and robbed the Roman
  empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevolent emperor. _Dio Cassius._
  ――_Herodian._――_Capitol._

=Pertunda=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the consummation of
  marriage. Her statue was generally placed in the bridal chamber.
  _Varro_, in _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Perŭsia=, now _Perugia_, an ancient town of Etruria on the Tiber,
  built by Ocnus. Lucius Antonius was besieged there by Augustus,
  and obliged to surrender. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 74.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 10, chs.
  30 & 37.

=Pescennius.= _See:_ Niger.――――A man intimate with Cicero.

=Pessīnus= (untis), a town of Phrygia, where Atys, as some suppose, was
  buried. It is particularly famous for a temple and a statue of the
  goddess Cybele, who was from thence called _Pessinuntia_. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, chs. 10 & 11.

=Petălia=, a town of Eubœa.

=Petălus=, a man killed by Perseus at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 115.

=Petelia=, or =Petellia=, a town. _See:_ Petilia.

=Petelīnus lacus=, a lake near one of the gates of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6,
  ch. 20.

=Peteon=, a town of Bœotia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 333.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Peteus=, a son of Orneus, and grandson of Erechtheus. He reigned in
  Attica, and became father of Menestheus, who went with the Greeks
  to the Trojan war. He is represented by some of the ancients as a
  monster, half a man and half a beast. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.

=Petilia=, now _Strongoli_, a town of Magna Græcia, the capital of
  Lucania, built or perhaps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, after
  his return from the Trojan war, left his country Melibœa, because his
  subjects had revolted. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 20.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 402.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Petilia lex=, was enacted by Petilius the tribune to make an inquiry
  and know how much money had been obtained from the conquests over
  king Antiochus.

=Petilii=, two tribunes who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion. He
  was acquitted.

=Petīlius=, a pretor who persuaded the people of Rome to burn the books
  which had been found in Numa’s tomb, about 400 years after his death.
  His advice was followed. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A plebeian decemvir,
  &c.――――A governor of the capitol, who stole away the treasures
  entrusted to his care. He was accused, but, though guilty, he was
  acquitted, as being the friend of Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
  li. 94.

=Petosīrīs=, a celebrated mathematician of Egypt. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 580.

=Petra=, the capital town of Arabia Petræa. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A town
  of Sicily, near Hybla, whose inhabitants are called _Petrini_ and
  _Petrenses_.――――A town of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 22.――――Another
  of Pieria in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 26.――_Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 39.――――An elevated place near Dyrrachium, _Lucan_,
  bk. 6, lis. 16 & 70.――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 40.――――Another
  in Elis.――――Another near Corinth.

=Petræa=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――――A part of
  Arabia, which has Syria at the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine
  on the north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This part of Arabia was
  rocky, whence it has received its name. It was for the most part also
  covered with barren sands, and was interspersed with some fruitful
  spots. Its capital was called Petra.

=Petreius=, a Roman soldier who killed his tribune during the Cimbrian
  wars, because he hesitated to attack the enemy. He was rewarded
  for his valour with a crown of grass. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 6.――――A
  lieutenant of Caius Antonius, who defeated the troops of Catiline.
  He took the part of Pompey against Julius Cæsar. When Cæsar had been
  victorious in every part of the world, Petreius, who had retired
  into Africa, attempted to destroy himself by fighting with his friend
  king Juba in single combat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius
  obliged one of his slaves to run him through. _Sallust_, _Catilinæ
  Coniuratio_.――_Appian._――_Cæsar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.――――A centurion
  in Cæsar’s army in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius.

=Petrĭnum=, a town of Campania. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 5.

=Petrocorii=, the inhabitants of the modern town of Perigord in France.
  _Cæsar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 75.

=Petronia=, the wife of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,
  ch. 64.

=Petrōnius=, a governor of Egypt, appointed to succeed Gallus. He
  behaved with great humanity to the Jews, and made war against Candace
  queen of Æthiopia. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A favourite of Nero, put
  to death by Galba.――――A governor of Britain.――――A tribune killed in
  Parthia with Crassus.――――A man banished by Nero to the Cyclades, when
  Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.――――A
  governor of Britain in Nero’s reign. He was put to death by Galba’s
  orders.――――Maximus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Maximus.――――Arbiter,
  a favourite of the emperor Nero, and one of the ministers and
  associates of all his pleasures and his debauchery. He was naturally
  fond of pleasure and effeminate, and he passed his whole nights in
  revels and the days in sleep. He indulged himself in all the delights
  and gaieties of life; but though he was the most voluptuous of the
  age, yet he moderated his pleasures, and wished to appear curious
  and refined in luxury and extravagance. Whatever he did seemed to
  be performed with an air of unconcern and negligence; he was affable
  in his behaviour, and his witticisms and satirical remarks appeared
  artless and natural. He was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, and
  afterwards he was rewarded with the consulship; in both of which
  honourable employments he behaved with all the dignity which became
  one of the successors of a Brutus or a Scipio. With his office he
  laid down his artificial gravity, and gave himself up to the pursuit
  of pleasure; the emperor became more attached to him, and seemed
  fonder of his company; but he did not long enjoy the imperial favours.
  Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero’s favourites, jealous of his fame,
  accused him of conspiring against the emperor’s life. The accusation
  was credited, and Petronius immediately resolved to withdraw himself
  from Nero’s punishment by a voluntary death. This was performed in a
  manner altogether unprecedented, A.D. 66. Petronius ordered his veins
  to be opened; but without the eagerness of terminating his agonies,
  he had them closed at intervals. Some time after they were opened,
  and as if he wished to die in the same careless and unconcerned
  manner as he had lived, he passed his time in discoursing with
  his friends upon trifles, and listened with the greatest avidity
  to love verses, amusing stories, or laughable epigrams. Sometimes
  he manumitted his slaves or punished them with stripes. In this
  ludicrous manner he spent his last moments, till nature was exhausted;
  and before he expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, in which he
  had described with a masterly hand his nocturnal extravagances, and
  the daily impurities of his actions. This letter was carefully sealed,
  and after he had conveyed it privately to the emperor, Petronius
  broke his signet, that it might not after his death become a snare
  to the innocent. Petronius distinguished himself by his writings, as
  well as by his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the author of many
  elegant but obscene compositions still extant, among which is a poem
  on the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar, superior in some respects to
  the Pharsalia of Lucan. There is also the feast of _Trimalcion_, in
  which he paints with too much licentiousness the pleasures and the
  debaucheries of a corrupted court and of an extravagant monarch;
  reflections on the instability of human life; a poem on the vanity of
  dreams; another on the education of the Roman youth; two treatises,
  &c. The best editions of Petronius are those of Burman, 4to, Utrecht,
  1709, and Reinesius, 8vo, 1731.

=Pettius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed his eleventh
  epode.

=Petus=, an architect. _See:_ Satyrus.

=Peuce=, a small island at the mouth of the Danube. The inhabitants
  are called _Peucæ_ and _Peucini_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 202.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Peucestes=, a Macedonian set over Egypt by Alexander. He received
  Persia at the general division of the Macedonian empire at the king’s
  death. He behaved with great cowardice after he had joined himself
  to Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.――_Plutarch._――_Curtius_,
  bk. 4, ch. 8.――――An island which was visited by the Argonauts at
  their return from the conquest of the golden fleece.

=Peucĕtia=, a part of Magna Græcia in Italy, at the north of the bay
  of Tarentum, between the Apennines and Lucania, called also _Mesapia_
  and _Calabria_. It received its name from Peucetus the son of Lycaon,
  of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Peucīni=, a nation of Germany, called also _Basternæ_. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 46.

=Peucolāus=, an officer who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander’s
  life. _Curtius_, bk. 6.――――Another, set over Sogdiana. _Curtius_,
  bk. 7.

=Pexodōrus=, a governor of Caria, who offered to give his daughter in
  marriage to Aridæus the illegitimate son of Philip. _Plutarch._

=Phacium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 36, ch. 13.

=Phacūsa=, a town of Egypt on the eastern mouth of the Nile.

=Phæa=, a celebrated sow which infested the neighbourhood of Cromyon.
  It was destroyed by Theseus as he was travelling from Trœzene to
  Athens to make himself known to his father. Some suppose that the
  boar of Calydon sprung from this sow. Phæa, according to some authors,
  was no other than a woman who prostituted herself to strangers,
  whom she murdered and afterwards plundered. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Phæācia=, an island of the Ionian sea, near the coast of Epirus,
  anciently called _Scheria_, and afterwards _Corcyra_. The inhabitants,
  called _Phæaces_, were a luxurious and dissolute people, from which
  reason a glutton was generally stigmatized by the epithet of _Phæax_.
  When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast of Phæacia, Alcinous was
  then king of the island, whose gardens have been greatly celebrated.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 719.――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 7.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 13.

=Phæax=, an inhabitant of the island of Phæacia. _See:_ Phæacia.――――A
  man who sailed with Theseus to Crete.――――An Athenian who opposed
  Alcibiades in his administration.

=Phæcasia=, one of the Sporades in the Ægean. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Phædĭmus=, one of Niobe’s children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A
  Macedonian general who betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus.――――A celebrated
  courier of Greece. _Statius_, bk. 6.

=Phædon=, an Athenian put to death by the 30 tyrants. His daughters, to
  escape the oppressors and preserve their chastity, threw themselves
  together into a well.――――A disciple of Socrates. He had been seized
  by pirates in his younger days, and the philosopher, who seemed to
  discover something uncommon and promising in his countenance, bought
  his liberty for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed him. Phædon,
  after the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his native country,
  where he founded a sect of philosophers called _Elean_. The name
  of Phædon is affixed to one of the dialogues of Plato. _Macrobius_,
  _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An archon at
  Athens, when the Athenians were directed by the oracle to remove the
  bones of Theseus to Attica. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Phædra=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus, by
  whom she became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They had already
  lived for some time in conjugal felicity, when Venus, who hated
  all the descendants of Apollo, because that god had discovered her
  amours with Mars, inspired Phædra with an unconquerable passion for
  Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the Amazon Hippolyte. This shameful
  passion Phædra long attempted to stifle, but in vain; and therefore,
  in the absence of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all the
  impatience of a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her with horror
  and disdain; but Phædra, incensed on account of the reception she
  had met, resolved to punish his coldness and refusal. At the return
  of Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The
  credulous father listened to the accusation, and without hearing the
  defence of Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, and implored
  Neptune, who had promised to grant three of his requests, to punish
  him in some exemplary manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his
  horses were suddenly terrified by a huge sea-monster, which Neptune
  had sent on the shore. He was dragged through precipices and over
  rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of his horses, and crushed
  under the wheels of his chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus
  was known at Athens, Phædra confessed her crime, and hung herself in
  despair, unable to survive one whose death her wickedness and guilt
  had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion
  of Phædra, are the subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and
  of Seneca. Phædra was buried at Trœzene, where her tomb was still
  seen in the age of the geographer Pausanias, near the temple of
  Venus, which she had built to render the goddess favourable to her
  incestuous passion. There was near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves
  were all full of small holes, and it was reported that Phædra had
  done this with a hair-pin, when the vehemence of her passion had
  rendered her melancholy and almost desperate. She was represented
  in a painting in Apollo’s temple at Delphi, as suspended by a cord,
  and balancing herself in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood
  near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her; a delicate idea, by which
  the genius of the artist intimated her melancholy end. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22; bk. 2, ch. 32.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 47 & 243.――_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_ &
  _Seneca_, _Phædra_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 4.

=Phædria=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phædrus=, one of the disciples of Socrates. _Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 1.――――An Epicurean philosopher.――――A Thracian who
  became one of the freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He translated
  into iambic verses the fables of Æsop, in the reign of the emperor
  Tiberius. They are divided into five books, valuable for their
  precision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They remained long
  buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St.
  Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, at the
  end of the 16th century. Phædrus was for some time persecuted by
  Sejanus, because this corrupt minister believed that he was satirized
  and abused in the encomiums which the poet everywhere pays to virtue.
  The best editions of Phædrus are those of Burman, 4to, Leyden, 1727;
  Hoogstraten, 4to, Amsterdam, 1701; and Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.

=Phædy̆ma=, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who
  had ascended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an
  impostor. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 69.

=Phæmonōe=, a priestess of Apollo.

=Phænarēte=, the mother of the philosopher Socrates. She was a midwife
  by profession.

=Phænias=, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple of Aristotle. He wrote a
  history of tyrants. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Phænna=, one of the two Graces, worshipped at Sparta, together with
  her sister Clita. Lacedæmon first paid them particular honour.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Phænnis=, a famous prophetess in the age of Antiochus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 15.

=Phæsana=, a town of Arcadia.

=Phæstum=, a town of Crete. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 296.
  ――――Another of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 56, ch. 13.

=Phaĕton=, a son of the sun, or Phœbus and Clymene, one of the
  Oceanides. He was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod
  and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according to Apollodorus.
  He is, however, more generally acknowledged to be the son of Phœbus
  and Clymene. Phaeton was naturally of a lively disposition, and a
  handsome figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted him
  with the care of one of her temples. This distinguishing favour of
  the goddess rendered him vain and aspiring; and when Epaphus the
  son of Io had told him to check his pride, that he was not the son
  of Phœbus, Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, and at the
  instigation of his mother, he visited the palace of the sun. He
  begged Phœbus, that if he really were his father, he would give him
  incontestible proofs of his paternal tenderness, and convince the
  world of his legitimacy. Phœbus swore by the Styx that he would grant
  him whatever he required, and no sooner was the oath uttered, than
  Phaeton demanded of him to drive his chariot for one day. Phœbus
  represented the impropriety of such a request, and the dangers
  to which it would expose him; but in vain; and, as the oath was
  inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed his son how
  he was to proceed in his way through the regions of the air. His
  explicit directions were forgotten, or little attended to; and
  no sooner had Phaeton received the reins from his father, than he
  betrayed his ignorance and incapacity to guide the chariot. The
  flying horses became sensible of the confusion of their driver,
  and immediately departed from the usual track. Phaeton repented too
  late of his rashness, and already heaven and earth were threatened
  with a universal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had perceived the
  disorder of the horses of the sun, struck the rider with one of his
  thunderbolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven into the river Po.
  His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place,
  and honoured with a decent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy
  end, and were changed into poplars by Jupiter. _See:_ Phaetontiades.
  According to the poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving the
  chariot of his father, the blood of the Æthiopians was dried up, and
  their skin became black, a colour which is still preserved among the
  greatest part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The territories
  of Libya were also parched up, according to the same tradition,
  on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; and ever since,
  Africa, unable to recover her original verdure and fruitfulness,
  has exhibited a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. According to
  those who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Ligurian prince,
  who studied astronomy, and in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po
  was visited with uncommon heats. The horses of the sun are called
  _Phaetontis equi_, either because they were guided by Phaeton, or
  from the Greek word (φαεθων), which expresses the splendour and
  lustre of that luminary. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 105.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 985.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 17; bk. 2,
  fable 1, &c.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ode 11.――_Seneca_, _Medea_.――_Apollodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 156.

=Phaĕtontiădes=, or =Phaetontides=, the sisters of Phaeton, who were
  changed into poplars by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
  li. 346. _See:_ Heliades.

=Phaetūsa=, one of the Heliades changed into poplars, after the death
  of their brother Phaeton. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 346.

=Phæus=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Phagesia=, a festival among the Greeks, observed during the celebration
  of the Dionysia. It received its name from the good _eating_ and
  living that then universally prevailed, φαγειν.

=Phalacrine=, a village of the Sabines, where Vespasian was born.
  _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 2.

=Phalæ=, wooden towers at Rome, erected in the circus. _Juvenal_,
  satire 6, li. 589.

=Phalæcus=, a general of Phocis against the Bœotians, killed at the
  battle of Cheronæa. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Phalæsia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phalanna=, a town of Perrhæbia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.

=Phalanthus=, a Lacedæmonian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head
  of the Partheniæ. His father’s name was Aracus. As he went to Italy
  he was shipwrecked on the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin,
  and from that reason there was a dolphin placed near his statute in
  the temple of Apollo at Delphi. _See:_ Partheniæ. He received divine
  honours after death. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 10.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 11.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,
  li. 16.――――A town and mountain of the same name in Arcadia. _Persius_,
  bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Phălăris=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who made use of the most
  excruciating torments to punish his subjects on the smallest
  suspicion. Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he had presented
  it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the inventor to be seized, and the
  first experiment to be made on his body. These cruelties did not long
  remain unrevenged; the people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth
  year of his reign, and put him to death in the same manner as he
  had tortured Perillus and many of his subjects after him, B.C. 552.
  The brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage;
  but when that city was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to
  the inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now some
  letters extant written by a certain Abaris to Phalaris, with their
  respective answers, but they are supposed by some to be spurious. The
  best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxford, 1718. _Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 12;
  _De Officiis_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 663.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 81.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――_Diodorus._
  ――――A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 762.

=Phalarium=, a citadel of Syracuse, where Phalaris’s bull was placed.

=Phalărus=, a river of Bœotia, falling into the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 9, ch. 34.

=Phalcidon=, a town of Thessaly. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Phaleas=, a philosopher and legislator, &c. _Aristotle._

=Phalēreus Demetrius.= _See:_ Demetrius.

=Phaleria=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 15.

=Phalēris=, a Corinthian who led a colony to Epidamnus from Corcyra.

=Phalēron=, or =Phalerum=, or =Phalera= (orum), or =Phalerus portus=,
  an ancient harbour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, which,
  for its situation and smallness, was not very fit for the reception
  of many ships.――――A place of Thessaly.

=Phalērus=, a son of Alcon, one of the Argonauts. _Orpheus._

=Phalias=, a son of Hercules and Heliconis daughter of Thestius.
  _Apollodorus._

=Phallĭca=, festivals observed by the Egyptians in honour of Osiris.
  They receive their name from φαλλος _simulachrum ligneum membri
  virilis_. The institution originated in this: After the murder
  of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover among the other limbs the
  privities of her husband; and therefore, as she paid particular
  honour to every part of his body, she distinguished that which was
  lost with more honour, and paid it more attention. Its representation,
  called _phallus_, was made with wood, and carried during the sacred
  festivals which were instituted in honour of Osiris. The people held
  it in the greatest veneration; it was looked upon as an emblem of
  fecundity, and the mention of it among the ancients never conveyed
  any impure thought or lascivious reflection. The festivals of the
  _phallus_ were imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe by
  the Athenians, who made the procession of the _phallus_ part of the
  celebration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Those that carried
  the _phallus_, at the end of a long pole, were called _phallophori_.
  They generally appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of
  wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown
  of ivy. _Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.――_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Phalysius=, a citizen of Naupactum, who recovered his sight by reading
  a letter sent him by Æsculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, final chapter.

=Phanæus=, a promontory of the island of Chios, famous for its wines.
  It was called after a king of the same name, who reigned there.
  _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 98.

=Phanaræa=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._

=Phanas=, a famous Messenian, &c., who died B.C. 682.

=Phanes=, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled from Amasis king of Egypt,
  to the court of Cambyses king of Persia, whom he advised, when he
  invaded Egypt, to pass through Arabia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Phaneta=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 28.

=Phanŏcles=, an elegiac poet of Greece, who wrote a poem on that
  unnatural sin of which Socrates is accused by some. He supported
  that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced himself by that
  filthy indulgence. Some of his fragments are remaining. _Clement of
  Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 6.

=Phanodēmus=, an historian who wrote on the antiquities of Attica.

=Phantasia=, a daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, in Egypt. Some have
  supposed that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the
  return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied
  the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis,
  where they were deposited.

=Phanus=, a son of Bacchus, who was among the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._

=Phaon=, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. He received a small box of
  ointment from Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form
  of an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and as soon as he
  had rubbed himself with what the box contained, he became one of the
  most beautiful men of his age. Many were captivated with the charms
  of Phaon, and, among others, Sappho the celebrated poetess. Phaon
  gave himself up to the pleasures of Sappho’s company; but, however,
  he soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, mortified at his
  coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved
  by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him for some time among
  lettuces. Ælian says that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he was
  defiling. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_,
  poem 21.――_Palæphatus_, _de Incredibilia_, ch. 49.――_Athenæus._
  ――_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_, bk. 9.

=Phara=, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio’s soldiers.

=Pharacĭdes=, a general of the Lacedæmonian fleet, who assisted
  Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily against the Carthaginians. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 2.

=Pharæ=, or =Pheræ=, a town of Crete.――――Another in Messenia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. _See:_ Pheræ.

=Pharasmănes=, a king of Iberia, in the reign of Antoninus, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.

=Pharax=, a Lacedæmonian officer, who attempted to make himself
  absolute in Sicily.――――A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanippus,
  married a beautiful woman, called Leuconoe, who was torn to pieces
  by his dogs. _Parthenius._

=Pharis=, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants are called _Pharitæ_.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 30.――――A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who
  built Pharæ in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Pharmecūsa=, an island of the Ægean sea, where Julius Cæsar was seized
  by some pirates. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 4.――――Another, where was
  shown Circe’s tomb. _Strabo._

=Pharnabāzus=, a satrap of Persia, son of a person of the same name,
  B.C. 409. He assisted the Lacedæmonians against the Athenians,
  and gained their esteem by his friendly behaviour and support. His
  conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, was of the most perfidious
  nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the
  man whom he had long honoured with his friendship. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Alcibiades._――_Plutarch._――――An officer under Eumenes.――――A king of
  Iberia.

=Pharnăce=, a town of Pontus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――The mother of
  Cinyras king of Pontus. _Suidas._

=Pharnăces=, a son of Mithridates king of Pontus, who favoured the
  Romans against his father. He revolted against Mithridates, and even
  caused him to be put to death, according to some accounts. In the
  civil wars of Julius Cæsar and Pompey, he interested himself for
  neither of the contending parties; upon which Cæsar turned his army
  against him, and conquered him. It was to express the celerity of his
  operations in conquering Pharnaces, that the victorious Roman made
  use of these words, _Veni, vidi, vici_. _Florus_, bk. 3.――_Suetonius_,
  _Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.――――A king of Pontus,
  who made war with Eumenes, B.C. 181.――――A king of Cappadocia.――――A
  librarian of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.

=Pharnapātes=, a general of Orodes king of Parthia, killed in a battle
  by the Romans.

=Pharnaspes=, the father of Cassandra the mother of Cambyses.

=Pharnus=, a king of Media, conquered by Ninus king of Assyria.

=Pharos=, a small island in the bay of Alexandria, about seven furlongs
  distant from the continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore
  with a causeway by Dexiphanes, B.C. 284, and upon it was built a
  celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter and Philadelphus,
  by Sostratus the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was called the
  tower of Pharos, and which passed for one of the seven wonders of the
  world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at the distance
  of 100 miles. On the top, fires were constantly kept to direct
  sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult of access.
  The building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 800 talents,
  which were equivalent to above 165,000_l._ English, if Attic, or if
  Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon it,
  _King Ptolemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_;
  but Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved
  his own name upon the stones, and afterwards filled the hollow with
  mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar
  had decayed by time, Ptolemy’s name disappeared, and the following
  inscription then became visible: _Sostratus the Cnidian, son of
  Dexiphanes, to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_.
  The word _Pharius_ is often used as Egyptian. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 636;
  bk. 3, li. 260; bk. 6, li. 308; bk. 9, li. 1005, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ars
  Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 635.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, chs. 31 & 85; bk. 36, ch.
  13.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch.
  11.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Statius_, bk. 3,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 102.――――A watch-tower near Capreæ.――――An island
  on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Lesina_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――――The emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be built at the entrance
  of the port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise
  bore the name of _Pharos_, an appellation afterwards given to every
  other edifice which was raised to direct the course of sailors,
  either with lights, or by signals. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 76.
  ――_Suetonius._

=Pharsălus=, now _Farsa_, a town of Thessaly, in whose neighbourhood
  is a large plain called _Pharsalia_, famous for a battle which was
  fought there between Julius Cæsar and Pompey, in which the former
  obtained the victory. In that battle, which was fought on the 12th of
  May, B.C. 48, Cæsar lost about 200 men, or, according to others, 1200.
  Pompey’s loss was 15,000, or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000
  of his army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror. _Lucan_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _Cæsar_.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.――_Dio Cassius._
  ――――That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an account of the civil
  wars of Cæsar and Pompey, bears the name of Pharsalia. _See:_ Lucanus.

=Pharte=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Pharus=, a Rutulian killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 322.

=Pharusii=, or =Phaurusii=, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania.
  _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.

=Pharybus=, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Ægean sea. It is
  called by some Baphyrus.

=Pharycadon=, a town of Macedonia, on the Peneus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Pharyge=, a town of Locris.

=Phasēlis=, a town of Pamphylia, at the foot of mount Taurus, which was
  long the residence of pirates. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, ch.
  251.――_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Phasiana=, a country of Asia, near the river Phasis. The inhabitants
  called _Phasiani_, are of Egyptian origin.

=Phasias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born near the Phasis.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.

=Phasis=, a son of Phœbus and Ocyroe.――――A river of Colchis, rising
  in the mountains of Armenia, now called _Faoz_, and falling into the
  east of the Euxine. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts,
  who entered it after a long and perilous voyage, from which reason
  all dangerous voyages have been proverbially intimated by the words
  of _sailing to the Phasis_. There were on the banks of the Phasis
  a great number of large birds, of which, according to some of the
  ancients, the Argonauts brought some to Greece, and which were
  called on that account _pheasants_. The Phasis was reckoned by
  the ancients one of the largest rivers of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 10,
  ch. 48.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 62.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 44.
  ――_Orpheus._

=Phassus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Phauda=, a town of Pontus.

=Phavorīnus=, a writer, the best edition of whose Greek Lexicon is that
  in folio, Venice, 1712.

=Phayllus=, a tyrant of Ambracia.――――The brother of Onomarchus of
  Phocis, &c. _See:_ Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 2.

=Phea=, or =Pheia=, a town of Elis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.

=Phecadum=, an inland town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.

=Phegeus=, or =Phlegeus=, a companion of Æneas, killed by Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 765.――――Another, likewise killed
  by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 371, &c.――――A priest
  of Bacchus, the father of Alphesibœa, who purified Alcmæon of his
  mother’s murder, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was
  afterwards put to death by the children of Alcmæon by Callirhoe,
  because he had ordered Alcmæon to be killed when he had attempted to
  recover a collar which he had given to his daughter. _See:_ Alcmæon.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 412.

=Phellia=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Phelloe=, a town of Achaia near Ægira, where Bacchus and Diana each
  had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

=Phellus=, a place of Attica.――――A town of Elis, near Olympia. _Strabo._

=Phemius=, a man introduced by Homer as a musician among Penelope’s
  suitors. Some say that he taught Homer, for which the grateful poet
  immortalized his name. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.――――A man who, according
  to some, wrote an account of the return of the Greeks from the
  Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, _Amores_, bk. 3, li. 7,
  indiscriminately to any person who excels in music.

=Phemonoe=, a priestess of Apollo, who is supposed to have invented
  heroic verses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.

=Phenēum=, a town of Arcadia, whose inhabitants, called _Pheneatæ_,
  worshipped Mercury. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.

=Pheneus=, a town with a lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose waters
  were unwholesome in the night and wholesome in the daytime. _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 165.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 332.――――A son of Melas, killed
  by Tydeus. _Apollodorus._

=Pheræ=, a town of Thessaly, where the tyrant Alexander reigned, whence
  he was called _Pheræus_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de
  Officis_.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,
  ch. 13.――――A town of Attica.――――Another in Laconia in Peloponnesus.
  _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 30.

=Pheræus=, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pheræ.

=Pheraules=, a Persian whom Cyrus raised from poverty to affluence.
  He afterwards gave up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity in
  retirement. _Xenophon_, _Cyropaedia_.

=Pherĕclus=, one of the Greeks during the Trojan war. _Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 15.――――A pilot of the ship of Theseus, when he went
  to Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Pherēcrătes=, a comic poet of Athens, in the age of Plato and
  Aristophanes. He is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of which
  only a few verses remain. He introduced living characters on the
  stage, but never abused the liberty which he had taken, either by
  satire or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which from him has
  been called _Pherecratian_. It consisted of the three last feet of
  an hexameter verse, of which the first was always a spondee, as for
  instance, the third verse of Horace’s bk. 1, ode 5, _Grato Pyrrha sub
  antro._――――Another, descended from Deucalion. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_.

=Pherecȳdes=, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple of Pittacus, one of the
  first who delivered his thoughts in prose. He was acquainted with the
  periods of the moon, and foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy.
  The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported
  by him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of
  his disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his attachment to his
  learned master. When Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of
  Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every assistance in his power,
  and when all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, and
  after he had paid him the last offices, he retired to Italy. Some,
  however, suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself down from a precipice
  as he was going to Delphi, or, according to others, he fell a
  sacrifice to the lousy disease, B.C. 515, in the 85th year of his
  age. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Lactantius [Placidus]._――――An historian
  of Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote a history of Attica, now
  lost, in the age of Darius Hystaspes.――――A tragic poet.

=Pherendates=, a Persian set over Egypt by Artaxerxes.

=Pherephate=, a surname of Proserpine, from the production of corn.

=Pheres=, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who built Pheræ in Thessaly,
  where he reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he had Admetus and
  Lycurgus. _Apollodorus._――――A son of Medea, stoned to death by the
  Corinthians, on account of the poisonous clothes which he had given
  to Glauce, Creon’s daughter. _See:_ Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.
  ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 413.

=Pheretias=, a patronymic of Admetus son of Pheres. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 291.

=Pheretīma=, the wife of Battus king of Cyrene, and mother of
  Arcesilaus. After her son’s death, she recovered the kingdom by means
  of Amasis king of Egypt, and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she
  caused all his assassins to be crucified round the walls of Cyrene,
  and she cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them up near the
  bodies of their husbands. It is said that she was devoured alive by
  worms, a punishment which, according to some of the ancients, was
  inflicted by Providence for her unparalleled cruelties. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 8.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204, &c.

=Pherinum=, a town of Thessaly.

=Pheron=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Sesostris. He was blind,
  and he recovered his sight by washing his eyes, according to the
  directions of the oracle, in the urine of a woman who had never had
  any unlawful connexions. He tried his wife first, but she appeared
  to have been faithless to his bed, and she was burnt with all those
  whose urine could not restore sight to the king. He married the woman
  whose urine proved beneficial. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 111.

=Pherūsa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Phiăle=, one of Diana’s nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.――――A
  celebrated courtesan. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 238.

=Phialia=, or =Phigalia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Phiălus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Phicores=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.

=Phidias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens, who died B.C. 432. He made
  a statue of Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which was placed
  in the Pantheon. It was made with ivory and gold, and measured 39
  feet in height. His presumption raised him many enemies, and he
  was accused of having carved his own image and that of Pericles on
  the shield of the statue of the goddess, for which he was banished
  from Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired to Elis, where
  he determined to revenge the ill-treatment he had received from his
  countrymen, by making a statue which should eclipse the fame of that
  of Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; and the statue he made
  of Jupiter Olympius was always reckoned the best of all his pieces,
  and has passed for one of the wonders of the world. The people of
  Elis were so sensible of his merit, and of the honour he had done
  to their city, that they appointed his descendants to the honourable
  office of keeping clean that magnificent statue, and of preserving
  it from injury. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pericles_.

=Phidilē=, a woman. _See:_ ♦Phidyle.

    ♦ ‘Phidyle’ not referenced in the text.

=Phidippĭdes= a celebrated courier, who ran from Athens to Lacedæmon,
  about 152 English miles, in two days, to ask of the Lacedæmonians
  assistance against the Persians. The Athenians raised a temple to his
  memory. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 105.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._

=Phiditia=, a public entertainment at Sparta, where much frugality was
  observed, as the word (φειδιτια, from φειδομαι, _parco_) denotes.
  Persons of all ages were admitted; the younger frequented it as
  a school of temperance and sobriety, where they were trained to
  good manners and useful knowledge, by the example and discourse of
  their elders. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 34.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Phidon=, a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at Argos, and is
  supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at
  Ægina. He died B.C. 854. _Aristotle._――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.
  ――――An ancient legislator at Corinth.

=Phidy̆re=, a female servant of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 3,
  ode 23.

=Phigalei=, a people of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. They were
  naturally fond of drinking, and negligent of domestic affairs.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 39.

=Phila=, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who married Craterus. She
  afterwards married Demetrius, and when her husband had lost the
  kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. _Plutarch._――――A town of
  Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 67; bk. 44, chs. 2 & 34.――――An island
  called also ♦Phila.

    ♦ ‘Phla’ replaced with ‘Phila’

=Philadelphia=, now _Alahasher_, a town of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.――――Another, in Cilicia,――――Arabia,――――-Syria.

=Philadelphus=, a king of Paphlagonia, who followed the interest
  of Marcus Antony.――――The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of
  Egypt, by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his brothers. _See:_
  Ptolemæus II.

♦=Philæ=, a town and island of Egypt, above the smaller cataract, but
  placed opposite Syene by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. Isis was worshipped
  there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 313.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_,
  bk. 4, ch. 2.――――One of the Sporades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

    ♦ ‘Phile’ replaced with ‘Philæ’

=Philæni=, two brothers of Carthage. When a contest arose between the
  Cyreneans and Carthaginians, about the extent of their territories,
  it was mutually agreed that, at a stated hour, two men should depart
  from each city, and that, wherever they met, there they should fix
  the boundaries of their country. The Philæni accordingly departed
  from Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, when they had advanced far
  into their territories. This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans
  supported that the Philæni had left Carthage before the appointment,
  and that therefore they must retire or be buried in the sand. The
  Philæni refused, upon which they were overpowered by the Cyreneans,
  and accordingly buried in the sand. The Carthaginians, to commemorate
  the patriotic deeds of the Philæni, who had sacrificed their lives
  that the extent of their country might not be diminished, raised two
  altars on the place where their bodies had been buried, which they
  called _Philænorum aræ_. These altars were the boundaries of the
  Carthaginian dominions, which on the other side extended as far as
  the columns of Hercules, which is about 2000 miles, or, according
  to the accurate observations of the moderns, only 1420 geographical
  miles. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 15, li. 704.

=Philænis=, or =Phileris=, a courtesan. _See:_ Phileris.

=Philæus=, a son of Ajax, by Lyside the daughter of Coronus, one of the
  Lapithæ. Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended from him.――――A son
  of Augeas, who upbraided his father for not granting what Hercules
  justly claimed for cleaning his stables. _See:_ Augeas. He was placed
  upon his father’s throne by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Philammon=, a celebrated musician, son of Apollo and Chione.――――A man
  who murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female attendants.

=Philanthus=, a son of Prolaus of Elis, killed at the Olympic games.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Philarchus=, a hero who gave assistance to the Phocians when the
  Persians invaded Greece.

=Philēmon=, a Greek comic poet, contemporary with Menander. He obtained
  some poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by the merit of his
  composition, as by the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imitated
  some of his comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is
  reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass eat figs, B.C. 274.――――His
  son, who bore the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some
  few fragments remain, which do not seem to entitle him to great
  rank among the Greek comic writers. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch.
  12――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――_Plutarch_, _de Cohibenda Ira_.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――――A poor man of Phrygia. _See:_ Baucis.――――An illegitimate
  son of Priam.

=Philēne=, a town of Attica between Athens and Tanagra. _Statius_,
  _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 102.

=Philēris=, an immodest woman, whom Philocrates the poet lampooned.
  _Martial_, bk. 7.

=Philĕros=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny._

=Philesius=, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa.

=Philetærus=, a eunuch made governor of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He
  quarrelled with Lysimachus, and made himself master of Pergamus,
  where he laid the foundations of a kingdom called the kingdom of
  Pergamus, B.C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at his death
  he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his successor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A Cretan general who revolted from
  Seleucus, and was conquered, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Philētas=, a grammarian and poet of Cos, in the reign of king Philip,
  and of his son Alexander the Great. He was made preceptor to Ptolemy
  Philadelphus. The elegies and epigrams which he wrote have been
  greatly commended by the ancients, and some fragments of them are
  still preserved in Athenæus. He was so small and slender, according
  to the improbable accounts of Ælian, that he always carried pieces of
  lead in his pockets, to prevent being blown away by the wind. _Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 5.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 1.――――An historian.

=Philetius=, a faithful steward of Ulysses, who, with Eumeus, assisted
  him in destroying the suitors, who had not only insulted the queen,
  but wasted the property of the absent monarch. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 20, &c.

=Philĭdas=, a friend of Pelopidas, who favoured the conspiracy formed
  to expel the Spartans from Thebes. He received the conspirators in
  his own house.

=Philides=, a dealer in horses in the age of Themistocles. _Plutarch_,
  _Themistocles_.

=Philinna=, a courtesan, mother of Aridæus, by Philip the father of
  Alexander.

=Philīnus=, a native of Agrigentum, who fought with Annibal against
  the Romans. He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Polybius._

=Philippei=, or =Phillippi=, certain pieces of money coined in the
  reign of Philip of Macedonia, and with his image. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  ltr. 1, li. 284.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 52; bk. 37, ch. 59; bk. 39,
  chs. 5 & 7.

=Philippi=, a town of Macedonia, anciently called _Datos_, and situate
  at the east of the Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds with
  springs and water. It was called Philippi after Philip king of
  Macedonia, who fortified it against the incursions of the barbarians
  of Thrace, and became celebrated for two battles which were fought
  there in October, B.C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between
  Augustus and Antony, and the republican forces of Brutus and Cassius,
  in which the former obtained the victory. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15, li. 284.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 45.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Appian_, bk. 2, _Civil Wars_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 490.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 2.

=Philippĭdes=, a comic poet in Alexander’s age.――――A courier, called
  also Phidippides.

=Philippŏpŏlis=, a town of Thrace, near the Hebrus, built by Philip the
  father of Alexander. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.――――Of Thessaly, called
  Philippi.

=Philippus I.=, son of Argæus, succeeded his father on the throne of
  Macedonia, and reigned 38 years, B.C. 640.――――The second of that
  name was the fourth son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. He was sent
  to Thebes as a hostage by his father, where he learnt the art of war
  under Epaminondas, and studied with the greatest care the manners and
  the pursuits of the Greeks. He was recalled to Macedonia, and at the
  death of his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the throne as guardian
  and protector of the youthful years of his nephew. His ambition,
  however, soon discovered itself, and he made himself independent.
  The valour of a prudent general, and the policy of an experienced
  statesman, seemed requisite to ensure his power. The neighbouring
  nations, ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the new king
  of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon convinced them of
  their error. Unable to meet them as yet in the field of battle, he
  suspended their fury by presents, and soon turned his arms against
  Amphipolis, a colony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis was
  conquered, and added to the kingdom of Macedonia, and Philip
  meditated no less than the destruction of a republic which had
  rendered itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, and had even
  claimed submission from the princes of Macedonia. His designs,
  however, were as yet immature, and before he could make Athens an
  object of conquest, the Thracians and the Illyrians demanded his
  attention. He made himself master of a Thracian colony, to which he
  gave the name of Philippi, and from which he received the greatest
  advantages on account of the golden mines in the neighbourhood.
  In the midst of his political prosperity, Philip did not neglect
  the honour of his family. He married Olympias, the daughter of
  Neoptolemus king of the Molossi; and when, some time after he became
  father of Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the inestimable
  advantages which arise from the lessons, the example, and the
  conversation of a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a letter
  with his own hand to the philosopher Aristotle, and begged him to
  retire from his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time to the
  instruction of the young prince. Everything seemed now to conspire
  to his aggrandizement, and historians have observed, that Philip
  received in one day the intelligence of three things which could
  gratify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the
  most aspiring monarch: the birth of a son, an honourable crown at
  the Olympic games, and a victory over the barbarians of Illyricum.
  But all these increased rather than satiated his ambition; he
  declared his inimical sentiments against the power of Athens, and
  the independence of all Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a place
  which, on account of its situation and consequence, would prove most
  injurious to the interests of the Athenians, and most advantageous to
  the intrigues and military operations of every Macedonian prince. The
  Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels
  and 2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the money of Philip
  prevailed over all their efforts. The greatest part of the citizens
  suffered themselves to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olynthus
  surrendered to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. His
  successes were as great in every part of Greece; he was declared head
  of the Amphictyonic council, and was entrusted with the care of the
  sacred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia,
  it was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories over
  his enemies in Illyricum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a
  moderator and peacemaker he gained confidence, and in attempting to
  protect the Peloponnesians against the encroaching power of Sparta,
  he rendered his cause popular, and by ridiculing the insults that
  were offered to his person as he passed through Corinth, he displayed
  to the world his moderation and philosophic virtues. In his attempts
  to make himself master of Eubœa, Philip was unsuccessful; and
  Phocion, who despised his gold as well as his meanness, obliged him
  to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were as insensible to the
  charms of money, as they were unmoved at the horrors of war, and
  the bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubœa he turned his arms
  against the Scythians, but the advantages which he obtained over
  this indigent nation were inconsiderable, and he again made Greece
  an object of plunder and rapine. He advanced far into Bœotia, and
  a general engagement was fought at Chæronea. The fight was long and
  bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His behaviour after the
  battle reflects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as a monarch.
  In the hour of festivity, and during the entertainment which he had
  given to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied from his
  camp, and with the inhumanity of a brute he insulted the bodies of
  the slain, and exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of war.
  His insolence, however, was checked when Demades, one of the Athenian
  captives, reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, “Why do you,
  O king, act the part of a Thersites, when you can represent with so
  much dignity the elevated character of an Agamemnon?” The reproof
  was felt; Demades received his liberty, and Philip learned how to
  gain popularity even among his fallen enemies, by relieving their
  wants and easing their distresses. At the battle of Chæronea the
  independence of Greece was extinguished; and Philip, unable to
  find new enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, and meditated
  new conquests. He was nominated general of the Greeks against the
  Persians, and was called upon as well from inclination as duty to
  revenge those injuries which Greece had suffered from the invasions
  of Darius and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the midst of his
  warlike preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanius as he entered the
  theatre, at the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra.
  This murder has given rise to many reflections upon the causes which
  produced it; and many who consider the recent repudiation of Olympias,
  and the resentment of Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes
  of his death in the bosom of his family. The ridiculous honours which
  Olympias paid to her husband’s murderer strengthened the suspicion,
  yet Alexander declared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia to
  revenge his father’s death upon the Persian satraps and princes,
  by whose immediate intrigues the assassination had been committed.
  The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, prudent, and
  intriguing monarch: he was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and
  dissimulating at home; and he possessed the wonderful art of changing
  his conduct according to the disposition and caprice of mankind,
  without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight of his ambitious
  aims. He possessed much perseverance, and in the execution of his
  plans he was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented him
  from achieving the boldest and the most extensive of his undertakings;
  and he might have acquired as many laurels, and conquered as many
  nations, as his son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and the
  kingdom of Persia might have been added to the Macedonian empire,
  perhaps with greater moderation, with more glory, and with more
  lasting advantages. The private character of Philip lies open to
  censure, and raises indignation. The admirer of his virtues is
  disgusted to find him amongst the most abandoned prostitutes, and
  disgracing himself by the most unnatural crimes and lascivious
  indulgencies, which can make even the most debauched and the most
  profligate to blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of his age,
  and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years before the christian era.
  His reign is become uncommonly interesting, and his administration a
  matter of instruction. He is the first monarch whose life and actions
  are described with peculiar accuracy and historical faithfulness.
  Philip was the father of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra by
  Olympias; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, Cyna, who married
  Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip’s elder brother; by Nicasipolis,
  a Thessalian, Nicæa, who married Cassander; by Philinna, a Larissæan
  dancer, Aridæus, who reigned some time after Alexander’s death;
  by Cleopatra the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, who were
  both murdered by Olympias; and Ptolemy the first king of Egypt by
  Arsinoe, who in the first month of her pregnancy was married to
  Lagus. _Demosthenes_, _Philippics_ & _Olynthiacs_.――_Justin_ 7, &c.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, _Demosthenes_, &
  _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――_Isocrates_, _ad Philippum_.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Æschines._――_Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, &c.――――The last king
  of Macedonia, of that name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the
  death of his father, was protected by Antigonus, one of his friends,
  who ascended the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with the title
  of independent monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered
  his father’s throne, though only 15 years of age, and he early
  distinguished himself by his boldness and his ambitious views. His
  cruelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his character in its true
  light; and to the gratification of every vice, and every extravagant
  propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice this faithful and
  virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of Macedonia,
  Philip aspired to become the friend of Annibal, and wished to share
  with him the spoils which the distresses and continual loss of the
  Romans seemed soon to promise. But his expectations were frustrated;
  the Romans discovered his intrigues, and though weakened by the
  valour and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled
  to meet him in the field of battle. The consul Lævinus entered
  without delay his territories of Macedonia, and after he had obtained
  a victory over him near Apollonia, and reduced his fleet to ashes,
  he compelled him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition was
  not permanent, and when the Romans discovered that he had assisted
  their immortal enemy Annibal with men and money they appointed Titus
  Quinctius Flaminius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of
  the treaty. The Roman consul, with his usual expedition, invaded
  Macedonia; and in a general engagement which was fought near
  Cynocephale, the hostile army was totally defeated, and the monarch
  saved his life with difficulty by flying from the field of battle.
  Destitute of resources, without friends either at home or abroad,
  Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to
  demand peace by his ambassadors. It was granted with difficulty.
  The terms were humiliating; but the poverty of Philip obliged him
  to accept the conditions, however disadvantageous and degrading
  to his dignity. In the midst of these public calamities the peace
  of his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons
  by a concubine, raised seditions against his brother Demetrius,
  whose condescension and humanity had gained popularity among the
  Macedonians, and who, from his residence at Rome as a hostage,
  had gained the good graces of the senate, and by the modesty
  and innocence of his manners, had obtained forgiveness from that
  venerable body for the hostilities of his father. Philip listened
  with too much avidity to the false accusation of Perses; and when
  he heard it asserted that Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown,
  he no longer hesitated to punish with death so unworthy and so
  ungrateful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity,
  than Philip became convinced of his cruelty and rashness, and, to
  punish the perfidy of Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, another
  son, his successor on the Macedonian throne. But he was prevented
  from executing his purpose by death, in the 42nd year of his reign,
  179 years before the christian era. The assassin of Demetrius
  succeeded his father; and with the same ambition, with the same
  rashness and oppression, renewed the war against the Romans till his
  empire was destroyed and Macedonia became a Roman province. Philip
  has been compared with his great ancestor of the same name; but
  though they possessed the same virtues, the same ambition, and were
  tainted with the same vices, yet the father of Alexander was more
  sagacious and more intriguing, and the son of Demetrius was more
  suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable; and according to the
  pretended prophecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to
  one Philip for her rise and consequence among nations, and under
  another Philip she lamented the loss of her power, her empire,
  and her dignity. _Polybius_, bk. 16, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 29, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.――_Livy_,
  bk. 31, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Orosius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 20.――――Marcus Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obscure family in
  Arabia, from which he was surnamed _Arabian_. From the lowest rank
  in the army he gradually rose to the highest offices, and when he
  was made general of the pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian to
  make himself emperor. To establish himself with more certainty on
  the imperial throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual
  invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, where his election
  was universally approved by the senate and the Roman people. Philip
  rendered his cause popular by his liberality and profusion; and it
  added much to his splendour and dignity that the Romans during his
  reign commemorated the foundation of their city, a solemnity which
  was observed but once every 100 years, and which was celebrated with
  more pomp and more magnificence than under the preceding reigns. The
  people were entertained with games and spectacles, the theatre of
  Pompey was successively crowded during three days and three nights,
  and 2000 gladiators bled in the circus at once, for the amusement and
  pleasure of a gazing populace. His usurpation, however, was short;
  Philip was defeated by Decius, who had proclaimed himself emperor in
  Pannonia, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers near Verona,
  in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th of his reign, A.D. 249. His
  son, who bore the same name, and who had shared with him the imperial
  dignity, was also massacred in the arms of his mother. Young Philip
  was then in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans lamented in
  him the loss of rising talents, of natural humanity, and endearing
  virtues. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus._――――A native of Acarnania,
  physician to Alexander the Great. When the monarch had been suddenly
  taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to remove
  the complaint when the rest of the physicians believed that all
  medical assistance would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing
  his medicine, Alexander received a letter from Parmenio, in which he
  was advised to beware of his physician Philip, as he had conspired
  against his life. The monarch was alarmed; and when Philip presented
  him the medicine, he gave him Parmenio’s letter to peruse, and
  began to drink the potion. The serenity and composure of Philip’s
  countenance, as he read the letter, removed every suspicion from
  Alexander’s breast, and he pursued the directions of his physician,
  and in a few days recovered. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Curtius_,
  bk. 3.――_Arrian_, bk. 2.――――A son of Alexander the Great, murdered
  by order of Olympias.――――A governor of Sparta.――――A son of Cassander.
  ――――A man who pretended to be the son of Perses, that he might lay
  claim to the kingdom of Macedonia. He was called _Pseudophilippus_.
  ――――A general of Cassander, in Ætolia.――――A Phrygian, made governor
  of Jerusalem by Antiochus, &c.――――A son of Herod the Great, in the
  reign of Augustus.――――A brother of Alexander the Great, called also
  Aridæus. _See:_ Aridæus.――――A freedman of Pompey the Great. He found
  his master’s body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it
  a decent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who had
  fought under Pompey.――――The father-in-law of the emperor Augustus.
  ――――A Lacedæmonian who wished to make himself absolute in Thebes.
  ――――An officer made master of Parthia, after the death of Alexander
  the Great.――――A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus.――――A
  son of Antipater in the army of Alexander.――――A brother of Lysimachus,
  who died suddenly after hard walking and labour.――――An historian of
  Amphipolis.――――A Carthaginian, &c.――――A man who wrote a history of
  Caria.――――A native of Megara, &c.――――A native of Pamphylia, who wrote
  a diffuse history from the creation down to his own time. It was not
  much valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius II.

=Philiscus=, a famous sculptor, whose statues of Latona, Venus,
  Diana, the Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico
  belonging to Octavia.――――A Greek comic poet. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.
  ――――An Athenian who received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia.――――An
  officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make peace with the Greeks.

=Philistion=, a comic poet of Nicæa in the age of Socrates. _Martial_,
  bk. 2, ltr. 41.――――A physician of Locris. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 12.

=Philistus=, a musician of Miletus.――――A Syracusan, who, during his
  banishment from his native country, wrote a history of Sicily, in 12
  books, which was commended by some, though condemned for inaccuracy
  by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by
  Dionysius the younger, and he killed himself when overcome by the
  enemy, 356 B.C. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 13.

=Phillo=, an Arcadian maid, by whom Hercules had a son. The father,
  named Alcimedon, exposed his daughter, but she was saved by means
  of her lover, who was directed to the place where she was doomed to
  perish, by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated the plaintive
  cries of a child. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Philo=, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A.D. 40, sent as ambassador
  from his nation to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of
  which he wrote an entertaining account; and the emperor, who wished
  to be worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatisfaction with the
  Jews, because they refused to place his statues in their temples. He
  was so happy in his expressions, and elegant in his variety, that he
  has been called the Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on the
  sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, met with such unbounded
  applause in the Roman senate, where he read it publicly, that he was
  permitted to consecrate it in the public libraries. His works were
  divided into three parts, of which the first related to the creation
  of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, and in the third
  the author made mention of the laws and customs of the Jewish nation.
  The best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols., folio, London,
  1742.――――A man who fell in love with his daughter, called Proserpine,
  as she was bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus.――――A
  man who wrote an account of a journey to Arabia.――――A philosopher who
  followed the doctrines of Carneades, B.C. 100.――――Another philosopher
  of Athens, tutor to Cicero.――――A grammarian in the first century.
  ――――An architect of Byzantium, who flourished about three centuries
  before the christian era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships were
  drawn in safety, and protected from storms. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 1, ch. 14.――――A Greek christian writer, whose work was edited at
  Rome, 4to, 1772.――――A dialectic philosopher, 260 B.C.

=Philobœotus=, a mountain of Bœotia. _Plutarch._

=Philochorus=, a man who wrote a history of Athens in 17 books,
  a catalogue of the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He died
  B.C. 222.

=Philŏcles=, one of the admirals of the Athenian fleet, during the
  Peloponnesian war. He recommended to his countrymen to cut off the
  right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might
  be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the
  10 admirals except one; but their expectations were frustrated,
  and instead of being conquerors, they were totally defeated at
  Ægospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his countrymen,
  was put to death, and denied the honours of a burial. _Plutarch_,
  _Lysander_.――――A general of Ptolemy king of Egypt.――――A comic poet.
  ――――Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens.

=Philocrātes=, an Athenian, famous for his treachery, &c.――――A writer
  who published a history of Thessaly.――――A servant of Caius Gracchus.
  ――――A Greek orator.

=Philoctētes=, son of Pœan and Demonassa, was one of the Argonauts,
  according to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular
  friend of Hercules. He was present at the death of Hercules, and
  because he had erected the burning pile on which the hero was
  consumed, he received from him the arrows which had been dipped in
  the gall of the hydra, after he had bound himself by a solemn oath
  not to betray the place where his ashes were deposited. He had no
  sooner paid the last office to Hercules, than he returned to Melibœa,
  where his father reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, where he
  became one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like the
  rest of those princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and
  who had bound themselves to protect her from injury, he was called
  upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and he
  immediately set sail from Melibœa with seven ships, and repaired
  to Aulis, the general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He was
  here prevented from joining his countrymen, and the offensive smell
  which arose from a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the
  instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the camp, and he was
  accordingly carried to the island of Lemnos, or, as others say, to
  Chryse, where Phimachus the son of Dolophion was ordered to wait upon
  him. In this solitary retreat he was suffered to remain for some time,
  till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed
  by the oracle that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of
  Hercules, which were then in the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this
  Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, or, according to others, by Pyrrhus,
  was commissioned by the rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos,
  and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious siege.
  Philoctetes recollected the ill-treatment which he had received from
  the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not only
  refused to go to Troy, but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him
  to Melibœa. As he embarked, the manes of Hercules forbade him to
  proceed, but immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, where he
  should be cured of his wounds, and put an end to the war. Philoctetes
  obeyed, and after he had been restored to his former health by
  Æsculapius, or, according to some, by Machaon, or Podalirus, he
  destroyed an immense number of the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris
  the son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules. When by his valour
  Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling
  to visit his native country, he came to Italy, where, by the
  assistance of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to build a
  town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about
  the causes of the wound which Philoctetes received on the foot. The
  most ancient mythologists support that it was the bite of the serpent
  which Juno had sent to torment him, because he had attended Hercules
  in his last moments, and had buried his ashes. According to another
  opinion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged him to discover
  where the ashes of Hercules were deposited, and as he had made
  an oath not to mention the place, he only with his foot struck
  the ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he had not
  violated his solemn engagement. For this, however, he was soon after
  punished, and the fall of one of the poisoned arrows from his quiver
  upon the foot which had struck the ground, occasioned so offensive
  a wound, that the Greeks were obliged to remove him from their camp.
  The sufferings and adventures of Philoctetes are the subject of one
  of the best tragedies of Sophocles, _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 46.
  ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
  ――_Seneca_, _Hercules_.――_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.――_Quintus
  Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bks. 9 & 10.――_Hyginus_, fables 26, 97, & 102.
  ――_Diodorus_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 329;
  bk. 9, li. 234; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 2.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, ch. 2.――_Ptolemy_, _Hephæstion_, ch. 6.

=Philocyprus=, a prince of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice
  he changed the situation of a city, which in gratitude he called Soli.
  _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Philodamēa=, one of the Danaides, mother of Phares by Mercury.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Philodēmus=, a poet in the age of Cicero, who rendered himself known
  by his lascivious and indelicate verses. _Cicero_, _de Finibus
  Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 121.――――A
  comic poet, ridiculed by Aristophanes.

=Philodĭce=, a daughter of Inachus, who married Leucippus.

=Philolāus=, a son of Minos by the nymph Paria, from whom the island
  of Paros received its name. Hercules put him to death, because he
  had killed two of his companions. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A
  Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, B.C. 374, who first supported
  the diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and its annual motion
  round the sun. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 39, has ascribed
  this opinion to the Syracusan philosopher Nicetas, and likewise to
  Plato; and from this passage some supposed that Copernicus started
  the idea of the system which he afterwards established. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Plutarch._――――A lawgiver
  of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of the family of the
  Bacchiades, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_, final chapter.――――A
  mechanic of Tarentum.――――A surname of Æsculapius, who had a temple in
  Laconia, near the Asopus.

=Philolŏgus=, a freedman of Cicero. He betrayed his master to Antony,
  for which he was tortured by Pomponia the wife of Cicero’s brother,
  and obliged to cut off his own flesh by piece-meal, and to boil and
  eat it up. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.

=Philomăche=, the wife of Pelias king of Iolchos. According to some
  writers, she was daughter to Amphion king of Thebes, though she is
  more generally called Anaxibia daughter of Bias. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Philombrŏtus=, an archon at Athens, in whose age the state was
  entrusted to Solon, when torn by factions. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Philomēdus=, a man who made himself absolute in Phocæa, by promising
  to assist the inhabitants. _Polyænus._

=Phĭlŏmēla=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens, and sister to
  Procne, who had married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne separated from
  Philomela, to whom she was particularly attached, spent her time in
  great melancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens,
  and bring his sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his wife’s injunctions,
  but he had no sooner obtained Pandion’s permission to conduct
  Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, and resolved to
  gratify his passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions of
  Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, and he offered violence
  to Philomela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that she might not
  be able to discover his barbarity, and the indignities which she
  had suffered. He confined her also in a lonely castle, and after he
  had taken every precaution to prevent a discovery, he returned to
  Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela had died by the way, and
  that he had paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at this
  sad intelligence, put on mourning for the loss of Philomela; but a
  year had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly informed that her
  sister was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, described on
  a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and
  privately conveyed it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate the
  orgies of Bacchus when she received it; she disguised her resentment,
  and as, during the festivals of the god of wine, she was permitted to
  rove about the country, she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela
  from her confinement, and she concerted with her on the best measures
  of punishing the cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her son Itylus, who
  was in the sixth year of his age, and served him up as food before
  her husband during the festival. Tereus, in the midst of his repast,
  called for Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him that he was
  then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, by throwing
  on the table the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty
  of the scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and Philomela, but
  as he was going to stab them to the heart, he was changed into a
  hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and
  Itylus into a pheasant. This tragical scene happened at Daulis
  in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the whole of the
  story, are silent about the transformation; and the former observes
  that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to Megara, where he
  destroyed himself. The inhabitants of the place raised a monument to
  his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed small
  pebbles instead of barley. It was on this monument that the birds
  called hoopoes were first seen; hence the fable of his metamorphosis.
  Procne and Philomela died through excess of grief and melancholy, and
  as the nightingale’s and swallow’s voice is peculiarly plaintive and
  mournful, the poets have embellished the fable by supposing that the
  two unfortunate sisters were changed into birds. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 14.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable
  45.――_♦Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fables 9 & 10.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, lis. 15 & 511.――――A daughter of Actor
  king of the Myrmidons.

    ♦ ‘Stabo’ replaced with ‘Strabo’

=Philomēlum=, a town of Phrygia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,
  ltr. 20; _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Philomēlus=, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Delphi,
  and died B.C. 354. _See:_ Phocis.――――A rich musician. _Martial_,
  bk. 4, ltr. 5.

=Philon=, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 18.

=Philonides=, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis,
  160 miles, in nine hours, and returned the same journey in 15 hours.
  _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 71.

=Philonis=, a name of Chione daughter of Dædalion, made immortal by
  Diana.

=Philonoe=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda daughter of
  Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Iobates king of Lycia, who
  married Bellerophon. _Pliny_, bk. 2.

=Philonŏme=, a daughter of Nyctimus king of Arcadia, who threw into
  the Erymanthus two children whom she had by Mars. The children
  were preserved, and afterwards ascended their grandfather’s throne.
  _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.――――The second wife of Cycnus the son of
  Neptune. She became enamoured of Tennes, her husband’s son by his
  first wife Proclea the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to
  gratify her passion, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue.
  Cycnus believed the accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown into
  the sea, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.

=Philonŏmus=, a son of Electryon king of Mycenæ by Anaxo. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2.

=Philonus=, a village of Egypt. _Strabo._

=Philopător=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt. _See:_
  Ptolemæus.

=Philophron=, a general who, with 5000 soldiers, defended Pelusium
  against the Greeks who invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Philopœmen=, a celebrated general of the Achæan league, born at
  Megalopolis. His father’s name was Grangis. His education was begun
  and finished under Cassander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and he early
  distinguished himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond of
  agriculture and a country life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for a
  model, and he was not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence and the
  simplicity, the disinterestedness and activity, of this famous Theban.
  When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philopœmen, then in
  the 30th year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his valour
  and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and was present
  in the famous battle in which the Ætolians were defeated. Raised to
  the rank of chief commander, he showed his ability to discharge that
  important trust, by killing with his own hand Mechanidas the ♦tyrant
  of Sparta; and if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, he
  soon after repaired his losses by taking the capital of Laconia, B.C.
  188, and by abolishing the laws of ♠Lycurgus, which had flourished
  there for such a length of time. Sparta, after its conquest, became
  tributary to the Achæans, and Philopœmen enjoyed the triumph of
  having reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the most powerful
  of the cities of Greece. Some time after the Messenians revolted
  from the Achæan league, and Philopœmen, who headed the Achæans,
  unfortunately fell from his horse, and was dragged to the enemy’s
  camp. ♣Dinocrates the general of the Messenians treated him with
  great severity; he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink
  a dose of poison. When he received the cup from the hand of the
  executioner, Philopœmen asked him how his countrymen had behaved in
  the field of battle; and when he heard that they had obtained the
  victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, exclaiming that this was
  comfortable news. The death of Philopœmen, which happened about 183
  years before the christian era, in his 70th year, was universally
  lamented, and the Achæans, to revenge his fate, immediately marched
  to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed
  himself. The rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, where
  they were sacrificed; and the people of Megalopolis, to show further
  their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered
  on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to
  be celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised
  to his memory, which some of the Romans attempted to violate, and
  to destroy, to no purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philopœmen
  has been justly called by his countrymen the last of the Greeks.
  _Plutarch_, _ Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.――_Polybius._――――A
  native of Pergamus, who died B.C. 138.

    ♦ ‘tyant’ replaced with ‘tyrant’

    ♠ ‘Lyturgus’ replaced with ‘Lycurgus’

    ♣ ‘Dioncrates’ replaced with ‘Dinocrates’

=Phĭlostrătus=, a famous sophist born at Lemnos, or, according to some,
  at Athens. He came to Rome, where he lived under the patronage of
  Julia the wife of the emperor Severus, and he was entrusted by the
  empress with all the papers which contained some account or anecdotes
  of Apollonius Thyanæus, and he was ordered to review them, and with
  them to compile a history. The life of Apollonius is written with
  elegance, but the improbable accounts, the fabulous stories, and
  the exaggerated details which it gives, render it disgusting. There
  is, besides, another treatise remaining of his writings, &c. He died
  A.D. 244. The best edition of his writings is that of Olearius, folio,
  Lipscomb, 1709.――――His nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus,
  wrote an account of sophists.――――A philosopher in the reign of Nero.
  ――――Another in the age of Augustus.

=Philōtas=, a son of Parmenio, distinguished in the battles of
  Alexander, and at last accused of conspiring against his life. He was
  tortured and stoned to death, or, according to some, struck through
  with darts by the soldiers, B.C. 330. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.
  ――_Plutarch._――_Arrian._――――An officer in the army of Alexander.
  ――――Another, who was made master of Cilicia, after Alexander’s death.
  ――――A physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and
  the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. _Plutarch._

=Philotĕra=, the mother of Mylo, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Philotĭmus=, a freedman of Cicero. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.

=Philōtis=, a servant-maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from
  destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates
  assembled an army, under the command of Lucius Posthumius, and
  marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters
  in the city, as the conditions of peace. This extraordinary demand
  astonished the senators, and when they refused to comply, Philotis
  advised them to send all their female slaves disguised in matron’s
  clothes, and she offered to march herself at the head. Her advice was
  followed, and when the Fidenates had feasted late in the evening, and
  were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch
  as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The whole was
  successful, the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate, to reward
  the fidelity of the female slaves, permitted them to appear in the
  dress of the Roman matrons. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2.

=Philoxĕnus=, an officer of Alexander, who received Cilicia, at the
  general division of the provinces.――――A son of Ptolemy, who was given
  to Pelopidas as a hostage.――――A dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who
  enjoyed the favour of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily for some time, till
  he offended him by seducing one of his female singers. During his
  confinement, Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops,
  in which he had delineated the character of the tyrant under the
  name of Polyphemus, and represented his mistress under the name of
  Galatæa, and himself under that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond
  of writing poetry, and of being applauded, removed Philoxenus from
  his dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying
  things unworthy of himself, and applauding the wretched verses of
  Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. When he was
  asked his opinion at a feast about some verses which Dionysius had
  just repeated, and which the courtiers had received with the greatest
  applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that
  surrounded the tyrant’s table to take him back to the quarries.
  Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and with his firmness,
  and immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380
  years before Christ. _Plutarch._――――A celebrated musician of Ionia.
  ――――A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassander an excellent
  representation of the battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil
  to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 10.――――A philosopher, who wished
  to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his
  aliments longer, and with more pleasure. _Aristotle_, _Eudemian
  Ethics_, bk. 3.

=Philyllius=, a comic poet. _Athenæus._

=Phily̆ra=, one of the Oceanides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The
  god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a
  horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra by whom he had a son, half a
  man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving
  birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her
  nature. She was metamorphosed into the linden tree, called by her
  name among the Greeks. _Hyginus_, fable 138.――――The wife of Nauplius.

=Philyres=, a people near Pontus.

=Phily̆rĭdes=, a patronymic of Chiron the son of Philyra. _Ovid_, _Ars
  Amatoria_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.

=Phineus=, a son of Agenor king of Phœnicia, or, according to some, of
  Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or, as the greater part of the
  mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married Cleopatra the daughter
  of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and
  Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Idæa the daughter
  of Dardanus. Idæa, jealous of Cleopatra’s children, accused them of
  attempts upon their father’s life and crown, or, according to some,
  of attempts upon her virtue, and they were immediately condemned by
  Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after
  punished by the gods. Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpies
  were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil
  the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after
  delivered from these dangerous monsters by his brothers-in-law
  Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. He
  also recovered his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he had
  received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and
  speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of
  the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients,
  some supposing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his cruelty
  to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune,
  because he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to escape from
  Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it proceeded from his
  having rashly attempted to develop futurity, while others assert that
  Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their
  nephews. The second wife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia,
  Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. _Argonautica_,
  bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 19.――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._――――The brother
  of Cepheus king of Æthiopia. He was going to marry his niece
  Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be
  devoured by a sea monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune. She
  was, however, delivered by Perseus, who married her by the consent
  of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This marriage
  displeased Phineus; he interrupted the ceremony, and, with a number
  of attendants, attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus defended
  himself, and turned into stone Phineus and his companions, by showing
  them the Gorgon’s head. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fables 1 & 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 64.――――A son
  of Melas.――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.――――A son of Belus and
  Anchinoe.

=Phinta=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Phinthias=, a fountain where it is said nothing could sink. _Pliny_,
  bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Phintia=, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera. _Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.

=Phintias=, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and Phytias, a man famous
  for his unparalleled friendship for Damon. _See:_ Damon. _Cicero_,
  _de Officiis_, bk. 3, bk. 10; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
  ch. 22.――_Diodorus_, bk. 6.――――A tyrant of Agrigentum, B.C. 282.

=Phinto=, a small island between Sardinia and Corsica, now _Figo_.

=Phla=, a small island in the lake Tritonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 178.

=Phlegelas=, an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, who surrendered to
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 1.

=Phlegĕthon=, a river of hell, whose waters were _burning_, as the word
  φλεγεθω, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 550.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 532.
  ――_Seneca_, Thyestes _Hippolytus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,
  li. 564.

=Phlegias=, a man of Cyzicus when the Argonauts visited it, &c.
  _Flaccus._

=Phlegon=, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian’s
  freedmen. He wrote different treatises on the long-lived, on
  wonderful things, besides an historical account of Sicily, 16 books
  on the olympiads, an account of the principal places in Rome, three
  books of fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. His style was not
  elegant, and he wrote without judgment or precision. His works have
  been edited by Meursius, 4to, Leiden, 1620.――――One of the horses of
  the sun. The word signifies _burning_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.

=Phlegra=, or =Phlegræus Campus=, a place of Macedonia, afterwards
  called _Pallene_, where the giants attacked the gods and were
  defeated by Hercules. The combat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in
  a place of the same name near Cumæ. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 538;
  bk. 9, li. 305.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 151; bk. 12, li. 378; bk. 15, li. 532.
  ――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 196.

=Phlegyæ=, a people of Thessaly. Some authors place them in Bœotia.
  They received their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, with whom
  they plundered and burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them
  escaped to Phocis, where they settled. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 301.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Phlegyas=, a son of Mars by Chryse daughter of Halmus, was king of
  the Lapithæ in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Coronis, to whom
  Apollo offered violence. When the father heard that his daughter
  had been so wantonly abused, he marched an army against Delphi, and
  reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly resented.
  Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge stone
  hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alarms, by its
  appearance of falling every moment. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 3.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 87.――_Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid
  of Vergil_, bk. 6, li. 618.

=Phlias=, one of the Argonauts, son of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 12.

=Phliasia=, a country of Peloponnesus, near Sicyon, of which Phlius was
  the capital.

=Phlius=, (genitive, untis), a town in Peloponnesus, now _Staphlica_,
  in the territory of Sicyon.――――Another, in Elis.――――Another, in
  Argolis, now _Drepano_.

=Phlœus=, a surname of Bacchus, expressive of his youth and vigour.
  _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Convivales_, bk. 5, qu. 8.

=Phobētor=, one of the sons of Somnus, and his principal minister.
  His office was to assume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to
  inspire terror into the minds of men, as his name intimates (φοβεω).
  The other two ministers of Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.

=Phobos=, son of Mars, and god of terror among the ancients, was
  represented with a lion’s head, and sacrifices were offered to him
  to deprecate his appearance in armies. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.

=Phocæa=, now _Fochia_, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with
  two harbours, between Cumæ and Smyrna, founded by an Athenian colony.
  It received its name from Phocus the leader of the colony, or from
  _phocæ_, _sea calves_, which are found in great abundance in the
  neighbourhood. The inhabitants, called _Phocæi_ and _Phocæenses_,
  were expert mariners, and founded many cities in different parts of
  Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under
  his power, and they came after many adventures into Gaul, where they
  founded _Massilia_, now Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is often
  distinguished by the epithet of _Phocaica_, and its inhabitants
  called _Phocæenses_. Phocæa was declared independent by Pompey,
  and under the first emperors of Rome it became one of the most
  flourishing cities of Asia Minor. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 37, ch.
  31; bk. 38, ch. 39.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch.
  3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Horace_, epode
  16.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Phocenses= and =Phocĭci=, the inhabitants of Phocis in Greece.

=Phocilides=, a Greek poet and philosopher of Miletus, about 540
  years before the christian era. The poetical piece now extant called
  νουθετικον, and attributed to him, is not of his composition, but of
  another poet who lived in the reign of Adrian.

=Phocion=, an Athenian, celebrated for his virtues, private as well as
  public. He was educated in the school of Plato and Xenocrates, and as
  soon as he appeared among the statesmen of Athens, he distinguished
  himself by his prudence and moderation, his zeal for the public
  good, and his military abilities. He often checked the violent and
  inconsiderate measures of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians seemed
  eager to make war against Philip king of Macedonia, Phocion observed
  that war should never be undertaken without the strongest and most
  certain expectations of success and victory. When Philip endeavoured
  to make himself master of Eubœa, Phocion stopped his progress,
  and soon obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. During the time
  of his administration he was always inclined to peace, though he
  never suffered his countrymen to become indolent, and to forget the
  jealousy and rivalship of their neighbours. He was 45 times appointed
  governor of Athens, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his
  talents as a minister and statesman, than that he never solicited
  that high, though dangerous, office. In his rural retreat, or at
  the head of the Athenian armies, he always appeared barefooted, and
  without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had occasion to observe,
  when he saw him dressed more warmly than usual during a severe winter,
  that since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign of the most inclement
  weather. If he was the friend of temperance and discipline, he was
  not a less brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, as well as
  his son Alexander, attempted to bribe him, but to no purpose; and
  Phocion boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, and
  in deserving the appellation of _the Good_. It was through him that
  Greece was saved from an impending war, and he advised Alexander
  rather to turn his arms against Persia, than to shed the blood of
  the Greeks, who were either his allies or his subjects. Alexander
  was so sensible of his merit and of his integrity, that he sent him
  100 talents from the spoils which he had obtained from the Persians,
  but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to be bribed; and when
  the conqueror had attempted a second time to oblige him, and to
  conciliate his favour, by offering him the government and possession
  of five cities, the Athenian rejected the presents with the same
  indifference, and with the same independent mind. But not totally to
  despise the favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander to restore to
  their liberty four slaves that were confined in the citadel of Sardis.
  Antipater, who succeeded in the government of Macedonia after the
  death of Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous Athenian,
  but with the same success as his royal predecessor; and when a friend
  had observed to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the generous
  offers of his patrons, yet he should consider the good of his
  children, and accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied,
  that if his children were like him they could maintain themselves
  as well as their father had done, but if they behaved otherwise he
  declared that he was unwilling to leave them anything which might
  either supply their extravagancies, or encourage their debaucheries.
  But virtues like these could not long stand against the insolence
  and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When the Piræus was taken,
  Phocion was accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the public
  indignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent
  him back to Athens, where he was immediately condemned to drink the
  fatal poison. He received the indignities of the people with uncommon
  composure; and when one of his friends lamented his fate, Phocion
  exclaimed, “This is no more than what I expected; this treatment
  the most illustrious citizens of Athens have received before me.” He
  took the cup with the greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank the
  fatal draught, he prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade his
  friends to tell his son Phocus not to remember the indignities which
  his father had received from the Athenians. He died about 318 years
  before the christian era. His body was deprived of a funeral by order
  of the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was
  by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who placed this
  inscription over his bones: _Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth, the
  precious remains of a good man, till a better day restores them to
  the monument of their forefathers, when Athens shall be delivered of
  her frenzy, and shall be more wise_. It has been observed of Phocion,
  that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity,
  he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His
  countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he never behaved with
  severity; his expressions were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the
  age of 80 he appeared at the head of the Athenian armies like the
  most active officer, and to his prudence and cool valour in every
  period of life his citizens acknowledged themselves much indebted.
  His merits were not buried in oblivion; the Athenians repented of
  their ingratitude, and honoured his memory by raising him statues,
  and putting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. _Plutarch_ &
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Phocis=, a country of Greece, bounded on the east by Bœotia, and by
  Locris on the west. It originally extended from the bay of Corinth
  to the sea of Eubœa, and reached on the north as far as Thermopylæ,
  but its boundaries were afterwards more contracted. Phocis received
  its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who settled there. The
  inhabitants were called _Phocenses_, and from thence the epithet
  of _Phocicus_ was formed. Parnassus was the most celebrated of
  the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its towns.
  Phocis is rendered famous for a war which it maintained against
  some of the Grecian republics, and which has received the name of
  the _Phocian war_. This celebrated war originated in the following
  circumstances: ――When Philip king of Macedonia had, by his intrigues
  and well-concerted policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and
  disturbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks universally became
  discontented in their situation, fickle in their resolutions, and
  jealous of the prosperity of the neighbouring states. The Amphictyons,
  who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that time were
  subservient to the views of the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of
  the Phocians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, and, like the
  rest of their countrymen, were actuated by the same fears, the same
  jealousy and ambition. As the supporters of religion, they accused
  the Phocians of impiety for ploughing a small portion of land which
  belonged to the god of Delphi. They immediately commanded that the
  sacred field should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to expiate
  their crime, should pay a heavy fine to the community. The inability
  of the Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the Amphictyons to
  enforce their commands by violence, gave rise to new events. The
  people of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and the popularity
  of Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and when this ambitious
  ringleader had liberally contributed the great riches he possessed
  for the good of his countrymen, they resolved to oppose the
  Amphictyonic council by force of arms. He seized the rich temple
  of Delphi, and employed the treasures which it contained to raise a
  mercenary army. During two years hostilities were carried on between
  the Phocians and their enemies, the Thebans and the people of Locris,
  but no decisive battles were fought; and it can only be observed,
  that the Phocian prisoners were always put to an ignominious death,
  as guilty of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, a treatment
  which was liberally retaliated on such of the army of the Amphictyons
  as became the captives of the enemy. The defeat, however, and death
  of Philomelus for a while checked their successes; but the deceased
  general was soon succeeded in the command by his brother, called
  Onomarchus, his equal in boldness and ambition, and his superior in
  activity and enterprise. Onomarchus rendered his cause popular, the
  Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbouring states observed at
  least a strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor favoured his
  arms. Philip of Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was obliged
  to retire from the field with dishonour, but a more successful battle
  was fought near Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the head of
  his soldiers with laurel, and telling them that they fought in the
  cause of Delphi and heaven, obtained a complete victory. Onomarchus
  was slain, and his body exposed on a gibbet; 6000 shared his fate,
  and their bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy of funeral
  honours, and 3000 were taken alive. This fatal defeat, however,
  did not ruin the Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving brother of
  Philomelus, took the command of their armies, and doubling the pay
  of his soldiers, he increased his forces by the addition of 9000 men
  from Athens, Lacedæmon, and Achaia. But all this numerous force at
  last proved ineffectual; the treasures of the temple of Delphi, which
  had long defrayed the expenses of the war, began to fail; dissensions
  arose among the ringleaders of Phocis; and when Philip had crossed
  the straits of Thermopylæ, the Phocians, relying on his generosity,
  claimed his protection, and implored him to plead their cause before
  the Amphictyonic council. His feeble intercession was not attended
  with success, and the Thebans, the Locrians, and the Thessalians, who
  then composed the Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed that the
  Phocians should be deprived of the privilege of sending members among
  the Amphictyons. Their arms and their horses were to be sold, for the
  benefit of Apollo; they were to pay the annual sum of 60,000 talents
  till the temple of Delphi had been restored to its ancient splendour
  and opulence; their cities were to be dismantled, and reduced to
  distinct villages, which were to contain no more than 60 houses
  each, at the distance of a furlong from one another, and all the
  privileges and the immunities of which they were stripped, were to
  be conferred on Philip king of Macedonia, for his eminent services
  in the ♦prosecution of the Phocian war. The Macedonians were ordered
  to put these cruel commands into execution. The Phocians were unable
  to make resistance, and 10 years after they had undertaken the sacred
  war, they saw their country laid desolate, their walls demolished,
  and their cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their enemies,
  and the inflexible cruelty of the Macedonian soldiers, B.C. 348.
  They were not, however, long under this disgraceful sentence; their
  well-known valour and courage recommended them to favour, and they
  gradually regained their influence and consequence by the protection
  of the Athenians, and the favours of Philip. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.
  ――_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 15; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 276.――_Demosthenes._――_Justin_, bk. 8, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16,
  &c.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_, _Lysander_, _Pericles_, &c.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

    ♦ ‘prosetion’ replaced with ‘prosecution’

=Phocus=, son of Phocion, was dissolute in his manners and unworthy of
  the virtues of his great father. He was sent to Lacedæmon to imbibe
  there the principles of sobriety, of temperance, and frugality. He
  cruelly revenged the death of his father, whom the Athenians had put
  to death. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.――――A son
  of Æacus by Psamathe, killed by Telamon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.
  ――――A son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corinthians into Phocis.
  He cured Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married her,
  and by her became father of Panopeus and Crisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Phocylides=, an ancient poet. _See:_ Phocilides.

=Phœbas=, a name applied to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi.
  _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 128, &c.

=Phœbe=, a name given to Diana, or the moon, on account of the
  brightness of that luminary. She became, according to Apollodorus,
  mother of Asteria and Latona. _See:_ Diana.――――A daughter of
  Leucippus and Philodice, carried away, with her sister Hilaira,
  by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to marry one of the sons
  of Aphareus. _See:_ Leucippides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.

=Phœbeum=, a place near Sparta.

=Phœbĭdas=, a Lacedæmonian general sent by the Ephori to the assistance
  of the Macedonians against the Thracians. He seized the citadel
  of Thebes; but though he was disgraced and banished from the
  Lacedæmonian army for this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen
  kept possession of the town. He died B.C. 377. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Pelopidas_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c.

=Phœbigĕna=, a surname of Æsculapius, &c., as being descended from
  Phœbus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, ♦bk. 7, li. 773.

    ♦ book reference omitted in text

=Phœbus=, a name given to Apollo, or the sun. This word expresses the
  brightness and splendour of that luminary (φοιβος). _See:_ Apollo.

=Phœmos=, a lake of Arcadia.

=Phœnīce=, or =Phœnīcia=, a country of Asia, at the east of the
  Mediterranean, whose boundaries have been different in different
  ages. Some suppose that the names of Phœnicia, Syria, and Palestine
  are indiscriminately used for one and the same country. Phœnicia,
  according to Ptolemy, extended on the north as far as the Eleutherus,
  a small river which falls into the Mediterranean sea, a little below
  the island of Aradus, and it had Pelusium or the territories of Egypt
  as its more southern boundary, and Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre
  were the most capital towns of the country. The inhabitants were
  naturally industrious; the invention of letters is attributed to them,
  and commerce and navigation were among them in the most flourishing
  state. They planted colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean,
  particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica; and their
  manufactures acquired such a superiority over those of other nations,
  that among the ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleasing,
  either in apparel, or domestic utensils, received the epithet of
  _Sidonian_. The Phœnicians were originally governed by kings. They
  were subdued by the Persians, and afterwards by Alexander, and
  remained tributary to his successors and to the Romans. They were
  called Phœnicians, from Phœnix son of Agenor, who was one of their
  kings, or, according to others, from the great number of _palm trees_
  (θοινικες) which grow in the neighbourhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 42; bk. 5, ch. 58.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 829.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 5, ch. 12.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 104; bk. 14, li. 345; bk. 15, li. 288.

=Phœnīce=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 12.

=Phœnīcia.= _See:_, Phœnice.

=Phœnīcus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Another in Lycia, called also
  _Olympus_, with a town of the same name.――――A port of Erythræ. _Livy_,
  bk. 56, ch. 45.

=Phœnicŭsa=, now _Felicudi_, one of the Æolian islands.

=Phœnissa=, a patronymic given to Dido, as a native of Phœnicia.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 529.

=Phœnix=, son of Amyntor king of Argos by Cleobule, or Hippodamia,
  was preceptor to young Achilles. When his father proved faithless to
  his wife, on account of his fondness for a concubine called Clytia,
  Cleobule, jealous of her husband, persuaded her son Phœnix to
  ingratiate himself into the favours of his father’s mistress. Phœnix
  easily succeeded, but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew
  a curse upon him, and the son was soon after deprived of his sight
  by divine vengeance. According to some, Amyntor himself put out the
  eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked him, that he meditated
  the death of his father. Reason and piety, however, prevailed over
  passion, and Phœnix, not to become a parricide, fled from Argos
  to the court of Peleus king of Phthia. Here he was treated with
  tenderness. Peleus carried him to Chiron, who restored to him his
  eyesight, and soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, his
  benefactor’s son. He was also presented with the government of many
  cities, and made king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil to
  the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever grateful for the instructions
  and precepts which he had received from Phœnix. After the death of
  Achilles, Phœnix, with others, was commissioned by the Greeks to
  return to Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. This commission
  he performed with success, and after the fall of Troy, he returned
  with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was buried at Æon, or, according
  to Strabo, near Trachinia, where a small river in the neighbourhood
  received the name of Phœnix. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 9, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 259.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 762.――――A son of Agenor, by a nymph
  who was called Telephassa, according to Apollodorus and Moschus, or,
  according to others, Epimedusa, Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like
  his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in pursuit of his
  sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away under the form of a bull,
  and when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he settled in a country
  which, according to some, was from him called _Phœnicia_. From him,
  as some suppose, the Carthaginians were called _Pœni_. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fable 178.――――The father of Adonis, according
  to Hesiod.――――A Theban, delivered to Alexander, &c.――――A native of
  Tenedos, who was an officer in the service of Eumenes.

=Pholoe=, one of the horses of Admetus.――――A mountain of Arcadia, near
  Pisa. It received its name from Pholus the friend of Hercules, who
  was buried there. It is often confounded with another of the same
  name in Thessaly, near mount Othrys. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 388; bk. 7, li. 449.――_Ovid_, bk. 2,
  _Fasti_, li. 273.――――A female servant, of Cretan origin, given with
  her two sons to Sergestus by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 285.
  ――――A courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 7.

=Pholus=, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus and Melia, or, according
  to others, of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules
  when he was going against the boar of Erymanthus, but he refused
  to give him wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest of the
  Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, broke the cask and
  drank the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the
  neighbourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them when
  they forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, and killed the
  greatest part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he
  mortally wounded himself with one of the arrows which were poisoned
  with the venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to extract
  from the body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure him,
  buried him when dead, and called the mountain where his remains were
  deposited by the name of _Pholoe_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 456; _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 294.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――_Lucan_, bks. 3, 6 &
  7.――_Statius Thebaid_, bk. 2.――――One of the friends of Æneas, killed
  by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 341.

=Phorbas=, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed during the Trojan
  war by Menelaus. The god Somnus borrowed his features when he
  deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the sea near the coast of
  Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 842.――――A son of Lapithus, who
  married Hyrmine the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor. Pelops,
  according to Diodorus, shared his kingdom with Phorbas, who also,
  says the same historian, established himself at Rhodes, at the head
  of a colony from Elis and Thessaly, by order of the oracle, which
  promised, by his means only, deliverance from the numerous serpents
  which infested the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 1.――――A shepherd of Polybus king of Corinth.――――A man who profaned
  Apollo’s temple, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 414.――――A
  king of Argos.――――A native of Cyrene, son of Methion, killed by
  Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.

=Phorcus=, or =Phorcys=, a sea deity, son of Pontus and Terra, who
  married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon
  that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and other monsters. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_.――_Apollodorus._――――One of the auxiliaries of Priam,
  killed by Ajax during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.――――A
  man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 328.

=Phormio=, an Athenian general, whose father’s name was Asopicus. He
  impoverished himself to maintain and support the dignity of his army.
  His debts were some time after paid by the Athenians, who wished to
  make him their general, an office which he refused, while he had so
  many debts, observing that it was unbecoming an officer to be at the
  head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer than the meanest of
  his soldiers.――――A general of Crotona.――――A peripatetic philosopher
  of Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an officer,
  and a military profession. The philosopher was himself ignorant of
  the subject which he treated, upon which Hannibal the Great, who
  was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had seen many doting old
  men, but never one worse than Phormio. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 2.――――An Athenian archon.――――A disciple of Plato, chosen by the
  people of Elis to make a reformation in their government and their
  jurisprudence.

=Phormis=, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gelon
  and Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to
  Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so much resembled nature,
  that horses came near it, as if it had been alive. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,
  ch. 27.

=Phŏrōneus=, the god of a river of Peloponnesus of the same name. He
  was son of the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the second king
  of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had
  Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman
  of whom Jupiter became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his subjects the
  utility of laws, and the advantages of a social life and of friendly
  intercourse, whence the inhabitants of Argolis are often called
  _Phoronæi_. Pausanias relates that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus,
  Asterion, and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between
  Neptune and Juno, concerning their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno
  gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of resentment,
  dried up all the four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He
  afterwards restored them to their dignity and consequence. Phoroneus
  was the first who raised a temple to Juno. He received divine honours
  after death. His temple still existed at Argos, under Antoninus the
  Roman emperor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 143.

=Phorōnis=, a patronymic of Io the sister of Phoroneus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 625.

=Phorōnium=, a town of Argolis, built by Phoroneus.

=Photīnus=, a eunuch who was prime minister to Ptolemy king of Egypt.
  When Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of
  Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to receive him, but to
  put him to death. His advice was strictly followed. Julius Cæsar some
  time after visited Egypt, and Photinus raised seditions against him,
  for which he was put to death. When Cæsar triumphed over Egypt and
  Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and of some of the Egyptians,
  were carried in the procession at Rome. _Plutarch._

=Photius=, a son of Antonina, who betrayed to Belisarius his wife’s
  debaucheries.――――A patrician in Justinian’s reign.

=Phoxus=, a general of the Phocæans, who burnt Lampsacus, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 8.――――A tyrant of Chalcis, banished by his subjects,
  &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Phraates I.=, a king of Parthia, who succeeded Arsaces III., called
  also Phriapatius. He made war against Antiochus king of Syria, and
  was defeated in three successive battles. He left many children
  behind him, but as they were all too young, and unable to succeed
  to the throne, he appointed his brother Mithridates king, of whose
  abilities and military prudence he had often been a spectator.
  _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.

=Phraates II.=, succeeded his father Mithridates as king of Parthia;
  and made war against the Scythians, whom he called to his assistance
  against Antiochus king of Syria, and whom he refused to pay, on
  the pretence that they came too late. He was murdered by some Greek
  mercenaries, who had been once his captives, and who had enlisted in
  his army, B.C. 129. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Phraates III.=, succeeded his father Pacorus on the throne of Parthia,
  and gave one of his daughters in marriage to Tigranes the son of
  Tigranes king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded the kingdom of
  Armenia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne of his father.
  His expedition was attended with ill success. He renewed a treaty
  of alliance which his father had made with the Romans. At his return
  in Parthia, he was assassinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates.
  _Justin._

=Phraates IV.=, was nominated king of Parthia by his father Orodes,
  whom he soon after murdered, as also his own brothers. He made war
  against Marcus Antony with great success, and obliged him to retire
  with much loss. Some time after he was dethroned by the Parthian
  nobility, but he soon regained his power, and drove away the usurper,
  called Tiridates. The usurper claimed the protection of Augustus the
  Roman emperor, and Phraates sent ambassadors to Rome to plead his
  cause, and gain the favour of his powerful judge. He was successful
  in his embassy: he made a treaty of peace and alliance with the Roman
  emperor, restored the ensigns and standards which the Parthians had
  taken from Crassus and Antony, and gave up his four sons with their
  wives as hostages, till his engagements were performed. Some suppose
  that Phraates delivered his children into the hands of Augustus to
  be confined at Rome, that he might reign with greater security, as he
  knew his subjects would revolt as soon as they found any one of his
  family inclined to countenance their rebellion, though at the same
  time they scorned to support the interest of any usurper who was not
  of the royal house of the Arsacidæ. He was, however, at last murdered
  by one of his concubines, who placed her son called Phraatices on the
  throne. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 5.
  ――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 32.

=Phraates=, a prince of Parthia in the reign of Tiberius.――――A satrap
  of Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 42.

=Phraatices=, a son of Phraates IV. He, with his mother, murdered
  his father, and took possession of the vacant throne. His reign
  was short; he was deposed by his subjects, whom he had offended
  by cruelty, avarice, and oppression.

=Phradates=, an officer in the army of Darius at the battle of Arbela.

=Phragrandæ=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25.

=Phrahates=, the same as Phraates. _See:_ Phraates.

=Phranicates=, a general of the Parthian armies, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Phraortes=, succeeded his father Deioces on the throne of Media. He
  made war against the neighbouring nations, and conquered the greatest
  part of Asia. He was defeated and killed in a battle by the Assyrians,
  after a reign of 22 years, B.C. 625. His son Cyaxares succeeded him.
  It is supposed that the Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes.
  _Pausanias._――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 102.――――A king of India,
  remarkable for his frugality. _Philostratus._

=Phrasĭcles=, a nephew of Themistocles, whose daughter Nicomacha he
  married. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.

=Phrasimus=, the father of Praxithea. _Apollodorus._

=Phrasius=, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed on an altar by Busiris
  king of Egypt.

=Phrataphernes=, a general of the Massagetæ, who surrendered to
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8.――――A satrap who, after the death of
  Darius, fled to Hyrcania, &c. _Curtius._

=Phriapatius=, a king of Parthia, who flourished B.C. 195.

=Phricium=, a town near Thermopylæ. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13.

=Phrixus=, a river of Argolis. There is also a small town of that name
  in Elis, built by the Minyæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 148.

=Phronĭma=, a daughter of Etearchus king of Crete. She was delivered to
  a servant to be thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at the
  instigation of his second wife. The servant was unwilling to murder
  the child, but as he was bound by an oath to throw her into the
  sea, he accordingly let her down into the water by a rope, and took
  her out again unhurt. Phronima was afterwards in the number of the
  concubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became mother of Battus the
  founder of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154.

=Phrontis=, son of Onetor, pilot of the ship of Menelaus, after the
  Trojan war, was killed by Apollo just as the ship reached Sunium.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 282.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.
  ――――One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Phruri=, a Scythian nation.

=Phryges=, a river of Asia Minor, dividing Phrygia from Caria, and
  falling into the Hermus. _Pausanias._

=Phrygia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into Phrygia
  Major and Minor. Its boundaries are not properly or accurately
  defined by ancient authors, though it appears that it was situate
  between Bithynia, Lydia, Cappadocia and Caria. It received its
  name from the _Bryges_, a nation of Thrace, or Macedonia, who came
  to settle there, and from their name, by corruption, arose the
  word _Phrygia_. Cybele was the chief deity of the country, and
  her festivals were observed with the greatest solemnity. The most
  remarkable towns, besides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapolis, and Synnada.
  The invention of the pipe of reeds, and of all sorts of needlework,
  is attributed to the inhabitants, who are represented by some authors
  as stubborn, but yielding to correction (hence _Phryx verberatus
  melior_), as imprudent, effeminate, servile, and voluptuous; and to
  this _Virgil_ seems to allude. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 617. The Phrygians,
  like all other nations, were called barbarians by the Greeks; their
  music (_Phrygii cantus_) was of a grave and solemn nature, when
  opposed to the brisker and more cheerful Lydian airs. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 2, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 429, &c.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 18.
  ――_Flaccus_, bk. 27.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 1, ch. 50.――_Pliny_, bk. 1,
  ch. 4.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.――――A city of Thrace.

=Phryne=, a celebrated prostitute who flourished at Athens about 328
  years before the christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, who
  drew her picture. _See:_ Praxiteles. This was one of his best pieces,
  and it was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is said that
  Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the
  sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich
  by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at her
  own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had destroyed, provided this
  inscription was placed on the walls: _Alexander diruit, sed meretrix
  Phryne refecit_. This was refused. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――There
  was also another of the same name who was accused of impiety. When
  she saw that she was going to be condemned, she unveiled her bosom,
  which so influenced her judges, that she was immediately acquitted.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 15.

=Phrynĭcus=, a general of Samos, who endeavoured to betray his country
  to the Athenians, &c.――――A flatterer at Athens.――――A tragic poet of
  Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was the first who introduced a female
  character on the stage. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A comic poet.

=Phrynis=, a musician of Mitylene, the first who obtained a musical
  prize at the Panathenæa at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre,
  which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, B.C.
  438. It is said that he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero
  king of Sicily.――――A writer in the reign of Commodus, who made a
  collection, in 36 books, of phrases and sentences from the best Greek
  authors, &c.

=Phryno=, a celebrated general of Athens, who died B.C. 590.

=Phryxus=, a son of ♦Athamas king of Thebes by Nephele. After the
  repudiation of his mother, he was persecuted with the most inveterate
  fury by his stepmother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne
  of Athamas, in preference to the children of a second wife. He was
  apprised of Ino’s intentions upon his life by his mother Nephele,
  or, according to others, by his preceptor; and the better to make his
  escape, he secured part of his father’s treasures, and privately left
  Bœotia, with his sister Helle, to go to their friend and relation
  Æetes king of Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or, according
  to the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted
  on the back of a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their
  journey through the air. The height to which they were carried made
  Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a decent
  burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont
  from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the
  kingdom of Æetes, where he offered the ram on the altars of Mars.
  The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him his
  daughter Chalciope in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Melias,
  Argos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Catis, Lorus, and Hellen.
  Some time after he was murdered by his father-in-law, who envied
  him the possession of the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent
  her children from sharing their father’s fate, sent them privately
  from Colchis to Bœotia, as nothing was to be dreaded there from the
  jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the
  flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained by some, who
  observe that the ship on which he embarked was either called by that
  name, or carried on her prow the figure of that animal. The fleece of
  gold is explained by recollecting that Phryxus carried away immense
  treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed among the constellations
  of heaven after death. The ram which carried him to Asia is said to
  have been the fruit of Neptune’s amour with Theophane the daughter of
  Altis. This ram had been given to Athamas by the gods, to reward his
  piety and religious life, and Nephele procured it for her children,
  just as they were going to be sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino.
  The murder of Phryxus was some time after amply revenged by the
  Greeks. It gave rise to a celebrated expedition which was achieved
  under Jason and many of the princes of Greece, and which had for its
  object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the
  king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 4.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.――_Apollodorus_, _Argonautica_.
  ――_Orpheus._――_Flaccus._――_Strabo._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 188, &c.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.――――A small
  river of Argolis.

    ♦ ‘Athmas’ replaced with ‘Athamas’

=Phthia=, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of mount Othrys in Thessaly,
  where Achilles was born, and from which he is often called _Phthius
  heros_. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
  13, li. 156.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 14, li.
  38.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――A nymph
  of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce her, disguised himself
  under the shape of a pigeon. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.
  ――――A daughter of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Diana. _Apollodorus._

=Phthiōtis=, a small province of Thessaly, between the Pelasgicus sinus,
  and the Maliacus sinus, Magnesia, and mount Œta. It was also called
  Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.

=Phya=, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, whom Pisistratus, when
  he wished to re-establish himself a third time in his tyranny,
  dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a chariot,
  making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore
  him to power. The artifice succeeded. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59.
  ――_Polyænus_, bk. 1, ch. 40.

=Phycus= (untis), a promontory near Cyrene, now called _Ras-al-sem_.
  _Lucan_, bk. 9.

=Phylăce=, a town of Thessaly, built by Phylacus. Protesilaus reigned
  there, from whence he is often called _Phylacides_. _Lucan_, bk. 6,
  li. 252.――――A town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.――――A town
  of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Phylăcus=, a son of Deion king of Phocis. He married Clymene the
  daughter of Mynias, and founded Phylace. _Apollodorus._

=Phylarchus=, a Greek biographer, who flourished B.C. 221. He was
  accused of partiality by _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.

=Phylas=, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus and grandson of Hercules.

=Phyle=, a well-fortified village of Attica, at a little distance from
  Athens. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Thrasybulus._

=Phyleis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._

=Phylēus=, one of the Greek captains during the Trojan war.――――A son of
  Augeas. He blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules what he had
  promised him for cleaning his stables. He was placed on his father’s
  throne by Hercules.

=Phylĭra.= _See:_ Philyra.

=Phylla=, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and mother of Stratonice
  the wife of Seleucus.

=Phyllalia=, a part of Arcadia.――――A place in Thessaly.

=Phylleius=, a mountain, country, and town of Macedonia. _Apollonius_,
  _Argonautica_, bk. 1.

=Phyllis=, a daughter of Sithon, or, according to others, of Lycurgus
  king of Thrace, who hospitably received Demophoon the son of Theseus,
  who, at his return from the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts.
  She became enamoured of him, and did not find him insensible to
  her passion. After some months of mutual tenderness and affection,
  Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs recalled
  him. He promised faithfully to return as soon as a month was expired;
  but either his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation
  of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engagement, and the
  queen, grown desperate on account of his absence, hanged herself,
  or, according to others, threw herself down a precipice into the
  sea, and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where
  there grew up certain trees, whose leaves at a particular season of
  the year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death
  of Phyllis. According to an old tradition mentioned by Servius,
  Virgil’s commentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond
  tree, which is called _Phylla_ by the Greeks. Some days after this
  metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the
  fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that
  time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth and blossomed, as if
  still sensible of tenderness and love. The absence of Demophoon from
  the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid,
  supposed to have been written by the Thracian queen, about the fourth
  month after her lover’s departure. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2; _De
  Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 353; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 437.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 59.――――A country woman introduced in Virgil’s eclogues.――――The
  nurse of the emperor Domitian. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 17.――――A
  country of Thrace, near mount Pangæus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 13.

=Phyllius=, a young Bœotian, uncommonly fond of Cygnus the son of Hyria,
  a woman of Bœotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told him that, to
  obtain a return of affection, he must previously destroy an enormous
  lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter’s
  altars a wild bull that infested the country. This he easily effected
  by means of artifice, and by the advice of Hercules he forgot his
  partiality for the son of Hyria. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li.
  372.――_Nicander_, _Heteroeumena_, bk. 3.――――A Spartan remarkable for
  the courage with which he fought against Pyrrhus king of Epirus.

=Phyllŏdŏce=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 4, li. 336.

=Phyllos=, a country of Arcadia.――――A town of Thessaly near Larissa,
  where Apollo had a temple.

=Phyllus=, a general of Phocis during the Phocian or sacred war against
  the Thebans. He had assumed the command after the death of his
  brothers Philomelus and Onomarchus. He is called by some Phayllus.
  _See:_ Phocis.

=Physcella=, a town of Macedonia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Physcion=, a famous rock of Bœotia, which was the residence of the
  Sphinx, and against which the monster destroyed himself, when his
  enigmas were explained by Œdipus. _Plutarch._

=Physcoa=, a woman of Elis, mother of Narcæus by Bacchus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Physcon=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, from the
  great prominency of his belly (φνοκη, _venter_). _Athenæus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 23.

=Physcos=, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Physcus=, a river of Asia falling into the Tigris. The 10,000 Greeks
  crossed it on their return from Cunaxa.

=Phytălĭdes=, the descendants of Phytalus, a man who hospitably
  received and entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. _Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.

=Phyton=, a general of the people of Rhegium, against Dionysius the
  tyrant of Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and tortured, B.C. 387,
  and his son was thrown into the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Phyxium=, a town of Elis.

=Pia=, or =Pialia=, festivals instituted in honour of Adrian, by the
  Emperor Antoninus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second
  year of the Olympiads.

=Piăsus=, a general of the Pelasgi. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Picēni=, the inhabitants of Picenum, called also _Picentes_. They
  received their name from _picus_, a bird by whose auspices they had
  settled in that part of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 425.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Picentia=, the capital of the Picentini.

=Picentīni=, a people of Italy between Lucania and Campania on the
  Tuscan sea. They are different from the Piceni or Picentes, who
  inhabited Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 450.――_Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 62.

=Picēnum=, or =Picēnus ager=, a country of Italy near the Umbrians
  and Sabines, on the borders of the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6;
  bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 313.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 272.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 44.

=Picra=, a lake of Africa, which Alexander crossed when he went to
  consult the oracle of Ammon. _Diodorus._

=Pictæ=, or =Picti=, a people of Scythia, called also _Agathyrsæ_. They
  received this name from their painting their bodies with different
  colours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of their enemies.
  A colony of these, according to Servius, Virgil’s commentator,
  emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, where they still
  preserved their name and their savage manners, but they are mentioned
  only by later writers. _Marcellinus_, bk. 27, ch. 18.――_Claudian_,
  _de Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Pictāvi=, or =Pictŏnes=, a people of Gaul in the modern country of
  _Poictou_. _Cæsar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 4.

=Pictăvium=, a town of Gaul.

=Fabius Pictor=, a consul under whom silver was first coined at Rome,
  A.U.C. 485.

=Picumnus= and =Pilumnus=, two deities at Rome, who presided over
  the auspices that were required before the celebration of nuptials.
  Pilumnus was supposed to patronize children, as his name seems, in
  some manner, to indicate, _quod pellat mala infantiæ_. The manuring
  of lands was first invented by Picumnus, from which reason he is
  called _Sterquilinius_. Pilumnus is also invoked as the god of bakers
  and millers, as he is said to have first invented how to grind corn.
  Turnus boasted of being one of his lineal descendants. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 4.――_Varro._

=Picus=, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who married Venilia, who is
  also called Canens, by whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved by
  the goddess Pomona, and he returned a mutual affection. As he was
  one day hunting in the woods, he was met by Circe, who became deeply
  enamoured of him, and who changed him into a woodpecker, called
  by the name of _picus_ among the Latins. His wife Venilia was so
  disconsolate when she was informed of his death, that she pined away.
  Some suppose that Picus was the son of Pilumnus, and that he gave out
  prophecies to his subjects, by means of a favourite woodpecker, from
  which circumstance originated the fable of his being metamorphosed
  into a bird. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, lis. 48, 171, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 320, &c.

=Pidorus=, a town near mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122.

=Pidytes=, a man killed by Ulysses during the Trojan war.

=Piĕlus=, a son of Neoptolemus king of Epirus, after his father.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.

=Pĭĕra=, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between Elis and Olympia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 16.

=Piĕria=, a small tract of country in Thessaly or Macedonia, from which
  the epithet of _Pierian_ was applied to the Muses, and to poetical
  compositions. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 88, li. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode
  8, li. 20.――――A place between Cilicia and Syria.――――One of the wives
  of Danaus, mother of six daughters, called Actea, Podarce, Dioxippe,
  Adyte, Ocypete, and Pilarge. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――――The wife of
  Oxylus the son of Hæmon, and mother of Ætolus and Laias. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 3.――――The daughter of Pythas, a Milesian, &c.

=Piĕrĭdes=, a name given to the Muses, either because they were born
  in Pieria, in Thessaly, or because they were supposed by some to be
  the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in Bœotia.
  ――――Also the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial
  in music, in which they were conquered, and changed into magpies. It
  may perhaps be supposed that the victorious Muses assumed the name
  of the conquered daughters of Pierus, and ordered themselves to be
  called Pierides, in the same manner as Minerva was called Pallas
  because she had killed the giant Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 300.

=Piĕris=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.

=Piĕrus=, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to the Muses, who were from
  thence, as some imagine, called _Pierides_.――――A rich man of Thessaly,
  whose nine daughters, called Pierides, challenged the Muses, and were
  changed into magpies when conquered. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.――――A
  river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus.――――A town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 21.――――A mountain with a lake of the same name in
  Macedonia.

=Piĕtas=, a virtue which denotes veneration for the deity, and love
  and tenderness to our friends. It received divine honours among the
  Romans, and was made one of their gods. Acilius Glabrio first erected
  a temple to this new divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed with
  her own milk her aged father, who had been imprisoned by the order of
  the senate, and deprived of all aliments. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,
  bk. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 36.

=Pigres= and =Mattyas=, two brothers, &c. _Herodotus._――――The name of
  three rivers.

=Pigrum mare=, a name applied to the Northern sea, from its being
  frozen. The word _Pigra_ is applied to the Palus Mœotis. _Ovid_, bk.
  4, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 10, li. 61.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.――_Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 45.

=Pilumnus=, the god of bakers at Rome. _See:_ Picumnus.

=Pimpla=, a mountain of Macedonia, with a fountain of the same name,
  on the confines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, who
  on that account are often called _Pimpleæ_ and _Pimpleades_. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, ode 26, li. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 11,
  li. 3.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 4, li. 26; _Sylvæ_, poem 2,
  li. 36.

=Pimprana=, a town on the Indus. _Arrian._

=Pinăre=, an island of the Ægean sea.――――A town of Syria, at the south
  of mount Amanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――――Of Lycia. _Strabo_,
  bk. 14.

=Pinārius= and =Potitius=, two old men of Arcadia, who came with
  Evander to Italy. They were instructed by Hercules, who visited the
  court of Evander, how they were to offer sacrifices to his divinity,
  in the morning, and in the evening, immediately at sunset. The
  morning sacrifice they punctually performed, but on the evening
  Potitius was obliged to offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius
  neglected to come till after the appointed time. This negligence
  offended Hercules, and he ordered that for the future Pinarius and
  his descendants should preside over the sacrifices, but that Potitius,
  with his posterity, should wait upon the priests as servants, when
  the sacrifices were annually offered to him on mount Aventine.
  This was religiously observed till the age of Appius Claudius,
  who persuaded the Potitii, by a large bribe, to discontinue their
  sacred office, and to have the ceremony performed by slaves. For this
  negligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Potitii were deprived
  of sight, and the family became a little time after totally extinct.
  _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 269, &c.
  ――_Victor_, _de Origo Gentis Romanæ_, ch. 8.

=Marcus Pinārius Rusca=, a pretor, who conquered Sardinia, and defeated
  the Corsicans. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.

=Pinarus=, or =Pindus=, now _Delifou_, a river falling into the sea
  near Issus, after flowing between Cilicia and Syria. _Dionysius
  Periegeta._

=Pincum=, a town of Mœsia Superior, now _Gradisca_.

=Pindărus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Thebes. He was carefully trained
  from his earliest years to the study of music and poetry, and he was
  taught how to compose verses with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis
  and Corinna. When he was young, it is said that a swarm of bees
  settled on his lips, and there left some honeycombs as he reposed
  on the grass. This was universally explained as a prognostic of
  his future greatness and celebrity, and indeed he seemed entitled
  to notice when he had conquered Myrtis in a musical conquest. He
  was not, however, so successful against Corinna, who obtained five
  times, while he was competitor, a poetical prize, which, according
  to some, was adjudged rather to the charms of her person, than to the
  brilliancy of her genius, or the superiority of her composition. In
  the public assemblies of Greece, where females were not permitted to
  contend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, in preference to every
  other competitor; and as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject
  of his compositions, the poet was courted by statesmen and princes.
  His hymns and pæans were repeated before the most crowded assemblies
  in the temples of Greece; and the priestess of Delphi declared that
  it was the will of Apollo that Pindar should receive the half of all
  the first fruit offerings that were annually heaped on his altars.
  This was not the only public honour which he received; after his
  death, he was honoured with every mark of respect, even to adoration.
  His statue was erected at Thebes in the public place where the games
  were exhibited, and six centuries after it was viewed with pleasure
  and admiration by the geographer Pausanias. The honours which had
  been paid to him while alive, were also shared by his posterity; and
  at the celebration of one of the festivals of the Greeks, a portion
  of the victim which had been offered in sacrifice, was reserved for
  the descendants of the poet. Even the most inveterate enemies of the
  Thebans showed regard for his memory, and the Spartans spared the
  house which the prince of Lyrics had inhabited, when they destroyed
  the houses and the walls of Thebes. The same respect was also paid
  him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was reduced to ashes. It
  is said that Pindar died at the advanced age of 86, B.C. 435. The
  greatest part of his works have perished. He had written some hymns
  to the gods, poems in honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and
  odes on several victories obtained at the four greatest festivals
  of the Greeks, the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games.
  Of all these, the odes are the only compositions extant, admired
  for sublimity of sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy and
  magnificence of style, boldness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, and
  elegance of diction. In these odes, which were repeated with the aid
  of musical instruments, and accompanied by the various inflections
  of the voice, with suitable attitudes and proper motions of the body,
  the poet has not merely celebrated the place where the victory was
  won, but has introduced beautiful episodes, and by unfolding the
  greatness of his heroes, the dignity of their characters, and the
  glory of the several republics where they flourished, he has rendered
  the whole truly beautiful and in the highest degree interesting.
  Horace has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and this
  panegyric will not perhaps appear too offensive when we recollect
  that succeeding critics have agreed in extolling his beauties, his
  excellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm of his genius. He has
  been censured for his affectation in composing an ode from which the
  letter S was excluded. The best editions of Pindar are those of Heyne,
  4to, Gottingen, 1773; of Glasgow, 12mo, 1774; and of Schmidius, 4to,
  Witteberg, 1616. _Athenæus._――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Horace_,
  bk. 4, ode 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_.――_Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――――A tyrant of Ephesus, who
  killed his master at his own request, after the battle of Philippi.
  _Plutarch._――――A Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on the Trojan war.

=Pindăsus=, a mountain of Troas.

=Pindenissus=, a town of Cilicia, on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when
  proconsul in Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. _Cicero_,
  _For Marcus Cælius_; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.

=Pindus=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, between Thessaly,
  Macedonia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sacred to
  the Muses and to Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 570.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 18.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 1,
  li. 674; bk. 6, li. 339.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A town of Doris
  in Greece, called also Cyphas. It was watered by a small river of
  the same name which falls into the Cephisus, near Lilæa. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 56.

=Pingus=, a river of Mœsia, falling into the Danube. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 26.

=Pinna=, a town of Italy at the mouth of the Matrinus, south of Picenum.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.

=Pinthias.= _See:_ Phinthias.

=Pintia=, a town of Spain, now supposed to be _Valladolid_.

=Pion=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who built _Pionia_, near
  the Caycus in Mysia. It is said that smoke issued from his tomb as
  often as sacrifices were offered to him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18.

=Pione=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Piŏnia=, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus.

=Piræus=, or =Pyræeus=, a celebrated harbour at Athens, at the mouth
  of the Cephisus, about three miles distant from the city. It was
  joined to the town by two walls, in circumference seven miles and
  a half, and 60 feet high, which Themistocles wished to raise in a
  double proportion. One of these was built by Pericles, and the other
  by Themistocles. The towers which were raised on the walls to serve
  as a defence, were turned into dwelling-houses, as the population
  of Athens gradually increased. It was the most capacious of all
  the harbours of the Athenians, and was naturally divided into three
  large basins called Cantharos, Aphrodisium, and Zea, improved by
  the labours of Themistocles, and made sufficiently commodious for
  the reception of a fleet of 400 ships, in the greatest security. The
  walls which joined it to Athens, with all the fortifications, were
  totally demolished when Lysander put an end to the Peloponnesian war
  by the reduction of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 9.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 446.

=Piranthus=, a son of Argus and Evadne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus,
  and Perasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 17.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.

=Pirēne=, a daughter of Danaus.――――A daughter of Œbalus, or, according
  to others, of the Achelous. She had by Neptune two sons, called
  Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their names to two of the harbours of
  Corinth. Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her son Cenchrius,
  who had been killed by Diana, that she pined away, and was dissolved,
  by her continual weeping, into a fountain of the same name, which was
  still seen at Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The fountain Pirene
  was sacred to the Muses, and, according to some, the horse Pegasus
  was then drinking some of its waters, when Bellerophon took it to
  go and conquer the Chimæra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.

=Pirĭthous=, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or, according to others,
  of Dia the daughter of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia by Jupiter,
  who assumed the shape of a horse whenever he paid his addresses to
  his mistress. He was king of the Lapithæ, and, as an ambitious prince,
  he wished to become acquainted with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose
  fame and exploits he had heard so many reports. To see him, and at
  the same time to be a witness of his valour, he resolved to invade
  his territories with an army. Theseus immediately met him on the
  borders of Attica, but at the sight of one another the two enemies
  did not begin the engagement, but, struck with the appearance of
  each other, they stepped between the hostile armies. Their meeting
  was like that of the most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving
  Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all
  the damages which his hostilities in Attica might have occasioned.
  From that time, therefore, the two monarchs became the most intimate
  and the most attached of friends, so much, that their friendship,
  like that of Orestes and Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous
  some time after married Hippodamia, and invited not only the heroes
  of his age, but also the gods themselves, and his neighbours the
  Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one of the
  gods who was not invited, and to punish this neglect, the god of
  war was determined to raise a quarrel among the guests, and to
  disturb the festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion, captivated
  with the beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, attempted
  to offer violence to the bride, but he was prevented by Theseus,
  and immediately killed. This irritated the rest of the Centaurs;
  the contest became general, but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous,
  Hercules, and the rest of the Lapithæ, triumphed over their enemies.
  Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest saved their lives
  by flight. _See:_ Lapithus. The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous
  very disconsolate, and he resolved with his friend Theseus, who had
  likewise lost his wife, never to marry again, except to a goddess, or
  one of the daughters of the gods. This determination occasioned the
  rape of Helen by the two friends; the lot was drawn, and it fell to
  the share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this
  undertook with his friend to carry away Proserpine and to marry her.
  They descended into the infernal regions, but Pluto, who was apprised
  of their machinations to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two
  friends and confined them there. Pirithous was tied to his father’s
  wheel, or, according to Hyginus, he was delivered to the furies to be
  continually tormented. His punishment, however, was short, and when
  Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine
  the pardon of Pirithous, and brought him back to his kingdom safe
  and unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog
  Cerberus. _See:_ Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 4
  & 5.――_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch.
  5.――_Hyginus_, fables 14, 79, 155.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 304.――_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 23.

=Pirus=, a captain of the Thracians during the Trojan war, killed by
  Thoas king of Ætolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Pirustæ=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Pisa=, a town of Elis, on the Alpheus at the west of the Peloponnesus,
  founded by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of Æolus. Its
  inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed
  long the privilege of presiding at the Olympic games, which were
  celebrated near their city. This honourable appointment was envied by
  the people of Elis, who made war against the Piseans, and after many
  bloody battles took their city and totally demolished it. It was at
  Pisa that Œnomaus murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that he
  himself was conquered by Pelops. The inhabitants were called _Pisæi_.
  Some have doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa; but this
  doubt originates from Pisa’s having been destroyed in so remote an
  age. The horses of Pisa were famous. The year on which the Olympic
  games were celebrated, was often called _Pisæus annus_, and the
  victory which was obtained there was called _Pisææ ramus olivæ_.
  _See:_ Olympia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 386;
  bk. 4, poem 10, li. 95.――_Mela_, bk. 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 180.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 417.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 22.

=Pisæ=, a town of Etruria, built by a colony from Pisa in the
  Peloponnesus. The inhabitants were called _Pisani_. Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus affirms that it existed before the Trojan war, but
  others support that it was built by a colony of Pisæans, who were
  shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan
  war. Pisæ was once a very powerful and flourishing city, which
  conquered the Baleares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. The
  sea on the neighbouring coast was called the bay of Pisæ. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 179.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 401.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2; bk. 45, ch. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Pisæus=, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa.

=Pisander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed by the Solymi.――――A Trojan
  chief, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 601.――――One
  of Penelope’s suitors, son of Polyctor. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.
  ――――A son of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.
  He had had recourse to entreaties and promises, but in vain, as
  the Grecian wished to resent the advice of Antimachus, who opposed
  the restoration of Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 123.――――An
  admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He
  abolished the democracy at Athens, and established the aristocratical
  government of the 400 tyrants. He was killed in a naval battle by
  Conon the Athenian general near Cnidus, in which the Spartans lost
  50 galleys, B.C. 394. _Diodorus._――――A poet of Rhodes, who composed
  a poem called _Heraclea_, in which he gave an account of all the
  labours and all the exploits of Hercules. He was the first who ever
  represented his hero armed with a club. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Pisātes=, or =Pisæi=, the inhabitants of Pisa in the Peloponnesus.

=Pisaurus=, now _Poglia_, a river of Picenum, with a town called
  _Pisaurum_, now _Pesaro_, which became a Roman colony in the
  consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town was destroyed by an
  earthquake in the beginning of the reign of Augustus. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Catullus_, poem 82.――_Pliny_, bk. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44;
  bk. 41, ch. 27.

=Pisēnor=, a son of Ixion and the cloud.――――One of the ♦ancestors of
  the nurse of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.

    ♦ ‘ancestor’ replaced with ‘ancestors’

=Piseus=, a king of ♦Etruria, about 260 years before the foundation of
  Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 26.

    ♦ ‘Etrura’ replaced with ‘Etruria’

=Pisias=, a general of the Argives in the age of Epaminondas.――――A
  statuary at Athens, celebrated for his pieces. _Pausanias._

=Pĭsĭdia=, an inland country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia,
  Galatia, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inhabitants were
  called _Pisidæ_. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 54 & 56.

=Pisidĭce=, a daughter of Æolus, who married Myrmidon.――――A daughter
  of Nestor.――――A daughter of Pelias.――――The daughter of a king of
  Methymna in Lesbos. She became enamoured of Achilles when he invaded
  her father’s kingdom, and she promised to deliver the city into his
  hands if he would marry her. Achilles agreed to the proposal, but
  when he became master of Methymna, he ordered Pisidice to be stoned
  to death for her perfidy. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatoriæ_,
  ch. 21.

=Pisis=, a native of Thespia, who gained uncommon influence among
  the Thebans, and behaved with great courage in the defence of their
  liberties. He was taken prisoner by Demetrius, who made him governor
  of Thespia.

=Pisistrătĭdæ=, the descendants of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. _See:_
  Pisistratus.

=Pisistrătĭdes=, a man sent as ambassador to the satraps of the king of
  Persia, by the Spartans.

=Pisistrătus=, an Athenian, son of Hippocrates, who early distinguished
  himself by his valour in the field, and by his address and eloquence
  at home. After he had rendered himself the favourite of the populace
  by his liberality, and by the intrepidity with which he had fought
  their battles, particularly near Salamis, he resolved to make himself
  master of his country. Everything seemed favourable to his views;
  but Solon alone, who was then at the head of affairs, and who had
  lately instituted his celebrated laws, opposed him, and discovered
  his duplicity and artful behaviour before the public assembly.
  Pisistratus was not disheartened by the measures of his relation
  Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. In returning from his country
  house, he cut himself in various places, and after he had exposed his
  mangled body to the eyes of the populace, deplored his misfortunes,
  and accused his enemies of attempts upon his life, because he was
  the friend of the people, the guardian of the poor, and the reliever
  of the oppressed; he claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the
  populace to defend his person in future from the malevolence and the
  cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting people unanimously granted
  his request, though Solon opposed it with all his influence; and
  Pisistratus had no sooner received an armed band, on whose fidelity
  and attachment he could rely, than he seized the citadel of Athens,
  and made himself absolute. The people too late perceived their
  credulity; yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of the citizens,
  Megacles and Lycurgus, conspired together against him, and by their
  means he was forcibly ejected from the city. His house and all his
  effects were exposed to sale, but there was found in Athens only one
  man who would buy them. The private dissensions of the friends of
  liberty proved favourable to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who
  was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to restore Pisistratus
  to all his rights and privileges in Athens, if he would marry
  his daughter. Pisistratus consented, and, by the assistance of
  his father-in-law, he was soon enabled to expel Lycurgus, and to
  re-establish himself. By means of a woman called Phya, whose shape
  was tall, and whose features were noble and commanding, he imposed
  upon the people, and created himself adherents even among his enemies.
  Phya was conducted through the streets of the city, and, showing
  herself subservient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she was announced
  as Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and the patroness of Athens, who
  was come down from heaven to re-establish her favourite Pisistratus,
  in a power which was sanctioned by the will of the gods, and favoured
  by the affection of the people. In the midst of his triumph, however,
  Pisistratus felt himself unsupported, and some time after, when
  he repudiated the daughter of Megacles, he found that not only the
  citizens, but even his very troops, were alienated from him by the
  influence, the intrigues, and the bribery of his father-in-law.
  He fled from Athens, where he could no longer maintain his power,
  and retired to Eubœa. Eleven years after, he was drawn from his
  obscure retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and he was a third
  time received by the people of Athens as their master and sovereign.
  Upon this he sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Megacles,
  but he did not lose sight of the public good; and while he sought
  the aggrandizement of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and
  the honour of the Athenian name. He died about 527 years before the
  christian era, after he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens for
  33 years, including the years of his banishment, and he was succeeded
  by his son Hipparchus. Pisistratus claims our admiration for his
  justice, his liberality, and his moderation. If he was dreaded and
  detested as a tyrant, the Athenians loved and respected his private
  virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen; and the opprobrium
  which generally falls on his head may be attributed not to the
  severity of his administration, but to the republican principles of
  the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed against the moderation and
  equity of the mildest sovereign, while they flattered the pride
  and gratified the guilty desires of the most tyrannical of their
  fellow-subjects. Pisistratus often refused to punish the insolence
  of his enemies; and when he had one day been violently accused of
  murder, rather than inflict immediate punishment upon the man who
  had criminated him, he went to the Areopagus, and there convinced the
  Athenians that the accusations of his enemies were groundless, and
  that his life was irreproachable. It is to his labours that we are
  indebted for the preservation of the poems of Homer, and he was the
  first, according to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, in the
  order in which they now stand. He also established a public library
  at Athens; and the valuable books which he had diligently collected,
  were carried into Persia when Xerxes made himself master of the
  capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus,
  who have received the name of _Pisistratidæ_, rendered themselves
  as illustrious as their father; but the flames of liberty were too
  powerful to be extinguished. The Pisistratidæ governed with great
  moderation, yet the name of tyrant or sovereign was insupportable to
  the Athenians. Two of the most respectable of the citizens, called
  Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired against them, and Hipparchus
  was dispatched in a public assembly. This murder was not, however,
  attended with any advantage, and though the two leaders of the
  conspiracy, who have been celebrated through every age for their
  patriotism, were supported by the people, yet Hippias quelled
  the tumult by his uncommon firmness and prudence, and for a while
  preserved that peace in Athens which his father had often been
  unable to command. This was not long to continue, Hippias was at
  last expelled by the united efforts of the Athenians and of their
  allies of Peloponnesus; and he left Attica, when he found himself
  unable to maintain his power and independence. The rest of the family
  of Pisistratus followed him in his banishment, and after they had
  refused to accept the liberal offers of the princes of Thessaly, and
  the king of Macedonia, who wished them to settle in their respective
  territories, the Pisistratidæ retired to Sigæum, which their father
  had, in the summit of his power, conquered and bequeathed to his
  posterity. After the banishment of the Pisistratidæ, the Athenians
  became more than commonly jealous of their liberty, and often
  sacrificed the most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive of
  the influence which popularity and a well-directed liberality might
  gain among the fickle and unsettled populace. The Pisistratidæ were
  banished from Athens about 18 years after the death of Pisistratus,
  B.C. 510. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 14.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 26.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59; bk. 6, ch. 103.――_Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_, bk. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A son of
  Nestor. _Apollodorus._――――A king of Orchomenos, who rendered himself
  odious by his cruelty towards his nobles. He was put to death by
  them; and they carried away his body from the public assembly, by
  hiding each a piece of his flesh under their garments, to prevent
  a discovery from the people, of whom he was a great favourite.
  _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A Theban attached to the Roman
  interest while the consul Flaminius was in Greece. He assassinated
  the pretor of Bœotia, for which he was put to death, &c.

=Piso=, a celebrated family at Rome, which was a branch of the
  Calpurnians, descended from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the death
  of Augustus, 11 of this family had obtained the consulship, and
  many had been honoured with triumphs, on account of their victories
  in the different provinces of the Roman empire. Of this family the
  most famous were――――Lucius Calpurnius, who was tribune of the people
  about 149 years before Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality
  procured him the surname of _Frugi_, and he gained the greatest
  honours as an orator, a lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He
  made a successful campaign in Sicily, and rewarded his son, who
  had behaved with great valour during the war, with a crown of gold,
  which weighed 20 pounds. He composed some annals and harangues, which
  were lost in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure and inelegant.
  ――――Caius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 687 who supported the consular
  dignity against the tumults of the tribunes, and the clamours of
  the people. He made a law to restrain the cabals which generally
  prevailed at the election of the chief magistrates.――――Cneus, another
  consul under Augustus. He was one of the favourites of Tiberius, by
  whom he was appointed governor of Syria, where he rendered himself
  odious by his cruelty. He was accused of having poisoned Germanicus;
  and when he saw that he was shunned and despised by his friends, he
  destroyed himself, A.D. 20.――――Lucius, a governor of Spain, who was
  assassinated by a peasant, as he was travelling through the country;
  the murderer was seized and tortured, but he refused to confess
  the causes of the murder.――――Lucius, a private man accused of
  having uttered seditious words against the emperor Tiberius. He
  was condemned, but a natural death saved him from the hands of the
  executioner.――――Lucius, a governor of Rome for 20 years, an office
  which he discharged with the greatest justice and credit. He was
  greatly honoured by the friendship of Augustus, as well as of his
  successor, a distinction he deserved, both as a faithful citizen
  and a man of learning. Some, however, say that Tiberius made him
  governor of Rome, because he had continued drinking with him a
  night and two days, or two days and two nights, according to Pliny.
  Horace dedicated his poem, _De Arte Poeticâ_, to his two sons, whose
  partiality for literature had distinguished them among the rest of
  the Romans, and who were fond of cultivating ♦poetry in their leisure
  hours. _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――――Cneus, a
  factious and turbulent youth, who conspired against his country with
  Catiline. He was among the friends of Julius Cæsar.――――Caius, a Roman
  who was at the head of a celebrated conspiracy against the emperor
  Nero. He had rendered himself a favourite of the people by his
  private as well as public virtues, by the generosity of his behaviour,
  his fondness of pleasure with the voluptuous, and his austerity with
  the grave and the reserved. He had been marked by some as a proper
  person to succeed the emperor; but the discovery of the plot by a
  freed man who was among the conspirators, soon cut him off, with
  all his partisans. He refused to court the affections of the people
  and of the army, when the whole had been made public; and instead of
  taking proper measures for his preservation, either by proclaiming
  himself emperor, as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat in
  the distant provinces of the empire, he retired to his own house,
  where he opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to death.
  ――――Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor Valerian into Persia.
  He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Valerian, but he
  was defeated and put to death a few weeks after, A.D. 261, by Valens,
  &c.――――Licimanus, a senator adopted by the emperor Galba. He was put
  to death by Otho’s orders.――――A son-in-law of Cicero.――――A patrician,
  whose daughter married Julius Cæsar. _Horace._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_
  & _Histories_.――_Valerius Maximus._――_Livy._――_Suetonius._――_Cicero_,
  _de Officiis_, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_, &c.――――One of the 30 tyrants
  appointed over Athens by Lysander.

    ♦ ‘poety’ replaced with ‘poetry’

=Pĭsōnis villa=, a place near Baiæ in Campania, which the emperor Nero
  often frequented. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.

=Pissirus=, a town of Thrace, near the river Nestus. _Herodius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 109.

=Pistor=, a surname given to Jupiter by the Romans, signifying _baker_,
  because when their city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded
  them to throw down loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they were
  besieged, that the enemy might from thence suppose that they were not
  in want of provisions, though in reality they were near surrendering
  through famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they soon after raised
  the siege. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, lis. 350, 394, &c.

=Pistoria=, now _Pistoja_, a town of Etruria, at the foot of the
  Apennines, near Florence, where ♦Catiline was defeated. _Sallust_,
  _Catilinæ Coniuratio_, ch. 47.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

    ♦ ‘Cataline’ replaced with ‘Catiline’

=Pisus=, a son of Aphareus, or, according to others, of Perieres.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5.

=Pisuthnes=, a Persian satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Darius Nothus.
  His father’s name was Hystaspes. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Pităne=, a town of Æolia in Asia Minor. The inhabitants made bricks
  which swam on the surface of the water. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 305.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch.
  18.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 357.――――A town of Laconia.
  _Pindar_, ode 6, li. 46.

=Pitarātus=, an Athenian archon, during whose magistracy Epicurus died.
  _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 9.

=Pithecūsa=, a small island on the coast of Etruria, anciently called
  _Ænaria_ and _Enarina_, with a town of the same name, on the top of
  a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to which it was subject obliged
  the inhabitants to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle of
  the island, which has given occasion to the ancients to say that the
  giant Typhon was buried there. Some suppose that it received its name
  from πιθηκοι, _monkeys_, into which the inhabitants were changed by
  Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 90.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 6.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.

=Pitheus.= _See:_ Pittheus.

=Pitho=, called also _Suada_, the goddess of persuasion among the
  Greeks and Romans supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and Venus.
  She was represented with a diadem on her head, to intimate her
  influence over the hearts of men. One of her arms appears raised,
  as in the attitude of an orator haranguing in a public assembly, and
  with the other she holds a thunderbolt, and fetters made with flowers,
  to signify the powers of reasoning and the attractions of eloquence.
  A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the
  writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two most celebrated among
  the ancients, who understood how to command the attention of their
  audience, and to rouse and animate their various passions.――――A Roman
  courtesan. She received this name on account of the allurements which
  her charms possessed, and of her winning expressions.

=Pitholāus= and =Lycophron=, seized upon the sovereign power of Pheræ,
  by killing Alexander. They were ejected by Philip of Macedonia.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Pīthŏleon=, an insignificant poet of Rhodes, who mingled Greek and
  Latin in his compositions. He wrote some epigrams against Julius
  Cæsar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of Horace, on account of
  the inelegance of his style. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 21.――_Macrobius_, bk. 2,
  _Saturnalia_, ch. 2.

=Pithon=, one of the body-guards of Alexander, put to death by Antiochus.

=Pithys=, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas was also fond of her, but she
  slighted his addresses, upon which he dashed her against a rock, and
  she was changed into a pine tree.

=Pittăcus=, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise
  men of Greece. His father’s name was Cyrrhadius. With the assistance
  of the sons of Alcæus, he delivered his country from the oppression
  of the tyrant Melanchrus, and in the war which the Athenians waged
  against Lesbos he appeared at the head of his countrymen, and
  challenged to single combat Phrynon, the enemy’s general. As the
  event of the war seemed to depend upon this combat, Pittacus had
  recourse to artifice, and when he engaged, he entangled his adversary
  in a net, which he had concealed under his shield, and easily
  despatched him. He was amply rewarded for his victory, and his
  countrymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously appointed him governor
  of their city with unlimited authority. In this capacity Pittacus
  behaved with great moderation and prudence, and after he had governed
  his fellow-citizens with the strictest justice, and after he had
  established and enforced the most salutary laws, he voluntarily
  resigned the sovereign power after he had enjoyed it for 10 years,
  observing that the virtues and innocence of private life were
  incompatible with the power and influence of a sovereign. His
  disinterestedness gained him many admirers, and when the Mityleneans
  wished to reward his public services by presenting him with an
  immense tract of territory, he refused to accept more land than what
  should be contained within the distance to which he could throw a
  javelin. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 570 years before
  Christ, after he had spent the last 10 years of his life in literary
  ease, and peaceful retirement. One of his favourite maxims was,
  that man ought to provide against misfortunes to avoid them; but
  that if they ever happened he ought to support them with patience
  and resignation. In prosperity friends were to be acquired, and
  in the hour of adversity their faithfulness was to be tried. He
  also observed, that in our actions it was imprudent to make others
  acquainted with our designs, for if we failed we had exposed
  ourselves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his maxims were
  inscribed on the walls of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, to show the
  world how great an opinion the Mityleneans entertained of his
  abilities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his
  laws, every fault committed by a man when intoxicated, deserved
  double punishment. The titles of some of his writings are preserved
  by Laërtius, among which are mentioned elegiac verses, some laws
  in prose, addressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral precepts
  called _adomena_. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Aristotle_, _Politics_.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.
  24.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
  ch. 2, sect. 5.――――A grandson of Porus king of India.

=Pitthea=, a town near Trœzene. Hence the epithet of _Pittheus_ in
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 296.

=Pitthēus=, a king of Trœzene in Argolis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia.
  He was universally admired for his learning, wisdom, and application;
  he publicly taught in a school at Trœzene, and even composed a book,
  which was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He gave his daughter
  Æthra in marriage to Ægeus king of Athens, and he himself took
  particular care of the youth and education of his grandson Theseus.
  He was buried at Trœzene, which he had founded, and on his tomb
  were seen, for many ages, three seats of white marble, on which he
  sat, with two other judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects
  or settled their disputes. _Pausanias_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Theseus_.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Pituanius=, a mathematician in the age of Tiberius, thrown down from
  the Tarpeian rock, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2.

=Pitulāni=, a people of Umbria. Their chief town was called _Pitulum_.

=Pityæa=, a town of Asia Minor. _Apollonius._

=Pityassus=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._

=Pityonēsus=, a small island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near
  Epidaurus. _Pliny._

=Pityus= (untis), now _Pitchinda_, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 5.

=Pityūsa=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.――――A name of Chios.――――Two small islands in the Mediterranean,
  near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was called _Ebusus_,
  and the smaller _Ophiusa_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo._――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Pius=, a surname given to the emperor Antoninus, on account of his
  piety and virtue.――――A surname given to a son of Metellus, because
  he interested himself so warmly to have his father recalled from
  banishment.

=Placentia=, now called _Placenza_, an ancient town and colony of Italy,
  at the confluence of the Trebia and Po. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 25 & 56;
  bk. 37, ch. 10.――――Another, near Lusitania, in Spain.

=Placideianus=, a gladiator in Horace’s age, bk. 2, satire 7.

=Placidia=, a daughter of Theodosius the Great, sister to Honorius
  and Arcadius. She married Adolphus king of the Goths, and afterwards
  Constantine, by whom she had Valentinian III. She died A.D. 449.

=Placidius Julius=, a tribune of a cohort, who imprisoned the emperor
  Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 85.

=Planasia=, a small island of the ♦Tyrrhene sea.――――Another, on the
  coast of Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa the grandson of
  Augustus to be put to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――A
  town on the Rhone.

    ♦ ‘Tyrhene’ replaced with ‘Tyrrhene’

=Plancīna=, a woman celebrated for her intrigues and her crimes, who
  married Piso, and was accused with him of having murdered Germanicus,
  in the reign of Tiberius. She was acquitted either by means of the
  empress Livia, or on account of the partiality of the emperor for her
  person. She had long supported the spirits of her husband, during his
  confinement, but when she saw herself freed from the accusation, she
  totally abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in everything to the
  will of Livia, she, at her instigation, became guilty of the greatest
  crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. After the death of
  Agrippina, Plancina was accused of the most atrocious villanies, and,
  as she knew she could not elude justice, she put herself to death,
  A.D. 33. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c.

=Lucius Plancus Munatius=, a Roman, who rendered himself ridiculous
  by his follies and his extravagance. He had been consul, and had
  presided over a province in the capacity of governor; but he forgot
  all his dignity, and became one of the most servile flatterers
  of Cleopatra and Antony. At the court of the Egyptian queen in
  Alexandria, he appeared in the character of the meanest stage dancer,
  and in a comedy he personated Glaucus, and painted his body of a
  green colour, dancing on a public stage quite naked, only with a
  crown of green reeds on his head, while he had tied behind his back
  the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him to the public derision,
  and when Antony had joined the rest of his friends in censuring him
  for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted to Octavius, who received
  him with great marks of friendship and attention. It was he who
  proposed, in the Roman senate, that the title of Augustus should
  be conferred on his friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity and
  the reverence which the greatness of his exploits seemed to claim.
  Horace has dedicated bk. 1, ode 7, to him; and he certainly deserved
  the honour, from the elegance of his letters, which are still
  extant, written to Cicero. He founded a town in Gaul, which he called
  Lugdunum. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――――A patrician, proscribed by the
  second triumvirate. His servants wished to save him from death, but
  he refused it, rather than to expose their persons to danger.

=Phangon=, a courtesan of Miletus, in Ionia.

=Platæa=, a daughter of Asopus king of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 1, &c.――――An island on the coast of Africa in the Mediterranean.
  It belonged to the Cyreneans. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.

=Platæa=, and æ (arum), a town of Bœotia, near mount Cithæron, on
  the confines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought
  there between Mardonius the commander of Xerxes king of Persia,
  and Pausanias the Lacedæmonian, and the Athenians. The Persian
  army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which scarce escaped with
  their lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior,
  lost but few men, and among these 91 Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 16
  Tegeans, were the only soldiers found in the number of the slain. The
  plunder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense.
  Pausanias received the tenth of all the spoils, on account of his
  uncommon valour during the engagement, and the rest were rewarded
  each according to their respective merit. This battle was fought on
  the 22nd September, the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 B.C.,
  and by it Greece was totally delivered for ever from the continual
  alarms to which she was exposed on account of the Persian invasions,
  and from that time none of the princes of Persia dared to appear with
  a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The Platæans were naturally
  attached to the interest of the Athenians, and they furnished them
  with 1000 soldiers when Greece was attacked by Datis the general of
  Darius. Platæa was taken by the Thebans, after a famous siege, in the
  beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans,
  B.C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums to the
  inhabitants, on account of their ancestors, who had so bravely fought
  against the Persians at the battle of Marathon, and under Pausanias.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 50.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
  _Alexander_, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_,
  bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Strabo._――_Justin._

=Platanius=, a river of Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.

=Plato=, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, son of Ariston and
  Parectonia. His original name was Aristocles, and he received that of
  Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As one of the descendants
  of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent
  family, Plato was educated with care, his body was formed and
  invigorated with gymnastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated
  and enlightened by the study of poetry and of geometry, from which
  he derived that acuteness of judgment and warmth of imagination which
  have stamped his character as the most subtle and flowery writer of
  antiquity. He first began his literary career by writing poems and
  tragedies; but he was soon disgusted with his own productions, when,
  at the age of 20, he was introduced into the presence of Socrates,
  and when he was enabled to compare and examine, with critical
  accuracy, the merit of his compositions with those of his poetical
  predecessors. He therefore committed to the flames these productions
  of his early years, which could not command the attention or gain
  the applause of a maturer age. During eight years he continued to be
  one of the pupils of Socrates; and if he was prevented by a momentary
  indisposition from attending the philosopher’s last moments, yet he
  collected from the conversation of those that were present, and from
  his own accurate observations, the minutest and most circumstantial
  accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colours, the concern
  and sensibility of the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and moral
  sentiments of the dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates,
  Plato retired from Athens, and to acquire that information which the
  accurate observer can derive in foreign countries, he began to travel
  over Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with
  the kindest reception from his fellow-disciples, whom the violent
  death of their master had likewise removed from Attica. He afterwards
  visited Magna Græcia, attracted by the fame of the Pythagorean
  philosophy, and by the learning, abilities, and reputation of its
  professors, Philolaus, Archytas, and Eurytus. He afterwards passed
  into Sicily, and examined the eruptions and fires of the volcano
  of that island. He also visited Egypt, where then the mathematician
  Theodorus flourished, and where he knew that the tenets of the
  Pythagorean philosophy and metempsychosis had been fostered and
  cherished. When he had finished his travels, Plato retired to
  the groves of Academus, in the neighbourhood of Athens, where
  his lectures were soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and
  illustrious pupils; and the philosopher, by refusing to have a share
  in the administration of affairs, rendered his name more famous, and
  his school more frequented. During forty years he presided at the
  head of the academy, and there he devoted his time to the instruction
  of his pupils, and composed those dialogues which have been the
  admiration of every age and country. His studies, however, were
  interrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the pressing calls
  and invitations of Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant
  to become a man, the father of his people, and the friend of
  liberty. _See:_ Dionysius II. In his dress the philosopher was not
  ostentatious; his manners were elegant but modest, simple without
  affectation; and the great honours which his learning deserved were
  not paid to his appearance. When he came to the Olympian games,
  Plato resided, during the celebration, in a family who were totally
  strangers to him. He ate and drank with them, he partook of their
  innocent pleasures and amusements; but though he told them his name
  was Plato, yet he never spoke of the employment which he pursued
  at Athens, and never introduced the name of that philosopher whose
  doctrines he followed, and whose death and virtues were favourite
  topics of conversation in every part of Greece. When he returned home,
  he was attended by the family which had so kindly entertained him;
  and, as being a native of Athens, he was desired to show them the
  great philosopher whose name he bore: their surprise was great when
  he told them that he himself was the Plato whom they wished to behold.
  In his diet he was moderate, and, indeed, to sobriety and temperance
  in the use of food, and to the want of those pleasures which enfeeble
  the body and enervate the mind, some have attributed his preservation
  during the tremendous pestilence which raged at Athens with so much
  fury at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato was never
  subject to any long or lingering indisposition, and though change of
  climate had enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and healthy,
  the philosopher lived to an advanced age, and was often heard to say,
  when his physicians advised him to leave his residence at Athens,
  where the air was impregnated by the pestilence, that he would
  not advance one single step to gain the top of mount Athos, were
  he assured to attain the great longevity which the inhabitants of
  that mountain were said to enjoy above the rest of mankind. Plato
  died on his birthday, in the 81st year of his age, about 348 years
  before the christian era. His last moments were easy and without pain,
  and, according to some, he expired in the midst of an entertainment,
  or, according to Cicero, as he was writing. The works of Plato are
  numerous; they are all written in the form of a dialogue, except 12
  letters. He speaks always by the mouth of others, and the philosopher
  has nowhere made mention of himself except once in his dialogue
  intituled Phædon, and another time in his apology for Socrates. His
  writings were so celebrated, and, his opinion so respected, that he
  was called divine; and for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his
  expressions, he was distinguished by the appellation of the Athenian
  bee. Cicero had such an esteem for him, that in the warmth of
  panegyric, he exclaimed, _Errare meherculè malo cum Platone quàm cum
  istis vera sentire_; and Quintilian said that, when he read Plato, he
  seemed to hear not a man, but a divinity speaking. His style, however,
  though admired and commended by the best and most refined of critics
  among the ancients, has not escaped the censure of some of the
  moderns; and the philosopher has been blamed, who supports that fire
  is a pyramid tied to the earth by numbers, that the world is a figure
  consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove the metempsychosis and
  the immortality of the soul, asserts that the dead are born from the
  living, and the living from the dead. The speculative mind of Plato
  was employed in examining things divine and human, and he attempted
  to fix and ascertain, not only the practical doctrine of morals and
  politics, but the more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical
  theogony. His philosophy was universally received and adopted, and it
  has not only governed the opinions of the speculative part of mankind,
  but it continues still to influence the reasoning, and to divide the
  sentiments, of the moderns. In his system of philosophy he followed
  the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras,
  and the morals of Socrates. He maintained the existence of two beings,
  one self-existent, and the other formed by the hand of a pre-existent
  creature, god and man. The world was created by that self-existent
  cause, from the rude undigested mass of matter which had existed
  from all eternity, and which had even been animated by an irregular
  principle of motion. The origin of evil could not be traced under the
  government of a deity, without admitting a stubborn intractability
  and wildness congenial to matter, and from these, consequently, could
  be demonstrated the deviations from the laws of nature, and from
  thence the extravagant passions and appetites of men. From materials
  like these were formed the four elements, and the beautiful structure
  of the heavens and the earth; and into the active but irrational
  principle of matter, the divinity infused a rational soul. The souls
  of men were formed from the remainder of the rational soul of the
  world, which had previously given existence to the invisible gods and
  demons. The philosopher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal
  forms, and the pre-existence of the human mind, which he considered
  as emanations of the Deity, which can never remain satisfied with
  objects or things unworthy of their divine original. Men could
  perceive, with their corporeal senses, the types of immutable things
  and the fluctuating objects of the material world; but the sudden
  changes to which these are continually obnoxious, create innumerable
  disorders, and hence arise deception, and, in short, all the errors
  and miseries of human life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be,
  he is still an object of divine concern; and, to recommend himself
  to the favour of the pre-existent cause, he must comply with the
  purposes of his creation, and, by proper care and diligence, he can
  recover those immaculate powers with which he was naturally endowed.
  All science the philosopher made to consist in reminiscence, and in
  recalling the nature, forms, and proportions of those perfect and
  immutable essences with which the human mind had been conversant.
  From observations like these, the summit of felicity might be
  attained by removing from the material, and approaching nearer to
  the intellectual world, by curbing and governing the passions which
  were ever agitated and inflamed by real and imaginary objects. The
  passions were divided into two classes: the first consisted of the
  irascible passions, which originated in pride or resentment, and were
  seated in the breast; the other, founded on the love of pleasure, was
  the concupiscible part of the soul seated in the belly, and inferior
  parts of the body. These different orders induced the philosopher
  to compare the soul to a small republic, of which the reasoning and
  judging powers were stationed in the head, as in a firm citadel, and
  of which the senses were its guards and servants. By the irascible
  part of the soul men asserted their dignity, repelled injuries, and
  scorned danger; and the concupiscible part provided for the support
  and the necessities of the body, and when governed with propriety, it
  gave rise to temperance. Justice was produced by the regular dominion
  of reason, and by the submission of the passions; and prudence arose
  from the strength, acuteness, and perfection of the soul, without
  which all other virtues could not exist. But, amidst all this, wisdom
  was not easily attained; at their creation all minds were not endowed
  with the same excellence, the bodies which they animated on earth
  were not always in harmony with the divine emanation; some might be
  too weak, others too strong, and on the first years of a man’s life
  depended his future consequence; as an effeminate and licentious
  education seemed calculated to destroy the purposes of the divinity,
  while the contrary produced different effects, and tended to
  cultivate and improve the reasoning and judging faculty, and to
  produce wisdom and virtue. Plato was the first who supported the
  immortality of the soul upon arguments solid and permanent, deduced
  from truth and experience. He did not imagine that the diseases,
  and the death of the body, could injure the principle of life and
  destroy the soul, which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of an
  uncorrupted and immutable essence, which, though inherent for a while
  in matter, could not lose that power which was the emanation of God.
  From doctrines like these, the great founder of Platonism concluded
  that there might exist in the world a community of men, whose
  passions could be governed with moderation, and who, from knowing
  the evils and miseries which arise from ill conduct, might aspire to
  excellence, and attain that perfection which can be derived from the
  proper exercise of the rational and moral powers. To illustrate this
  more fully, the philosopher wrote a book, well known by the name of
  the republic of Plato, in which he explains with acuteness, judgment,
  and elegance the rise and revolution of civil society; and so
  respected was his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were
  employed in regulating the republics of Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at
  the desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave political rules for
  good and impartial government to the conqueror of the east. The best
  editions of Plato are those of Frankfurt, folio, 1602; and Bipontium,
  12 vols. 8vo, 1718. _Plato_, _Dialogues_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de
  Officiis_, bk. 1; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 2, ch. 12; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_,
  _Solon_, &c.――_Seneca_, _Epistulæ_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 2 & 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.――――A Greek
  poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, who flourished B.C. 445.
  Some fragments remain of his pieces.

=Plator=, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to death by Piso. _Cicero_,
  _Against Piso_, ch. 34.

=Plavis=, a river of Venetia, in Italy.

=Plautia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Plautius the tribune, A.U.C. 664.
  It required every tribe annually to choose 15 persons of their body,
  to serve as judges, making the honour common to all the three orders,
  according to the majority of votes in every tribe.――――Another, called
  also _Plotia_, A.U.C. 675. It punished with the _interdictio ignis &
  aquæ_, all persons who were found guilty of attempts upon the state,
  or the senators or magistrates, or such as appeared in public, armed
  with an evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any person from his
  legal ♦possessions.

    ♦ ‘possesions’ replaced with ‘possessions’

=Plautiānus Fulvius=, an African of mean birth, who was banished
  for his seditious behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In his
  banishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance with Severus, who, some
  years after, ascended the imperial throne. This was the beginning
  of his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest attention to him, and,
  if we believe some authors, their familiarity and intercourse were
  carried beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety. Plautianus shared
  the favours of Severus on the throne as well as in obscurity. He
  was invested with as much power as his patron at Rome, and in the
  provinces; and, indeed, he wanted but the name of emperor to be his
  equal. His table was served with more delicate meats than that of
  the emperor; when he walked in the public streets he received the
  most distinguishing honours, and a number of criers ordered the most
  noble citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make way for the
  favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their eyes upon him. He
  was concerned in all the rapine and destruction which were committed
  through the empire, and he enriched himself with the possessions of
  those who had been sacrificed to the emperor’s cruelty or avarice. To
  complete his triumph, and to make himself still greater, Plautianus
  married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Caracalla the son of the
  emperor, and so eager was the emperor to indulge his inclinations in
  this and in every other respect, that he declared he loved Plautianus
  so much that he would even wish to die before him. The marriage of
  Caracalla with Plautilla was attended with serious consequences.
  The son of Severus had complied with great reluctance, and, though
  Plautilla was amiable in her manners, commanding in aspect, and of
  a beautiful countenance, yet the young prince often threatened to
  punish her haughty and imperious behaviour as soon as he succeeded to
  the throne. Plautilla reported the whole to her father, and to save
  his daughter from the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired
  against the emperor and his son. The conspiracy was discovered, and
  Severus forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and the favours he had
  heaped upon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The wicked minister
  was immediately put to death, and Plautilla banished to the island
  of Lipari, with her brother Plautius, where, seven years after,
  she was put to death by order of Caracalla, A.D. 211. Plautilla had
  two children, a son who died in his childhood, and a daughter, whom
  Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mother. _Dio Cassius._

=Plautilla=, a daughter of Plautianus the favourite minister of Severus.
  _See:_ Plautianus.――――The mother of the emperor Nerva, descended of a
  noble family.

=Plautius=, a Roman, who became so disconsolate at the death of his
  wife, that he threw himself upon her burning pile. _Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 6.――――Caius, a consul sent against the Privernates, &c.
  ――――Aulus, a governor of Britain who obtained an ovation for the
  conquests he had gained there over the barbarians.――――One of Otho’s
  friends. He dissuaded him from killing himself.――――Lateranus, an
  adulterer of Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and was capitally
  condemned.――――Aulus, a general who defeated the Umbrians and the
  Etrurians.――――Caius, another general, defeated in Lusitania.――――A man
  put to death by order of Caracalla.――――Marcus Sylvanus, a tribune,
  who made a law to prevent seditions in the public assemblies.
  ――――Rubellius, a man accused before Nero, and sent to Asia, where he
  was assassinated.

=Marcus Accius Plautus=, a comic poet, born at Sarsina, in Umbria.
  Fortune proved unkind to him, and, from competence, he was reduced
  to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commercial line. To maintain
  himself, he entered into the family of a baker as a common servant,
  and while he was employed in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicated
  a few moments to the comic muse. Some, however, confute this account
  as false, and support that Plautus was never obliged to the laborious
  employments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. He wrote 25 comedies,
  of which only 20 are extant. He died about 184 years before the
  christian era; and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this stanza,
  which deserved to be engraved on his tomb:

             _Postquam morte captus est Plautus,
              Comœdia luget, scena est deserta;
              Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, & numeri
              Innumeri simul omnes collacrymârunt._

  The plays of Plautus were ♦universally esteemed at Rome, and the
  purity, the energy, and the elegance of his language were, by
  other writers, considered as objects of imitation; and Varro, whose
  judgment is great, and generally decisive, declares, that if the
  Muses were willing to speak Latin, they would speak in the language
  of Plautus. In the Augustan age, however, when the Roman language
  became more pure and refined, the comedies of Plautus did not
  appear free from inaccuracy. The poet, when compared to the more
  elegant expressions of a Terence, was censured for his negligence
  in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, and disgusting
  obscenities. Yet, however censured as to language or sentiments,
  Plautus continued to be a favourite on the stage. If his expressions
  were not choice or delicate, it was ♦universally admitted that he was
  more happy than other comic writers in his pictures; the incidents of
  his plays were more varied, the acts more interesting, the characters
  more truly displayed, and the catastrophe more natural. In the
  reign of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still acted on
  the public theatres; and no greater compliment can be paid to his
  abilities as a comic writer, and no greater censure can be passed
  upon his successors in dramatic composition, than to observe, that
  for 500 years, with all the disadvantages of obsolete language and
  diction, in spite of the change of manners, and the revolutions of
  government, he commanded and received that applause which no other
  writer dared to dispute with him. The best editions of Plautus
  are that of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1664; that of Barbou, 12mo, in
  3 vols., Paris, 1759; that of Ernesti, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760;
  and that of Glasgow, 3 vols., 12mo, 1763. _Varro_ on _Quintilian_, bk.
  10, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, &c.; _On Oratory_, bk. 3,
  &c.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, lis. 58, 170; _Art of Poetry_, lis. 54
  & 270.――――Ælianus, a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in the
  reign of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53.

    ♦ ‘univerally’ replaced with ‘universally’

=Plēiădes=, or =Vergĭliæ=, a name given to seven of the daughters of
  Atlas by Pleione or Æthra, one of the Oceanides. They were placed
  in the heavens after death, where they formed a constellation called
  Pleiades, near the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names were
  Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno. They
  all, except Merope, who married Sisyphus king of Corinth, had some
  of the immortal gods for their suitors. On that account, therefore,
  Merope’s star is dim and obscure among the rest of her sisters,
  because she married a mortal. The name of the Pleiades is derived
  from the Greek word πλεειν, _to sail_, because that constellation
  shows the time most favourable to navigators, which is in the spring.
  The name of Vergiliæ they derive from _ver_, _the spring_. They are
  sometimes called _Atlantides_, from their father, or _Hesperides_,
  from the gardens of that name, which belonged to Atlas. _Hyginus_,
  fable 192; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 21.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 293; _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 106 & 170;
  _Hesiod_, _Works and Days_.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.――_Horace_,
  bk. 4, ode 14.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 138; bk. 4, li. 233.
  ――――Seven poets, who, from their number, have received the name of
  Pleiades, near the age of Philadelphus Ptolemy king of Egypt. Their
  names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius,
  Philicus, and Homerus the younger.

=Pleiōne=, one of the Oceanides, who married Atlas king of Mauritania,
  by whom she had 12 daughters, and a son called Hyas. Seven of the
  daughters were changed into a constellation called _Pleiades_, and
  the rest into another called _Hyades_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 84.

=Plemmy̆rium=, now _Massa Oliveri_, a promontory with a small castle of
  that name, in the bay of Syracuse. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 693.

=Plemneus=, a king of Sicyon, son of Peratus. His children always died
  as soon as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offered herself
  as a nurse to his wife as she was going to be brought to bed. The
  child lived by the care and protection of the goddess, and Plemneus
  was no sooner acquainted with the dignity of his nurse, than he
  raised her a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 11.

=Pleumosii=, a people of Belgium, the inhabitants of modern Tournay.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.

=Pleurātus=, a king of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24.

=Pleuron=, a son of Ætolus, who married Xantippe the daughter of Dorus,
  by whom he had Agenor. He founded a city in Ætolia on the Evenus,
  which bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.
  2.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 310.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 13.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382.

=Plexaure=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._

=Plexippus=, a son of Thestius, brother to Althæa the wife of Œneus.
  He was killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Calydonian boar.
  His brother Toxeus shared his fate. _See:_ Althæa and Meleager.――――A
  son of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion king of Athens.
  _Apollodorus._

=Caius Plinius Secundus=, surnamed the _Elder_, was born at Verona, of
  a noble family. He distinguished himself in the field, and, after he
  had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he was appointed governor
  of Spain. In his public character he did not neglect the pleasures
  of literature; the day was employed in the administration of the
  affairs of his province, and the night was dedicated to study. Every
  moment of time was precious to him; at his meals one of his servants
  read to him books valuable for their information, and from them he
  immediately made copious extracts, in a memorandum book. Even while
  he dressed himself after bathing, his attention was called away
  from surrounding objects, and he was either employed in listening to
  another, or in dictating himself. To a mind so earnestly dedicated
  to learning, nothing appeared too laborious, no undertaking too
  troublesome. He deemed every moment lost which was not devoted to
  study, and from these reasons he never appeared at Rome but in a
  chariot, and wherever he went, he was always accompanied by his
  amanuensis. He even censured his nephew, Pliny the younger, because
  he had indulged himself with a walk, and sternly observed, that he
  might have employed those moments to better advantage. But if his
  literary pursuits made him forget the public affairs, his prudence,
  his abilities, and the purity and innocence of his character, made
  him known and respected. He was courted and admired by the emperors
  Titus and Vespasian, and he received from them all the favours which
  a virtuous prince could offer, and an honest subject receive. As he
  was at Misenum, where he commanded the fleet, which was then
  stationed there, Pliny was surprised at the sudden appearance of
  a cloud of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause which
  produced it, and he immediately set sail in a small vessel for
  mount Vesuvius, which he at last discovered to have made a dreadful
  eruption. The sight of a number of boats that fled from the coast
  to avoid the danger, might have deterred another, but the curiosity
  of Pliny excited him to advance with more boldness, and though his
  vessel was often covered with stones and ashes, that were continually
  thrown up by the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. The place
  was deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there during
  the night, the better to observe the mountain, which, during the
  obscurity, appeared to be one continual blaze. He was soon disturbed
  by a dreadful earthquake, and the contrary wind on the morrow
  prevented him from returning to Misenum. The eruption of the volcano
  increased, and at last the fire approached the place where the
  philosopher made his observations. Pliny endeavoured to fly before
  it, but though he was supported by two of his servants, he was unable
  to escape. He soon fell down, suffocated by the thick vapours that
  surrounded him, and the insupportable stench of sulphureous matter.
  His body was found three days after, and decently buried by his
  nephew, who was then at Misenum with the fleet. This memorable event
  happened in the 79th year of the christian era, and the philosopher
  who perished by the eruptions of the volcano, has been called by some
  the martyr of nature. He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of the
  works which he composed, none are extant but his natural history in
  37 books. It is a work, as Pliny the younger says, full of erudition,
  and as varied as nature itself. It treats of the stars, the heavens,
  wind, rain, hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides
  an account of all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts; a
  geographical description of every place on the globe, and a history
  of every art and science, of commerce and navigation, with their rise,
  progress, and several improvements. He is happy in his descriptions
  as a naturalist; he writes with force and energy, and though many of
  his ideas and conjectures are sometimes ill-founded, yet he possesses
  that fecundity of imagination, and vivacity of expression, which are
  requisite to treat a subject with propriety, and to render a history
  of nature pleasing, interesting, and, above all, instructive. His
  style possesses not the graces of the Augustan age; he has neither
  its purity and elegance, nor its simplicity, but it is rather cramped,
  obscure, and sometimes unintelligible. Yet for all this it has ever
  been admired and esteemed, and it may be called a compilation of
  everything which had been written before his age on the various
  subjects which he treats, and a judicious collection from the
  most excellent treatises which had been composed on the various
  productions of nature. Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors
  which he quoted; he speaks of them with admiration, and while he
  pays the greatest compliment to their abilities, his encomiums
  show, in the strongest light, the goodness, the sensibility, and
  the ingenuousness of his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of
  remarks and annotations on the various authors which he had read,
  and so great was the opinion in his contemporaries of his erudition
  and abilities, that a man called Lartius Lutinius offered to buy
  his notes and observations for the enormous sum of about 3242_l._
  English money. The philosopher, who was himself rich and independent,
  rejected the offer, and his compilations, after his death, came into
  the hands of his nephew Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that
  of Harduin, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1723; that of Frantzius, 10 vols.,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1728; that of Brotier, 6 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1779;
  and the Variorum 8vo, in 8 vols., Lipscomb, 1778 to 1789. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 69; bk. 13, ch. 20; bk. 15, ch. 53.――_Pliny_,
  _Epistulæ_, &c.――――Caius Cæcilius Secundus, surnamed the _Younger_,
  was son of Lucius Cæcilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He was
  adopted by his uncle, whose name he assumed, and whose estates and
  effects he inherited. He received the greatest part of his education
  under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he appeared at the bar,
  where he distinguished himself so much by his eloquence, that he
  and Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest orators of their age.
  He did not make his profession an object of gain like the rest of
  the Roman orators, but he refused fees from the rich as well as from
  the poorest of his clients, and declared that he cheerfully employed
  himself for the protection of innocence, the relief of the indigent,
  and the detection of vice. He published many of his harangues and
  orations, which have been lost. When Trajan was invested with the
  imperial purple, Pliny was created consul by the emperor. This honour
  the consul acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric, which, at the
  request of the Roman senate, and in the name of the whole empire,
  he pronounced on Trajan. Some time after he presided over Pontus
  and Bithynia, in the office and with the power of proconsul, and by
  his humanity and philanthropy the subject was freed from the burden
  of partial taxes, and the persecution which had been begun against
  the christians of his province was stopped, when Pliny solemnly
  declared to the emperor that the followers of Christ were a meek and
  inoffensive sect of men, that their morals were pure and innocent,
  that they were free from all crimes, and that they voluntarily bound
  themselves by the most solemn oaths to abstain from vice, and to
  relinquish every sinful pursuit. If he rendered himself popular in
  his province, he was not less respected at Rome. He was there the
  friend of the poor, the patron of learning, great without arrogance,
  affable in his behaviour, and an example of good breeding, sobriety,
  temperance, and modesty. As a father and a husband his character
  was amiable; as a subject he was faithful to his prince; and as a
  magistrate he was candid, open, and compassionate. His native country
  shared, among the rest, his unbounded benevolence; and Comum, a small
  town of Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of his liberality in
  the valuable and choice library of books which he collected there. He
  also contributed towards the expenses which attended the education of
  his countrymen, and liberally spent part of his estate for the
  advancement of literature, and for the instruction of those whom
  poverty otherwise deprived of the advantages of a public education.
  He made his preceptor Quintilian and the poet Martial objects of his
  benevolence, and when the daughter of the former was married, Pliny
  wrote to the father with the greatest civility; and while he observed
  that he was rich in the possession of learning, though poor in the
  goods of fortune, he begged of him to accept, as a dowry for his
  beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 300_l._ “I would not,”
  continued he, “be so moderate, were I not assured, from your modesty
  and disinterestedness, that the smallness of the present will render
  it acceptable.” He died in the 52nd year of his age, A.D. 113. He had
  written a history of his own times, which is lost. It is said that
  Tacitus did not begin his history till he had found it impossible
  to persuade Pliny to undertake that laborious task; and, indeed,
  what could not have been expected from the panegyrist of Trajan,
  if Tacitus acknowledged himself inferior to him in delineating the
  character of the times? Some suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote
  the lives of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cornelius Nepos.
  He also wrote poetry, but his verses have all perished, and nothing
  of his learned work remains, but his panegyric on the emperor Trajan,
  and 10 books of letters, which he himself collected and prepared for
  the public, from a numerous and respectable correspondence. These
  letters contain many curious and interesting facts; they abound with
  many anecdotes of the generosity and the humane sentiments of the
  writer. They are written with elegance and great purity, and the
  reader everywhere discovers that affability, that condescension
  and philanthropy, which so egregiously marked the advocate of
  the christians. These letters are esteemed by some equal to the
  voluminous epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny’s style is
  florid and brilliant; he has used, to the greatest advantage, the
  liberties of the panegyrist, and the eloquence of the courtier. His
  ideas are new and refined, but his diction is distinguished by that
  affectation and pomposity which marked the reign of Trajan. The best
  editions of Pliny are those of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1770, and of
  Lallemand, 12mo, Paris apud Barbou; and of the panegyric separate,
  that of Schwartz, 4to, 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum,
  Leiden, 1669, 8vo. _Pliny_, _Epistulæ_.――_Vossius._――_Sidonius._

=Plinthīne=, a town of Egypt on the Mediterranean.

=Plistarchus=, son of Leonidas, of the family of the Eurysthenidæ,
  succeeded on the Spartan throne at the death of Cleombrotus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――A brother of Cassander.

=Plisthanus=, a philosopher of Elis, who succeeded in the school of
  Phædon. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Plisthĕnes=, a son of Atreus king of Argos, father of Menelaus and
  Agamemnon, according to Hesiod and others. Homer, however, calls
  Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, though they were in reality
  the children of Plisthenes. The father died very young, and the two
  children were left in the house of their grandfather, who took care
  of them and instructed them. From his attention to them, therefore,
  it seems probable that Atreus was universally acknowledged their
  protector and father, and thence their surname of _Atridæ_. _Ovid_,
  _Remedia Amoris_, li. 778.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_.

=Plistīnus=, a brother of Faustulus the shepherd, who saved the life of
  Romulus and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle which happened between
  the two brothers.

=Plistoănax= and =Plistōnax=, son of Pausanias, was general of the
  Lacedæmonian armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was banished from
  his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled by
  order of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded
  Plistarchus. _Thucydides._

=Plistus=, a river of Phocis falling into the bay of Corinth. _Strabo_,
  bk. 9.

=Plotæ=, small islands on the coast of Ætolia, called also Strophades.

=Plotīna Pompeia=, a Roman lady who married Trajan while he was yet a
  private man. She entered Rome in the procession with her husband when
  he was saluted emperor, and distinguished herself by the affability
  of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the poor and
  friendless. She accompanied Trajan in the east, and at his death she
  brought back his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all the honours
  and titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, who by her means had
  succeeded to the vacant throne. At her death, A.D. 122, she was
  ranked among the gods, and received divine honours, which, according
  to the superstition of the times, she seemed to deserve, from her
  regard for the good and prosperity of the Roman empire, and for her
  private virtues. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Plotinopŏlis=, a town of Thrace, built by the emperor Trajan, and
  called after Plotina, the founder’s wife.――――Another in Dacia.

=Plotīnus=, a Platonic philosopher of Lycopolis in Egypt. He was
  for eleven years a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after he
  had profited by all the instructions of his learned preceptor, he
  determined to improve his knowledge, and to visit the territories
  of India and Persia to receive information. He accompanied Gordian
  in his expedition into the east, but the day which proved fatal to
  the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the philosopher. He saved
  himself by flight, and the following year he retired to Rome, where
  he publicly taught philosophy. His school was frequented by people
  of every sex, age, and quality; by senators as well as plebeians, and
  so great was the opinion of the public of his honesty and candour,
  that many, on their death-bed, left all their possessions to his care,
  and entrusted their children to him, as a superior being. He was the
  favourite of all the Romans; and while he charmed the populace by the
  force of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines, the emperor
  Gallienus courted him, and admired the extent of his learning. It
  is even said that the emperor and the empress Salonina intended to
  rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the philosopher
  over it, that there he might experimentally know, while he presided
  over a colony of philosophers, the validity and the use of the ideal
  laws of the republic of Plato. This plan was not executed, through
  the envy and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The philosopher,
  at last become helpless and infirm, returned to Campania, where the
  liberality of his friends for a while maintained him. He died A.D.
  270, in the 66th year of his age, and as he expired, he declared
  that he made his last and most violent efforts to give up what there
  was most divine in him and in the rest of the universe. Amidst the
  great qualities of the philosopher, we discover some ridiculous
  singularities. Plotinus never permitted his picture to be taken,
  and he observed, that to see a painting of himself in the following
  age, was beneath the notice of an enlightened mind. These reasons
  also induced him to conceal the day, the hour, and the place of
  his birth. He never made use of medicines, and though his body was
  often debilitated by abstinence or too much study, he despised to
  have recourse to a physician, and thought that it would degrade the
  gravity of a philosopher. His writings have been collected by his
  pupil Porphyry. They consist of 54 different treatises divided into
  six equal parts, written with great spirit and vivacity; but the
  reasonings are abstruse, and the subjects metaphysical. The best
  edition is that of Picinus, folio, Basil, 1580.

=Plotius Crispīnus=, a stoic philosopher and poet, whose verses were
  very inelegant, and whose disposition was morose, for which he has
  been ridiculed by Horace, and called _Aretalogus_. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 1, li. 4.――――Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar
  at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.
  ――――Griphus, a man made senator by Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 3.――――A centurion in Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 19.――――Tucca, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, who made him his
  heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Varius, to review the Æneid
  of Virgil. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――――Lucius, a poet in
  the age of the great Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in his
  verses.

=Plusios=, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, expressive of his power to
  grant riches. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Plutarchus=, a native of Chæronea, descended of a respectable family.
  His father, whose name is unknown, was distinguished for his learning
  and virtue, and his grandfather, called Lamprias, was also as
  conspicuous for his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. Under
  Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted
  with philosophy and mathematics, and so well established was his
  character, that he was appointed by his countrymen, while yet very
  young, to go to the Roman proconsul, in their name, upon an affair of
  the most important nature. This commission he executed with honour to
  himself, and with success for his country. He afterwards travelled in
  quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, like a philosopher and
  an historian, the territories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome,
  where he opened a school. His reputation made his school frequented.
  The emperor Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured him with the
  office of consul, and appointed him governor of Illyricum. After
  the death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed from Rome to
  Chæronea, where he lived in the greatest tranquillity, respected by
  his fellow-citizens, and raised to all the honours which his native
  town could bestow. In this peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch
  closely applied himself to study, and wrote the greatest part of
  his works, and particularly his Lives. He died in an advanced age
  at Chæronea, about the 140th year of the christian era. Plutarch
  had five children by his wife, called Timoxena, four sons and one
  daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter died when young, and those
  that survived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, and the latter did
  honour to his father’s memory, by giving to the world an ♦accurate
  catalogue of his writings. In his private and public character,
  the historian of Chæronea was the friend of discipline. He boldly
  asserted the natural right of mankind, liberty; but he recommended
  obedience and submissive deference to magistrates, as necessary to
  preserve the peace of society. He supported that the most violent
  and dangerous public factions arose too often from private disputes
  and from misunderstanding. To render himself more intelligent, he
  always carried a commonplace book with him, and he preserved with
  the greatest care whatever judicious observations fell in the course
  of conversation. The most esteemed of his works are his lives of
  illustrious men, of whom he examines and delineates the different
  characters with wonderful skill and impartiality. He neither
  misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foibles of his heroes. He
  writes with precision and with fidelity, and though his diction is
  neither pure nor elegant, yet there is energy and animation, and
  in many descriptions he is inferior to no historian. In some of his
  narrations, however, he is often too circumstantial, his remarks are
  often injudicious; and when he compares the heroes of Greece with
  those of Rome, the candid reader can easily remember which side of
  the Adriatic gave the historian birth. Some have accused him of not
  knowing the genealogy of his heroes, and have censured him for his
  superstition; yet for all this, he is the most entertaining, the
  most instructive, and interesting of all the writers of ancient
  history; and were a man of true taste and judgment asked what book
  he wished to save from destruction, of all the profane compositions
  of antiquity, he would perhaps without hesitation reply, the Lives
  of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, Plutarch appears in a different
  character, and his misguided philosophy and erroneous doctrines
  render some of these inferior compositions puerile and disgusting.
  They, however, contain many useful lessons and curious facts,
  and though they are composed without connection, compiled without
  judgment, and often abound with improbable stories and false
  reasonings, yet they contain much information and many useful
  reflections. The best editions of Plutarch are that of Francfort,
  2 vols., folio, 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols., 8vo, 1572; the
  Lives by Reiske, 12 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb. 1775; and the Moralia,
  &c., by Wyttenbach. _Plutarch._――――A native of Eretria, during the
  Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Macedonians. _Plutarch_,
  _Phocion_.

    ♦ ‘acurate’ replaced with ‘accurate’

=Plutia=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.

=Pluto=, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father’s kingdom with
  his brothers Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot the kingdom
  of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, and as such he became
  the god of the infernal regions, of death and funerals. From his
  functions, and the place he inhabited, he received different names.
  He was called _Dis_, _Hades_, or _Ades_, _Clytopolon_, _Agelastus_,
  _Orcus_, &c. As the place of his residence was obscure and gloomy,
  all the goddesses refused to marry him; but he determined to obtain
  by force what was denied to his solicitations. As he once visited
  the island of Sicily, after a violent earthquake, he saw Proserpine
  the daughter of Ceres gathering flowers in the plains of Enna,
  with a crowd of female attendants. He became enamoured of her, and
  immediately carried her away upon his chariot drawn by four horses.
  To make his retreat more unknown, he opened himself a passage through
  the earth, by striking it with his trident in the lake of Cyane in
  Sicily, or, according, to others, on the borders of the Cephisus
  in Attica. Proserpine called upon her attendants for help, but in
  vain, and she became the wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell.
  Pluto is generally represented as holding a sceptre with two teeth;
  he has also keys in his hand, to intimate that whoever enters his
  kingdom can never return. He is looked upon as a hard-hearted and
  inexorable god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and for that
  reason no temples were raised to his honour, as to the rest of the
  superior gods. Black victims, and particularly a bull, were the
  only sacrifices which were offered to him, and their blood was
  not sprinkled on the altars, or received in vessels, as at other
  sacrifices, but it was permitted to run down into the earth, as if
  it were to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans
  yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane,
  where, according to the received traditions, he had disappeared
  with Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus, and the
  maiden-hair were sacred to him, as also everything which was deemed
  inauspicious, particularly the number two. According to some of the
  ancients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from which issued the
  rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus
  watched at his feet, the Harpies hovered round him, Proserpine
  sat on his left hand, and near to the goddess stood the Eumenides,
  with their heads covered with snakes. The Parcæ occupied the right,
  and they each held in their hands the symbols of their office, the
  distaff, the spindle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by some the
  father of the Eumenides. During the war of the gods and the Titans,
  the Cyclops made a helmet which rendered the bearer invisible, and
  gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with it when he conquered the
  Gorgons. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 155; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 8.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.
  ――_Orpheus_, hymn 17, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,
  ch. 26.――_Plato_, _The Republic_.――_Euripides_, _Medea_; _Hippolytus_.
  ――_Aeschylus_, _Persians_; _Prometheus Bound_.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 4.――_Catullus_, poem 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,
  li. 502; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 273; bk. 8, li. 296.――_Lucan_, bk. 6,
  li. 715.――_Horace_, bk. 2, odes 3 & 18.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.

=Plutonium=, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,
  bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Plutus=, a son of Jasion, or Jasius, by Ceres the goddess of corn,
  has been confounded by many of the mythologists with Pluto, though
  plainly distinguished from him as being the god of riches. He was
  brought up by the goddess of peace, and on that account, Pax was
  represented at Athens as holding the god of wealth in her lap. The
  Greeks spoke of him as of a fickle divinity. They represented him
  as blind, because he distributed riches indiscriminately; he was
  lame, because he came slow and gradually; but had wings, to intimate
  that he flew away with more velocity than he approached mankind.
  _Lucian_, _Timon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 26.――_Hyginus_,
  _Poetica Astronomica_.――_Aristophanes_, _Plutus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Hesoid_, _Theogony_, li. 970.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 53.

=Pluvius=, a surname of Jupiter as god of _rain_. He was invoked by
  that name among the Romans, whenever the earth was parched up with
  continual heat, and was in want of refreshing showers. He had an
  altar in the temple on the capitol. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 26.

=Plynteria=, a festival among the Greeks, in honour of Aglauros, or
  rather of Minerva, who received from the daughter Cecrops the name
  of Aglauros. The word seems to be derived from πλυνειν, _lavare_,
  because, during the solemnity, they undressed the statue of the
  goddess and _washed_ it. The day on which it was observed was
  universally looked upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on
  that account no person was permitted to appear in the temples, as
  they were purposely surrounded with ropes. The arrival of Alcibiades
  in Athens that day, was deemed very unfortunate; but, however, the
  success that ever after attended him, proved it to be otherwise. It
  was customary at this festival to bear in procession a cluster of
  figs, which intimated the progress of civilization among the first
  inhabitants of the earth, as figs served them for food after they had
  found a dislike for acorns. _Pollux._

=Pnigeus=, a village of Egypt, near Phœnicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Pnyx=, a place of Athens, set apart by Solon for holding assemblies.
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_ &
  _Themistocles_.

=Poblicius=, a lieutenant of Pompey in Spain.

=Podalirius=, a son of Æsculapius and Epione. He was one of the pupils
  of the Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under him such a master
  of medicine, that, during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to
  their camp, to stop a pestilence which had baffled the skill of all
  their physicians. Some, however, suppose that he went to the Trojan
  war not in the capacity of a physician in the Grecian army, but as a
  warrior, attended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships, with soldiers
  from Œchalia, Ithome, and Trica. At his return from the Trojan war,
  Podalirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Caria, where he ♦was cured
  of the falling sickness and married a daughter of Damœtas the king
  of the place. He fixed his habitation there, and built two towns,
  one of which he called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The Carians,
  after his death, built him a temple, and paid him divine honours.
  _Dictys Cretensis._――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bks. 6 & 9.――_Ovid_ _de
  Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, poem 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3.――――A
  Rutulian engaged in the wars of Æneas and Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 12, li. 304.

    ♦ omitted word ‘was’ inserted

=Podarce=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Podarces=, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, who went to the Trojan war.
  ――――The first name of Priam. When Troy was taken by Hercules, he was
  redeemed from slavery by his sister Hesione, and from thence received
  the name of Priam. _See:_ Priamus.

=Podares=, a general of Mantinea, in the age of Epaminondas.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9.

=Podarge=, one of the Harpies, mother of two of the horses of Achilles
  by the Zephyrs. The word intimates the _swiftness_ of her _feet_.

=Podargus=, a charioteer of Hector. _Homer._

=Pœas=, son of Thaumacus, was among the Argonauts.――――The father of
  Philoctetes. The son is often called _Pœantia proles_, on account of
  his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 45.

=Pœcĭle=, a celebrated portico at Athens, which received its name from
  the _variety_ (ποικιλος) of paintings which it contained. It was
  there that Zeno kept his school, and the stoics also received their
  lessons there, whence their name (_à_ στοα, _a porch_). The Pœcile
  was adorned with pictures of gods and benefactors, and among many
  others were those of the siege and sacking of Troy, the battle of
  Theseus against the Amazons, the fight between the Lacedæmonians and
  Athenians at Œnoe in Argolis, and of Atticus the great friend of
  Athens. The only reward which Miltiades obtained after the battle of
  Marathon, was to have his picture drawn more conspicuous than that of
  the rest of the officers that fought with him, in the representation
  which was made of the engagement, which was hung up in the Pœcile,
  in commemoration of that celebrated victory. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Miltiades_ & _Atticus_, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Pœni=, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a corruption
  of the word _Phœni_ or _Phœnices_, as the Carthaginians were of
  Phœnician origin. _Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 1, li. 302.

=Pœon.= _See:_ Pæon.

=Pœonia=, a part of Macedonia. _See:_ Pæonia.

=Pœus=, a part of mount Pindus.

=Pogon=, a harbour of the Trœzenians on the coast of the Peloponnesus.
  It received this name on account of its appearing to come forward
  before the town of Trœzene, as the _beard_ (πωγων) does from the chin.
  _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2.

=Pola=, a city of Istria, founded by the Colchians, and afterwards
  made a Roman colony, and called _Pietas Julia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 5.

=Polemarchus.= _See:_ Archon.――――The assassin of Polydorus king of
  Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Polemocratia=, a queen of Thrace, who fled to Brutus after the murder
  of Cæsar. She retired from her kingdom because her subjects had
  lately murdered her husband.

=Pŏlĕmon=, a youth of Athens, son of Philostratus. He was much given
  to debauchery and extravagance, and spent the greatest part of his
  life in riot and drunkenness. He once, when intoxicated, entered the
  school of Xenocrates, while the philosopher was giving his pupils a
  lecture upon the effects of intemperance, and he was so struck with
  the eloquence of the academician, and the force of his arguments,
  that from that moment he renounced the dissipated life he had led,
  and applied himself totally to the study of philosophy. He was
  then in the 30th year of his age, and from that time he never drank
  any other liquor but water; and after the death of Xenocrates he
  succeeded in the school where his reformation had been affected. He
  died about 270 years before Christ, in an extreme old age. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, _Lives_.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 254.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.――――A son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king
  of Pontus by Antony. He attended his patron in his expedition against
  Parthia. After the battle of Actium, he was received into favour by
  Augustus, though he had fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed
  some time after by the barbarians near the Palus Mæotis, against
  whom he had made war. _Strabo._――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――His
  son, of the same name, was confirmed on his father’s throne by Roman
  emperors, and the province of Cilicia was also added to his kingdom
  by Claudius.――――An officer in the army of Alexander, intimate with
  Philotas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――――A rhetorician at Rome,
  who wrote a poem on weights and measures still extant. He was master
  to Perseus the celebrated satirist, and died in the age of Nero.――――A
  sophist of Laodice in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He was
  often sent to the emperor with an embassy by his countrymen, which he
  executed with great success. He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from
  whom he extracted much money. In the 56th year of his age he buried
  himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. He wrote declamations in
  Greek.

=Polemonium=, now _Vatija_, a town of Pontus, at the east of the mouth
  of the ♦Thermodon.

    ♦ ‘Theomodon’ replaced with ‘Thermodon’

=Polias=, a surname of Minerva, as protectress of cities.

=Polichna=, a town of Troas on Ida. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 28.
  ――――Another of Crete. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 85.

=Polieia=, a festival at Thebes in honour of Apollo, who was
  represented there with _grey hair_ (πολιος), contrary to the practice
  of all other places. The victim was a bull, but when it happened
  once that no bull could be found, an ox was taken from the cart and
  sacrificed. From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen was deemed
  lawful, though before it was looked upon as a capital crime.

=Poliorcētes= (_destroyer of cities_), a surname given to Demetrius son
  of Antigonus. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.

=Polisma=, a town of Troas, on the Simois. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Polistrătus=, an Epicurean philosopher born the same day as
  Hippoclides, with whom he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They
  both died at the same hour. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 1.

=Polītes=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Pyrrhus in his father’s
  presence. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 526, &c. His son, who bore
  the same name, followed Æneas into Italy, and was one of the friends
  of young Ascanius. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 564.

=Politorium=, a city of the Latins destroyed by the Romans, before
  Christ 639. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Pollinea=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.

=Polla Argentaria=, the wife of the poet Lucan. She assisted her
  husband in correcting the three first books of his Pharsalia.
  _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Pollentia=, now _Polenza_, a town of Liguria in Italy, famous for wool.
  There was a celebrated battle fought there between the Romans and
  Alaric king of the Huns, about the 403rd year of the christian era,
  in which the former, according to some, obtained the victory. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch.
  37.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598.――_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters
  to his Friends_, ltr. 13.――――A town of Majorca. _Pliny_ & _Mela_.
  ――――Of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44; bk. 41, ch. 27.

=Polles=, a Greek poet whose writings were so obscure and unintelligible
  that his name became proverbial. _Suidas._

=Pollio Caius Asinius=, a Roman consul under the reign of Augustus,
  who distinguished himself as much by his eloquence and writings as by
  his exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalmatians, and favoured
  the cause of Antony against Augustus. He patronized, with great
  liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized him
  in their writings. He was the first who raised a public library at
  Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards followed by many of the
  emperors. In his library were placed the statues of all the learned
  men of every age, and Varro was the only person who was honoured
  there during his lifetime. He was with Julius Cæsar when he crossed
  the Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by Augustus, when he had become
  one of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio wrote some
  tragedies, orations, and a history, which was divided into 17 books.
  All those compositions are lost, and nothing remains of his writings
  except a few letters to Cicero. He died in the 80th year of his age,
  A.D. 4. He is the person in whose honour Virgil has inscribed his
  fourth eclogue, _Pollio_, as a reconciliation was effected between
  Augustus and Antony during his consulship. The poet, it is supposed
  by some, makes mention of a son of the consul born about this time,
  and is lavish in his excursions into futurity, and his predictions
  of approaching prosperity. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 86.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, ode 1; satire 10, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems 3 & 4.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10.――――Annius,
  a man accused of sedition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He
  afterwards conspired against Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, ♦_Annals_, bk. 6,
  ch. 9; bk. 15, ch. 56.――――Vedius, one of the friends of Augustus, who
  used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty was discovered
  when one of his servants broke a glass in the presence of Augustus,
  who had been invited to a feast. The master ordered the servant to be
  seized; but he threw himself at the feet of the emperor, and begged
  him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured by fishes.
  Upon this the causes of his apprehension were examined, and Augustus,
  astonished at the barbarity of his favourite, caused his servant to
  be dismissed, all the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal
  glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces.――――A man who poisoned
  Britannicus, at the instigation of Nero.――――An historian in the age
  of Constantine the Great.――――A sophist in the age of Pompey the Great.
  ――――A friend of the emperor Vespasian.

    ♦ Book title omitted in text

=Pollis=, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet defeated at Naxos, B.C.
  377. _Diodorus._

=Pollius Felix=, a friend of the poet Statius, to whom he dedicated his
  second Sylva.

=Pollupex=, now _Final_, a town of Genoa.

=Pollutia=, a daughter of Lucius Vetus, put to death after her husband
  Rubellius Plautus, by order of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 16, _Annals_,
  chs. 10 & 11.

=Pollux=, a son of Jupiter by Leda the wife of Tyndarus. He was brother
  to Castor. _See:_ Castor.――――A Greek writer, who flourished A.D. 186,
  in the reign of Commodus, and died in the 58th year of his age. He
  was born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote a
  useful work called _Onomasticon_, of which the best edition is that
  of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1706.

=Poltis=, a king of Thrace, in the time of the Trojan war.

=Polus=, a celebrated Grecian actor.――――A sophist of Agrigentum.

=Polusca=, a town of Latium, formerly the capital of the Volsci. The
  inhabitants were called _Pollustini_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.

=Polyænus=, a native of Macedonia, who wrote eight books in Greek of
  stratagems, which he dedicated to the emperors Antoninus and Verus,
  while they were making war against the Parthians. He wrote also
  other books which have been lost, among which was a history, with
  a description of the city of Thebes. The best editions of his
  stratagems are those of Masvicius, 8vo, Leiden, 1690, and of Mursinna,
  12mo, Berlin, 1756.――――A friend of Philopœmen.――――An orator in the
  age of Julius Cæsar. He wrote in three books an account of Antony’s
  expedition in Parthia, and likewise published orations.――――A
  mathematician, who afterwards followed the tenets of Epicurus,
  and disregarded geometry as a false and useless study. _Cicero_,
  _Academicæ Quæstiones_, bk. 4.

=Polyānus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near Pindus. _Strabo._

=Polyarchus=, the brother of a queen of Cyrene, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Polybidas=, a general after the death of Agesipolis the Lacedæmonian.
  He reduced Olynthus.

=Polybius=, or =Poly̆bus=, a king of Corinth, who married Peribœa, whom
  some have called Merope. He was son of Mercury by Chthonophyle, the
  daughter of Sicyon king of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no
  children, to adopt and educate as her own son, Œdipus, who had been
  found by his shepherds exposed in the woods. He had a daughter called
  Lysianassa, whom he gave in marriage to Talaus son of Bias king of
  Argos. As he had no male child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus,
  who had been banished from his throne, and who had fled to Corinth
  for protection. _Hyginus_, fable 66.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_, li. 812.

=Polybius=, a native of Megalopolis in Peloponnesus, son of Lycortas.
  He was early initiated in the duties, and made acquainted with the
  qualifications, of a statesman, by his father, who was a strong
  supporter of the Achæan league, and under him Philopœmen was taught
  the art of war. In Macedonia he distinguished himself by his valour
  against the Romans, and when Perseus had been conquered, he was
  carried to the capital of Italy as a prisoner of war. But he was not
  long buried in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fabius were
  acquainted with his uncommon abilities as a warrior and as a man of
  learning, and they made him their friend by kindness and attention.
  Polybius was not insensible to their merit; he accompanied Scipio
  in his expeditions, and was present at the taking of Carthage and
  Numantia. In the midst of his prosperity, however, he felt the
  distresses of his country, which had been reduced into a Roman
  province, and, like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and eased
  its servitude by making use of the influence which he had acquired
  by his acquaintance with the most powerful Romans. After the death
  of his friend and benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome, and passed
  the rest of his days at Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the comforts
  and honours which every good man can receive from the gratitude of
  his citizens, and from the self-satisfaction which attends a humane
  and benevolent heart. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 124
  years before Christ, of a wound which he had received by a fall from
  his horse. He wrote a universal history in Greek, divided into 40
  books, which began with the wars of Rome with the Carthaginians, and
  finished with the conquest of Macedonia by Paulus. The greatest part
  of this valuable history is lost; the five first books are extant,
  and of the 12 following the fragments are numerous. The history
  of Polybius is admired for its authenticity, and he is, perhaps,
  the only historian among the Greeks who was experimentally and
  professedly acquainted with the military operations and the political
  measures of which he makes mention. He has been recommended in every
  age and country as the best master in the art of war, and nothing
  can more effectually prove the esteem in which he was held among the
  Romans, than to mention that Brutus the murderer of Cæsar perused
  his history with the greatest attention, epitomized it, and often
  retired from the field where he had drawn his sword against Octavius
  and Antony, to read the instructive pages which describe the great
  actions of his ancestors. Polybius, however great and entertaining,
  is sometimes censured for his unnecessary digressions, for his
  uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his negligence, and
  the inaccurate arrangement of his words. But everywhere there is
  instruction to be found, information to be collected, and curious
  facts to be obtained, and it reflects not much honour upon Livy for
  calling the historian, from whom he has copied whole books almost
  word for word, without gratitude or acknowledgment, _haudquaquam
  spernendus auctor_. Dionysius also, of Halicarnassus, is one of
  his most violent accusers; but the historian has rather exposed his
  ignorance of true criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inelegance.
  The best editions of Polybius are those of Gronovius, 3 vols., 8vo,
  Amsterdam, 1670; of Ernesti, 3 vols., 8vo, 1764; and of Schweighæuser,
  7 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_, preface.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 45.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.――――A freedman
  of Augustus. _Suetonius._――――A physician, disciple, and successor of
  Hippocrates.――――A soothsayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sons the
  fate that attended them in the Trojan war.

=Polybœa=, a daughter of Amyclas and Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Polybœtes.= _See:_ Polypœtes.

=Polybōtes=, one of the giants who made war against Jupiter. He was
  killed by Neptune, who crushed him under a part of the island of
  Cos, as he was walking across the Ægean. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.
  ――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.

=Polybus=, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the time of the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 284.――――One of Penelope’s suitors.
  _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.――――A king of Sicyon.――――A king of Corinth.
  _See:_ Polybius.

=Polycāon=, a son of Lelex, who succeeded his brother Myles. He
  received divine honours after death, with his wife Messene, at
  Lacedæmon, where he had reigned. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.――――A
  son of Butes, who married a daughter of Hyllus.

=Polycarpus=, a famous Greek writer, born at Smyrna, and educated at
  the expense of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was St.
  John’s disciple. He became bishop of Smyrna, and went to Rome to
  settle the festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was condemned
  to be burnt at Smyrna, A.D. 167. His epistle to the Philippians is
  simple and modest, yet replete with useful precepts and rules for the
  conduct of life. The best edition of Polycarp’s epistle is that of
  Oxford, 8vo, 1708, being annexed to the works of Ignatius.

=Polycaste=, the youngest of the daughters of Nestor. According to some
  authors she married Telemachus, when he visited her father’s court in
  quest of Ulysses.

=Polychăres=, a rich Messenian, said to have been the cause of the war
  which was kindled between the Spartans and his countrymen, which was
  called the first Messenian war.

=Polyclēa=, the mother of Thessalus, &c.

=Poly̆cles=, an Athenian in the time of Demetrius, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.
  ――――A famous athlete, often crowned at the four solemn games of the
  Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter’s grove at Olympia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 1.

=Polyclētus=, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, about 232 years before
  Christ. He was universally reckoned the most skilful artist of his
  profession among the ancients, and the second rank was given to
  Phidias. One of his pieces, in which he had represented a body-guard
  of the king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so nice and exact
  in all its proportions, that it was looked upon as a most perfect
  model, and accordingly called _the Rule_. He was acquainted with
  architecture. _Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 6.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.
  ――――Another, who lived about 30 years after.――――A favourite of the
  emperor Nero, put to death by Galba.

=Polyclītus=, an historian of Larissa. _Athenæus_, bk. 12.――_Ælian_,
  bk. 16, ch. 41.

=Polycrătes=, a tyrant of Samos, well known for the continual flow of
  good fortune which attended him. He became very powerful, and made
  himself master, not only of the neighbouring islands, but also of
  some cities on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of 100 ships of
  war, and was so universally respected, that Amasis the king of Egypt
  made a treaty of alliance with him. The Egyptian monarch, however,
  terrified by his continued prosperity, advised him to chequer his
  enjoyments, by relinquishing some of his most favourite objects.
  Polycrates complied, and threw into the sea a beautiful seal, the
  most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious a seal
  afflicted him for some time, but in a few days after, he received as
  a present a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. Amasis
  no sooner heard this, than he rejected all alliance with the tyrant
  of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his good fortune would
  vanish. Some time after Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Mæander,
  where he had been invited by Orœtes the governor. He was shamefully
  put to death, 522 years before Christ, merely because the governor
  wished to terminate the prosperity of Polycrates. The daughter
  of Polycrates had dissuaded her father from going to the house
  of Orœtes, on account of the bad dreams which she had had, but
  her advice was disregarded. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 14.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 22, &c.――――A sophist of Athens,
  who, to engage the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Busiris and
  Clytemnestra. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――――An ancient statuary.

=Polycrēta=, or =Polycrīta=, a young woman of Naxos, who became the
  wife of Diognetus the general of the Erythreans, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 8.――――Another woman of Naxos, who died through the excess of joy.
  _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum virtutes_.

=Polycrĭtus=, a man who wrote the life of Dionysius the tyrant of
  Sicily.――_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Polyctor=, the husband of Stygna, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.――――The father of Pisander, one of Penelope’s suitors.
  ――――An athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a victory at
  Olympia by bribing his adversary Sosander, who was superior to him in
  strength and courage. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Polydæmon=, an Assyrian prince killed by Perseus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.

=Polydămas=, a Trojan, son of Antenor by Theano the sister of Hecuba.
  He married Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is accused by
  some of having betrayed his country to the Greeks. _Dares Phrygius._
  ――――A son of Panthous, born the same night as Hector. He was
  inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, except Hector, and his
  prudence, the wisdom of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind,
  claimed equal admiration, and proved most salutary to his unfortunate
  and misguided countrymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after he had
  slaughtered a great number of the enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1,
  &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, &c.――――A celebrated athlete, son of
  Nicias, who imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He killed a lion
  with his fist, and it is said that he could stop with his hand a
  chariot in its most rapid course. He was one day with some of his
  friends in a cave, when on a sudden a large piece of rock came
  tumbling down; and while all fled away, he attempted to receive the
  fallen fragment in his arms. His prodigious strength, however, was
  insufficient, and he was instantly crushed to pieces under the rock.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――――One of Alexander’s officers, intimate
  with Parmenio. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Polydamna=, a wife of Thonis king of Egypt. It is said that she gave
  Helen a certain powder, which had the wonderful power of driving away
  care and melancholy. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 228.

=Polydectes=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was
  son of Eunomus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Magnes, king
  of the island of Seriphos. He received with great kindness Danae and
  her son Perseus, who had been exposed on the sea by Acrisius. _See:_
  Perseus. He took particular care of the education of Perseus; but
  when he became enamoured of Danae, he removed him from his kingdom,
  apprehensive of his resentment. Some time after he paid his addresses
  to Danae, and when she rejected him, he prepared to offer her
  violence. Danae fled to the altar of Minerva for protection, and
  Dictys the brother of Polydectes, who had himself saved her from the
  sea-waters, opposed her ravisher and armed himself in her defence.
  At this critical moment, Perseus arrived, and with Medusa’s head
  he turned into stones Polydectes, with the associates of his guilt.
  The crown of Seriphos was given to Dictys, who had shown himself so
  active in the cause of innocence. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 242.――_Hyginus_, fable 63, &c.――――A sculptor of Greece. _Pliny._

=Polydeucēa=, a fountain of Laconia, near Therapne. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Polydōra=, a daughter of Peleus king of Thessaly, by Antigone the
  daughter of Eurytion. She married the river Sperchius, by whom she
  had Mnestheus. _Apollodorus._――――One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._――――A
  daughter of Meleager king of Calydon, who married Protesilaus. She
  killed herself when she heard that her husband was dead. The wife
  of Protesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. _See:_ Protesilaus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A daughter of Perieres.――――An island of
  the Propontis near Cyzicus.

=Polydōrus=, a son of Alcamenes king of Sparta. He put an end to the
  war which had been carried on during 20 years, between Messenia and
  his subjects; and during his reign, the Lacedæmonians planted two
  colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. He was universally
  respected. He was assassinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. His
  son Eurycrates succeeded him 724 years before Christ. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.――――A celebrated carver of Rhodes,
  who with one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon and his children.
  _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.――――A son of Hippomedon, who went with the
  Epigoni to the second Theban war. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――A son of
  Cadmus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus
  the father of Laius. He had succeeded to the throne of Thebes,
  when his father had gone to Illyricum. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――――A
  brother of Jason of Pheræ, who killed his brother and seized upon his
  possessions. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.――――A son of Priam killed by Achilles.
  ――――Another son of Priam by Hecuba, or, according to others, by
  Laothoe the daughter of Altes king of Pedasus. As he was young
  and inexperienced when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his father
  removed him to the court of Polymnestor king of Thrace, and also
  entrusted to the care of the monarch a large sum of money, and the
  greatest part of his treasures, till his country was freed from
  foreign invasion. No sooner was the death of Priam known in Thrace,
  than Polymnestor made himself master of the riches which were in
  his possession; and to ensure them the better, he assassinated young
  Polydorus, and threw his body into the sea, where it was found by
  Hecuba. _See:_ Hecuba. According to Virgil, the body of Polydorus was
  buried near the shore by his assassin, and there grew on his grave
  a myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when Æneas, going to Italy,
  attempted to tear them from the tree. _See:_ Polymnestor. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bks. 3, 21, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 432.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Polygius=, a surname of Mercury. _Pausanias._

=Polygnōtus=, a celebrated painter of Thasos, about 422 years before
  the christian era. His father’s name was Aglaophon. He adorned
  one of the public porticoes of Athens with his paintings, in which
  he had represented the most striking events of the Trojan war. He
  particularly excelled in giving grace, liveliness, and expression to
  his pieces. The Athenians were so pleased with him, that they offered
  to reward his labours with whatever he pleased to accept. He declined
  this generous offer, and the Amphictyonic council, which was composed
  of the representatives of the principal cities of Greece, ordered
  that Polygnotus should be maintained at the public expense ♦wherever
  he went.――_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bks. 33 & 34.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25, &c.――――A
  statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34.

    ♦ ‘whereever’ replaced with ‘wherever’

=Polygŏnus= and =Telegonus=, sons of Proteus and Coronis, were killed
  by Hercules. _Apollodorus._

=Polyhymnia= and =Polymnia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and
  Mnemosyne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was deemed the
  inventress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white, holding
  a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right raised up, as if
  ready to harangue. She had a crown of jewels on her head. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, lis. 75 & 915.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.――_Ovid_ _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 9 & 53.

=Polyidus=, a physician who brought back to life Glaucus the son of
  Minos, by applying to his body a certain herb, with which he had seen
  a serpent restore life to another which was dead. _See:_ Glaucus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A son
  of Hercules by one of the daughters of Thestius. _Apollodorus._――――A
  Corinthian soothsayer, called also _Polybius_.――――A dithyrambic poet,
  painter, and musician.

=Polylāus=, a son of Hercules and Crathe, daughter of Thespius.

=Polymĕnes=, an officer appointed to take care of Egypt after it had
  been conquered by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Polymēde=, a daughter of Autolycus, who married Æson, by whom she had
  Jason. She survived her husband only a few days. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 13.

=Polymedon=, one of Priam’s illegitimate children.

=Polymēla=, one of Diana’s companions. She was daughter of Phylas,
  and had a son by Mercury. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A daughter of
  Æolus, seduced by Ulysses.――――A daughter of Actor. She was the first
  wife of Peleus the father of Achilles.

=Polymnestes=, a Greek poet of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.
  ――――A native of Thera, father of Battus, or Aristotle, by Phronima
  the daughter of Etearchus king of Oaxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 150.

=Polymnestor=, a king of the Thracian Chersonesus, who married Ilione,
  the eldest of Priam’s daughters. When the Greeks besieged Troy, Priam
  sent the greatest part of his treasures, together with Polydorus,
  the youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted to
  the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian monarch paid every attention
  to his brother-in-law; but when he was informed that Priam was dead,
  he murdered him to become master of the riches which were in his
  possession. At that time, the Greeks were returning victorious from
  Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom was Hecuba the mother
  of Polydorus. The fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where one of
  the female captives discovered on the shore the body of Polydorus,
  whom Polymnestor had thrown into the sea. The dreadful intelligence
  was immediately communicated to the mother, and Hecuba, who
  recollected the frightful dreams which she had had on the preceding
  night, did not doubt but Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She
  resolved to revenge her son’s death, and immediately she called out
  Polymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a matter of the most
  important nature. The tyrant was drawn into the snare, and was no
  sooner introduced into the apartments of the Trojan princess, than
  the female captives rushed upon him and put out his eyes with their
  pins, while Hecuba murdered his two children who had accompanied
  him. According to Euripides, the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be
  banished into a distant island for his perfidy. Hyginus, however,
  relates the whole differently, and observes, that when Polydorus
  was sent to Thrace, Ilione his sister took him instead of her son
  Deiphilus, who was of the same age, apprehensive of her husband’s
  cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with the imposition; he looked
  upon Polydorus as his own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother
  of Ilione. After the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who wished
  the house and family of Priam to be totally extirpated, offered
  Electra the daughter of Agamemnon to Polymnestor, if he would destroy
  Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the offer, and immediately
  despatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to regard
  as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor,
  consulted the oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and when he was
  informed that his father was dead, his mother a captive in the hands
  of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, he communicated the answer
  of the god to Ilione, whom he had always regarded as his mother.
  Ilione told him the measures she had pursued to save his life,
  and upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polymnestor by putting out
  his eyes. _Euripides_, _Hecuba_.――_Hyginus_, fable 102.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 45, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 430, &c.――――A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8.――――A young Milesian who took a hare in running,
  and afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic games.

=Poly̆nīces=, a son of Œdipus king of Thebes by Jocasta. He inherited
  his father’s throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was mutually
  agreed between the two brothers, that they should reign each a year
  alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority;
  but when the year was expired, he refused to resign the crown to his
  brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he married Argia,
  the daughter of Adrastus the king of the country, and levied a large
  army, at the head of which he marched to Thebes. The command of this
  army was divided among seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack
  the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The battle was decided by a
  single combat between the two brothers, who both killed one another.
  _See:_ Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Euripides_,
  _Phoenician Women_.――_Seneca_, _Œdipus_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 68, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Polynoe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Polypēmon=, a famous thief, called also _Procrustes_, who plundered
  all the travellers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica.
  He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him father of Procrustes, and
  Apollodorus of Sinus. _See:_ Procrustes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 409.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Polyperchon=, or =Polysperchon=, one of the officers of Alexander.
  Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of the kingdom of
  Macedonia, in preference to his own son Cassander. Polyperchon,
  though old, and a man of experience, showed great ignorance in the
  administration of the government. He became cruel, not only to the
  Greeks, or such as opposed his ambitious views, but even to the
  helpless and innocent children and friends of Alexander, to whom he
  was indebted for his rise and military reputation. He was killed in a
  battle 309 B.C. _Curtius._――_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 13.

=Polyphēmus=, a celebrated Cyclops, king of all the Cyclops in
  Sicily, and son of Neptune and Thoosa the daughter of Phorcys. He
  is represented as a monster of strength, of tall stature, and one
  eye in the middle of the forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and kept
  his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from
  the Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian prince, with 12 of his
  companions, visited the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, who
  confined them in his cave, and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses
  would have shared the fate of his companions, had he not intoxicated
  the Cyclops, and put out his eye with a firebrand while he was asleep.
  Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden pain; he stopped the entrance
  of his cave, but Ulysses made his escape by creeping between the
  legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the
  mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured of Galatæa, but his addresses
  were disregarded, and the nymph shunned his presence. The Cyclops
  was more earnest, and when he saw Galatæa surrender herself to the
  pleasures of Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a broken
  rock. _Theocritus_, poem 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 772.
  ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.――_Euripides_, _Cyclops_.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 125.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 619, &c.――――One of the
  Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hippea. _Hyginus_, fable 14.

=Polyphonta=, one of Diana’s nymphs, daughter of Hipponus and Thraosa.

=Polyphontes=, one of the Heraclidæ, who killed Cresphontes king of
  Messenia, and usurped his crown. _Hyginus_, fable 137.――――One of the
  Theban generals, under Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.

=Polypœtes=, a son of Pirithous and Hippodamia, at the Trojan war.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.――――A son
  of Apollo by Pythia.――――One of the Trojans whom Æneas saw when he
  visited the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.

=Polysperchon.= _See:_ Polyperchon.

=Polystrātus=, a Macedonian soldier, who found Darius after he had been
  stabbed by Bessus, and gave him water to drink, and carried the last
  injunctions of the dying monarch to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch.
  13.――――An epicurean philosopher who flourished B.C. 238.

=Polytecnus=, an artist of Colophon, who married Ædon the daughter of
  Pandarus.

=Polytion=, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom he profaned the mysteries
  of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Polytimētus=, a river of Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Polyphron=, a prince killed by his nephew Alexander the tyrant of
  Pheræ.

=Polytrŏpus=, a man sent by the Lacedæmonians with an army against the
  Arcadians. He was killed at Orchomenus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Polyxĕna=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty
  and accomplishments. Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicited
  her hand, and their marriage would have been consummated, had not
  Hector her brother opposed it. Polyxena, according to some authors,
  accompanied her father when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem
  the body of his son Hector. Some time after, the Grecian hero came
  into the temple of Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan princess,
  but he was murdered there by Paris; and Polyxena, who had returned
  his affection, was so afflicted at his death, that she went and
  sacrificed herself on his tomb. Some, however, suppose that that
  sacrifice was not voluntary, but that the manes of Achilles appeared
  to the Greeks as they were going to embark, and demanded of them
  the sacrifice of Polyxena. The princess, who was in the number of
  the captives, was upon this dragged to her lover’s tomb, and there
  immolated by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, fable 5, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 5.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 321.――_Catullus_, poem 65.――_Hyginus_, fable 90.

=Polyxenĭdas=, a Syrian general, who flourished B.C. 192.

=Polyxĕnus=, one of the Greek princes during the Trojan war. His
  father’s name was Agasthenes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 5, ch. 3.――――A son of Medea by Jason.――――A young Athenian who
  became blind, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――――A general of
  Dionysius, from whom he revolted.

=Polyxo=, a priestess of Apollo’s temple in Lemnos. She was also nurse
  to queen Hypsipyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian women
  murdered all their husbands. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 15.――――One of the Atlantides.――――A native of Argos,
  who married Tlepolemus son of Hercules. She followed him to Rhodes,
  after the murder of his uncle Licymnius, and when he departed for
  the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek princes, she became the
  sole mistress of the kingdom. After the Trojan war, Helen fled from
  Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo detained her,
  and to punish her as being the cause of a war, in which Tlepolemus
  had perished, she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her
  female servants, disguised in the habit of Furies. _See:_ Helena.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19.――――The wife of Nycteus.――――One of the
  wives of Danaus.

=Polyzēlus=, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He had written a poem on the
  origin and birth of Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of his verses
  are quoted by Athenæus. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2,
  ch. 14.――――An Athenian archon.

=Pomaxæthres=, a Parthian soldier, who killed Crassus, according to
  some. _Plutarch._

=Pometia=, =Pometii=, =Pometia Suessa=, a town of the Volsci in Latium,
  totally destroyed by the Romans, because it had revolted. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.

=Pometīna=, one of the tribes of the people at Rome.

=Pomōna=, a nymph at Rome, who was supposed to preside over gardens and
  to be the goddess of all sorts of fruit trees. She had a temple at
  Rome, and a regular priest called _Flamen Pomonalis_, who offered
  sacrifices to her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She was
  generally represented as sitting on a basket full of flowers and
  fruit, and holding a bough in one hand and apples in the other.
  Pomona was particularly delighted with the cultivation of the earth;
  she disdained the toils of the field, and the fatigues of hunting.
  Many of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain her affection,
  but she received their addresses with coldness. Vertumnus was the
  only one who, by assuming different shapes, and introducing himself
  into her company, under the form of an old woman, prevailed upon
  her to break her vow of celibacy and to marry him. This deity was
  unknown among the Greeks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 628,
  &c.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Pompeia=, a daughter of Sextus Pompey by Scribonia. She was promised
  to Marcellus, as a means of procuring a reconciliation between her
  father and the triumvirs, but she married Scribonius Libo.――――A
  daughter of Pompey the Great, Julius Cæsar’s third wife. She was
  accused of incontinence, because Clodius had introduced himself in
  women’s clothes into the room where she was celebrating the mysteries
  of Cybele. Cæsar repudiated her upon this accusation. _Plutarch._
  ――――The wife of Annæus Seneca, was the daughter of Pompeius Paulinus.
  ――――There was a portico at Rome, called _Pompeia_, much frequented
  by all orders of people. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 67.――_Martial_,
  bk. 11, ltr. 48.

=Pompeia lex=, by Pompey the Great, _de ambitu_, A.U.C. 701. It
  ordained that whatever person had been convicted of the crime
  of _ambitus_, should be pardoned, provided he could impeach two
  others of the same crime, and occasion the condemnation of one of
  them.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 701, which forbade the use
  of _laudatores_ in trials, or persons who gave a good character of
  the prisoner then impeached.――――Another by the same, A.U.C. 683.
  It restored to the tribunes their original power and authority, of
  which they had been deprived by the Cornelian law.――――Another by
  the same, A.U.C. 701. It shortened the forms of trials, and enacted
  that the three first days of a trial should be employed in examining
  witnesses, and it allowed only one day to the parties to make their
  accusation and defence. The plaintiff was confined to two hours, and
  the defendant to three. This law had for its object the riots, which
  happened from the quarrels of Clodius and Milo.――――Another by the
  same, A.U.C. 698. It required that the judges should be the richest
  of every century, contrary to the usual form. It was, however,
  requisite that they should be such as the Aurelian law prescribed.
  ――――Another of the same, A.U.C. 701. Pompey was by this empowered to
  continue in the government of Spain five years longer.

=Pompeiānus Jupiter=, a large statue of Jupiter, near Pompey’s theatre,
  whence it received its name. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.

=Pompeiānus=, a Roman knight of Antioch, raised to offices of the
  greatest trust, under the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucilla
  he married. He lived in great popularity at Rome, and retired from
  the court when Commodus succeeded to the imperial crown. He ought,
  according to Julian’s opinion, to have been chosen and adopted as
  successor by Marcus Aurelius.――――A general of Maxentius, killed by
  Constantine.――――A Roman put to death by Caracalla.

=Pompeii=, or =Pompeium=, a town of Campania, built, as some suppose,
  by Hercules, and so called because the hero there exhibited the long
  procession (_pompa_) of the herds of Geryon, which he had obtained
  by conquest. It was partly demolished by an earthquake, A.D. 63,
  and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years after it was swallowed up by
  another earthquake, which accompanied one of the eruptions of mount
  Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neighbourhood, shared the same fate.
  The people of the town were then assembled in a theatre, where
  public spectacles were exhibited. _See:_ Herculaneum. _Livy_, bk. 9,
  ch. 38.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones Naturales_, bk. 4.
  ――_Solinus_, bk. 8.

=Pompeiopŏlis=, a town of Cilicia, formerly called _Soli_. _Mela_,
  bk. 1, ch. 13.――――Another in Paphlagonia, originally called
  _Eupatoria_, which name was exchanged when Pompey conquered
  Mithridates.

=Quintus Pompeius=, a consul who carried on war against the Numantines,
  and made a shameful treaty. He is the first of that noble family,
  of whom mention is made. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――Cneus, a Roman
  general, who made war against the Marsi, and triumphed over the
  Piceni. He declared himself against Cinna and Marius, and supported
  the interest of the republic. He was surnamed _Strabo_, because he
  squinted. While he was marching against Marius, a plague broke out in
  his army, and raged with such violence, that it carried away 11,000
  men in a few days. He was killed by a flash of lightning, and as he
  had behaved with cruelty while in power, the people dragged his body
  through the streets of Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into the
  Tiber. _Paterculus_, bk. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.―――― Rufus, a Roman
  consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the Marsian war, but the
  army mutinied at the instigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to
  succeed in command, and he was assassinated by some of the soldiers.
  _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 1.――――A general who succeeded Metellus
  in Spain, and was the occasion of a war with Numantia.――――Another
  general, taken prisoner by Mithridates.――――Sextus, a governor of
  Spain, who cured himself of the gout by placing himself in corn above
  the knee. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 25.――――Rufus, a grandson of Sylla.
  ――――A tribune of the soldiers in Nero’s reign, deprived of his office
  when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus._――――A consul praised
  for his learning and abilities. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 1.
  ――――A son of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for his intimacy with
  Pompey the Great, and for his writings. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.
  ――――A tribune of a pretorian cohort under Galba.――――A Roman knight,
  put to death by the emperor Claudius for his adultery with Messalina.
  _Tacitus_, bk. 11, _Annals_.――――Cneus, surnamed _Magnus_, from the
  greatness of his exploits, was son of Pompeius Strabo and Lucilia.
  He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and fought
  with success and bravery under his father, whose courage and military
  prudence he imitated. He began his career with great popularity;
  the beauty and elegance of his person gained him admirers, and by
  pleading at the bar he displayed his eloquence, and received the
  most unbounded applause. In the disturbances which agitated Rome,
  by the ambition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pompey followed the
  interest of the latter, and by levying three legions for his service
  he gained his friendship and his protection. In the 26th year of
  his age, he conquered Sicily, which was in the power of Marius and
  his adherents, and in 40 days he regained all the territories of
  Africa, which had forsaken the interest of Sylla. This rapid success
  astonished the Romans, and Sylla, who admired and dreaded the rising
  power of Pompey, recalled him to Rome. Pompey immediately obeyed,
  and the dictator, by saluting him with the appellation of the Great,
  showed to the world what expectations he formed from the maturer age
  of his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title was not sufficient
  to gratify the ambition of Pompey; he demanded a triumph, and when
  Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically exclaimed, that the
  sun shone with more ardour at his rising than at his setting. His
  assurance gained what petitions and entreaties could not obtain,
  and he was the first Roman knight who, without an office under the
  appointment of the senate, marched in triumphal procession through
  the streets of Rome. He now appeared, not as a ♦dependent, but
  as a rival, of the dictator, and his opposition to his measures
  totally excluded him from his will. After the death of Sylla, Pompey
  supported himself against the remains of the Marian faction, which
  was headed by Lepidus. He defeated them, put an end to the war which
  the revolt of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and obtained a
  second triumph, though still a private citizen, about 73 years before
  the christian era. He was soon after made consul, and in that office
  he restored the tribunitial power to its original dignity, and in
  40 days removed the pirates from the Mediterranean, where they had
  reigned for many years, and by their continual plunder and audacity,
  almost destroyed the whole naval power of Rome. While he prosecuted
  the piratical war, and extirpated these maritime robbers in their
  obscure retreat in Cilicia, Pompey was called to greater undertakings,
  and by the influence of his friends at Rome, and of the tribune
  Manilius, he was empowered to finish the war against two of the most
  powerful monarchs of Asia――Mithridates king of Pontus, and Tigranes
  king of Armenia. In this expedition Pompey showed himself no ways
  inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the head of the Roman armies,
  and who resigned with reluctance an office which would have made
  him the conqueror of Mithridates and the master of all Asia. His
  operations against the king of Pontus were bold and vigorous, and
  in a general engagement the Romans so totally defeated the enemy,
  that the Asiatic monarch escaped with difficulty from the field of
  battle. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Pompey did not lose sight of the
  advantages which despatch would ensure; he entered Armenia, received
  the submission of king Tigranes, and after he had conquered the
  Albanians and Iberians, visited countries which were scarce known
  to the Romans, and, like a master of the world, disposed of kingdoms
  and provinces, and received homage from 12 crowned heads at once; he
  entered Syria, and pushed his conquests as far as the Red sea. Part
  of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a Roman province, and when he had
  now nothing to fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily destroyed
  himself, Pompey returned to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of
  an eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his approach; they knew his
  power and his influence among his troops, and they feared the return
  of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, however, banished their fears;
  he disbanded his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered Rome like
  a private citizen. This modest and prudent behaviour gained him
  more friends and adherents than the most unbounded power, aided with
  profusion and liberality. He was honoured with a triumph, and the
  Romans, for three successive days, gazed with astonishment on the
  riches and the spoils which their conquests had acquired in the east,
  and expressed their raptures at the sight of the different nations,
  habits, and treasures which preceded the conqueror’s chariot. But
  it was not this alone which gratified the ambition, and flattered
  the pride of the Romans; the advantages of their conquests were more
  lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 talents were brought
  into the public treasury, and when the revenues of the republic were
  raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachmæ, Pompey became more powerful,
  more flattered, and more envied. To strengthen himself, and to
  triumph over his enemies, Pompey soon after united his interest
  with that of Cæsar and Crassus, and formed the first triumvirate,
  by solemnly swearing that their attachment should be mutual, their
  cause common, and their union permanent. The agreement was completed
  by the marriage of Pompey with Julia the daughter of Cæsar, and
  the provinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided among the
  triumvirs. Pompey was allotted Africa and the two Spains, while
  Crassus repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire of Rome,
  and Cæsar remained satisfied with the rest, and the continuation of
  his power as governor of Gaul for five additional years. But this
  powerful confederacy was soon broken; the sudden death of Julia,
  and the total defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the political
  bands which held the jarring interest of Cæsar and Pompey united.
  Pompey dreaded his father-in-law, and yet he affected to despise
  him; and by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he convinced his
  fellow-citizens of the necessity of investing him with dictatorial
  power. But while the conqueror of Mithridates was as a sovereign
  at Rome, the adherents of Cæsar were not silent. They demanded that
  either the consulship should be given to him, or that he should be
  continued in the government of Gaul. This just demand would perhaps
  have been granted, but Cato opposed it, and when Pompey sent for the
  two legions which he had lent to Cæsar, the breach became more wide,
  and a civil war inevitable. Cæsar was privately preparing to meet
  his enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, and gratified his pride
  in seeing all Italy celebrate his recovery from an indisposition by
  universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused from his inactivity, and
  it was now time to find his friends, if anything could be obtained
  from the caprice and the fickleness of a people which he had once
  delighted and amused, by the exhibition of games and spectacles
  in a theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators. Cæsar was now
  near Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, which was a declaration of
  hostilities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that he could raise
  legions to his assistance by stamping on the ground with his foot,
  fled from the city with precipitation, and retired to Brundusium
  with the consuls and part of the senators. His cause, indeed, was
  popular; he had been invested with discretionary power, the senate
  had entreated him to protect the republic against the usurpation and
  tyranny of Cæsar, and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appearing in
  his camp, seemed to indicate that he was the friend of the republic,
  and the assertor of Roman liberty and independence. But Cæsar was
  now master of Rome, and in 60 days all Italy acknowledged his power,
  and the conqueror hastened to Spain, there to defeat the interest
  of Pompey, and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too
  successful, and when he had gained to his cause the western parts of
  the Roman empire, Cæsar crossed Italy and arrived in Greece, where
  Pompey had retired, supported by all the power of the east, the
  wishes of the republican Romans, and a numerous and well-disciplined
  army. Though superior in numbers, he refused to give the enemy battle,
  while Cæsar continually harassed him, and even attacked his camp.
  Pompey repelled him with great success, and he might have decided the
  war, if he had continued to pursue the enemy, while their confusion
  was great, and their escape almost impossible. Want of provisions
  obliged Cæsar to advance towards Thessaly; Pompey pursued him,
  and in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies engaged. The whole
  was conducted against the advice and approbation of Pompey; and
  by suffering his troops to wait for the approach of the enemy, he
  deprived his soldiers of that advantage which the army of Cæsar
  obtained by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, and animation.
  The cavalry of Pompey soon gave way, and the general retired to his
  camp, overwhelmed with grief and shame. But here there was no safety;
  the conqueror pushed on every side, and Pompey disguised himself, and
  fled to the sea-coast, whence he passed to Egypt, where he hoped to
  find a safe asylum, till better and more favourable moments returned,
  in the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom he had once protected and
  ensured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told that Pompey claimed
  his protection, he consulted his ministers, and had the baseness to
  betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent to fetch him on shore,
  and the Roman general left his galley, after an affectionate and
  tender parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyptian sailors sat in
  sullen silence in the boat, and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas
  and Septimius assassinated him. His wife, who had followed him with
  her eyes to the shore, was a spectator of the bloody scene, and she
  hastened away from the bay of Alexandria, not to share his miserable
  fate. He died B.C. 48, in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the
  day after his birthday. His head was cut off and sent to Cæsar, who
  turned away from it with horror, and shed a flood of tears. The body
  was left for some time naked on the sea-shore, till the humanity
  of Philip, one of his freedmen, and an old soldier who had often
  followed his standard to victory, raised a burning pile, and
  deposited his ashes under a mound of earth. Cæsar erected a monument
  on his remains, and the emperor Adrian, two centuries after, when
  he visited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at his own expense,
  and paid particular honour to the memory of a great and good man.
  The character of Pompey is that of an intriguing and artful general,
  and the _oris probi_ and _animo inverecundo_ of Sallust, short
  and laconic as it may appear, is the best and most descriptive
  picture of his character. He wished it to appear that he obtained
  all his honours and dignity from merit alone, and as the free and
  unprejudiced favour of the Romans, while he secretly claimed them by
  faction and intrigue; and he who wished to appear the patron and an
  example of true discipline and ancient simplicity, was not ashamed
  publicly to bribe the populace to gain an election, or support his
  favourites. Yet amidst all this dissimulation, which was perhaps but
  congenial with the age, we perceive many other striking features;
  Pompey was kind and clement to the conquered, and generous to his
  captives, and he buried at his own expense Mithridates, with all the
  pomp and solemnity which the greatness of his power and the extent
  of his dominions seemed to claim. He was an enemy to flattery, and
  when his character was impeached by the malevolence of party, he
  condescended, though consul, to appear before the censorial tribunal,
  and to show that his actions and measures were not subversive of the
  peace and the independence of the people. In his private character
  he was as remarkable; he lived with great temperance and moderation,
  and his house was small, and not ostentatiously furnished. He
  destroyed with great prudence the papers which were found in the
  camp of Sertorius, lest mischievous curiosity should find causes to
  accuse the innocent, and to meditate their destruction. With great
  disinterestedness he refused the presents which princes and monarchs
  offered to him, and he ordered them to be added to the public revenue.
  He might have seen a better fate, and terminated his days with more
  glory, if he had not acted with such imprudence when the flames of
  civil war were first kindled; and he reflected with remorse, after
  the battle of Pharsalia, upon his want of usual sagacity and military
  prudence, in fighting at such a distance from the sea, and in leaving
  the fortified places of Dyrrachium, to meet in the open plain an
  enemy, without provisions, without friends, and without resources.
  The misfortunes which attended him after the conquest of Mithridates,
  are attributed by christian writers to his impiety in profaning the
  temple of the Jews, and in entering with the insolence of a conqueror
  the Holy of Holies, where even the sacred person of the high priest
  of the nation was not admitted but upon the most solemn occasions.
  His duplicity of behaviour in regard to Cicero is deservedly censured,
  and he should not have violently sacrificed to party and sedition a
  Roman whom he had ever found his firmest friend and adherent. In his
  meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed with pride, and he might
  have paid more deference and more honour to a general who was as able
  and more entitled than himself to finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey
  married four different times. His first matrimonial connection was
  with Antistia the daughter of the pretor Antistius, whom he divorced,
  with great reluctance, to marry Æmylia the daughter-in-law of Sylla.
  Æmylia died in child-bed; and Pompey’s marriage with Julia the
  daughter of Cæsar was a step more of policy than affection. Yet Julia
  loved Pompey with great tenderness, and her death in child-bed was
  the signal of war between her husband and her father. He afterwards
  married Cornelia the daughter of Metellus Scipio, a woman commended
  for her virtues, beauty, and accomplishments. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.――_Dio Cassius._
  ――_Lucan._――_Appian._――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_.――_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch.
  68, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 25; _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 13, ltr. 19.――_Eutropius._――――The two sons of Pompey the Great,
  called _Cneus_ and _Sextus_, were masters of a powerful army, when
  the death of their father was known. They prepared to oppose the
  conqueror, but Cæsar pursued them with his usual vigour and success,
  and at the battle of Munda they were defeated, and Cneus was left
  among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, where he for some time
  supported himself; but the murder of Cæsar gave rise to new events,
  and if Pompey had been as prudent and as sagacious as his father, he
  might have become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. He treated
  with the triumvirs as an equal, and when Augustus and Antony had the
  imprudence to trust themselves without arms and without attendants
  in his ship, Pompey, by following the advice of his friend Menas,
  who wished him to cut off the illustrious persons who were masters of
  the world, and now in his power, might have made himself as absolute
  as Cæsar; but he refused, and observed it was unbecoming the son of
  Pompey to act with such duplicity. This friendly meeting of Pompey
  with two of the triumvirs was not productive of advantages to him;
  he wished to have no superior, and hostilities began. Pompey was at
  the head of 350 ships, and appeared so formidable to his enemies, and
  so confident of success in himself, that he called himself the son of
  Neptune, and the lord of the sea. He was, however, soon defeated in
  a naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidus, and of all his numerous
  fleet, only 17 sail accompanied his flight into Asia. Here for a
  moment he raised seditions, but Antony ordered him to be seized and
  put to death about 35 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_,
  _Antonius_, &c.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 2, &c.――――Trogus. _See:_ Trogus.――――Sextus Festus, a Latin
  grammarian, of whose treatise _de verborum significatione_, the best
  edition is in 4to, Amsterdam, 1699.

    ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Pompelon=, a town of Spain, now _Pompeluna_, the capital of Navarre.
  _Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Pompĭlius Numa=, the second king of Rome. _See:_ Numa. The descendants
  of the monarch were called _Pompilius Sanguis_, an expression applied
  by Horace to the Pisos. _Art of Poetry_, li. 292.――――Andronicus, a
  grammarian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, and had Cicero and
  Cæsar among his pupils. _Suetonius._

=Pompĭlia=, a daughter of Numa Pompilius. She married Numa Martius, by
  whom she had Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome.

=Pompīlus=, a fisherman of Ionia. He carried into Miletus Ocyroe the
  daughter of Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured; but before he had
  reached the shore, the god changed the boat into a rock, Pompilus
  into a fish of the same name, and carried away Ocyroe. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 29; bk. 9, ch. 15; bk. 32, ch. 11.

=Pompiscus=, an Arcadian. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Pompōnia=, the wife of Quintus Cicero, sister to Pomponius Atticus.
  She punished with the greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had
  betrayed her husband to Antony, and she ordered him to cut his flesh
  by piecemeal, and afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence.
  ――――A daughter of Pomponius Græcinus, in the age of Augustus, &c.
  ――――Another matron, banished from Rome by Domitian, and recalled by
  Nerva.

=Pompōnius=, the father of Numa, advised his son to accept the regal
  dignity which the Roman ambassadors offered to him.――――A celebrated
  Roman intimate with Cicero. He was surnamed Atticus from his long
  residence at Athens. _See:_ Atticus.――――Flaccus, a man appointed
  governor of Mœsia and Syria by Tiberius, because he had continued
  drinking and eating with him for two days without intermission.
  _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 42.――――A tribune of the people in the
  time of Servilius Ahala the consul.――――Labeo, a governor of Mœsia,
  accused of ill management in his province. He destroyed himself by
  opening his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, li. 29.――――Mela, a
  Spaniard, who wrote a book on geography. _See:_ Mela.――――A proconsul
  of Africa, accused by the inhabitants of his province, and acquitted,
  &c.――――A Roman who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He
  triumphed over Sardinia, of which he was made governor. He escaped
  from Rome, and the tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the habit of
  a pretor, and by travelling with his servants disguised in the dress
  of lictors with their fasces.――――Secundus, an officer in Germany in
  the age of Nero. He was honoured with a triumph for a victory over
  the barbarians of Germany. He wrote some poems greatly celebrated
  by the ancients for their beauty and elegance. They are lost.――――A
  friend of Caius Gracchus. He was killed in attempting to defend him.
  _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.――――An officer taken prisoner by
  Mithridates.――――A dissolute youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
  li. 52.――――Sextus, a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &c.

=Pomposiānus=, a Roman put to death by Domitian. He had before been
  made consul by Vespasian.

=Pomptina.= _See:_ Pontina.

=Caius Pomptinus=, a Roman officer, who conquered the Allobroges after
  the defeat of Catiline. _Cicero_ bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 16;
  bk. 6, ltr. 3.

=Pompus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Pons Ælius=, was built by the emperor Adrian at Rome. It was the
  second bridge of Rome in following the current of the Tiber. It is
  still to be seen, the largest and most beautiful in Rome.――――Æmylius,
  an ancient bridge at Rome, originally called _Sublicius_, because
  built with wood (_sublicæ_). It was raised by Ancus Martius, and
  dedicated with great pomp and solemnity by the Roman priests. It was
  rebuilt with stones by Æmylius Lepidus, whose name it assumed. It
  was much injured by the overflowing of the river, and the emperor
  Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all with white marble. It was the
  last of all the bridges of Rome, in following the course of the river,
  and some vestiges of it may still be seen.――――Aniensis was built
  across the river Anio, about three miles from Rome. It was rebuilt
  by the eunuch Narses, and called after him when destroyed by the
  Goths.――――Cestus was built in the reign of Tiberius, by a Roman
  called Cestius Gallus, from whom it received its name, and carried
  back from an island of the Tiber, to which the Fabricius conducted.
  ――――Aurelianus was built with marble by the emperor ♦Antoninus.
  ――――Armoniensis was built by Augustus, to join the Flaminian to the
  Æmylian road.――――Bajanus was built at Baiæ in the sea by Caligula.
  It was supported by boats, and measured about six miles in length.
  ――――Janicularis received its name from its vicinity to mount
  Janiculum. It is still standing.――――Milvius was about one mile
  from Rome. It was built by the censor Ælius Scaurus. It was near
  it that Constantine defeated Maxentius.――――Fabricius was built by
  Fabricius, and carried to an island of the Tiber.――――Gardius was
  built by Agrippa.――――Palatinus, near mount Palatine, was also called
  _Senatorius_, because the senators walked over it in procession when
  they went to consult the Sibylline books. It was begun by Marcus
  Fulvius, and finished in the censorship of Lucius Mummius, and some
  remains of it are still visible.――――Trajani was built by Trajan
  across the Danube, celebrated for its bigness and magnificence. The
  emperor built it to assist more expeditiously the provinces against
  the barbarians, but his successor destroyed it, as he supposed that
  it would be rather an inducement for the barbarians to invade the
  empire. It was raised on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from the
  foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant one from the other,
  extending in length above a mile. Some of the pillars are still
  standing.――――Another was built by Trajan over the Tagus, part of
  which still remains. Of temporary bridges, that of Cæsar over the
  Rhine was the most famous.――――The largest single-arched bridge known
  is over the river Elaver in France, called _Pons Veteris Brivatis_.
  The pillars stand on two rocks, at the distance of 195 feet. The
  arch is 84 feet high above the water.――――Suffragiorum was built in
  the Campus Martius, and received its name, because the populace were
  obliged to pass over it whenever they delivered their suffrages at
  the elections of magistrates and officers of the state.――――Tirensis,
  a bridge of Latium between Arpinum and Minturnæ.――――Triumphalis was
  on the way to the capitol, and passed over by those who triumphed.
  ――――Narniensis joined two mountains near Narnia, built by Augustus,
  of stupendous height, 60 miles from Rome; one arch of it remains,
  about 100 feet high.

    ♦ ‘Antonnius’ replaced with ‘Antoninus’

=Pontia=, a Roman matron who committed adultery with Sagitta, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.――――A mother infamous for her cruelty.
  _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 34.――――A surname of Venus at Hermione.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――――A woman condemned by Nero as guilty
  of a conspiracy. She killed herself by opening her veins. She was
  daughter of Petronius and wife of Bolanus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li.
  637.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where Pilate, surnamed Pontius,
  is supposed to have lived. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1. _See:_ Œnotrides.

=Pontĭcum mare=, the sea of Pontus, generally called the Euxine.

=Pontīcus=, a poet of Rome, contemporary with Propertius, by whom he
  is compared to Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban war in heroic
  verse. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 7.――――A man in Juvenal’s age, fond
  of boasting of the antiquity and great actions of his family, yet
  without possessing himself one single virtue.

=Pontīna=, or =Pomptina lacus=, a lake in the country of the Volsci,
  through which the great Appian road passed. Travellers were sometimes
  conveyed in a boat, drawn by a mule, in the canal that ran along
  the road from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is now become
  so dangerous, from the exhalations of its stagnant water, that
  travellers avoid passing near it. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 9.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 85.

=Pontīnus=, a friend of Cicero.――――A tribune of the people, who
  refused to rise up when Cæsar passed in triumphal procession. He
  was one of Cæsar’s murderers, and was killed at the battle of Mutina.
  _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 78.――_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his
  Friends_.――――A mountain of Argolis, with a river of the same name.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 73.

=Pontius Aufidianus=, a Roman citizen, who, upon hearing that violence
  had been offered to his daughter, punished her and her ravisher with
  death. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.――――Herennius, a general
  of the Samnites, who surrounded the Roman army under the consuls
  Titus Veturius and Publius Posthumius. As there was no possibility of
  escaping for the Romans, Pontius consulted his father what he could
  do with an army that were prisoners in his hands. The old man advised
  him either to let them go untouched, or put them all to the sword.
  Pontius rejected his father’s advice, and spared the lives of the
  enemy, after he had obliged them to pass under the yoke with the
  greatest ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and obliged, in his
  turn, to pass under the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he
  appeared again at the head of another army, and he was afterwards
  shamefully put to death by the Romans, after he had adorned the
  triumph of the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――――Cominius,
  a Roman who gave information to his countrymen who were besieged
  in the capitol, that Camillus had obtained a victory over the Gauls.
  _Plutarch._――――A Roman slave who told Sylla, in a prophetic strain,
  that he brought him success from Bellona.――――One of the favourites
  of Albucilla. He was degraded from the rank of a senator. _Tacitus._
  ――――Titus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero _de Senectute_ mentions as
  possessed of uncommon strength.

=Pontus=, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Colchis, west
  by the Halys, north by the Euxine sea, and south by part of Armenia.
  It was divided into three parts, according to Ptolemy; Pontus
  _Galaticus_, of which Amasia was the capital, Pontus _Polemoniacus_,
  from its chief town Polemonium, and Pontus _Cappadocius_, of which
  Trapezus was the capital. It was governed by kings, the first of whom
  was Artabazes, either one of the seven Persian noblemen who murdered
  the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descendants. The kingdom of
  Pontus was in its most flourishing state under Mithridates the Great.
  When Julius Cæsar had conquered it, it became a Roman province,
  though it was often governed by monarchs who were tributary to the
  power of Rome. Under the emperors a regular governor was always
  appointed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were
  highly valued among the ancients for their salutary qualities in
  medicinal processes. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 58.――_Mela_,
  bk. 1, chs. 1 & 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Cicero_, _De Legibus_.
  ――_Manitius._――_Appian._――_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――――A part of Mysia
  in Europe, on the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was banished,
  and from whence he wrote his four books of epistles _ex Ponto_, and
  his six books _de Tristibus_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_.――――An ancient deity,
  father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto by Terra. He is
  the same as Oceanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Pontus Euxīnus=, a celebrated sea, situate at the west of Colchis
  between Asia and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called the
  _Black sea_ by the moderns. _See:_ Euxinus.

=Marcus Popilius=, a consul who was informed, as he was offering a
  sacrifice, that a sedition was raised in the city against the senate.
  Upon this he immediately went to the populace in his sacerdotal robes,
  and quieted the multitude with a speech. He lived about the year of
  Rome 404. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 8.
  ――――Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by the Gauls, abandoned his
  baggage to save his army. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 1,
  ch. 15.――――Lænas, a Roman ambassador to Antiochus king of Syria. He
  was commissioned to order the monarch to abstain from hostilities
  against Ptolemy king of Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antiochus
  wished to evade him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which
  he had in his hand, made a circle round him on the sand, and bade
  him, in the name of the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond
  it before he spoke decisively. This boldness intimidated Antiochus;
  he withdrew his garrisons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war
  against Ptolemy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 45,
  ch. 12.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――A tribune of the people who
  murdered Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for his life when
  he was accused of parricide. _Plutarch._――――A pretor who banished the
  friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy.――――A Roman consul who made
  war against the people of Numantia, on pretence that the peace had
  not been firmly established. He was defeated by them.――――A senator
  who alarmed the conspirators against Cæsar, by telling them that the
  whole plot was discovered.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_ Nepotianus.

=Poplicŏla=, one of the first consuls. _See:_ Publicola.

=Poppæa Sabīna=, a celebrated Roman matron, daughter of Titus Ollius.
  She married a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom she had a
  son. Her personal charms, and the elegance of her figure, captivated
  Otho, who was then one of Nero’s favourites. He carried her away
  and married her; but Nero, who had seen her, and had often heard
  her accomplishments extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and
  sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding over one of the Roman
  provinces. After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated his wife
  Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, and married Poppæa. The cruelty
  and avarice of the emperor did not long permit Poppæa to share the
  imperial dignity, and though she had already made him father of a son,
  he began to despise her, and even to use her with barbarity. She died
  of a blow which she received from his foot when many months advanced
  in her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the christian era. Her
  funeral was performed with great pomp and solemnity, and statues were
  raised to her memory. It is said that she was so anxious to preserve
  her beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 asses were kept
  on purpose to afford her milk in which she used daily to bathe. Even
  in her banishment she was attended by 50 of these animals for the
  same purpose, and from their milk she invented a kind of ointment or
  pomatum, to preserve beauty, called _poppæanum_ from her. _Pliny_,
  bk. 11, ch. 41.――_Dio Cassisus_, bk. 65.――_Juvenal_, satire 6.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_ & _Otho_.――_Tacitus_, ♦_Annals_, bks. 13 & 14.
  ――――A beautiful woman at the court of Nero. She was mother to the
  preceding. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1, &c.

    ♦ Book title omitted in text

=Poppæus Sabīnus=, a Roman of obscure origin, who was made governor
  of some of the Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_,
  bk. 6, _Annals_, ch. 39.――――Sylvanus, a man of consular dignity, who
  brought to Vespasian a body of 600 Dalmatians.――――A friend of Otho.

=Populonia=, or =Populanium=, a town of Etruria, near Pisæ, destroyed
  in the civil wars of Sylla. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 172.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Porata=, a river of Dacia, now _Pruth_, falling into the Danube a
  little below Axiopoli.

=Porcia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly commended by Cicero.――――A
  daughter of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his death,
  Brutus. She was remarkable for her prudence, philosophy, courage,
  and conjugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound in the thigh,
  to see with what fortitude she could bear pain; and when her husband
  asked her the reason of it, she said that she wished to try whether
  she had courage enough to share not only his bed, but to partake of
  his most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished at her constancy, and
  no longer detained from her knowledge the conspiracy which he and
  many other illustrious Romans had formed against Julius Cæsar. Porcia
  wished them success, and though she betrayed fear, and fell into a
  swoon the day that her husband was gone to assassinate the dictator,
  yet she was faithful to her promise, and dropped nothing which might
  affect the situation of the conspirators. When Brutus was dead, she
  refused to survive him, and attempted to end her life as a daughter
  of Cato. Her friends attempted to terrify her; but when she saw that
  every weapon was removed from her reach, she swallowed burning coals
  and died, about 42 years before the christian era. Valerius Maximus
  says that she was acquainted with her husband’s conspiracy against
  Cæsar when she gave herself the wound. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 2; bk. 4, ch. 6.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.

=Porcia lex=, _de civitate_, by Marcus Porcius the tribune, A.U.C. 453.
  It ordained that no magistrate should punish with death, or scourge
  with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, but only permit him to
  go into exile. _Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_.――_Livy_, bk. 10.
  ――_Cicero_, _For Rabirius Postumus_.

=Porcina=, a surname of the orator Marcus Æmilius Lepidus, who lived a
  little before Cicero’s age, and was distinguished for his abilities.
  _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Marcus Porcius Latro=, a celebrated orator who killed himself when
  labouring under a quartan ague, A.U.C. 750.――――Licinius, a Latin poet
  during the time of the third Punic war, commended for the elegance,
  the graceful ease, and happy wit of his epigrams.――――A Roman senator
  who joined the conspiracy of Catiline.――――A son of Cato of Utica,
  given much to drinking.

=Poredorax=, one of the 40 Gauls whom Mithridates ordered to be put
  to death, and to remain unburied for conspiring against him. His
  mistress at Pergamus buried him against the orders of the monarch.
  _Plutarch_, _Mulierum Virtutes_.

=Porīna=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 85.

=Poroselēne=, an island near Lesbos. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.

=Porphyrion=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, one of the giants who made war
  against Jupiter. He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to conquer him,
  inspired him with love for Juno, and while the giant endeavoured to
  obtain his wishes, he, with the assistance of Hercules, overpowered
  him. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 78.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Porphy̆ris=, a name of the island Cythera.

=Porphyrius=, a Platonic philosopher of Tyre. He studied eloquence
  at Athens under Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, where he
  perfected himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was a man of universal
  information, and, according to the testimony of the ancients, he
  excelled his contemporaries in the knowledge of history, mathematics,
  music, and philosophy. He expressed his sentiments with elegance and
  with dignity, and while other philosophers studied obscurity in their
  language, his style was remarkable for its simplicity and grace. He
  applied himself to the study of magic, which he called a theourgic
  or divine operation. The books that he wrote were numerous, and
  some of his smaller treatises are still extant. His most celebrated
  work, which is now lost, was against the religion of Christ, and in
  this theological contest he appeared so formidable, that most of the
  fathers of the church have been employed in confuting his arguments,
  and developing the falsehood of his assertions. He has been
  universally called the greatest enemy which the christian religion
  had, and, indeed, his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy
  of his book was publicly burnt by order of Theodosius, A.D. 388.
  Porphyry resided for some time in Sicily, and died at the advanced
  age of 71, A.D. 304. The best edition of his life of Pythagoras is
  that of Kuster, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707, that of his treatise, _De
  Abstinentiâ_, is De Rhoer, Utrecht, 8vo, 1767, and that _De Antro
  Nympharum_, in 8vo, Utrecht, 1765.――――A Latin poet in the reign of
  Constantine the Great.

=Porrima=, one of the attendants of Carmente when she came from Arcadia.
  _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 633.

=Porsenna=, or =Porsĕna=, a king of Etruria, who declared war against
  the Romans because they refused to restore Tarquin to his throne and
  to his royal privileges. He was at first successful; the Romans were
  defeated, and Porsenna would have entered the gates of Rome, had not
  Cocles stood at the head of a bridge, and supported the fury of the
  whole Etrurian army, while his companions behind were cutting off the
  communication with the opposite shore. This act of bravery astonished
  Porsenna; but when he had seen Mutius Scævola enter his camp with
  an intention to murder him, and when he had seen him burn his hand
  without emotion to convince him of his fortitude and intrepidity,
  he no longer dared to make head against a people so brave and so
  generous. He made a peace with the Romans, and never after supported
  the claims of Tarquin. The generosity of Porsenna’s behaviour to
  the captives was admired by the Romans, and to reward his humanity
  they raised a brazen statue to his honour. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Horace_, epode
  16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 646.

=Porta Capēna=, a gate at Rome, which leads to the Appian road. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 192.――――Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which received
  its name from Aurelius, a consul who made a road which led to Pisæ,
  all along the coast of Etruria.――――Asinaria led to mount Cœlius.
  It received its name from the family of the Asinii.――――Carmentalis
  was at the foot of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was afterwards
  called _Scelerata_, because the 300 Fabii marched through when they
  went to fight an enemy, and were killed near the river Cremera.
  ――――Janualis was near the temple of Janus.――――Esquilina was also
  called _Metia_, _Taurica_, or _Libitinensis_, and all criminals
  who were going to be executed generally passed through, as also
  dead bodies which were carried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus.
  ――――Flaminia, called also _Flumentana_, was situate between the
  capitol and mount Quirinalis, and through it the Flaminian road
  passed.――――Fontinalis led to the Campus Martius. It received its name
  from the great number of fountains that were near it.――――Navalis was
  situate near the place where the ships came from Ostia.――――Viminalis
  was near mount Viminalis.――――Trigemina, called also _Ostiensis_,
  led to the town of Ostia.――――Catularia was near the Carmentalis
  Porta, at the foot of mount Viminalis.――――Collatina received its name
  from its leading to Collatia.――――Collina, called also _Quirinalis_,
  _Agonensis_, and _Salaria_, was near Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up
  to this gate and threw a spear into the city. It is to be observed,
  that at the death of Romulus there were only three or four gates at
  Rome, but the number was increased, and in the time of Pliny there
  were 37, when the circumference of the walls was 13 miles and 200
  paces.

=Portia= and =Portius=. _See:_ Porcia and Porcius.

=Portmos=, a town of Eubœa. _Demosthenes._――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Portumnalia=, festivals of Portumnus at Rome, celebrated on the 17th
  of August, in a very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the borders
  of the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 547.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Portumnus=, a sea deity. _See:_ Melicerta.

=Porus=, the god of plenty at Rome. He was son of Metis or Prudence.
  _Plato._――――A king of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. The
  conqueror of Darius ordered him to come and pay homage to him, as a
  dependent prince. Porus scorned his commands, and declared he would
  go and meet him on the frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, and
  immediately he marched a large army to the banks of the Hydaspes.
  The stream of the river was rapid; but Alexander crossed it in the
  obscurity of the night, and defeated one of the sons of the Indian
  monarch. Porus himself renewed the battle, but the valour of the
  Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian prince retired covered with
  wounds, on the back of one of his elephants. Alexander sent one of
  the kings of India to demand him to surrender, but Porus killed the
  messenger, exclaiming, “Is not this the voice of the wretch who has
  abandoned his country?” and when he at last was prevailed upon to
  come before the conqueror, he approached him as an equal. Alexander
  demanded of him how he wished to be treated. “Like a king,” replied
  the Indian monarch. This magnanimous answer so pleased the Macedonian
  conqueror, that he not only restored him his dominions, but he
  increased his kingdom by the conquest of new provinces; and Porus, in
  acknowledgment of such generosity and benevolence, became one of the
  most faithful and attached friends of Alexander, and never violated
  the assurances of peace which he had given him. Porus is represented
  as a man of uncommon stature, great strength, and proportionable
  dignity. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 8, &c.――_Claudianus_, _De Consulatu Honorii_,
  ch. 4.――――Another king of India in the reign of Alexander.――――A king
  of Babylon.

=Pŏsīdes=, a eunuch and freedman of the emperor Claudius, who rose to
  honours by the favour of his master. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 94.

=Posidēum=, a promontory and town of Ionia, where Neptune had a temple.
  _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A town of Syria below Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 20.――――A town near the Strymon, on the borders of Macedonia.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Posīdon=, the name of Neptune among the Greeks.

=Posidonia=, a town of Lucania, better known by the name of Pæstum.
  _See:_ Pæstum.

=Posidonium=, a town or temple of Neptune, near Cænis in Italy, where
  the straits of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile distant from
  the opposite shore.

=Posidonius=, a philosopher of Apamea. He lived at Rhodes for some
  time, and afterwards came to Rome, where, after cultivating the
  friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died in his 84th year. He wrote
  a treatise on the nature of the gods, and also attempted to measure
  the circumference of the earth; he accounted for the tides from the
  motion of the moon, and calculated the height of the atmosphere to be
  400 stadia, nearly agreeing with the ideas of the moderns. _Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――――Another philosopher, born at Alexandria in Egypt.

=Posio=, a native of Magnesia, who wrote a history of the Amazons.

=Posthumia=, a vestal virgin, accused of adultery and acquitted.――――The
  wife of Servius Sulpicius. _Cicero_, _Epistles_.――――A daughter of
  Sylla.

=Posthumius Albīnus=, a man who suffered himself to be bribed by
  Jugurtha, against whom he had been sent with an army.――――A writer
  at Rome whom Cato ridiculed for composing a history in Greek, and
  afterwards offering apologies for the inaccuracy and inelegance of
  his expressions.――――Tubero, a master of horse to the dictator Æmilius
  Mamercus. He was himself made dictator in the war which the Romans
  waged against the Volsci, and he punished his son with death for
  fighting against his orders, A.U.C. 312. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
  ――――Spurius, a consul sent against the Samnites. He was taken in an
  ambush by Pontius, the enemy’s general, and obliged to pass under
  the yoke with all his army. He saved his life by a shameful treaty,
  and when he returned to Rome he persuaded the Romans not to reckon as
  valid the engagements he had made with the enemy, as it was without
  their advice. He was given up to the enemy because he could not
  perform his engagements; but he was released by Pontius for his
  generous and patriotic behaviour.――――Aulus, a dictator who defeated
  the Latins and the Volsci.――――Tubertus, another dictator, who
  defeated the Æqui and Volsci.――――Lucius, a consul sent against the
  Samnites.――――A general who defeated the Sabines, and who was the
  first who obtained an ovation.――――A man poisoned by his wife.――――A
  general who conquered the Æqui, and who was stoned by the army,
  because he refused to divide the promised spoils. _Florus_, bk. 22.
  ――――Lucius, a Roman consul who was defeated by the Boii. He was left
  among the slain, and his head was cut off from his body, and carried
  in triumph by the barbarians into their temples, where they made with
  the skull a sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods.――――Marcus
  Crassus Latianus, an officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A.D. 260.
  He reigned with great popularity, and gained the affection of his
  subjects by his humanity and moderation. He took his son of the same
  name as a colleague on the throne. They were both assassinated by
  their soldiers, after a reign of six years.――――Megilthus, a consul
  against the Samnites and Tarentines.――――Quintus, a man put to death
  by Antony.――――A soothsayer in the age of Sylla.――――Spurius, an enemy
  of Tiberius Gracchus.――――Albus, a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to
  collect the most salutary laws of Solon, &c. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 31.
  ――――Sylvius, a son of Æneas and Sylvia.

=Postverta=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the painful travails
  of women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 633.

=Postumia via=, a Roman road about the town of Hostilia.

=Postumius.= _See:_ Posthumius.

=Potamĭdes=, nymphs who presided over rivers and fountains, as their
  name (ποταμος, _fluvius_) implies.

=Potamon=, a philosopher of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus. He
  wrote several treatises, and confined himself to the doctrines of no
  particular sect of philosophers.

=Potamos=, a town of Attica, near Sunium. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Potentia=, a town of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44.

=Pothīnus=, a eunuch, tutor to Ptolemy king of Egypt. He advised the
  monarch to murder Pompey, when he claimed his protection after the
  battle of Pharsalia. He stirred up commotions in Alexandria, when
  Cæsar came there, upon which the conqueror ordered him to be put to
  death. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 483; bk. 10, li. 95.

=Pothos=, one of the deities of the Samothracians. _Pliny_, bk. 36,
  ch. 5.

=Potidæa=, a town of Macedonia, situate in the peninsula of Pallene.
  It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and became tributary to the
  Athenians, from whom Philip of Macedonia took it. The conqueror gave
  it to the Olynthians, to render them more attached to his interest.
  Cassander repaired and enlarged it, and called it _Cassandria_, a
  name which it still preserves, and which has given occasion to Livy
  to say, that Cassander was the original founder of that city. _Livy_,
  bk. 44, ch. 11.――_Demosthenes_, _Olynthiac_.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Potidania=, a town of Ætolia. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.

=Potīna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over children’s potions.
  _Varro._

=Potitius.= _See:_ Pinarius.

=Potniæ=, a town of Bœotia, where Bacchus had a temple. The Potnians,
  having once murdered the priest of the god, were ordered by the
  oracle, to appease his resentment, yearly to offer on his altars
  a young man. This unnatural sacrifice was continued for some years,
  till Bacchus himself substituted a goat, from which circumstance he
  received the appellation of _Ægobolus_ and _Ægophagus_. There was
  here a fountain whose waters made horses run mad as soon as they were
  touched. There were also here certain goddesses called _Potniades_,
  on whose altars, in a grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine, victims
  were sacrificed. It was also usual, at a certain season of the year,
  to conduct into the grove young pigs, which were found the following
  year in the groves of Dodona. The mares of Potniæ destroyed their
  master Glaucus son of Sisyphus. _See:_ Glaucus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 8.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 267.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 25.――――A town of Magnesia, whose pastures gave
  madness to asses, according to Pliny.

=Practium=, a town and a small river of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont.

=Præcia=, a courtesan at Rome, who influenced Cethegus, and procured
  Asia as a consular province for Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Præneste=, a town of Latium, about 21 miles from Rome, built by
  Telegonus son of Ulysses and Circe, or, according to others, by
  Cæculus the son of Vulcan. There was a celebrated temple of Fortune
  there, with two famous images, as also an oracle, which was long in
  great repute. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 41.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 680.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.――_Statius_, bk. 1,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 80.

=Præsos=, a small town of Crete, destroyed in a civil war by one of the
  neighbouring cities.

=Præsti=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Prætōria=, a town of Dacia, now _Cronstadt_.――――Another, now _Aoust_,
  in Piedmont.

=Prætorius=, a name ironically applied to As. Sempronius Rufus, because
  he was disappointed in his solicitations for the pretorship, as being
  too dissolute and luxurious in his manners. He was the first who had
  a stork brought to his table. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 50.

=Prætutium=, a town of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 568.
    ――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43.

=Prasiane=, now _Verdant_, a large island at the mouth of the Indus.
  _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Prasias=, a lake between Macedonia and Thrace, where were silver mines.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Prasii=, a nation of India in Alexander’s age. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Pratellia lex=, was enacted by Pratellius the tribune, A.U.C. 398, to
  curb and check the ambitious views of men who were lately advanced in
  the state. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 15.

=Pratinas=, a Greek poet of Phlius, contemporary with Æschylus. He
  was the first among the Greeks who composed satires, which were
  represented as farces. Of these 32 were acted, as also 18 of his
  tragedies, one of which only obtained the poetical prize. Some of his
  verses are extant, quoted by Athenæus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.

=Praxagŏras=, an Athenian writer, who published a history of the kings
  of his own country. He was then only 19 years old, and, three years
  after, he wrote the life of Constantine the Great. He had also
  written the life of Alexander, all now lost.

=Praxias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.

=Praxidămas=, a famous athlete of Ægina. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.

=Praxidĭce=, a goddess among the Greeks, who presided over the
  execution of enterprises, and who punished all evil actions.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.

=Praxĭla=, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who flourished about 492 years
  before Christ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Praxiphănes=, a Rhodian, who wrote a learned commentary on the obscure
  passages of Sophocles.――――An historian. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Praxis=, a surname of Venus at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.

=Praxitĕles=, a famous sculptor of Magna Græcia, who flourished about
  324 years before the christian era. He chiefly worked on Parian
  marble, on account of its beautiful whiteness. He carried his art to
  the greatest perfection, and was so happy in copying nature, that his
  statues seemed to be animated. The most famous of his pieces was a
  Cupid which he gave to Phryne. This celebrated courtesan, who wished
  to have the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, and who could not
  depend upon her own judgment in the choice, alarmed the sculptor,
  by telling him his house was on fire. Praxiteles upon this showed
  his eagerness to save his Cupid from the flames, above all his other
  pieces; but Phryne restrained his fears, and, by discovering her
  artifice, obtained the favourite statue. The sculptor employed his
  chisel in making a statue of this beautiful courtesan, which was
  dedicated in the temple of Delphi, and placed between the statues of
  Archidamus king of Sparta, and Philip king of Macedon. He also made
  a statue of Venus, at the request of the people of Cos, and gave them
  their choice of the goddess, either naked or veiled. The former was
  superior to the other in beauty and perfection, but the inhabitants
  of Cos preferred the latter. The ♦Cnidians, who did not wish to
  patronize modesty and decorum with the same eagerness as the people
  of Cos, bought the naked Venus, and it was so universally esteemed,
  that Nicomedes king of Bithynia offered the Cnidians to pay an
  enormous debt under which they laboured, if they would give him
  their favourite statue. This offer was not accepted. The famous Cupid
  was bought of the Thespians by Caius Cæsar and carried to Rome, but
  Claudius restored it to them, and Nero afterwards obtained possession
  of it. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40; bk. 8, ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, chs.
  34 & 36.

    ♦ ‘Cnidans’ replaced with ‘Cnidians’

=Praxithea=, a daughter of Phrasimus and Diogenea. She married
  Erechtheus king of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pandarus, and
  Metion, and four daughters, Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A daughter of Thestius, mother of
  some children by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A daughter
  of Erechtheus, sacrificed by order of the oracle.

=Prelius=, a lake of Tuscany, now _Castiglione_. _Cicero_, _For Milo_,
  ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Presbon=, a son of Phryxus, father of Clymenus.――――A son of Clytodora
  and Minyas also bore the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 34 & 37.

=Pretor=, one of the chief magistrates at Rome. The office of pretor
  was first instituted A.U.C. 388, by the senators, who wished by some
  new honour to compensate for the loss of the consulship, of which
  the plebeians had claimed a share. The pretor received his name a
  _præeundo_. Only one was originally elected, and another A.U.C. 501.
  One of them was totally employed in administering justice among
  the citizens, whence he was called pretor _urbanus_; and the other
  appointed judges in all causes which related to foreigners. In the
  year of Rome 520, two more pretors were created to assist the consul
  in the government of the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, which had
  been lately conquered, and two more when Spain was reduced into the
  form of a Roman province, A.U.C. 521. Sylla the dictator added two
  more, and Julius Cæsar increased the number to 10, and afterwards
  to 16, and the second triumvirate to 64. After this their numbers
  fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, till, in the decline
  of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers were
  reduced to three. In his public capacity the pretor administered
  justice, protected the rights of widows and orphans, presided at the
  celebration of public festivals, and in the absence of the consul
  assembled or prorogued the senate as he pleased. He also exhibited
  shows to the people, and in the festivals of the Bona Dea, where
  no males were permitted to appear, his wife presided over the rest
  of the Roman matrons. Feasts were announced and proclaimed by him,
  and he had the power to make and repeal laws, if it met with the
  approbation of the senate and people. The questors were subject to
  him, and in the absence of the consuls, he appeared at the head of
  the armies, and in the city he kept a register of all the freedmen
  of Rome, with the reasons for which they had received their freedom.
  In the provinces the pretors appeared with great pomp; six lictors
  with the fasces walked before them, and when the empire was increased
  by conquests, they divided, like the consuls, their government, and
  provinces were given them by lot. When the year of their pretorship
  was elapsed, they were called _proprætors_, if they still continued
  at the head of their province. At Rome the pretors appeared also with
  much pomp; two lictors preceded them, they wore the _prætexta_, or
  the white robe with purple borders, they sat in curule chairs, and
  their tribunal was distinguished by a sword and a spear, while they
  administered justice. The tribunal was called _prætorium_. When they
  rode they appeared on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinction.
  The pretor who appointed judges to try foreign causes, was called
  _prætor peregrinus_. The pretors _Cereales_, appointed by Julius
  Cæsar, were employed in providing corn and provision for the city.
  They were on that account often called _frumentarii_.

=Preugĕnes=, a son of Agenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 7, chs.
  18 & 20.

=Prexaspes=, a Persian who put Smerdis to death, by order of king
  Cambyses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30.

=Priamĭdes=, a patronymic applied to Paris, as being son of Priam. It
  is also given to Hector, Deiphobus, and all the other children of
  the Trojan monarch. _Ovid_, _Heroides_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 235.

=Priămus=, the last king of Troy, was son of Laomedon by Strymo, called
  Placia by some. When Hercules took the city of Troy [_See:_ Laomedon],
  Priam was in the number of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione
  redeemed him from captivity, and he exchanged his original name of
  Podarces for that of _Priam_, which signifies _bought_ or _ransomed_.
  _See:_ Podarces. He was also placed on his father’s throne by
  Hercules, and he employed himself with well-directed diligence in
  repairing, fortifying, and embellishing the city of Troy. He had
  married, by his father’s orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced for
  Hecuba the daughter of Dimas, or Cisseus, a neighbouring prince.
  He had by Hecuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or, according to
  Homer, 19; the most celebrated of whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus,
  Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Troilus, Creusa,
  Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Besides these he had many others
  by concubines. Their names, according to Apollodorus, are Melampus,
  Gorgythion, Philæmon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evagoras, Hippothous,
  Chersidamas, Hippodamas, Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon,
  Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, Telestas, Melius, Cebrion,
  Laodocus, Idomeneus, Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Ascanius,
  Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, Clovius, Ægioneus, Hypirychus,
  Lysithous, Polymedon, Medusa, Lysimache, Medesicaste, and Aristodeme.
  After he had reigned for some time in the greatest prosperity, Priam
  expressed a desire to recover his sister Hesione, whom Hercules had
  carried into Greece, and married to Telamon his friend. To carry
  this plan into execution, Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave
  the command to his son Paris, with orders to bring back Hesione.
  Paris, to whom the goddess of beauty had promised the fairest woman
  in the world [_See:_ Paris], neglected in some measure his father’s
  injunctions, and as if to make reprisals upon the Greeks, he carried
  away Helen the wife of Menelaus king of Sparta, during the absence of
  her husband. Priam beheld this with satisfaction, and he countenanced
  his son by receiving in his palace the wife of the king of Sparta.
  This rape kindled the flames of war; all the suitors of Helen, at
  the request of Menelaus [_See:_ Menelaus], assembled to revenge the
  violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, according to some, of 140
  ships under the command of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set
  sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the impending blow by the
  restoration of Helen; but this he refused to do, when the ambassadors
  of the Greeks came to him, and he immediately raised an army to
  defend himself. Troy was soon besieged; frequent skirmishes took
  place, in which the success was various, and the advantages on both
  sides inconsiderable. The siege was continued for 10 successive years,
  and Priam had the misfortune to see the greatest part of his children
  massacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, was the only one
  upon whom now the Trojans looked for protection and support; but he
  soon fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was killed by Achilles.
  Priam severely felt his loss, and as he loved him with the greatest
  tenderness, he wished to ransom his body, which was in the enemy’s
  camp. The gods, according to Homer, interested themselves in favour
  of old Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his mother, the goddess
  Thetis, to restore Hector to Priam, and the king of Troy passed
  through the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the messenger of the
  gods, who with his rod had made him invisible. The meeting of Priam
  and Achilles was solemn and affecting; the conqueror paid to the
  Trojan monarch that attention and reverence which was due to his
  dignity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam in a suppliant
  manner addressed the prince whose favours he claimed, and kissed
  the hands that had robbed him of the greatest and the best of his
  children. Achilles was moved by his tears and entreaties; he restored
  Hector, and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the funeral of his
  son. Some time after Troy was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks
  by Antenor and Æneas, and Priam upon this resolved to die in defence
  of his country. He put on his armour and advanced to meet the Greeks,
  but Hecuba by her tears and entreaties detained him near an altar of
  Jupiter, whither she had fled for protection. While Priam yielded to
  the prayers of his wife, Polites, one of his sons, fled also to the
  altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him with fury. Polites, wounded
  and overcome, fell dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged
  father, fired with indignation, ventured the most bitter invectives
  against the Greek, who paid no regard to the sanctity of altars and
  temples, and raising his spear darted it upon him. The spear hurled
  by the feeble hand of Priam touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, and
  fell to the ground. This irritated the son of Achilles; he seized
  Priam by his grey hairs, and without compassion or reverence for the
  sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into his breast. His
  head was cut off, ♦and the mutilated body was left among the heaps of
  slain. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Dares Phrygius._――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 120.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.
  22, &c.――_Euripides_, _Troades_.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 1, ch. 35.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 2, li. 507, &c.――_Horace_, ode 10, li. 14.――_Hyginus_, fable 110.
  ――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 15, li. 226.

    ♦ ‘und’ replaced with ‘and’

=Priāpus=, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens, and
  the parts of generation in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Mercury
  or Adonis, or, according to the more received opinion, by Bacchus.
  The goddess of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, went to meet
  him as he returned victorious from his Indian expedition, and by him
  she had Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. Priapus was so deformed
  in all his limbs, particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, who
  had assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mother, ashamed to
  have given birth to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed on the
  mountains. His life, however, was preserved by the shepherds, and he
  received the name of Priapus _propter deformitatem & membri virilis
  magnitudinem_. He soon became a favourite of the people of Lampsacus,
  but he was expelled by the inhabitants on account of the freedom
  which he took with their wives. This violence was punished by the
  son of Venus, and when the Lampsacenians had been afflicted with a
  disease in the genitals, Priapus was recalled, and temples erected to
  his honour. Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, naturally
  idle and indolent, gave themselves up to every lasciviousness and
  impurity during the celebration. His worship was also introduced
  in Rome; but the Romans revered him more as a god of orchards and
  gardens, than as the patron of licentiousness. A crown painted with
  different colours was offered to him in the spring, and in the summer
  a garland of ears of corn. An ass was generally sacrificed to him,
  because that animal, by its braying, awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom
  Priapus was going to offer violence. He is generally represented with
  a human face and the ears of a goat; he holds a stick in his hand,
  with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to drive away thieves,
  and a scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. He was crowned
  with the leaves of the vine, and sometimes with laurel or rocket.
  The last of these plants was sacred to him, as it is said to raise
  the passions and excite love. Priapus is often distinguished by
  the epithet of _phallus_, _fascinus_, _Ictyphallus_, or _ruber_, or
  _rubicundus_, which are all expressive of his deformity. _Catullus_,
  poems 19 & 20.――_Columella_, bk. 2, _de Res Rustica_.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 1.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 1, li. 18.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 1, li. 415; bk. 6, li. 319.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 33;
  _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 111.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 190.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――――A town of Asia Minor near Lampsacus,
  now _Caraboa_. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, and from him
  the town received its name, because he had taken refuge there when
  banished from Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――An island near Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 31.

=Priēne=, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of mount Mycale,
  one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to Bias,
  one of the seven wise men of Greece. It had been built by an Athenian
  colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 8, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Prima=, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia.

=Prion=, a place at Carthage.

=Prisciānus=, a celebrated grammarian at Athens, in the age of the
  emperor Justinian.

=Priscilla=, a woman praised for her conjugal affection by Statius,
  bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 1.

=Priscus Servilius=, a dictator at Rome who defeated the Veientes and
  the Fidenates.――――A surname of the elder Tarquin king of Rome. _See:_
  Tarquinius.――――A governor of Syria, brother to the emperor Philip.
  He proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia when he was informed of
  his brother’s death, but he was soon after conquered and put to death
  by Decius, Philip’s murderer.――――A friend of the emperor Severus.
  ――――A friend of the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the populace.
  ――――Helvidius, a questor in Achaia during the reign of Nero,
  remarkable for his independent spirit. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,
  ch. 6.――_Juvenal._――――An officer under Vitellius.――――One of the
  emperor Adrian’s friends.――――A friend of Domitian.――――An orator,
  whose dissipated and luxurious manners Horace ridicules, bk. 1,
  satire 7, li. 9.

=Pristis=, the name of one of the ships that engaged in the naval
  combat which was exhibited by Æneas at the anniversary of his
  father’s death. She was commanded by Mnestheus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 116.

=Privernus=, a Rutulian killed by Capys in the wars between Æneas and
  Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 576.

=Privernum=, now _Piperno Vecchio_, a town of the Volsci in Italy,
  whose inhabitants were called _Privernates_. It became a Roman colony.
  _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 540.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 1, _De Divinatione_, ch. 43.

=Proba=, the wife of the emperor Probus.――――A woman who opened the
  gates of Rome to the Goths.

=Probus Marcus Aurelius Severus=, a native of Sirmium in Pannonia. His
  father was originally a gardener, who, by entering the army, rose
  to the rank of a military tribune. His son obtained the same office
  in the 22nd year of his age, and he distinguished himself so much by
  his probity, his valour, his intrepidity, moderation, and clemency,
  that, at the death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invested with
  the imperial purple by the voluntary and uninfluenced choice of
  his soldiers. His election was universally approved by the Roman
  senate and the people; and Probus, strengthened on his throne by the
  affection and attachment of his subjects, marched against the enemies
  of Rome, in Gaul and Germany. Several battles were fought, and after
  he had left 400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Probus turned
  his arms against the Sarmatians. The same success attended him, and
  after he had quelled and terrified to peace the numerous barbarians
  of the north, he marched through Syria against the Blemmyes
  in the neighbourhood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were defeated with
  great slaughter, and the military character of the emperor was so
  well established, that the king of Persia sued for peace by his
  ambassadors, and attempted to buy the conqueror’s favour with the
  most splendid presents. Probus was then feasting upon the most common
  food when the ambassadors were introduced; but without even casting
  his eyes upon them, he said, that if their master did not give proper
  satisfaction to the Romans, he would lay his territories desolate,
  and as naked as the crown of his head. As he spoke, the emperor took
  off his cap, and showed the baldness of his head to the ambassadors.
  The conditions were gladly accepted by the Persian monarch, and
  Probus retired to Rome to convince his subjects of the greatness
  of his conquests, and to claim from them the applause which their
  ancestors had given to the conqueror of Macedonia or the destroyer of
  Carthage, as he passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph lasted
  several days, and the Roman populace were long entertained with
  shows and combats. But the Roman empire, delivered from its foreign
  enemies, was torn by civil discord; and peace was not re-established
  till three usurpers had been severally defeated. While his
  subjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encouraged the liberal
  arts; he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyricum to plant
  vines in their territories, and he himself repaired 70 cities in
  different parts of the empire which had been reduced to ruins.
  He also attempted to drain the waters which were stagnated in the
  neighbourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to the sea by artificial
  canals. His armies were employed in this laborious undertaking; but
  as they were unaccustomed to such toils, they soon mutinied, and
  fell upon the emperor as he was passing into one of the towns of
  Illyricum. He fled into an iron tower which he himself had built to
  observe the marshes, but as he was alone, and without arms, he was
  soon overpowered and murdered, in the 50th year of his age, after a
  reign of six years and four months, on the second of November, after
  Christ 282. The news of his death was received with the greatest
  consternation; not only his friends, but his very enemies, deplored
  his fate, and even the army, which had been concerned in his fall,
  erected a monument over his body, and placed upon it this inscription:
  _Hic Probus imperator, verè probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium
  barbararum, victor etiam tyrannorum_. He was then preparing in a
  few days to march against the Persians that had revolted, and his
  victories there might have been as great as those he obtained in the
  two other quarters of the globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his
  family, who had shared his greatness, immediately retired from Rome,
  not to become objects either of private or public malice. _Zosimus._
  ――_Probus._――_Saturninus._――――Æmilius, a grammarian in the age of
  Theodosius. The lives of excellent commanders, written by Cornelius
  Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him by some authors.――――An
  oppressive prefect of the pretorian guards, in the reign of
  Valentinian.

=Procas=, a king of Alba after his father Aventinus. He was father of
  Amulius and Numitor. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 14, li. 622.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 767.

=Prochy̆ta=, an island of Campania in the bay of Puteoli, now _Procida_.
  It was situated near Inarima, from which it was said that it had
  been separated by an earthquake. It received its name, according to
  Dionysius, from the nurse of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 715.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.

=Procilius=, a Latin historian in the age of Pompey the Great. _Varro._

=Procilla Julia=, a woman of uncommon virtue, killed by the soldiers of
  Otho. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 4.

=Caius Valerius Procillus=, a prince of Gaul, intimate with Cæsar.

=Proclēa=, a daughter of Clitius, who married Cycnus, a son of Neptune.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.

=Procles=, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, born at the same birth
  as Eurysthenes. There were continual dissensions between the two
  brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne, _See:_ Eurysthenes and
  Lacedæmon.――――A native of Andros in the Ægean sea, who was crowned
  at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――A man who headed
  the Ionians when they took Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A
  Carthaginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote some historical
  treatises, of which Pausanias has preserved some fragments.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.――――A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death
  and thrown into the sea. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――――A
  general of the Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his country to
  Dionysius the tyrant for a sum of money.

=Proclidæ=, the descendants of Procles, who sat on the throne of Sparta,
  together with the Eurysthenidæ. _See:_ Lacedæmon and Eurysthenes.

=Procne.= _See:_ Progne.

=Proconnēsus=, now _Marmora_, an island of the Propontis, at the
  north-east of Cyzicus; also called _Elaphonnesus_ and _Neuris_. It
  was famous for its fine marble. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Procopius=, a celebrated officer of a noble family in Cilicia, related
  to the emperor Julian, with whom he lived in great intimacy. He
  was universally admired for his integrity, but he was not destitute
  of ambition or pride. After he had signalized himself under Julian
  and his successor, he retired from the Roman provinces among the
  barbarians in the Thracian Chersonesus, and some time after he
  suddenly made his appearance at Constantinople, when the emperor
  Valens had marched into the east, and he proclaimed himself master
  of the eastern empire. His usurpation was universally acknowledged,
  and his victories were so rapid, that Valens would have resigned
  the imperial purple, had not his friends intervened. But now fortune
  changed; Procopius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his army.
  His head was cut off, and carried to Valentinian in Gaul, A.D. 366.
  Procopius was slain in the 42nd year of his age, and he had usurped
  the title of emperor for above eight months. _Ammianus Marcellinus_,
  bks. 25 & 26.――――A Greek historian of Cæsarea in Palestine, secretary
  to the celebrated Belisarius, A.D. 534. He wrote the history of
  the reign of Justinian, and greatly celebrated the hero, whose
  favours and patronage he enjoyed. This history is divided into eight
  books, two of which give an account of the Persian war, two of the
  Vandals, and four of the Goths, to the year 553, which was afterwards
  continued in five books by Agathias till 559. Of this performance the
  character is great, though perhaps the historian is often too severe
  on the emperor. The works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols., folio,
  Paris, 1662.

=Procris=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She married
  Cephalus. _See:_ Cephalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 445.――――A
  daughter of Thestius.

=Procrustes=, a famous robber of Attica, killed by Theseus near the
  Cephisus. He tied travellers on a bed, and if their length exceeded
  that of the bed, he used to cut it off, but if they were shorter,
  he had them stretched to make their length equal to it. He is called
  by some Damastes and Polypemon. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 43.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Procŭla=, a prostitute in Juvenal’s age, satire 2, li. 68.

=Procūleius=, a Roman knight, very intimate with Augustus. He is
  celebrated for his humanity and paternal kindness to his brothers
  Muræna and Scipio, with whom he divided his possessions, after they
  had forfeited their estates, and incurred the displeasure of Augustus
  for siding with young Pompey. He was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra,
  to endeavour to bring her alive into his presence, but to no purpose.
  He destroyed himself when labouring under a heavy disease. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, ode 2.――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 24.――――A
  debauchee in Nero’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 40.

=Procŭlus Julius=, a Roman who, after the death of Romulus, declared
  that he had seen him in his appearance more than human, and that
  he had ordered him to bid the Romans to offer him sacrifices under
  the name of Quirinus, and to rest assured that Rome was destined by
  the gods to become the capital of the world. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――――Geganius, a Roman consul.――――Placitius,
  a Roman who conquered the Hernici.――――A friend of Vitellius.――――A
  consul under Nerva.――――A man accused of extortion.――――An African in
  the age of Aurelius. He published a book entitled _de regionibus_,
  or _religionibus_, on foreign countries, &c.――――An officer who
  proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He was
  soon after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauched
  and licentious in his manners, and had acquired riches by piratical
  excursions.

=Procyon=, a star near Sirius, or the dog-star, before which it
  generally rises in July. Cicero calls it _Anticanis_, which is of the
  same signification (προ κυων). _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44.

=Prodĭcus=, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, about 396 years before
  Christ. He was sent as ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, where
  he publicly taught, and had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates,
  Theramenes, and Isocrates. He travelled from town to town in Greece,
  to procure admirers and get money. He made his auditors pay to hear
  him harangue, which has given occasion to some of the ancients to
  speak of the orations of Prodicus for 50 drachmas. In his writings,
  which were numerous, he composed a beautiful episode, in which virtue
  and pleasure were introduced, as attempting to make Hercules one of
  their votaries. The hero at last yielded to the charms of virtue and
  rejected pleasure. This has been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at
  last put to death by the Athenians on pretence that he corrupted the
  morals of their youth. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.

=Proerna=, a town of Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 63, ch. 14.

=Prœrosia=, a surname of Ceres. Her festivals, celebrated at Athens and
  Eleusis before the sowing of corn, bore the same name. _Meursius_,
  _Eleusinia_.

=Prœtĭdes=, the daughters of Prœtus king of Argolis, were three
  in number, Lysippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They became insane
  for neglecting the worship of Bacchus, or, according to others,
  for preferring themselves to Juno, and they ran about the fields,
  believing themselves to be cows, and flying away not to be harnessed
  to the plough or to the chariot. Prœtus applied to Melampus to cure
  his daughters of their insanity, but he refused to employ him when he
  demanded the third part of his kingdom as a reward. This neglect of
  Prœtus was punished, the insanity became contagious, and the monarch
  at last promised Melampus two parts of his kingdom and one of his
  daughters, if he would restore them and the Argian women to their
  senses. Melampus consented, and after he had wrought the cure, he
  married the most beautiful of the Prœtides. Some have called them
  Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 48.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 15.――_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Prœtus=, a king of Argos, son of Abas and Ocalea. He was twin brother
  to Acrisius, with whom he quarrelled even before their birth. This
  dissension between the two brothers increased with their years. After
  their father’s death, they both tried to obtain the kingdom of Argos;
  but the claims of Acrisius prevailed, and Prœtus left Peloponnesus
  and retired to the court of Jobates king of Lycia, where he married
  Stenobœa, called by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards returned to
  Argolis, and by means of his father-in-law he made himself master of
  Tirynthus. Stenobœa had accompanied her husband to Greece, and she
  became by him mother of the Prœtides, and of a son called Megapenthes,
  who after his father’s death succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus.
  _See:_ Stenobœa. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 160.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Progne=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens by Zeuxippe. She married
  Tereus king of Thrace, by whom she had a son called Itylus or Itys.
  _See:_ Philomela.

=Prolăus=, a native of Elis, father to Philanthus and Lampus by Lysippe.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.

=Promăchus=, one of the Epigoni, son of Parthenopæus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 20.――――A son of Psophis daughter of Eryx king of Sicily.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.――――An athlete of Pallene.――――A son of
  Æson, killed by Pelias. _Apollodorus._

=Promathĭdas=, an historian of Heraclea.

=Promathion=, a man who wrote a history of Italy. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Promĕdon=, a native of the island of Naxos, &c.

=Promenæa=, one of the priestesses of the temple of Dodona. It was from
  her that Herodotus received the tradition that two doves had flown
  from Thebes in Egypt, one to Dodona, and the other to the temple of
  Jupiter Ammon, where they gave oracles.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.

=Promethei jugum= and =antrum=, a place on the top of mount Caucasus,
  in Albania.

=Promētheus=, a son of Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was
  brother to Atlas, Menœtius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed all mankind
  in cunning and fraud. He ridiculed the gods, and deceived Jupiter
  himself. He sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one with
  the flesh and the other with the bones, and asked the father of the
  gods which of the two he preferred as an offering. Jupiter became
  the dupe of his artifice, and chose the bones, and from that time
  the priests of the temples were ever after ordered to burn the whole
  victims on the altars, the flesh and the bones altogether. To punish
  Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Jupiter took fire away from the
  earth, but the son of Iapetus outwitted the father of the gods. He
  climbed the heavens by the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from
  the chariot of the sun, which he brought down upon the earth at the
  end of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan
  to make a woman of clay, and after he had given her life, he sent her
  to Prometheus, with a box of the richest and most valuable presents
  which she had received from the gods. _See:_ Pandora. Prometheus, who
  suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pandora or her box, but he made
  his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the god, now more irritated,
  ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, according to Æschylus, to carry this
  artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a rock, where
  for 30,000 years a vulture was to feed upon his liver, which was
  never diminished, though continually devoured. He was delivered from
  this painful confinement about 30 years afterwards by Hercules, who
  killed the bird of prey. The vulture, or, according to others, the
  eagle which devoured the liver of Prometheus, was born from Typhon
  and Echidna. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus made the first man
  and woman that ever were upon the earth with clay, which he animated
  by means of the fire which he had stolen from heaven. On this account,
  therefore, the Athenians raised him an altar in the grove of Academus,
  where they yearly celebrated games to his honour. During these games
  there was a race, and he who carried a burning torch in his hand
  without extinguishing it obtained the prize. Prometheus, as it is
  universally credited, had received the gift of prophecy; and all the
  gods, and even Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most infallible
  oracle. To him mankind are indebted for the invention of many of the
  useful arts; he taught them the use of plants, with their physical
  power, and from him they received the knowledge of taming horses
  and different animals, either to cultivate the ground, or for
  the purposes of luxury. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 510 & 550.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 5,
  ch. 11.――_Hyginus_, fable 144.――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 82.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3.――_Seneca_, _Medea_, li. 823.

=Promēthis= and =Promethīdes=, a patronymic applied to the children
  of Prometheus, as to Deucalion, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,
  li. 390.

=Promethus= and =Damasichthon=, two sons of Codrus, who conducted
  colonies into Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Promŭlus=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 574.

=Pronapĭdes=, an ancient Greek poet of Athens, who was, according to
  some, preceptor to Homer. It is said that he first taught the Greeks
  how to write from the left to the right, contrary to the custom of
  writing from the right to the left, which is still observed by some
  of the eastern nations. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Pronax=, a brother of Adrastus king of Argos, son of Talaus and
  Lysimache. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Pronoe=, a daughter of Phorbas, mother of Pleuron and Calydon by Æolus.

=Pronŏmus=, a Theban who played so skilfully on the lute, that
  the invention of that musical instrument is attributed to him.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Athenæus_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Pronous=, a son of Phlegeas, killed by the sons of Alcmæon.

=Pronŭba=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriages.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 166.

=Propertius Sextus Aurelius=, a Latin poet born at Mevania, in Umbria.
  His father was a Roman knight, whom Augustus proscribed, because
  he had followed the interest of Antony. He came to Rome, where his
  genius and poetical talents soon recommended him to the notice of the
  great and powerful. Mecænas, Gallus, and Virgil became his friends,
  and Augustus his patron. Mecænas wished him to attempt an epic poem,
  of which he proposed the emperor for hero; but Propertius refused,
  observing that his abilities were unequal to the task. He died
  about 19 years before Christ, in the 40th year of his age. His works
  consist of four books of elegies, which are written with so much
  spirit, vivacity, and energy, that many authors call him the prince
  of the elegiac poets among the Latins. His poetry, though elegant,
  is not free from faults, and the many lascivious expressions which
  he uses deservedly expose him to censure. Cynthia, who is the heroine
  of all his elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real name was Hostia, or
  Hostilia, of whom the poet was deeply enamoured. Though Mevania is
  more generally supposed to be the place of his birth, yet four other
  cities of Umbria have disputed the honour of it; Hespillus, Ameria,
  Perusia, and Assisium. The best edition is that of Santenius, 4to,
  Utrecht, 1780; and when published together with Catullus and Tibullus,
  those of Grævius, 8vo, Utrecht, 1680, and of Vulpius, 4 vols.,
  Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755, and the edition of Barbou, 12mo, Paris,
  1754. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 465; bk. 4, poem 10, li. 55;
  _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 333.――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 73; bk. 14,
  ltr. 189.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, _Letters_;
  bk. 9, ltr. 22.

=Propœtĭdes=, some women of Cyprus, severely punished by Venus,
  whose divinity they had despised. They sent their daughters to the
  sea-shore, where they prostituted themselves to strangers. The poets
  have feigned that they were changed into stones, on account of their
  insensibility to every virtuous sentiment. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 238.

=Propontis=, a sea which has a communication with the Euxine, by the
  Thracian Bosphorus, and with the Ægean by the Hellespont, now called
  the sea of _Marmora_. It is about 175 miles long and 62 broad, and
  it received its name from its vicinity to Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, bk. 1; _Tristia_, bk. 9, li. 29.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.

=Propylea=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Eleusis in Attica.

=Proselystius=, a surname of Neptune among the Greeks. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2.

=Proserpĭna=, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, called by the Greeks
  _Persephone_. She was so beautiful, that the father of the gods
  himself became enamoured of her, and deceived her by changing himself
  into a serpent, and folding her in his wreaths. Proserpine made
  Sicily the place of her residence, and delighted herself with the
  beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid streams, which
  surrounded the plains of Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she
  amused herself with her female attendants in gathering flowers, Pluto
  carried her away into the infernal regions, of which she became the
  queen. _See:_ Pluto. Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of her
  daughter, that she travelled all over the world, but her inquiries
  were in vain, and she never could have discovered whither she had
  been carried, had not she found the girdle of Proserpine on the
  surface of the waters of the fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher
  had opened himself a passage to his kingdom by striking the earth
  with his trident. Ceres soon learned from the nymph Arethusa that her
  daughter had been carried away by Pluto, and immediately she repaired
  to Jupiter, and demanded of him to punish the ravisher. Jupiter in
  vain attempted to persuade the mother that Pluto was not unworthy
  of her daughter, and when he saw that she was inflexible for the
  restitution of Proserpine, he said that she might return on earth,
  if she had not taken any aliments in the infernal regions. Her return,
  however, was impossible. Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian
  fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a tree and eaten it, and
  Ascalaphus was the only one who saw it, and for his discovery the
  goddess instantly turned him into an owl. Jupiter, to appease the
  resentment of Ceres, and soothe her grief, permitted that Proserpine
  should remain six months with Pluto in the infernal regions, and
  that she should spend the rest of the year with her mother on earth.
  As queen of hell, and wife of Pluto, Proserpine presided over the
  death of mankind, and, according to the opinion of the ancients, no
  one could die, if the goddess herself, or Atropos her minister, did
  not cut off one of the hairs from the head. From this superstitious
  belief, it was usual to cut off some of the hair of the deceased, and
  to strew it at the door of the house, as an offering for Proserpine.
  The Sicilians were very particular in their worship to Proserpine,
  and as they believed that the fountain Cyane had risen from the earth
  at the very place where Pluto had opened himself a passage, they
  annually sacrificed there a bull, of which they suffered the blood
  to run into the water. Proserpine was universally worshipped by
  the ancients, and she was known by the different names of _Core_,
  _Theogamia_, _Libitina_, _Hecate_, _Juno inferna_, _Anthesphoria_,
  _Cotyto_, _Deois_, _Libera_, &c. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 37; bk. 9, ch. 31.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable
  6; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 698;
  bk. 6, li. 138.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 146.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Orpheus_, _Hymn 28_.――_Claudian_,
  _de Raptu Proserpinæ_.

=Prosopītis=, an island in one of the mouths of the Nile. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Prosper=, one of the fathers who died A.D. 466. His works have been
  edited by Mangeant, folio, Paris, 1711.

=Prosymna=, a part of Argolis, where Juno was worshipped. It received
  its name from a nymph of the same name, daughter of Asterion, who
  nursed Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.

=Protagŏras=, a Greek philosopher of Abdera in Thrace, who was
  originally a porter. He became one of the disciples of Democritus,
  when that philosopher had seen him carrying faggots on his head,
  poised in a proper equilibrium. He soon rendered himself ridiculous
  by his doctrines, and in a book which he published, he denied the
  existence of a Supreme Being. This doctrine he supported by observing,
  that his doubts arose from the uncertainty of the existence of a
  Supreme Power, and from the shortness of human life. This book was
  publicly burnt at Athens, and the philosopher banished from the city,
  as a worthless and contemptible being. Protagoras visited from Athens
  different islands in the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in a very
  advanced age, about 400 years before the christian era. He generally
  reasoned by dilemmas, and always left the mind in suspense about all
  the questions which he proposed. Some suppose that he was drowned.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 9.――♦_Plato_, _Protagoras_.――――A king of
  Cyprus, tributary to the court of Persia.――――Another.

    ♦ ‘Plutarch’ replaced with ‘Plato’

=Protagorĭdes=, an historian of Cyzicus, who wrote a treatise on the
  games of Daphne, celebrated at Antioch.

=Protei columnæ=, a place in the remotest parts of Egypt. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 262.

=Protesilai turris=, the monument of Protesilaus, on the Hellespont.
    _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Prōtĕsĭlāus=, a king of part of Thessaly, son of Iphiclus, originally
  called Iolaus, grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Alcimede the
  mother of Jason. He married Laodamia the daughter of Acastus, and
  some time after he departed with the rest of the Greeks for the
  Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the Greeks who set
  foot on the Trojan shore, and as such he was doomed by the oracle
  to perish, therefore he was killed as soon as he had leaped from his
  ship, by Æneas or Hector. Homer has not mentioned the person who
  killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed herself when she heard of
  his death. _See:_ Laodamia. Protesilaus has received the patronymic
  of _Phylacides_ either because he was descended from Phylace, or
  because he was a native of Phylace. He was buried on the Trojan
  shore, and, according to Pliny, there were near his tomb certain
  trees which grew to an extraordinary height, which, as soon as they
  could be discovered and seen from Troy, immediately withered and
  decayed, and afterwards grew up again to their former height, and
  suffered the same vicissitude. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 205.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 1; _Heroides_, poem 13,
  li. 17.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.――_Hyginus_, fable 103, &c.

=Proteus=, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to
  some, of Neptune and Phœnice. He had received the gift of prophecy
  from Neptune because he had tended the monsters of the sea, and from
  his knowledge of futurity mankind received the greatest services.
  He usually resided in the Carpathian sea, and, like the rest of
  the gods, he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where such as wished
  to consult him generally resorted. He was difficult of access, and
  when consulted he refused to give answers, by immediately assuming
  different shapes, and if not properly secured in fetters, eluding the
  grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or disappearing in a flame
  of fire, a whirlwind, or a rushing stream. Aristæus and Menelaus
  were in the number of those who consulted him, as also Hercules.
  Some suppose that he was originally king of Egypt, known among his
  subjects by the name of Cetes, and they assert that he had two sons,
  Telegonus and Polygonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He had
  also some daughters, among whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia.
  _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 360.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  fable 10; _Amores_, poem 12, li. 36.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 243.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 387.――_Hyginus_, fable 118.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.

=Prothēnor=, a Bœotian who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2.

=Protheus=, a Greek at the Trojan war.――――A Spartan who endeavoured to
  prevent a war with the Thebans.

=Prothous=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. _Apollodorus._――――A son of
  Agrius.

=Proto=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._

=Protogenēa=, a daughter of Calydon, by Æolia the daughter of Amythaon.
  She had a son called Oxylus by Mars. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Protogĕnes=, a painter of Rhodes, who flourished about 328 years
  before Christ. He was originally so poor that he painted ships to
  maintain himself. His countrymen were ignorant of his ingenuity
  before Apelles came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces.
  This opened the eyes of the Rhodians; they became sensible of the
  merit of their countrymen, and liberally rewarded him. Protogenes
  was employed for seven years in finishing a picture of Jalysus,
  a celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of Apollo,
  and the founder of Rhodes. During all this time the painter lived
  upon lupines and water, thinking that such aliments would leave him
  greater flights of fancy; but all this did not seem to make him more
  successful in the perfection of his picture. He was to represent in
  the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this he
  never could do with satisfaction to himself; and when all his labours
  seemed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the piece in
  a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to perfection what the utmost
  labours of art could not do; the fall of the sponge upon the picture
  represented the froth of the mouth of the dog in the most perfect
  and natural manner, and the piece was universally admired. Protogenes
  was very exact in his representations, and copied nature with the
  greatest nicety, but this was blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles.
  When Demetrius besieged Rhodes he refused to set fire to a part of
  the city which might have made him master of the whole, because he
  knew that Protogenes was then working in that quarter. When the town
  was taken, the painter was found closely employed in a garden in
  finishing a picture; and when the conqueror asked him why he showed
  not more concern at the general calamity, he replied, that Demetrius
  made war against the Rhodians, and not against the fine arts.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 120.――_Plutarch_,
  _Demetrius_.――――One of Caligula’s favourites, famous for his cruelty
  and extravagance.

=Protogenīa=, a daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. She was beloved
  by Jupiter, by whom she had Æthlius the father of Endymion.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 155.――――Another. _See:_ Protogenea.

=Protomedūsa=, one of the Nereides, called Protomelia by Hesiod.
  _Theogony_, li. 245.

=Proxĕnus=, a Bœotian of great authority at Thebes, in the age of
  Xenophon. _Polyænus._――――A writer who published historical accounts
  of Sparta. _Athenæus._

=Prudentius Aurelius Clemens=, a Latin poet who flourished A.D. 392,
  and was successively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. His poems
  are numerous, and all theological, devoid of the elegance and purity
  of the Augustan age, and yet greatly valued. The best editions are
  the Delphin, 4to, Paris, 1687; that of Cellarius, 12mo, Halæ, 1703;
  and that of Parma, 2 vols., 4to, 1788.

=Prumnides=, a king of Corinth.

=Prusa=, a town of Bithynia, built by king Prusias, from whom it
  received its name. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Pliny_, bk. 10, ltr. 16.

=Prusæus Dion=, flourished A.D. 105.

=Prusias=, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 221 B.C.――――Another,
  surnamed _Venator_, who made an alliance with the Romans when they
  waged war with Antiochus king of Syria. He gave a kind reception
  to Annibal, and by his advice he made war against Eumenes king of
  Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who was an ally of Rome as well
  as Prusias, complained before the Romans of the hostilities of the
  king of Bithynia. Quinctius Flaminius was sent from Rome to settle
  the disputes of the two monarchs, and he was no sooner arrived in
  Bithynia, than Prusias, to gain his favour, prepared to deliver to
  him, at his request, the celebrated Carthaginian, to whom he was
  indebted for all the advantages which he had obtained over Eumenes;
  but Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death. Prusias was obliged
  by the Roman ambassador to make a restitution of the provinces he
  had conquered, and by his meanness he continued to enjoy the favours
  of the Romans. When some time after he visited the capital of Italy,
  he appeared in the habit of a manumitted slave, calling himself
  the freedman of the Romans; and when he was introduced into the
  senate-house, he saluted the senators by the name of visible deities,
  of saviours and deliverers. Such abject behaviour rendered him
  contemptible not only in the eyes of the Romans, but of his subjects,
  and when he returned home the Bithynians revolted, and placed his
  son Nicomedes on the throne. The banished monarch fled to Nicomedia,
  where he was assassinated near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years
  before Christ. Some say that his son became his murderer. Prusias,
  according to Polybius, was the meanest of monarchs, without honesty,
  without morals, virtue, or principle; he was cruel and cowardly,
  intemperate and voluptuous, and an enemy to all learning. He was
  naturally deformed, and he often appeared in public in the habit of
  a woman, to render his deformities more visible. _Polybius._――_Livy._
  ――_Justin_, bk. 31, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.――_Plutarch_,
  _Titus Flamininus_, &c.

=Prymno=, one of the Oceanides.

=Prytănes=, certain magistrates at Athens who presided over the senate,
  and had the privilege of assembling it when they pleased, festivals
  excepted. They generally met in a large hall, called _prytaneum_,
  where they gave audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted together
  with all those who had rendered signal service to their country. The
  Prytanes were elected from the senators which were in number 500,
  50 of which were chosen from each tribe. When they were elected, the
  names of the 10 tribes of Athens were thrown into one vessel, and in
  another were placed nine black beans and a white one. The tribe whose
  name was drawn with the white bean, presided the first, and the rest
  in the order in which they were drawn. They presided each for 35 days,
  as the year was divided into 10 parts; but it is unknown what tribe
  presided the rest of those days which were supernumerary. When the
  number of tribes was increased to 12, each of the Prytanes presided
  one full month.――――Some of the principal magistrates of Corinth were
  also called Prytanes.

=Prytănis=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.――――One of the friends of Æneas killed by
  Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 767.

=Psamăthe=, one of the Nereides, mother of Phocus by Æacus king of
  Ægina. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 398.――_Flaccus_, ♦bk. 1, li. 364.――――A daughter of Crotopus king
  of Argos. She became mother of Linus by Apollo, and to conceal her
  shame from her father, she exposed her child, which was found by dogs
  and torn to pieces. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.――――A fountain and
  town of Thebes. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 364.

    ♦ Book reference omitted in text.

=Psamathos=, a town and port of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Psammenītus=, succeeded his father Amasis on the throne of Egypt.
  Cambyses made war against him, and as he knew that the Egyptians
  paid the greatest veneration to cats, the Persian monarch placed some
  of these animals at the head of his army, and the enemy, unable to
  defend themselves, and unwilling to kill those objects of adoration,
  were easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium and
  in Memphis, and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who treated
  him with great humanity. Psammenitus, however, raised seditions
  against the Persian monarch; and attempted to make the Egyptians
  rebel, for which he was put to death by drinking bull’s blood. He had
  reigned about six months. He flourished about 525 years before the
  christian era. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.

=Psammetĭchus=, a king of Egypt. He was one of the 12 princes who
  shared the kingdom among themselves; but as he was more popular
  than the rest, he was banished from his dominions, and retired into
  the marshes near the sea-shore. A descent of some of the Greeks
  upon Egypt proved favourable to his cause: he joined the enemy,
  and defeated the 11 princes who had expelled him from the country.
  He rewarded the Greeks, by whose valour he had recovered Egypt, he
  allotted them some territory on the sea-coast, patronized the liberal
  arts, and encouraged commerce among his subjects. He made useless
  inquiries to find the sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes
  and money, a large army of Scythians that were marching against
  him. He died 617 years before the christian era, and was buried in
  Minerva’s temple at Sais. During his reign there was a contention
  among some of the neighbouring nations about the antiquity of their
  language. Psammetichus took a part in the contest. He confined
  two young children and fed them with milk; the shepherd to whose
  care they were entrusted was ordered never to speak to them, but to
  watch diligently their articulations. After some time the shepherd
  observed, that whenever he entered the place of their confinement
  they repeatedly exclaimed _Beccos_, and he gave information of this
  to the monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and found that the word
  _Beccos_ signified bread in the Phœnician language, and from that
  circumstance, therefore, it was universally concluded that the
  language of Phœnicia was of the greatest antiquity. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 28, &c.――_Polyænus_, bk. 8.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A son
  of Gordius, brother to Periander, who held the tyranny at Corinth
  for three years, B.C. 584. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Psammis=, or =Psammuthis=, a king of Egypt, B.C. 376.

=Psaphis=, a town on the confines of Attica and Bœotia. There was there
  an oracle of Amphiaraus.

=Psapho=, a Libyan who taught a number of birds which he kept to say,
  “Psapho is a god,” and afterwards gave them their liberty. The birds
  did not forget the words which they had been taught, and the Africans
  paid divine honours to Psapho. _Ælian._

=Psecas=, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3.

=Psophis=, a town of Arcadia near the river Erymanthus, whose name it
  originally bore, and afterwards that of Phegia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_,
  bk. 4, li. 296.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 5, li. 607.――――A river and town of Elis.――――A daughter of Eryx.
  ――――A town of Acarnania.――――Another of Libya.

=Psyche=, a nymph whom Cupid married and carried into a place of bliss,
  where he long enjoyed her company. Venus put her to death because
  she had robbed the world of her son; but Jupiter, at the request of
  Cupid, granted immortality to Psyche. The word signifies _the soul_,
  and this personification of Psyche first mentioned by Apuleius is
  posterior to the Augustan age, though still it is connected with
  ancient mythology. Psyche is generally represented with the wings
  of a butterfly, to intimate the lightness of the soul, of which the
  butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, among the ancients,
  when a man had just expired, a butterfly appeared fluttering above,
  as if rising from the mouth of the deceased.

=Psychrus=, a river of Thrace. When sheep drank of its waters they were
  said always to bring forth black lambs. _Aristotle._

=Psylli=, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, very expert in curing
  the venomous bite of serpents, which had no fatal effect upon them.
  _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, ch. 14.――_Lucan_, bk. 9,
  lis. 894, 937.――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 173.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 28.

=Pteleum=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Bœotia. _Lucan_, bk. 6,
  li. 852.――_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 43.

=Pterelaus=, a son of Taphius, presented with immortality from Neptune,
  provided he kept on his head a yellow lock. His daughter cut it off
  and he died. He reigned at Taphos in Argos, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Pteria=, a well-fortified town of Cappadocia. It was in the
  neighbourhood, according to some, that Crœsus was defeated by Cyrus.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 76.

=Ptolederma=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Ptolemæum=, a certain place at Athens dedicated to exercise and study.
  _Cicero_, bk. 5, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.

=Ptolemæus I.=, surnamed _Lagus_, a king of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who,
  when pregnant by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man of mean
  extraction. _See:_ Lagus. Ptolemy was educated in the court of the
  king of Macedonia; he became one of the friends and associates of
  Alexander, and when that monarch invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe
  attended him as one of his generals. During the expedition, he
  behaved with uncommon valour; he killed one of the Indian monarchs
  in single combat, and it was to his prudence and courage that
  Alexander was indebted for the reduction of the rock Aornus. After
  the conqueror’s death, in the general division of the Macedonian
  empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the government of Egypt, with
  Libya, and part of the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In this
  appointment the governor soon gained the esteem of the people by
  acts of kindness, by benevolence, and clemency; and though he did not
  assume the title of independent monarch till 19 years after, yet he
  was so firmly established, that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive
  him away from his possessions proved abortive; and Ptolemy, after the
  murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, might have added the kingdom
  of Macedonia to his Egyptian territories. He made himself master of
  Cœlosyria, Phœnicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, and when he
  had reduced Jerusalem, he carried about 100,000 prisoners to Egypt,
  to people the extensive city of Alexandria, which became the capital
  of his dominions. After he had rendered these prisoners the most
  attached and faithful of his subjects by his liberality and the
  grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of king of Egypt, and
  soon after reduced Cyprus under his power. He made war with success
  against Demetrius and Antigonus, who disputed his right to the
  provinces of Syria, and from the assistance he gave to the people of
  Rhodes against their common enemies, he received the name of _Soter_.
  While he extended his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the
  advantages of his people. The bay of Alexandria being dangerous of
  access, he built a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity of
  the night [_See:_ Pharos], and that his subjects might be acquainted
  with literature, he laid the foundation of a library, which, under
  the succeeding reigns, became the most celebrated in the world. He
  also established in the capital of his dominions a society called
  _museum_, of which the members, maintained at the public expense,
  were employed in philosophical researches, and in the advancement of
  science and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his
  age, after a reign of 39 years, about 284 years before Christ. He was
  succeeded by his son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who had been his partner
  on the throne the last 10 years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been
  commended for his abilities, not only as a sovereign, but as a writer,
  and among the many valuable compositions which have been lost, we
  are to lament a history of Alexander the Great, by the king of Egypt,
  greatly admired and valued for elegance and authenticity. All his
  successors were called _Ptolemies_ from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.
  7.――_Justin_, bk. 13, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Arrian._――_Curtius._
  ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Ptolemæus II.=, son of Ptolemy I., succeeded his father on the
  Egyptian throne, and was called _Philadelphus_ by antiphrasis,
  because he killed two of his brothers. He showed himself worthy in
  every respect to succeed his great father, and, conscious of the
  advantages which arise from an alliance with powerful nations, he
  sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of the Romans,
  whose name and military reputation had become universally known
  for the victories which they had just obtained over Pyrrhus and
  the Tarentines. His ambassadors were received with marks of the
  greatest attention, and immediately after four Roman senators came
  to Alexandria, where they gained the admiration of the monarch and
  of his subjects, and, by refusing the crowns of gold and the rich
  presents which were offered to them, convinced the world of the
  virtue and of the disinterestedness of their nation. But while
  Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliance with foreign powers, the
  internal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Magas
  his brother, king of Cyrene. The sedition, however, was stopped,
  though kindled by Antiochus king of Syria, and the death of the
  rebellious prince re-established peace for some time in the family of
  Philadelphus. Antiochus the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter
  of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and infirm, conducted his
  daughter to her husband’s kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials.
  Philadelphus died in the 64th year of his age, 246 years before
  the christian era. He left two sons and a daughter by Arsinoe the
  daughter of Lysimachus. He had afterwards married his sister Arsinoe,
  whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, and to whose memory he began
  to erect a celebrated monument. _See:_ Dinocrates. During the whole
  of his reign, Philadelphus was employed in exciting industry, and in
  encouraging the liberal arts and useful knowledge among his subjects.
  The inhabitants of the adjacent countries were allured by promises
  and presents to increase the number of the Egyptian subjects, and
  Ptolemy could boast of reigning over 33,339 well-peopled cities.
  He gave every possible encouragement to commerce, and by keeping
  two powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and the other in the
  Red sea, he made Egypt the mart of the world. His army consisted of
  200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, besides 300 elephants and 2000 armed
  chariots. With justice, therefore, he has been called the richest
  of all the princes and monarchs of his age, and, indeed, the remark
  is not false when it is observed, that at his death he left in his
  treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent to two hundred
  millions sterling. His palace was the asylum of learned men, whom
  he admired and patronized. He paid particular attention to Euclid,
  Theocritus, Callimachus, and Lycophron, and by increasing the library
  which his father had founded, he showed his taste for learning, and
  his wish to encourage genius. This celebrated library at his death
  contained 200,000 volumes of the best and choicest books, and it
  was afterwards increased to 700,000 volumes. Part of it was burnt by
  the flames of Cæsar’s fleet when he set it on fire to save himself,
  a circumstance, however, not mentioned by the general, and the whole
  was again magnificently repaired by Cleopatra, who added to the
  Egyptian library that of the kings of Pergamus. It is said that
  the Old Testament was translated into Greek during his reign, a
  translation which has been called Septuagint, because translated by
  the labours of 70 different persons. _Eutropius._――_Justin_, bk. 17,
  ch. 2, &c.――_Livy._――_Plutarch._――_Theocritus._――_Athenæus_, bk. 12.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 12.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 42.――_Aulus Gellius_,
  bk. 6, ch. 17.

=Ptolemæus III.=, succeeded his father Philadelphus on the Egyptian
  throne. He early engaged in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his
  unkindness to Berenice, the Egyptian king’s sister, whom he had
  married with the consent of Philadelphus. With the most rapid success
  he conquered Syria and Cilicia, and advanced as far as the Tigris,
  but a sedition at home stopped his progress, and he returned to
  Egypt loaded with the spoils of conquered nations. Among the immense
  riches which he brought, he had above 2500 statues of the Egyptian
  gods, which Cambyses had carried away into Persia when he conquered
  Egypt. These were restored to the temples, and the Egyptians called
  their sovereign _Evergetes_, in acknowledgment of his attention,
  beneficence, and religious zeal for the gods of his country. The
  last years of Ptolemy’s reign were passed in peace, if we except the
  refusal of the Jews to pay the tribute of 20 silver talents which
  their ancestors had always paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He also
  interested himself in the affairs of Greece, and assisted Cleomenes
  the Spartan king against the leaders of the Achæan league; but he had
  the mortification to see his ally defeated, and even a fugitive in
  Egypt. Evergetes died 221 years before Christ, after a reign of 25
  years, and, like his two illustrious predecessors, he was the patron
  of learning, and, indeed, he is the last of the Lagides who gained
  popularity among his subjects by clemency, moderation and humanity,
  and who commanded respect even from his enemies, by valour, prudence,
  and reputation. It is said that he deposited 15 talents in the
  hands of the Athenians to be permitted to translate the original
  manuscripts of Æschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. _Plutarch_,
  _Cleomenes_, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 2.――_Justin_, bk. 29, &c.

=Ptolemæus IV.=, succeeded his father Evergetes on the throne of
  Egypt, and received the surname of _Philopater_ by antiphrasis,
  because, according to some historians, he destroyed his father by
  poison. He began his reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, and
  he successively sacrificed to his avarice his own mother, his wife,
  his sister, and his brother. He received the name of _Tiphon_ from
  his extravagance and debauchery, and that of _Gallus_, because he
  appeared in the streets of Alexandria like one of the bacchanals,
  and with all the gestures of the priests of Cybele. In the midst of
  his pleasures, Philopater was called to war against Antiochus king
  of Syria, and at the head of a powerful army he soon invaded his
  enemies’ territories, and might have added the kingdom of Syria to
  Egypt, if he had made a prudent use of the victories which attended
  his arms. In his return he visited Jerusalem, but the Jews prevented
  him forcibly from entering their temple, for which insolence to his
  majesty the monarch determined to extirpate the whole nation. He
  ordered an immense number of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and
  trodden under the feet of elephants, but, by a supernatural instinct,
  the generous animals turned their fury not on those that had been
  devoted to death, but upon the Egyptian spectators. This circumstance
  terrified Philopater, and he behaved with more than common kindness
  to a nation which he had so lately devoted to destruction. In the
  latter part of his reign, the Romans, whom a dangerous war with
  Carthage had weakened, but at the same time roused to superior
  activity, renewed, for political reasons, the treaty of alliance
  which had been made with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater at last,
  weakened and enervated by intemperance and continual debauchery, died
  in the 37th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 204 years
  before the christian era. His death was immediately followed by the
  murder of the companions of his voluptuousness and extravagance, and
  their carcases were dragged with the greatest ignominy through the
  streets of Alexandria. _Polybius._――_Justin_, bk. 30, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Cleomenes_.

=Ptolemæus V.=, succeeded his father Philopater as king of Egypt,
  though only in the fourth year of his age. During the years of his
  minority he was under the protection of Sosibius and of Aristomenes,
  by whose prudent administration Antiochus was dispossessed of the
  provinces of Cœlosyria and Palestine, which he had conquered by
  war. The Romans also renewed their alliance with him after their
  victories over Annibal, and the conclusion of the second Punic war.
  This flattering embassy induced Aristomenes to offer the care of
  the patronage of the young monarch to the Romans, but the regent
  was confirmed in his honourable office, and by making a treaty of
  alliance with the people of Achaia, he convinced the Egyptians that
  he was qualified to wield the sceptre and to govern the nation. But
  now that Ptolemy had reached his 14th year, according to the laws and
  customs of Egypt, the years of his minority had expired. He received
  the surname of _Epiphanes_, or Illustrious, and was crowned at
  Alexandria with the greatest solemnity, and the faithful Aristomenes
  resigned into his hands an empire which he had governed with honour
  to himself and with credit to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was no
  sooner delivered from the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed
  the same vices which had characterized his father; the counsels of
  Aristomenes were despised, and the minister who for 10 years had
  governed the kingdom with equity and moderation, was sacrificed
  to the caprice of the sovereign, who abhorred him for the salutary
  advice which his own vicious inclinations did not permit him to
  follow. His cruelties raised seditions among his subjects, but
  these were twice quelled by the prudence and the moderation of one
  Polycrates, the most faithful of his corrupt ministers. In the midst
  of his extravagance, Epiphanes did not forget his alliance with
  the Romans; above all others he showed himself eager to cultivate
  friendship with a nation from whom he could derive so many advantages,
  and during their war against Antiochus he offered to assist them with
  money against a monarch whose daughter Cleopatra he had married, but
  whom he hated on account of the seditions he raised in the very heart
  of Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 years before Christ, Ptolemy
  was poisoned by his ministers, whom he had threatened to rob of their
  possessions, to carry on a war against Seleucus king of Syria. _Livy_,
  bk. 35, ch. 13, &c.――_Justin_, &c.

=Ptolemæus VI.=, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne,
  and received the surname of _Philometor_, on account of his hatred
  against his mother Cleopatra. He was in the sixth year of his age
  when he ascended the throne, and during his minority the kingdom was
  governed by his mother, and at her death by a eunuch, who was one of
  his favourites. He made war against Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria,
  to recover the provinces of Palestine and Cœlosyria, which were part
  of the Egyptian dominions, and after several successes he fell into
  the hands of his enemy, who detained him in confinement. During
  the captivity of Philometor, the Egyptians raised to the throne his
  younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or Physcon, also son of Epiphanes,
  but he was no sooner established in his power than Antiochus
  turned his arms against Egypt, drove the usurper ♦out, and restored
  Philometor to all his rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This
  artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon comprehended by Philometor,
  and when he saw that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had remained in
  the hands of his Syrian ally, he recalled his brother Physcon,
  and made him partner on the throne, and concerted with him how to
  repel their common enemy. This union of interest in the two royal
  brothers incensed Antiochus; he entered Egypt with a large army,
  but the Romans checked his progress and obliged him to retire. No
  sooner were they delivered from the impending war, than Philometor
  and Physcon, whom the fear of danger had united, began with
  mutual jealousy to oppose each other’s views. Physcon was at last
  banished by the superior power of his brother, and as he could
  find no support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to Rome. To
  excite more effectually the compassion of the Romans, and to gain
  their assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and took his
  residence in the most obscure corner of the city. He received
  an audience from the senate, and the Romans settled the dispute
  between the two royal brothers, by making them independent of one
  another, and giving the government of Libya and Cyrene to Physcon,
  and confirming Philometor in the possession of Egypt, and the
  island of Cyprus. These terms of accommodation were gladly accepted,
  but Physcon soon claimed the dominion of Cyprus, and in this he
  was supported by the Romans, who wished to aggrandize themselves by
  the diminution of the Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deliver
  up the island of Cyprus, and to call away his brother’s attention,
  he fomented the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of
  Philometor, 145 years before the christian era, left Physcon master
  of Egypt and all the dependent provinces. Philometor has been
  commended by some historians for his clemency and moderation.
  _Diodorus._――_Livy._――_Polybius._

    ♦ omitted word ‘out’ inserted

=Ptolemæus VII.=, surnamed Physcon, on account of the prominence of his
  belly, ascended the throne of Egypt after the death of his brother
  Philometer, and as he had reigned for some time conjointly with
  him [_See:_ Ptolemæus VI.], his succession was approved, though the
  wife and the son of the deceased monarch laid claim to the crown.
  Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the Jews, and it was at last
  agreed that Physcon should marry the queen, and that her son should
  succeed on the throne at his death. The nuptials were accordingly
  celebrated, but on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopatra’s
  son in her arms. He ordered himself to be called _Evergetes_,
  but the Alexandrians refused to do it, and stigmatized him with
  the appellation of _Kakergetes_, or evil-doer, a surname which
  he deserved by his tyranny and oppression. A series of barbarity
  rendered him odious, but as no one attempted to rid Egypt of her
  tyranny, the Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, and fled from
  a place which continually streamed with the blood of their massacred
  fellow-citizens. If their migration proved fatal to the commerce
  and prosperity of Alexandria, it was of the most essential service
  to the countries where they retired; and the numbers of Egyptians
  that sought a safer asylum in Greece and Asia, introduced among the
  inhabitants of those countries the different professions that were
  practised with success in the capital of Egypt. Physcon endeavoured
  to repeople the city which his cruelty had laid desolate; but the
  fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabitants, prevailed more
  than the promise of riches, rights, and immunities. The king at last,
  disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married her daughter by
  Philometor, called also Cleopatra. He still continued to exercise the
  greatest cruelty upon his subjects, but the prudence and vigilance
  of his ministers kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt
  revolted when the king had basely murdered all the young men of
  Alexandria. Without friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus,
  and Cleopatra the divorced queen ascended the throne. In his
  banishment Physcon dreaded lest the Alexandrians should also place
  the crown on the head of his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was
  then governor of Cyrene, and under these apprehensions he sent for
  the young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as
  soon as he reached the shore. To make the barbarity more complete
  he sent the limbs of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were received
  as the queen was going to celebrate her birthday. Soon after this he
  invaded Egypt with an army, and obtained a victory over the forces of
  Cleopatra, who, being left without friends or assistance, fled to her
  eldest daughter Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius king of Syria.
  This decisive blow restored Physcon to his throne, where he continued
  to reign for some time, hated by his subjects, and feared by his
  enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 67th year of his age, after a
  reign of 29 years, about 116 years before Christ. Some authors have
  extolled Physcon for his fondness for literature; they have observed,
  that from his extensive knowledge he was called the _philologist_,
  and that he wrote a comment upon Homer, besides a history in 24 books,
  admired for its elegance, and often quoted by succeeding authors
  whose pen was employed on the same subject. _Diodorus._――_Justin_,
  bk. 38, &c.――_Athenæus_, bk. 2.――_Porphyry._

=Ptolemæus VIII.=, surnamed _Lathyrus_, from an excrescence like a
  pea on the nose, succeeded his father Physcon as king of Egypt. He
  had no sooner ascended the throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who
  reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to Cyprus, and placed the
  crown on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite
  son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, became king of Cyprus; and soon
  after he appeared at the head of a large army, to make war against
  Alexander Jannæus king of Judæa, through whose assistance and
  intrigue he had been expelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish monarch was
  conquered, and 50,000 of his men were left on the field of battle.
  Lathyrus, after he had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the Jews,
  and made vain attempts to recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to
  Cyprus till the death of his brother Alexander restored him to his
  native dominions. Some of the cities of Egypt refused to acknowledge
  him as their sovereign; and Thebes, for its obstinacy, was closely
  besieged for three successive years, and from a powerful and populous
  city, it was reduced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign
  Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans with a navy for the
  conquest of Athens; but Lucullus, who had been sent to obtain the
  wanted supply, though received with kingly honours, was dismissed
  with evasive and unsatisfactory answers, and the monarch refused to
  part with troops which he deemed necessary to preserve the peace of
  his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 years before the christian era, after a
  reign of 36 years since the death of his father Physcon, 11 of which
  he had passed with his mother Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne, 18 in
  Cyprus, and seven after his mother’s death. He was succeeded by his
  only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander the son of Ptolemy Alexander,
  by means of the dictator Sylla, soon after married and murdered.
  _Josephus_, _Jewish Antiquities_.――_Justin_, bk. 39.――_Plutarch_,
  _Lucullus_.――_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.

=Ptolemæus IX.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy I.

=Ptolemæus X.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy II.

=Ptolemæus XI.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy III.

=Ptolemæus XII.=, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne
  of Egypt at the death of Alexander III. He received the surname of
  _Auletes_, because he played skilfully on the flute. His rise showed
  great marks of prudence and circumspection; and as his predecessor
  by his will had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Romans, Auletes
  knew that he could not be firmly established on his throne without
  the approbation of the Roman senate. He was successful in his
  applications, and Cæsar, who was then consul, and in want of money,
  established his succession, and granted him the alliance of the
  Romans, after he had received the enormous sum of about 1,162,500_l._
  sterling. But these measures rendered him unpopular at home, and when
  he had suffered the Romans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the
  Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged to fly from his kingdom,
  and seek protection among the most powerful of his allies. His
  complaints were heard at Rome, at first with indifference, and the
  murder of 100 noblemen of Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent
  to justify their proceedings before the Roman senate, rendered him
  unpopular and suspected. Pompey, however, supported his cause, and
  the senators decreed to re-establish Auletes on his throne; but as
  they proceeded slowly in the execution of their plans, the monarch
  retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he lay concealed for some time in
  the temple of Diana. During his absence from Alexandria, his daughter
  Berenice had made herself absolute, and established herself on the
  throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a priest of Bellona’s temple
  at Comana; but she was soon driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the
  head of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes on his throne.
  Auletes was no sooner restored to power, than he ♦sacrificed to
  his ambition his daughter Berenice, and behaved with the greatest
  ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, a Roman who had supplied him
  with money when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes died four years
  after his restoration, about 51 years before the christian era. He
  left two sons and two daughters; and by his will ordered the eldest
  of his sons to marry the eldest of his sisters, and to ascend with
  her the vacant throne. As these children were young, the dying
  monarch recommended them to the protection and paternal care of the
  Romans, and accordingly Pompey the Great was appointed by the senate
  to be their patron and their guardian. Their reign was as turbulent
  as that of their predecessors, and it is remarkable for no uncommon
  events, only we may observe that the young queen was the Cleopatra
  who soon after became so celebrated as being the mistress of Julius
  Cæsar, the wife of Marcus Antony, and the last of the Egyptian
  monarchs of the family of Lagus. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 39.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.

    ♦ ‘sacrified’ replaced with ‘sacrificed’

=Ptolemæus XIII.=, surnamed _Dionysius_ or _Bacchus_, ascended the
  throne of Egypt conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, whom he had
  married, according to the directions of his father Auletes. He was
  under the care and protection of Pompey the Great [_See:_ Ptolemæus
  XII.], but the wickedness and avarice of his ministers soon obliged
  him to reign independent. He was then in the 13th year of his age,
  when his guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, came to the
  shores of Egypt, and claimed his protection. He refused to grant the
  required assistance, and by the advice of his ministers he basely
  murdered Pompey, after he had brought him to shore under the mask of
  friendship and cordiality. To curry the favour of the conqueror of
  Pharsalia, Ptolemy cut off the head of Pompey; but Cæsar turned with
  indignation from such perfidy, and when he arrived at Alexandria,
  he found the king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to that of
  his fallen enemy. Cæsar sat as judge to hear the various claims of
  the brother and sister to the throne; and to satisfy the people, he
  ordered the will of Auletes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy and
  Cleopatra in the possession of Egypt, and appointed the two younger
  children masters of the island of Cyprus. This fair and candid
  decision might have left no room for dissatisfaction, but Ptolemy was
  governed by cruel and avaricious ministers, and therefore he refused
  to acknowledge Cæsar as a judge or a mediator. The Roman enforced
  his authority by arms, and three victories were obtained over the
  Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been for some time a prisoner in
  the hands of Cæsar, now headed his armies; but a defeat was fatal,
  and as he attempted to save his life by flight, he was drowned in the
  Nile, about 46 years before Christ, and three years and eight months
  after the death of Auletes. Cleopatra, at the death of her brother,
  became sole mistress of Egypt; but as the Egyptians were no friends
  to female government, Cæsar obliged her to marry her younger brother
  Ptolemy, who was then in the 11th year of his age. _Appian_, _Civil
  Wars_.――_Cæsar_, _Alexandrine War_.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Josephus_,
  _Antiquities_.――_Dio Cassius._――_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.
  ――_Suetonius_ _Cæsar_.

=Ptolemæus Apion=, king of Cyrene, was the illegitimate son of Ptolemy
  Physcon. After a reign of 20 years he died; and as he had no children,
  he made the Romans heirs of his dominions. The Romans presented his
  subjects with their independence. _Livy_, bk. 70.――――Ceraunus, a
  son of Ptolemy Soter by Eurydice the daughter of Antipater. Unable
  to succeed to the throne of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of
  Seleucus, where he was received with friendly marks of attention.
  Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, an empire which he had lately
  acquired by the death of Lysimachus in a battle in Phrygia; but his
  reign was short, and Ceraunus perfidiously murdered him and ascended
  his throne, 280 B.C. The murderer, however, could not be firmly
  established in Macedonia, as long as Arsinoe the widow and the
  children of Lysimachus were alive, and entitled to claim his kingdom
  as the lawful possession of their father. To remove these obstacles,
  Ceraunus made offers of marriage to Arsinoe, who was his own sister.
  The queen at first refused, but the protestations and solemn promises
  of the usurper at last prevailed upon her to consent. The nuptials,
  however, were no sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus murdered the two
  young princes, and confirmed his usurpation by rapine and cruelty.
  But now three powerful princes claimed the kingdom of Macedonia
  as their own: Antiochus the son of Seleucus; Antigonus the son of
  Demetrius; and Pyrrhus the king of Epirus. These enemies, however,
  were soon removed; Ceraunus conquered Antigonus in the field of
  battle, and stopped the hostilities of his two other rivals by
  promises and money. He did not long remain inactive; a barbarian
  army of Gauls claimed a tribute from him, and the monarch immediately
  marched to meet them in the field. The battle was long and bloody.
  The Macedonians might have obtained the victory, if Ceraunus had
  shown more prudence. He was thrown down from his elephant, and taken
  prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore his body to pieces.
  Ptolemy had been king of Macedonia only 18 months. _Justin_, bk. 24,
  &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.――――An illegitimate son of Ptolemy
  Lathyrus king of Cyprus, of which he was tyrannically dispossessed
  by the Romans. Cato was at the head of the forces which were sent
  against Ptolemy by the senate, and the Roman general proposed to
  the monarch to retire from the throne, and to pass the rest of his
  days in the obscure office of high priest in the temple of Venus at
  Paphos. This offer was rejected with the indignation which it merited,
  and the monarch poisoned himself at the approach of the enemy.
  The treasures found in the island amounted to the enormous sum of
  1,356,250_l._ sterling, which were carried to Rome by the conquerors.
  _Plutarch_, _Cato_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9.――_Florus_, bk. 3.
  ――――A man who attempted to make himself king of Macedonia, in
  opposition to Perdiccas. He was expelled by Pelopidas.――――A son of
  Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by Antigone the daughter of Berenice. He was
  left governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to Italy to assist the
  Tarentines against the Romans, where he presided with great prudence
  and moderation. He was killed, bravely fighting in the expedition
  which Pyrrhus undertook against Sparta and Argos.――――A eunuch, by
  whose friendly assistance Mithridates the Great saved his life after
  a battle with Lucullus.――――A king of Epirus, who died very young as
  he was marching an army against the Ætolians, who had seized part of
  his dominions. _Justin_, bk. 28.――――A king of Chalcidica in Syria,
  about 30 years before Christ. He opposed Pompey when he invaded Syria,
  but he was defeated in the attempt, and the conqueror spared his life
  only upon receiving 1000 talents. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 13.
  ――――A nephew of Antigonus, who commanded an army in the Peloponnesus.
  He revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and some time after he
  attempted to bribe the soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus king of Egypt, who
  had invited him to his camp. He was seized and imprisoned for his
  treachery, and the Egyptian monarch at last ordered him to drink
  hemlock.――――A son of Seleucus, killed in the celebrated battle which
  was fought at Issus, between Darius and Alexander the Great.――――A
  son of Juba, made king of Mauritania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene
  the daughter of Marcus Antony, and the celebrated Cleopatra. He was
  put to death by Caius Caligula. _Dio Cassius._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 11.――――A friend of Otho.――――A favourite of Antiochus king of
  Syria. He was surnamed _Macron_.――――A Jew, famous for his cruelty and
  avarice. He was for some time governor of Jericho, about 135 years
  before Christ.――――A powerful Jew during the troubles which disturbed
  the peace of Judæa, in the reign of Augustus.――――A son of Antony by
  Cleopatra, surnamed _Philadelphus_ by his father, and made master of
  Phœnicia, Syria, and all the territories of Asia Minor, which were
  situated between the Ægean and the Euphrates. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.
  ――――A general of Herod king of Judæa.――――A son of Chrysermus, who
  visited Cleomenes king of Sparta, when imprisoned in Egypt.――――A
  governor of Alexandria, put to death by Cleomenes.――――Claudius,
  a celebrated geographer and astrologer in the reign of Adrian and
  Antoninus. He was a native of Alexandria, or, according to others, of
  Pelusium, and on account of his great learning, he received the name
  of most wise, and most divine, among the Greeks. In his system of the
  world, he places the earth in the centre of the universe, a doctrine
  universally believed and adopted till the 16th century, when it was
  confuted and rejected by Copernicus. His geography is valued for its
  learning, and the very useful information which he gives. Besides his
  system and his geography Ptolemy wrote other books, in one of which
  he gives an account of the fixed stars, of 1022 of which he mentions
  the certain and definite longitude and latitude. The best edition of
  Ptolemy’s geography is that of Bertius, folio, Amsterdam, 1618, and
  that of his treatise _de Judiciis Astrologicis_ by Camerarii, 4to,
  1555; and of the _Harmonica_, 4to, Wallis, Oxford, 1683.

=Ptolemāis=, a town of Thebais in Egypt, called after the Ptolemies,
  who beautified it. There was also another city of the same name in
  the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on the sea-coast, and,
  according to some, it was the same as Barce. _See:_ Barce.――――A city
  of Palestine, called also _Acon_. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 8.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73.――_Strabo_, bk. 14, &c.

=Ptoly̆cus=, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to Critias the Athenian.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.

=Ptous=, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who gave his name to a mountain
  of Bœotia, upon which he built a temple to Apollo, surnamed _Ptous_.
  The god had also a celebrated oracle on mount Ptous. _Plutarch_,
  _de Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Publicia lex=, forbade any person to play with bad or ♦fraudulent
  designs.

    ♦ ‘fradulent’ replaced with ‘fraudulent’

=Publicius=, a Roman freedman, so much like Pompey the Great, that they
  were often confounded together. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 14.

=Publicŏla=, a name given to Publius Valerius, on account of his great
  popularity. _See:_ Valerius. _Plutarch_, _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 15.

=Publilia lex=, was made by Publilius Philo the dictator, A.U.C. 445.
  It permitted one of the censors to be elected from the plebeians,
  since one of the consuls was chosen from that body. _Livy_, bk. 8,
  ch. 12.――――Another, by which it was ordained, that all laws should be
  previously approved by the senators, before they were proposed by the
  people.

=Publius Syrus=, a Syrian mimic poet, who flourished about 44 years
  before Christ. He was originally a slave sold to a Roman patrician,
  called Domitius, who brought him up with great attention, and
  gave him his freedom when of age. He gained the esteem of the most
  powerful at Rome, and reckoned Julius Cæsar among his patrons. He
  soon eclipsed the poet Laberius, whose burlesque compositions were
  in general esteem. There remains of Publius a collection of moral
  sentences, written in iambics, and placed in alphabetical order; the
  newest edition of which is that of Patavium. _Josephus Cominus_, 1740.

=Publius=, a prænomen common among the Romans.――――Caius, a man who
  conspired with Brutus against Julius Cæsar.――――A pretor who conquered
  Palæpolis. He was only a plebeian, and though neither consul nor
  dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the
  senators. He was the first who was honoured with a triumph during a
  pretorship.――――A Roman consul who defeated the Latins, and was made
  dictator.――――A Roman flatterer in the court of Tiberius.――――A tribune
  who accused Manlius, &c.

=Pudīcĭtia=, a goddess who, as her name implies, presided over chastity.
  She had two temples at Rome. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.――_Livy_,
  bk. 10, ch. 7.

=Pulchĕria=, a daughter of the emperor Theodosius the Great, famous
  for her piety, moderation, and virtues.――――A daughter of Arcadius,
  who held the government of the Roman empire for many years. She was
  mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her private as well as public
  virtues, have been universally admired. She died A.D. 452, and was
  interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is still to be seen.――――A sister
  of Theodosius, who reigned absolute for some time in the Roman empire.

=Pulchrum=, a promontory near Carthage, now _Rasafran_. _Livy_, bk. 29,
  ch. 27.

=Pullus=, a surname of Numitorius.

=Punĭcum bellum.= The first Punic war was undertaken by the Romans
  against Carthage, B.C. 264. The ambition of Rome was the origin of
  this war. For upwards of 240 years, the two nations had beheld with
  secret jealousy each other’s power, but they had totally eradicated
  every cause of contention, by settling, in three different treaties,
  the boundaries of their respective territories, the number of their
  allies, and how far one nation might sail in the Mediterranean
  without giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island of the highest
  consequence to the Carthaginians as a commercial nation, was the
  seat of the first dissensions. The Mamertini, a body of Italian
  mercenaries, were appointed by the king of Syracuse to guard the
  town of Messana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead of protecting the
  citizens, basely massacred them, and seized their possessions. This
  act of cruelty raised the indignation of all the Sicilians, and Hiero
  king of Syracuse, who had employed them, prepared to punish their
  perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and without friends
  or resources, resolved to throw themselves for protection into the
  hands of the first power that could relieve them. They were, however,
  divided in their sentiments, and while some implored the assistance
  of Carthage, others called upon the Romans for protection. Without
  hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians entered Messana, and the
  Romans also hastened to give to the Mamertini that aid which had been
  claimed from them with as much eagerness as from the Carthaginians.
  At the approach of the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who had implored
  their assistance, took up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to
  evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured in on every side, and
  though Carthage seemed superior in arms and in resources, yet the
  valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily appeared more formidable,
  and Hiero, the Syracusan king, who hitherto had embraced the interest
  of the Carthaginians, became the most faithful ally of the republic.
  From a private quarrel the war became general. The Romans obtained
  a victory in Sicily, but as their enemies were masters at sea, the
  advantages which they gained were small and inconsiderable. To make
  themselves equal to their adversaries, they aspired to the dominion
  of the sea, and in 60 days timber was cut down, and a fleet of 120
  galleys completely manned and provisioned. The successes they met
  with at sea were trivial, and little advantages could be gained over
  an enemy that were sailors by actual practice and long experience.
  ♦Duillius at last obtained a victory, and he was the first Roman who
  ever received a triumph after a naval battle. The losses which they
  had already sustained induced the Carthaginians to sue for peace, and
  the Romans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon Africa, under Regulus
  [_See:_ Regulus], had rendered diffident, listened to the proposal,
  and the first Punic war was concluded B.C. 241, on the following
  terms:――The Carthaginians pledged themselves to pay to the Romans,
  within 20 years, the sum of 3000 Euboic talents; they promised to
  release all the Roman captives without ransom, to evacuate Sicily,
  and the other islands in the Mediterranean, and not to molest Hiero
  king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this treaty, the Carthaginians,
  who had lost the dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new conquests
  in Spain, and soon began to repair their losses by industry and
  labour. They planted colonies, and secretly prepared to revenge
  themselves upon their powerful rivals. The Romans were not insensible
  of their successes in Spain, and to stop their progress towards Italy,
  they made stipulations with the Carthaginians, by which they were
  not permitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the cities of their
  allies the Saguntines. This was for some time observed, but when
  Annibal succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain,
  he spurned the boundaries which the jealousy of Rome had set to his
  arms, and he immediately formed the siege of Saguntum. The Romans
  were apprised of the hostilities which had been begun against their
  allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of the active enemy before
  they had taken any steps to oppose him. Complaints were carried
  to Carthage, and war was determined on by the influence of Annibal
  in the Carthaginian senate. Without delay or diffidence, B.C. 218,
  Annibal marched a numerous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse
  towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war to the gates of Rome.
  He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, with uncommon
  celerity, and the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop his
  progress were severally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus,
  and of the lake of Thrasymenus, threw Rome into the greatest
  apprehensions, but the prudence and the dilatory measures of the
  dictator Fabius soon taught them to hope for better times. Yet the
  conduct of Fabius was universally censured as cowardice, and the two
  consuls who succeeded him in the command, by pursuing a different
  plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive action at Cannæ, in
  which 45,000 Romans were left in the field of battle. This bloody
  victory caused so much consternation at Rome, that some authors have
  declared that if Annibal had immediately marched from the plains of
  Cannæ to the city, he would have met with no resistance, but would
  have terminated a long and dangerous war with glory to himself,
  and the most inestimable advantages to his country. This celebrated
  victory at Cannæ left the conqueror master of two camps, and of
  an immense booty; and the cities which had hitherto observed a
  neutrality, no sooner saw the defeat of the Romans, than they eagerly
  embraced the interest of Carthage. The news of this victory was
  carried to Carthage by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to believe
  it till three bushels of golden rings were spread before them, which
  had been taken from the Roman knights in the field of battle. After
  this Annibal called his brother Asdrubal from Spain with a large
  reinforcement; but the march of Asdrubal was intercepted by the
  Romans, his army was defeated, and himself slain. Affairs now had
  taken a different turn, and Marcellus, who had the command of the
  Roman legions in Italy, soon taught his countrymen that Annibal was
  not invincible in the field. In different parts of the world the
  Romans were making very rapid conquests, and if the sudden arrival of
  a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised fears and apprehensions,
  they were soon enabled to dispute with their enemies for the
  sovereignty of Spain and the dominion of the sea. Annibal no longer
  appeared formidable in Italy; if he conquered towns in Campania or
  Magna Græcia, he remained master of them only while his army hovered
  in the neighbourhood, and if he marched towards Rome the alarm he
  occasioned was but momentary; the Romans were prepared to oppose him,
  and his retreat was therefore the more dishonourable. The conquests
  of young Scipio in Spain had now raised the expectations of the
  Romans, and he had no sooner returned to Rome than he proposed to
  remove Annibal from the capital of Italy by carrying the war to
  the gates of Carthage. This was a bold and hazardous enterprise,
  but though Fabius opposed it, it was universally approved by the
  Roman senate, and young Scipio was empowered to sail to Africa. The
  conquests of the young Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain,
  and the Carthaginians, apprehensive for the fate of their capital,
  recalled Annibal from Italy, and preferred their safety at home
  to the maintaining of a long and expensive war in another quarter
  of the globe. Annibal received their orders with indignation, and
  with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where for 16 years he had
  known no superior in the field of battle. At his arrival in Africa,
  the Carthaginian general soon collected a large army, and met his
  exulting adversary in the plains of Zama. The battle was long and
  bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, and the other for the
  dearer sake of liberty, the Romans obtained the victory, and Annibal,
  who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage
  after he had advised his countrymen to accept the terms of the
  conqueror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the Carthaginians sued
  for peace, which the haughty conquerors granted with difficulty.
  The conditions were these: Carthage was permitted to hold all
  the possessions which she had in Africa before the war, and to be
  governed by her own laws and institutions. She was ordered to make
  restitution of all the ships and other effects which had been taken
  in violation of a truce that had been agreed upon by both nations.
  She was to surrender the whole of her fleet, except 10 galleys;
  she was to release and deliver up all the captives, deserters, or
  fugitives, taken or received during the war; to indemnify Masinissa
  for all the losses which he had sustained; to deliver up all her
  elephants, and for the future never more to tame or break any more
  of these animals. She was not to make war upon any nation whatever
  without the consent of the Romans, and she was to reimburse the
  Romans, to pay the sum of 10,000 talents, at the rate of 200 talents
  a year for 50 years, and she was to give up hostages from the noblest
  families for the performance of these several articles; and till the
  ratification of the treaty, to supply the Roman forces with money
  and provisions. These humiliating conditions were accepted 201 B.C.,
  and immediately 4000 Roman captives were released, 500 galleys were
  delivered and burnt on the spot, but the immediate exaction of 200
  talents was more severely felt, and many of the Carthaginian senators
  burst into tears. During the 50 years which followed the conclusion
  of the second Punic war, the Carthaginians were employed in repairing
  their losses by unwearied application and industry; but they found
  still in the Romans a jealous rival and a haughty conqueror, and
  in Masinissa the ally of Rome an intriguing and ambitious monarch.
  The king of Numidia made himself master of one of their provinces;
  but as they were unable to make war without the consent of Rome,
  the Carthaginians sought relief by embassies, and made continual
  complaints in the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppression of
  Masinissa. Commissioners were appointed to examine the cause of their
  complaints; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of
  the Carthaginians was neglected, and whatever seemed to depress their
  republic was agreeable to the Romans. Cato, who was in the number of
  the commissioners, examined the capital of Africa with a jealous eye;
  he saw it with concern, rising as it were from its ruins; and when
  he returned to Rome he declared, in full senate, that the peace of
  Italy would never be established while Carthage was in being. The
  senators, however, were not guided by his opinion, and the _delenda
  est Carthago_ of Cato did not prevent the Romans from acting with
  moderation. But while the senate were debating about the existence of
  Carthage, and while they considered it as a dependent power, and not
  as an ally, the wrongs of Africa were without redress, and Masinissa
  continued his depredations. Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to
  do their cause that justice which the Romans had denied them; they
  entered the field against the Numidians, but they were defeated in
  a bloody battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years old. In this
  bold measure they had broken the peace; and as their late defeat had
  rendered them desperate, they hastened with all possible speed to
  the capital of Italy to justify their proceedings, and to implore
  the forgiveness of the Roman senate. The news of Masinissa’s victory
  had already reached Italy, and immediately some forces were sent to
  Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into Africa. The ambassadors
  of Carthage received evasive and unsatisfactory answers from the
  senate; and when they saw the Romans landed at Utica, they resolved
  to purchase peace by the most submissive terms which even the most
  abject slaves could offer. The Romans acted with the deepest policy;
  no declaration of war had been made, though hostilities appeared
  inevitable; and in answer to the submissive offers of Carthage,
  the consuls replied, that to prevent every cause of quarrel, the
  Carthaginians must deliver into their hands 300 hostages, all
  children of senators, and of the most noble and respectable families.
  The demand was great and alarming, but it was no sooner granted,
  than the Romans made another demand, and the Carthaginians were told
  that peace could not continue, if they refused to deliver up all
  their ships, their arms, engines of war, with all their naval and
  military stores. The Carthaginians complied, and immediately 40,000
  suits of armour, 20,000 large engines of war, with a plentiful store
  of ammunition and missile weapons, were surrendered. After this
  duplicity had succeeded, the Romans laid open the final resolutions
  of the senate, and the Carthaginians were then told that, to avoid
  hostilities, they must leave their ancient habitations and retire
  into the inland parts of Africa, and found another city, at the
  distance of not less than 10 miles from the sea. This was heard with
  horror and indignation; the Romans were fixed and inexorable, and
  Carthage was filled with tears and lamentations. But the spirit of
  liberty and independence was not yet extinguished in the capital of
  Africa, and the Carthaginians determined to sacrifice their lives for
  the protection of their gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the
  place which had given them birth. Before the Roman army approached
  the city, preparations to support a siege were made, and the ramparts
  of Carthage were covered with stones, to compensate for the weapons
  and instruments of war which they had ignorantly betrayed to the
  duplicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom the despair of his
  countrymen had banished on account of the unsuccessful expedition
  against Masinissa, was immediately recalled; and, in the moment of
  danger, Carthage seemed to have possessed more spirit and more vigour
  than when Annibal was victorious at the gates of Rome. The town was
  blocked up by the Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two years were
  spent in useless operations, and Carthage seemed still able to rise
  from its ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world; when Scipio,
  the descendant of the great Scipio, who finished the second Punic
  war, was sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of his operations
  soon baffled the efforts and the bold resistance of the besieged;
  the communications which they had with the land were cut off, and the
  city, which was 20 miles in circumference, was completely surrounded
  on all sides by the enemy. Despair and famine now raged in the city,
  and Scipio gained access to the city walls, where the battlements
  were low and unguarded. His entrance into the streets was disputed
  with uncommon fury, the houses as he advanced were set on fire to
  stop his progress; but when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex
  had claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabitants were disheartened,
  and such as disdained to be prisoners of war perished in the flames,
  which gradually destroyed their habitations, 147 B.C., after a
  continuation of hostilities for three years. During 17 days Carthage
  was in flames; and the soldiers were permitted to redeem from the
  fire whatever possession they could. But while others profited from
  the destruction of Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by the
  melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, which
  contained a prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He was asked by
  the historian Polybius to what he then applied his prediction. “To
  my country,” replied Scipio; “for her too I dread the vicissitude
  of human affairs, and in her turn she may exhibit another flaming
  Carthage.” This remarkable event happened about the year of Rome
  606. The news of this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at Rome;
  and immediately commissioners were appointed by the Roman senate,
  not only to raze the walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and
  burn the very materials with which they were made: and in a few days,
  that city which had been once the seat of commerce, the model of
  magnificence, the common store of the wealth of nations, and one
  of the most powerful states of the world, left behind no traces of
  its splendour, of its power, or even of its existence. _Polybius._
  ――_Orosius._――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_, &c.――_Florus._――_Plutarch_,
  _Cato_, &c.――_Strabo._――_Livy_, _Epitaph_.――_Diodorus._

    ♦ ‘Duilius’ replaced with ‘Duillius’

=Pupia lex=, _de senatu_, required that the senate should not be
  assembled from the 18th of the calends of February to the calends of
  the same month, and that before the embassies were either accepted or
  rejected, the senate should be held on no account.

=Pupiēnus Marcus Claudius Maximus=, a man of an obscure family, who
  raised himself by his merit to the highest offices in the Roman
  armies, and gradually became a pretor, consul, prefect of Rome, and
  a governor of the provinces. His father was a blacksmith. After the
  death of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the
  imperial throne, and to rid the world of the usurpation and tyranny
  of the Maximini, he immediately marched against these tyrants; but
  he was soon informed that they had been sacrificed to the fury and
  resentment of their own soldiers; and therefore he retired to Rome
  to enjoy the tranquillity which his merit claimed. He soon after
  prepared to make war against the Persians, who insulted the majesty
  of Rome, but in this he was prevented, and massacred A.D. 236, by
  the pretorian guards. Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is sometimes
  called Maximus. In his private character he appeared always grave
  and serious; he was the constant friend of justice, moderation, and
  clemency, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his virtues than
  to say that he was invested with the purple without soliciting for
  it, and that the Roman senate said that they had selected him from
  thousands because they knew no person more worthy or better qualified
  to support the dignity of an emperor.

=Pupius=, a centurion of Pompey’s army, seized by Cæsar’s soldiers, &c.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 13.

=Puppius=, a tragic poet in the age of Julius Cæsar. His tragedies were
  so pathetic, that when they were represented on the Roman stage, the
  audience melted into tears, from which circumstance Horace calls them
  _lacrymosa_, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 67.

=Purpurăriæ=, two islands of the Atlantic on the African coast, now
  _Lancarota_ and _Fortaventura_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 31; bk. 35, ch. 6.

=Puteŏli=, a maritime town of Campania, between Baiæ and Naples,
  founded by a colony from Cumæ. It was originally called Dicæarchia,
  and afterwards _Puteoli_, from the great number of _wells_ that
  were in the neighbourhood. It was much frequented by the Romans, on
  account of its mineral waters and hot baths, and near it Cicero had a
  villa called _Puteolanum_. It is now called _Puzzoli_, and contains,
  instead of its ancient magnificence, not more than 10,000 inhabitants.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 385.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 8, ch. 3;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Puticŭlæ=, a place near the Esquiline gate, where the meanest of the
  Roman populace were buried. Part of it was converted into a garden by
  Mecænas, who received it as a present from Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 8, li. 8.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Pyanepsia=, an Athenian festival celebrated in honour of Theseus
  and his companions; who, after their return from Crete, were
  entertained with all manner of fruits, and particularly pulse. From
  this circumstance, the Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by
  the _boiling of pulse_, ἀπο του ἑψειν πυανα. Some, however, suppose
  that it was observed in commemoration of the Heraclidæ, who were
  entertained with pulse by the Athenians.

=Pydna=, a town of Macedonia, originally called _Citron_, situate
  between the mouth of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was in this
  city that Cassander massacred Olympias the mother of Alexander the
  Great, his wife Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is famous for a
  battle which was fought there, on the 22nd of June, B.C. 168, between
  the Romans under Paulus, and king Perseus, in which the latter was
  conquered, and Macedonia soon after reduced to the form of a Roman
  province. _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Florus._――_Plutarch_, _Æmilius
  Paulus_.――_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.

=Pygela=, a seaport town of Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.

=Pygmæi=, a nation of dwarfs, in the extremest parts of India, or,
  according to others, in Æthiopia. Some authors affirm that they were
  no more than one foot high, and that they built their houses with
  egg-shells. Aristotle says that they lived in holes under the earth,
  and that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut down
  the corn as if to fell a forest. They went on goats and lambs of
  proportionable stature to themselves, to make war against certain
  birds, whom some call cranes, which came there yearly from Scythia
  to plunder them. They were originally governed by Gerana, a princess
  who was changed into a crane, for boasting herself fairer than Juno.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 90.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 8, ch. 12.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 186.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 8.――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 83.――_Philostratus_, _Imagines_,
  bk. 2, ch. 22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleep in the deserts
  of Africa, after he had conquered Antæus, and that he was suddenly
  awakened by an attack which had been made upon his body by an army of
  these Liliputians, who discharged their arrows with great fury upon
  his arms and legs. The hero, pleased with their courage, wrapped the
  greatest number of them in the skin of the Nemæan lion, and carried
  them to Eurystheus.

=Pygmæon=, a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. _Hesychius._

=Pygmălion=, a king of Tyre, son of Belus, and brother to the
  celebrated Dido, who founded Carthage. At the death of his father,
  he ascended the vacant throne, and soon became odious by his cruelty
  and avarice. He sacrificed everything to the gratification of his
  predominant passions, and he did not even spare the life of Sichæus,
  Dido’s husband, because he was the most powerful and opulent of
  all the Phœnicians. This murder he committed in a temple, of which
  Sichæus was the priest; but instead of obtaining the riches which he
  desired, Pygmalion was shunned by his subjects, and Dido, to avoid
  further acts of cruelty, fled away with her husband’s treasures, and
  a large colony, to the coast of Africa, where she founded a city.
  Pygmalion died in the 56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his
  reign. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch.
  5.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.――――A celebrated
  statuary of the island of Cyprus. The debauchery of the females of
  Amathus, to which he was a witness, created in him such an aversion
  for the fair sex, that he resolved never to marry. The affection
  which he had denied to the other sex, he liberally bestowed upon the
  works of his own hands. He became enamoured of a beautiful statue
  of marble which he had made, and at his earnest request and prayers,
  according to the mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed the
  favourite statue into a woman, whom the artist married, and by whom
  he had a son called Paphus, who founded the city of that name in
  Cyprus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.

=Pylădes=, a son of Strophius king of Phocis, by one of the sisters
  of Agamemnon. He was educated, together with his cousin Orestes, with
  whom he formed the most inviolable friendship, and whom he assisted
  to revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by assassinating Clytemnestra
  and Ægysthus. He also accompanied him to Taurica Chersonesus, and for
  his services Orestes rewarded him by giving him his sister Electra
  in marriage. Pylades had by her two sons, Medon and Strophius. The
  friendship of Orestes and Pylades became proverbial. _See:_ Orestes.
  _Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Æschylus_, _Agamemnon_, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 28.――――A celebrated Greek musician, in the age of
  Philopœmen. _Plutarch_, _Philopœmen_.――――A mimic in the reign of
  Augustus, banished, and afterwards recalled.

=Pylæ=, a town of Asia, between Cappadocia and Cilicia. _Cicero_, bk. 5,
  _Letters to Atticus_. The word _Pylæ_, which signifies _gates_, was
  often applied by the Greeks to any straits or passages which opened a
  communication between one country and another, such as the straits of
  Thermopylæ, of Persia, Hyrcania, &c.

=Pylæmĕnes=, a Paphlagonian, son of Melius, who came to the Trojan war,
  and was killed by Menelaus. His son, called Harpalion, was killed by
  Meriones. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
  li. 358.――――A king of Mæonia, who sent his sons, Mestes and Antiphus,
  to the Trojan war.――――Another, son of Nicomedes, banished from
  Paphlagonia by Mithridates, and restored by Pompey. _Eutropius_,
  bks. 5 & 6.

=Pylagŏræ=, a name given to the Amphictyonic council, because they
  always assembled at Pylæ, near the temple of Delphi.

=Pylāon=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, killed by Hercules with his
  brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Pylarge=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._

=Pylartes=, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,
  li. 695.

=Pylas=, a king of Megara. He had the misfortune accidentally to
  kill his uncle Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom
  to Pandion his son-in-law, who had been driven from Athens.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.

=Pylēne=, a town of Ætolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Pyleus=, a Trojan chief, killed by Achilles.――――A son of Clymenus king
  of Orchomenos.

=Pylleon=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 42.

=Pylo=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Hippotas. _Apollodorus._

=Pylos=, now _Navarin_, a town of Messenia, situate on the western
  coast of the Peloponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in the
  Ionian sea. It was also called _Coryphasion_, from the promontory
  on which it was erected. It was built by Pylus, at the head of a
  colony from Megara. The founder was dispossessed of it by Neleus,
  and fled into Elis, where he dwelt in a small town, which he also
  called Pylos.――――A town of Elis, at the mouth of the river Alpheus,
  between the Peneus and the Selleis.――――Another town of Elis, called
  _Triphyliacha_, from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was
  situate. These three cities, which bore the name of Pylos, disputed
  their respective right to the honour of having given birth to the
  celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos which is situated near the
  Alpheus seems to win the palm, as it had in its neighbourhood a small
  village called Geranus, and a river called Geron, of which Homer
  makes mention. Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Messenia, and
  therefore gives the preference to the first-mentioned of these three
  cities. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 3.

=Pylus=, a town. _See:_ Pylos.――――A son of Mars by Demonice the
  daughter of Agenor. He was present at the chase of the Calydonian
  boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.

=Pyra=, part of mount Œta, on which the body of Hercules was burnt.
  _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.

=Pyracmon=, one of Vulcan’s workmen in the forges of mount Ætna. The
  name is derived from two Greek words which signify _fire_ and _an
  anvil_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Pyracmos=, a man killed by Cæneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 460.

=Pyræchmes=, a king of Eubœa.――――A king of Pæonia during the Trojan war.

=Pyrămus=, a youth of Babylon, who became enamoured of Thisbe, a
  beautiful virgin who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame was mutual,
  and the two lovers, whom their parents forbade to marry, regularly
  received each other’s addresses through the chink of a wall, which
  separated their houses. After the most solemn vows of sincerity they
  both agreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, and to meet one
  another at the tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, without
  the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but
  the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her away; and as she fled
  into a neighbouring cave she dropped her veil, which the lioness
  found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus soon arrived; he found
  Thisbe’s veil all bloody, and concluding that she had been torn to
  pieces by the wild beasts of the place, he stabbed himself with his
  sword. Thisbe, when her fears were vanished, returned from the cave,
  and at the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which
  still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene happened under a
  white mulberry tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained with
  the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of the colour of
  blood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 55, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable
  243.――――A river of Cilicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling into
  the Pamphylian sea. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr.
  11.――_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Pyrenæa Venus=, a town of Gallia ♦Narbonensis.

    ♦ ‘Narbonesis’ replaced with ‘Narbonensis’

=Pyrēnæi=, a mountain, or a long ridge of high mountains, which
  separate Gaul from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the
  Mediterranean sea. They receive their name from Pyrene the daughter
  of Bebrycius [_See:_ Pyrene], or from the fire (πυρ) which once raged
  there for several days. This fire was originally kindled by shepherds,
  and so intense was the heat which it occasioned, that all the silver
  mines of the mountains were melted, and ran down in large rivulets.
  This account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and others. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, li. 415.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Pyrenæus=, a king of Thrace, who, during a shower of rain, gave
  shelter in his house to the nine muses, and attempted to offer
  them violence. The goddesses upon this took to their wings and flew
  away. Pyrenæus, who attempted to follow them, as if he had wings,
  threw himself down from the top of a tower and was killed. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 274.

=Pyrēne=, a daughter of Bebrycius king of the southern parts of Spain.
  Hercules offered violence to her before he went to attack Geryon,
  and she brought into the world a serpent, which so terrified her,
  that she fled into the woods, where she was torn to pieces by wild
  beasts.――――A nymph, mother of Cycnus by Mars. _Apollodorus._――――A
  fountain near Corinth.――――A small village in Celtic Gaul, near which,
  according to some, the river Ister took its rise.

=Pyrgi=, an ancient town of Etruria, on the sea coast. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 184.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 3.

=Pyrgion=, an historian who wrote on the laws of Crete. _Athenæus._

=Pyrgo=, the nurse of Priam’s children, who followed Æneas in his
  flight from Troy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 645.

=Pyrgotĕles=, a celebrated engraver on gems in the age of Alexander the
  Great. He had the exclusive privilege of engraving the conqueror, as
  Lysippus was the only sculptor who was permitted to make statues of
  him. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 1.

=Pyrgrus=, a fortified place of Elis in the Peloponnesus.

=Pyrippe=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Pyro=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._

=Pyrodes=, a son of Cilix, said to be the first who discovered and
  applied to human purposes the fire concealed in flints. _Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Pyrois=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,
  li. 153.

=Pyronia=, a surname of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.

=Pyrrha=, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, who married Deucalion
  the son of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age all
  mankind were destroyed by a deluge, and she alone, with her husband,
  escaped from the general destruction, by saving themselves in a boat
  which Deucalion had made by his father’s advice. When the waters
  had retired from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband,
  went to the oracle of Themis, where they were directed, to repair
  the loss of mankind, to throw stones behind their backs. They
  obeyed, and the stones which Pyrrha threw were changed into women,
  and those of Deucalion into men. _See:_ Deucalion. Pyrrha became
  mother of Amphictyon, Hellen, and Protogenea by Deucalion. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 350, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 153.
  ――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 3, li. 1085.――――A daughter of Creon
  king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――The name which
  Achilles bore when he disguised himself in women’s clothes, at the
  court of Lycomedes. _Hyginus_, fable 96.――――A town of Eubœa. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A promontory of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malia.――――A
  town of Lesbos.――――A beautiful courtesan at Rome, of whom Horace was
  long an admirer. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 5.

=Pyrrheus=, a place in the city of Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.

=Pyrrhi castra=, a place of Lucania. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.

=Pyrrhias=, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable for his humanity. He
  delivered from slavery an old man who had been taken by pirates, and
  robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man was so grateful for
  his kindness, that he gave the pots to his deliverer, after he had
  told him that they contained gold under the pitch. Pyrrhias, upon
  this, offered the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, and retained
  him in his house, with every act of kindness and attention, till the
  time of his death. _Plutarch_, _Quæstiones Græcæ_.――――A general of
  the Ætolians, defeated by Philip, king of Macedonia.

=Pyrrhicha=, a kind of dance, said to be invented and introduced into
  Greece by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were generally
  armed. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.

=Pyrrhicus=, a free town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 14.

=Pyrrhidæ=, a patronymic given to the successors of Neoptolemus in
  Epirus.

=Pyrrho=, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to Anaxarchus, and originally
  a painter. His father’s name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. He was
  in continual suspense of judgment; he doubted of everything, never
  made any conclusions, and when he had carefully examined a subject,
  and investigated all its parts, he concluded by still doubting of its
  evidence. This manner of doubting in the philosopher has been called
  _Pyrrhonism_, and his disciples have received the appellation of
  sceptics, inquisitors, examiners, &c. He pretended to have acquired
  an uncommon dominion over opinion and passions. The former of these
  virtues he called _ataraxia_, and the latter _matriopathia_, and so
  far did he carry his want of common feeling and sympathy, that he
  passed with unconcern near a ditch in which his master Anaxarchus
  had fallen, and where he nearly perished. He was once in a storm,
  and when all hopes were vanished, and destruction certain, the
  philosopher remained unconcerned; and while the rest of the crew were
  lost in lamentations, he plainly told them to look at a pig which
  was then feeding himself on board the vessel, exclaiming, “This is
  a true model for a wise man.” As he showed so much indifference in
  everything, and declared that life and death were the same thing,
  some of his disciples asked him why he did not hurry himself out of
  the world. “Because,” says he, “there is no difference between life
  and death.” When he walked in the streets he never looked behind,
  or moved from the road for a chariot, even in its most rapid course;
  and, indeed, as some authors remark, this indifference for his safety
  often exposed him to the greatest and most imminent dangers, from
  which he was saved by the interference of his friends who followed
  him. He flourished B.C. 304, and died at the advanced age of 90.
  He left no writings behind him. His countrymen were so partial
  to him that they raised statues to his memory, and exempted all
  the philosophers of Elis from taxes. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 9.
  ――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 11,
  ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.

=Pyrrhus=, a son of Achilles and Deidamia the daughter of king
  Lycomedes, who received this name from the _yellowness_ of his hair.
  He was also called Neoptolemus, or _new warrior_, because he came
  to the Trojan war in the last year of the celebrated siege of the
  capital of Troas. _See:_ Neoptolemus.――――A king of Epirus, descended
  from Achilles by the side of his mother, and from Hercules by that
  of his father, and son of Æacides and Phthia. He was saved when an
  infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the pursuits of the
  enemies of his father, who had been banished from his kingdom, and he
  was carried to the court of Glautias king of Illyricum, who educated
  him with great tenderness. Cassander king of Macedonia wished to
  despatch him, as he had so much to dread from him; but Glautias
  not only refused to deliver him up into the hands of his enemy but
  he even went with an army and placed him on the throne of Epirus,
  though only 12 years of age. About five years after, the absence of
  Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials of one of the daughters of ♦Glautias,
  raised new commotions. The monarch was expelled from his throne by
  Neoptolemus, who had usurped it after the death of Æacides; and being
  still without resources, he applied to his brother-in-law Demetrius
  for assistance. He accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and
  fought there with all the prudence and intrepidity of an experienced
  general. He afterwards passed into Egypt, where, by his marriage
  with Antigone the daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a sufficient
  force to attempt the recovery of his throne. He was successful in
  the undertaking, but to remove all causes of quarrel, he took the
  usurper to share with him the royalty, and some time after he put him
  to death under pretence that he had attempted to poison him. In the
  subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which
  disturbed the peace of the Macedonian monarchy; he marched against
  Demetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of his
  valour and activity. By dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the
  minds of his enemy’s subjects, and when Demetrius laboured under
  a momentary illness, Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown of
  Macedonia, which, if not then successful, soon after rendered him
  master of the kingdom. This he shared with Lysimachus for seven
  months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, and the ambition
  of his colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating
  new conquests, when the Tarentines invited him to Italy to assist
  them against the encroaching power of Rome. He gladly accepted the
  invitation, but his passage across the Adriatic proved nearly fatal,
  and he reached the shores of Italy, after the loss of the greatest
  part of his troops in a storm. At his entrance into Tarentum, B.C.
  280, he began to reform the manners of the inhabitants, and by
  introducing the strictest discipline among their troops, to accustom
  them to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the first battle
  which he fought with the Romans, he obtained the victory, but for
  this he was more particularly indebted to his elephants, whose bulk
  and uncommon appearance astonished the Romans and terrified their
  cavalry. The number of the slain was equal on both sides, and the
  conqueror said that such another victory would totally ruin him. He
  also sent Cineas, his chief minister, to Rome, and though victorious,
  he sued for peace. These offers of peace were refused, and when
  Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about the manners and the character of
  the Romans, the sagacious minister replied, that their senate was a
  venerable assembly of kings, and that to fight against them, was to
  attack another Hydra. A second battle was fought near Asculum, but
  the slaughter was so great, and the valour so conspicuous on both
  sides, that the Romans and their enemies reciprocally claimed the
  victory as their own. Pyrrhus still continued the war in favour of
  the Tarentines, when he was invited into Sicily by the inhabitants,
  who laboured under the yoke of Carthage, and the cruelty of their own
  petty tyrants. His fondness of novelty soon determined him to quit
  Italy; he left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily,
  where he obtained two victories over the Carthaginians, and took many
  of their towns. He was for a while successful, and formed the project
  of invading Africa; but soon his popularity vanished, his troops
  became insolent, and he behaved with haughtiness, and showed himself
  oppressive, so that his return to Italy was deemed a fortunate event
  for all Sicily. He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed
  hostilities with the Romans with great acrimony, but when his army of
  80,000 men had been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he
  left Italy with precipitation, B.C. 274, ashamed of the enterprise,
  and mortified by the victories which had been obtained over one
  of the descendants of Achilles. In Epirus he began to repair his
  military character by attacking Antigonus, who was then on the
  Macedonian throne. He gained some advantages over his enemy, and was
  at last restored to the throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched
  against Sparta, at the request of Cleonymus, but when all his
  vigorous operations were insufficient to take the capital of Laconia,
  he retired to Argos, where the treachery of Aristeus invited him. The
  Argives desired him to retire, and not to interfere in the affairs of
  their republic, which were confounded by the ambition of two of their
  nobles. He complied with their wishes, but in the night he marched
  his forces into the town, and might have made himself master of
  the place had he not retarded his progress by entering it with his
  elephants. The combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody, and the
  monarch, to fight with more boldness, and to encounter dangers with
  more facility, exchanged his dress. He was attacked by one of the
  enemy, but as he was going to run him through in his own defence,
  the mother of the Argive, who saw her son’s danger from the top of
  a house, threw down a tile and brought Pyrrhus to the ground. His
  head was cut off, and carried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a
  magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to his son Helenus, 272
  years before the christian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly commended
  for his talents as a general; and not only his friends, but also
  his enemies, have been warm in extolling him; and Annibal declared,
  that for experience and sagacity the king of Epirus was the first
  of commanders. He had chosen Alexander the Great for a model, and in
  everything he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass him. In the
  art of war none were superior to him; he not only made it his study
  as a general, but even he wrote many books on encampments, and the
  different ways of training up an army, and whatever he did was by
  principle and rule. His uncommon understanding and his penetration
  are also admired; but the general is severely censured, who has
  no sooner conquered a country, than he looks for other victories,
  without regarding or securing what he has already obtained, by
  measures and regulations honourable to himself, and advantageous to
  his subjects. The Romans passed great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus
  was no less struck with their magnanimity and valour; so much indeed,
  that he exclaimed that if he had soldiers like the Romans, or if
  the Romans had him for a general, he would leave no corner of the
  earth unseen, and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus married many wives,
  and all for political reasons; besides Antigone, he had Lanassa the
  daughter of Agathocles, as also a daughter of Autoleon king of Pæonia.
  His children, as his biographer observes, derived a warlike spirit
  from their father, and when he was asked by one to which of them he
  should leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to him who has the
  sharpest sword. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.――_Plutarch_,
  _Lives_.――_Justin_, bk. 17, &c.――_Livy_, bks. 13 & 14.――_Horace_, bk.
  3, ode 6.――――A king of Epirus, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the people
  of Ambracia. His daughter, called Laudamia, or Deidamia, succeeded
  him. _Pausanias._――――A son of Dædalus.

    ♦ ‘Glautius’ replaced with ‘Glautias’

=Pyste=, the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner by the Gauls, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Pythagŏras=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Samos. His father
  Mnesarchus was a person of distinction, and therefore the son
  received that education which was most calculated to enlighten his
  mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early
  made acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence and astronomy became
  his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often bore the
  palm for strength and dexterity. He first made himself known in
  Greece, at the Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 18th year
  of his age, the prize for wrestling; and, after he had been admired
  for the elegance and the dignity of his person, and the brilliancy
  of his understanding, he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chaldæa
  he gained the confidence of the priests, and learned from them the
  artful policy, and the symbolic writings, by which they governed the
  prince as well as the people, and, after he had spent many years in
  gathering all the information which could be collected from antique
  tradition concerning the nature of the gods and the immortality
  of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his native island. The tyranny
  of Polycrates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, who was a great
  advocate for national independence; and though he was the favourite
  of the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a second time assisted
  at the Olympic games. His fame was too well known to escape notice;
  he was saluted in the public assembly by the name of _Sophist_, or
  wise man; but he refused the appellation, and was satisfied with that
  of philosopher, or, _the friend of wisdom_. “At the Olympic games,”
  said he, in explanation of this new appellation he wished to assume,
  “some are attracted with the desire of obtaining crowns and honours,
  others come to expose their different commodities to sale, while
  curiosity draws a third class, and the desire of contemplating
  whatever deserves notice in that celebrated assembly; thus, on the
  more extensive theatre of the world, while many struggle for the
  glory of a name, and many pant for the advantages of fortune, a few,
  and indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of money nor ambitious
  of fame, are sufficiently gratified to be spectators of the wonder,
  the hurry, and the magnificence of the scene.” From Olympia, the
  philosopher visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, and retired
  to Magna Græcia, where he fixed his habitation in the town of
  Crotona, about the 40th year of his age. Here he founded a sect
  which has received the name of _the Italian_, and he soon saw himself
  surrounded by a great number of pupils, which the recommendation of
  his mental as well as his personal accomplishments had procured. His
  skill in music and medicine, and his knowledge of mathematics and of
  natural philosophy, gained him friends and admirers, and amidst the
  voluptuousness that prevailed among the inhabitants of Crotona, the
  Samian sage found his instructions respected and his approbation
  courted; the most debauched and effeminate were pleased with the
  eloquence and the graceful delivery of the philosopher, who boldly
  upbraided them for their vices, and called them to more virtuous and
  manly pursuits. These animated harangues were attended with rapid
  success, and a reformation soon took place in the morals and the life
  of the people of Crotona. The females were exhorted to become modest,
  and they left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths were called away
  from their pursuits of pleasure, and instantly they forgot their
  intemperance, and paid to their parents that submissive attention and
  deference which the precepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old,
  they were directed no longer to spend their time in amassing money,
  but to improve their understanding, and to seek that peace and those
  comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy alone
  can produce. The sober and religious behaviour of the philosopher
  strongly recommended the necessity and importance of these precepts.
  Pythagoras was admired for his venerable aspect; his voice was
  harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he had
  acquired by his distant travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic
  games, was great and important. He regularly frequented the temples
  of the gods, and paid his devotion to the divinity at an early
  hour; he lived upon the purest and most innocent food, he clothed
  himself like the priests of the Egyptian gods, and by his continual
  purifications and regular offerings, he seemed to be superior to the
  rest of mankind in sanctity. These artful measures united to render
  him an object not only of reverence, but of imitation. To set himself
  at a greater distance from his pupils, a number of years was required
  to try their various dispositions; the most talkative were not
  permitted to speak in the presence of their master before they had
  been his auditors for five years, and those who possessed a natural
  taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years.
  When they were capable of receiving the secret instructions of the
  philosopher, they were taught the use of cyphers and hieroglyphic
  writings, and Pythagoras might boast that his pupils could correspond
  together, though in the most distant regions, in unknown characters;
  and by the signs and words which they had received, they could
  discover, though strangers and barbarians, those that had been
  educated in the Pythagorean school. So great was his authority among
  his pupils, that to dispute his word was deemed a crime, and the most
  stubborn were drawn to coincide with the opinions of their opponent,
  when they helped their arguments by the words of _the master said so_,
  an expression which became proverbial in _jurare in verba magistri_.
  The great influence which the philosopher possessed in his school
  was transferred to the world: the pupils divided the applause and
  the approbation of the people with their venerable master, and in
  a short time the rulers and the legislators of all the principal
  towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being the disciples
  of Pythagoras. The Samian philosopher was the first who supported
  the doctrine of _metempsychosis_, or transmigration of the soul into
  different bodies, and those notions he seemed to have imbibed among
  the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats of the Brachmans.
  More strenuously to support his chimerical system, he declared he
  recollected the different bodies which his soul had animated before
  that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remembered to have been Æthalides
  the son of Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during the Trojan
  war in the character of Euphorbus [_See:_ Euphorbus], to have been
  Hermotimus, afterwards a fisherman, and last of all Pythagoras.
  He forbade his disciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he
  supposed them to have been produced from the same putrefied matter
  from which, at the creation of the world, man was formed. In his
  theological system Pythagoras supported that the universe was created
  from a shapeless heap of passive matter by the hands of a powerful
  being, who himself was the mover and soul of the world, and of whose
  substance the souls of mankind were a portion. He considered numbers
  as the principles of everything, and perceived in the universe
  regularity, correspondence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as
  intentionally produced by the Creator. In his doctrines of morality,
  he perceived in the human mind propensities common to us with the
  brute creation; but besides these, and the passions of avarice and
  ambition, he discovered the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported
  that the most ample and perfect gratification was to be found in
  the enjoyment of moral and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts
  of the past he considered as always present to us, and he believed
  that no enjoyment could be had where the mind was disturbed by
  consciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. This opinion induced
  the philosopher to recommend to his followers a particular mode
  of education. The tender years of the Pythagoreans were employed
  in continual labour, in study, in exercise, and repose; and the
  philosopher maintained his well-known and important maxim, that many
  things, especially love, are best learnt late. In a more advanced age,
  the adult was desired to behave with caution, spirit, and patriotism,
  and to remember that the community and civil society demanded
  his exertions, and that the good of the public, and not his own
  private enjoyments, were the ends of his creation. From lessons like
  these, the Pythagoreans were strictly enjoined to call to mind, and
  carefully to review, the actions, not only of the present, but of the
  preceding days. In their acts of devotion, they early repaired to the
  most solitary places of the mountains, and after they had examined
  their private and public conduct, and conversed with themselves,
  they joined in the company of their friends, and early refreshed
  their body with light and frugal aliments. Their conversation was
  of the most innocent nature; political or philosophic subjects were
  discussed with propriety, but without warmth, and after the conduct
  of the following day was regulated, the evening was spent with the
  same religious ceremony as the morning, in a strict and partial
  self-examination. From such regularity nothing but the most salutary
  consequences could arise, and it will not appear wonderful that
  the disciples of Pythagoras were so much respected and admired
  as legislators, and imitated for their constancy, friendship, and
  humanity. The authors that lived in, and after, the age of Alexander,
  have rather tarnished than brightened the glory of the founder of the
  Pythagorean school, and they have obscured his fame by attributing
  to him actions which were dissonant with his character as a man and
  a moralist. To give more weight to his exhortations, as some writers
  mention, Pythagoras retired into a subterraneous cave, where his
  mother sent him intelligence of everything which happened during
  his absence. After a certain number of months he again reappeared on
  the earth, with a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, in the
  assembly of the people, that he was returned from hell. From similar
  exaggerations, it has been asserted that he appeared at the Olympic
  games with a golden thigh, and that he could write in letters of
  blood whatever he pleased on a looking-glass, and that, by setting it
  opposite to the moon, when full, all the characters which were on the
  glass became legible on the moon’s disc. They also support that, by
  some magical words, he tamed a bear, stopped the flight of an eagle,
  and appeared on the same day and at the same instant in the cities
  of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The time and the place of the death
  of this great philosopher are unknown; yet many suppose that he died
  at Metapontum about 497 years before Christ; and so great was the
  veneration of the people of Magna Græcia for him, that he received
  the same honours as were paid to the immortal gods, and his house
  became a sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise acknowledged his
  merits, and when the Romans, A.U.C. 411, were commanded by the oracle
  of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks,
  the distinguished honour was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras.
  Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. There is now extant a
  poetical composition ascribed to the philosopher, and called the
  _golden verses of Pythagoras_, which contain the greatest part of
  his doctrines and moral precepts; but many support that it is a
  supposititious composition, and that the true name of the writer was
  Lysis. Pythagoras distinguished himself also by his discoveries in
  geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, and it is to him that the world
  is indebted for the demonstration of the 47th proposition of the
  first book of Euclid’s elements, about the square of the hypothenuse.
  It is said that he was so elated after making the discovery, that
  he made an offering of a hecatomb to the gods; but the sacrifice
  was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with wax, as the philosopher was
  ever an enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. His system of
  the universe, in which he placed the sun in the centre, and all the
  planets moving in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chimerical
  and improbable, till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of the
  16th century proved it, by the most accurate calculations, to be true
  and incontestable. Diogenes Laërtius, Porphyry, Iamblicus, and others,
  have written an account of his life, but with more erudition, perhaps,
  than veracity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 5; _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 8, &c.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 112.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 60,
  &c.――_Plato._――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 9.
  ――_Iamblic._――_Porphyry._――_Plutarch._――――A soothsayer of Babylon,
  who foretold the death of Alexander and of Hephæstion, by consulting
  the entrails of victims.――――A tyrant of Ephesus.――――One of Nero’s
  wicked favourites.

=Pytheas=, an archon at Athens.――――A native of Massilia, famous for
  his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geography.
  He also distinguished himself by his travels, and, with a mind that
  wished to seek information in every corner of the earth, he advanced
  far into the northern seas, and discovered the island of Thule, and
  entered that then unknown sea, which is now called the _Baltic_. His
  discoveries in astronomy and geography were ingenious, and, indeed,
  modern navigators have found it expedient to justify and accede
  to his conclusions. He was the first who established a distinction
  of climate by the length of days and nights. He wrote different
  treatises in Greek, which have been lost, though some of them
  were extant in the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived,
  according to some, in the age of Aristotle. _Strabo_, bk. 2,
  &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 37.――――An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of
  Demosthenes, who distinguished himself by his intrigues, rapacity,
  and his opposition to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom he
  observed that his orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined
  Antipater after the death of Alexander the Great. His orations were
  devoid of elegance, harsh, unconnected, and diffuse, and from this
  circumstance he has not been ranked among the orators of Athens.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_
  & _Politica Præcepta_.

=Pythes=, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, son of Andromache, who
  obtained a crown at the Olympian games. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.

=Pytheus=, a Lydian in the age of Xerxes, famous for his riches. He
  kindly entertained the monarch and all his army, when he was marching
  on his expedition against Greece, and offered him to defray the
  expenses of the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude,
  and promised to give him whatever he should require. Pytheus asked
  him to dismiss his son from the expedition; upon which the monarch
  ordered the young man to be cut in two, and one half of the body to
  be placed on the right hand of the way, and the other on the left,
  that his army might march between them. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum
  Virtutes_.――_Herodotus._

=Pythia=, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She delivered the answer
  of the god to such as came to consult the oracle, and was supposed
  to be suddenly inspired by the sulphureous vapours which issued from
  the hole of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, over which
  she sat bare on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In this
  stool was a small aperture, through which the vapour was inhaled by
  the priestess, and, at this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly
  sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over all her
  body. In this convulsive state she spoke the oracles of the god,
  often with loud howlings and cries, and her articulations were
  taken down by the priest, and set in order. Sometimes the spirit of
  inspiration was more gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch
  mentions one of the priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive
  fury, that not only those that consulted the oracle, but also the
  priest that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and attended her
  during the inspiration, were terrified and forsook the temple; and
  so violent was the fit, that she continued for some days in the most
  agonizing situation, and at last died. The Pythia, before she placed
  herself on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and particularly
  her hair, in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot of
  mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the
  place, and sometimes ate the leaves with which she crowned herself.
  The priestess was originally a virgin, but the institution was
  changed when Echecrates, a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of
  them, and none but women who were above the age of 50 were permitted
  to enter upon that sacred office. They always appeared dressed in the
  garments of virgins, to intimate their purity and modesty, and they
  were solemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of temperance and
  chastity, that neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour
  might bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity of the
  place into contempt. There was originally but one Pythia, besides
  subordinate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, and sometimes
  more. The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed
  by some to have been the first who gave oracles at Delphi. The
  oracles were always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom which was
  some time after discontinued. The Pythia was consulted only one month
  in the year, about the spring. It was always required that those
  who consulted the oracle should make large presents to Apollo, and
  from thence arose the opulence, splendour, and the magnificence of
  that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered to the
  divinity, and if the omens proved unfavourable, the priestess refused
  to ♦give an answer. There were generally five priests who assisted
  at the offering of the sacrifices, and there was also another who
  attended the Pythia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. _See:_
  ♠Delphi, Oraculum. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 9.――_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _De
  Defectu Oraculorum_.――_Euripides_, _Ion_.――_Dio Chrysostom._――――Games
  celebrated in honour of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They
  were at first instituted, according to the more received opinion, by
  Apollo himself, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained
  over the serpent Python, from which they received their name; though
  others maintain that they were first established by Agamemnon, or
  Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of Amphictyons,
  B.C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but
  afterwards every fifth year, or the second year of every olympiad,
  according to the number of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated
  Apollo after his victory. The gods themselves were originally among
  the combatants, and, according to some authors, the first prize was
  won by Pollux, in boxing; by Castor, in horse-races; by Hercules,
  in the pancratium; by Zetes, in fighting with the armour; by Calais,
  in running; by Telamon, in wrestling; and by Peleus in throwing the
  quoit. These illustrious conquerors were rewarded by Apollo himself,
  who was present, with crowns and laurels. Some, however, observe
  that it was nothing but a musical contention, in which he who sung
  best the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, which was presents
  of gold or silver, which were afterwards exchanged for a garland
  of the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that Hesiod was
  refused admission to these games because he was not able to play upon
  the harp, which was required of all such as entered the lists. The
  songs which were sung were called Πυθικοι νομοι, _the Pythian modes_,
  divided into five parts, which contained a representation of the
  fight and victory of Apollo over Python; ἀνακρουσις, _the preparation
  for the fight_; ἐμπειρα, _the first attempt_; κατακελευσμος, _taking
  breath and collecting courage_; ἰαμβοι και δακτυλοι, _the insulting
  sarcasms of the god over his vanquished enemy_; συριγγες, _an
  imitation of the hisses of the serpent_, just as he expired under
  the blows of Apollo. A dance was also introduced; and in the 48th
  Olympiad, the Amphictyons, who presided over the games, increased
  the number of musical instruments by the addition of a flute; but,
  as it was more peculiarly used in funeral songs and lamentations,
  it was soon rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festivals which
  represented the triumph of Apollo over the conquered serpent. The
  Romans, according to some, introduced them into their city, and
  called them Apollinares ludi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 13 & 37.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 447.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 25.

    ♦ ‘gave’ replaced with ‘give’

    ♠ ‘Delphia’ replaced with ‘Delphi’

=Pythias=, a Pythagorean philosopher, intimate with Damon. _See:_
  Phintias.――――A road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. _Ælian._――――A
  comic character, &c.

=Pythion=, an Athenian killed, with 420 soldiers, when he attempted to
  drive the garrison of Demetrius from Athens, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Pythium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 44, ch. 2.

=Pythius=, a Syracusan, who defrauded Canius, a Roman knight, to
  whom he had sold his gardens, &c. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3,
  ch. 14.――――A surname of Apollo, which he had received for his
  having conquered the serpent Python, or because he was worshipped at
  Delphi; called also Pytho. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 17.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 33, li. 16.

=Pytho=, the ancient name of the town of Delphi, which it received
  ἀπο του πυθεσθαι, because the serpent which Apollo killed, _rotted
  there_. It was also called Parnassia Nape. _See:_ Delphi.

=Pythochăris=, a musician, who assuaged the fury of some wolves by
  playing on a musical instrument, &c. _Ælian._

=Pythŏcles=, an Athenian descended from Aratus. It is said, that on his
  account, and for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of Aratus.
  ――――A man put to death with Phocion.――――A man who wrote on Italy.

=Pythodōrus=, an Athenian archon in the age of Themistocles.

=Pytholāus=, the brother of Theba, the wife of Alexander tyrant of
  Pheræ. He assisted his sister in despatching her husband. _Plutarch._

=Python=, a native of Byzantium, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. He
  was a great favourite of the monarch who sent him to the Thebes, when
  that city, at the instigation of Demosthenes, was going to take arms
  against Philip. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diodorus._――――One of
  the friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy Lagus.――――A man who
  killed Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of the Athenians.――――A
  celebrated serpent sprung from the mud and stagnated waters which
  remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.
  Some, however, suppose that it was produced from the earth by Juno,
  and sent by the goddess to persecute Latona, who was then pregnant by
  Jupiter. Latona escaped his fury by means of her lover, who changed
  her into a quail during the remaining months of her pregnancy, and
  afterwards restored her to her original shape in the island of Delos,
  where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as soon as he was
  born, attacked the monster and killed him with his arrows, and in
  commemoration of the victory which he had obtained, he instituted the
  celebrated Pythian games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;
  bk. 10, ch. 6.――_Hyginus._――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 438,
  &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 134.

=Pythonĭce=, an Athenian prostitute greatly honoured by Harpalus,
  whom Alexander some time before had entrusted with the treasures of
  Babylon. He married her; and according to some, she died at the very
  moment that the nuptials were going to be celebrated. He raised her
  a splendid monument on the road which led from Athens to Eleusis,
  which cost him 30 talents. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1.
  ――_Athenæus_, bk. 13, &c.

=Pythonissa=, a name given to the priestess of Apollo’s temple at
  Delphi. She is more generally called Pythia. _See:_ Pythia. The word
  _Pythonissa_ was commonly applied to women who attempted to explain
  futurity.

=Pytna=, a part of mount Ida.

=Pyttalus=, a celebrated athlete, son of Lampis of Elis, who obtained a
  prize at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.


                                   Q

=Quaderna=, a town of Italy.

=Quadi=, an ancient nation of Germany, near the country of the
  Marcomanni, on the borders of the Danube, in modern Moravia. They
  rendered themselves celebrated by their opposition to the Romans, by
  whom they were often defeated, though not totally subdued. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, chs. 42 & 43; _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.

=Quadrātus=, a surname given to Mercury, because some of his statues
  were square. The number 4, according to Plutarch, was sacred to
  Mercury, because he was born on the 4th day of the month. _Plutarch_,
  _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 9.――――A governor of Syria in the
  age of Nero.

=Quadrĭfrons=, or =Quadrĭceps=, a surname of Janus, because he was
  represented with four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpeian rock,
  raised by Lucius Catulus.

=Quæstōres=, two officers at Rome, first created A.U.C. 269. They
  received their name _a quærendo_, because they collected the revenues
  of the state, and had the total management of the public treasury.
  The questorship was the first office which could be had in the state.
  It was requisite that the candidates should be 24 or 25 years of age,
  or, according to some, 27. In the year 332, A.U.C., two more were
  added to the others, to attend the consuls, to take care of the
  pay of the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and booty which had
  been acquired by conquest. These were called _Peregrini_, whilst
  the others, whose employment was in the city, received the name of
  _Urbani_. When the Romans were masters of all Italy, four more were
  created, A.U.C. 439, to attend the proconsuls and propretors in
  their provinces, and to collect all the taxes and customs which
  each particular district owed to the republic. They were called
  _Provinciales_. Sylla the dictator created 20 questors, and Julius
  Cæsar 40, to fill up the vacant seats in the senate; from whence it
  is evident that the questors ranked as senators in the senate. The
  questors were always appointed by the senate at Rome, and if any
  person was appointed to the questorship without their permission, he
  was only called _proquestor_. The quæstores urbani were apparently of
  more consequence than the rest, the treasury was entrusted to their
  care, they kept an account of all the receipts and disbursements,
  and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always in their possession when
  the armies were not on an expedition. They required every general
  before he triumphed to tell them, upon his oath, that he had given
  a just account of the number of the slain on both sides, and that
  he had been saluted _imperator_ by the soldiers, a title which every
  commander generally received from his army after he had obtained
  a victory, and which was afterwards confirmed and approved by the
  senate. The city questors had also the care of the ambassadors; they
  lodged and received them, and some time after, when Augustus was
  declared emperor, they kept the decrees of the senate, which had been
  before entrusted with the ediles and the tribunes. This gave rise
  to two new offices of trust and honour, one of which was _quæstor
  palatii_, and the other _quæstor principis_, or _augusti_, sometimes
  called _candidatus principis_. The tent of the questor in the camp
  was called _quæstorium_. It stood near that of the general. _Varro_,
  _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 43.――_Dio Cassius_,
  bk. 43.

=Quari=, a people of Gaul.

=Quarius=, a river of Bœotia.

=Quercens=, a Rutulian who fought against the Trojans. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 684.

=Querquetulānus=, a name given to mount Cœlius at Rome, from the oaks
  which grew there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 65.

=Quiētis fanum=, a temple without the walls of the city of Rome. Quies
  was the goddess of rest. Her temple was situate near the Colline gate.
  _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Lucius Quiētus=, an officer under the emperor Trajan, who behaved with
  great valour in the expeditions which were undertaken by the army
  which he commanded. He was put to death by Adrian.

=Quinctia prata.= _See:_ Quintia.

=Quinctiānus=, a man who conspired against Nero, for which he was put
  to death.

=Quinctilia=, a comedian who refused to betray a conspiracy which had
  been formed against Caligula.

=Quinctius Titus=, a Roman consul who gained some victories over the
  Æqui and the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for subduing Præneste.
  ――――Cæso, a man accused before the Roman people, and vindicated by
  his father Cincinnatus.――――A Roman celebrated for his frugality.
  _See:_ Cincinnatus.――――A master of horse.――――A Roman consul when
  Annibal invaded Italy.――――A brother of Flaminius, banished from
  the senate by Cato, for killing a Gaul.――――An officer killed by the
  Carthaginians.――――An officer under Dolabella.――――Another who defeated
  the Latins.――――A consul who obtained a victory over the Volsci.
  ――――Hirpinus. _See:_ Hirpinus.

=Quinda=, a town of Cilicia.

=Quindecimvĭri=, an order of priests whom Tarquin the Proud appointed
  to take care of the Sibylline books. They were originally two, but
  afterwards the number was increased to 10, to whom Sylla added five
  more, whence their name. _See:_ Decemviri and Duumviri.

=Quinquatria=, a festival in honour of Minerva at Rome, which continued
  during five days. The beginning of the celebration was the 18th of
  March. The first day sacrifices and oblations were presented, but,
  however, without the effusion of blood. On the second, third, and
  fourth days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, and on the fifth day
  there was a solemn procession through the streets of the city. On the
  days of the celebration, scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual
  for them to offer prayers to Minerva for learning and wisdom, which
  the goddess patronized; and on their return to school they presented
  their master with a gift which has received the name of _Minerval_.
  They were much the same as the Panathenæa of the Greeks. Plays were
  also acted, and disputations were held on subjects of literature.
  They received their name from the _five_ days which were devoted for
  the celebration.

=Quinquennāles ludi=, games celebrated by the Chians in honour of Homer
  every fifth year. There were also some games among the Romans which
  bore this name. They are the same as the Actian games. _See:_ Actia.

=Quintia Prata=, a place on the borders of the Tiber near Rome, which
  had been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Quintiliānus Marcus Fabius=, a celebrated rhetorician born in Spain.
  He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who
  obtained a salary from the state as being a public teacher. After
  he had remained 20 years in this laborious employment, and obtained
  the merited applause of the most illustrious Romans, not only as a
  preceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, by the permission
  of the emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours
  and industry. In his retirement he assiduously dedicated his time
  to the study of literature, and wrote a treatise on the causes
  of the corruption of eloquence. Some time after, at the pressing
  solicitations of his friends, he wrote his _institutiones oratoricæ_,
  the most perfect and complete system of oratory extant. It is divided
  into 12 books, in which the author explains from observation, as well
  as from experience, what can constitute a good and perfect orator,
  and in this he not only mentions the pursuits and the employments
  of the rhetorician, but he also speaks of his education, and begins
  with the attention which ought to be shown him even in his cradle.
  He was appointed preceptor to the two young princes whom Domitian
  destined for his successors on the throne, but the pleasures which
  the rhetorician received from the favours and the attention of the
  emperor and from the success which his writings met in the world,
  were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of his two sons. It
  is said that Quintilian was poor in his retirement, and that his
  indigence was relieved by the liberality of his pupil Pliny the
  younger. He died A.D. 95. His Institutions were discovered in the
  1415th year of the christian era, in an old tower of a monastery
  at St. Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence. The best
  editions of Quintilian are those of Gesner, 4to, Göttingen, 1738; of
  Leiden, 8vo, _cum notis variorum_, 1665; of Gibson, 4to, Oxford, 1693;
  and that of Rollin, republished in 8vo, London, 1792.

=Quintilius Varus=, a Roman governor of Syria. _See:_ Varus.――――A
  friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A man put to death by the emperor
  Severus.

=Quintilla=, a courtesan at Rome, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 75.

=Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius=, a brother of Claudius, who
  proclaimed himself emperor, and 17 days after destroyed himself by
  opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was marching
  against him, about the 270th year of the christian era.

=Quintius Curtius Rufus=, a Latin historian, who flourished, as some
  suppose, in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has rendered himself
  known by his history of the reign of Alexander the Great. This
  history was divided into 10 books, of which the two first, the end
  of the fifth, and the beginning of the sixth, are lost. This work is
  admired for the elegance, the purity, and the floridness of its style.
  It is, however, blamed for great anachronisms and glaring mistakes in
  geography as well as history. Freinshemius has written a supplement
  to Curtius, in which he seems to have made some very satisfactory
  amends for the loss of which the history had suffered, by a learned
  collection of facts and circumstances from all the different authors
  who have employed their pen in writing an account of Alexander, and
  of his Asiatic conquests. Some suppose that the historian is the same
  with that Curtius Rufus who lived in the age of Claudius, under whom
  he was made consul. This Rufus was born of an obscure family, and he
  attended a Roman questor in Africa, when he was met at Adrumentum by
  a woman above a human shape, as he was walking under the porticoes
  in the middle of the day. This extraordinary character addressed
  the indigent Roman, and told him that the day should come in which
  he should govern Africa with consular power. This strange prophecy
  animated Rufus; he repaired to Rome, where he gained the favours
  of the emperor, obtained consular honours, and at last retired as
  proconsul to Africa, where he died. The best editions of Curtius are
  those of Elzevir, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1673; of Snakenburg, 4to, Leiden,
  1724; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1757. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,
  ch. 23, &c.

♦=Quintus=, or =Quinctius=, one of the names of Cincinnatus. _Persius_,
  bk. 1, li. 73.――――Pedius, a painter. _See:_ Pedius.

    ♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text.

=Quintus Veranius=, a governor of Cappadocia.――――Cicero, the brother of
  Cicero.――――Catulus, a Roman consul.――――A friend of Cæsar.

=Quirinalia=, festivals in honour of Romulus, surnamed Quirinus,
  celebrated on the 13th of the calends of March.

=Quirinālis=, a hill at Rome, originally called _Agonius_, and
  afterwards _Collinus_. The name of Quirinalis is obtained from the
  inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under their king Tatius. It
  was also called _Cabalinus_, from two marble statues of a horse, one
  of which was the work of Phidias, and the other of Praxiteles. _Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, li. 375; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,
  li. 843.――――One of the gates of Rome near mount Quirinalis.

=Quirīnus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans. This name was also
  given to Romulus when he had been made a god by his superstitious
  subjects. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 475.――――Also a surname of the
  god Janus.――――Sulpitius, a Roman consul, born at Lanuvium. Though
  descended of an obscure family, he was raised to the greatest honours
  by Augustus. He was appointed governor of Syria, and was afterwards
  made preceptor to Caius the grandson of the emperor. He married
  Æmilia Lepida the granddaughter of Sylla and Pompey, but some time
  after he shamefully repudiated her. He died A.D. 22. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 3, &c.

=Quirītes=, a name given to the Roman citizens, because they admitted
  into their city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, and
  who on that account were called _Quirites_. After this union, the
  two nations were indiscriminately and promiscuously called by that
  name. It is, however, to be observed that the word was confined to
  Rome, and not used in the armies, as we find some of the generals
  applying it only to such of their soldiers as they dismissed or
  disgraced. Even some of the emperors appeased a sedition, by calling
  their rebellious soldiers by the degrading appellation of Quirites.
  _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 170.――_Lampridius_, bk. 53.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 5, li. 558.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 1.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
  li. 479.


                                   R

=Rabirius Caius=, a Roman knight, who lent an immense sum of money
  to Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards not only
  refused to repay him, but even confined him, and endangered his life.
  Rabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his return to
  Rome, he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African
  prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and
  acquitted with difficulty. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.――――A Latin poet
  in the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epigrams,
  a poem on the victory which the emperor had gained over Antony at
  Actium. Seneca has compared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty,
  but Quintilian is not so favourable to his poetry.――――An architect in
  the reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated palace for the emperor,
  of which the ruins are still seen at Rome.

=Racillia=, the wife of Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Racilius=, a tribune who complained in the senate of the faction of
  Clodius. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 12; _Letters to his
  brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Ræsaces=, an officer of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his master, and
  fled to Athens.

=Ramises=, a king of Egypt. _See:_ Rhamses.

=Ramnes=, or =Rhamnenses=, one of the three centuries instituted by
  Romulus. After the Roman people had been divided into three tribes,
  the monarch elected out of each 100 young men of the best and noblest
  families, with which he formed three companies of horse. One of them
  was called _Ramnes_, either from the tribe of which it was chosen, or
  from Romulus. Another was called _Tatian_, and the third _Luceres_.
  _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.
  ――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 304.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Randa=, a village of Persia, where 3000 rebellious Persians were slain
  by Chiles. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Rapo=, a Rutulian chief, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 748.

=Rascipŏlis=, a Macedonian sent to the assistance of Pompey. _Cæsar_,
  _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Ravenna=, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, which became celebrated
  under the Roman emperors for its capacious harbour, which could
  contain 250 ships, and for being for some time the seat of the
  western empire. It was difficult of access by land, as it stood on a
  small peninsula; and so ill supplied with water, that it was sold at
  a higher price than wine, according to Martial. The emperors kept one
  of their fleets there, and the other at Misenum, on the other side
  of Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thessalians, or, according
  to others, of Sabines. It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and
  is a wretched town situate at the distance of about four miles from
  the sea, and surrounded with swamps and marshes. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 49.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 93, li. 8, &c.

=Rāvŏla=, a celebrated debauchee, &c. _Juvenal._

=Rauraci=, a people of Gaul, whose chief town is now Augst on the Rhine.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 5.

=Reāte=, a pleasant town of Umbria, built, as some suppose, before the
  Trojan war, about 15 miles from Fanum Vacunæ, near the lake Velinus.
  Cybele was the chief deity of the place. It was famous for its asses.
  _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Varro_, _de
  Re Rustica_, bk. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 26, ch. 11; bk. 28,
  ch. 45.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 2; _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Redicŭlus=, a deity whose name is derived from the word _redire_ (to
  return). The Romans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on the
  spot where Annibal had retired when he approached Rome, as if to
  besiege it. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Redŏnes=, a nation among the Armorici, now the people of _Rennes_ and
  _St. Maloes_, in Brittany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Regillæ=, or =Regillum=, a town in the country of the Sabines in Italy,
  about 20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought
  there, A.U.C. 258, between 24,000 Romans and 40,000 Etrurians, who
  were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans obtained the victory, and
  scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from the field of battle. Castor
  and Pollux, according to some accounts, were seen mounted on white
  horses, and fighting at the head of the Roman army. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Caius
  Marcius Coriolanus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1.――_Florus_, bk. 1.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 1.

=Regilliānus Q. Nonius=, a Dacian who entered the Roman armies, and was
  raised to the greatest honours under Valerian. He was elected emperor
  by the populace, who were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon
  after murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 262.

=Regillus=, a small lake of Latium, whose waters fall into the Anio,
  at the east of Rome. The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin army
  near it. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Regīnum=, a town of Germany, now supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg.

=Regium Lepidum=, a town of Modena, now _Regio_, at the south of the Po.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to his Friends_,
  ltr. 5; bk. 13, ltr. 7.

=Marcus Attilius Regŭlus=, a consul during the first Punic war. He
  reduced Brundusium, and in his second consulship he took 64, and
  sunk 30 galleys of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily.
  Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in
  a short time he defeated three generals, and made himself master of
  about 200 places of consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians sued
  for peace, but the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after he
  was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men were
  left on the field of battle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus
  was in the number of the captives, and he was carried in triumph to
  Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose an
  accommodation, and an exchange of prisoners; and if his commission
  was unsuccessful, he was bound by the most solemn oaths to return to
  Carthage without delay. When he came to Rome, Regulus dissuaded his
  countrymen from accepting the terms which the enemy proposed, and
  when his opinion had had due influence on the senate, he then retired
  to Carthage agreeable to his engagements. The Carthaginians were told
  that their offers of peace had been rejected at Rome by the means of
  Regulus, and therefore they prepared to punish him with the greatest
  severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he was exposed for some days to
  the excessive heat of the meridian sun, and afterwards confined in
  a barrel, whose sides were everywhere filled with large iron spikes,
  till he died in the greatest agonies. His sufferings were heard
  at Rome, and the senate permitted his widow to inflict whatever
  punishments she pleased on some of the most illustrious captives of
  Carthage, who were in their hands. She confined them also in presses
  filled with sharp iron points, and was so exquisite in her cruelty,
  that the senate at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity of
  her punishments. Regulus died about 251 years before Christ. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 319.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Horace_, bk. 3,
  ode 5.――_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 2.――_Livy_, ltr. 16.――――Memmius, a Roman
  made governor of Greece by Caligula. While Regulus was in this
  province, the emperor wished to bring the celebrated statue of
  Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but this was supernaturally
  prevented, and according to ancient authors, the ship which was to
  convey it was destroyed by lightning, and the workmen who attempted
  to remove the statue were terrified away by sudden noises. _Dio
  Cassius._――――A man who condemned Sejanus.――――Roscius, a man who held
  the consulship but for one day, in the reign of Vitellius.

=Remi=, a nation of Gaul, whose principal town, Duricortorium, is now
  Rheims, in the north of Champagne. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Remmia lex=, _de judiciis_, was enacted to punish all calumniators.
  The letter K was marked on their forehead. This law was abolished by
  Constantine the Great. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius_.

=Rĕmŭlus=, a chief of Tibur, whose arms were seized by the Rutulians,
  and afterwards became part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 360.――――A friend of Turnus, trampled to
  death by his horse, which Orsilochus had wounded. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 11, li. 636, &c.

=Rĕmŭlus Sylvius=, a king of Alba, destroyed by lightning on account of
  his impiety. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 50.

=Remuria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, to appease the
  manes of his brother Remus. They were afterwards called _Lemuria_,
  and celebrated yearly.

=Remus=, the brother of Romulus, was exposed, together with him, by the
  cruelty of his grandfather. In the contest which happened between the
  two brothers about building a city, Romulus obtained the preference,
  and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, was put to death by his
  brother’s orders, or by Romulus himself. _See:_ Romulus. The Romans
  were afflicted with a plague after this murder, upon which the oracle
  was consulted, and the manes of Remus appeased by the institution
  of the Remuria. _Ovid._――――One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against
  Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 330.

=Resæna=, a town of Mesopotamia, famous for the defeat of Sapor by
  Gordian.

=Resus=, a small river of Asia Minor, falling into the Mæander.

=Retina=, a village near Misenum. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.

=Reudigni=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Rha=, a large river, now the _Volga_, of Russia. A medicinal root
  which grew on its bank was called _Rha barbarum_, _Rhubarb_.

=Rhacia=, a promontory in the Mediterranean sea, projecting from the
  Pyrenean mountains.

=Rhacius=, a Cretan prince, the first of that nation who entered Ionia
  with a colony. He seized Claros, of which he became the sovereign.
  He married Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who had been seized on his
  coasts. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.

=Rhacōtis=, an ancient name of Alexandria the capital of Egypt.
  _Strabo._――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Rhadamanthus=, a son of Jupiter and Europa. He was born in Crete,
  which he abandoned about the 30th year of his age. He passed into
  some of the Cyclades, where he reigned with so much justice and
  impartiality, that the ancients have said he became one of the judges
  of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal regions in obliging
  the dead to confess their crimes, and in punishing them for their
  offences. Rhadamanthus reigned not only over some of the Cyclades,
  but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  ch. 53.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 435.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Plato._――_Homer_. _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 564.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 566.

=Rhadamistus=, a son of Pharnasmanes king of Iberia. He married Zenobia,
  the daughter of his uncle Mithridates king of Armenia, and some
  time after put him to death. He was put to death by his father for
  his cruelties, about the year 52 of the christian era. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 37.

=Rhadius=, a son of Neleus.

=Rhæteum=, a city of Phrygia.

=Rhæti=, or =Ræti=, an ancient and warlike nation of Etruria. They were
  driven from their native country by the Gauls, and went to settle on
  the other side of the Alps. _See:_ Rhætia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.

=Rhætia=, a country at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the
  Danube, which now forms the territories of the Grisons, of the Tyrol,
  and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, _Rhætia prima_ and
  _Rhætia secunda_. The first extended from the sources of the Rhine
  to those of the Licus or Lek, a small river which falls into the
  Danube. The other, called also _Vindelicia_, extended from the Licus
  to another small river called Œnus, or Inn, towards the east. The
  principal towns of Rhætia were called Curia, Tridentum, Belunum,
  Feltria. The Rhætians rendered themselves formidable by the frequent
  invasions which they made upon the Roman empire, and were at last
  conquered by Drusus the brother of Tiberius, and others under the
  Roman emperors. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 14, ch. 2, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4
  & 14.

=Rhamnes=, a king and augur, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was
  killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 325.

=Rhamnus=, a town of Attica, famous for a temple of Amphiaraus, and a
  statue of the goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called _Rhamnusia_.
  This statue was made by Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble,
  which the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate
  their expected victory over Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 36.

=Rhamnusia=, a name of Nemesis. _See:_ Rhamnus.

=Rhampsinītus=, an opulent king of Egypt, who succeeded Proteus.
  He built a large tower with stones at Memphis, where his riches
  were deposited, and of which he was robbed by the artifice of the
  architect, who had left a stone in the wall easily movable, so as to
  admit a plunderer. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 121, &c.

=Rhamses=, or =Ramises=, a powerful king of Egypt, who, with an army
  of 700,000 men, conquered Æthiopia, Libya, Persia, and other eastern
  nations. In his reign, according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some
  authors consider him to be the same as Sesostris. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 2, ch. 60.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.

=Rhanis=, one of Diana’s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3.

=Rharos=, or =Rharium=, a plain of Attica, where corn was first sown
  by Triptolemus. It received its name from the sower’s father, who was
  called Rharos. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 14 & 38.

=Rhascupŏris=, a king of Thrace, who invaded the possessions of Cotys,
  and was put to death by order of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 2, ch. 64.

=Rhea=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Saturn, by whom she
  had Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, however,
  devoured them all as soon as born, as he had succeeded to the throne
  with the solemn promise that he would raise no male children, or,
  according to others, because he had been informed by an oracle
  that one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of her
  husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and was advised to impose upon
  him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought
  forth, the child was immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured up
  a stone which his wife had given him as her own child. The fears
  of Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the
  child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and powerful, that
  he drove his father from his throne. Rhea has been confounded by
  the mythologists with some of the other goddesses, and many have
  supposed that she was the same divinity that received adoration
  under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater,
  Ceres, Vesta, Titæa, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. _See:_ Cybele,
  Ceres, Vesta, &c. Rhea, after the expulsion of her husband from his
  throne, followed him to Italy, where he established a kingdom. Her
  benevolence in this part of Europe was so great, that the golden
  age of Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.――_Homer_, _Hymns_.――_Æschylus_, _Prometheus
  Bound_.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_ & _Electra_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 197.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――――Sylvia, the mother
  of Romulus and Remus. She is also called Ilia. _See:_ Ilia.――――A
  nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son called Aventinus to
  Hercules. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 659.

=Rhebas=, or =Rhebus=, a river of Bithynia, flowing from mount Olympus
  into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 698.

=Rhedŏnes.= _See:_ Redones.

=Rhegium=, now _Rheggio_, a town of Italy, in the country of the
  Brutii, opposite Messana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians
  under Alcidamidas settled, B.C. 723. It was originally called
  _Rhegium_, and afterwards _Rhegium Julium_, to distinguish it from
  _Rhegium Lepidi_, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that it
  received its name from the Greek word ῥηγνυμι, _to break_, because
  it is situate on the straits of Charybdis, which were formed when
  the island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and separated from
  the continent of Italy. This town has always been subject to great
  earthquakes, by which it has often been destroyed. The neighbourhood
  is remarkable for its great fertility, and for its delightful views.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 94.――_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 3.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 5 & 48.――_Justin_, bk. 4,
  ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Rhegusci=, a people of the Alps.

=Rhemi.= _See:_ Remi.

=Rhene=, a small island of the Ægean, about 200 yards from Delos, 18
  miles in circumference. The inhabitants of Delos always buried their
  dead there, and their women also retired there during their labour,
  as their own island was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had
  brought forth, and where no dead bodies were to be inhumated. Strabo
  says that it was uninhabited, though it was once as populous and
  flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Polycrates conquered it,
  and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos, by means
  of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small Delos, and
  the island of Delos the great Delos. _Thucydides_, bk. 3.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Rheni=, a people on the borders of the Rhine.

=Rhenus=, one of the largest rivers of Europe, which divides Germany
  from Gaul. It rises in the Rhætian Alps, and falls into the German
  ocean. Virgil has called it _bicornis_, because it divides itself
  into two streams. The river Rhine was a long time a barrier between
  the Romans and the Germans, and on that account its banks were
  covered with strong castles. Julius Cæsar was the first Roman who
  crossed it to invade Germany. The waters of that river were held in
  great veneration, and were supposed by the ancient Germans to have
  some peculiar virtue, as they threw their children into it, either
  to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace and invigorate their
  limbs. If the child swam on the surface, the mother was acquitted
  of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its origin was deemed
  illegitimate. In modern geography the Rhine is known as dividing
  itself into four large branches; the Waal, Lech, Issel, and the
  Rhine. That branch which still retains the name of Rhine loses
  itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and is afterwards no longer
  known by its ancient appellation, since the year 860, A.D., when
  inundations of the sea destroyed the regularity of its mouth. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch.
  3; bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 727.――――A
  small river of Italy, falling into the Po on the south, now _Rheno_.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 600.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16; bk. 16,
  ch. 36.

=Rheomitres=, a Persian who revolted from Artaxerxes, &c. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 15.――――A Persian officer killed at the battle of Issus. _Curtius_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Rhesus=, a king of Thrace, son of the Strymon and Terpsichore, or,
  according to others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike
  exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched to the assistance of
  Priam king of Troy, against the Greeks. He was expected with great
  impatience, as an ancient oracle had declared that Troy should never
  be taken if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xanthus, and
  fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was well known
  to the Greeks, and therefore two of their best generals, Diomedes
  and Ulysses, were commissioned by the rest to intercept the Thracian
  prince. The Greeks entered his camp in the night, slew him, and
  carried away his horses to their camp. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.
  ――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 473.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 98.

=Rhetogĕnes=, a prince of Spain, who surrendered to the Romans, and was
  treated with great humanity.

=Rhetĭco=, a mountain of Rhætia.

=Rheunus=, a place in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.

=Rhexēnor=, a son of Nausithous king of Phæacia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,
  bk. 7.――――The father of Chalciope, the wife of Ægeus king of Athens.
  ――――A musician who accompanied Antony in Asia.

=Rhexibius=, an athlete of Opus, who obtained a prize in the Olympic
  games, and had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  ch. 18.

=Rhiānus=, a Greek poet of Thrace, originally a slave. He wrote an
  account of the war between Sparta and Messenia, which continued for
  20 years, as also a history of the principal revolutions and events
  which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composition
  nothing but a few verses are extant. He flourished about 200 years
  before the christian era. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Rhidago=, a river of Hyrcania falling into the Caspian sea. _Curtius_,
  bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Rhimotăcles=, a king of Thrace, who revolted from Antony to
  Augustus. He boasted of his attachment to the emperor’s person at an
  entertainment, upon which Augustus said, _proditionem amo, proditores
  vero odi_.

=Rhinocolūra=, a town on the borders of Palestine and Egypt. _Livy_,
  bk. 45, ch. 11.

♦=Rhinthon=, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in the age of Alexander.
  _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20.

    ♦ Out of alphabetical order in the text.

=Rhion=, a promontory of Achaia, opposite to Antirrhium in Ætolia,
  at the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of
  Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and Patræ bore also the same
  name. The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. _Livy_,
  bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 38, ch. 7.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Rhipha=, or =Rhiphe=, a town of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebaid_,
  li. 286.

=Rhiphæi=, large mountains at the north of Scythia, where, as
  some suppose, the Gorgons had fixed their residence. The name of
  _Rhiphæan_ was applied to any cold mountain in a northern country,
  and, indeed, these mountains seem to have existed only in the
  imagination of the poets, though some make the Tanais rise there.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272; bk. 3, li. 282; bk.
  4, li. 418.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 4, li. 518.

=Rhipheus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――A Trojan
  praised for his justice, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 426.
  _See:_ Ripheus.

=Rhium.= _See:_ Rhion.

=Rhizonitæ=, a people of Illyricum, whose chief town was called
  _Rhizinium_. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Rhoda=, now _Roses_, a seaport town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8.
  ――――A town on the Rhone, from which the river received its name. It
  was ruined in Pliny’s age. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Rhodănus=, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, arising in the Rhætian Alps,
  and falling into the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one
  of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the
  name of the _Rhone_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 477.
  ――_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, &c.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 433;
  bk. 6, li. 475.

=Rhode=, a daughter of Neptune. _Apollodorus._――――Of Danaus.
  _Apollodorus._

=Rhodia=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._――――A daughter of Danaus.
  _Apollodorus._

=Rhodogȳne=, a daughter of Phraates king of Parthia, who married
  Demetrius, when he was in banishment at her father’s court.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Rhŏdŏpe=, or =Rhodōpis=, a celebrated courtesan of Greece, who was
  fellow-servant with Æsop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was
  carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought by
  Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of
  her, and who married her. She sold her favours at Naucratis, where
  she collected so much money, that, to render her name immortal, she
  consecrated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at Delphi;
  or, according to others, erected one of the pyramids of Egypt. Ælian
  says that, as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle carried
  away one of her sandals, and dropped it near Psammetichus king of
  Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was struck with the beauty of the
  sandal, strict inquiry was made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when
  discovered, married Psammetichus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 134, &c.
  ――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,
  ch. 33. Perizonius supposes there were two persons of that name.

=Rhŏdŏpe=, a high mountain of Thrace, extending as far as the Euxine
  sea, all across the country, nearly in an eastern direction. Rhodope,
  according to the poets, was the wife of Hæmus king of Thrace, who
  was changed into this mountain, because she preferred herself to Juno
  in beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87, &c.――_Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 8; _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 351.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 73.――_Seneca_,
  _Hercules Oetaeus_.

=Rhodopēius=, is used in the same signification as Thracian, because
  Rhodope was a mountain of that country. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3,
  li. 321; _Heroides_, poem 2.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 461.

=Rhodunia=, the top of mount Œta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16.

=Rhodus=, a celebrated island in the Carpathian sea, 120 miles in
  circumference, at the south of Caria, from which it is distant
  about 20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, founded about 408
  years before the christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes
  was famous for the siege which it supported against Demetrius, and
  for a celebrated statue of Apollo. _See:_ Colossus. The Rhodians
  were originally governed by kings, and were independent, but this
  government was at last exchanged for a democracy and an aristocracy.
  They were naturally given up to commerce, and, during many ages, they
  were the most powerful nation by sea. Their authority was respected,
  and their laws were so universally approved, that every country made
  use of them to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, and they
  were at last adopted by other commercial nations, and introduced into
  the Roman codes, from whence they have been extracted to form the
  basis of the maritime regulations of modern Europe. When Alexander
  made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost their independence,
  but they soon after asserted their natural privileges under his
  cruel successors, and continued to hold that influence among nations
  to which their maritime power and consequence entitled them. They
  assisted Pompey against Cæsar, and were defeated by Cassius, and
  became dependent upon the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been known
  by the several names of _Ophiusa_, _Stadia_, _Telchinus_, _Corymbia_,
  _Trinacria_, _Æthrea_, _Asteria_, _Poessa_, _Atabyria_, _Oloessa_,
  _Marcia_, and _Pelagia_. It received the name of Rhodes, either on
  account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who was one
  of the favourites of Apollo, or because _roses_ (ῥοδον) grew in great
  abundance all over the island. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2,
  chs. 62 & 87; bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pindar_,
  _Olympian_, poem 7.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 248.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s
  Command_; _Brutus_, ltr. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 31, ch. 2.

=Rhœbus=, a horse of Mezentius, whom his master addressed with the
  determination to conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus
  brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful address is copied
  from Homer, where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 861.

=Rhœcus=, one of the Centaurs who attempted to offer violence to
  Atalanta. He was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 301.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 2.――――One of the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form of a
  lion, in the war which these sons of the earth waged against Jupiter
  and the gods. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19, li. 23.

=Rhœo=, a nymph beloved by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Rhœtēum=, or =Rhœtus=, a promontory of Troas, on the Hellespont, near
  which the body of Ajax was buried. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 197; bk. 4, _Fasti_, li. 279.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 505;
  bk. 12, li. 456.

=Rhœtius=, a mountain of Corsica, now _Rosso_.

=Rhœtus=, a king of the Marrubii, who married a woman called Casperia,
  to whom Archemorus, his son by a former wife, offered violence.
  After this incestuous attempt, ♦Archemorus fled to Turnus king of
  the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 388.――――A Rutulian killed
  by Euryalus in the night. _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 344.――――An Æthiopian
  killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 38.

    ♦ ‘Archemorous’ replaced with ‘Archemorus’

=Rhosaces=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to stab
  Alexander at the battle of the Granicus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.

=Rhosus=, a town of Syria, on the gulf of Issus, celebrated for its
  earthen wares. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1.

=Rhoxalāni=, a people at the north of the Palus Mæotis. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79.

=Rhoxāna=, or =Roxāna=, a mistress of Alexander, daughter of a Persian
  satrap. _See:_, Roxana.

=Rhoxāni=, a nation against whom Mithridates made war.

=Rhutēni= and =Rhuthēni=, a people of Gaul.

=Rhyndăcus=, a large river of Mysia, in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 32.

=Rhynthon=, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, who flourished at Tarentum,
  where he wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with respect to the
  merit of his compositions, and the abilities of the writer. _See:_
  Rhinthon.

=Rhypæ=, a town of Achaia, at the west of Helice.

=Rigodulum=, a village of Germany, now _Rigol_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 71.

=Riphæi.= _See:_ Rhiphæi.

=Ripheus=, a Trojan who joined Æneas the night that Troy was reduced
  to ashes, and was at last killed after making a great carnage of the
  Greeks. He is commended for his love of justice and equity. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 339 & 426.――――One of the Centaurs killed by
  Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 352.

=Rixamăræ=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Robīgo=, or =Rubīgo=, a goddess at Rome, particularly worshipped
  by husbandmen, as she presided over corn. Her festivals, called
  _Robigalia_, were celebrated on the 25th of April, and incense was
  offered to her, as also the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. She was
  intreated to preserve the corn from blights. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 911.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 151.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 5; _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Rodumna=, now _Roanne_, a town of the Ædui, on the Loire.

=Roma=, a city of Italy, the capital of the Roman empire, situate on
  the banks of the river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from
  the sea. The name of its founder, and the manner of its foundation,
  are not precisely known. Romulus, however, is universally supposed
  to have laid the foundations of that celebrated city, on the 20th
  of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period,
  3251 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the birth of
  Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year
  of the sixth Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but a small
  castle on the summit of mount Palatine; and the founder, to give
  his followers the appearance of a nation or a barbarian horde, was
  obliged to erect a standard as a common asylum, for every criminal,
  debtor, or murderer, who fled from their native country to avoid the
  punishment which attended them. From such an assemblage a numerous
  body was soon collected, and before the death of the founder, the
  Romans had covered with their habitations the Palatine, Capitoline,
  Aventine, Esquiline hills, with mount Cœlius and Quirinalis. After
  many successful wars against the neighbouring states, the views of
  Romulus were directed to regulate a nation naturally fierce, warlike,
  and uncivilized. The people were divided into classes, the interests
  of the whole were linked in a common chain, and the labours of the
  subject, as well as those of his patron, tended to the same end,
  the aggrandizement of the state. Under the successors of Romulus,
  the power of Rome was increased, and the boundaries of her dominions
  extended; while one was employed in regulating the forms of worship,
  and inculcating in the minds of his subjects a reverence for the
  deity, the other was engaged in enforcing discipline among the army,
  and raising the consequence of the soldiers in the government of the
  state; and a third made the object of his administration consist in
  adorning his capital, in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying
  it with towers and walls. During 244 years the Romans were governed
  by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence of the
  last of these monarchs and of his family, became so atrocious, that a
  revolution was effected in the state, and the democratical government
  was established. The monarchical government existed under seven
  princes, who began to reign in the following order: Romulus, B.C. 753;
  and after one year’s interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672;
  Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius Tullius, 578; and
  Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years after, B.C. 509; and this
  regal administration has been properly denominated the infancy of the
  Roman empire. After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the throne,
  the Romans became more sensible of their consequence: with their
  liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, and they became so jealous
  of their independence, that the first of their consuls who had been
  the most zealous and animated in the assertion of their freedom,
  was banished from the city because he bore the name, and was of the
  family, of the tyrants; and another, to stop their suspicions, was
  obliged to pull down his house, whose stateliness and magnificence
  above the rest seemed incompatible with the duties and the rank of a
  private citizen. They knew more effectually their power when they had
  fought with success against Porsenna the king of Etruria, and some of
  the neighbouring states, who supported the claim of the tyrant, and
  attempted to replace him on his throne by force of arms. A government
  which is entrusted into the hands of two of the most distinguished
  of its members, for the limited space of one year, cannot but give
  rise to great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The
  general who is placed at the head of an army during a campaign, must
  be active and diligent, when he knows that his power is terminated
  with the year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will distinguish
  his consulship by some uncommon act of valour, before he descends
  from the dignity of an absolute magistrate to the dependence of a
  fellow-citizen. Yet these attempts for the attainment of glory often
  failed of success; and though the Romans could once boast that every
  individual in their armies could discharge with fidelity and honour
  the superior offices of magistrate and consul, there are to be found
  in their annals many years marked by overthrows, or disgraced by the
  ill conduct, the oppression, and the wantonness of their generals.
  _See:_ Consul. To the fame which their conquests and daily successes
  had gained abroad, the Romans were not a little indebted for their
  gradual rise to superiority; and to this may be added the policy of
  the census, which every fifth year told them their actual strength,
  and how many citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed it was no
  small satisfaction to a people who were continually making war, to
  see that, in spite of all the losses which they might sustain in the
  field, the increase of the inhabitants of the city was prodigious,
  and almost incredible; and had Romulus lived after the battle of
  Actium, he would have been persuaded with difficulty that above
  4,000,000 of inhabitants were contained within those walls, which in
  the most flourishing period of his reign could scarce muster an army
  of 3000 infantry and 300 horse. But when Rome had flourished under
  the consular government for about 120 years, and had beheld with
  pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the neighbouring states
  and cities, which, according to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to
  recollect in the summit of her power, an irruption of the barbarians
  of Gaul rendered her very existence precarious, ♦and her name was
  nearly extinguished. The valour of an injured individual [_See:_
  Camillus] saved it from destruction, yet not before its buildings and
  temples were reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which gave the
  appellation of another founder of Rome to Camillus, has been looked
  upon as a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and cottages which
  Romulus had erected, and all his successors repaired, were totally
  consumed, and when the city arose again from its ruins, the streets
  were enlarged, convenience as well as order was observed, taste and
  regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rusticity
  of the Romans seemed to be extinguished with their old habitations.
  But no sooner were they freed from the fears of their barbarian
  invaders, than they turned their arms against those states which
  refused to acknowledge their superiority, or yield their independence.
  Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentines displayed their character
  in a different view; if they before had fought for freedom and
  independence, they now drew their sword for glory; and here we may
  see them conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grant that
  peace for which their conqueror himself had sued. The advantages
  they gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. The Roman name
  became known in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining
  a victory, the Romans were enabled to examine the manœuvres, observe
  the discipline, and contemplate the order and the encampments of
  those soldiers whose friends and ancestors had accompanied Alexander
  the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to the
  Romans at the end of the war with the Tarentines, and that period of
  time has been called the second age, or the adolescence of the Roman
  empire. After this memorable era they tried their strength not only
  with distant nations, but also upon a new element; and in the long
  wars which they waged against Carthage, they acquired territory,
  and obtained the sovereignty of the sea; and though Annibal for
  16 years kept them in continual alarms, hovered round their gates,
  and destroyed their armies almost before their walls, yet they
  were doomed to conquer [_See:_ Punicum bellum], and soon to add the
  kingdom of Macedonia [_See:_ Macedonicum bellum] and the provinces
  of Asia [_See:_ Mithridaticum bellum] to their empire. But while we
  consider the Romans as a nation subduing their neighbours by war,
  their manners, their counsels, and their pursuits at home are not to
  be forgotten. To be warriors was their profession; their assemblies
  in the Campus Martius were a meeting of armed men, and very properly
  denominated an army. Yet while their conquests were so extensive
  abroad, we find them torn by factions at home; and so far was the
  resentment of the poorer citizens carried, that we see the enemy at
  the gates of the city, while all are unwilling to take up arms and to
  unite in the defence of their common liberty. The senators and nobles
  were ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retain in their hands
  that influence which had been exercised with so much success, and
  such cruelty, by their monarchs. This was the continual occasion of
  tumults and sedition. The people were jealous of their liberty. The
  oppression of the nobles irritated them, and the stripes to which
  they were too often exposed without mercy, was often productive of
  revolutions. The plebeians, though originally the poorest and most
  contemptible citizens of an indigent nation, whose food in the first
  ages of the empire was only bread and salt, and whose drink was
  water, soon gained rights and privileges by their opposition. Though
  really slaves, they became powerful in the state; one concession
  from the patricians produced another, and when their independence
  was boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were admitted to share
  in the highest offices of the state, and the laws which forbade the
  intermarriage of plebeian and patrician families were repealed, and
  the meanest peasant could by valour and fortitude be raised to the
  dignity of dictator and consul. It was not till these privileges
  were obtained by the people from the senate, that Rome began to enjoy
  internal peace and tranquillity; her battles were then fought with
  more vigour, her soldiers were more animated, and her sovereignty was
  more universally established. But supreme power lodged in the hands
  of a factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too often dangerous.
  The greatest oppression and tyranny took place of subordination and
  obedience; and from those causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter
  and effusion of blood under a Sylla and a Marius. It has been
  justly observed, that the first Romans conquered their enemies by
  valour, temperance, and fortitude; their moderation also and their
  justice were well known among their neighbours, and not only private
  possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were left in their
  power, to be distributed among a family or to be ensured in the hands
  of a successor. They were also chosen umpires to decide quarrels,
  but in this honourable office they consulted their own interest;
  they artfully supported the weaker side, that the more powerful might
  be reduced, and gradually become their prey. Under Julius Cæsar and
  Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented excess: it
  was not merely to avenge a private injury, but it was a contest for
  the sovereignty; and though each of the adversaries wore the mask
  of pretended sincerity, and professed himself to be the supporter of
  the republic, no less than the abolition of freedom and the public
  liberty was the aim. What Julius began, his adopted son achieved:
  the ancient spirit of national independence was extinguished at Rome;
  and after the battle of Actium, the Romans seemed unable to govern
  themselves without the assistance of a chief, who, under the title
  of _imperator_, an appellation given to every commander by his army
  after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and as much
  sovereignty as another Tarquin. Under their emperors, the Romans
  lived a luxurious and indolent life; they had long forgot to appear
  in the field, and their wars were left to be waged by mercenary
  troops, who fought without spirit or animosity, and who were ever
  ready to yield to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity with
  the greatest sums of money. Their leaders themselves were not the
  most prudent or the most humane; the power which they had acquired
  by bribery was indeed precarious, and among a people where not
  only the highest offices of the state, but even the imperial purple
  itself, are exposed to sale, there cannot be expected much happiness
  or tranquillity in the palace of the emperor. The reigns of the
  successors of Augustus were distinguished by variety; one was
  the most abandoned and profligate of men, whom his own vices and
  extravagance hurried out of the world, while his successor, perhaps
  the most clement, just, and popular of princes, was sacrificed in
  the midst of his guards and attendants by the dagger of some offended
  favourite or disappointed eunuch. Few indeed were the emperors of
  Rome whose days were not shortened by poison, or the sword of an
  assassin. If one for some time had the imprudence to trust himself
  in the midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his own credulity,
  the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the
  innumerable chambers of his palace, and changed every day, to elude
  discovery, the place of his retirement. After they had been governed
  by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters,
  the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the
  enterprising Constantine, A.D. 328. Constantinople became the seat
  of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the possession of the
  western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions.
  In the year 800 of the christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered
  by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the
  Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain
  his independence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. The
  original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their
  poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were
  masters of the world, had had better beginning than to be a race
  of shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they were
  indebted for their successes. Their houses were originally destitute
  of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered
  with mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the
  inclemency of the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till the age
  of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted
  to restrain luxury and to punish indolence. They observed great
  temperance in their meals; young men were not permitted to drink
  wine till they had attained their 30th year, and it was totally
  forbidden to women. Their national spirit was supported by policy;
  the triumphal procession of a conqueror along the streets amidst the
  applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and
  the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in
  public games and spectacles, but also at private meetings, served
  to cherish their fondness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts
  against the calls of compassion; and when they could gaze with
  pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one
  another, they were not inactive in the destruction of those whom they
  considered as inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the field. In
  their punishments, civil as well as military, the Romans were strict
  and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped and sold as a slave,
  and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a
  citizen was the most ignominious stigma which could be affixed upon a
  seditious mutineer. The transmarine victories of the Romans proved at
  last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the
  luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the vices and indolence of
  those nations whom they had subdued, they became as effeminate and as
  dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced
  a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils and
  treasures that were obtained in the plunder of Syracuse and Corinth,
  rendered the Romans partial to elegant refinement and ornamental
  equipage. Though Cato had despised philosophy [_See:_ Carneades],
  and declared that war was the only profession of his countrymen, the
  Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of
  literature; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens
  from their city, yet they beheld with rapture their settlement among
  them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia.
  They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to
  cultivate poetry with success. From the valour of their heroes and
  conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to the genius
  of their poets; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early
  victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions
  of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that
  the splendour and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a
  while, when we are transported in the admiration of the majesty of
  his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire
  of his muse; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace,
  the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, and to the ♠superior
  compositions of other respectable poets, shall be unceasing so long
  as the name of Rome excites our reverence and our praises, and so
  long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst mankind.
  Though they originally rejected with horror a law which proposed the
  building of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the
  Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favourable to the compositions of
  their countrymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of consequence
  at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A.U.C. 514. After him
  Nævius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished period
  Plautus, Terence, Cæcilius, and Afranius claimed the public attention
  and gained the most unbounded applause. Satire did not make its
  appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of comedy,
  and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was
  called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the
  Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for many years they employed
  the pen of foreigners to compile their annals, till the superior
  abilities of a Livy were made known. In their worship and sacrifices
  the Romans were uncommonly superstitious; the will of the gods was
  consulted on every occasion, and no general marched to an expedition
  without the previous assurance from the augurs that the omens were
  propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries
  were numerous; they raised altars not only to the gods, who, as
  they supposed, presided over their city, but also to the deities of
  conquered nations, as well as to the different passions and virtues.
  There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues;
  the priests were numerous, and each divinity had a particular college
  of sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared in the most awful
  and solemn manner, and prayers were always offered in the temples for
  the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained or a victory
  won. The power of fathers over their children was very extensive,
  and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or put them to death at
  pleasure, without the forms of a trial, or the interference of the
  civil magistrate. Many of their ancient families were celebrated for
  the great men whom they had produced, but the vigorous and interested
  part they took in the government of the republic exposed them often
  to danger; and some have observed that the Romans sunk into indolence
  and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the Æmylii, the Marcelli,
  &c., who had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory,
  had been extinguished in the bloody wars of Marius and of the two
  triumvirates. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished
  from other cities by the flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a
  form of worship was established to her as a deity, and temples were
  raised in her honour, not only in the city but in the provinces. The
  goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a
  rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a helmet,
  and a trophy at her feet. _Livy_, bk. 1, &c.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_.
  ――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, _Georgics_, & _Æneid_.――_Horace_, bk. 2,
  satire 6, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Paterculus._――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_ & _Histories_.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4.――_Lucan._――_Plutarch_,
  _Romulus_, _Numa_, &c.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 43.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 5.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 8.
  ――――A daughter of Evander.――――A Trojan woman who came to Italy with
  Æneas.――――A daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after one of these
  females, according to some authors, that the capital of Italy was
  called Roma.

    ♦ ‘aud’ replaced with ‘and’

    ♠ ‘superor’ replaced with ‘superior’

=Romāni=, the inhabitants of Rome. _See:_ Roma.

=Romānus=, an officer under Theodosius.――――Another, poisoned by Nero.
  ――――A son of Constans, &c.

=Romilius Marcellus=, a Roman centurion in Galba’s reign, &c. _Tacitus_,
  bk. 1, _Histories_.

=Romŭla=, a name given to the fig tree under which Romulus and Remus
  were found. _Ovid._, bk. 2, _Fasti_, li. 412.

=Romulea=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Rōmŭlĭdæ=, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus their
  first king, and the founder of their city. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 638.

=Romŭlus=, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numitor king of Alba,
  was born at the same birth with Remus. These two children were thrown
  into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurped the crown of his
  brother Numitor; but they were preserved, and, according to Florus,
  the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and fed them with
  her milk, till they were found by Faustulus, one of the king’s
  shepherds, who educated them as his own children. When they knew
  their real origin, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius
  to death, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. They
  afterwards undertook to build a city, and to determine which of the
  two brothers should have the management of it, they had recourse
  to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and
  Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six vultures,
  and soon after, Romulus 12; and therefore, as his number was greater,
  he began to lay the foundations of the city, hoping that it would
  become a warlike and powerful nation, as the birds from which he had
  received the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus marked
  with a furrow the place where he wished to erect the walls; but their
  slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them with the
  greatest contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus was immediately
  put to death, either by the hand of his brother or one of the workmen.
  When the walls were built, the city was without inhabitants; but
  Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon collected a
  number of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he received as
  his lawful subjects. Yet, however numerous these might be, they were
  despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were willing to
  form matrimonial connections with them. But Romulus obtained by force
  what was denied to his petitions. The Romans celebrated games in
  honour of the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females
  who had assembled there to be spectators of these unusual exhibitions.
  These violent measures offended the neighbouring nations; they made
  war against the ravishers with various success, till at last they
  entered Rome, which had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen
  virgins. A violent engagement was begun in the middle of the Roman
  forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, according to Ovid, the
  two enemies laid down their arms when the women had rushed between
  the two armies, and by their tears and entreaties raised compassion
  in the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The Sabines left their
  original possessions and came to live in Rome, where Tatius their
  king shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The introduction of
  the Sabines into the city of Rome was attended with the most salutary
  consequences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, and admitting
  the conquered nations among their citizens, rendered themselves
  more powerful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the
  lands which he had obtained by conquest; one part was reserved for
  religious uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to
  consecrate altars; the other was appropriated for the expenses of the
  state; and the third part was equally distributed among his subjects,
  who were divided into three classes or tribes. The most aged and
  experienced, to the number of 100, were also chosen, whom the monarch
  might consult in matters of the highest importance, and from their
  age they were called _senators_, and from their authority _patres_.
  The whole body of the people were also distinguished by the name of
  patricians and plebeians, patron and client, who by mutual interest
  were induced to preserve the peace of the state, and to promote the
  public good. Some time after Romulus disappeared as he was giving
  instructions to the senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which
  happened at that time, was favourable to the rumour which asserted
  that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 B.C., after a reign of
  39 years. This was further confirmed by Julius Proculus, one of the
  senators, who solemnly declared, that as he returned from Alba, he
  had seen Romulus in a form above human, and that he had directed him
  to tell the Romans to pay him divine honours under the name of
  _Quirinus_, and to assure them that their city was doomed one day to
  become the capital of the world. This report was immediately credited,
  and the more so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the people,
  who suspected them of having offered him violence. A temple was
  raised to him, and a regular priest, called _Flamen Quirinalis_,
  was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked by the
  Romans among the 12 great gods, and it is not to be wondered that
  he received such distinguished honours, when the Romans considered
  him as the founder of their city and empire, and the son of the god
  of war. He is generally represented like his father, so much that
  it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of the two children
  of Rhea Sylvia being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa,
  Faustulus’s wife, having brought them up. _See:_ Acca. _Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.――_Justin_,
  bk. 43, chs. 1 & 2.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 15,
  ch. 18, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, lis. 342, 605.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 616 & 845; _Fasti_, bk. 4, &c.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 18, li. 272.

=Romŭlus Sylvius=, or =Alladius=, a king of Alba.――――Momyllus
  Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome.
  His country was conquered A.D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who
  assumed the name of king of Italy.

=Romus=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia. Some suppose that he was the
  founder of Rome.――――A son of Æmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, and
  also supposed by some to be the founder of Rome.

=Roscia lex=, _de theatris_, by Lucius Roscius Otho the tribune, A.U.C.
  685. It required that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the
  theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was
  the fortune required to be a Roman knight.

=Roscianum=, the port of Thurii, now _Rossano_.

=Quintus Roscius=, a Roman actor, born at Lanuvium, so celebrated on
  the stage that every comedian of excellence and merit has received
  his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, and he always appeared
  on the stage with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his
  characters without, and they overlooked the deformities of his
  face, that they might the better hear his elegant pronunciation,
  and be delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He was accused on
  suspicion of dishonourable practices; but Cicero, who had been one of
  his pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him of the malevolent
  aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant oration still extant.
  Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared with great success
  and much learning the profession of the orator with that of the
  comedian. He died about 60 years before Christ. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  ltr. 1.――_Quintilian._――_Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_;
  _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, &c.; _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 3, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――――Sextus, a rich
  citizen of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son,
  of the same name, was accused of the murder, and eloquently defended
  by Cicero, in an oration still extant, A.U.C. 673. _Cicero_, _For
  Quintus Roscius the Actor_.――――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army
  in Gaul.――――Otho, a tribune, who made a law to discriminate the
  knights from the common people at public spectacles.

=Rosiæ campus=, or =Rosia=, a beautiful plain in the country of the
  Sabines, near the lake Velinum. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 712.――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters
  to Atticus_, ltr. 15.

=Rosillanus ager=, a territory in Etruria.

=Rosius=, a harbour of Cilicia.――――A man made consul only for one day
  under Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus._

=Rosulum=, a town of Etruria, now _Monte Rosi_.

=Rotomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Rouen_.

=Roxāna=, a Persian woman, taken prisoner by Alexander. The conqueror
  became enamoured of her and married her. She behaved with great
  cruelty after Alexander’s death, and she was at last put to death
  by Cassander’s order. She was daughter of Darius, or, according to
  others, of one of his satraps. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4; bk. 10, ch. 6.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Mithridates the Great, who
  poisoned herself.

=Roxolāni=, a people of European Sarmatia, who proved very active and
  rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Rubeæ=, the _north cape_ at the north of Scandinavia.

=Rubellius Blandus=, a man who married Julia the daughter of Drusus, &c.
  ――――One of the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put to death by
  Nero, &c. _Tacitus._――――Plautus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced
  himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. _Juvenal_, satire 8,
  li. 39.

=Rubi=, now _Ruvo_, a town of Apulia, from which the epithet _Rubeus_
  is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew there. The
  inhabitants were called _Rubitini_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 94.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 266.

=Rubĭcon=, now _Rugone_, a small river of Italy, which it separates
  from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls
  into the Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus transgressing the
  boundaries of his province, Julius Cæsar declared war against the
  senate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, lis. 185
  & 213.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 32.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 15.

=Rubiēnus Lappa=, a tragic poet in the age of Juvenal, conspicuous
  as much for his great genius as his poverty. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
  li. 72.

=Rubīgo=, a goddess. _See:_ Robigo.

=Rubo=, the _Dwina_, a river which falls into the Baltic at Riga.

=Rubra saxa=, a place of Etruria, near Veii, at the distance of above
  eight miles from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64, li. 15.――_Livy_,
  bk. 3, ch. 49.

=Rubria lex=, was enacted after the taking of Carthage, to make an
  equal division of the lands in Africa.

=Rubrius=, a Roman knight accused of treason under Tiberius, &c.
  _Tacitus._――――A man who fled to Parthia on suspicion that the Roman
  affairs were ruined.――――A friend of Vitellius.――――An obscure Gaul
  in great favour with Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 145.――――An
  officer in Cæsar’s army.

=Rubrum mare= (_the Red sea_), is situate between Arabia, Egypt, and
  Æthiopia, and is often called Erythræum mare, and confounded with
  the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 23 & 24.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 17; bk. 42, ch. 52; bk. 45, ch. 9.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 686.――_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 853.

=Rudiæ=, a town of Calabria near Brundusium, built by a Greek colony,
  and famous for giving birth to the poet Ennius. _Cicero_, _For
  Archias_, ch. 10.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 396.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.

=Ruffīnus=, a general in Gaul in the reign of Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 94.

=Ruffus Crispīnus=, an officer of the pretorian guards under Claudius.
  He was banished by Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus
  and Octavius the sons of Messalina, and put himself to death. His
  wife Poppæa Sabina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus,
  afterwards married Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 12, ch. 42; bk.
  16, ch. 17.――――A soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving
  the life of a citizen, &c.

=Rufiāna=, a town of Gaul, now _Rufash_, in Alsace.

=Rufilius=, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, satire 2, li. 27, for his
  effeminacy.

=Julius Rufinianus=, a rhetorician, &c.

=Rufinus=, a general of Theodosius, &c.

=Rufræ=, a town of Campania, of which the inhabitants were called
  _Rufreni_. _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 71.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 568.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 739.

=Rufrium=, a town of Samnium, now _Ruvo_. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.

=Rufus=, a Latin historian. _See:_ Quintius.――――A friend of Commodus,
  famous for his avarice and ambition.――――One of the ancestors of Sylla,
  degraded from the rank of a senator because 10 pounds’ weight of
  gold were found in his house.――――A governor of Judæa.――――A man who
  conspired against Domitian.――――A poet of Ephesus in the reign of
  Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now lost.――――A Latin poet.
  ――――Sempronius. _See:_ Prætorius.

=Rugia=, now _Rugen_, an island of the Baltic.

=Rugii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.

=Rupilius=, an officer surnamed _Rex_, for his authoritative manners.
  He was proscribed by Augustus and fled to Brutus. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 7, li. 1.――――A writer whose treatises _de figuris
  sententiarum_, &c., were edited by Runken, 8vo, Leiden, 1786.

=Ruscino=, a town of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees. _Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 24.――――A seaport town of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 10.

=Ruscius=, a town of Gaul.

=Rusconia=, a town of Mauritania. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 24.

=Rusellæ=, an inland town of Etruria destroyed by the Romans. _Livy_,
  bk. 28, ch. 45.

=Ruspĭna=, a town of Africa near Adrumetum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 260.――_Hirtius_, _African War_, li. 640.

=Rustĭcus Lucius Junius Arulenus=, a man put to death by Domitian.
  He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises
  his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, bk. 16,
  _Histories_, ch. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.――_Suetonius_,
  _Domitian_.――――A friend of Marcus Aurelius.

=Rusuccurum=, a town of Mauritania, believed to be modern Algiers.

=Rutēni=, a people of Gaul, now _Ruvergne_, in Guienne. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_.

=Rutila=, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. _Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 48.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294.

=Publius Rutilius Rufus=, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla,
  celebrated for his virtues and writings. He refused to comply with
  the requests of his friends because they were unjust. When Sylla had
  banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations
  and praises of the people; and when some of his friends wished him
  to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded
  them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at
  his exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the
  first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and
  by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered their attacks more
  certain, and more irresistible. During his banishment he employed his
  time in study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, and an account
  of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 6, li. 563.――_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On
  Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 6, ch.
  4.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――A Roman proconsul, who is supposed
  to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in
  his province.――――Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three cohorts
  from Tarracina.――――A rhetorician. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――――A
  man who went against Jugurtha.――――A friend of Nero.――――Claudius
  Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According
  to some he wrote a poem on mount Ætna. He wrote also an itinerary,
  published by Burman in the Poetæ Latini Minores, Leiden, 4to, 1731.

=Rutilus=, a rich man reduced to beggary by his extravagance. _Juvenal_,
  satire 11, li. 2.

=Rutŭba=, a river of Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the
  Mediterranean. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.――――Of Latium, falling into
  the Tiber. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.

=Rutŭbus=, a gladiator, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 96.

=Rŭtŭli=, a people of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the
  name of _Aborigines_. When Æneas came into Italy, Turnus was their
  king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this
  foreign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 883; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 455,
  &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Rŭtŭpæ=, a seaport town on the southern coasts of Britain, abounding
  in excellent oysters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose
  that it is the modern town of _Dover_, but others _Richborough_ or
  _Sandwich_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 67.――_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.

=Ryphæi montes.= _See:_ ♦Rhiphæi.

    ♦ ‘Rhipæi’ replaced with ‘Rhiphæi’


                                   S

=Saba=, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic
  plants. The inhabitants were called _Sabæi_. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57; _Æneid_,
  bk. 1, li. 420.

=Sabăchus=, or =Sabacon=, a king of Æthiopia, who invaded Egypt and
  reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign
  of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own
  kingdom. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 137, &c.

=Sabæi=, a people of Arabia. _See:_ Saba.

=Sabāta=, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harbour,
  supposed to be the modern _Savona_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 461.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.――――A town of Assyria.

=Sabatha=, a town of Arabia, now _Sanaa_.

=Sabatra=, a town of Syria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Sabatini=, a people of Samnium, living on the banks of the Sabatus, a
  river which falls into the Vulturnus. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.

=Sabazius=, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. _Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Arnobius_, bk. 4.

=Sabbas=, a king of India.

=Sabella=, the nurse of the poet Horace, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 29.

=Sabelli=, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according
  to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country
  which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of
  _Sabellicus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 255.

=Sabellus=, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva.

=Julia Sabīna=, a Roman matron, who married Adrian by means of Plotina
  the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well as
  public virtues. Adrian treated her with the greatest asperity, though
  he had received from her the imperial purple; and the empress was so
  sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she
  had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should become
  more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour
  of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, or,
  according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The emperor at
  that time laboured under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the
  more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that she might
  not survive him. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died
  after she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A.D. 138.

=Sabīni=, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines,
  or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Some suppose that
  they were originally a Lacedæmonian colony, who settled in that
  part of the country. The possessions of the Sabines were situated in
  the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, and
  bounded on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by Latium,
  east by the Æqui, and Etruria on the west. The greatest part of the
  contiguous nations were descended from them, such as the Umbrians,
  the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, Æqui, Marsi,
  Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being
  the first who took up arms against the Romans, to avenge the rape of
  their females at a spectacle where they had been invited. After some
  engagements, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient
  possessions, and migrated to Rome, where they settled with their new
  allies. They were at last totally subdued, about the year of Rome
  373, and ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures,
  Fidenæ, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The
  character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for
  the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was very great. _Horace_,
  epode 17, li. 28.――_Cicero_, _Against Vatinius_, ch. 15.――_Pliny_, bk.
  3, ch. 12.――_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 18.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 51.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 3,
  ch. 18.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 424.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 14, lis. 775 & 797; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 101; ♦_Amores_,
  bk. 3, poem 8, li. 61.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 197.

    ♦ Book name omitted from text.

=Sabiniānus=, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian,
  and was defeated soon after, A.D. 240.――――A general of the eastern
  empire, &c.

=Sabīnus Aulus=, a Latin poet intimate with Ovid. He wrote some
  epistles and elegies, in the number of which were mentioned, an
  epistle from Æneas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Phædra, and from Jason
  to ♦Hypsipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to Œnome, from
  Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, though said to be his
  composition, are spurious. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 27.
  ――――A man from whom the Sabines received their name. He received
  divine honours after death, and was one of those deities whom Æneas
  invoked when he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of Lacedæmonian
  origin. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 171.――――An officer of Cæsar’s
  army defeated by the Gauls.――――Julius, an officer who proclaimed
  himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian’s reign. He was soon
  after defeated in a battle; and, to escape from the conqueror, he hid
  himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where
  he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out
  his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits
  to the cave discovered the place of his concealment. He was dragged
  before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends
  interested themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to
  raise the emperor’s pity, by showing him the twins whom she had
  brought forth in their subterraneous retreat.――――Cornelius, a man
  who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself.
  ――――Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned
  by Sejanus. His body, after execution, was dragged through the
  streets of Rome, and treated with the greatest indignities. His dog
  constantly followed the body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber,
  the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was drowned. _Pliny_,
  bk. 8, ch. 40.――――Poppæus, a Roman consul, who presided above 24
  years over Mœsia, and obtained a triumph for his victories over the
  barbarians. He was a great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――Flavius, a brother of Vespasian, killed by
  the populace. He was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He
  commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for
  12.――――A friend of Domitian.――――A Roman who attempted to plunder the
  temple of the Jews.――――A friend of the emperor Alexander.――――A lawyer.

    ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency.

=Sabis=, now _Sambre_, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese
  at Namur. _Cæsar_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18.

=Sabota=, the same as Sabatha.

=Sabracæ=, a powerful nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.

=Sabrăta=, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman
  colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, li. 256.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Sabrina=, the _Severn_ in England.

=Sabŭra=, a general of Juba king of Numidia, defeated and killed in a
  battle. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 722.

=Saburānus=, an officer of the pretorian guards. When he was appointed
  to this office by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a
  sword, saying, “Use this weapon in my service as long as my commands
  are just; but turn it against my own breast, whenever I become cruel
  or malevolent.”

=Sabus=, one of the ancient kings of the Sabines; the same as Sabinus.
  _See:_ Sabinus.――――A king of Arabia.

=Sacădas=, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained three several
  times the prize at the Pythian games. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.

=Sacæ=, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the
  east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus.
  The name of Sacæ was given in general to all the Scythians, by the
  Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in
  tents. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7,
  ch. 63.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Solinus_, ch. 62.

=Sacer mons=, a mountain near Rome. _See:_ Mons sacer.

=Sacer lucus=, a wood of Campania, on the Liris.

=Sacer portus=, or =Sacri portus=, a place of Italy, near Præneste,
  famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius,
  in which the former obtained the victory. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 134.

=Sacrāni=, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against Æneas.
  They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 796.

=Sacrātor=, one of the friends of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 747.

=Sacra via=, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace
  and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the
  amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace,
  and the temple of Cæsar. The triumphal processions passed through
  it to go to the capitol. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.――_Cicero_, _For Plancius_, ch. 7, _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 4.

=Sacrāta lex=, _militaris_, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus,
  as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been
  entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent,
  and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the
  office of _ductor ordinum_.

=Marcus Sacrātĭvir=, a friend of Cæsar, killed at Dyrrachium. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_.

=Sacri portus.= _See:_ Sacer portus.

=Sacrum bellum=, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the
  temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians
  and Lacedæmonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war
  began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of Macedonia,
  who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. _See:_ Phocis.
  ――――Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now _Cape St. Vincent_,
  called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth.

=Sadales=, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a
  body of 500 horsemen. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3.――_Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 1.

=Sadus=, a river of India.

=Sadyātes=, one of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after
  his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.

=Sætabis=, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for
  its fine linen. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 373.

=Sagalassus=, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now
  _Sadjaklu_. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Sagăna=, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. _Horace_,
  epode 5, li. 25.

=Sagăris=, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and
  falling into the Euxine. _See:_ Sangaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,
  poem 10, li. 47.――――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575.

=Claudius Sagitta=, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the
  emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Sagra=, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where
  130,000 Crotoniatæ were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians.
  _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Saguntum=, or =Saguntus=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the
  west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called
  _Morvedro_. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by
  some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in
  its neighbourhood, with which cups, _pocula Saguntina_, were made,
  but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second
  Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest
  of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and
  the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy’s hands, burnt themselves
  with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror
  afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the
  noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring
  nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it _Spartagene_.
  _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 271.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 250.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Sais=, now _Sa_, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the
  Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the
  capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated
  to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed
  by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years.
  The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight
  high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants
  were called _Saitæ_. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is
  adjoining to the town, has received the name of _Saiticum_. _Strabo_,
  bk. 17.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.

=Sala=, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.――――A town of
  Mauritania.――――Of Phrygia.――――A river of Germany falling into the
  Elbe, near which are salt-pits. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 57.
  ――――Another falling into the Rhine, now the _Issel_.

=Salăcon=, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. _Cicero_,
  _De Divinatione_, bk. 7, ch. 24.

♦=Salamantica=, a town of Spain, now _Salamanca_.

    ♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

=Salamīnia=, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by
  the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different
  administrations abroad, &c.――――A name given to the island of Cyprus,
  on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities.

=Sălămis=, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became
  enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the Ægean, which
  afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called
  Cenchreus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Sălămis=, =Salamins=, or =Salamīna=, now _Colouri_, an island in the
  Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis,
  at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the
  same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally
  peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks
  from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a
  battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and
  that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy’s ships
  amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380
  sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October,
  B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200,
  besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition
  they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called _Sciras_,
  _Cychria_, or _Cenchria_, and its bay the gulf of _Engia_. It is said
  that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax,
  who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. _Strabo_, bk. 2.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.――_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Themistocles_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 109.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 283.

=Sălămis=, or =Salămīna=, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus.
  It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis,
  from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian
  era; and from this circumstance the epithets of _ambigua_ and of
  _altera_ were applied to it, as the mother country was also called
  _vera_, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued
  masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by
  an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called
  _Constantia_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 183.

=Sălāpia=, or =Sălăpiæ=, now _Salpe_, a town of Apulia, where Annibal
  retired after the battle of Cannæ, and where he devoted himself to
  licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of
  his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus.
  Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called _Salapina
  Palus_, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the
  sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden.
  _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Salăra=, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. _Livy_, bk. 29,
  ch. 34, &c.

=Salaria=, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of
  the Sabines. It received the name of _Salaria_, because salt (_sal_)
  was generally conveyed to Rome that way. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64.
  ――――A bridge called _Salarius_, was built four miles from Rome
  through the Salarian gate on the river _Anio_.

=Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with
  the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C.
  610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and
  sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called _Val de Aousta_,
  after a colony settled there, and called _Augusta Prætoria_, was
  situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and
  Little St. Bernard. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched
  by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by
  purity of manners and integrity of mind. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Salēnii=, a people of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Salentīni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of
  Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 579.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 400.
  ――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Salernum=, now _Salerno_, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of
  the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school
  in the lower ages. _Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 425.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, ltr. 15.

=Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. _Livy_,
  bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.

=Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. _Mela._

=Salica=, a town of Spain.

=Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars,
  and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called
  Ancylia, B.C. 709. _See:_ Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three
  elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first
  was called _præsul_, the second _vates_, and the third _magister_.
  Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he
  had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow
  which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families,
  and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day
  on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They
  were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the
  edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the
  waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads
  round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their
  right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the
  observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and
  afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions,
  sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical
  instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in
  different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which
  they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the
  gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were
  accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited
  like themselves, and called _Saliæ_. The Salii instituted by Numa
  were called _Palatini_, in contradistinction from the others, because
  they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there.
  Those that were added by Tullus were called _Collini_, _Agonales_, or
  _Quirinales_, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed
  their residence. Their name seems to have been derived _a saliendo_,
  or _saltando_, because during their festivals it was particularly
  requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and
  entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence _dapes
  saliares_ is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most
  splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared
  war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if
  to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. _Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 3, li. 387.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3.――_Florus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 285.――――A nation of
  Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian.
  _Ammianus Marcellinus_, bk. 17.

=Salinātor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.

=Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and
  killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the
  Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards
  bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.

=Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the
  country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made
  himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and
  consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however,
  did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from
  the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter
  of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband,
  who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence
  offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him
  his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could
  not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated
  himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was
  restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the
  administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny;
  he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to
  Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which,
  from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the
  name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife
  of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an
  immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died
  in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As
  a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history
  of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his
  only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy,
  and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated
  works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour
  and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful
  knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the
  causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one
  was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of
  Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies
  of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the
  eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his
  harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character
  and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are
  placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid
  exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him;
  his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also
  censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of
  his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not
  painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy
  which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in
  silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on
  the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced
  himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are
  two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the
  state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose
  authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of
  Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and
  of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Suetonius_,
  _The Grammarians_ in _The Cæsars_.――_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――――A
  nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the
  moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a
  Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours
  of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious.
  Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34.――――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very
  intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity,
  and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦him prefect of Gaul.
  ――――There is also another Sallust, called _Secundus_, whom some
  have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of
  Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He
  conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals,
  his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the
  death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers
  of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused
  this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body
  and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the
  imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was
  too young to support the dignity.――――A prefect of Rome in the reign
  of Valentinian.――――An officer in Britain.

    ♦ removed duplicate ‘him’

=Salmăcis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered
  effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that
  Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the
  characteristics of his own. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 285;
  bk. 15, li. 319.――_Hyginus_, fable 271.――_Festus_, _Lexicon of
  Festus_.

=Salmōne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which
  the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40
  stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called _Salmonis_.
  _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 43.――――A promontory at the east
  of Crete. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.

=Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married
  Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and
  to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate
  the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge,
  and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the
  lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with
  a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother
  Sisyphus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 235.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 9.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 585.

=Salmōnis=, a name given to Olympia. _See:_ Salmone.――――The patronymic
  of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6,
  li. 43.

=Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw
  a theatrical representation. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea.

=Salo=, now _Xalon_, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus.
  _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 20.

=Salodurum=, now _Soleure_, a town of the Helvetii.

=Salōme=, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the
  princesses in the family of Herod, &c.

=Salon=, a country of Bithynia.

=Sălōna=, or =Salōne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from
  the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account
  called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native
  place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace
  and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and
  built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the
  16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces
  of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 404.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Salonīna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and
  distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She
  was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness,
  and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and
  prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions,
  and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war
  against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the
  conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the
  year 268 of the christian era.

=Salonīnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the
  conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of
  Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so
  warmly and beautifully anticipated.――――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a
  son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the
  art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius
  arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this
  delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his
  age.

=Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius
  married Salonius in his old age. _Plutarch._――――A tribune and
  centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.

=Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called
  _Salpinates_. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Salsum=, a river in Spain. _Cæsar._

=Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the
  best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.

=Salvidiēnus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by
  Antony, and put to death.――――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor
  Probus.

=Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of
  Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against
  the Romans.――――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――――A friend of Pompey.
  ――――A man put to death by Domitian.――――A freedman of Atticus.
  _Cicero_, ♦_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10.――――Another of the sons of
  Hortensius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.

    ♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’

=Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under
  the name of Hygeia. _Livy_, bks. 9 & 10.

=Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35;
  bk. 21, ch. 26.

=Samăra=, a river of Gaul, now called _the Somme_, which falls into the
  British channel near Abbeville.

=Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history.
  The inhabitants, called _Samaritans_, were composed of heathens and
  rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of
  that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa
  and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two
  countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and
  as it were a curse.

=Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now _Amiens_, in Picardy.

=Sambūlos=, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 13.

=Sambus=, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.
  ――――A river of India.

=Same=, or =Samos=, a small island in the Ionian ♦sea near Ithaca,
  called also _Cephallenia_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 271.

    ♦ ‘sear’ replaced with ‘sea’

=Samia=, a daughter of the river Mæander. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
  ――――A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos.

=Samnītæ=, or =Amnitæ=, a people of Gaul.

=Samnītes=, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate
  between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They
  distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the
  Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last
  totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief
  town was called Samnium, or Samnis. _Livy_, bk. 7, &c.――_Florus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Lucan_, bk. 2.
  ――_Eutropius_, bk. 2.

=Samnium=, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. _See:_
  Samnites.

=Samochonites=, a small lake of _Palestine_.

=Samonium=, a promontory of Crete.

=Samos=, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from
  which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same
  name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and
  is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called
  _Parthenia_, _Anthemusa_, _Stephane_, _Melamphyllus_, _Anthemus_,
  _Cyparissia_, and _Dryusa_. It was first in the possession of the
  Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at
  first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government
  became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most
  flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself absolute
  there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when
  Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens,
  after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued
  by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient
  liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province.
  Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was
  uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had
  been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus.
  _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pericles_.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1,
  li. 20.――_Thucydides._――――The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia
  were also known by the name of Samos.

=Samosăta=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus,
  where Lucian was born.

=Samothrāce=, or =Samothrācia=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite
  the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it
  is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of
  _Leucosia_, _Melitis_, _Electria_, _Leucania_, and _Dardani_. It was
  afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies
  on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of _Thracian_, or by the name of
  Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny,
  or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first
  inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that
  they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the
  colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Phœnicians. Samothrace is
  famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very
  top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before
  the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the
  waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake.
  The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were
  supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the
  name of _sacred_, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all
  fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings,
  but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its
  rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian,
  who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the Ægean, into
  the form of a province. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 208.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 12.

=Samus=, a son of Ancæus and Samia, grandson of Neptune. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 4.

=Sana=, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a
  channel to convey the sea.

=Sanaos=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo._

=Sanchoniăthon=, a Phœnician historian, born at Berytus, or, according
  to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war,
  and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books,
  in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Phœnicia,
  and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records
  found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the
  temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated
  into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of
  the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are
  extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others
  contend that they are true and authentic.

=Sancus=, =Sangus=, or =Sanctus=, a deity of the Sabines introduced
  among the gods of Rome under the name of _Dius Fidius_. According
  to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of
  the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 421.――_Varro_, _de Lingua
  Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.

=Sandace=, a sister of Xerxes.

=Sandaliotis=, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a
  sandal. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Sandalium=, a small island of the Ægean, near Lesbos.――A port of
  Pisidia. _Strabo._

=Sandanis=, a Lydian, who advised Crœsus not to make war against the
  Persians.

=Sandānes=, a river of Thrace near Pallene.

=Sandrocottus=, an Indian of a mean origin. His impertinence to
  Alexander was the beginning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered
  him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, and at last dropped
  down overwhelmed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion
  came to him, and gently licked the sweat from his face. This uncommon
  tameness of the animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, and
  raised his ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after the death
  of Alexander, he made himself master of a part of the country which
  was in the hands of Seleucus. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Sane=, or =Sana=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Sana.

=Sangăla=, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. _Arrian_,
  ♦_Anabasis_, bk. 5.

    ♦ Book name omitted in text.

=Sangărius=, or =Sangăris=, a river of Phrygia, rising in mount
  Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius
  became pregnant of Altes only from gathering the boughs of an almond
  tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, according to some, was
  daughter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. _Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.――_Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 2.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.

=Sanguinius=, a man condemned for ill language, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Sannyrion=, a tragic poet of Athens. He composed many dramatical
  pieces, one of which was called Io, and another Danae. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 9.

=Santŏnes= and =Santŏne=, now _Saintonge_, a people with a town of
  the same name in Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 422.――_Martial_, bk. 3,
  ltr. 96.

=Saon=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A man who first
  discovered the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Sapæi=, or =Saphæi=, a people of Thrace, called also Sintii. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 389.

=Sapirene=, an island of the Arabic gulf. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.

=Sapis=, now _Savio_, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the
  Adriatic. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.

=Sapor=, a king of Persia, who succeeded his father Artaxerxes about
  the 238th year of the christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious,
  Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions by conquest; and as
  the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favourable to his views,
  he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; and
  he might have become master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped
  his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts were
  weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought
  the peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested
  with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was
  defeated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner heard that the Roman
  emperor was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to
  release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces;
  the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of
  the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little opposition, into
  the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was
  assassinated by his subjects, A.D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. He
  was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. _Marcellinus_, &c.――――The
  second of that name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne
  of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name; and by
  undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his
  dominions, and to add the provinces on the west of the Euphrates
  to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian
  would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he
  had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made
  peace with Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and indefatigable,
  renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens.
  Sapor died A.D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had
  often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and
  Artaxerxes by Sapor III., a prince who died after a reign of five
  years, A.D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. _Marcellinus_, &c.

=Sappho=, or =Sapho=, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents,
  and her amorous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about
  600 years before Christ. Her father’s name, according to Herodotus,
  was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus, or
  Etarchus, and her mother’s name was Cleis. Her tender passions were
  so violent, that some have represented her attachments to three of
  her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal,
  and, on that account, have given her the surname of _Tribas_. She
  conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon
  his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw herself into the sea
  from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses,
  besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing
  now remains but two fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and elegance
  show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed
  upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the
  10th Muse. Her compositions were all extant in the age of Horace.
  The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, that, after
  her death, they paid her divine honours, and raised her temples
  and altars, and stamped their money with her image. The poetess has
  been censured for writing with that licentiousness and freedom which
  so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has
  been called after her name. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15; _Tristia_,
  bk. 2, li. 365.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch.
  135.――_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 155.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 12, chs. 18 & 29.――_Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 8.

=Saptine=, a daughter of Darius the last king of Persia, offered in
  marriage to Alexander.

=Saracene=, part of Arabia Petræa, the country of the Saracens who
  embraced the religion of Mahomet.

=Saracori=, a people who go to war riding on asses. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 12.

=Sarangæ=, a people near Caucasus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Saranges=, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence
  into the Indus.

=Sarapāni=, a people of Colchis. _Strabo._

=Sarapus=, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece.

=Sarasa=, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. _Strabo._

=Saraspades=, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as a hostage to
  Augustus, &c. _Strabo._

=Saravus=, now _Soar_, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle.

=Sardanapālus=, the 40th and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his
  luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent
  in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared
  in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female,
  and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his
  officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected
  a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted his
  voluptuousness for a while, and appeared at the head of his armies.
  The rebels were defeated in three successive battles, but at last
  Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two
  years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace,
  with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire
  of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event
  happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others,
  with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was
  made a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 150.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5,
  ch. 35.

♦=Sardes.= _See:_ Sardis.

    ♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

=Sardi=, the inhabitants of Sardinia. _See:_ Sardinia.

=Sardĭnia=, the greatest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, is
  situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was
  originally called _Sandaliotis_, or _Ichnusa_, from its resembling
  the human foot (ἰχνος), and it received the name of Sardinia from
  Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony which
  he had brought with him from Libya. Other colonies, under Aristæus,
  Norax, and Iolas, also settled there. The Carthaginians were long
  masters of it, and were dispossessed by the Romans in the Punic wars,
  B.C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of Rome.
  The air was very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile, in corn,
  in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia,
  nor any poisonous herb, except one, which, when eaten, contracts the
  nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner
  of death; hence _risus Sardonicus, Sardous_. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  his Friends_, bk. 7, ch. 25.――_Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 7, eclogue
  41.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 85.――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 5.――_Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_; _Letters
  to his brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ltr. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Sardica=, a town of Thrace, at the north of mount Hæmus.

=Sardis=, or =Sardes=, now _Sart_, a town of Asia Minor, the capital
  of the kingdom of Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on
  the banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the many sieges
  it sustained against the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians,
  Ionians, and Athenians, and for the battle in which, B.C. 262,
  Antiochus Soter was defeated by Eumenes king of Pergamus. It was
  destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered
  it to be rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, B.C. 548, and
  was burnt by the Athenians, B.C. 504, which became the cause of
  the invasion of Attica by Darius. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, lis. 137, 152, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

=Sardones=, the people of Roussilon in France, at the foot of the
  Pyrenees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Sardus=, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia and gave it
  his name.

=Sarephta=, a town of Phœnicia between Tyre and Sidon, now _Sarfand_.

=Sariaster=, a son of Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against
  his father, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Sariphi=, mountains at the east of the Caspian.

=Sarmătæ=, or =Sauromătæ=, the inhabitants of Sarmatia. _See:_ Sarmatia.

=Sarmătia=, an extensive country at the north of Europe and Asia,
  divided into European and Asiatic. The European was bounded by the
  ocean on the north, Germany and the Vistula on the west, the Jazygæ
  on the south, and the Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded
  by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains
  the modern kingdoms of _Russia_, _Poland_, _Lithuania_, and _Little
  Tartary_; and the latter, _Great Tartary_, _Circassia_, and the
  neighbouring country. The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation,
  often confounded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and famous
  for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of
  battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and they passed
  among the Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time
  of the emperors they became very powerful, and disturbed the peace
  of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at last, increased by
  the savage hordes of Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns,
  Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c., they successfully invaded and ruined the
  empire in the third and fourth centuries of the christian era. They
  generally lived on the mountains without any habitation, except their
  _chariots_, whence they have been called _Hamaxobii_. They lived upon
  plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of horses. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Florus_,
  bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 3, &c.

=Sarmatĭcum mare=, a name given to the Euxine sea, because on the coast
  of Sarmatia. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 10, li. 38.

=Sarmentus=, a scurrilous person, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1,
  satire 5, li. 56.

=Sarnius=, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania.

=Sarnus=, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling
  into the Tuscan sea. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 2, li. 265.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Saron=, a king of Trœzene, unusually fond of hunting. He was drowned
  in the sea, where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He
  was made a sea god by Neptune, and divine honours were paid to him by
  the Trœzenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sacrifices
  before they embarked. That part of the sea where he was drowned was
  called _Saronicus sinus_, on the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus
  of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Trœzene, and instituted
  festivals to her honour, called from himself Saronia, _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Saronĭcus sinus=, now _the gulf of Engia_, a bay of the Ægean sea,
  lying at the south of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus.
  The entrance into it is between the promontory of Sunium and that
  of Scyllæum. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its
  name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which
  discharged itself on the coast, or from a small harbour of the same
  name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 23 miles
  in its broadest, and 25 in its longest part, according to modern
  calculation.

=Sarpēdon=, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agenor. He
  banished himself from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make
  himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired
  to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan
  war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his
  friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus,
  after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body, by
  order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends
  and relations paid him funeral honours, and raised a monument to
  perpetuate his valour. According to some mythologists, the brother
  of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two different
  persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter by Laodamia
  the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about 100 years after the age
  of the son of Europa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 173.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.――――A
  son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his barbarous treatment of
  strangers.――――A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_,
  _Cato_.――――A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo
  and Diana.――――Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond
  which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which
  he had made with the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 38.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 13.――――A promontory of Thrace.――――A Syrian general who flourished
  B.C. 143.

=Sarra=, a town of Phœnicia, the same as _Tyre_. It receives its
  name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in
  the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence
  came the epithet of _sarranus_, so often applied to Tyrian colours,
  as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians,
  particularly Carthage. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 662; bk. 13,
  li. 205.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 506.――_Festus_, _Lexicon
  of Festus_.

=Sarrastes=, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus
  against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 738.

=Sarron=, a king of the Celtæ, so famous for his learning, that from
  him philosophers were called _Sarronidæ_. _Diodorus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Sars=, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre.

=Sarsĭna=, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born.
  The inhabitants are called _Sarsinates_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 59.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.

=Sarus=, a river of Cappadocia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41.

=Sasanda=, a town of Caria. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Sason=, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between
  Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and
  inhospitable. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 627; bk. 5,
  li. 650.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 480.――――A river falling into
  the Adriatic.

=Satarchæ=, a people near the Palus Mæotis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
  ――_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.

=Sataspes=, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering
  violence to the daughter of Megabyzus. His father’s name was Theaspes.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4.

=Satibarzanes=, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from
  whom he afterwards revolted. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.

=Satīcŭla= and =Saticulus=, a town near Capua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 729.――_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21; bk. 23, ch. 39.

=Sātis=, a town of Macedonia.

=Satræ=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.

=Satrapēni=, a people of Media, under Tigranes. _Plutarch._

=Satricum=, a town of Italy, taken by Camillus. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Satropaces=, an officer in the army of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4,
  ch. 9.

=Satŭra=, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 382.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 801.

=Satureium=, or =Satureum=, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with
  famous pastures and horses, whence the epithet of _satureianus_ in
  _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.

=Satureius=, one of Domitian’s murderers.

=Saturnālia=, festivals in honour of Saturn, celebrated the 16th or
  the 17th, or, according to others, the 18th of December. They were
  instituted long before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of
  the freedom and equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign
  of Saturn. Some, however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first
  observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory
  obtained over the Sabines; while others support that Janus first
  instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learnt
  agriculture. Others suppose that they were first celebrated in the
  year of Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the Latins by the
  dictator Posthumius. The Saturnalia were originally celebrated only
  for one day, but afterwards the solemnity continued for three, four,
  five, and at last for seven days. The celebration was remarkable for
  the liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves were permitted
  to ridicule their masters, and to speak with freedom upon every
  subject. It was usual for friends to make presents one to another;
  all animosity ceased, no criminals were executed, schools were shut,
  war was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery.
  In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings with their heads
  uncovered, a custom which was never observed at other festivals.
  _Seneca_, ltr. 18.――_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 57.――_Suetonius_,
  _Vespasian_, ch. 19.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20.

=Saturnia=, a name given to Italy, because Saturn had reigned there
  during the golden age. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173.――――A
  name given to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. _Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173; _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.――――An ancient
  town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn, on the Tarpeian rock.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 358.――――A colony of Etruria. _Livy_,
  bk. 39, ch. 55.

=Saturnīnus Publius Sempronius=, a general of Valerian, proclaimed
  emperor in Egypt by his troops after he had rendered himself
  celebrated by his victories over the barbarians. His integrity, his
  complaisance and affability, had gained him the affection of the
  people, but his fondness for ancient discipline provoked his soldiers,
  who wantonly murdered him in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 262.
  ――――Sextius Julius, a Gaul, intimate with Aurelian. The emperor
  esteemed him greatly, not only for his virtues, but for his abilities
  as a general, and for the victories which he had obtained in
  different parts of the empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria,
  and compelled by the clamorous army to accept of the purple, which
  he rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, who was then emperor,
  marched his forces against him, and besieged him in Apamea, where
  he destroyed himself when unable to make head against his powerful
  adversary.――――Appuleius, a tribune of the people who raised a
  sedition at Rome, intimidated the senate, and tyrannized for three
  years. Meeting at last with opposition, he seized the capitol, but
  being induced by the hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself
  amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition
  has received the name of _Appuleiana_ in the Roman annals. _Florus._
  ――――Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the oppression of
  Marius. He was at last put to death on account of his tumultuous
  disposition. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.
  ――――An officer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for obeying the
  emperor’s orders, &c.――――Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan.
  He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of him with great
  warmth and approbation, as an historian, a poet, and an orator.
  Pliny always consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he published
  his compositions.――――Sentius, a friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He
  succeeded Agrippa in the government of the provinces of Syria and
  Phœnicia.――――Vitellius, an officer among the friends of the emperor
  Otho.

=Saturnius=, a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune, as being the
  sons of Saturn.

=Saturnus=, a son of Cœlus, or Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea,
  Thea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and by means of his mother,
  he revenged himself on his father, whose cruelty to his children had
  provoked the anger of Thea. The mother armed her son with a scythe,
  which was fabricated with the metals drawn from her bowels, and as
  Cœlus was going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn mutilated him, and
  for ever prevented him from increasing the number of his children,
  whom he treated with unkindness, and confined in the infernal regions.
  After this the sons of Cœlus were restored to liberty, and Saturn
  obtained his father’s kingdom by the consent of his brother, provided
  he did not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement,
  Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, because, as some
  observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his
  father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish,
  concealed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto,
  and instead of the children she gave him large stones, which he
  immediately swallowed without perceiving the deceit. Titan was some
  time after informed that Saturn had concealed his male children,
  therefore he made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him with
  Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner
  grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, and to replace him
  on the throne. Saturn, unmindful of his son’s kindness, conspired
  against him, when he heard that he raised cabals against him, but
  Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the father fled for safety
  into Italy, where the country retained the name of _Latium_, as being
  the place of his _concealment_ (_lateo_). Janus, who was then king
  of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention; he made him his
  partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in
  civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in
  teaching them agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. His reign
  there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that
  mankind have called it the _golden age_, to intimate the happiness
  and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father
  of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed into a mare,
  to avoid the importunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not
  so solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer
  human victims on his altars, but this barbarous custom was abolished
  by Hercules, who substituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices
  of Saturn, the priest always performed the ceremony with his head
  uncovered, which was unusual at other solemnities. The god is
  generally represented as an old man, bent through age and infirmity.
  He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites its
  own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the
  year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up as if
  instantly to devour it. Tatius king of the Sabines first built a
  temple to Saturn on the Capitoline hill, a second was afterwards
  added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the first consuls. On his
  statues were generally hung fetters in commemoration of the chains
  he had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance, all
  slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters
  him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken
  from the statues to intimate the freedom and the independence which
  mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome
  was appropriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that
  the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 319.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, poem 3, li. 35.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 197; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 123.

=Satŭrum=, a town of Calabria, where stuffs of all kinds were dyed in
  different colours with great success. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,
  li. 197; bk. 4, li. 335.

=Săty̆ri=, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are
  represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short
  horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. They
  chiefly attended upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves known in
  his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. The first fruits of
  everything were generally offered to them. The Romans promiscuously
  called them _Fauni_, _Panes_, and _Sylvani_. It is said that a
  Satyr was brought to Sylla as that general returned from Thessaly.
  The monster had been surprised asleep in a cave; but his voice was
  inarticulate when brought into the presence of the Roman general, and
  Sylla was so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be instantly
  removed. The monster answered in every degree the description which
  the poets and painters have given of the Satyrs. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 23.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_.――_Virgil_, eclogue 5, li. 13.――_Ovid_,
  _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 171.

=Saty̆rus=, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 14 years, &c. His father’s
  name was Spartacus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.――――An Athenian who attempted
  to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the citadel, &c. _Polyænus._
  ――――A Greek actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught him how to
  have a good and strong delivery.――――A man who assisted in murdering
  Timophanes, by order of his brother Timoleon.――――A Rhodian sent
  by his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes had accused some of the
  allies of intentions to favour the interest of Macedonia against the
  republic.――――A peripatetic philosopher and historian, who flourished
  B.C. 148.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B.C.――――An architect who,
  together with Petus, is said to have planned and built the celebrated
  tomb which Artemisia erected to the memory of Mausolus, and which
  became one of the wonders of the world. The honour of erecting it is
  ascribed to others.

=Savera=, a village of Lycaonia.

=Saufeius Trogus=, one of Messalina’s favourites, punished by Claudius,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――Appius, a Roman, who died
  on his return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 7,
  ch. 53.

=Savo=, or =Savona=, a town with a small river of the same name in
  Campania. _Statius_, ♦_Sylvæ_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A
  town of Liguria.

    ♦ Book name omitted in text.

=Sauromatæ=, a people in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. They
  are called _Sarmatæ_ by the Latins. _See:_ Sarmatia.

=Saurus=, a famous robber of Elis, killed by Hercules. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 21.――――A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.

=Savus=, a river of Pannonia, rising in Noricum, at the north of
  Aquileia, and falling into the Danube, after flowing through Pannonia,
  in an eastern direction. _Claudian_, _De Consulatu Stilichonis_,
  bk. 2.――――A small river of Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean.

=Saxŏnes=, a people of Germany, near the Chersonesus Cimbrica.
  _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Claudian_, bk. 1, _Against Eutropius_,
  li. 392.

=Saziches=, an ancient legislator of Egypt.

=Scæa=, one of the gates of Troy, where the tomb of Laomedon was seen.
  The name is derived by some from σκαιος (_sinster_), because it was
  through this avenue that the fatal horse was introduced. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 73.――――One of the Danaides.
  Her husband’s name was Dayphron. _Apollodorus._

=Scæva=, a soldier in Cæsar’s army, who behaved with great courage at
  Dyrrachium. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 144.――――Memor, a Latin poet in the
  reign of Titus and Domitian.――――A man who poisoned his own mother.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 53.――――A friend of Horace, to whom the
  poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 17. He was a Roman knight.

=Scævŏla.= _See:_ Mutius.

=Scalabis=, now _St. Irene_, a town of ancient Spain.

=Scaldis=, or =Scaldium=, a river of Belgium, now called the _Scheld_,
  and dividing the modern country of the Netherlands from Holland.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, li. 33.――――Pons, a town on the same
  river, now called _Condé_. _Cæsar._

=Scamander=, or =Scamandros=, a celebrated river of Troas, rising at
  the east of mount Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigæum. It
  receives the Simois in its course, and towards its mouth it is very
  muddy, and flows through marshes. This river, according to Homer, was
  called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men. The waters of the
  Scamander had the singular property of giving a beautiful colour to
  the hair or the wool of such animals as bathed in them; and from this
  circumstance the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed
  there before they appeared before Paris, to obtain the golden apple.
  It was usual among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scamander,
  when they were arrived to nubile years, and to offer to the god their
  virginity in these words, Λαβε μου, Σκαμανδρε, την παεθενιαν. The god
  of the Scamander had a regular priest, and sacrifices offered to him.
  Some suppose that the river received its name from Scamander the son
  of Corybas. _Ælian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 21.――_Strabo_,
  bks. 1 & 13.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――_Plutarch._――_Æschines_, ltr. 10.――――A
  son of Corybas and Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete into
  Phrygia, and settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he introduced
  the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. He some
  time after lost the use of his senses and threw himself into the
  river Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. His son-in-law Teucer
  succeeded him in the government of the colony. He had two daughters,
  Thymo and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Scamandria=, a town on the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Scamandrius=, one of the generals of Priam, son of Strophius. He was
  killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 49.

=Scandaria=, a promontory in the island of Cos. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Scandinavia=, a name given by the ancients to that tract of territory
  which contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Denmark,
  Lapland, Finland, &c., supposed by them to be an island. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Scantia Sylva=, a wood of Campania, the property of the Roman people.
  _Cicero._

=Scantilla=, the wife of Didius Julianus. It was by her advice that her
  husband bought the empire which was exposed to sale at the death of
  Pertinax.

=Scantinia lex.= _See:_ Scatinia.

=Scaptesyle=, a town of Thrace, near Abdera, abounding in silver and
  gold mines, belonging to Thucydides, who is supposed there to have
  written his history of the Peloponnesian war. _Lucretius_, bk. 6,
  li. 810.――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Scaptia=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 396.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.

=Scaptius=, an intimate friend of Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 5, &c. His brother was a merchant of Cappadocia.

=Scapŭla=, a native of Corduba, who defended that town against Cæsar,
  after the battle of Munda. When he saw that all his efforts were
  useless against the Roman general, he destroyed himself. _Cæsar_,
  _Hispanic War_, ch. 33.――――A usurper. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 12, ltr. 37.

=Scandon=, a town on the confines of Dalmatia.

=Scardii=, a ridge of mountains of Macedonia, which separates it from
  Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 20.

=Scarphia=, or =Scarphe=, a town near Thermopylæ, on the confines of
  Phthiotis. _Seneca_, _Troades_.

=Scatinia lex=, _de pudicitiâ_, by Caius Scatinius Aricinus the
  tribune, was enacted against those who kept catamites, and such as
  prostituted themselves to any vile or unnatural service. The penalty
  was originally a fine, but it was afterwards made a capital crime
  under Augustus. It is sometimes called _Scantinia_, from a certain
  _Scantinius_ upon whom it was first executed.

=Scaurus Marcus Æmylius=, a Roman consul who distinguished himself
  by his eloquence at the bar, and by his successes in Spain in the
  capacity of commander. He was sent against Jugurtha, and some time
  after accused of suffering himself to be bribed by the Numidian
  prince. Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he
  built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, which
  from him was called the Æmylian. He was originally very poor. He
  wrote some books, and among these a history of his own life, all now
  lost.――――His son, of the same name, made himself known by the large
  theatre which he built during his edileship. This theatre, which
  could contain 30,000 spectators, was supported by 360 columns of
  marble, 38 feet in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen statues.
  This celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal to
  the manners and the simplicity of the Romans, than the proscriptions
  and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus
  married Murcia. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 2.――――A Roman of consular
  dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved
  with great cowardice, upon which the father sternly ordered him never
  to appear again in the field of battle. The severity of this command
  rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a sword into his
  own heart, to free himself from further ignominy.――――Aurelius, a
  Roman consul taken prisoner by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel death
  because he told the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps to invade
  Italy, which was universally deemed unconquerable.――――Marcus Æmilius,
  a man in the reign of Tiberius accused of adultery with Livia, and
  put to death. He was an eloquent orator, but very lascivious and
  debauched in his morals.――――Mamercus, a man put to death by Tiberius.
  ――――Maximus, a man who conspired against Nero.――――Terentius, a Latin
  grammarian. He had been preceptor to the emperor Adrian. _Aulus
  Gellius_, bk. 11, ch. 15.

=Scedăsus=, a native of Leuctra in Bœotia. His two daughters, Meletia
  and Molpia, whom some called Theano and Hippo, were ravished by some
  Spartans, in the reign of Cleombrotus, and after this they killed
  themselves, unable to survive the loss of their honour. The father
  became so disconsolate, that when he was unable to obtain relief from
  his country, he killed himself on their tomb. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 13.――_Plutarch_, _Amatoriæ narrationes_, ch. 3.

=Scelerātus=, a plain of Rome near the Colline gate, where the vestal
  Minucia was buried alive, when convicted of adultery. _Livy_, bk. 8,
  ch. 15.――――One of the gates of Rome was called _Scelerata_, because
  the 300 Fabii, who were killed at the river Cremera, had passed
  through it when they went to attack the enemy. It was before named
  _Carmentalis_.――――There was also a street at Rome formerly called
  _Cyprius_, which received the name of the _Sceleratus vicus_, because
  there Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her chariot over the body
  of her father, king Servius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 365.

=Scena=, a town on the confines of Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――――A
  river of Ireland, now the _Shannon_. _Orosius_, bk. 1, ch. 2.

=Scenitæ=, Arabians who live in tents. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Scepsis=, a town of Troas, where the works of Theophrastus and
  Aristotle were long concealed underground, and damaged by the wet, &c.
  _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Schedia=, a small village of Egypt, with a dockyard between the
  western mouths of the Nile and Alexandria. _Strabo._

=Schedius=, one of Helen’s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 4 & 30.

=Scheria=, an ancient name of Corcyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Schœneus=, a son of Athamas.――――The father of Atalanta.

=Schœnus=, or =Scheno=, a port of Peloponnesus, on the Saronicus sinus.
  ――――A village near Thebes, with a river of the same name.――――A river
  of Arcadia.――――Another near Athens.

=Sciastes=, a surname of Apollo at Lacedæmon, from the village
  Scias where he was particularly worshipped. _Lycophron_, li. 562.
  ――_Tzetzes_, on the same reference.

=Sciăthis=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.

=Sciăthos=, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite mount Pelion, on the
  coast of Thessaly. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2.

=Scidros=, a town of Magna Græcia.

=Scillus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Olympia, where Xenophon wrote
  his history.

=Scilūrus=, a king of Scythia, who had 80 sons. _See:_ Scylurus.

=Scinis=, a cruel robber who tied men to the boughs of trees, which
  he had forcibly brought together, and which he afterwards unloosed,
  so that their limbs were torn in an instant from their body. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 440.

=Scinthi=, a people of Germany.

=Sciōne=, a town of Thrace, in the possession of the Athenians. It
  revolted and passed into the hands of the Lacedæmonians during the
  Peloponnesian war. It was built by a Grecian colony on their return
  from the Trojan war. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Scīpiădæ=, a name applied to the two Scipios, who obtained the surname
  of _Africanus_, from the conquest of Carthage. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 6, li. 843.

=Scipio=, a celebrated family at Rome, who obtained the greatest
  honours in the republic. The name seems to be derived from _scipio_,
  which signifies a _stick_, because one of the family had conducted
  his blind father, and had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were a
  branch of the Cornelian family. The most illustrious were:――Publius
  Cornelius, a man made master of horse by Camillus, &c.――――A Roman
  dictator.――――Lucius Cornelius, a consul, A.U.C. 456, who defeated
  the Etrurians near Volaterra.――――Another consul, A.U.C. 495.――――Cnæus,
  surnamed Asina, was consul A.U.C. 494 and 500. He was conquered
  in his first consulship in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The
  following year he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated Hanno the
  Carthaginian general, in Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy’s
  ships, and the city of Panormum in Sicily. He was father to Publius
  and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the beginning of the second Punic war,
  was sent with an army to Spain to oppose Annibal; but when he heard
  that his enemy had passed over into Italy, he attempted by his quick
  marches and secret evolutions to stop his progress. He was conquered
  by Annibal near the Ticinus, where he nearly lost his life, had not
  his son, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, courageously defended
  him. He again passed into Spain, where he obtained some memorable
  victories over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants of the country.
  His brother Cneus shared the supreme command with him, but their
  great confidence proved their ruin. They separated their armies, and
  soon after Publius was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals and
  Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian armies. The forces of Publius
  were too few to resist with success the three Carthaginian generals.
  The Romans were cut to pieces, and their commander was left on the
  field of battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained this victory than
  they immediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of
  30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarmed. The general, who was
  already apprised of his brother’s death, secured an eminence, where
  he was soon surrounded on all sides. After desperate acts of valour
  he was left among the slain, or, according to some, he fled into a
  tower, where he was burnt with some of his friends by the victorious
  enemy. _Livy_, bk. 21, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch.
  6, &c.――_Eutropius_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――Publius Cornelius, surnamed
  _Africanus_, was son of Publius Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He
  first distinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, where he saved
  his father’s life by deeds of unexampled valour and boldness. The
  battle of Cannæ, which proved so fatal to the Roman arms, instead of
  disheartening Scipio, raised his expectations, and he no sooner heard
  that some of his desperate countrymen wished to abandon Italy, and
  to fly from the insolence of the conqueror, than with his sword in
  his hand, and by his firmness and example, he obliged them to swear
  eternal fidelity to Rome, and to put to immediate death the first
  man who attempted to retire from his country. In his 21st year,
  Scipio was made an edile, an honourable office which was never given
  but to such as had reached their 27th year. Some time after, the
  Romans were alarmed by the intelligence that the commanders of their
  forces in Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and
  immediately young Scipio was appointed to avenge the death of his
  father and of his uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of the
  republic. It was soon known how able he was to be at the head of an
  army; the various nations of Spain were conquered, and in four years
  the Carthaginians were banished from that part of the continent.
  The whole province became tributary to Rome; New Carthage submitted
  in one day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on
  the field. After these signal victories Scipio was recalled to Rome,
  which still trembled at the continual alarms of Annibal, who was at
  her gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked
  upon as a proper general to encounter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio
  opposed the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and he
  declared in the senate that if Annibal was to be conquered he must
  be conquered in Africa. These bold measures were immediately adopted,
  though opposed by the eloquence, age, and experience of the great
  Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to conduct the war on the coasts of
  Africa. With the dignity of consul he embarked for Carthage. Success
  attended his arms; his conquests were here as rapid as in Spain; the
  Carthaginian armies were routed, the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was
  set on fire during the night, and his troops totally defeated in a
  drawn battle. These repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who
  was victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly recalled to defend
  the walls of his country, and the two greatest generals of the age
  met each other in the field. Terms of accommodation were proposed;
  but in the parley which the two commanders had together, nothing
  satisfactory was offered, and while the one enlarged on the
  vicissitudes of human affairs, the other wished to dictate like a
  conqueror, and recommended the decision of the controversy to the
  sword. The celebrated battle was fought near Zama, and both generals
  displayed their military knowledge in drawing up their armies and in
  choosing their ground. Their courage and intrepidity were not less
  conspicuous in charging the enemy; a thousand acts of valour were
  performed on both sides, and though the Carthaginians fought in their
  own defence, and the Romans for fame and glory, yet the conqueror
  of Italy was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians were slain,
  and the same number made prisoners of war, B.C. 202. Only 2000 of
  the Romans were killed. This battle was decisive; the Carthaginians
  sued for peace, which Scipio at last granted on the most severe and
  humiliating terms. The conqueror after this returned to Rome, where
  he was received with the most unbounded applause, honoured with a
  triumph, and dignified with the appellation of _Africanus_. Here
  he enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours which his
  exploits merited, but in him also, as in other great men, fortune
  showed herself inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in wishing
  to distinguish the senators from the rest of the people at the public
  exhibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship for two of his
  friends, he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
  and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man of no character,
  and recommended by neither abilities nor meritorious actions. He
  retired from Rome no longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude of
  his countrymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accompanied his
  brother against Antiochus king of Syria. In this expedition his arms
  were attended with usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted
  to the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his return to
  Rome, Africanus found the malevolence of his enemies still unabated.
  Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions against him, and the
  Petilli, two tribunes of the people, accused the conqueror of Annibal
  of extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living in an indolent
  and luxurious manner. Scipio condescended to answer to the accusation
  of his calumniators; the first day was spent in hearing the different
  charges, but when he again appeared on the second day of his trial,
  the accused interrupted his judges, and exclaimed, “Tribunes and
  fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, did I conquer Annibal
  and the Carthaginians: come, therefore, with me, Romans; let us go
  to the capitol, and there return our thanks to the immortal gods
  for the victories which have attended our arms.” These words had
  the desired effect; the tribes and all the assembly followed Scipio,
  the court was deserted, and the tribunes were left alone in the seat
  of judgment. Yet when this memorable day was past and forgotten,
  Africanus was a third time summoned to appear; but he had fled before
  the impending storm, and retired to his country house at Liternum.
  The accusation was therefore stopped, and the accusers silenced,
  when one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished for his malevolence
  against Scipio, rose to defend him, and declared in the assembly,
  that it reflected the highest disgrace on the Roman people, that the
  conqueror of Annibal should become the sport of the populace, and
  be exposed to the malice and envy of disappointed ambition. Some
  time after Scipio died in the place of his retreat, about 184 years
  before Christ, in the 48th year of his age; and so great an aversion
  did he express, as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, and
  the ingratitude of their senators, that he ordered his bones not to
  be conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly inhumated at Liternum,
  where his wife Æmilia the daughter of Paulus Æmilius, who fell at the
  battle of Cannæ, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, and placed upon it
  his statue, with that of the poet Ennius, who had been the companion
  of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio was robbed during
  his lifetime of the honours which belonged to him as the conqueror
  of Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The Romans viewed his
  character with reverence; with raptures they read of his warlike
  actions, and Africanus was regarded in the following ages as a
  pattern of virtue, of innocence, courage, and liberality. As a
  general, the fame and the greatness of his conquests explain his
  character; and indeed we hear that Annibal declared himself inferior
  to no general that ever lived except Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus
  king of Epirus; and when Scipio asked him what rank he would claim,
  if he had conquered him, the Carthaginian general answered, “If
  I had conquered you, Scipio, I would call myself greater than the
  conqueror of Darius and the ally of the Tarentines.” As an instance
  of Scipio’s continence, ancient authors have faithfully recorded
  that the conqueror of Spain refused to see a beautiful princess that
  had fallen into his hands after the taking of New Carthage, and that
  he not only restored her inviolate to her parents, but also added
  immense presents for the person to whom she was betrothed. It was
  to the artful complaisance of Africanus that the Romans owed their
  alliance with Masinissa king of Numidia, and also that with king
  Syphax. The friendship of Scipio and Lælius is well known. _Polybius_,
  bk. 6.――_Plutarch._――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, &c.
  ――_Eutropius._――――Lucius Cornelius, surnamed _Asiaticus_, accompanied
  his brother Africanus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was
  rewarded with the consulship, A.U.C. 564, for his services to the
  state, and he was empowered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, who
  had declared war against the Romans. Lucius was accompanied in this
  campaign by his brother Africanus; and by his own valour, and the
  advice of the conqueror of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in
  a battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot and 4000 horse.
  Peace was soon after settled by the submission of Antiochus, and the
  conqueror, at his return home, obtained a triumph, and the surname
  of Asiaticus. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; Cato,
  after the death of Africanus, turned his fury against Asiaticus,
  and the two Petilli, his devoted favourites, presented a petition
  to the people, in which they prayed that an inquiry might be made
  to know what money had been received from Antiochus and his allies.
  The petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged to have
  suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus, was summoned to appear
  before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this occasion
  created pretor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to the family
  of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants and
  his questor, guilty of having received the first 6000 pounds weight
  of gold, and 480 pounds weight of silver, and the others nearly
  an equal sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of the
  Roman people, they were enjoined to make war. Immediately they were
  condemned to pay large fines; but while the others gave security,
  Scipio declared that he had accounted to the public for all the money
  which he had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was innocent.
  For this obstinacy Scipio was dragged to prison, but his cousin
  Nasica pleaded his cause before the people, and the pretor instantly
  ordered the goods of the prisoner to be seized and confiscated. The
  sentence was executed, but the effects of Scipio were insufficient to
  pay the fine, and it was the greatest justification of his innocence,
  that whatever was found in his house had never been in the possession
  of Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, did not totally liberate
  him; he was reduced to poverty, and refused to accept the offer of
  his friends and of his clients. Some time after he was appointed
  to settle the disputes between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his
  return the Romans, ashamed of their severity towards him, rewarded
  his merit with such uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was enabled
  to celebrate games in honour of his victory over Antiochus, for
  10 successive days, at his own expense. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 55, &c.
  ――_Eutropius_, bk. 4.――――Nasica, was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin
  to Scipio Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported
  by the interest and the fame of the conqueror of Annibal; but he
  afterwards obtained it, and in that honourable office conquered the
  Boii, and gained a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition
  which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought
  to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate delegated one of their body,
  who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the
  innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour
  of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and as such he was
  enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest
  pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished himself by the active
  part which he took in confuting the accusations laid against the
  two Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus.――――There was also another of
  the same name, who distinguished himself by his enmity against the
  Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 1,
  &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14, &c.――――Publius
  Æmilianus, son of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by
  the son of Scipio Africanus. He received the same surname as his
  grandfather, and was called _Africanus the younger_, on account of
  his victories over Carthage. Æmilianus first appeared in the Roman
  armies under his father, and afterwards distinguished himself as
  a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed a
  Spaniard of gigantic stature, and he obtained a mural crown at the
  siege of Intercata. He passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement
  from king Masinissa the ally of Rome, and he was the spectator of a
  long and bloody battle which was fought between that monarch and the
  Carthaginians, and which soon produced the third Punic war. Some time
  after Æmilianus was made edile, and next appointed consul, though
  under the age required for that important office. The surname which
  he had received from his grandfather, he was doomed lawfully to
  claim as his own. He was empowered to finish the war with Carthage,
  and as he was permitted by the senate to choose his colleague, he
  took with him his friend Lælius, whose father of the same name had
  formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared the victories of the
  first Africanus. The siege of Carthage was already begun, but the
  operations of the Romans were not continued with vigour. Scipio
  had no sooner appeared before the walls of the enemy, than every
  communication with the land was cut off, and that they might not
  have the command of the sea, a stupendous mole was thrown across
  the harbour with immense labour and expense. This, which might have
  disheartened the most active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more
  eager in the cause of freedom and independence; all the inhabitants,
  without distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed themselves without
  cessation to dig another harbour, and to build and equip another
  fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and activity of
  Æmilianus, the Romans were astonished to see another harbour formed,
  and 50 galleys suddenly issuing under sail, ready for the engagement.
  This unexpected fleet, by immediately attacking the Roman ships,
  might have gained the victory, but the delay of the Carthaginians
  proved fatal to their cause, and the enemy had sufficient time
  to prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of a small
  eminence in the harbour, and, by the success of his subsequent
  operations, he broke open one of the gates of the city and entered
  the streets, where he made his way by fire and sword. The surrender
  of above 50,000 men was followed by the reduction of the citadel,
  and the total submission of Carthage, B.C. 147. The captive city
  was set on fire, and though Scipio was obliged to demolish its very
  walls to obey the orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over
  the melancholy and tragical scene; and in bewailing the miseries
  of Carthage, he expressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some
  future age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagration. The return
  of Æmilianus to Rome was that of another conqueror of Annibal, and,
  like him, he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, and received
  the surname of _Africanus_. He was not long left in the enjoyment
  of his glory, before he was called to obtain fresh honours. He was
  chosen consul a second time, and appointed to finish the war which
  the Romans had hitherto carried on without success or vigorous
  exertions against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more noble
  than that of the capital of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage
  obtained the victory only when the enemies had been consumed by
  famine or by self-destruction, B.C. 133. From his conquests in Spain,
  Æmilianus was honoured with a second triumph, and with the surname
  of _Numantinus_. Yet his popularity was short, and, by telling
  the people that the murder of their favourite, his brother-in-law
  Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the
  peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the
  tribunes, and was received with hisses. His authority for a moment
  quelled their sedition, when he reproached them for their own
  cowardice, and exclaimed, “Factious wretches, do you think your
  clamours can intimidate me; me, whom the fury of your enemies never
  daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus who
  conquered Macedonia, and to me? Without my family you were slaves. Is
  this the respect you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection?”
  This firmness silenced the murmurs of the assembly, and some time
  after Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where,
  with his friend Lælius, he passed the rest of his time in innocent
  pleasure and amusement, in diversions which had pleased them when
  children; and the two greatest men that ruled the state, were often
  seen on the sea-shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing them
  on the smooth surface of the waters. Though fond of retirement and
  literary ease, yet Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of
  the state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the dictatorship,
  and the clamours were most loud against him, when he had opposed the
  Sempronian law, and declared himself the patron of the inhabitants
  of the provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with
  pleasure by the friends of the republic, and not only the senate,
  but also the citizens, the Latins, and neighbouring states conducted
  their illustrious friend and patron to his house. It seemed also the
  universal wish that the troubles might be quieted by the election
  of Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed that that honour
  would be on the morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the
  expectations of Rome were frustrated. Scipio was found dead in his
  bed, to the astonishment of the world; and those who inquired for the
  causes of this sudden death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and
  concluded that he had been strangled, B.C. 128. This assassination,
  as it was then generally believed, was committed by the triumvirs,
  Papirius Carbo, Caius Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported
  the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charged with
  having introduced the murderers into his room. No inquiries were made
  after the authors of his death; Gracchus was the favourite of the
  mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death of
  Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their concern by their
  cries and loud lamentations. The second Africanus has often been
  compared to the first of that name; they seemed to be equally great
  and equally meritorious, and the Romans were unable to distinguish
  which of the two was entitled to a greater share of their regard and
  admiration. Æmilianus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature,
  and he saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable compositions,
  written by Phœnician and Punic authors. In the midst of his greatness
  he died poor, and his nephew Quintus Fabius Maximus, who inherited
  his estate, scarce found in his house 32 pounds weight of silver,
  and two and a half of gold. His liberality to his brother and to his
  sisters deserves the greatest commendations, and, indeed, no higher
  encomium can be passed upon his character, private as well as public,
  than the words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death
  of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the greatest man that
  ever lived or should live in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 44, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _de Senectute_, _Orator_, _Brutus_, &c.――_Polybius._――_Appian._
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.――_Florus._――――A son of the first
  Africanus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Syria, and restored to
  his father without a ransom. He adopted as his son young Æmilianus
  the son of Paulus Æmilius, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus.
  Like his father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fondness
  for literature, and his valour in the Roman armies.――――Metellus,
  the father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in Macedonia. He
  was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to
  Africa with Cato. He was defeated by Cæsar at Thapsus. _Plutarch._
  ――――Salutio, a mean person in Cæsar’s army in Africa. The general
  appointed him his chief commander, either to ridicule him, or because
  there was an ancient oracle that declared that the Scipios would
  ever be victorious in Africa. _Plutarch._――――Lucius Cornelius, a
  consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, and
  proscribed.――――The commander of a cohort in the reign of Vitellius.

=Scira=, an annual solemnity observed at Athens in honour of Minerva,
  or, according to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It received its
  name either from Sciras, a small town of Attica, or from a native of
  Eleusis, called Scirus.

=Sciradium=, a promontory of Attica, on the Saronicus sinus.

=Sciras=, a name of Ægina. Minerva was also called Sciras. _Strabo_,
  bk. 9.

=Sciressa=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.

=Sciron=, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered the inhabitants
  of the country, and threw them down from the highest rocks into
  the sea, after he had obliged them to wait upon him and to wash his
  feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated him as he treated travellers.
  According to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea refused to receive
  the bones of Sciron, which remained for some time suspended in the
  air, till they were changed into large rocks called _Scironia Saxa_,
  situate between Megara and Corinth. There was a road near them which
  bore the name of Sciron, naturally small and narrow, but afterwards
  enlarged by the emperor Adrian. Some suppose that Ino threw herself
  into the sea, from one of these rocks. Sciron had married the
  daughter of Cychreus, a king of Salamis. He was brother-in-law to
  Telamon the son of Æacus. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 444;
  _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 13.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 38.
  ――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 14, li. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.
  ――_Seneca_, _Quæstiones naturales_, bk. 5, ch. 17.

=Scirus=, a village of Arcadia, of which the inhabitants are called
  _Sciritæ_.――――A plain and river of Attica, near Megara. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Scissis=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60.

=Scodra=, a town of Illyricum, where Gentius resided. _Livy_, bk. 43,
  ch. 20.

=Scolus=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――A town of Macedonia, near Olynthus.
  _Strabo._

=Scombrus=, a mountain of Thrace, near Rhodope.

=Scopas=, an architect and sculptor of Ephesus, for some time employed
  in making the mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her husband, and
  which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. One of
  his statues of Venus was among the antiquities with which Rome was
  adorned. Scopas lived about 450 years before Christ. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 43, &c.――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.――_Vitruvius_, bk. 9,
  ch. 9.――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.――――An Ætolian who
  raised some forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt,
  against his enemies Antiochus and his allies. He afterwards conspired
  against the Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B.C. 196.――――An
  ambassador to the court of the emperor Domitian.

=Scopium=, a town of Thessaly.

=Scordisci= and =Scordiscæ=, a people of Pannonia and Thrace, well
  known during the reign of the Roman emperors for their barbarity and
  uncivilized manners. They were fond of drinking human blood, and they
  generally sacrificed their captive enemies to their gods. _Livy_,
  bk. 41, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.

=Scoti=, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, mentioned as different
  from the Picts. _Claudian_, _de Tertio Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54.

=Scotīnus=, a surname of Heraclitus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Scotussa=, a town of Thessaly at the north of Larissa and of the
  Peneus, destroyed by Alexander of Pheræ. _Livy_, bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7;
  bk. 36, ch. 14.――_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.
  ――――Another in Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Scribonia=, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he
  had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia.
  Scribonia was some time after repudiated, that Augustus might marry
  Livia. She had been married twice before she became the wife of the
  emperor. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.――――A woman who married
  Crassus.

=Scriboniānus=, a man in the age of Nero. Some of his friends wished
  him to be competitor for the imperial purple against Vespasian, which
  he declined. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 39.――――There were
  also two brothers of that name, who did nothing without each other’s
  consent. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 41.

=Scribonius=, a man who made himself master of the kingdom of Bosphorus.
  ――――A physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius.――――A man who
  wrote annals, A.D. 22. The best edition of Scribonius is that of
  Patavium, 4to, 1655.――――A friend of Pompey, &c.

=Scultenna=, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Po, now called
  _Panaro_. _Livy_, bk. 41, chs. 12 & 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Scylacēum=, a town of the Brutii, built by Mnestheus at the head of
  an Athenian colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet _Navifragum_
  to Scylaceum, some suppose that either the poet was mistaken in his
  knowledge of the place, because there are no apparent dangers to
  navigation there, or that he confounds this place with a promontory
  of the same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius explains this passage by
  supposing that the houses of the place were originally built with the
  shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses’ fleet――a most puerile explanation!
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 553.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Scylax=, a geographer and mathematician of Caria, in the age of Darius
  son of Hystaspes, about 550 years before Christ. He was commissioned
  by Darius to make discoveries in the east, and after a journey of
  30 months he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he was the first who
  invented geographical tables. The latest edition of the _Periplus_ of
  Scylax, is that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1597. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 44.――_Strabo._――――A river of Cappadocia.

=Scylla=, a daughter of Nisus king of Megara, who became enamoured
  of Minos, as that monarch besieged her father’s capital. To make
  him sensible of her passion, she informed him that she would deliver
  Megara into his hands if he promised to marry her. Minos consented,
  and as the prosperity of Megara depended on a golden hair, which was
  on the head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, and
  from that moment the sallies of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and
  the enemy easily became master of the place. Scylla was disappointed
  in her expectations, and Minos treated her with such contempt and
  ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower into the sea, or,
  according to other accounts, she was changed into a lark by the
  gods, and her father into a hawk. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 393.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19, li. 21.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 198.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 405, &c.
  ――――A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phorcys, who was
  greatly loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of the sea. Scylla
  scorned the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render her
  more propitious, applied to Circe, whose knowledge of herbs and
  incantations was universally admired. Circe no sooner saw him than
  she became enamoured of him, and instead of giving him the required
  assistance, she attempted to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To
  punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into
  the waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the
  nymph touched the place than she found every part of her body below
  the waist changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which never
  ceased barking. The rest of her body assumed an equally hideous form.
  She found herself supported by 12 feet, and she had six different
  heads, each with three rows of teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so
  terrified her, that she threw herself into that part of the sea which
  separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was changed into
  rocks, which continued to bear her name, and which were universally
  deemed by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as well as
  the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. During a tempest
  the waves are described by modern navigators as roaring dreadfully
  when driven into the rough and uneven cavities of the rock. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 85.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 66,
  &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Hyginus_, fable 199. Some authors,
  as _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 4, li. 39, and _Virgil_, eclogue 6,
  li. 74, with _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 500, have confounded the
  daughter of Typhon with the daughter of Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 3, li. 424, &c.――――A ship in the fleet of Æneas, commanded by
  Cloanthus, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 122.

=Scyllæum=, a promontory of Peloponnesus on the coast of Argolis.――――A
  promontory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the same as
  Scylaceum, near which was the famous whirlpool Scylla, from which the
  name is derived.

=Scyllias=, a celebrated swimmer who enriched himself by diving after
  the goods which had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships near Pelium.
  It is said that he could dive 80 stadia under the water. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 8, ch. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.

=Scyllis= and =Dipœnus=, statuaries of Crete before the age of Cyrus
  king of Persia. They were said to be sons and pupils of Dædalus, and
  they established a school at Sicyon, where they taught the principles
  of their profession. _Pausanias._――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.

=Scyllus= (untis), a town of Achaia, given to Xenophon by the
  Lacedæmonians. _Strabo._

=Scylūrus=, a monarch who left 80 sons. He called them to his bedside
  as he expired, and by enjoining them to break a bundle of sticks tied
  together, and afterwards separately, he convinced them that, when
  altogether firmly united, their power would be insuperable, but,
  if ever disunited, they would fail an easy prey to their enemies.
  _Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.

=Scyppium=, a town in the neighbourhood of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,
  ch. 3.

=Scyras=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.

=Scyrias=, a name applied to Deidamia as a native of Scyros. _Ovid_,
  _Ars Amatoria_, ♦bk. 1, li. 682.

    ♦ Book number omitted from text.

=Scyros=, a rocky and barren island in the Ægean, at the distance
  of about 28 miles north-east from Eubœa, 60 miles in circumference.
  It was originally in the possession of the Pelasgians and Carians.
  Achilles retired there not to go to the Trojan war, and became father
  of Neoptolemus by Deidamia the daughter of king Lycomedes. Scyros was
  conquered by the Athenians under Cimon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10,
  li. 508.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 464; bk. 13, li. 156.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Scythæ=, the inhabitants of Scythia. _See:_ Scythia.

=Scythes=, or =Scytha=, a son of Jupiter by a daughter of Tellus.
  Half his body was that of a man, and the rest that of a serpent. He
  became king of a country which he called Scythia. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.
  ――――A son of Hercules and Echidna.

=Scythia=, a large country situate in the most northern parts of
  Europe and Asia, from which circumstance it is generally denominated
  European and Asiatic. The most northern parts of Scythia were
  uninhabited on account of the extreme coldness of the climate. The
  more southern parts in Asia that were inhabited were distinguished
  by the name of Scythia _intra et extra Imaum_, &c. The boundaries of
  Scythia were unknown to the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated
  beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at the north, east, and west.
  Scythia comprehended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, Russia in Asia,
  Siberia, Muscovy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania,
  the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scythians
  were divided into several nations or tribes; they had no cities, but
  continually changed their habitations. They inured themselves to bear
  labour and fatigue; they despised money, and lived upon milk, and
  covered themselves with the skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed
  to flourish among them, and that philosophy and moderation which
  other nations wished to acquire by study, seemed natural to them.
  Some authors, however, represent them as a savage and barbarous
  people, who fed upon human flesh, who drank the blood of their
  enemies, and used the skulls of travellers as vessels in their
  sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians made several irruptions
  upon the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when
  they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we find
  them at different periods extending their conquests in Europe, and
  penetrating as far as Egypt. Their government was monarchical, and
  the deference which they paid to their sovereigns was ♦unparalleled.
  When the king died, his body was carried through every province,
  where it was received in solemn procession, and afterwards buried.
  In the first centuries after Christ they invaded the Roman empire
  with the Sarmatians. _See:_ Sarmatia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 64; bk. 2, li. 224.

    ♦ ‘uuparalleled’ replaced with ‘unparalleled’

=Scythīnus=, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia, who wrote iambics.
  _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Heraclides_.――_Athenæus_, bk. 11.

=Scython=, a man changed into a woman. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 280.

=Scythopŏlis=, a town of Syria, said to have been built by Bacchus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 18.

=Scythotauri=, a people of Chersonesus Taurica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Sebasta=, a town of Judæa.――――Another in Cilicia.――――The name was
  common to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus.

=Sebastīa=, a city of Armenia.

=Sebennȳtus=, a town of the Delta in Egypt. The branch of the Nile
  which flows near it has been called the _Sebennytic_. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 10.

=Sebētus=, a small river of Campania, falling into the bay of Naples,
  whence the epithet _Sebethis_, given to one of the nymphs who
  frequented its borders, and became mother of Œbalus by Telon.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 734.

=Sebusiāni=, or =Segusiani=, a people of Celtic Gaul.

=Sectānus=, an infamous debauchee in the age of Horace, bk. 1, satire 4,
  li. 112.

=Secundus Julius=, a man who published some harangues and orations in
  the age of the emperor Titus.――――A favourite of Nero.――――One of the
  associates of Sejanus.

=Seditāni=, or =Sedentāni=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 372.

=Sedūni=, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 3.

=Sedusii=, a people of Germany near the Suevi. _Cæsar._

=Segesta=, a town of Sicily founded by Æneas, or, according to some, by
  Crinisus. _See:_ Ægesta.

=Segestes=, a German, friendly to the Roman interest in the time of
  Germanicus. His daughter married Arminius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
  ch. 55.

=Segetia=, a divinity at Rome, invoked by the husbandmen that the
  harvest might be plentiful. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8.
  ――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 16.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 2.

=Segni=, a people with a town of the same name in Belgic Gaul. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 6.

=Segrobrica=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Segōnax=, a prince in the southern parts of Britain, who opposed Cæsar,
  by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.

=Segontia=, or =Seguntia=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Livy_,
  bk. 34, ch. 10.

=Segontiăci=, a people of Belgic Gaul, who submitted to Julius Cæsar.

=Segovia=, a town of Spain, of great power in the age of the Cæsars.
  ――――There was also another of the same name in Lusitania. Both had
  been founded by the Celtiberi.

=Seguntium=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Carnarvon_ in Wales.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.

=Segusiāni=, a people of Gaul on the Loire. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.

=Segusio=, a town of Piedmont on the Durias. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Ælius Sejānus=, a native of Vulsinum in Tuscany, who distinguished
  himself in the court of Tiberius. His father’s name was Seuis Strabo,
  a Roman knight, commander of the pretorian guards. His mother was
  descended from the Junian family. Sejanus first gained the favours
  of Caius Cæsar the grandson of Augustus, but afterwards he attached
  himself to the interest and the views of Tiberius, who then sat on
  the imperial throne. The emperor, who was naturally of a suspicious
  temper, was free and open with Sejanus, and while he distrusted
  others, he communicated his greatest secrets to this fawning
  favourite. Sejanus improved this confidence, and when he had found
  that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he next endeavoured to
  become the favourite of the soldiers and the darling of the senate.
  As commander of the pretorian guards he was the second man in Rome,
  and in that important office he made use of insinuations and every
  mean artifice to make himself beloved and revered. His affability and
  condescension gained him the hearts of the common soldiers, and by
  appointing his own favourites and adherents to places of trust and
  honour, all the officers and centurions of the army became devoted
  to his interest. The views of Sejanus in this were well known; yet
  to advance with more success, he attempted to gain the affection of
  the senators. In this he met with no opposition. A man who has the
  disposal of places of honour and dignity, and who has the command
  of the public money, cannot but be the favourite of those who are in
  need of his assistance. It is even said that Sejanus gained to his
  views all the wives of the senators, by a private and most secret
  promise of marriage to each of them, whenever he had made himself
  independent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however successful with
  the best and noblest families in the empire, Sejanus had to combat
  numbers in the house of the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were
  soon removed. All the children and grandchildren of Tiberius were
  sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite under various pretences;
  and Drusus the son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his
  destruction sure and inevitable. Livia the wife of Drusus was gained
  by Sejanus, and though the mother of many children, she was prevailed
  upon to assist her adulterer in the murder of her husband, and she
  consented to marry him when Drusus was dead. No sooner was Drusus
  poisoned than Sejanus openly declared his wish to marry Livia. This
  was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and the emperor, by recommending
  Germanicus to the senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold
  and determined. He was more urgent in his demands; and when he could
  not gain the consent of the emperor, he persuaded him to retire to
  solitude from the noise of Rome and the troubles of the government.
  Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, yielded to his
  representations, and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head
  of the empire. This was highly gratifying to the favourite, and he
  was now without a master. Prudence and moderation might have made him
  what he wished to be; but Sejanus offended the whole empire when he
  declared that he was emperor of Rome, and Tiberius only the dependent
  prince of the island of Capreæ, where he had retired. Tiberius was
  upon this fully convinced of the designs of Sejanus; and when he had
  been informed that his favourite had had the meanness and audacity
  to ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, the emperor ordered
  him to be accused before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his
  pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; and the man who aspired
  to the empire, and who called himself the favourite of the people,
  the darling of the pretorian guards, and the companion of Tiberius,
  was seized without resistance, and the same day strangled in prison,
  A.D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury and insolence of the
  populace, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His children and
  all his relations were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed
  to his resentment and suspicions all those who were even connected
  with Sejanus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his confidence.
  _Tacitus_, bk. 3, _Annals_, &c.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.――_Suetonius_,
  _Tiberias_.

=Cnæus Seius=, a Roman who had a famous horse of large size and
  uncommon beauty. He was put to death by Antony, and it was observed,
  that whoever obtained possession of his horse, which was supposed to
  be of the same race as the horses of Diomedes destroyed by Hercules,
  and which was called _Sejanus equus_, became unfortunate, and lost
  all his property, with every member of his family. Hence arose the
  proverb, _ille homo habet Sejanum equum_, applied to such as were
  oppressed with misfortunes. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Seius Strabo=, the father of Sejanus, was a Roman knight, and
  commander of the pretorian guards.

=Selasia.= _See:_ Sellasia.

=Selemnus=, a river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. _See:_
  Selimnus.

=Selēne=, the wife of Antiochus king of Syria, put to death by Tigranes
  king of Armenia. She was daughter of Physcon king of Egypt, and had
  first married her brother Lathurus, according to the custom of her
  country, and afterwards, by desire of her mother, her other brother
  Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, surnamed
  Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by whom she had two sons.
  According to Appian, she first married the father, and after his
  death, his son Eusebes. _Appian_, _Syrian Wars_, &c.

=Seleucēna=, or =Seleucis=, a country of Syria, in Asia. _See:_
  Seleucis.

=Seleucīa=, a town of Syria, on the sea-shore, generally called
  _Pieria_, to distinguish it from others of the same name. There were
  no less than eight other cities which were called Seleucia, and which
  had all received their name from Seleucus Nicator. They were all
  situate in the kingdom of Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates.
  _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 15.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.――――Also
  the residence of the Parthian kings. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to his
  Friends_, ltr. 14.

=Seleucĭdæ=, a surname given to those monarchs who sat on the throne of
  Syria, which was founded by Seleucus the son of Antiochus, from whom
  the word is derived. The era of the Seleucidæ begins with the taking
  of Babylon by Seleucus, B.C. 312, and ends at the conquest of Syria
  by Pompey, B.C. 65. The order in which these monarchs reigned is
  shown in the account of Syria. _See:_ Syria.

=Seleucis=, a division of Syria, which received its name from Seleucus,
  the founder of the Syrian empire after the death of Alexander the
  Great. It was also called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities which it
  contained, called also sister cities; Seleucia called after Seleucus,
  Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and
  Apamea after his wife. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Seleucus I.=, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, surnamed
  _Nicator_, or _Victorious_, was son of Antiochus. After the king’s
  death, he received Babylon as his province; but his ambitious
  views, and his attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed through his
  territories, rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for safety to
  the court of his friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after
  enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his absence,
  and he increased his dominions by the immediate conquest of Media,
  and some of the neighbouring provinces. When he had strengthened
  himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated the example of the rest
  of the generals of Alexander, and assumed the title of independent
  monarch. He afterwards made war against Antigonus, with the united
  forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; and after this monarch
  had been conquered and slain, his territories were divided among his
  victorious enemies. When Seleucus became master of Syria, he built a
  city there, which he called Antioch in honour of his father, and made
  it the capital of his dominions. He also made war against Demetrius
  and Lysimachus, though he had originally married Stratonice the
  daughter of the former, and had lived in the closest friendship with
  the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered by one of his servants
  called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the greatest
  favours, and whom he had distinguished by acts of the most unbounded
  confidence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greatest and most
  powerful of the princes who inherited the Macedonian empire after the
  death of Alexander. His benevolence has been commended; and it has
  been observed, that he conquered not to enslave nations, but to make
  them more happy. He founded no less than 34 cities in different parts
  of his empire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, whose national
  industry, learning, religion, and spirit, were communicated to
  the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus was a
  great benefactor to the Greeks; he restored to the Athenians the
  library and statues which Xerxes had carried away from their city
  when he invaded Greece, and among them were those of Harmodius and
  Aristogiton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before the christian era,
  in the 32nd year of his reign, and the 78th, or, according to others,
  the 73rd year of his age, as he was going to conquer Macedonia,
  where he intended to finish his days in peace and tranquillity in
  that province where he was born. He was succeeded by Antiochus Soter.
  _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4; bk. 15, ch. 4; bk. 16, ch. 3, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 51.――_Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 12.

=Seleucus II.=, surnamed _Callinicus_, succeeded his father Antiochus
  Theus on the throne of Syria. He attempted to make war against
  Ptolemy king of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a violent
  storm, and his armies soon after conquered by his enemy. He was at
  last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an officer who made himself powerful
  by the dissensions which reigned in the house of the Seleucidæ,
  between the two brothers Seleucus and Antiochus; and after he had
  been a prisoner for some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his
  horse, B.C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. Seleucus had received the
  surname of _Pogon_, from his long beard, and that of _Callinicus_,
  ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. He had married
  Laodice the sister of one of his generals, by whom he had two sons,
  Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom he gave in marriage to
  Mithridates king of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 27.
  ――_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.

=Seleucus III.=, succeeded his father Seleucus II. on the throne of
  Syria, and received the surname of _Ceraunus_, by antiphrasis, as he
  was a very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. He was murdered by
  two of his officers, after a reign of three years, B.C. 223, and his
  brother Antiochus, though only 15 years old, ascended the throne, and
  rendered himself so celebrated that he acquired the name of the Great.
  _Appian._

=Seleucus IV.=, succeeded his father Antiochus the Great on the throne
  of Syria. He was surnamed _Philopater_, or, according to Josephus,
  _Soter_. His empire had been weakened by the Romans when he became
  monarch, and the yearly tribute of 1000 talents to those victorious
  enemies concurred in lessening his power and consequence among
  nations. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B.C. 175.
  His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, there to receive his
  education, and he became a prince of great abilities. _Strabo_,
  bk. 16.――_Justin_, bk. 32.――_Appian._

=Seleucus V.=, succeeded his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of
  Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was put to death in the first
  year of his reign by Cleopatra his mother, who had also sacrificed
  her husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned by many historians in
  the number of the Syrian monarchs.

=Seleucus VI.=, one of the Seleucidæ, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed
  his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain the crown of
  Syria. He was some time after banished from his kingdom by Antiochus
  Pius son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a
  palace by the inhabitants, B.C. 93. _Appian._――_Josephus._

=Seleucus=, a prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians offered the crown
  of which they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he soon
  disgusted his subjects, and received the surname of _Cybiosactes_,
  or _Scullion_, for his meanness and avarice. He was at last murdered
  by Berenice, whom he had married.――――A servant of Cleopatra the
  last queen of Egypt, who accused his mistress, before Octavianus, of
  having secreted part of her jewels and treasures.――――A mathematician
  intimate with Vespasian the Roman emperor.――――A part of the Alps.
  ――――A Roman consul.――――A celebrated singer. _Juvenal_, satire 10,
  li. 211.――――A king of the Bosphorus, who died B.C. 429.

=Selge=, a town of Pamphylia, made a colony by the Lacedæmonians.
  _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13.――_Strabo._

=Selimnus=, a shepherd of Achaia, who for some time enjoyed the
  favours of the nymph Argyra without interruption. Argyra was at last
  disgusted with her lover, and the shepherd died through melancholy,
  and was changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also
  changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into
  a fountain, and was fond of mingling her waters with those of the
  Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Selīnuns=, or =Selīnus= (untis), a town on the southern parts of
  Sicily, founded A.U.C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It received
  its name from σελινον, _parsley_, which grew there in abundance. The
  marks of its ancient consequence are visible in the venerable ruins
  now found in its neighbourhood. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 705.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.――――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus,
  which watered the town of Scillus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.
  ――――Another in Achaia.――――Another in Sicily.――――A river and town of
  Cilicia, where Trajan died. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――――Two small rivers near Diana’s temple at Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.――――A lake at the entrance of the Cayster. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Sellasia=, a town of Laconia, where Cleomenes was defeated by the
  Achæans, B.C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedæmonians
  survived the battle. _Plutarch._

=Sellēis=, a river of Peloponnesus falling into the Ionian sea. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_.

=Selletæ=, a people of Thrace near mount Hæmus. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.

=Selli=, an ancient nation of Epirus near Dodona. _Lucan_, bk. 3,
  li. 180.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Selymbria=, a town of Thrace on the Propontis. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 39.

=Sĕmĕle=, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione the daughter of Mars and
  Venus. She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was always
  jealous of her husband’s amours, and who hated the house of Cadmus
  because they were related to the goddess of beauty, determined to
  punish this successful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, which
  contained every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of
  Beroe, Semele’s nurse, she visited the house of Jupiter’s mistress.
  Semele listened with attention to the artful admonitions of the false
  Beroe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to her
  arms with the same majesty as he approached Juno. This rash request
  was heard with horror by Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Styx
  to grant Semele whatever she required, he came to her bed attended
  by the clouds, the lightning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature
  of Semele could not endure so much majesty, and she was instantly
  consumed with fire. The child, however, of which she was pregnant,
  was saved from the flames by Mercury, or, according to others, by
  Dirce, one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him in
  his thigh the rest of the time which he ought to have been in his
  mother’s womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele
  immediately after death was honoured with immortality under the name
  of Thyone. Some, however, suppose that she remained in the infernal
  regions till Bacchus her son was permitted to bring her back. There
  were in the temple of Diana, at Trœzene, two altars raised to the
  infernal gods, one of which was over an aperture, through which, as
  Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his mother. Semele
  was particularly worshipped at Brasiæ in Laconia, where, according to
  a certain tradition, she had been driven by the winds with her son,
  after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea on account of her incontinent
  amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though she received
  divine honours, had no temples; she had a statue in a temple of
  Ceres, at Thebes, in Bœotia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 9,
  ch. 5.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 323.
  ――_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.――_Euripides_, _Bacchæ_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 4.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 254; _Fasti_, bk. 3,
  li. 715.――_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 4.

=Semigermāni=, a name given to the Helvetii, a people of Germany.
  _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.

=Semiguntus=, a general of the Cherusci, taken prisoner by Germanicus,
  &c. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Sĕmīrămis=, a celebrated queen of Assyria, daughter of the goddess
  Derceto by a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but her
  life was preserved by doves for one whole year, till Simmas, one
  of the shepherds of Ninus, found her, and brought her up as his own
  child. Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones the governor of
  Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, by her
  advice and prudent directions, she hastened the king’s operations
  and took the city. These eminent services, but chiefly her uncommon
  beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of her husband,
  and offered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but Menones, who
  tenderly loved Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added threats
  to entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was Menones dead than
  Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she
  had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond of Semiramis, that at
  her request he resigned the crown to her, and commanded her to be
  proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. Of this, however,
  he had cause to repent; Semiramis put him to death, the better to
  establish herself on the throne, and when she had no enemies to fear
  at home, she began to repair the capital of her empire, and by her
  means Babylon became the most superb and magnificent city in the
  world. She visited every part of her dominions, and left everywhere
  immortal monuments of her greatness and benevolence. To render the
  roads passable and communication easy, she hollowed mountains and
  filled up valleys; and water was conveyed at a great expense, by
  large and convenient aqueducts, to barren deserts and unfruitful
  plains. She was not less distinguished as a warrior. Many of the
  neighbouring nations were conquered; and when Semiramis was once told,
  as she was dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left
  her toilette with precipitation, and though only half dressed, she
  refused to have the rest of her head adorned before the sedition was
  quelled and tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been accused
  of licentiousness, and some authors have observed that she regularly
  called the strongest and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and
  afterwards put them to death, that they might not be living witnesses
  of her incontinence. Her passion for her son was also unnatural, and
  it was this criminal propensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his
  mother with his own hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed into
  a dove after death, and received immortal honours in Assyria. It is
  supposed that she lived about 1965 years before the christian era,
  and that she died in the 62nd year of her age, and the 25th of her
  reign. Many fabulous reports have been propagated about Semiramis,
  and some have declared that for some time she disguised herself
  and passed for her son Ninyas. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 3.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 184.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Justin_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute_, &c.――_Ovid_, _Amores_,
  bk. 1, poem 5, li. 11; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 58.――_Marcellinus_,
  bk. 14, ch. 6.

=Semnŏnes=, a people of Italy, on the borders of Umbria.――――Of Germany,
  on the Elbe and Oder.

=Semōnes=, inferior deities of Rome, that were not in the number of
  the 12 great gods. Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus,
  Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as
  had received divine honours after death. The word seems to be the
  same as _semi homines_, because they were inferior to the supreme
  gods and superior to men. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.

=Semosanctus=, one of the gods of the Romans among the _Indigetes_, or
  such as were born and educated in their country.

=Sempronia=, a Roman matron, mother of the two Gracchi, celebrated
  for her learning, and her private as well as public virtues.――――Also
  a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused of having assisted the
  triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus to murder her husband Scipio
  Africanus the younger. The name of Sempronia was common to the female
  descendants of the family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios.

=Semprōnia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus the
  tribune, A.U.C. 630, ordained that no person who had been legally
  deprived of a magistracy for misdemeanours should be capable of
  bearing an office again. This law was afterwards repealed by the
  author.――――Another, _de civitate_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It
  ordained that no capital judgment should be passed over a Roman
  citizen without the concurrence and authority of the senate. There
  were also some other regulations, included in this law.――――Another,
  _de comitiis_, by the same, A.U.C. 635. It ordained that, in giving
  their votes, the centuries should be chosen by lot, and not give it
  according to the order of their classes.――――Another, _de comitiis_,
  by the same, the same year, which granted to the Latin allies of Rome
  the privilege of giving votes at elections, as if they were Roman
  citizens.――――Another, _de provinciis_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It
  enacted that the senators should be permitted before the assembly of
  the consular _comitia_, to determine as they pleased the particular
  provinces which should be proposed to the consuls, to be divided
  by lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived of the power of
  interposing against a decree of the senate.――――Another, called
  _agraria prima_, by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C.
  620. It confirmed the _lex agraria Licinia_, and enacted that all
  such as were in possession of more lands than that law allowed,
  should immediately resign them, to be divided among the poor citizens.
  Three commissioners were appointed to put this law into execution;
  and its consequences were so violent, as it was directly made against
  the nobles and senators, that it cost the author his life.――――Another,
  called _agraria altera_, by the same. It required that all the ready
  money which was found in the treasury of Attalus king of Pergamus,
  who had left the Romans his heirs, should be divided among the poorer
  citizens of Rome, to supply them with all the various instruments
  requisite in husbandry, and that the lands of that monarch should be
  farmed by the Roman censors, and the money drawn from thence should
  be divided among the people.――――Another, _frumentaria_, by Caius
  Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a certain quantity of corn
  should be distributed among the people, so much to every individual,
  for which it was required that they should only pay the trifling sum
  of a _semissis_, and a _triens_.――――Another, _de usurâ_, by Marcus
  Sempronius the tribune, A.U.C. 560. It ordained that, in lending
  money to the Latins and the allies of Rome, the Roman laws should be
  observed as well as among the citizens.――――Another, _de judicibus_,
  by the tribune Caius Sempronius, A.U.C. 630. It required that the
  right of judging, which had been assigned to the Senatorian order
  by Romulus, should be transferred from them to the Roman knights.
  ――――Another, _militaris_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that
  the soldiers should be clothed at the public expense, without any
  diminution of their usual pay. It also ordered that no person should
  be obliged to serve in the army before the age of 17.

=Semprōnius Aulus Atratinus=, a senator who opposed the Agrarian law,
  which was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of
  the tribunes.――――Lucius Atratinus, a consul A.U.C. 310. He was one
  of the first censors with his colleague in the consulship, Papirius.
  ――――Caius, a consul summoned before an assembly of the people because
  he had fought with ill success against the Volsci.――――Blæsus, a
  consul who obtained a triumph for some victories gained in Sicily.
  ――――Sophus, a consul against the Æqui. He also fought against the
  Picentes, and during the engagement there was a dreadful earthquake.
  The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus encouraged them, and observed
  that the earth trembled only for fear of changing its old masters.
  ――――A man who proposed a law that no person should dedicate a temple
  or altar, without the previous approbation of the magistrates, A.U.C.
  449. He repudiated his wife because she had gone to see a spectacle
  without his permission or knowledge.――――Rufus, a senator, banished
  from the senate, because he had killed a crane to serve him as
  food.――――Tuditanus, a man sent against Sardinia by the Romans.――――A
  legionary tribune, who led away from Cannæ the remaining part of
  the soldiers who had not been killed by the Carthaginians. He was
  afterwards consul, and fought in the field against Annibal with
  great success. He was killed in Spain.――――Tiberius Longus, a Roman
  consul defeated by the Carthaginians in an engagement which he had
  begun against the approbation of his colleague Cornelius Scipio. He
  afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls.――――Tiberius
  Gracchus, a consul who defeated the Carthaginians and the Campanians.
  He was afterwards betrayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the hands
  of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had made a long and
  bloody resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed great honour to
  his remains; a funeral pile was raised at the head of the camp, and
  the enemy’s cavalry walked round it in solemn procession.――――Gracchus,
  a man who had debauched Julia. _See:_ Gracchus.――――A eunuch, made
  governor of Rome by Caracalla.――――Densus, a centurion of a pretorian
  cohort who defended the person of Galba against his assassins. He was
  killed in the attempt.――――The father of the Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus.
  ――――A censor, who was also sent as ambassador to the court of Egypt.
  ――――A tribune of the people, &c. _Tacitus._――_Florus._――_Livy._
  ――_Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Appian._――――An emperor. _See:_ Saturninus.

=Semurium=, a place near Rome, where Apollo had a temple. _Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, bk. 6, ch. 6.

=Sena=, or =Senogallia=, a town of Umbria in Italy, on the Adriatic,
  built by the Senones, after they had made an irruption into Italy,
  A.U.C. 396; and on that account called Gallica. There was also a
  small river in the neighbourhood which bore the name of _Sena_. It
  was near it that Asdrubal was defeated by Claudius Nero. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Cato._――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.――_Livy_, bk. 27,
  ch. 46.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.

=Sĕnātus=, the chief council of the state among the Romans. The
  members of this body, called _senatores_ on account of their _age_,
  and _patres_ on account of their _authority_, were of the greatest
  consequence in the republic. The senate was first instituted by
  Romulus to govern the city, and to preside over the affairs of the
  state during his absence. This was continued by his successors; but
  Tarquin II. disdained to consult them, and by having his own council
  chosen from his favourites, and from men who were totally devoted to
  his interest, he diminished the authority and the consequence of the
  senators, and slighted the concurrence of the people. The senators
  whom Romulus created were 100, to whom he afterwards added the same
  number when the Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the ancient
  made the senate consist of 300, and this number remained fixed for
  a long time. After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose tyranny
  had thinned the patricians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators
  were chosen to complete the 300; and as they were called _conscripts_,
  the senate ever afterwards consisted of members who were denominated
  _patres_ and _conscripti_. The number continued to fluctuate during
  the times of the republic, but gradually increased to 700, and
  afterwards to 900 under Julius Cæsar, who filled the senate with men
  of every rank and order. Under Augustus, the senators amounted to
  1000, but this number was reduced to 300, which being the cause of
  complaints, induced the emperor to limit the number to 600. The place
  of a senator was always bestowed upon merit; the monarchs had the
  privilege of choosing the members, and after the expulsion of the
  Tarquins, it was one of the rights of the consuls, till the election
  of the censors, who from their office seemed most capable of making
  choice of men whose character was irreproachable, whose morals were
  pure, and relations honourable. Sometimes the assembly of the people
  elected senators, but it was only upon some extraordinary occasions;
  there was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number of the senate
  after the battle of Cannæ. Only particular families were admitted
  into the senate; and when the plebeians were permitted to share the
  honours of the state, it was then required that they should be born
  of free citizens. It was also required that the candidates should be
  knights before their admission into the senate. They were to be above
  the age of 25, and to have previously passed through the inferior
  offices of questor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, and consul.
  Some, however, suppose that the senators whom Romulus chose were all
  old men; yet his successors neglected this, and often men who were
  below the age of 25 were admitted by courtesy into the senate. The
  dignity of a senator could not be supported without the possession of
  80,000 sesterces, or about 7000_l._ English money; and therefore such
  as squandered away their money, and whose fortune was reduced below
  this sum, were generally struck out of the list of senators. This
  regulation was not made in the first ages of the republic, when the
  Romans boasted of their poverty. The senators were not permitted to
  be of any trade or profession. They were distinguished from the rest
  of the people by their dress; they wore the laticlave, half boots
  of a black colour, with a crescent or silver buckle in the form of
  a C; but this last honour was confined only to the descendants of
  those 100 senators who had been elected by Romulus, as the letter C
  seems to imply. They had the sole right of feasting publicly in the
  capitol in ceremonial habits; they sat in curule chairs, and at the
  representation of plays and public spectacles, they were honoured
  with particular seats. Whenever they travelled abroad, even on their
  own business, they were maintained at the public expense, and always
  found provisions for themselves and their attendants ready prepared
  on the road; a privilege that was generally termed _free legation_.
  On public festivals they wore the _prætexta_, or long white robe,
  with purple borders. The right of convoking the senate belonged
  only to the monarchs; and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, to
  the consuls, the dictator, master of the horse, governor of Rome,
  and tribunes of the people; but no magistrate could exercise this
  privilege except in the absence of a superior officer, the tribunes
  excepted. The time of meeting was generally three times a month, on
  the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus they were not assembled
  on the nones. It was requisite that the place where they assembled
  should have been previously consecrated by the augur. This was
  generally in the temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo,
  Castor and Pollux, &c., or in the Curiæ called Hostilia, Julia,
  Pompeia, &c. When audience was given to foreign ambassadors, the
  senators assembled without the walls of the city, either in the
  temples of Bellona or of Apollo; and the same ceremony as to their
  meeting was also observed when they transacted business with their
  generals, as the ambassadors of foreign nations, and the commanders
  of armies, while in commission, were not permitted to appear within
  the walls of the city. To render their decrees valid and authentic,
  a certain number of members was requisite, and such as were absent
  without some proper cause, were always fined. In the reign of
  Augustus, 400 senators were requisite to make a senate. Nothing
  was transacted before sunrise, or after sunset. In their office
  the senators were the guardians of religion; they disposed of the
  provinces as they pleased, they prorogued the assemblies of the
  people, they appointed thanksgivings, nominated their ambassadors,
  distributed the public money, and, in short, had the management of
  everything political or civil in the republic, except the creating
  of the magistrates, the enacting of laws, and the declarations of
  war or peace, which were confined to the assemblies of the people.
  Rank was always regarded in their meetings; the chief magistrates of
  the state, such as the consuls, the pretors, and censors, sat first;
  after these the inferior magistrates, such as the ediles and questors,
  and last of all, those that then exercised no office in the state.
  Their opinions were originally collected, each according to his age;
  but when the office of censor was instituted, the opinion of the
  _princeps senatus_, or the person whose name stood first on the
  censor’s list, was first consulted, and afterwards those who were
  of consular dignity, each in their respective order. In the age of
  Cicero the consuls elect were first consulted; and in the age of
  Cæsar, he was permitted to speak first till the end of the year,
  on whom the consul had originally conferred that honour. Under the
  emperors the same rules were observed, but the consuls were generally
  consulted before all others. When any public matter was introduced
  into the senate, which was always called _referre ad senatum_, any
  senator whose opinion was asked, was permitted to speak upon it as
  long as he pleased; and on that account it was often usual for the
  senators to protract their speeches till it was too late to determine.
  When the question was put, they passed to the side of that speaker
  whose opinion they approved, and a majority of votes was easily
  collected, without the trouble of counting the numbers. This mode
  of proceeding was called _pedibus in alicujus sententiam ire_; and
  therefore, on that account, the senators who had not the privilege
  of speaking, but only the right of giving a silent vote, such as bore
  some curule honours, and on that account were permitted to sit in the
  senate, but not to deliberate, were denominated _pedarii senatores_.
  After the majority had been known, the matter was determined, and
  a _senatus consultum_ was immediately written by the clerks of the
  house, at the feet of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by all
  the principal members of the house. When there was not a sufficient
  number of members to make a senate, the decision was called _senatus
  autoritas_; but it was of no consequence if it did not afterwards
  pass into a _senatus consultum_. The tribunes of the people, by the
  word _veto_, could stop the debates, and the decrees of the assembled
  senate, as also any one who was of equal authority with him who had
  proposed the matter. The _senatus consulta_ were left in the custody
  of the consuls, who could suppress or preserve them; but about the
  year of Rome 304, they were always deposited in the temple of Ceres,
  and afterwards in the treasury, by the ediles of the people. The
  degradation of the senators was made by the censor, by omitting their
  names when he called over the list of the senate. This was called
  _præterire_. A senator could be again introduced into the senate
  if he could repair his character or fortune, which had been the
  causes why the censor had lawfully called him unqualified, and had
  challenged his opposition. The meeting of the senate was often sudden,
  except the particular times already mentioned, upon any emergency.
  After the death of Julius Cæsar, they were not permitted to meet on
  the ides of March, which were called _parricidium_, because on that
  day the dictator had been assassinated. The sons of senators, after
  they had put on the _toga virilis_, were permitted to come into
  the senate, but this was afterwards limited. _See:_ Papirius. The
  rank and authority of the senators, which were so conspicuous in the
  first ages of the republic, and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus
  to declare that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings,
  dwindled into nothing under the emperors. Men of the lowest character
  were admitted into the senate; the emperors took pleasure in robbing
  this illustrious body of their privileges and authority, and the
  senators themselves, by their manners and servility, contributed
  as much as the tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their own
  consequence; and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the
  cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the world that they no
  longer possessed sufficient prudence or authority to be consulted on
  matters of weight and importance. In the election of successors to
  the imperial purple after Augustus, the approbation of the senate was
  consulted, but it was only a matter of courtesy, and the concurrence
  of a body of men was little regarded who were without power, and
  under the control of a mercenary army. The title of _Clarissimus_ was
  given to the senators under the emperors, and, indeed, this was the
  only distinction which they had in compensation for the loss of their
  independence. The senate was abolished by Justinian, 13 centuries
  after its first institution by Romulus.

=Senĕca Marcus Annæus=, a native of Corduba in Spain, who married
  Helvia, a woman of Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca the
  philosopher, Annæus Novatus, and Annæus Mela, the father of the
  poet Lucan. Seneca made himself known by some declamations, of which
  he made a collection from the most celebrated orators of the age;
  and from that circumstance, and for distinction, he obtained the
  appellation of _declamator_. He left Corduba, and went to Rome,
  where he became a Roman knight. His son Lucius Annæus Seneca, who
  was born about six years before Christ, was early distinguished by
  his extraordinary talents. He was taught eloquence by his father,
  and received lessons in philosophy from the best and most celebrated
  stoics of the age. As one of the followers of the Pythagorean
  doctrines, Seneca observed the most reserved abstinence, and in his
  meals never ate the flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the
  representation of his father, when Tiberius threatened to punish
  some Jews and Egyptians, who abstained from certain meats. In the
  character of a pleader, Seneca appeared with great advantage, but the
  fear of Caligula, who aspired to the name of an eloquent speaker, and
  who consequently was jealous of his fame, deterred him from pursuing
  his favourite study, and he sought a safer employment in canvassing
  for the honours and offices of the state. He was made questor, but
  the aspersions which were thrown upon him on account of a shameful
  amour with Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the emperor
  banished him for some time into Corsica. During his banishment, the
  philosopher wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, remarkable
  for elegance of language and for sublimity; but he soon forgot his
  philosophy and disgraced himself by his flatteries to the emperor,
  and in wishing to be recalled, even at the expense of his innocence
  and character. The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the marriage
  of Agrippina with Claudius, proved favourable to Seneca; and after
  he had remained five years in Corsica, he was recalled by the empress
  to take care of the education of her son Nero, who was destined to
  succeed to the empire. In the honourable duty of preceptor, Seneca
  gained applause; and as long as Nero followed his advice, Rome
  enjoyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe and happy under
  the administration of the son of Agrippina. Some, however, are
  clamorous against the philosopher, and observe that Seneca initiated
  his pupil in those unnatural vices and abominable indulgences which
  disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. This may be the language of
  malevolence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the corrupted age of
  Nero, the preceptor had to withstand the clamours of many wicked and
  profligate ministers; and if he had been the favourite of the emperor,
  and shared his pleasures, his debauchery and extravagance, Nero would
  not perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a man whose example,
  from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and whose salutary
  precepts his licentious associates forbade him to obey. Seneca was
  too well acquainted with the natural disposition of Nero to think
  himself secure; he had been accused of having amassed the most ample
  riches, and of having built sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful
  gardens, during the four years in which he had attended Nero as a
  preceptor, and therefore he desired his imperial pupil to accept of
  the riches, and the possessions which his attendance on his person
  had procured, and to permit him to retire to solitude and study.
  Nero refused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid further
  suspicions, kept himself at home for some time as if labouring
  under a disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some time
  after, and in which some of the most noble of the Roman senators
  were concerned, Seneca’s name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero,
  who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him to his secret
  jealousy, ordered him to destroy himself. Seneca very probably was
  not accessary to the conspiracy, and the only thing which could be
  produced against him as a crimination, was trivial and unsatisfactory.
  Piso, as Natalis declared, had complained that he never saw Seneca,
  and the philosopher had observed in answer, that it was not proper
  or conducive to their common interest to see one another often. He
  further pleaded indisposition, and said that his own life depended
  upon the safety of Piso’s person. Seneca was at table with his wife
  Paulina and two of his friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived.
  He heard the words which commanded him to destroy himself, with
  philosophical firmness, and even with joy; and observed, that such a
  mandate might have long been expected from a man who had murdered his
  own mother, and assassinated all his friends. He wished to dispose
  of his possessions as he pleased, but this was refused; and when
  he heard this, he turned to his friends who were weeping at his
  melancholy fate, and told them, that since he could not leave them
  what he believed his own, he would leave them at least his own
  life for an example, an innocent conduct which they might imitate,
  and by which they might acquire immortal fame. Against their tears
  and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and asked them whether
  they had not learnt better to withstand the attacks of fortune, and
  the violence of tyranny? As for his wife, he attempted to calm her
  emotions, and when she seemed resolved to die with him, he said he
  was glad to find his example followed with so much constancy. Their
  veins were opened at the same moment, but the life of Paulina was
  preserved, and Nero, who was partial to her ordered the blood to
  be stopped; and from that moment, according to some authors, the
  philosopher’s wife seemed to rejoice that she could still enjoy the
  comforts of life. Seneca’s veins bled but slowly, and it has been
  observed, that the sensible and animated conversation of his dying
  moments was collected by his friends, and that it has been preserved
  among his works. To hasten his death he drank a dose of poison, but
  it had no effect, and therefore he ordered himself to be carried into
  a hot bath, to accelerate the operation of the draught, and to make
  the blood flow more freely. This was attended with no better success;
  and as the soldiers were clamorous, he was carried into a stove, and
  suffocated by the steam, on the 12th of April, in the 65th year of
  the christian era, in his 53rd year. His body was burnt without pomp
  or funeral ceremony, according to his will, which he had made when
  he enjoyed the most unbounded favours of Nero. The compositions of
  Seneca are numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is so much
  admired for his refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for his
  morality, his constancy, and his innocence of manners, that St.
  Jerome has not hesitated to rank him among christian writers. His
  style is nervous, it abounds with ornament, and seems well suited to
  the taste of the age in which he lived. The desire of recommending
  himself and his writings to the world, obliged him too often to
  depreciate the merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity.
  His treatises are _de irâ_, _de consolatione_, _de Providentiâ_,
  _de tranquillitate animi_, _de clementiâ_, _de sapientis constantiâ_,
  _de otio sapientis_, _de brevitate vitæ_, _de beneficiis_, _de vitâ
  beatâ_, besides his _naturales quæstiones_, _ludus in Claudium_,
  _moral letters_, &c. There are also some tragedies ascribed to
  _Seneca._ Quintilian supposes that the _Medea_ is his composition,
  and according to others, the _Troas_ and the _Hippolytus_ were also
  written by him, and the _Agamemnon_, _Hercules furens_, _Thyestes_
  & _Hercules in Oetâ_ by his father, Seneca the declaimer. The
  best editions of Seneca are those of Antwerp, folio, 1615, and of
  Gronovius, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1672; and those of his tragedies,
  are that of Schroder’s, 4to, Delft, 1728, and the 8vo of Gronovius,
  Leiden, 1682. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.――_Dio Cassius._
  ――_Suetonius_, _Nero_, &c.――_Quintilian._

=Claudius Senecio=, one of Nero’s favourites, and the associate of his
  pleasures and debauchery.――――Tullius, a man who conspired against
  Nero, and was put to death though he turned informer against the rest
  of the conspirators.――――A man put to death by Domitian, for writing
  an account of the life of Helvidius, one of the emperor’s enemies.
  ――――One of Constantine’s enemies.――――A man who from a restless and
  aspiring disposition acquired the surname of _Grandio_. _Seneca_,
  _Suasoriæ_, ch. 1.

=Senia=, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Senna=, or =Sena=, a river of Umbria. _See:_ Sena. _Lucan_, bk. 2,
  li. 407.

=Senŏnes=, an uncivilized nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their
  native possessions, and under the conduct of Brennus, invaded Italy
  and pillaged Rome. They afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins,
  and Etrurians to make war against the Romans, till they were totally
  destroyed by Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that part of
  Italy where they settled near Umbria, and which from them was called
  Senogallia, were Fanum Fortunæ, Sena, Pisaurum, and Ariminum. _See:_
  Cimbri. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 254.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35, &c.――_Florus._――――A people of Germany near
  the Suevi.

=Sentia lex=, _de senatu_, by Cnæus Sentius the consul, A.U.C. 734,
  enacted the choosing of proper persons to fill up the number of
  senators.

=Sentinum=, a town of Umbria. _Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 27 & 30.

=Sentius Cnæus=, a governor of Syria, under the emperors.――――A governor
  of Macedonia.――――Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, who
  assisted the Egyptians in murdering him.――――A Roman emperor. _See:_
  Severus.――――A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexander, of whose
  life he wrote an account in Latin, or, according to others, in Greek.

=Sepias=, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the north of Eubœa, now
  _St. George_.

=Seplasia=, a place of Capua, where ointments were sold. _Cicero_,
  _Against Piso_, chs. 7 & 11.

=Septem aquæ=, a portion of the lake near Reate. _Cicero_, bk. 4,
  _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.――――Fratres, a mountain of Mauritania,
  now _Gebel-Mousa_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――Maria, the entrance of the
  seven mouths of the Po.

=Septempeda=, a town of Picenum.

=Septerion=, a festival observed once in nine years at Delphi, in
  honour of Apollo. It was a representation of the pursuit of Python by
  Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the god.

=Titus Septimius=, a Roman knight distinguished by his poetical
  compositions both lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus
  as well as Horace, who has addressed the sixth of his second book of
  Odes to him.――――A centurion put to death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A native of Africa, who distinguished himself
  at Rome as a poet. He wrote, among other things, a hymn in praise
  of Janus. Only 11 of his verses are preserved. _Marcus Terentius
  [Varro]._――_Petrus Crinitus_, _Lives_.

=Lucius Septimuleius=, a friend of Caius Gracchus. He suffered himself
  to be bribed by Opimius, and had the meanness to carry his friend’s
  head fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome.

=Sepyra=, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero when he presided over that
  province. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ch. 4.

=Sequăna=, a river of Gaul, which separates the territories of the
  Belgæ and the Celtæ, and is now called _la Seine_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 425.

=Sequăni=, a people of Gaul near the territories of the Ædui, between
  the Saone and mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c.
  _See:_ Ædui. The country which they inhabited is now called _Franche
  Compté_, or _Upper Burgundy_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Sequinius=, a native of Alba, who married one of his daughters to
  Curiatius of Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. The
  two daughters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male
  children.

=Serapio=, a surname given to one of the Scipios, because he resembled
  a swine-herd of that name.――――A Greek poet who flourished in the age
  of Trajan. He was intimate with Plutarch.――――An Egyptian put to death
  by Achillas, when he came at the head of an embassy from Ptolemy, who
  was a prisoner in the hands of Julius Cæsar.――――A painter. _Pliny_,
  bk. 35, ch. 10.

=Serāpis=, one of the Egyptian deities, supposed to be the same
  as Osiris. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis, another very
  rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. The worship of Serapis
  was introduced at Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A.D. 146,
  and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, but with so much
  licentiousness that the senate were soon after obliged to abolish
  them. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circumstantial manner of the
  deities, and of the religion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of
  the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as the bull Apis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 2, ch. 34.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 4, ch. 83.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 30.

=Serbōnis=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine.

=Serēna=, a daughter of Theodosius, who married Stilicho. She was put
  to death, &c. _Claudian._

=Sereniānus=, a favourite of Gallus the brother of Julian. He was put
  to death.

=Serēnus Samonicus=, a physician in the age of the emperor Severus and
  Caracalla. There remains a poem of his composition on medicine, the
  last edition of which is that of 1706, in 8vo, Amsterdam.――――Vibius,
  a governor of Spain, accused of cruelty in the government of his
  province, and put to death by order of Tiberius.

=Seres=, a nation of Asia, according to Ptolemy, between the Ganges
  and the eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They were naturally of
  a meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabrication was unknown to
  the ancients, who imagined that the materials were collected from
  the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from their country, and on
  that account it received the name of _Sericum_, and thence a garment
  or dress of silk is called _serica vestis_. Heliogobalus the Roman
  emperor was the first who wore a silk dress, which at that time was
  sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards became very cheap, and
  consequently was the common dress among the Romans. Some suppose
  that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 16.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 29, li. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 19,
  lis. 142 & 292.――_Ovid_, _Am._ 1, poem 14, li. 6.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 121.

=Sergestus=, a sailor in the fleet of Æneas, from whom the family of
  the Sergii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 121.

=Sergia=, a Roman matron. She conspired with others to poison their
  husbands. The plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of her
  accomplices, drank poison and died.

=Sergius=, one of the names of Catiline.――――A military tribune at the
  siege of Veii. The family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched
  out into the several families of the _Fidenates_, _Sili_, _Catilinæ_,
  _Nattæ_, _Ocellæ_, and _Planci_.

=Sergius= and =Sergiōlus=, a deformed youth, greatly admired by the
  Roman ladies in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 105, _et seq._

=Serīphus=, an island in the Ægean sea, about 36 miles in circumference,
  according to Pliny only 12, very barren, and uncultivated. The
  Romans generally sent their criminals there in banishment, and it was
  there that Cassius Severus the orator was exiled, and there he died.
  According to Ælian, the frogs of this island never croaked, but when
  they were removed from the island to another place, they were more
  noisy and clamorous than others; hence the proverb of _seriphia rana_,
  applied to a man who neither speaks nor sings. This, however, is
  found to be a mistake by modern travellers. It was on the coast of
  Seriphos that the chest was discovered in which Acrisius had exposed
  his daughter Danae and her son Perseus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Ælian_,
  _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 3, ch. 37.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 21.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 242; bk. 7, li. 65.

=Sermyla=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122.

=Seron=, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes.

=Serrānus=, a surname given to Cincinnatus, because he was found
  _sowing_ his fields when told that he had been elected dictator.
  Some, however, suppose that Serranus was a different person from
  Cincinnatus. _Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 844.――――One of the auxiliaries of
  Turnus, killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 335.――――A poet of some merit in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 80.

=Serrheum=, a fortified place of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16.

=Quintus Sertorius=, a Roman general, son of Quintus and Rhea, born at
  Nursia. His first campaign was under the great Marius, against the
  Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the enemy’s camp as a spy, and had
  the misfortune to lose one eye in the first battle he fought. When
  Marius and Cinna entered Rome and slaughtered all their enemies,
  Sertorius accompanied them, but he expressed his sorrow and concern
  at the melancholy death of so many of his countrymen. He afterwards
  fled for safety into Spain, when Sylla had proscribed him, and
  in this distant province he behaved himself with so much address
  and valour that he was looked upon as the prince of the country.
  The Lusitanians universally revered and loved him, and the Roman
  general did not show himself less attentive to their interest, by
  establishing public schools, and educating the children of the
  country in the polite arts, and the literature of Greece and Rome.
  He had established a senate, over which he presided with consular
  authority, and the Romans, who followed his standard, paid equal
  reverence to his person. They were experimentally convinced of
  his valour and ♦magnanimity as a general, and the artful manner in
  which he imposed upon the credulity of his adherents in the garb
  of religion, did not diminish his reputation. He pretended to hold
  commerce with heaven by means of a white hind which he had tamed with
  great success, and which followed him everywhere, even in the field
  of battle. The success of Sertorius in Spain, and his popularity
  among the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops
  to oppose him, but with little success. Four armies were found
  insufficient to crush or even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and Metellus,
  who never engaged an enemy without obtaining the victory, were driven
  with dishonour from the field. But the favourite of the Lusitanians
  was exposed to the dangers which usually attend greatness. Perpenna,
  one of his officers who was jealous of his fame and tired of a
  superior, conspired against him. At a banquet the conspirators began
  to open their intentions by speaking with freedom and licentiousness
  in the presence of Sertorius, whose age and character had hitherto
  claimed deference from others. Perpenna overturned a glass of wine,
  as a signal for the rest of the conspirators, and immediately
  Antonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, and the example
  was followed by all the rest, 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has
  been commended for his love of justice and moderation. The flattering
  description which he heard of the Fortunate Islands when he passed
  into the west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid adieu to the world,
  and perhaps he would have retired from the noise of war, and the
  clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom of a peaceful and
  solitary island, had not the stronger calls of ambition and the love
  of fame prevailed over the intruding reflections of a moment. It has
  been observed that in his latter days ♠Sertorius became indolent,
  and fond of luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must confess that in
  affability, clemency, complaisance, generosity, and military valour,
  he not only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest of the Romans.
  _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.――_Florus_, bk.
  3, ch. 21, &c.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 2; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Eutropius._――_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15, ch. 22.

    ♦ ‘magnamimity’ replaced with ‘magnanimity’

    ♠ ‘Sertorious’ replaced with ‘Sertorius’

=Servæus=, a man accused by Tiberius of being privy to the conspiracy
  of Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 7.

=Serviānus=, a consul in the reign of Adrian. He was a great favourite
  of the emperor Trajan.

=Servilia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly enamoured of Julius
  Cæsar, though her brother was one of the most inveterate enemies of
  her lover. To convince Cæsar of her affection, she sent him a letter
  filled with the most tender expressions of regard for his person. The
  letter was delivered to Cæsar in the senate-house, while they were
  debating about punishing the associates of Catiline’s conspiracy;
  and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from the
  conspirators, and insisted immediately on its being made public.
  Upon this Cæsar gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner
  read its contents, than he threw it back, with the words of “Take it,
  drunkard.” From the intimacy which existed between Servilia and Cæsar,
  some have supposed that the dictator was the father of Marcus Brutus.
  _Plutarch_, _Cæsar_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――――Another sister
  of Cato, who married Silanus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――――A
  daughter of Thrasea, put to death by order of Nero with her father.
  Her crime was the consulting of magicians only to know what would
  happen in her family.

=Servilia lex=, _de pecuniis repetundis_, by Caius Servilius the pretor,
  A.U.C. 653. It punished severely such as were guilty of peculation
  and extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are not precisely
  known.――――Another, _de judicibus_, by Quintus Servilius Cæpio the
  consul, A.U.C. 648. It divided the right of judging between the
  senators and the equites, a privilege which, though originally
  belonging to the senators, had been taken from them and given to
  the equites.――――Another, _de civitate_, by Caius Servilius, ordained
  that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he was condemned,
  the accuser should be honoured with the name and the privileges of a
  Roman citizen.――――Another, _agraria_, by Publius Servilius Rullus the
  tribune, A.U.C. 690. It required the immediate sale of certain houses
  and lands which belonged to the people, for the purchase of others in
  a different part of Italy. It required that 10 commissioners should
  be appointed to see it carried into execution, but Cicero prevented
  its passing into a law by the three orations which he pronounced
  against it.

=Serviliānus=, a Roman consul defeated by Viriathus, in Spain, &c.

=Servilius Quintus=, a Roman who in his dictatorship defeated the Æqui.
  ――――Publius, a consul who supported the cause of the people against
  the nobles, and obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of
  the senate, after defeating the Volsci. He afterwards changed his
  opinions, and very violently opposed the people because they had
  illiberally treated him.――――A proconsul killed at the battle of Cannæ
  by Annibal.――――Ahala, a master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus.
  When Mælius refused to appear before the dictator to answer the
  accusations which were brought against him on suspicion of his
  aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the people whose
  protection he claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder and banished,
  but his sentence was afterwards repealed. He was raised to the
  dictatorship.――――Marcus, a man who pleaded in favour of Paulus
  Æmilius, &c.――――An augur prosecuted by Lucullus for his inattention
  in his office. He was acquitted.――――A pretor ordered by the senate
  to forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted by
  the conqueror’s soldiers.――――A man appointed to guard the sea-coast
  of Pontus by Pompey.――――Publius, a proconsul of Asia during the
  age of Mithridates. He conquered Isauria, for which service he was
  surnamed _Isauricus_, and rewarded with a triumph.――――A Roman general
  who defeated an army of Etrurians.――――An informer in the court of
  Tiberius.――――A favourite of Augustus.――――Geminus, a Roman consul who
  opposed Annibal with success.――――Nonianus, a Latin historian, who
  wrote a history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. There were more than
  one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarkable
  for his eloquence and learning; and Quintilian mentions another
  also illustrious for his genius and literary merit.――――Casca, one
  of Cæsar’s murderers.――――The family of the Servilii was of patrician
  rank, and came to settle at Rome after the destruction of Alba,
  where they were promoted to the highest offices of the state. To the
  several branches of this family were attached the different surnames
  of _Ahala_, _Axilla_, _Priscas_, _Cæpio_, _Structus_, _Geminus_,
  _Pulex_, _Vatia_, _Casca_, _Fidenas_, _Longus_, and _Tucca_.――――Lacus,
  a lake near Rome. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of Ameria_, ch. 32.

=Servius Tullius=, the sixth king of Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave
  of Corniculum, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country
  against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his
  wife, and she brought up her son in the king’s family, and added the
  name of _Servius_ to that which he had inherited from his father,
  to denote his _slavery_. Young Servius was educated in the palace of
  the monarch with great care, and though originally a slave, he raised
  himself so much to consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in
  marriage. His own private merit and virtues recommended him to notice
  not less than the royal favours, and Servius, become the favourite
  of the people and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality and
  complaisance, was easily raised to the throne on the death of his
  father-in-law. Rome had no reason to repent of her choice. Servius
  endeared himself still more as a warrior and as a legislator.
  He defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, and by a proper act of
  policy he established the census, which told him that Rome contained
  about 84,000 inhabitants. He increased the number of the tribes,
  he beautified and adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries
  by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and
  Esquilinus. He also divided the Roman people into tribes, and that
  he might not seem to neglect the worship of the gods, he built
  several temples to the goddess of fortune, to whom he deemed himself
  particularly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He also built a
  temple to Diana on mount Aventine, and raised himself a palace on the
  hill Esquilinus. Servius married his two daughters to the grandsons
  of his father-in-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns.
  This union, as might be supposed, tended to ensure the peace of his
  family; but if such were his expectations, he was unhappily deceived.
  The wife of Aruns, naturally fierce and impetuous, murdered her own
  husband to unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise assassinated
  his wife. These bloody measures were no sooner pursued than Servius
  was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed
  herself so inimical to filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered
  her chariot to be driven over the mangled body of her father, B.C.
  534. His death was universally lamented, and the slaves annually
  celebrated a festival in his honour, in the temple of Diana on mount
  Aventine, the day that he was murdered. Tarquinia, his wife, buried
  his remains privately, and died the following day. _Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 41.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 6.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 1, ch. 53.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 601.――――Galba,
  a seditious person who wished to refuse a triumph to Paulus
  Æmylius after the conquest of Macedonia.――――Claudius, a grammarian.
  _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――A friend of Sylla, who
  applied for the consulship to no purpose.――――Cornelius, a consul
  in the first ages of the republic, &c.――――Sulpitius, an orator
  in the age of Cicero and Hortensius. He was sent as ambassador to
  Marcus Antony, and died before his return. Cicero obtained a statue
  for him from the senate and the Roman people, which was raised
  in the Campus Martius. Besides orations he wrote verses, which
  were highly censured for their indelicacy. His works are lost.
  _Cicero_, _Brutus_, _Philippics_, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.――――A
  despicable informer in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1,
  li. 47.――――Honoratus Maurus, a learned grammarian in the age of
  young Theodosius. He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, still
  extant.

=Sesara=, a daughter of Celeus king of Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.

=Sesostris=, a celebrated king of Egypt some ages before the Trojan
  war. His father ordered all the children in his dominions who were
  born on the same day with him to be publicly educated, and to pass
  their youth in the company of his son. This succeeded in the highest
  degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself surrounded by
  a number of faithful ministers and active warriors, whose education
  and intimacy with their prince rendered them inseparably devoted to
  his interest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his father’s throne,
  he became ambitious of military fame, and after he had divided his
  kingdom into 36 different districts, he marched at the head of a
  numerous army to make the conquest of the world. Libya, Æthiopia,
  Arabia, with all the islands of the Red sea, were conquered, and
  the victorious monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated further
  into the east than the conqueror Darius. He also invaded Europe,
  and subdued the Thracians; and that the fame of his conquests might
  long survive him, he placed columns in the several provinces he had
  subdued; and many ages after, this pompous inscription was read in
  many parts of Asia: “Sesostris the king of kings has conquered this
  territory by his arms.” At his return home the monarch employed his
  time in encouraging the fine arts, and in improving the revenues of
  his kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods for the victories
  which he had obtained, and mounds of earth were heaped up in several
  parts of Egypt, where cities were built for the reception of the
  inhabitants during the inundations of the Nile. Some canals were also
  dug near Memphis to facilitate navigation, and the communication of
  one province with another. In his old age Sesostris, grown infirm
  and blind, destroyed himself, after a reign of 44 years, according
  to some. His mildness towards the conquered has been admired, while
  some have upbraided him for his cruelty and insolence in causing his
  chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs whom he had conquered.
  The age of Sesostris is so remote from every authentic record, that
  many have supported that the actions and conquests ascribed to this
  monarch are uncertain and totally fabulous. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 102, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 419.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 276.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 16.

=Sessites=, now _Sessia_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the
  Po. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Sestias=, a name applied to Hero, as born at Sestos. _Statius_, bk. 6,
  _Thebaid_, li. 547.

=Sestius=, a friend of Brutus, with whom he fought at the battle of
  Philippi. Augustus resigned the consulship in his favour, though he
  still continued to reverence the memory of Brutus.――――A governor of
  Syria.

=Sestos=, or =Sestus=, a town of Thrace on the shores of the Hellespont,
  exactly opposite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated for
  the bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont, as also
  for being the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Musæus_, _Hero & Leander_.――_Virgil_,
  _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 258.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18, ltr. 2.

=Sesuvii=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Setăbis=, a town of Spain between New Carthage and Saguntum, famous
  for the manufacture of linen. There was also a small river of the
  same name in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 474.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3;
  bk. 19, ch. 1.

=Sethon=, a priest of Vulcan, who made himself king of Egypt after the
  death of Anysis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered from
  this powerful enemy by an immense number of rats, which in one night
  gnawed their bow-strings and thongs, so that on the morrow their arms
  were found to be useless. From this wonderful circumstance Sethon
  had a statue which represented him with a rat in his hand, with the
  inscription of, “Whoever fixes his eyes upon me, let him be pious.”
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 141.

=Setia=, a town of Latium above the Pontine marshes, celebrated for
  its wines, which Augustus is said to have preferred to all others.
  _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.――_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 34; satire 10,
  li. 27.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 112.

=Sevēra Julia Aquilia=, a Roman lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus
  married. She was soon after repudiated, though possessed of all the
  charms of the mind and body which could captivate the most virtuous.
  ――――Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mother of Gratian, was
  well known for her avarice and ambition. The emperor, her husband,
  repudiated her and afterwards took her again. Her prudent advice at
  last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial throne.――――The wife of
  Philip the Roman emperor.

=Severiānus=, a governor of Macedonia, father-in-law to the emperor
  Philip.――――A general of the Roman armies in the reign of Valentinian,
  defeated by the Germans.――――A son of the emperor Severus.

=Sevērus Lucius Septimius=, a Roman emperor born at Leptis in Africa,
  of a noble family. He gradually exercised all the offices of
  the state, and recommended himself to the notice of the world by
  an ambitious mind and a restless activity, that could, for the
  gratification of avarice, endure the most complicated hardships.
  After the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove Didius
  Julianus, who had bought the imperial purple when exposed to sale
  by the licentiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he proclaimed
  himself emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where he was stationed
  against the barbarians. To support himself in this bold measure, he
  took as his partner in the empire Albinus, who was at the head of
  the Roman forces in Britain, and immediately marched towards Rome, to
  crush ♦Didius and all his partisans. He was received as he advanced
  through the country with universal acclamations, and Julianus himself
  was soon deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by his own
  soldiers. The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient to gratify
  his pride; the streets were strewed with flowers, and the submissive
  senate were ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles the
  conqueror claimed. In professing that he had assumed the purple only
  to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many
  adherents, and was enabled not only to disarm, but to banish the
  pretorians, whose insolence and avarice were become alarming not
  only to the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he was victorious
  at Rome, Severus did not forget that there was another competitor
  for the imperial purple. Pescennius Niger was in the east at the head
  of a powerful army, and with the name and ensigns of Augustus. Many
  obstinate battles were fought between the troops and officers of the
  imperial rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had been above
  five centuries before covered with the blood of the Persian soldiers
  of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men. The
  head of Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished
  in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his unfortunate rival.
  Severus afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which had shut her gates
  against him; and after he had conquered several nations in the
  east, he returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom
  he had hitherto reluctantly shared the imperial power. He attempted
  to assassinate him by his emissaries; but when this had failed of
  success, Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire
  was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and
  the conqueror was so elated with the recollection that he had now no
  longer a competitor for the purple, that he insulted the dead body of
  his rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had
  suffered it to putrefy before the door of his tent, and to be torn to
  pieces by his dogs. The family and the adherents of ♠Albinus shared
  his fate; and the return of Severus to the capital exhibited the
  bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest of the citizens
  were sacrificed, and their money became the property of the emperor.
  The wicked Commodus received divine honours, and his murderers were
  punished in the most wanton manner. Tired of the inactive life which
  he led in Rome, Severus marched into the east, with his two sons
  Caracalla and Geta, and with uncommon success made himself master
  of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposition
  far into the Parthian territories. From Parthia the emperor marched
  towards the more southern provinces of Asia: after he had visited
  the tomb of Pompey the Great, he entered Alexandria; and after he
  had granted a senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with the
  most criticizing and inquisitive curiosity the several monuments
  and ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain
  recalled him from the east. After he had reduced it under his power,
  he built a wall across the northern part of the island, to defend
  it against the frequent invasions of the Caledonians. Hitherto
  successful against his enemies, Severus now found the peace of his
  family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to murder his father as he was
  concluding a treaty of peace with the Britons; and the emperor was so
  shocked at the undutifulness of his son, that on his return home he
  called him into his presence, and after he had upbraided him for his
  ingratitude and perfidy, he offered him a drawn sword, adding, “If
  you are so ambitious of reigning alone, now imbrue your hands in the
  blood of your father, and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses
  of your want of filial tenderness.” If these words checked Caracalla,
  yet he did not show himself concerned, and Severus, worn out with
  infirmities which the gout and the uneasiness of his mind increased,
  soon after died, exclaiming he had been everything man could wish,
  but that he was then nothing. Some say that he wished to poison
  himself, but that when this was denied, he ate to great excess, and
  soon after expired at York on the 4th of February, in the 211th year
  of the christian era, in the 66th year of his age, after a reign
  of 17 years, eight months, and three days. Severus has been so much
  admired for his military talents, that some have called him the most
  warlike of the Roman emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and it has
  been observed that he never did an act of humanity or forgave a fault.
  In his diet he was temperate, and he always showed himself an open
  enemy to pomp and splendour. He loved the appellation of a man of
  letters, and he even composed a history of his own reign, which
  some have praised for its correctness and veracity. However cruel
  Severus may appear in his punishments and in his revenge, many have
  endeavoured to exculpate him, and observed that there was need of
  severity in an empire whose morals were so corrupted, and where no
  less than 3000 persons were accused of adultery during the space of
  17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, some were found to say, that it
  would have been better for the world if he had never been born, or
  had never died. _Dio Cassius._――_Herodian._――_Aurelius Victor._, &c.
  ――――Alexander Marcus Aurelius, a native of Phœnicia, adopted by
  Heliogabalus. His father’s name was Genesius Marcianus, and his
  mother’s Julia Mammæa, and he received the surname of _Alexander_,
  because he was born in a temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was
  carefully educated, and his mother, by paying particular attention to
  his morals, and the character of his preceptors, preserved him from
  those infirmities and that licentiousness which old age too often
  attributes to the depravity of youth. At the death of Heliogabalus,
  who had been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only in the
  14th year of his age, was proclaimed emperor, and his nomination was
  approved by the universal shouts of the army, and the congratulations
  of the senate. He had not long been on the throne before the peace of
  the empire was disturbed by the incursions of the Persians. Alexander
  marched into the east without delay, and soon obtained a decisive
  victory over the barbarians. At his return to Rome he was honoured
  with a triumph, but the revolt of the Germans soon after called him
  away from the indolence of the capital. His expedition in Germany was
  attended with some success, but the virtues and the amiable qualities
  of Alexander were forgotten in the stern and sullen strictness of the
  disciplinarian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmured against his
  severity; their clamours were fomented by the artifice of Maximinus,
  and Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the midst of his camp,
  after a reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 18th of March, A.D.
  235. His mother Mammæa shared his fate with all his friends; but
  this was no sooner known than the soldiers punished with immediate
  death all such as had been concerned in the murder except Maximinus.
  Alexander has been admired for his many virtues, and every historian,
  except Herodian, is bold to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman
  empire might soon have been freed from those tumults and abuses which
  continually disturbed her peace, and kept the lives of her emperors
  and senators in perpetual alarms. His severity in punishing offences
  was great, and such as had robbed the public, were they even the most
  intimate friends of the emperor, were indiscriminately sacrificed
  to the tranquillity of the state, which they had violated. The great
  offices of the state, which had before his reign been exposed to
  sale, and occupied by favourites, were now bestowed upon merit, and
  Alexander could boast that all his officers were men of trust and
  abilities. He was a patron of literature, and he dedicated the hours
  of relaxation to the study of the best Greek and Latin historians,
  orators, and poets; and in the public schools which his liberality
  and the desire of encouraging learning had founded, he often heard
  with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declamations
  of his subjects. The provinces were well supplied with provisions,
  and Rome was embellished with many stately buildings and magnificent
  porticoes. _Alexander Polyhistor_, _Lives_.――_Herodian._――_Zosim._
  ――_Aurelius Victor._――――Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricum,
  nominated Cæsar by Galerius. He was put to death by Maximianus, A.D.
  307.――――Julius, a governor of Britain under Adrian.――――A general of
  Valens.――――Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the west, at Ravenna,
  after the death of Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned.――――Lucius
  Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of Augustus, for some time
  employed in the judicial proceedings of the forum.――――Cassius,
  an orator banished into the island of Crete by Augustus, for his
  illiberal language. He was banished 17 years, and died in Seriphos.
  He is commended as an able orator, yet declaiming with more warmth
  than prudence. His writings were destroyed by order of the senate.
  _Suetonius_, _Octavian Augustus_.――_Quintilian._――――Sulpitius, an
  ecclesiastical historian, who died A.D. 420. The best of his works
  is his _Historia Sacra_, from the creation of the world to the
  consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is elegant, and superior
  to that of the age in which he lived. The best edition is in
  2 vols., 4to, Patavii, 1741.――――An officer under the emperor Julian.
  ――――Aquilius, a native of Spain, who wrote an account of his own life
  in the reign of the emperor Valens.――――An officer of Valentinian,
  &c.――――A prefect of Rome, &c.――――A celebrated architect employed in
  building Nero’s golden palace at Rome after the burning of that city.
  ――――A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 713.

    ♦ ‘Didus’ replaced with ‘Didius’

    ♠ ‘Albinius’ replaced with ‘Albinus’

=Sevo=, a ridge of mountains between Norway and Sweden, now called
  _Fiell_, or _Dofre_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.

=Seuthes=, a man who dethroned his monarch, &c.――――A friend of
  Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals.――――A Thracian king, who
  encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name is common to
  several of the Thracian princes.

=Sextia=, a woman celebrated for her virtue and her constancy, put to
  death by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.

=Sextia Licinia lex=, _de Magistratibus_, by Caius Licinius and
  Lucius Sextius the tribunes, A.U.C. 386. It ordained that one of the
  consuls should be elected from among the plebeians.――――Another, _de
  religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 385. It enacted that a decemvirate
  should be chosen from the patricians and plebeians instead of the
  _decemviri sacris faciundis_.

=Sextiæ Aquæ=, now _Aix_, a place of Cisalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri
  were defeated by Marius. It was built by Caius Sextius, and is famous
  for its cold and hot springs. _Livy_, bk. 61.――_Velleius Paterculus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 15.

=Sextilia=, the wife of Vitellius. She became mother of two children.
  _Suetonius_, _Lives_.――――Another in the same family. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64.

=Sextilius=, a governor of Africa, who ordered Marius, when he landed
  there, to depart immediately from his province. Marius heard this
  with some concern, and said to the messengers, “Go and tell your
  master that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting on the ruins
  of Carthage.” _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――――A Roman preceptor, who
  was seized and carried away by pirates, &c.――――One of the officers
  of Lucullus.――――Hæna, a poet. _See:_ ♦Hæna.――――An officer sent to
  Germany, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

    ♦ No matching reference

=Sextius=, a lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――A seditious tribune in
  the first ages of the republic.――――Lucius was remarkable for his
  friendship with Brutus; he gained the confidence of Augustus, and was
  consul. Horace, who was in the number of his friends, dedicated bk. 1,
  ode 4, to him.――――The first plebeian consul.――――A dictator.――――One of
  the sons of Tarquin. _See:_ Tarquinius.

=Sextus=, a prænomen given to the sixth son of a family.――――A son of
  Pompey the Great. _See:_ Pompeius.――――A stoic philosopher, born at
  Cheronæa in Bœotia. Some suppose that he was Plutarch’s nephew. He
  was preceptor to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.――――A governor of
  Syria.――――A philosopher in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the
  followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some of his works are still
  extant. The best edition of the treatise of Sextus Pompeis Festus,
  _Lexicon of Festus_, is that of Amsterdam, 4to, 1669.

=Sibæ=, a people of India. _Strabo._

=Sibaris.= _See:_ Sybaris.

=Sibīni=, a people near the Suevi.

=Siburtius=, a satrap of Arachosia, in the age of Alexander, &c.

=Sibyllæ=, certain women inspired by heaven, who flourished in
  different parts of the world. Their number is unknown. Plato speaks
  of one, others of two, Pliny of three, Ælian of four, and Varro of
  10, an opinion which is universally adopted by the learned. These
  10 Sibyls generally resided in the following places: Persia, Libya,
  Delphi, Cumæ in Italy, Erythræa, Samos, Cumæ in Æolia, Marpessa on
  the Hellespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tiburtis. The most celebrated
  of the Sibyls is that of Cumæ in Italy, whom some have called by the
  different names of Amalthæa, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto,
  Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became enamoured of
  her, and that, to make her sensible of his passion, he offered to
  give her whatever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as many
  years as she had grains of sand in her hand, but unfortunately forgot
  to ask for the enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of which
  she was then in possession. The god granted her her request, but
  she refused to gratify the passion of her lover, though he offered
  her perpetual youth and beauty. Some time after she became old and
  decrepit, her form decayed, and melancholy paleness and haggard looks
  succeeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 700
  years when Æneas came to Italy, and, as some have imagined, she had
  three centuries more to live before her years were as numerous as the
  grains of sand which she had in her hand. She gave Æneas instructions
  how to find his father in the infernal regions, and even conducted
  him to the entrance of hell. It was usual for the Sibyl to write her
  prophecies on leaves which she placed at the entrance of her cave,
  and it required particular care in such as consulted her to take
  up those leaves before they were dispersed by the wind, as their
  meaning then became incomprehensible. According to the most authentic
  historians of the Roman republic, one of the Sibyls came to the
  palace of Tarquin II., with nine volumes, which she offered to
  sell for a very high price. The monarch disregarded her, and she
  immediately disappeared, and soon after returned, when she had burned
  three of the volumes. She asked the same price for the remaining six
  books; and when Tarquin refused to buy them, she burned three more,
  and still persisted in demanding the same sum of money for the three
  that were left. This extraordinary behaviour astonished Tarquin; he
  bought the books, and the Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after
  appeared to the world. These books were preserved with great care by
  the monarch, and called the _Sibylline verses_. A college of priests
  was appointed to have the care of them; and such reverence did the
  Romans entertain for these prophetic books, that they were consulted
  with the greatest solemnity, and only when the state seemed to be
  in danger. When the capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sylla,
  the Sibylline verses, which were deposited there, perished in the
  conflagration; and to repair the loss which the republic seemed to
  have sustained, commissioners were immediately sent to different
  parts of Greece, to collect whatever verses could be found of the
  inspired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of the Sibylline verses,
  which were collected after the conflagration of the capitol, is
  unknown. There are now eight books of Sibylline verses extant, but
  they are universally reckoned spurious. They speak so plainly of our
  Saviour, of his sufferings, and of his death, as even to surpass far
  the sublime prediction of Isaiah in description, and therefore from
  this very circumstance, it is evident that they were composed in the
  second century, by some of the followers of christianity, who wished
  to convince the heathens of their error, by assisting the cause of
  truth with the arms of pious artifice. The word _Sibyl_ seems to be
  derived from σιου, Æolice for Διος, _Jovis_, and βουλη, _consilium_.
  _Plato_, _Phædras_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 35.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 109 & 140.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3,
  li. 445; bk. 6, li. 36.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 564.――_Pliny_, bk. 13,
  ch. 13.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――_Sallust._――_Cicero_, _Against
  Catiline_, ch. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 15,
  &c.

=Sica=, a man who showed much attention to Cicero in his banishment.
  Some suppose that he is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned by
  _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 14, chs. 4, 15.

=Sĭcambri=, or =Sicambria=, a people of Germany, conquered by the
  Romans. They revolted against Augustus, who marched against them,
  but did not totally reduce them. Drusus conquered them, and they were
  carried away from their native country to inhabit some of the more
  westerly provinces of Gaul. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 36; ode 14, li. 51.――_Tacitus_, bk. 2,
  _Annals_, ch. 26.

=Sicambria=, the country of the Sicambri, formed the modern provinces
  of Guelderland. _Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 1, li. 383.

=Sĭcāni=, a people of Spain, who left their native country and passed
  into Italy, and afterwards into Sicily, which they called _Sicania_.
  They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount Ætna, where they built
  some cities and villages. Some reckoned them the next inhabitants
  of the island after the Cyclops. They were afterwards driven from
  their ancient possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the western
  parts of the island. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 13.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 795.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, epode 17, li. 32.

=Sĭcānia= and =Sīcănia=, an ancient name of Italy, which it received
  from the Sicani, or from Sicanus their king, or from Sicanus, a small
  river in Spain, in the territory where they lived, as some suppose.
  The name was more generally given to Sicily. _See:_ Sicani.

=Sicca=, a town of Numidia at the west of Carthage. _Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_, ch. 56.

=Sicĕlis= (Sīcĕlĭdes, plural), an epithet applied to the inhabitants
  of Sicily. The Muses are called _Sicelides_ by Virgil, because
  Theocritus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as a writer
  of Bucolic poetry, professed to imitate. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.

=Sichæus=, called also _Sicharbas_ and _Acerbas_, was a priest of the
  temple of Hercules in Phœnicia. His father’s name was Plisthenes. He
  married Elisa the daughter of Belus, and sister to king Pygmalion,
  better known by the name of Dido. He was so extremely rich, that
  his brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his possessions. This
  murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido; and he amused her by
  telling her that her husband had gone upon an affair of importance,
  and that he would soon return. This would have perhaps succeeded
  had not the shades of Sichæus appeared to Dido, and related to her
  the cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to fly from Tyre, after
  she had previously secured some treasures, which, as he mentioned,
  were concealed in an obscure and unknown place. According to Justin,
  Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.

=Sicĭlia=, the largest and most celebrated island in the Mediterranean
  sea, at the bottom of Italy. It was anciently called _Sicania_,
  _Trinacria_, and _Triquetra_. It is of a triangular form, and has
  three celebrated promontories, one looking towards Africa, called
  Lilybæum; Pachynum looking towards Greece; and Pelorum towards
  Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumference, celebrated for
  its fertility, so much that it was called one of the granaries of
  Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an hundredfold.
  Its most famous cities were Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybæum,
  Agrigentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highest and most famous
  mountain in the island is Ætna, whose frequent eruptions are
  dangerous, and often fatal to the country and its inhabitants, from
  which circumstance the ancients supposed that the forges of Vulcan
  and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets feign that the Cyclops
  were the original inhabitants of this island, and that after them
  it came into the possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, and
  at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. _See:_ Siculi. The plains
  of Enna are well known for their excellent honey; and, according to
  Diodorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting on account of the
  many odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and
  Proserpine were the chief deities of the place, and it was there,
  according to poetical tradition, that the latter was carried away by
  Pluto. The Phœnicians and Greeks settled some colonies there, and at
  last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island till they
  were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors
  suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that
  it was separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits
  of the Charybdis were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were so
  fond of luxury, that _Siculæ mensæ_ became proverbial. The rights of
  citizens of Rome were extended to them by Marcus Antony. _Cicero_,
  bk. 14, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12; _Against Verres_, bk. 2,
  ch. 13.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 414, &c.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
  li. 11, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――The island of Naxos in the
  Ægean, was called Little Sicily on account of its fruitfulness.

=Lucius Sicinius Dentātus=, a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his
  valour and the honours he obtained in the field of battle, during the
  period of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He
  was present in 121 battles: he obtained 14 civic crowns, three mural
  crowns, eight crowns of gold, 83 golden collars, 60 bracelets, 18
  lances, 23 horses with all their ornaments, and all as the reward of
  his uncommon services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, which he
  had received all in his breast, particularly in opposing the Sabines
  when they took the capitol. The popularity of Sicinius became odious
  to Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself absolute at Rome, and
  therefore, to remove him from the capital, he sent him to the army,
  by which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of
  100 men who were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and
  wounded 30; and, according to Dionysius, the surviving number had
  recourse to artifice to overpower him, by killing him with a shower
  of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 405 years before
  the christian era. For his uncommon courage Sicinius has been called
  the Roman Achilles. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.――――Vellutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome.
  He raised cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers.
  _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.――――Sabinus, a Roman general who defeated
  the Volsci.

=Sicīnus=, a man privately sent by Themistocles to deceive Xerxes, and
to advise him to attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He had been
preceptor to Themistocles. _Plutarch._――――An island, &c.

=Sicŏrus=, now _Segre_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, rising in
  the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above
  its mouth. It was near this city that Julius Cæsar conquered Afranius
  and Petreius, the partisans of Pompey. _Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 14, 130,
  &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Sicŭli=, a people of Italy, driven from their possessions by the
  Opici. They fled into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the
  territories which the Sicani inhabited. They soon extended their
  borders, and after they had conquered their neighbours the Sicani,
  they gave their name to the island. This, as some suppose, happened
  about 300 years before Greek colonies settled in the island, or about
  1059 years before the christian era. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Dionysius
  of Halicarnassus._――_Strabo._

=Sicŭlum fretum=, the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, is 15
  miles long, but in some places so narrow, that the barking of dogs
  can be heard from shore to shore. This strait is supposed to have
  been formed by an earthquake, which separated the island from the
  continent. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Sicyon=, now _Basilico_, a town of Peloponnesus, the capital of
  Sicyonia. It is celebrated as being the most ancient kingdom
  of Greece, which began B.C. 2089, and ended B.C. 1088, under a
  succession of monarchs of whom little is known, except the names.
  Ægialeus was the first king. Some time after, Agamemnon made himself
  master of the place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of
  the Heraclidæ. It became very powerful in the time of the Achæan
  league, which it joined B.C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The
  inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some authors as dissolute and
  fond of luxury, hence the _Sicyonian shoes_, which were once very
  celebrated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 1118.――_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 16;
  bk. 33, ch. 15.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_,
  _Demosthenes_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.――_Cicero_, _On
  Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 519.

=Sicyonia=, a province of Peloponnesus, on the bay of Corinth, of which
  Sicyon was the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of Greece, and
  in its flourishing situation, not only its dependent states, but also
  the whole Peloponnesus, were called Sicyonia. The territory is said
  to abound with corn, wine, and olives, and also with iron mines. It
  produced many celebrated men, particularly artists. _See:_ Sicyon.

=Side=, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell by Juno, for boasting
  herself fairer than the goddess. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――――A
  daughter of Belus.――――A daughter of Danaus.――――A town of Pamphylia.
  _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 23.――_Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_,
  ltr. 6.

=Sidēro=, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by Pelias.

=Sidicīnum=, a town of Campania, called also _Teanum_. _See:_ Teanum.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 727.

=Sidon=, an ancient city of Phœnicia, the capital of the country, with
  a famous harbour, now called _Said_. It is situate on the shores of
  the Mediterranean, at the distance of about 50 miles from Damascus
  and 24 from Tyre. The people of Sidon were well known for their
  industry, their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, and commercial
  affairs, and in sea voyages. They, however, had the character of
  being very dishonest. Their women were peculiarly happy in working
  embroidery. The invention of glass, of linen, and of a beautiful
  purple dye, is attributed to them. The city of Sidon was taken by
  Ochus king of Persia, after the inhabitants had burnt themselves and
  the city, B.C. 351; but it was afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants.
  _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 217; bk. 10, li. 141.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.――_Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 411.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Sidoniorum insulæ=, islands in the Persian gulf. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Sidōnis=, is the country of which Sidon was the capital, situate
  at the west of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 19.――――Dido, as a native of the country,
  is often called Sidonis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 80.

=Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris=, a christian writer, born A.D.
  430. He died in the 52nd year of his age. There are remaining of his
  compositions, some letters and different poems, consisting chiefly
  of panegyrics on the great men of his time, written in heroic verse,
  and occasionally in other metre, of which the best edition is that
  of Labbæus, Paris, 4to, 1652.――――The epithet of _Sidonius_ is applied
  not only to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to express the
  excellence of anything, especially embroidery or dyed garments.
  Carthage is called _Sidonia urbs_, because built by Sidonians.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 682.

=Siena Julia=, a town of Etruria. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.
  ――_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, ch. 45.

♦=Siga=, now _Ned-Roma_, a town of Numidia, famous as the residence of
  Syphax. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.

    ♦ ‘Sida’ replaced with ‘Siga’

=Sigæum=, or =Sigēum=, now cape _Incihisari_, a town of Troas, on a
  promontory of the same name, where the Scamander falls into the sea,
  extending six miles along the shore. It was near Sigæum that the
  greatest part of the battles between the Greeks and Trojans were
  fought, as Homer mentions, and there Achilles was buried. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 312; bk. 7, li. 294.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 12, li. 71.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 962.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 12.

=Signia=, an ancient town of Latium, whose inhabitants were called
  _Signini_. The wine of Signia was used by the ancients for medicinal
  purposes. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 116.――――A mountain of Phrygia.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.

=Sigovessus=, a prince among the Celtæ, in the reign of Tarquin.
  _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.

=Sigȳni=, =Sigunæ=, or =Sigynnæ=, a nation of European Scythia, beyond
  the Danube. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 9.

=Sila=, or =Syla=, a large wood in the country of the Brutii near
  the Apennines, abounding in much pitch. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 713.

=Silāna Julia=, a woman at the court of Nero, remarkable for her
  licentiousness and impurities. She married Caius Julius, by whom she
  was divorced.

=Decimus Silānus=, a son of Titus Manlius Torquatus, accused of
  extortion in the management of the province of Macedonia. The
  father himself desired to hear the complaints laid against his
  son, and after he had spent two days in examining the charges of
  the Macedonians, he pronounced on the third day his son guilty of
  extortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of Rome. He also
  banished him from his presence, and so struck was the son at the
  severity of his father, that he hanged himself on the following
  night. _Livy_, bk. 54.――_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――Caius Junius, a consul under
  Tiberius, accused of extortion, and banished to the island of Cythere.
  _Tacitus._――――Marcus, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s armies in Gaul.――――The
  father-in-law of Caligula. _Suetonius_, _ Caligula_, ch. 22.――――A
  propretor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian forces there, while
  Annibal was in Italy.――――Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against
  Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though totally innocent, and
  condemned by the malice of his judges.――――Torquatus, a man put to
  death by Nero.――――Lucius, a man betrothed to Octavia the daughter
  of Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the day of her
  nuptials, ♦Silanus killed himself.――――An augur in the army of the
  10,000 Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa.

    ♦ ‘Salinus’ replaced with ‘Silanus’

=Sĭlărus=, a river of Picenum, rising in the Apennine mountains,
  and falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported,
  petrified all leaves that fell into it. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 146.――_Pliny_, bk. 2,
  ch. 103.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 582.

=Silēni=, a people on the banks of the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Silēnus=, a demi-god, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and
  attendant of the god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan,
  or, according to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was
  the place of his birth. After death he received divine honours, and
  had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a fat and
  jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always
  intoxicated. He was once found by some peasants in Phrygia, after he
  had lost his way, and could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried
  to king Midas, who received him with great attention. He detained
  him for 10 days, and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for which he
  was rewarded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched.
  Some authors assert that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied
  Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness
  of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often
  introduced speaking with all the gravity of a philosopher concerning
  the formation of the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns
  in general, and the Satyrs, are often called Sileni. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 25; bk. 6, ch. 24.――_Philostratus_, bk. 23.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3,
  &c.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 48.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li.
  13.――――A Carthaginian historian who wrote an account of the affairs
  of his country in the Greek language.――――An historian who wrote an
  account of Sicily.

=Silicense=, a river of Spain.

=Silicis mons=, a town near Padua.

=Silis=, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Catius Silius Italĭcus=, a Latin poet, who was originally at the bar,
  where he for some time distinguished himself, till he retired from
  Rome more particularly to consecrate his time to study. He was consul
  the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has observed, that when Trajan
  was invested with the imperial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome
  and congratulate him like the rest of his fellow-citizens, a neglect
  which was never resented by the emperor, or insolently mentioned by
  the poet. ♦Silius was in possession of a house where Cicero had lived,
  and another in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly
  remarked, that he looked upon no temple with greater reverence than
  upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, whose steps he followed,
  but whose fame he could not equal. The birthday of Virgil was yearly
  celebrated with unusual pomp and solemnity by Silius; and for his
  partiality, not only to the memory, but to the compositions of the
  Mantuan poet, he has been called the ape of Virgil. Silius starved
  himself when labouring under an imposthume which his physicians were
  unable to remove, in the beginning of Trajan’s reign, about the 75th
  year of his age. There remains a poem of Italicus, on the second
  Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly commended by Martial. The
  moderns have not been so favourable in their opinions concerning its
  merit. The poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the author deserves to
  be commended for his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, and
  his interesting descriptions. He has everywhere imitated Virgil, but
  with little success. ♦Silius was a great collector of antiquities.
  His son was honoured with the consulship during his lifetime. The
  best editions of Italicus will be found to be Drakenborch’s in 4to,
  Utrecht, 1717, and that of Cellarius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1695. _Martial_,
  bk. 11, ltr. 49, &c.――――Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly
  beloved by Messalina for his comely appearance and elegant address.
  Messalina obliged him to divorce his wife, that she might enjoy his
  company without intermission. Silius was forced to comply, though
  with reluctance, and he was at last put to death for the adulteries
  which the empress obliged him to commit. _Tacitus._――_Suetonius._
  ――_Dio Cassius._――――A tribune in Cæsar’s legions in Gaul.――――A
  commander in Germany, put to death by Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bks. ♠3 & 4.

    ♦ ‘Silinus’ replaced with ‘Silius’

    ♠ ‘5’ replaced with ‘3’

=Silphium=, a part of Libya.

=Silpia=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 12.

=Silvānus=, a rural deity, son of an Italian shepherd by a goat. From
  this circumstance he is generally represented as half a man and
  half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son of Picus, or, as others
  report, of Mars, or, according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria,
  a young woman, who introduced herself into her father’s bed, and
  became pregnant by him. The worship of Silvanus was established
  only in Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, he reigned in
  the age of Evander. This deity was sometimes represented holding
  a cypress in his hand, because he became enamoured of a beautiful
  youth called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree of the
  same name. Silvanus presided over gardens and limits, and he is
  often confounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. _Plutarch_,
  _Parallela minora_.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _Germania_,
  bk. 1, li. 20; bk. 2, li. 493.――_Ælian_, _de Natura Animalium_,
  bk. 6, ch. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10.――_Horace_, epode 2.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A man who murdered his wife
  Apronia, by throwing her down from one of the windows of her
  chambers.――――One of those who conspired against Nero.――――An officer
  of Constantius, who revolted and made himself emperor. He was
  assassinated by his soldiers.

=Silvium=, a town of Apulia, now _Gorgolione_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.
  ――――A town of Istria.

=Silures=, the people of South Wales in Britain.

=Simbrivius=, or =Simbruvius=, a lake of Latium, formed by the Anio.
  _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_, ch. 22.

=Simena=, a town of Lycia near Chimæra. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.

=Simēthus=, or =Symēthus=, a town and river at the east of Sicily,
  which served as a boundary between the territories of the people of
  Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbourhood the gods Palici were
  born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 584.

=Simĭlæ=, a grove at Rome where the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated.
  _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 12.

=Similis=, one of the courtiers of Trajan, who removed from Rome into
  the country to enjoy peace and solitary retirement.

=Simmias=, a philosopher of Thebes, who wrote dialogues.――――A
  grammarian of Rhodes.――――A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy against
  Alexander, on account of his intimacy with Philotas. _Curtius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 1.

=Simo=, a comic character in Terence.

=Sĭmois= (entis), a river of Troas, which rises in mount Ida and falls
  into the Xanthus. It is celebrated by Homer and most of the ancients
  poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought many battles during
  the Trojan war. It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern
  travellers, and even some have disputed its existence. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 104; bk. 3, li. 302, &c.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 31, li. 324.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Simosius=, a Trojan prince, son of Anthemion, killed by Ajax. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 473.

=Simon=, a currier of Athens, whom Socrates often visited on account
  of his great sagacity and genius. He collected all the information
  he could receive from the conversation of the philosopher, and
  afterwards published it with his own observations in 33 dialogues.
  He was the first of the disciples of Socrates who attempted to give
  an account of the opinions of his master concerning virtue, justice,
  poetry, music, honour, &c. These dialogues were extant in the age
  of the biographer Diogenes, who has preserved their title. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――Another who wrote on rhetoric. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.――――A sculptor. _Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 2,
  ch. 14.――――The name of Simon was common among the Jews.

=Sĭmōnĭdes=, a celebrated poet of Cos, who flourished 538 years B.C.
  His father’s name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote elegies,
  epigrams, and dramatical pieces, esteemed for their elegance and
  sweetness, and composed also epic poems, one on Cambyses king of
  Persia, &c. Simonides was universally courted by the princes of
  Greece and Sicily, and according to one of the fables of Phædrus,
  he was such a favourite of the gods, that his life was miraculously
  preserved in an entertainment when the roof of the house fell upon
  all those who were feasting. He obtained a poetical prize in the
  80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th year. The people
  of Syracuse, who had hospitably honoured him when alive, erected a
  magnificent monument to his memory. Simonides, according to some,
  added the four letters η, ω, ξ, ψ to the alphabet of the Greeks.
  Some fragments of his poetry are extant. According to some, the
  grandson of the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simonides. He
  flourished a few years before the Peloponnesian war, and was the
  author of some books of inventions, genealogies, &c. _Quintilian_,
  bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Phædras_, bk. 4, fables 21 & 24.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, ode 1, li. 38.――_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 102.――_Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_, &c.――_Aristotle._――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, poem 2.
  ――_Catullus_, bk. 1, poem 39.――_Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.

=Simplicius=, a Greek commentator on Aristotle, whose works were all
  edited in the 16th century, and the latter part of the 15th, but
  without a Latin version.

=Simŭlus=, an ancient poet, who wrote some verses on the Tarpeian rock.
  _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Simus=, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.

=Simyra=, a town of Phœnicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Sinæ=, a people of India called by Ptolemy the most eastern nation of
  the world.

=Sindæ=, islands in the Indian ocean, supposed to be the _Nicobar_
  islands.

=Sindi=, a people of European Scythia, on the Palus Mæotis. _Flaccus_,
  bk. 6, li. 86.

=Singæi=, a people on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace.

=Singara=, a city at the north of Mesopotamia, now _Sinjar_.

=Singulis=, a river of Spain falling into the Guadalquiver.

=Singus=, a town of Macedonia.

=Sinis=, a famous robber. _See:_ Scinis.

=Sinnaces=, a Parthian of an illustrious family, who conspired against
  his prince, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.

=Sinnăcha=, a town of Mesopotamia, where Crassus was put to death by
  Surena.

=Sinoe=, a nymph of Arcadia, who brought up Pan.

=Sinon=, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan
  war, and there distinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, and
  his intimacy with Ulysses. When the Greeks had fabricated the famous
  wooden horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands bound behind his back,
  and by the most solemn protestations, assured Priam that the Greeks
  were gone from Asia, and that they had been ordered to sacrifice one
  of their soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their return,
  and that because the lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation
  of Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not to be cruelly
  immolated. These false assertions were immediately credited by the
  Trojans, and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the wooden
  horse which the Greeks had left behind them, and to consecrate it to
  Minerva. His advice was followed, and Sinon in the night, to complete
  his perfidy, opened the side of the horse, from which issued a number
  of armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged their city.
  _Dares Phrygius._――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 492; bk. 11, li.
  521.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 79, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 27.――_Quintus Smyrnæus_, bk. 12, &c.

=Sinōpe=, a daughter of the Asopus by Methron. She was beloved by
  Apollo, who carried her away to the border of the Euxine sea, in Asia
  Minor, where she gave birth to a son called Syrus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――――A seaport town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, now _Sinah_, founded or
  rebuilt by a colony of Milesians. It was long an independent state,
  till Pharnaces king of Pontus seized it. It was the capital of Pontus,
  under Mithridates, and was the birthplace of Diogenes the cynic
  philosopher. It received its name from Sinope, whom Apollo carried
  there. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 67.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 &
  12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――――The original name
  of Sinuessa.

=Sinorix=, a governor of Gaul, &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.

=Sintice=, a district of Macedonia.

=Sintii=, a nation of Thracians, who inhabited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell
  there from heaven. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 594.

=Sinuessa=, a maritime town of Campania, originally called _Sinope_.
  It was celebrated for its hot baths and mineral waters, which
  cured people of insanity, and rendered women prolific. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 715.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 13.――_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 42; bk. 11,
  ltr. 8.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.

=Sion=, one of the hills on which Jerusalem was built.

=Siphnos=, now _Sifano_, one of the Cyclades, situate at the west of
  Paros, 20 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or, according
  to modern travellers, 40. Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and
  produced great plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were so
  depraved, that their licentiousness became proverbial. They, however,
  behaved with spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give earth
  and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in token of submission. There
  were some gold mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth
  part. When the inhabitants refused to continue to offer part of their
  gold to the god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and the mines
  disappeared. The air was so wholesome that many of the natives lived
  to their 120th year. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8,
  ch. 46.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Sipontum=, =Sipus=, or =Sepus=, a maritime town in Apulia in Italy,
  founded by Diomedes after his return from the Trojan war. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.――_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Sipy̆lum= and =Sipy̆lus=, a town of Lydia, with a mountain of the same
  name near the Meander, formerly called _Ceraunius_. The town was
  destroyed by an earthquake, with 12 others in the neighbourhood,
  in the reign of Tiberius. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 20.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 9.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.――――One of
  Niobe’s children, killed by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  fable 6.

=Sirbo=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine, now _Sebaket Bardoil_.
  _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Sīrēnes=, sea nymphs who charmed so much with their melodious voice,
  that all forgot their employments to listen with more attention, and
  at last died for want of food. They were daughters of the Achelous
  by the muse Calliope, or, according to others, by Melpomene or
  Terpsichore. They were three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia,
  and Leucosia, or, according to others, Mœolpe, Aglaophonos, and
  Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small island
  near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors suppose that they were
  monsters, who had the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest
  of the body like that of a bird; or rather that the whole body was
  covered with feathers, and had the shape of a bird, except the head,
  which was that of a beautiful female. This monstrous form they had
  received from Ceres, who wished to punish them, because they had not
  assisted her daughter when carried away by Pluto. But, according to
  Ovid, they were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they
  prayed the gods to give them wings that they might seek her in the
  sea as well as by land. The Sirens were informed by the oracle, that
  as soon as any persons passed by them without suffering themselves
  to be charmed by their ♦songs, they should perish; and their melody
  had prevailed in calling the attention of all passengers, till
  Ulysses, informed of the power of their voice by Circe, stopped the
  ears of his companions with wax, and ordered himself to be tied to
  the mast of his ship, and no attention to be paid to his commands,
  should he wish to stay and listen to their song. This was a salutary
  precaution. Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, but they
  were disregarded, and the fatal coast was passed with safety. Upon
  this artifice of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed, that they
  threw themselves into the sea and perished. Some authors say that the
  Sirens challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that
  the latter proved victorious, and plucked the feathers from the wings
  of their adversaries, with which they made themselves crowns. The
  place where the Sirens destroyed themselves was afterwards called
  _Sirenis_, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 864, places the _Sirenum Scoupli_ on the coast of Italy, near
  the island of Caprea. Some suppose that the Sirens were a number of
  lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers,
  and made them forget their pursuits while drowned in unlawful
  pleasures. The Sirens are often represented holding, one a lyre, a
  second a flute, and the third singing. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.
  ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 167.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Ammianus_,
  bk. 29, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 141.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 555; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3,
  li. 311.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33.

    ♦ ‘sons’ replaced with ‘songs’

=Sirenūsæ=, three small rocky islands near the coast of Campania, where
  the Sirens were supposed to reside.

=Siris=, a town of Magna Græcia, founded by a Grecian colony after the
  Trojan war, at the mouth of the river of the same name. There was
  a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Dionysius
  Periegetes_, li. 221.――――The Æthiopians gave that name to the Nile
  before its divided streams united into one current. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 9.――――A town of Pæonia in Thrace.

=Sirius=, or =Canicŭla=, the dog-star, whose appearance, as the
  ancients supposed, always caused great heat on the earth. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 141.

=Sirmio=, now _Sermione_, a peninsula in the lake Benacus, where
  Catullus had a villa. _Catullus_, poem 31.

=Sirmium=, the capital of Pannonia, at the confluence of the Savus and
  Bacuntius, very celebrated during the reign of the Roman emperors.

=Sisamnes=, a judge flayed alive for his partiality, by order of
  Cambyses. His skin was nailed on the benches of the other judges, to
  incite them to act with candour and impartiality. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 25.

=Sisapho=, a Corinthian, who had murdered his brother, because he had
  put his children to death. _Ovid_, _Ibis_.

=Sisapo=, a town of Spain, famous for its vermilion mines, whose
  situation is not well ascertained. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 7.――_Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Siscia=, a town of Pannonia, now _Sisseg_.

=Sisenes=, a Persian deserter, who conspired against Alexander, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Lucius Sisenna=, an ancient historian among the Romans, 91 B.C. He
  wrote an account of the republic, of which Cicero speaks with great
  warmth, and also translated from the Greek the Milesian fables of
  Aristides. Some fragments of his compositions are quoted by different
  authors. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 443.――_Cicero_, _Brutus_,
  ltrs. 64 & 67.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.――――Cornelius, a Roman,
  who, on being reprimanded in the senate for the ill conduct and
  depraved manners of his wife, accused publicly Augustus of unlawful
  commerce with her. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.――――The family of the
  Cornelii and Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. They are
  accused of intemperate loquacity in the Augustan age, by _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 7, li. 8.

=Sisigambis=, or =Sisygambis=, the mother of Darius the last king of
  Persia. She was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great at the battle
  of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The conqueror treated
  her with uncommon tenderness and attention; he saluted her as his
  own mother, and what he had sternly denied to the petitions of his
  favourites and ministers, he often granted to the intercession of
  Sisygambis. The regard of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, and,
  indeed, she no sooner heard that he was dead, than she killed herself,
  unwilling to survive the loss of so generous an enemy; though she
  had seen, with less concern, the fall of her son’s kingdom, the ruin
  of his subjects, and himself murdered by his servants. She had also
  lost, in one day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, whom Ochus
  had assassinated to make himself master of the kingdom of Persia.
  _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 5.

=Sisimithræ=, a fortified place of Bactriana, 15 stadia high, 80 in
  circumference, and plain at the top. Alexander married Roxana there.
  _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Sisocostus=, one of the friends of Alexander, entrusted with the care
  of the rock Aornus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Sisy̆phus=, a brother of Athamas and Salmoneus, son of Æolus and
  Enaretta, the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married
  Merope the daughter of Atlas, or, according to others, of Pandareus,
  by whom he had several children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards
  Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, because
  he had been told by an oracle that his children by his brother’s
  daughter would avenge the injuries which he had suffered from the
  malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed
  the two sons whom she had by her uncle. It is reported that Sisyphus,
  mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked
  his bulls under the feet, and when they had been carried away by the
  dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and astonished the thief by
  selecting from his numerous flocks those bulls which, by the mark,
  he knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleasing to
  Autolycus, who had now found one more cunning than himself, that he
  permitted him to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, whom a
  few days after he gave in marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his
  death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell to roll to the top of a hill
  a large stone, which had no sooner reached the summit than it fell
  back into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punishment
  eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence are variously reported.
  Some attribute it to his continual depredations in the neighbouring
  country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of stones on those whom he
  had plundered, and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing
  torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, in chaining Death
  in his palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the request of the
  king of hell, went to deliver her from confinement. Others suppose
  that Jupiter inflicted this punishment because he told Asopus where
  his daughter Ægina had been carried away by her ravisher. The more
  followed opinion, however, is, that Sisyphus, on his death-bed,
  entreated his wife to leave his body unburied, and when he came
  into Pluto’s kingdom, he received the permission of returning upon
  earth to punish this seeming negligence of his wife, but, however,
  on promise of immediately returning. But he was no sooner out of the
  infernal regions, than he violated his engagements, and when he was
  at last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to punish his want of
  fidelity and honour, condemned him to roll a huge stone to the top
  of a mountain. The institution of the Pythian games is attributed
  by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphus was deemed
  disgraceful among the ancients. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 592.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 616.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,
  li. 459; bk. 13, li. 32; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 175; _Ibis_, li. 191.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.――_Hyginus_, fable 60.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode
  14, li. 20.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A son of Marcus Antony,
  who was born deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, because
  he was endowed with genius and an excellent understanding. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 3, li. 47.

=Sitalces=, one of Alexander’s generals, imprisoned for his cruelty and
  avarice in the government of his province. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.
  ――――A king of Thrace, B.C. 436.

=Sithnĭdes=, certain nymphs of a fountain in Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 40.

=Sithon=, a king of Thrace.――――An island in the Ægean.

=Sithŏnia=, a country of Thrace between mount Hæmus and the Danube.
  Sithonia is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet
  _Sithonis_, so often used by the poets. It received its name from
  king Sithon. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 9.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 6, li. 588; bk. 7, li. 466; bk. 13, li. 571.――_Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 122.

=Sitius=, a Roman who assisted Cæsar in Africa with great success. He
  was rewarded with a province of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,
  ch. 21.

=Sitones=, a nation of Germany, or modern Norway, according to some.
  _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 45.

=Sittace=, a town of Assyria. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Smaragdus=, a town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf, where emeralds
  (_smaragdi_) were dug. _Strabo_, bk. 16.

=Smenus=, a river of Laconia rising in mount Taygetus, and falling into
  the sea near Hypsos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.

=Smerdis=, a son of Cyrus, put to death by order of his brother
  Cambyses. As his execution was not public, and as it was only known
  to one of the officers of the monarch, one of the Magi of Persia, who
  was himself called Smerdis, and who greatly resembled the deceased
  prince, declared himself king, at the death of Cambyses. This
  usurpation would not, perhaps, have been known, had not he taken too
  many precautions to conceal it. After he had reigned for six months
  with universal approbation, seven noblemen of Persia conspired to
  dethrone him, and when this had been executed with success, they
  chose one of their number to reign in the usurper’s place, B.C. 521.
  This was Darius the son of Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Smilax=, a beautiful shepherdess who became enamoured of Crocus. She
  was changed into a flower, as also her lover. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, li. 283.

=Smilis=, a statuary of Ægina in the age of Dædalus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.

=Smindyrides=, a native of Sybaris, famous for his luxury. _Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24, & bk. 12, ch. 24.

=Smintheus=, one of the surnames of Apollo in Phrygia, where the
  inhabitants raised him a temple, because he had destroyed a number
  of rats that infested the country. These rats were called σμινθαι, in
  the language of Phrygia, whence the surname. There is another story
  similar to this related by the Greek scholiast of _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 1, li. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,
  li. 585.

=Smyrna=, a celebrated seaport town of Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as
  some suppose, by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the Æolians.
  It has been subject to many revolutions, and been severally in
  the possession of the Æolians, Ionians, Lydians, and Macedonians.
  Alexander, or according to Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years
  after it had been destroyed by the Lydians. It was one of the richest
  and most powerful cities of Asia, and became one of the 12 cities
  of the Ionian confederacy. The inhabitants were given much to luxury
  and indolence, but they were universally esteemed for their valour
  and intrepidity when called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it
  after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 180th year
  of the christian era. Smyrna still continues to be a very commercial
  town. The river Meles flows near its walls. The inhabitants of Smyrna
  believed that Homer was born among them, and to confirm this opinion
  they not only paid him divine honours, but showed a place which
  bore the poet’s name, and also had a brass coin in circulation which
  was called _Homerium_. Some suppose that it was called Smyrna from
  an Amazon of the same name who took possession of it. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8,
  li. 565.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――――A
  daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis.――――An Amazon.――――The name of a
  poem which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine years, and which was
  worthy of admiration, according to _Catullus_, poem 94.

=Smyrnæus=, a Greek poet of the third century, called also Calaber.
  _See:_ Calaber.

=Soana=, a river of Albania. _Ptolemy._

=Soanda=, a town of Armenia.

=Soanes=, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, in whose territories
  the rivers abound with golden sands, which the inhabitants gather
  in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of the golden fleece.
  _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.

=Sōcrătes=, the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was
  a native of Athens. His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and
  his mother Phænarete was by profession a midwife. For some time he
  followed the occupation of his father, and some have mentioned the
  statues of the graces, admired for their simplicity and elegance,
  as the work of his own hands. He was called away from this meaner
  employment, of which, however, he never blushed, by Crito, who
  admired his genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy soon became
  the study of Socrates, and under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the
  foundation of that exemplary virtue which succeeding ages have ever
  loved and venerated. He appeared like the rest of his countrymen in
  the field of battle; he fought with boldness and intrepidity, and to
  his courage two of his friends and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades,
  owed the preservation of their lives. But the character of Socrates
  appears more conspicuous and dignified as a philosopher and moralist
  than as a warrior. He was fond of labour, he inured himself to suffer
  hardships, and he acquired that serenity of mind and firmness of
  countenance, which the most alarming dangers could never destroy, or
  the most sudden calamities alter. If he was poor, it was from choice,
  and not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appearing singular. He
  bore injuries with patience, and the insults of malice or resentment
  he not only treated with contempt, but even received with a mind
  that expressed some concern, and felt compassion for the depravity
  of human nature. So singular and so venerable a character was admired
  by the most enlightened of the Athenians. Socrates was attended by
  a number of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by his exemplary
  life, as well as by his doctrines. He had no particular place where
  to deliver his lectures, but as the good of his countrymen, and the
  reformation of their corrupted morals, and not the aggregation of
  riches, was the object of his study, he was present everywhere, and
  drew the attention of his auditors either in the groves of Academus,
  the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom
  on every subject, religious as well as civil; and had the courage to
  condemn the violence of his countrymen, and to withstand the torrent
  of resentment, by which the Athenian generals were capitally punished
  for not burying the dead at the battle of Arginusæ. This independence
  of spirit, and that visible superiority of mind and genius over the
  rest of his countrymen, created many enemies to Socrates; but as his
  character was irreproachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of all
  obscurity, the voice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aristophanes soon
  undertook, at the instigation of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds,
  to ridicule the venerable character of Socrates on the stage; and
  when once the way was open to calumny and defamation, the fickle and
  licentious populace paid no reverence to the philosopher whom they
  had before regarded as a being of a superior order. When this had
  succeeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, together with Anytus
  and Lycon, and the philosopher was summoned before the tribunal of
  the 500. He was accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of making
  innovations in the religion of the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many
  gods whom the Athenians worshipped; yet, false as this might appear,
  the accusers relied for the success of their cause upon the perjury
  of false witnesses, and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance
  would readily yield to misrepresentation, and be influenced and
  guided by eloquence and artifice. In this their expectations were not
  frustrated, and while the judges expected submission from Socrates,
  and that meanness of behaviour and servility of defence which
  distinguished criminals, the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his
  own fall by the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying integrity.
  Lysias, one of the most celebrated orators of the age, composed
  an oration in a laboured and pathetic style, which he offered to
  his friend to be pronounced as his defence in the presence of his
  judges. Socrates read it, but after he had praised the eloquence
  and the animation of the whole, he rejected it, as neither manly
  nor expressive of fortitude, and comparing it to Sicyonian shoes,
  which, though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, he observed, that a
  philosopher ought to be conspicuous for magnanimity and for firmness
  of soul. In his apology he spoke with great animation, and confessed
  that while others boasted that they were acquainted with everything,
  he himself knew nothing. The whole discourse was full of simplicity
  and noble grandeur, the energetic language of offended innocence. He
  modestly said, that what he possessed was applied for the service of
  the Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow-citizens happy, and
  it was a duty which he performed by the special command of the gods,
  “whose authority,” said he, emphatically to his judges, “I regard
  more than yours.” Such language from a man who was accused of a
  capital crime, astonished and irritated the judges. Socrates was
  condemned, but only by a majority of three voices; and when he was
  demanded, according to the spirit of the Athenian laws, to pass
  sentence on himself, and to mention the death he preferred, the
  philosopher said, “For my attempts to teach the Athenian youth
  justice and moderation, and render the rest of my countrymen more
  happy, let me be maintained at the public expense the remaining
  years of my life in the Prytaneum, an honour, O Athenians, which
  I deserve more than the victors of the Olympic games. They make
  their countrymen more happy in appearance, but I have made you so
  in reality.” This exasperated the judges in the highest degree, and
  he was condemned to drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed the court,
  and more particularly the judges who had decided in his favour, in
  a pathetic speech. He told them that to die was a pleasure, since
  he was going to hold converse with the greatest heroes of antiquity;
  he recommended to their paternal care his defenceless children,
  and as he returned to prison, he exclaimed: “I go to die, you to
  live; but which is the best the Divinity alone can know.” The solemn
  celebration of the Delian festivals [_See:_ Delia] prevented his
  execution for 30 days, and during that time he was confined in the
  prison and loaded with irons. His friends, and particularly his
  disciples, were his constant attendants; he discoursed with them upon
  different subjects with all his usual cheerfulness and serenity. He
  reproved them for their sorrow, and when one of them was uncommonly
  grieved because he was to suffer, though innocent, the philosopher
  replied, “Would you then have me die guilty?” With this composure he
  spent his last days. He continued to be a preceptor till the moment
  of his death, and instructed his pupils on questions of the greatest
  importance; he told them his opinions in support of the immortality
  of the soul, and reprobated with acrimony the prevalent custom of
  suicide. He disregarded the intercession of his friends, and when
  it was in his power to make his escape out of prison he refused it,
  and asked, with his usual pleasantry, where he could escape death.
  “Where,” says he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made
  his escape certain, “where shall I fly, to avoid this irrevocable
  doom passed on all mankind?” When the hour to drink the poison
  was come, the executioner presented him the cup with tears in his
  eyes. Socrates received it with composure, and after he had made a
  libation to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered countenance, and
  a few moments after he expired. Such was the end of a man whom the
  uninfluenced answer of the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the wisest
  of mankind. Socrates died 400 years before Christ, in the 70th year
  of his age. He was no sooner buried than the Athenians repented of
  their cruelty; his accusers were universally despised and shunned.
  One suffered death, some were banished, and others, with their own
  hands, put an end to the life which their severity to the best of
  the Athenians had rendered insupportable. The actions, sayings, and
  opinions of Socrates have been faithfully recorded by two of the most
  celebrated of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, and everything which
  relates to the life and circumstances of this great philosopher is
  now minutely known. To his poverty, his innocence, and his example,
  the Greeks were particularly indebted for their greatness and
  splendour; and the learning which was universally disseminated by his
  pupils, gave the whole nation a consciousness of their superiority
  over the rest of the world, not only in the polite arts, but in
  the more laborious exercises, which their writings celebrated. The
  philosophy of Socrates forms an interesting epoch in the history of
  the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus derided the more abstruse
  inquiries and metaphysical researches of his predecessors, and by
  first introducing moral philosophy, he induced mankind to consider
  themselves, their passions, their opinions, their duties, actions,
  and faculties. From this it was said that the founder of the Socratic
  school drew philosophy down from heaven upon the earth. In his
  attendance upon religious worship, Socrates was himself an example;
  he believed the divine origin of dreams and omens, and publicly
  declared that he was accompanied by a dæmon or invisible conductor
  [_See:_ Dæmon], whose frequent interposition stopped him from the
  commission of evil, and the guilt of misconduct. This familiar spirit,
  however, according to some, was nothing more than a sound judgment
  assisted by prudence and long experience, which warned him at the
  approach of danger, and from a general speculation of mankind could
  foresee what success would attend an enterprise, or what calamities
  would follow an ill-managed administration. As a supporter of the
  immortality of the soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme
  knowledge, from which he deduced the government of the universe. From
  the resources of experience as well as nature and observation, he
  perceived the indiscriminate dispensation of good and evil to mankind
  by the hand of Heaven, and he was convinced that none but the most
  inconsiderate would incur the displeasure of their Creator to avoid
  poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual appetite, which must at the
  end harass their soul with remorse and the consciousness of guilt.
  From this natural view of things, he perceived the relation of one
  nation with another, and how much the tranquillity of civil society
  depended upon the proper discharge of these respective duties.
  The actions of men furnished materials also for his discourse; to
  instruct them was his aim, and to render them happy was the ultimate
  object of his daily lessons. From principles like these, which were
  enforced by the unparalleled example of an affectionate husband, a
  tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates,
  soon after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, the Peripatetics,
  the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c., arose. Socrates never wrote
  for the public eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his
  pupil Euripides were partly composed by him. He was naturally of a
  licentious disposition, and a physiognomist observed, in looking in
  the face of the philosopher, that his heart was the most depraved,
  immodest, and corrupted that ever was in the human breast. This
  nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his
  disciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, and declared
  that his assertions were true, but that all his vicious propensities
  had been duly corrected and curbed by means of reason. Socrates
  made a poetical version of Æsop’s fables, while in prison. _Diogenes
  Laërtius._――_Xenophon._――_Pluto._――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22.
  ――_Plutarch_, _On the Opinions of the Philosophers_, &c.――_Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54; _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 41,
  &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――――A leader of the Achæans,
  at the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death by order of
  Artaxerxes.――――A governor of Cilicia under Alexander the Great.――――A
  painter.――――A Rhodian in the age of Augustus. He wrote an account of
  the civil wars.――――A scholiast born A.D. 380, at Constantinople. He
  wrote an ecclesiastical history from the year 309, where Eusebius
  ended, down to 450, with great exactness and judgment, of which the
  best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.――――An island
  on the coast of Arabia.

=Sœmias Julia=, mother of the emperor Heliogabalus, was made president
  of a senate of women, which she had elected to decide the quarrels
  and the affairs of the Roman matrons. She at last provoked the people
  by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and was murdered
  with her son and family. She was a native of Apamea; her father’s
  name was Julius Avitus, and her mother’s Masa. Her sister Julia
  Mammæa married the emperor Septimus Severus.

=Sogdiāna=, a country of Asia, bounded on the north by Scythia, east by
  the Sacæ, south by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and now known by
  the name of _Zagatay_, or _Usbec_. The people were called _Sogdiani_.
  The capital was called Marcanda. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.

=Sogdiānus=, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who murdered his elder
  brother, king Xerxes, to make himself master of the Persian throne.
  He was but seven months in possession of the crown. His brother Ochus,
  who reigned under the name of Darius Nothus, conspired against him,
  and suffocated him in a tower full of warm ashes.

=Sol= (_the sun_), was an object of veneration among the ancients.
  It was particularly worshipped by the Persians, under the name of
  Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the Chaldeans, the Belphegor
  of the Moabites, the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of the
  Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. The Massagetæ sacrificed
  horses to the sun on account of their swiftness. According to some of
  the ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. Apollo,
  however, and Phœbus and Sol, are universally supposed to be the same
  deity.

=Solicinium=, a town of Germany, now _Sultz_, on the Neckar.

=Solīnus Caius Julius=, a grammarian at the end of the first century,
  who wrote a book called _Polyhistor_, which is a collection
  of historical remarks and geographical annotations on the most
  celebrated places of every country. He has been called Pliny’s ape,
  because he imitated that well-known naturalist. The last edition of
  the Polyhistor is that of Nuremberg, _ex editione Salamasii_. 1777.

=Solis Fons=, a celebrated fountain in Libya. _See:_ Ammon.

=Soloe=, or =Soli=, a town of Cyprus, built on the borders of the
  Clarius by an Athenian colony. It was originally called _Æpeia_,
  till Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocyprus, one of the
  princes of the island, to change the situation of his capital. His
  advice was followed; a new town was raised in a beautiful plain, and
  called after the name of the Athenian philosopher. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Solon_.――――A town of Cilicia on the sea-coast, built
  by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was afterwards called _Pompeiopolis_,
  from Pompey, who settled a colony of pirates there. _Pliny_, bk. 5,
  ch. 27.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ Some suppose that the Greeks,
  who settled in either of these two towns, forgot the purity of their
  native language, and thence arose the term _Solecismus_, applied to
  an inelegant or improper expression.

=Solœis=, or =Soloentia=, a promontory of Libya at the extremity
  of mount Atlas, now cape _Cantin_.――――A town of Sicily, between
  Panormus and Himera, now _Solanto_. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,
  bk. 3, ch. 43.――_Thucydides_, bk. 6.

=Solon=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Salamis, and
  educated at Athens. His father’s name was Euphorion, or Exechestides,
  one of the descendants of king Codrus, and by his mother’s side he
  reckoned among his relations the celebrated Pisistratus. After he
  had devoted part of his time to philosophical and political studies,
  Solon travelled over the greatest part of Greece, but at his return
  home he was distressed with the dissensions which were kindled among
  his countrymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and
  he was unanimously elected archon and sovereign legislator. He might
  have become absolute, but he refused the dangerous office of king of
  Athens, and, in the capacity of lawgiver, he began to make a reform
  in every department. The complaints of the poorer citizens found
  redress, all debts were remitted, and no one was permitted to seize
  the person of his debtor if unable to make a restoration of his
  money. After he had made the most salutary regulations in the state,
  and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that they would faithfully
  observe his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon resigned the
  office of legislator and removed himself from Athens. He visited
  Egypt, and in the court of Crœsus king of Lydia he convinced the
  monarch of the instability of fortune, and told him, when he wished
  to know whether he was not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an
  Athenian, who had always seen his country in a flourishing state,
  who had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and who had himself
  fallen in defence of his country, was more entitled to happiness than
  the possessor of riches and the master of empires. After 10 years’
  absence Solon returned to Athens, but he had the mortification to
  find the greatest part of his regulations disregarded by the factious
  spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to
  be longer a spectator of the divisions that reigned in his country,
  he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the court of king Philocyprus,
  in the 80th year of his age, 558 years before the christian era.
  The salutary consequences of the laws of Solon can be discovered
  in the length of time they were in force in the republic of Athens.
  For above 400 years they flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who
  was himself a witness of their benign influence, passes the highest
  encomiums upon the legislator, whose superior wisdom framed such a
  code of regulations. It was the intention of Solon to protect the
  poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the Athenians into
  four classes, three of which were permitted to discharge the most
  important offices and magistracies of the state, and the last to
  give their opinion in the assemblies, but not have a share in the
  distinctions and honours of their superiors, the legislator gave the
  populace a privilege which, though at first small and inconsiderable,
  soon rendered them masters of the republic, and of all the affairs
  of government. He made a reformation in the Areopagus, he increased
  the authority of the members, and permitted them yearly to inquire
  how every citizen maintained himself, and to punish such as lived
  in idleness, and were not employed in some honourable and lucrative
  profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number of
  its judges at 400. The sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled,
  except that against murder, and the punishment denounced against
  every offender was proportioned to his crime; but Solon made no
  law against parricide or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he
  said, was too horrible to human nature for a man to be guilty of
  it, and the latter could never be committed, because the history
  of Athens had never furnished a single instance. Such as had died
  in the service of their country were buried with great pomp, and
  their family was maintained at the public expense; but such as
  had squandered away their estates, such as refused to bear arms in
  defence of their country, or paid no attention to the infirmities
  and distress of their parents, were branded with infamy. The laws
  of marriage were newly regulated; it became a union of affection and
  tenderness, and no longer a mercenary contract. To speak with ill
  language against the dead as well as the living, was made a crime,
  and the legislator wished that the character of his fellow-citizens
  should be freed from the aspersions of malevolence and envy. A person
  that had no children was permitted to dispose of his estates as he
  pleased, and the females were not allowed to be extravagant in their
  dress or expenses. To be guilty of adultery was a capital crime,
  and the friend and associate of lewdness and debauchery was never
  permitted to speak in public, for, as the philosopher observed, a man
  who has no shame, is not capable of being intrusted with the people.
  These celebrated laws were engraven on several tables, and that they
  might be better known and more familiar to the Athenians, they were
  written in verse. The indignation which Solon expressed on seeing the
  tragical representations of Thespis, is well known, and he sternly
  observed, that if falsehood and fiction were tolerated on the stage,
  they would soon find their way among the common occupations of men.
  According to Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus; but this
  seems to be false, as the legislator refused to live in a country
  where the privileges of his fellow-citizens were trampled upon by
  the usurpation of a tyrant. _See:_ Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.――_Cicero._

=Solona=, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the Utens.

=Solonium=, a town of Latium on the borders of Etruria. _Plutarch_,
  _Caius Marius_.――_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.

=Solva=, a town of Noricum.

=Solus= (untis), a maritime town of Sicily. _See:_ Solœis. _Strabo_,
  bk. 14.

=Soly̆ma= and =Soly̆mæ=, a town of Lycia. The inhabitants, called
  _Solymi_, were anciently called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Termili_
  and _Lycians_. Sarpedon settled among them. _Strabo_, bk. 14.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 29.――――An
  ancient name of Jerusalem. _See:_ Hierosolyma. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 543.

=Somnus=, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the infernal deities, and
  presided over sleep. His palace, according to some mythologists,
  is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance
  are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. The god himself is
  represented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. The
  dreams stand by him, and Morpheus, as his principal minister, watches
  to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Lacedæmonians always
  placed the image of Somnus near that of death. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 893.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.

=Sonchis=, an Egyptian priest, in the age of Solon. It was he who told
  that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particularly
  about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as more extensive than
  the continent of Africa and Asia united. This island disappeared, it
  is said, in one day and one night. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_,
  &c.

=Sontiătes=, a people in Gaul.

=Sopăter=, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor
  Constantine. He was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his
  death he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers.

=Sophax=, a son of Hercules and Tinga the widow of Antæus, who founded
  the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended
  Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Sophēne=, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. _Lucan_,
  bk. 2, li. 593.

=Sŏphŏcles=, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, educated in the school
  of Æschylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as
  a statesman. He commanded the Athenian armies, and in several battles
  he shared the supreme command with Pericles, and exercised the office
  of archon with credit and honour. The first appearance of Sophocles
  as a poet reflects great honour on his abilities. The Athenians had
  taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a
  yearly contest for tragedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion
  obtained the prize over many competitors, in the number of whom
  was Æschylus, his friend and his master. This success contributed
  to encourage the poet; he wrote for the stage with applause, and
  obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles was the
  rival of Euripides for public praise; they divided the applause
  of the populace, and while the former surpassed in the sublime and
  majestic, the other was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The
  Athenians were pleased with their contention, and as the theatre was
  at that time an object of importance and magnitude, and deemed an
  essential and most magnificent part of the religious worship, each
  had his admirers and adherents; but the two poets, captivated at
  last by popular applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. Of
  120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, only seven are extant: Ajax,
  Electra, Œdipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniæ, Philoctetes, and
  Œdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is
  well known. They wished to become immediate masters of their father’s
  possessions, and therefore, tired of his long life, they accused
  him before the Areopagus of insanity. The only defence the poet made
  was to read his tragedy of Œdipus at Colonos, which he had lately
  finished, and then he asked his judges, whether the author of such
  a performance could be taxed with insanity? The father upon this
  was acquitted, and the children returned home covered with shame
  and confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of his age, 406 years
  before Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors report, of
  having obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic games. Athenæus has
  accused Sophocles of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly when
  he commanded the armies of Athens. The best editions of Sophocles are
  those of Capperonier, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols.,
  12mo, 1745; of Geneva, 4to, 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo,
  1786. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 25.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 10,
  ch. 1.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7; bk. 9, ch. 12.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 7, ch. 53.――_Athenæus_, bk. 10, &c.

=Sophonisba=, a daughter of Asdrubal the Carthaginian, celebrated for
  her beauty. She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when her
  husband was conquered by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive
  into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of her, and
  married her. This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Scipio, who
  at that time had the command of the armies of the republic in Africa,
  rebuked the monarch severely, and desired him to part with Sophonisba.
  This was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans.
  He entered Sophonisba’s tent with tears in his eyes, and told her
  that, as he could not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy of
  the Romans, he recommended her, as the strongest pledge of his love
  and affection for her person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal.
  Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with unusual composure and serenity,
  the cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before
  Christ. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 12, &c.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.
  ――_Justin._

=Sophron=, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of Agathocles and Damasyllis.
  His compositions were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said
  to have read them with rapture. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10.

=Sophroniscus=, the father of Socrates.

=Sophronia=, a Roman lady whom Maxentius took by force from her
  husband’s house, and married. Sophronia killed herself when she saw
  that her affections were abused by the tyrant.

=Sophrosy̆ne=, a daughter of Dionysius by Dion’s sister.

=Sopŏlis=, the father of Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 7.――――A
  painter in Cicero’s age. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4,
  ltr. 16.

=Sora=, a town of the Volsci, of which the inhabitants were called
  _Sorani_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 395.――_Cicero_, _For
  Plancius_.

=Soractes= and =Soracte=, a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen
  from Rome, at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who
  is from thence surnamed _Soractis_; and it is said that the priests
  of the god could walk over burning coals without hurting themselves.
  There was, as some report, a fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters
  boiled at sunrise, and instantly killed all such birds as drank
  of them. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 2.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 9.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 785.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5.

=Sorānus=, a man put to death by Nero. _See:_ Valerius.――――The father
  of Atilia the first wife of Cato.

=Sorex=, a favourite of Sylla, and the companion of his debaucheries.
  _Plutarch._

=Sorge=, a daughter of Œneus king of Calydon, by Æthea daughter
  of Thestius. She married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus.
  _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.

=Soritia=, a town of Spain.

=Sosia Galla=, a woman at the court of Tiberius, banished, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Sosibius=, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. 255. He was a great favourite
  of Ptolemy Philopator, and advised him to murder his brother, and
  the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He lived to a great age, and was
  on that account called _Polychronos_. He was afterwards permitted
  to retire from the court, and spend the rest of his days in peace
  and tranquillity after he had disgraced the name of minister by the
  most abominable crimes, and the murder of many of the royal family.
  His son, of the same name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epiphanes.
  ――――The preceptor of Britannicus the son of Claudius. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.

=Sosĭcles=, a Greek who behaved with great valour when Xerxes invaded
  Greece.

=Sosicrătes=, a noble senator among the Achæans, put to death because
  he wished his countrymen to make peace with the Romans.

=Sosigĕnes=, an Egyptian mathematician, who assisted Julius Cæsar in
  regulating the Roman calendar. _Suetonius._――_Diodorus._――_Pliny_,
  bk. 18, ch. 25.――――A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 4.――――A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

=Sosii=, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace, bk. 1,
  ltr. 20, li. 2.

=Sosĭlus=, a Lacedæmonian in the age of Annibal. He lived in great
  intimacy with the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the
  history of his life. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.

=Sosipăter=, a grammarian in the reign of Honorius. He published five
  books of observations on grammar.――――A Syracusan magistrate.――――A
  general of Philip king of Macedonia.

=Sosis=, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tumults against Dion.
  When accused before the people he saved himself by flight, and thus
  escaped a capital punishment.

=Sosistrătus=, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age of Agathocles. He
  invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He was
  at last removed by Hermocrates. _Polyænus_, bk. 1.――――Another tyrant.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 1.

=Sospis=, a consul who followed the interest of Mark Antony.――――A
  governor of Syria.――――A Roman consular dignity, to whom Plutarch
  dedicated his Lives.

=Sospĭta=, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her most famous temple was at
  Lanuvium. She had also two at Rome, and her statue was covered with
  a goat-skin, with a buckler, &c. _Livy_, bks. 3, 6, 8, &c.――_Festus_,
  _Lexicon of Festus_.

=Sosthĕnes=, a general of Macedonia, who flourished B.C. 281. He
  defeated the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the battle.
  _Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.――――A native of Cnidos, who wrote a history
  of Iberia. _Plutarch._

=Sostrătus=, a friend of Hermolaus, put to death for conspiring against
  Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 6.――――A grammarian in the age of
  Augustus. He was Strabo’s preceptor. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A statuary.
  ――――An architect of Cnidos, B.C. 284, who built the white tower of
  Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. He inscribed his name upon it.
  _See:_ Pharos. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 12.――――A
  priest of Venus at Paphos, among the favourites of Vespasian.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A favourite of Hercules.
  ――――A Greek historian, who wrote an account of Etruria.――――A poet,
  who wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. _Juvenal_,
  satire 10, li. 178.

=Sotădes=, an athlete. A Greek poet of Thrace. He wrote verses against
  Philadelphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea in a cage
  of lead. He was called _Cinædus_, not only because he was addicted
  to the abominable crime which the surname indicates, but because he
  wrote a poem in commendation of it. Some suppose, that instead of
  the word _Socraticos_ in the 2nd satire, verse the 10th, of Juvenal,
  the word _Sotadicos_ should be inserted, as the poet Sotades, and
  not the philosopher Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cinædus.
  Obscene verses were generally called _Sotadea carmina_ from him.
  They could be turned and read different ways without losing their
  measure or sense, such as the following, which can be read
  backwards:

           _Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.
            Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis.
            Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos._

_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.
  ――_Ausonius_, ltr. 17, li. 29.

=Soter=, a surname of the first Ptolemy.――――It was also common to other
  monarchs.

=Soteria=, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of
  sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at
  Sicyone, to ♦commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands
  of the Macedonians, by Aratus.

    ♦ ‘commemmorate’ replaced with ‘commemorate’

=Soterĭcus=, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote
  a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyanæus.
  His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments
  preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron.

=Sothis=, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which
  received divine honours in that country.

=Sotiates=, a people of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21.

=Sotion=, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to
  Seneca. _Seneca_, ltrs. 49 & 58.

=Sotius=, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius.

=Sous=, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c.

=Sozŏmen=, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history
  extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the
  younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The
  best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720.

=Spaco=, the name of Cyrus. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Herodotus._

=Sparta=, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia,
  situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its
  mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who
  married Lacedæmon. It was also called Lacedæmon. _See:_ Lacedæmon.

=Spartăcus=, a king of Pontus.――――Another, king of Bosphorus, who
  died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407.
  ――――Another, who died 284 B.C.――――A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for
  his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans.
  Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of
  Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of
  his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found
  himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though
  at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats
  of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers
  were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and
  more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field
  of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much
  loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more
  terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus
  was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired
  of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the
  gladiators were defeated. Spartacus ♦behaved with great valour: when
  wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his
  buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at
  last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed
  to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the
  rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. _Florus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 20.――_Livy_, bk. 95.――_Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Crassus_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.――_Appian._

    ♦ ‘bahaved’ replaced with ‘behaved’

=Spartæ=, or =Sparti=, a name given to those men who sprang from the
  dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another,
  except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.

=Spartāni=, or =Spartiātæ=, the inhabitants of Sparta. _See:_ Sparta,
  Lacedæmon.

=Spartiānus Ælius=, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all
  the Roman emperors, from Julius Cæsar to Diocletian. He dedicated
  them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of
  these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus,
  Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among
  the Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ. Spartianus is not esteemed as an
  historian or biographer.

=Spechia=, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus.

=Spendius=, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and
  raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general.

=Spendon=, a poet of Lacedæmon.

=Sperchīa=, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius.
  _Ptolemy._

=Sperchīus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Œta, and falling
  into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed
  to be derived from its rapidity (σπερχειν, _festinare_). Peleus
  vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever
  he returned safe from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 23, li. 144.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230.

=Spermatophăgi=, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt.
  They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees.

=Speusippus=, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of
  Plato. His father’s name was Eurymedon, and his mother’s Potone. He
  presided in Plato’s school for eight years, and disgraced himself
  by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him,
  but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself,
  according to some accounts, B.C. 339. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.
  ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 4.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Sphacteriæ=, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of
  Messenia. They are also called _Sphagiæ_.

=Spherus=, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in
  a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was
  called _Sphetia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.――――A Greek philosopher,
  disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of
  Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.
  ――_Diodorus._

=Sphinx=, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body
  of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a
  lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the
  Chimæra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into
  the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family
  of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid
  this part of Bœotia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and
  devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst
  of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that
  the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she
  proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal
  walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the
  evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his
  sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from
  the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at
  last happily explained by Œdipus, who observed that man walked on
  his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon
  of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported
  his infirmities upon a stick. _See:_ Œdipus. The Sphinx no sooner
  heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and
  immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous
  traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the
  daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by
  her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of
  her father’s possessions. The lion’s paw expressed, as they observe,
  her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas
  the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings
  the despatch she used in her expeditions. _Plutarch._――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 326.――_Hyginus_, fable 68.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 378.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_.

=Sphodrias=, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus,
  attempted to seize the Piræus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Sphragidium=, a retired cave on mount Cithæron in Bœotia. The nymphs
  of the place, called _Sphragitides_, were yearly honoured with a
  sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because
  they had lost few men at the battle of Platæa. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Aristeides_.

=Spicillus=, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master,
  for which he was put to death in a cruel manner.

=Spina=, now _Primaso_, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Spintharus=, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo’s temple at
  Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.――――A freedman of Cicero. _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.

=Spinther=, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey’s friends, and
  accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his
  meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for
  the possession of Cæsar’s offices and gardens before the action.
  _Plutarch._

=Spio=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 26.

=Spitamĕnes=, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against
  the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7,
  ch. 5.

=Spithobătes=, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed
  at the battle of the Granicus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Spithridates=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike
  Alexander dead.――――A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander.

=Spoletium=, now _Spoleto_, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood
  Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called _Spoletani_.
  Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring ♦fountain by an
  aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised
  above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still
  commemorates the defeat of Annibal. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.

    ♦ ‘fountani’ replaced with ‘fountain’

=Spŏrădes=, a number of islands in the Ægean sea. They received their
  name _à_ σπειρω, _spargo_, because they are scattered in the sea at
  some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those
  islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are
  called _Cyclades_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.

=Spurīna=, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius Cæsar to
  beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the
  morning of the ides, Cæsar said to Spurina, “The ides are at last
  come.” “Yes,” replied Spurina, “but not yet past.” Cæsar was murdered
  a few moments after. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 81.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bks. 1 & 8.

=Spurius=, a prænomen common to many of the Romans.――――One of Cæsar’s
  murderers.――――Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber
  against Porsenna’s army.――――A friend of Otho, &c.

=Lucius Staberius=, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he
  was obliged to yield to Cæsar, because the inhabitants favoured his
  cause. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――――An avaricious fellow, who wished it
  to be known that he was uncommonly rich. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,
  li. 89.

=Stabiæ=, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed
  by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to
  escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. _Pliny_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Stabŭlum=, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open
  from Gaul into Spain.

=Stagīra=, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into
  which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis;
  founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from
  which circumstance he is called _Stagirites_. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Solon_.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 46.

=Staius=, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero’s age, who murdered all his
  relations. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Stalēnus=, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c.
  _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.

=Staphy̆lus=, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to
  others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Stasander=, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general
  division of the provinces. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.

=Staseas=, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus
  Piso in philosophy. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 22.

=Stasicrătes=, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who
  offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the
  conqueror, &c.

=Stasileus=, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one
  of the 10 pretors.

=Statilli=, a people of Liguria, between the Tænarus and the Apennines.
  _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 7.――_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters to his Friends_,
  ltr. 11.

=Statilia=, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca,
  ltr. 77.――――Another. _See:_ Messalina.

=Statilius=, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy.
  He was an inveterate enemy to Cæsar, and when Cato murdered himself,
  he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends.
  The conspirators against Cæsar wished him to be in their number, but
  the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by
  the army of the triumvirs. _Plutarch._――――Lucius, one of the friends
  of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death.
  _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, ch. 2.――――A young general in the
  war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed,
  with 25,000 of his troops.――――A general who fought against Antony.
  ――――Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting
  magicians, upon which he put himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 12, ch. 59.

=Statĭnæ=, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an
  earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 88.

=Statīra=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror
  had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at
  Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less
  than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden
  cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander.
  She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror’s death.
  _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A sister of Darius the last king of
  Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the
  Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander’s camp, where
  she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by
  the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A wife of Artaxerxes
  Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. _Plutarch_,
  _Artaxerxes_.――――A sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._

=Statius Cæcilius=, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a
  native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet
  he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after
  Ennius. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.――――Annæus, a physician, the friend
  of the philosopher Seneca. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 64.
  ――――Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the
  emperor Domitian. His father’s name was Statius of Epirus, and his
  mother’s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems,
  the _Thebais_ in 12 books, and the _Achilleis_ in two books, which
  remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are,
  besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant,
  and well known under the name of _Sylvæ_, divided into four books.
  The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the
  poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age
  at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of
  the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except
  Virgil’s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he
  often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian.
  In his _Sylvæ_, which were written generally extempore, are many
  beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose,
  was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for
  the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has
  satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have
  interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about
  the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works
  are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the
  Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of
  Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.――――Domitius, a tribune in the age of
  Nero, deprived of his office when Piso’s conspiracy was discovered.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 17.――――A general of the Samnites.
  ――――An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero.

=Stator=, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he
  _stopped_ (_sto_) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the
  Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. _Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 12.

=Stellates=, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania.
  _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 1, ch. 70.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_,
  ch. 20.

=Stellio=, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the
  goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain
  pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,
  li. 445.

=Stena=, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia.
  _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.

=Stenobœa.= _See:_ Sthenobœa.

=Stenocrătes=, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the
  garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 5.

=Stentor=, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice
  alone was louder than that of 50 men together. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 5, li. 784.――_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 112.

=Stentoris lacus=, a lake near Enos in Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,
  ch. 58.

=Stephănus=, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an
  experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha.
  _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――――A Greek writer of
  Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns
  and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that
  of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694.

=Sterŏpe=, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married Œnomaus
  king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.――――A daughter of
  Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.――――A
  daughter of Cepheus.――――A daughter of Pleuron,――――of Acastus,――――of
  Danaus,――――of Cebrion.

=Sterŏpes=, one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 425.

=Stersichŏrus=, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was
  originally called _Tisias_, and obtained the name of Stersichorus
  from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His
  compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in
  26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his
  eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received
  it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the
  first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace
  and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent
  his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to
  some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556
  B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. _Isocrates_,
  _Helen_.――_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.――_Lucian_,
  _Macrobii_.――_Cicero_, _in Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26.

=Stertinius=, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3.
  He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics.

=Stesagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades. _See:_ Miltiades.

=Stesilēa=, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c.

=Stesilēus=, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and
  Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these
  celebrated men. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.

=Stesimbrŏtus=, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He
  wrote an account of Cimon’s exploits. _Plutarch_, _Cimom_.――――A son
  of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the
  enemy without his orders, &c. _Plutarch._――――A musician of Thasos.

=Sthenele=, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Menœtius. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 13.――――A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Sthenĕlus=, a king of Mycenæ, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married
  Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a
  son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno’s influence, two months
  before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over
  Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who
  had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success,
  and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 91.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――――One of the sons of Ægyptus by Tyria.――――A son of Capaneus. He
  was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the
  Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse,
  according to Virgil. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bks. 2 & 10.――――A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made
  him king of Thrace. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――A king of Argos,
  who succeeded his father Crotopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.――――A
  son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the
  Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.――――A son of Melas,
  killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Sthenis=, a statuary of Olynthus.――――An orator of Himera in Sicily,
  during the civil wars of Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.

=Stheno=, one of the three Gorgons.

=Sthenobœa=, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prœtus
  king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken
  refuge at her husband’s court, after the murder of his brother, and
  when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him
  before Prœtus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she
  killed herself after his departure. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 162.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 57.――――Many mythologists call her Antæa.

=Stilbe=, or =Stilbia=, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became
  mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Stilbo=, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its
  shining appearance. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Stĭlĭcho=, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved
  with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself
  turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he
  wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen,
  but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues,
  and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His
  family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his
  praises, and Zosimus, _Historia Nova_, bk. 5, denies the truth of
  the charges laid against him.

=Stilpo=, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336
  years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter.
  He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed
  his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally
  respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he
  plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left
  safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when
  ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the
  chiefs of the Stoics. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 2.――_Seneca_, _de Constantia_.

=Stĭmĭcon=, a shepherd’s name in Virgil’s fifth eclogue.

=Stiphĭlus=, one of the Lapithæ, killed in the house of Pirithous.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.

=Stobæus=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable
  for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved.
  The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609.

=Stobi=, a town of Pœonia, in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40,
  ch. 21.

=Stœchădes=, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of
  Gaul, now the _Hieres_, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides
  by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. _Stephanus
  Byzantius._――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 515.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Stœni=, a people living among the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 62.

=Stoĭci=, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of
  Citium. They received the name from the _portico_ (στυα), where
  the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to
  everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon
  as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of
  Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported
  that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain
  perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that
  the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to
  excite or intimidate their followers. _See:_ Zeno.

=Strabo=, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were
  naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey’s father was distinguished
  by that name.――――A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia,
  who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied
  under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the
  tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but
  his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for
  its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of
  the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated
  places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices,
  and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate
  history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part
  of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most
  critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the
  manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the
  two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography;
  in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and
  the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and
  the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end,
  gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Getæ,
  Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece
  and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and
  10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th
  and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the
  last book gives an account of Egypt, Æthiopia, Carthage, and other
  places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost,
  were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D.
  25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio,
  Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.――――A Sicilian,
  so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance
  of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near.

=Stratarchas=, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father’s
  name was Dorylaus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Strato=, or =Straton=, a king of the island Aradus, received into
  alliance by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A king of Sidon,
  dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to
  surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A philosopher of Lampsacus,
  disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years
  before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry
  to the study of nature, and was surnamed _Physicus_; and after the
  most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate,
  and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor
  to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and
  learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality.
  He wrote different treatises, all now lost. _Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 5.――_Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.――――A
  physician.――――A peripatetic philosopher.――――A native of Epirus, very
  intimate with Brutus the murderer of Cæsar. He killed his friend
  at his own request.――――A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself,
  because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus.
  _Plutarch._――――A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the
  Macedonian kings.――――An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the
  Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Stratŏcles=, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheronæ, &c.,
  _Polyænus._――――A stage-player in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
  satire 3, li. 99.

=Straton.= _See:_ Strato.

=Stratŏnīce=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter
  of Pleuron. _Apollodorus._――――A daughter of Ariarathes king of
  Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother
  of Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――――A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes,
  who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband’s son
  by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his
  father’s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not
  comply, his son’s health would be impaired. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――――A concubine of Mithridates
  king of Pontus. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.――――The wife of Antigonus,
  mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.――――A town of Caria, made a
  Macedonian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33.
  ――――Another, in Mesopotamia.――――A third, near mount Taurus.

=Stratonīcus=, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son
  Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. _Plutarch._――――A musician
  of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. _Athenæus_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8,
  ch. 12.

=Stratonis turris=, a city of Judea, afterwards called Cæsarea by Herod
  in honour of Augustus.

=Stratos=, a city of Æolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.――――Of Acarnania.

=Strenua=, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak
  and indolent. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16.

=Strongy̆le=, now _Strombolo_, one of the islands called Æolides in the
  Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles
  in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which
  the crater is on the side of the mountain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.

=Strophădes=, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of
  the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called _Plotæ_, and received
  the name of Strophades from στρεφω, _verto_, because Zethes and
  Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter,
  after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus.
  The fleet of Æneas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these
  two islands is not above five miles in circumference. _Hyginus_,
  fable 19.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,
  li. 709.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 210.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Strophius=, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of
  Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others,
  Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship
  with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and
  Ægisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the
  greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the
  dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means
  of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 29.――_Hyginus_, fables 1, 17.――――A son of Pylades by Electra the
  sister of Orestes.

=Struthophăgi=, a people of Æthiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their
  name signifies.

=Struthus=, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedæmonians, B.C. 393.

=Stryma=, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 7, ch. 109.

=Strymno=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Strymon=, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls
  into a part of the Ægean sea, which has been called _Strymonicus
  sinus_. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks
  in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 120;
  bk. 4, li. 508; _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 265.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 2, li. 251.

=Stubera=, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. _Livy_,
  bk. 31, ch. 39.

=Stura=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Sturni=, a town of Calabria.

=Stymphālia=, or =Stymphālis=, a part of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 45,
  ch. 30.――――A surname of Diana.

=Stymphālus=, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made
  war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.――――A town, river, lake, and
  fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus.
  The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number
  of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh,
  and which were called _Stymphalides_. They were at last destroyed by
  Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them
  with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in
  the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there
  were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 298.――――A lofty
  mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.

=Stygne=, a daughter of Danaus. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 4, poem 6.
  ――_Apollodorus._

=Styra=, a town of Eubœa.

=Stȳrus=, a king of Albania, to whom Æetes promised his daughter
  Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts.
  _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358.

=Styx=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom
  she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, lis. 363 & 384.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――――A
  celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According
  to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia,
  whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to
  such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned
  as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking
  them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful
  properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of
  hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below
  its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such
  veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was
  inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter
  obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for
  one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following
  years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods,
  and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were
  restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original
  privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx,
  because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three
  daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, lis. 384, 775.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 513.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 74.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 323,
  439, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 3, li. 29, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8,
  chs. 17 & 18.――_Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.

=Suada=, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She
  had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus.
  She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. _Cicero_,
  _Brutus_, bk. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Suana=, a town of Etruria.

=Suardones=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Suasa=, a town of Umbria.

=Subatrii=, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. _Strabo_,
  bk. 7.

=Subi=, a small river of Catalonia.

=Sublicius=, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. _See:_
  Pons.

=Submontorium=, a town of Vindelicia, now _Augsburg_.

=Subota=, small islands at the east of Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28.

=Subur=, a river of Mauritania.――――A town of Spain.

=Suburra=, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and
  lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between
  mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the
  residence of the obscurer years of Julius Cæsar. _Suetonius_, _Cæsar_.
  ――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――_Martial_, bk. 8,
  ltr. 66.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 5.

=Sucro=, now _Xucar_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated
  for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which
  the former obtained the victory. _Plutarch._――――A Rutulian killed by
  Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 505.

=Sudertum=, a town of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 23.

=Suessa=, a town of Campania, called also _Aurunca_, to distinguish
  it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Livy_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 775.――_Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2.

=Suessitani=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 34.

=Suessŏnes=, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius Cæsar.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2.

=Suessula=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14.

♦=Suetonius Caius Paulinus=, the first Roman general who crossed
  mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account.
  He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was
  afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached
  himself to Vitellius.――――Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian,
  son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian,
  and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the
  court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In
  his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence
  of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a
  history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of
  all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles
  of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his
  compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first Cæsars, and some
  fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius,
  in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His
  expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been
  justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cæsars,
  he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which
  they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to,
  2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751;
  and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 11;
  bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c.

    ♦ ‘Setonius’ replaced with ‘Suetonius’

=Suetri=, a people of Gaul near the Alps.

♦=Suevi=, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who
  made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the
  emperors. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 51.

    ♦ ‘Suovi’ replaced with ‘Suevi’

=Suevius=, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius.

=Suffetala=, an inland town of Mauritania.

=Suffēnus=, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate
  abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and
  therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries.
  _Catullus_, poem 22.

=Suffetius=, or =Suftius=. _See:_ Metius.

=Suidas=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of
  his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge.
  1705.

=Publius Suilius=, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished
  under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.――――Cæsorinus, a guilty favourite of
  Messalina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.

=Suiones=, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern _Swedes_. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 44.

=Sulchi=, a town at the south of Sardinia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Claudian_, _Gildonic War_, li. 518.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.

=Sulcius=, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the
  number of defamations which he daily gave. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,
  li. 65.

=Sulga=, now _Sorgue_, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.
  _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Sulla.= _See:_ Sylla.

=Sulmo=, now _Sulmona_, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance
  of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers
  of Æneas. Ovid was born there. _Ovid_, _passim_.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 511.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――――A Latin chief killed in the
  night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy
  Euryalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 412.

=Sulpitia=, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus.
  She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple
  to ♦Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts
  of the Roman women to virtue. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.――――A poetess
  in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he
  had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still
  extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended
  by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.――――A daughter of Servius Sulpitius,
  mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to
  Tibullus.

    ♦ ‘Venis’ replaced with ‘Venus’

=Sulpitia lex=, _militaris_, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665,
  invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates,
  of which Sylla was to be deprived.――――Another, _de senatu_, by
  Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no
  senator should owe more than 2000 drachmæ.――――Another, _de civitate_,
  by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the
  new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should
  be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.――――Another,
  called also Sempronia, _de religione_, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio
  and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any
  person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the
  senate and the majority of the tribunes.――――Another, to empower the
  Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia.

=Sulpitius=, or =Sulpicius=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom
  the most celebrated are:――Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the
  Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first took the field, but soon
  after he engaged the enemy and totally defeated them. _Livy_, bk. 7.
  ――――Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the Æqui. _Livy_,
  bk. 9, ch. 45.――――Caius Paterculus, a consul sent against the
  Carthaginians. He conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a
  complete victory over the enemy’s fleet. He was honoured with a
  triumph at his return to Rome. _Livy_, bk. 17.――――Spurius, one of
  the three commissioners whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws
  which could be found in the different cities and republics of Greece.
  _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――One of the first consuls who received
  intelligence that a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the
  Tarquins to power, &c.――――A priest who died of the plague in the
  first ages of the republic at Rome.――――Publius Galba, a Roman consul
  who signalized himself greatly during the war which his countrymen
  waged against the Achæans and the Macedonians.――――Severus, a writer.
  _See:_ Severus.――――Publius, one of the associates of Marius, well
  known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of
  the allies of Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in continual
  pay, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had
  often the impertinence to attack the consul in the popular assemblies.
  He became at last so seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla’s
  adherents, and immediately murdered. His head was fixed on a pole
  in the rostrum, where he had often made many seditious speeches
  in the capacity of tribune. _Livy_, bk. 77.――――A Roman consul who
  fought against Pyrrhus and defeated him.――――Caius Longus, a Roman
  consul, who defeated the Samnites and killed 30,000 of their men.
  He obtained a triumph for this celebrated victory. He was afterwards
  made dictator to conduct a war against the Etrurians.――――Rufus, a
  lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――――One of Messalina’s favourites, put
  to death by Claudius.――――Publius Quirinus, a consul in the age of
  Augustus.――――Camerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under Nero, accused
  of cruelty, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 13, _Annals_, ch. 52.――――Gallus, a
  celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. He accompanied the consul
  in his expedition against Perseus, and told the Roman army that the
  night before the day on which they were to give the enemy battle
  there would be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation encouraged
  the soldiers, which, on the contrary, would have intimidated them,
  if not previously acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was
  universally respected, and he was honoured a few years after with
  the consulship. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 37.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 12.
  ――――Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Marcus
  Aurelius. He left some letters and a few grammatical observations
  now lost. _Cicero._――_Livy._――_Plutarch._――_Polybius._――_Florus._
  ――_Eutropius._

=Summānus=, a surname of Pluto, as prince of the dead, _summus manium_.
  He had a temple at Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhus, and
  the Romans believed that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his
  power during the night. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 6, li. 731.

=Sunici=, a people of Germany on the shores of the Rhine. _Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66.

=Sunides=, a soothsayer in the army of Eumenes. _Polyænus_, bk. 4.

=Sunium=, a promontory of Attica, about 45 miles distant from the
  Piræus. There was there a small harbour, as also a town. Minerva
  had there a beautiful temple, whence she was called _Sunias_. There
  are still extant some ruins of this temple. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _Letters to
  Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3; bk. 13, ltr. 10.

=Suovetaurilia=, a sacrifice among the Romans, which consisted of the
  immolation of a sow (_sus_), a sheep (_ovis_), and a bull (_taurus_),
  whence the name. It was generally observed every fifth year.

=Supĕrum mare=, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate
  above Italy. The name of _Mare Inferum_ was applied for the opposite
  reasons to the sea below Italy. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, &c.

=Sura Æmylius=, a Latin writer, &c. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 6.――――Lucius Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, honoured with the
  consulship.――――A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote
  a history of the reign of the emperor.――――A city on the Euphrates.
  ――――Another in Iberia.――――A river of Germany, whose waters fall into
  the Moselle. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_.

=Surēna=, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia.
  His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He
  was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to protect
  the kingdom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. He
  defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had drawn him perfidiously
  to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards
  returned to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes
  ordered him to be put to death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired for
  his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness
  in the execution of his plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate
  manners, and his lasciviousness have been deservedly censured.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 7.――_Plutarch_, _Crassus_.

=Surium=, a town at the south of Colchis.

=Surrentum=, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for
  the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 52.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 710.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 110.

=Surus=, one of the Ædui, who made war against Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 8, ch. 45.

=Susa= (orum), now _Suster_, a celebrated city of Asia, the chief town
  of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus
  the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above
  120 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia
  were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white
  marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones.
  It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana,
  and the winter at Susa, because the climate was more warm than at
  any other royal residence. It has been called _Memnonia_, or the
  palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. _Pliny_, bk. 6,
  ch. 26, &c.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 49.――_Strabo_, bk. 15.――_Xenophon_,
  _Cyropædia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.――_Claudian._

=Susăna=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 384.

=Susarion=, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed, with Dolon, to be
  the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on
  a movable stage, B.C. 562.

=Susiāna=, or =Susis=, a country of Asia, of which the capital was
  called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great
  abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province
  received its name, according to some, as _Susan_ is the name of a
  _lily_ in Hebrew.

=Susidæ pylæ=, narrow passes over mountains, from Susiana into Persia.
  _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 3.

=Suthul=, a town of Numidia, where the king’s treasures were kept.
  _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 37.

=Sutrium=, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome. Some
  suppose that the phrase _Ire Sutrium_, to act with despatch, arises
  from the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus
  explains it differently. _Plautus_, _Casina_, act 3, scen 1, li. 10.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 34.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.――_Livy_,
  bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Syagrus=, an ancient poet, the first who wrote on the Trojan war. He
  is called _Segaris_, by Diogenes Laërtius, who adds that he lived
  in Homer’s age, of whom he was the rival. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 14, ch. 21.

=Sybăris=, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose waters were said to
  render men more strong and robust. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 2.――――There was a town of the same name on its
  banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had been founded by a colony of
  Achæans. Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most flourishing
  situation it had the command of four neighbouring nations, of
  25 towns, and could send an army of 300,000 men into the field.
  The walls of the city were said to extend six miles and a half in
  circumference, and the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for
  the space of seven miles. It made a long and vigorous resistance
  against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last
  totally reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B.C. 501. Sybaris
  was destroyed no less than five times, and always repaired. In a
  more recent age the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the word
  _Sybarise_ became proverbial to intimate a man devoted to pleasure.
  There was a small town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years
  before the christian era, and called Thurium, from a small fountain
  called Thuria, where it was built. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 6.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24.――_Martial_, bk. 12,
  ltr. 96.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.
  ――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12,
  li. 363.――――A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8,
  li. 2.

=Sybarīta=, an inhabitant of Sybaris. _See:_ Sybaris.

=Sybota=, a harbour of Epirus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_,
  ltr. 9.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Sybŏtas=, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus the Spartan
  legislator. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4.

=Sycinnus=, a slave of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage
  Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesians.

=Sycurium=, a town of Thessaly at the foot of Ossa. _Livy_, bk. 42,
  ch. 54.

=Syedra=, a town of Cilicia.

=Syēne=, now _Assuan_, a town of Thebais, on the extremities of Egypt.
  Juvenal the poet was banished there on pretence of commanding a
  pretorian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. It was famous for
  its quarries of marble. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 79;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 74.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 587; bk. 8,
  li. 851; bk. 10, li. 234.

=Syenesius=, a Cilician who, with Labinetus of Babylon, concluded a
  peace between Alyattes king of Lydia, and Cyaxares king of Media,
  while both armies were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the sun, B.C.
  585. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.

=Syennesis=, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus made war against his
  brother Artaxerxes. He wished to favour both the brothers by sending
  one of his sons into the army of Cyrus and another to Artaxerxes.

=Sylēa=, a daughter of Corinthus.

=Syleum=, a town of Pamphylia.

=Syleus=, a king of Aulis.

=Sylla Lucius Cornelius=, a celebrated Roman of a noble family. The
  poverty of his early years was relieved by the liberality of the
  courtesan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large fortune; and with
  the addition of the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon
  appeared one of the most opulent of the Romans. He first entered
  the army under the great Marius, whom he accompanied in Numidia in
  the capacity of questor. He rendered himself conspicuous in military
  affairs; and Bocchus, one of the princes of Numidia, delivered
  Jugurtha into his hands for the Roman consul. The rising fame of
  Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was always jealous of an equal,
  as well as of a superior; but the ill language which he might use,
  rather inflamed than extinguished the ambition of Sylla. He left the
  conqueror of Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. Some time
  after he obtained the pretorship, and was appointed by the Roman
  senate to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, against
  the views and interest of Mithridates king of Pontus. This he easily
  effected: one battle left him victorious; and before he quitted the
  plains of Asia, the Roman pretor had the satisfaction to receive
  in his camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, who wished
  to make a treaty of alliance with the Romans. Sylla received them
  with haughtiness, and behaved with such arrogance, that one of them
  exclaimed, “Surely this man is master of the world, or doomed to be
  such!” At his return to Rome, he was commissioned to finish the war
  with the Marsi, and when this was successfully ended, he was rewarded
  with the consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In this capacity
  he wished to have the administration of the Mithridatic war; but he
  found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and he attained the summit of
  his wishes only when he had entered Rome sword in hand. After he had
  slaughtered all his enemies, set a price upon the head of Marius, and
  put to death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continually opposed his
  views, he marched towards Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord
  which he left behind him unextinguished. Mithridates was already
  master of the greatest part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached
  the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, and
  of the Piræus. His operations were carried on with vigour, and when
  he found his money fail, he made no scruple to take the riches of the
  temples of the gods to bribe his soldiers, and render them devoted
  to his service. His boldness succeeded. The Piræus surrendered;
  and the conqueror, as if struck with reverence at the beautiful
  porticoes where the philosophic followers of Socrates and Plato had
  often disputed, spared the city of Athens, which he had devoted to
  destruction, and forgave the living for the sake of the dead. Two
  celebrated battles at Cheronæa and Orchomenos, rendered him master
  of Greece. He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in
  the very heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, who well knew
  the valour and perseverance of his adversary, made proposals of
  peace; and Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreasing, did
  not hesitate to put an end to a war which had rendered him master
  of so much territory, and which enabled him to return to Rome like
  a conqueror, and to dispute with his rival the sovereignty of the
  republic with a victorious army. Muræna was left at the head of the
  Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of
  Campania, he was met by a few of his adherents, whom the success of
  his rivals had banished from the capital, and he was soon informed,
  that if he wished to contend with Marius, he must encounter 15
  generals, followed by 25 well-disciplined legions. In these critical
  circumstances he had recourse to artifice, and while he proposed
  terms of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly strengthened
  himself, and saw, with pleasure, his armies daily increase by the
  revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had corrupted. Pompey,
  who afterwards merited the surname of Great, embraced his cause, and
  marched to the camp with three legions. Soon after he appeared in the
  field with advantage; the confidence of Marius decayed with his power,
  and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. The streets
  were daily filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the
  conqueror had promised pardon, were suddenly massacred in the circus.
  The senate, at that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard
  the shrieks of their dying countrymen; and when they inquired into
  the cause of it, Sylla coolly replied, “They are only a few rebels
  whom I have ordered to be chastised.” If this had been the last and
  most dismal scene, Rome might have been called happy; but it was only
  the beginning of her misfortunes. Each succeeding day exhibited a
  great number of slaughtered bodies, and when one of the senators had
  the boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruelties,
  Sylla, with an air of unconcern, answered, that he had not yet
  determined, but that he would take it into his consideration. The
  slaughter was continued; a list of such as were proscribed was daily
  stuck in the public streets, and the slave was rewarded to bring his
  master’s head, and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands in the
  blood of his father for money. No less than 4700 of the most powerful
  and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the Romans to forget his
  cruelties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dictator. In this
  capacity he made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical to his
  views, and changed every regulation where his ambition was obstructed.
  After he had finished whatever the most absolute sovereign may do
  from his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial
  power, and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent
  the rest of his days, if not in literary ease and tranquillity, yet
  far from the noise of arms, in the midst of riot and debauchery. The
  companions of his retirement were the most base and licentious of the
  populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness,
  though on the verge of life, and covered with infirmities. His
  intemperance hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and an
  imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the greatest
  torments of the lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the
  60th year of his age; and it has been observed, that, like Marius,
  on his death-bed, he wished to drown the stings of conscience and
  remorse by continual intoxication. His funeral was very magnificent;
  his body was attended by the senate and the vestal virgins, and
  hymns were sung to celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory.
  A monument was erected in the field of Mars, on which appeared an
  inscription written by himself, in which he said, that the good
  services he had received from his friends, and the injuries of his
  enemies, had been returned with unexampled usury. The character of
  Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, tyrannical,
  debauched, and resolute commander. He was revengeful in the highest
  degree, and the surname of _Felix_, or _the Fortunate_, which he
  assumed, showed that he was more indebted to fortune than to valour
  for the great fame which he had acquired. But in the midst of all
  this, who cannot admire the moderation and philosophy of a man,
  who when absolute master of a republic, which he had procured by
  his cruelty and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign power,
  challenges a critical examination of his administration, and retires
  to live securely in the midst of thousands whom he has injured and
  offended? The Romans were pleased and astonished at his abdication;
  and when the insolence of a young man had been vented against
  the dictator, he calmly answered, “This usage may perhaps deter
  another to resign his power to follow my example, if ever he
  becomes absolute.” Sylla has been commended for the patronage
  which he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought from Asia the
  extensive library of Apellicon the Peripatetic philosopher, in
  which were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself
  composed 22 books of memoirs concerning himself. _Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 17, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 75, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 2, &c.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Polybius_, bk. 5.――_Justin_, bks. 37 & 38.
  ――_Eutropius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_, _Lives_.――――A nephew of
  the dictator, who conspired against his country because he had been
  deprived of his consulship for bribery.――――Another relation, who
  also joined in the same conspiracy.――――A man put to death by Nero
  at Marseilles, where he had been banished.――――A friend of Cato,
  defeated and killed by one of Cæsar’s lieutenants.――――A senator
  banished from the senate for his prodigality by Tiberius.

=Syllis=, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 6.

=Syloes=, a promontory of Africa.

=Sylŏson=, a man who gave a splendid garment to Darius son of Hystaspes,
  when a private man. Darius, when raised to the throne of Persia,
  remembered the gift of Syloson with gratitude. _Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Sylvānus=, a god of the woods. _See:_ Silvanus.

=Sylvia=, or =Ilia=, the mother of Romulus. _See:_ Rhea.――――A daughter
  of Tyrrhenus, whose favourite stag was wounded by Ascanius. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 503.

=Sylvius=, a son of Æneas by Lavinia, from whom afterwards all the
  kings of Alba were called _Sylvii_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 763.

=Syma=, or =Syme=, a town of Asia.――――A nymph, mother of Chthonius by
  Neptune. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Symbŏlum=, a place of Macedonia, near Philippi, on the confines of
  Thrace.

=Symmăchus=, an officer in the army of Agesilaus.――――A celebrated
  orator in the age of Theodosius the Great. His father was prefect of
  Rome. He wrote against the christians, and 10 books of his letters
  are extant, which have been refuted by Ambrose and Prudentius. The
  best editions of Symmachus are that of Geneva, 8vo, 1598, and that
  of Paris, 4to, 1604.――――A writer in the second century. He translated
  the Bible into Greek, of which few fragments remain.

=Symplegădes=, or =Cyaneæ=, two islands or rocks at the entrance of the
  Euxine sea. _See:_ Cyaneæ.

=Symus=, a mountain of Armenia, from which the Araxes flows.

=Syncellus=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited
  in folio, Paris, 1652.

=Synesius=, a bishop of Cyrene in the age of Theodosius the younger,
  as conspicuous for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 epistles,
  besides other treatises, in Greek, in a style pure and elegant,
  and bordering much upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo,
  Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the _editio princeps_ by Dionysius
  Pectavius, folio, Paris, 1613. The best edition of Synesius _de
  febribus_ is that of Bernard, Amsterdam, 1749.

=Synnalaxis=, a nymph of Ionia, who had a temple at Heraclea in Elis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.

=Synnas= (adis), or =Synnada= (plural), a town of Phrygia, famous
  for its marble quarries. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Claudian_, _Against
  Eutropius_, bk. 2.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 77.――_Statius_, bk. 1,
  _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 41.

=Synnis=, a famous robber of Attica. _See:_ Scinis.

=Synōpe=, a town on the borders of the Euxine. _See:_ Sinope.

=Syphæum=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Syphax=, a king of the Masæsylii in Libya, who married Sophonisba the
  daughter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the Romans to join
  himself to the interest of his father-in-law, and of Carthage. He
  was conquered in a battle by Masinissa the ally of Rome, and given to
  Scipio the Roman general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, where he
  adorned his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years before Christ,
  and his possessions were given to Masinissa. According to some, the
  descendants of Syphax reigned for some time over a part of Numidia,
  and continued to make opposition to the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Scipio_.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Polybius._
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, lis. 171 & 188.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,
  li. 769.

=Syraces=, one of the Sacæ, who mutilated himself, and, by pretending
  to be a deserter, brought Darius, who made war against his country,
  into many difficulties. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Syracosia=, festivals at Syracuse celebrated during 10 days, in which
  women were busily employed in offering sacrifices.――――Another yearly
  observed near the lake of Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto
  had disappeared with Proserpine.

=Syracūsæ=, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 years
  before the christian era by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the
  Heraclidæ. In its flourishing state it extended 22½ English miles in
  circumference, and was divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acradina,
  Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth division, Epipolæ, a
  district little inhabited. These were of themselves separate cities,
  and were fortified with three citadels, and three-folded walls.
  Syracuse had two capacious harbours separated from one another by
  the island of Ortygia. The greatest harbour was about 5000 paces
  in circumference, and its entrance 500 paces wide. The people of
  Syracuse were very opulent and powerful, and though subject to
  tyrants, they were masters of vast possessions and dependent states.
  The city of Syracuse was well built, its houses were stately and
  magnificent; and it has been said, that it produced the best and most
  excellent of men when they were virtuous, but the most wicked and
  depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. The women of Syracuse
  were not permitted to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly
  garments, except such as prostituted themselves. Syracuse gave birth
  to Theocritis and Archimedes. It was under different governments;
  and after being freed from the tyranny of Thrasybulus, B.C. 446, it
  enjoyed security for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii,
  who were expelled by Timoleon, B.C. 343. In the age of the elder
  Dionysius, an army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400 ships,
  were kept in constant pay. It fell into the hands of the Romans,
  under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B.C. 212.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, chs. 52 & 53.――_Strabo_, bks. 1
  & 8.――_Cornelius Nepos._――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Livy_, bk. 23, &c.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_, &c.――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 278.

=Syria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries are not accurately
  ascertained by the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was bounded
  on the east by the Euphrates, north by mount Taurus, west by the
  Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into several
  districts and provinces, among which were Phœnicia, Seleucis, Judæa
  or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria. It was also called
  _Assyria_; and the words Syria and Assyria, though distinguished and
  defined by some authors, were often used indifferently. Syria was
  subjected to the monarchs of Persia; but after the death of Alexander
  the Great, Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received this province
  as his lot in the division of the Macedonian dominions, raised it
  into an empire, known in history by the name of the kingdom of Syria
  or Babylon, B.C. 312. Seleucus died after a reign of 32 years, and
  his successors, surnamed the _Seleucidæ_, ascended the throne in the
  following order: Antiochus, surnamed Soter, 280 B.C.; Antiochus Theos,
  261; Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 226; Antiochus
  the Great, 223; Seleucus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175;
  Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alexander Balas, 150;
  Demetrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus VI., 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 147;
  Antiochus Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexander
  Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus
  Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of Syria, which he calls Cœlesyria;
  Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Cœlesyria, Antiochus Pius;
  Aretas was king of Cœlesyria, 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and
  Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, B.C. 65; in
  consequence of which Syria became a Roman province. _Herodotus_, bks.
  2, 3 & 7.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.――_Strabo_, bks. 12 &
  16.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Ptolemy_,
  bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Curtius_, bk. 6.――_Dionysius Periegetes._

=Syriăcum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the
  coast of Phœnicia and Syria.

=Syrinx=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the river Ladon. Pan became
  enamoured of her, and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx
  escaped, and at her own request was changed by the gods into a reed
  called Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with the
  reeds, into which his favourite nymph had been changed. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 691.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63.

=Syrophœnix=, the name of an inhabitant of the maritime coast of Syria.
  _Juvenal_, satire 8.

=Syros=, one of the Cyclades in the Ægean sea, at the east of Delos,
  about 20 miles in circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn of
  all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great old age, because the air
  was wholesome. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 504.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――――A town of Caria. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 26.

=Syrtes=, two large sand-banks in the Mediterranean on the coast of
  Africa, one of which was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage.
  As they often changed places, and were sometimes very high or very
  low under the water, they were deemed most dangerous in navigation,
  and proved fatal to whatever ships touched upon them. From this
  circumstance, therefore, the word has been used to denote any
  part of the sea of which the navigation was attended with danger,
  either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2,
  ch. 7.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 41.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 303.
  ――_Sallust_, _ Jugurthine War_.

=Syrus=, an island. _See:_ Syros.――――A son of Apollo by Sinope the
  daughter of the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. _Plutarch_,
  _Lucullus_.――――A writer. _See:_ Publius.

=Sysigambis=, the mother of Darius. _See:_ Sisygambis.

=Sysimethres=, a Persian satrap, who had two children by his mother,
  an incestuous commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. He opposed
  Alexander with 2000 men, but soon surrendered. He was greatly
  honoured by the conqueror. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.

=Sysinas=, the elder son of Datames, who revolted from his father to
  Artaxerxes.

=Sythas=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Sicyonia into the
  bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.


                                   T

=Taautes=, a Phœnician deity, the same as the Saturn of the Latins, and
  probably the Thoth, or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Varro._

=Tabæ=, a town of Pisidia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.

=Tabellariæ leges=, laws made by suffrages delivered upon tables
  (_tabellæ_), and not _vivâ voce_. There were four of these laws, the
  _Gabinia lex_, A.U.C. 614, by Gabinius; the _Cassia_, by Cassius,
  A.U.C. 616; the _Papiria_, by Carbo, A.U.C. 622; and the _Cælia_,
  by Cælius, A.U.C. 646. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Tabernæ novæ=, a street in Rome where shops were built. _Livy_, bk. 3,
  ch. 48.――――Rhenanæ, a town of Germany on the confluence of the
  Felbach and the Rhine, now _Rhin-Zabern_.――――Riguæ, now _Bern-Castel_,
  on the Moselle.――――Triboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now
  _Saverne_.

=Tabor=, a mountain of Palestine.

=Tabrăca=, a maritime town of Africa, near Hippo, made a Roman colony.
  The neighbouring forests abounded with monkeys. _Juvenal_, satire 10,
  li. 194.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Tabuda=, a river of Germany, now the _Scheldt_. _Ptolemy._

=Taburnus=, a mountain of Campania, which abounded with olives.
  _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 38; _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 715.

=Tacape=, a town of Africa.

=Tacatua=, a maritime town of Numidia.

=Tacfarīnas=, a Numidian who commanded an army against the Romans in
  the reign of Tiberius. He had formerly served in the Roman legions,
  but in the character of an enemy, he displayed the most inveterate
  hatred against his benefactor. After he had severally defeated the
  officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed and killed in the field
  of battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Dolabella. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, &c.

=Tachampso=, an island in the Nile, near Thebais. The Egyptians
  held one half of this island, and the rest was in the hands of the
  Æthiopians. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.

=Tachos=, or =Tachus=, a king of Egypt, in the reign of Artaxerxes
  Ochus, against whom he sustained a long war. He was assisted by the
  Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus king of Lacedæmon proved
  fatal to him. Chabrias the Athenian had been entrusted with the fleet
  of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus was left with the command of
  the mercenary army. The Lacedæmonian disregarded his engagements,
  and by joining with Nectanebus, who had revolted from Tachus, he
  ruined the affairs of the monarch, and obliged him to save his life
  by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted with that duplicity to
  avenge himself upon Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short
  and deformed stature. The expectations of Tachus had been raised by
  the fame of Agesilaus; but when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated
  on the occasion the fable of the mountain which brought forth a mouse,
  upon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, though he called him a
  mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. _Cornelius Nepos_,
  _Agesilaus._

=Tacina=, a river of the Brutii.

=Tacĭta=, a goddess who presided over silence. Numa, as some say, paid
  particular veneration to this divinity.

=Tacĭtus ♦Publius Cornelius=, a celebrated Latin historian, born in the
  reign of Nero. His father was a Roman knight, who had been appointed
  governor of Belgic Gaul. The native genius and the rising talents of
  Tacitus were beheld with rapture by the emperor Vespasian, and as he
  wished to protect and patronize merit, he raised the young historian
  to places of trust and honour. The succeeding emperors were not less
  partial to Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his cruelties, when
  virtue and innocence claimed his patronage. Tacitus was honoured with
  the consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the bar by
  supporting the cause of the injured Africans against the proconsul
  Marius Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned for his avarice
  and extortion. The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has
  often been admired, and many have observed, that the familiarity
  of these two great men arose from similar principles, and a perfect
  conformity of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much the
  friend of a republican government, as Pliny was an admirer of the
  imperial power, and of the short-lived virtues of his patron Trajan.
  Pliny gained the heart of his adherents by affability, and all the
  elegant graces which became the courtier and the favourite, while
  Tacitus conciliated the esteem of the world by his virtuous conduct,
  which prudence and love of honour ever guided. The friendship of
  Tacitus and of Pliny almost became proverbial, and one was scarce
  mentioned without the other, as the following instance may indicate.
  At the exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus held a
  long conversation on different subjects with a Roman knight, with
  whom he was unacquainted; and when the knight asked him whether he
  was a native of Italy, the historian told him that he was not unknown
  to him, and that for their distant acquaintance he was indebted to
  literature. “Then you are,” replied the knight, “either Tacitus or
  Pliny.” The time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial pursuits; the
  orator might have been forgotten if the historian had not flourished.
  Tacitus wrote a treatise on the manners of the Germans, a composition
  admired for the fidelity and exactness with which it is executed,
  though some have declared that the historian delineated manners and
  customs with which he was not acquainted, and which never existed.
  His life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, whose daughter he had married,
  is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the many excellent
  instructions and important truths which it relates. His history of
  the Roman emperors is imperfect; of the 28 years of which it treated,
  that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the christian era, nothing
  remains but the year 69, and part of the 70th. His annals were the
  most extensive and complete of his works. The history of the reign
  of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero, was treated with accuracy and
  attention, yet we are to lament the loss of the history of the reign
  of Caius, and the beginning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had reserved
  for his old age the history of the reign of Nerva and Trajan, and
  he also proposed to give to the world an account of the interesting
  administration of Augustus; but these important subjects never
  employed the pen of the historian, and as some of the ancients
  observe, the only compositions of Tacitus were contained in 30 books,
  of which we have now left only 16 of his annals, and five of his
  history. The style of Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar
  beauties: the thoughts are great; there is a sublimity, force, weight,
  and energy; everything is treated with precision and dignity. Yet
  many have called him obscure, because he was fond of expressing his
  ideas in few words. This was the fruit of experience and judgment;
  the history appears copious and diffuse, while the annals, which were
  written in his old age, are less flowing as to style, more concise,
  and more heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for being pure and
  classical; and though a writer in the decline of the Roman empire,
  he has not used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous
  expressions, but with him everything is sanctioned by the authority
  of the writers of the Augustan age. In his biographical sketches
  he displays an uncommon knowledge of human nature; he paints every
  scene with a masterly hand, and gives each object its proper size
  and becoming colours. Affairs of importance are treated with dignity,
  the secret causes of events and revolutions are investigated from
  their primeval source, and the historian everywhere shows his reader
  that he was a friend of public liberty and national independence, a
  lover of truth, and of the general good and welfare of mankind, and
  an inveterate enemy to oppression and to a tyrannical government. The
  history of the reign of Tiberius is his masterpiece: the deep policy,
  the dissimulation and various intrigues of this celebrated prince,
  are painted with all the fidelity of the historian; and Tacitus
  boasted in saying, that he neither would flatter the follies, or
  maliciously or partially represent the extravagance, of the several
  characters he delineated. Candour and impartiality were his standard,
  and his claim to these essential qualifications of an historian have
  never been disputed. It is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted
  in being one of the descendants of the historian, ordered the works
  of his ancestor to be placed in all public libraries, and directed
  that 10 copies, well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, should
  be yearly written, that so great and so valuable a work might not
  be lost. Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed against Tacitus
  for the partial manner in which he speaks of the Jews and christians;
  but it should be remembered that he spoke the language of the Romans,
  and that the ♠peculiarities of the christians could not but draw upon
  them the odium and the ridicule of the pagans, and the imputation of
  superstition. Among the many excellent editions of Tacitus, these may
  pass for the best: that of Rome, folio, 1515; that in 8vo, 2 vols.,
  Leiden, 1673; that in usum Delphim, 4 vols., 4to, Paris, 1682; that
  of Lipscomb, 2 vols., 8vo, 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols., 4to, 1721;
  that of Brotier, 7 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols.,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1777; and Barbou’s, 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1760.
  ――――Marcus Claudius, a Roman chosen emperor by the senate, after the
  death of Aurelian. He would have refused this important and dangerous
  office, but the pressing solicitations of the senate prevailed,
  and in the 70th year of his age he complied with the wishes of his
  countrymen, and accepted the purple. The time of his administration
  was very popular, the good of the people was his care, and as
  a pattern of moderation, economy, temperance, regularity, and
  impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He abolished the several
  brothels which under the preceding reigns had filled Rome with
  licentiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all the public baths to
  be shut at sunset, he prevented the commission of many irregularities,
  which the darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The senators
  under Tacitus seemed to have recovered their ancient dignity and
  long-lost privileges. They were not only the counsellers of the
  emperor, but they even seemed to be his masters; and when Florianus,
  the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the
  emperor said, that the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more
  deserving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few of the
  Romans; and during a short reign of about six months, he not only
  repelled the barbarians who had invaded the territories of Rome in
  Asia, but he prepared to make war against the Persians and Scythians.
  He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, of a violent
  distemper, or, according to some, he was destroyed by the secret
  dagger of an assassin, on the 13th of April, in the 276th year
  of the christian era. Tacitus has been commended for his love of
  learning; and it has been observed, that he never passed a day
  without consecrating some part of his time to reading or writing. He
  has been accused of superstition, and authors have recorded that he
  never studied on the second day of each month, a day which he deemed
  inauspicious and unlucky. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.――_Zosimus._

    ♦ ‘C.’ replaced with ‘Publius’

    ♠ ‘peculiarites’ replaced with ‘peculiarities’

=Tader=, a river of Spain, near New Carthage.

=Tædai=, a prostitute at Rome, &c., _Juvenal_, Satire 2, li. 49.

=Tænărus=, now _Matapan_, a promontory of Laconia, the most southern
  point of Europe, where Neptune had a temple. There was there a large
  and deep cavern, whence issued a black and unwholesome vapour, from
  which circumstance the poets have imagined that it was one of the
  entrances of hell, through which Hercules dragged Cerberus from
  the infernal regions. This fabulous tradition arises, according
  to Pausanias, from the continual resort of a large serpent near
  the cavern of Tænarus, whose bite was mortal. The serpent, as the
  geographer observes, was at last killed by Hercules, and carried
  to Eurystheus. The town of Tænarus was at the distance of about 40
  stadia from the promontory, and was famous for marble of a beautiful
  green colour. The town, as well as the promontory, received its name
  from Tænarus, a son of Neptune. There were some festivals celebrated
  there, called _Tænaria_, in honour of Neptune, surnamed _Tænarius_.
  _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_, li. 413.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 648.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 247;
  bk. 10, lis. 13 & 83.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Tænias=, a part of the lake Mœotis. _Strabo._

=Tagaste=, a town of Numidia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Tages=, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, was the first who taught
  the 12 nations of the Etrurians the science of augury and divination.
  It is said that he was found by a Tuscan ploughman in the form
  of a clod, and that he assumed a human shape to instruct this
  nation, which became so celebrated for their knowledge of omens
  and incantations. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_ bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 558.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 673.

=Tagonius=, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis.

=Tagus=, a river of Spain, which falls into the Atlantic after it has
  crossed Lusitania or Portugal, and now bears the name of _Tajo_.
  The sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were covered with
  gold. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 251.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 234.――_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 755.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55, &c.――――A Latin chief killed by Nisus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 418.――――A Trojan killed by Turnus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.

=Talasius=. _See:_ ♦Thalassius.

    ♦ ‘Thalasius’ replaced with ‘Thalassius’

=Talaus=, a son of Bias and Pero, father of Adrastus by Lysimache. He
  was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Talayra=, the sister of Phœbe. She is also called _Hilaira_. _See:_
  Phœbe.

=Talĕtum=, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia.
  Horses were generally offered there for sacrifice. _Pausanias._

=Talthybius=, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the
  particular minister and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away Briseis
  from the tent of Achilles by order of his master. Talthybius died at
  Ægium in Achaia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 320, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 23.

=Talus=, a youth, son of the sister of Dædalus, who invented the saw,
  compasses, and other mechanical instruments. His uncle became jealous
  of his growing fame, and murdered him privately; or, according to
  others, he threw him down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was
  changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called _Calus_,
  _Acalus_, _Perdix_, and _Taliris_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――A
  son of Œnopion. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.――――A son of Cres, the
  founder of the Cretan nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.――――A friend
  of Æneas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 513.

=Tamaris=, a river of Spain.

=Tamărus=, a mountain of Epirus, called also _Tmarus_ and _Tomarus_.
  _Strabo._

=Tamasea=, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddess of beauty.
  It was in this place that Venus gathered the golden apples with which
  Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Atalanta. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 10, li. 644.――_Pliny_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Tamesis=, a river of Britain, now the Thames. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 5, ch. 11.

=Tamos=, a native of Memphis, made governor of Ionia, by young Cyrus.
  After the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was
  murdered on account of his immense treasures. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.
  ――――A promontory of India in the Ganges.

=Tampius=, a Roman historian.

=Tamyras=, a river of Phœnicia, between Tyre and Sidon.

=Tamyris=, a queen. _See:_ Thomyris.

=Tanăgra=, a town of Bœotia, near the Euripus, between the Asopus and
  Thermodon, famous for fighting-cocks. It was founded by Pœmandros,
  a son of Chæresilaus the son of Jasius, who married Tanagra the
  daughter of Æolus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was
  a native of Tanagra. _Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 20
  & 23.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, li. 25.

=Tanăgrus=, or =Tanāger=, now _Negro_, a river of Lucania in Italy,
  remarkable for its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its
  streams, through a fine picturesque country. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 3, li. 151.

=Tanais=, a eunuch, freedman to Mæcenas. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1,
  li. 105.――――A river of Scythia, now the _Don_, which divides Europe
  from Asia, and falls into the Palus Mæotis after a rapid course, and
  after it has received the additional streams of many small rivulets.
  A town at its mouth bore the same name. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.
  ――_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.――_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――_Lucan_,
  bks. 3, 8, &c.――――A deity among the Persians and Armenians, who
  patronized slaves; supposed to be the same as Venus. The daughters
  of the noblest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted themselves
  in honour of this deity, and were received with greater regard and
  affection by their suitors. Artaxerxes the son of Darius was the
  first who raised statues to Tanais in the different provinces of
  his empire, and taught his subjects to pay her divine honours.
  _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Tanăquil=, called also _Caia Cæcilia_, was the wife of Tarquin the
  fifth king of Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where she married
  Lucumon, better known by the name of _Tarquin_, which he assumed
  after he had come to Rome at the representation of his wife, whose
  knowledge of augury promised him something uncommon. Her expectations
  were not frustrated; her husband was raised to the throne, and
  she shared with him the honours of royalty. After the murder of
  Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne,
  and ensured him the succession. She distinguished herself by her
  liberality; and the Romans in succeeding ages had such a veneration
  for her character, that the embroidery she had made, her girdle, as
  also the robe of her son-in-law, which she had worked with her own
  hands, were preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal bestows
  the appellation of _Tanaquil_ on all such women as were imperious,
  and had the command of their husbands. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Florus_, bk. 1,
  chs. 5 & 8.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 818.

=Tanas=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 90.

=Tanetum=, a town of Italy, now _Tonedo_, in the duchy of Modena.

=Tanfanæ lucus=, a sacred grove in Germany, in the country of the Marsi,
  between the Ems and Lippe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Tanis=, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern mouths of the Nile.

=Tantălĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the descendants of Tantalus, such
  as Niobe, Hermione, &c.――――Agamemnon and Menelaus, as grandsons of
  Tantalus, are called _Tantalidæ fratres_. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8,
  lis. 45 & 122.

=Tantălus=, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter by a nymph called Pluto.
  He was father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione, one of the Atlantides,
  called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the poets as
  punished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin
  in the midst of a pool of water, which, however, flows away as soon
  as he attempts to taste it. There hangs also above his head a bough
  richly loaded with delicious fruit, which, as soon as he attempts
  to seize, is carried away from his reach by a sudden blast of wind.
  According to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit under a
  huge stone hung at some distance over his head, and as it seems
  every moment ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and
  never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal punishment are
  variously explained. Some declare that it was inflicted upon him
  because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had entrusted to his
  care to keep his temple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the
  nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he was admitted
  into the assemblies of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on
  earth. Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty and impiety
  in killing his son Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before
  the gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they
  had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. There were
  also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away
  Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. _Pindar_,
  _Olympian_, bk. 1.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 581.――_Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Euripides_,
  _Iphigeneia_.――_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 66.――_Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 1, li. 68.――――A son of Thyestes, the first husband of
  Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.――――One of Niobe’s children. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.

=Tanusius Germinus=, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. _Seneca_,
  ltr. 93.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 9.

=Taphiæ=, islands in the Ionian sea between Achaia and Leucadia. They
  were also called _Teleboides_. They received these names from Taphius
  and Telebous, the sons of Neptune who reigned there. The Taphians
  made war against Electryon king of Mycenæ, and killed all his sons;
  upon which the monarch promised his kingdom and his daughter in
  marriage to whoever could avenge the death of his children upon the
  Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, and obtained the promised
  reward. The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond of plunder and
  piratical excursions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 181 & 419; bk.
  15, li. 426.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Taphius=, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the daughter of Nestor. He
  was king of the Taphiæ, to which he gave his name. _Strabo_, bk. 16.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Taphius=, or =Taphiassus=, a mountain of Locris on the confines of
  Ætolia.

=Taphiusa=, a place near Leucas, where a stone is found called
  _Taphiusius_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 21.

=Taphræ=, a town on the isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now
  _Precop_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Taphros=, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, now _Bonifacio_.

=Taprobăne=, an island in the Indian ocean, now called _Ceylon_. Its
  inhabitants were very rich, and lived to a great age. Their country
  was visited by two summers and two winters. Hercules was their chief
  deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among
  unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became a
  father. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,
  bk. 8, poem 5, li. 80.

=Tapsus=, a maritime town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3.――――A
  small and lowly situated peninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 619.――――A man of Cyzicus, killed by
  Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 191.

=Tapyri=, a people near Hyrcania. _Dionysius Periegetes._

=Tarănis=, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices
  were offered. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 446.

=Taras=, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum, as some suppose.

=Tarasco=, a town of Gaul, now _Tarascon_ in Provence.

=Taraxippus=, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near
  the race-ground, and his protection was implored that no harm might
  happen to the horses during the games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20, &c.
  ――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.

=Tarbelli=, a people of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from
  thence are sometimes called _Tarbellæ_. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7,
  li. 13.――_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 121.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 27.

=Tarchetius=, an impious king of Alba. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.

=Tarchon=, an Etrurian chief, who assisted Æneas against the Rutuli.
  Some suppose that he founded Mantua. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 693.――――A prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 219.

=Tarchondimŏtus=, a prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 11, li. 219.

=Tarentum=, =Tarentus=, or =Taras=, a town of Calabria, situate on
  a bay of the same name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It
  was founded, or rather repaired, by a Lacedæmonian colony, about
  707 years before Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. Long
  independent, it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary cities;
  and could once arm 100,000 foot and 3000 horse. The people of
  Tarentum were very indolent, and as they were easily supplied with
  all necessaries as well as luxuries from Greece, they gave themselves
  up to voluptuousness, so that _the delights of Tarentum_ became
  proverbial. The war which they supported against the Romans, with the
  assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been called the
  _Tarentine war_, is greatly celebrated in history. This war, which
  had been undertaken B.C. 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults
  the Tarentines had offered to their ships when near their harbour,
  was terminated after 10 years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and
  Tarentum became subject to Rome. The government was democratical;
  there were, however, some monarchs who reigned there. It was for some
  time the residence of Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the
  love of virtue, and rendered them superior to their neighbours in
  the cabinet as well as in the field of battle. The large, beautiful,
  and capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient
  historians. Tarentum, now called _Tarento_, is inhabited by about
  18,000 souls, who still maintain the character of their forefathers
  in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly by fishing. _Florus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 18.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Plutarch_,
  _Pyrrhus_.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 6; bk. 15, ch. 10; bk. 34, ch. 7.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 12, ch. 13, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 45.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5,
  ch. 20.

=Tarichæum=, a fortified town of Judæa. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 12, ch. 11.――――Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore
  this name from their _pickling_ fish. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.

=Tarnæ=, a town mentioned by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 5.――――A fountain of
  Lydia, near Tmolus. _Strabo._――――A river of Aquitania.

=Tarpa Spurius Mætius=, a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He
  was appointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine
  the merit of every poetical composition, which was to be deposited
  in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted with great
  impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candour. All the
  pieces that were represented on the Roman stage had previously
  received his approbation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 38.

=Tarpeia=, the daughter of Tarpeius the governor of the citadel of Rome,
  promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they
  gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they
  carried on their left hands. Tatius the king of the Sabines consented,
  and as he entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only
  his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his
  example, and Tarpeia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets
  and shields of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, which
  from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there afterwards
  many of the Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice.
  _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 261.――_Amores_,
  bk. 1, poem 10, li. 50.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Propertius_, bk. 4,
  poem 4.――――A vestal virgin in the reign of Numa.――――One of the
  warlike female attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 665.

=Tarpeia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 269, by Spurius Tarpeius, to empower
  all the magistrates of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This
  power belonged before only to the consuls. This fine was not to
  exceed two sheep and 30 oxen.

=Spurius Tarpeius=, the governor of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus.
  His descendants were called _Montani_ and _Capitolini_.

=Tarpeius mons=, a hill at Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height,
  from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It
  received its name from _Tarpeia_, who was buried there, and is the
  same as the _Capitoline_ hill. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 20.――_Lucan_, bk. 7,
  li. 758.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, lis. 347 & 652.

=Tarquinii=, now _Turchina_, a town of Etruria, built by Tarchon,
  who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or
  educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the
  throne. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.――_Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 34; bk. 27, ch. 4.

=Tarquinia=, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius
  Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she
  privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed
  upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed
  her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps
  more justly, have suspected Tullia the wife of young Tarquin of the
  murder.――――A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman
  people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus
  Martius.

=Tarquinius Priscus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus,
  a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed
  when, by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He
  called himself Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, because
  born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished
  himself so much by his liberality and engaging manners, that Ancus
  Martius, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, the
  guardian of his children. This was insufficient to gratify the
  ambition of Tarquin; the princes were young, and an artful oration
  delivered to the people immediately transferred the crown of the
  deceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason
  to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation
  and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made
  himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians,
  whom he distinguished by the appellation of _Patres minorum gentium_,
  from those of the patrician body, who were called _Patres majorum
  gentium_. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so
  much dignity by the former monarch, was not neglected in this reign,
  and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigour and military prudence in
  the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins
  and Sabines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He
  repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital; the public
  places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and
  many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions
  and golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more admiration and greater
  pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent, edifices of
  Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry
  and the public spirit of this monarch, the Romans were indebted for
  their aqueducts and subterraneous sewers, which supplied the city
  with fresh and wholesome water, and removed all the filth and ordure,
  which in a great capital too often breed pestilence and diseases.
  Tarquin was the first who introduced among the Romans the custom to
  canvass for offices of trust and honour; he distinguished the monarch,
  the senators, and other inferior magistrates with particular robes
  and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, and the hatchets
  carried before the public magistrates were by his order surrounded
  with bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be viewed with
  greater reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of his
  predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had sat on
  the throne, 578 years before Christ. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 59.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 2.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 31.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――――The second Tarquin, surnamed _Superbus_,
  from his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He
  ascended the throne of Rome after his father-in-law Servius Tullius,
  and was the seventh and last king of Rome. He married Tullia the
  daughter of Tullius, and it was at her instigation that he murdered
  his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown which he had
  obtained with violence, he endeavoured to keep by a continuation
  of tyranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the
  decisions of the senate, or the approbation of the public assemblies,
  and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one
  and the odium of the other. The public treasury was soon exhausted
  by the continual extravagance of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs
  of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention to war. He was
  successful in his military operations, and the neighbouring cities
  submitted; but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the wantonness
  of the son of Tarquin at Rome for ever stopped the progress of his
  arms; and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppression had
  hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself,
  not to survive the loss of her honour [_See:_ Lucretia], than the
  whole city and camp arose with indignation against the monarch.
  The gates of Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever
  banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Unable to find
  support from even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired among the
  Etrurians, who attempted in vain to replace him on his throne. The
  republican government was established at Rome, and all Italy refused
  any longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch against a nation,
  who heard the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with
  equal horror and indignation. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his
  age, about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He had reigned
  about 25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious among the Romans,
  his reign was not without its share of glory. His conquests were
  numerous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at Rome was his
  wish, and with great magnificence and care he finished the capitol,
  which his predecessor of the same name had begun. He also bought
  the Sibylline books which the Romans consulted with such religious
  solemnity. _See:_ Sibyllæ. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius on a Charge
  of Treason_ & _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 27.――_Livy_,
  bk. 1, ch. 46, &c.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 48, &c.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 41.――_Plutarch._
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.
  687.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 817.――_Eutropius._――――Collatinus,
  one of the relations of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia.
  _See:_ Collatinus.――――Sextius, the eldest of the sons of Tarquin the
  Proud, rendered himself known by a variety of adventures. When his
  father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly declared that he was
  at variance with the monarch, and the report was the more easily
  believed when he came before Gabii with his body all mangled and
  bloody with stripes. This was an agreement between the father and
  the son, and Tarquin had no sooner declared that this proceeded
  from the tyranny and oppression of his father, than the people of
  Gabii entrusted him with the command of their armies, fully convinced
  that Rome could never have a more inveterate enemy. When he had thus
  succeeded, he despatched a private messenger to his father, but the
  monarch gave no answer to be returned to his son. Sextius inquired
  more particularly about his father, and when he heard from the
  messenger that when the message was delivered, Tarquin cut off with a
  stick the tallest poppies in his garden, the son followed the example
  by putting to death the most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii.
  The two soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The violence which
  some time after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was the cause of
  his father’s exile, and the total expulsion of his family from Rome.
  _See:_ Lucretia. Sextius was at last killed, bravely fighting in a
  battle during the war which the Latins sustained against Rome in the
  attempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on their throne. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_.――_Livy._――――A Roman senator who was accessary to Catiline’s
  conspiracy.

=Tarquitius Crescens=, a centurion under Cæsennius Pætus. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 11.――――Priscus, an officer in Africa, who
  accused the proconsul, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59;
  bk. 14, ch. 46.

=Tarquĭtus=, a son of Faunus and Dryope, who assisted Turnus against
  Æneas. He was killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 550.

=Tarracīna=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, between Rome and Neapolis.
  It was also called Anxur, because the infant Jupiter was worshipped
  there under that name, which signifies beardless. _Livy_, bk. 4,
  ch. 29.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Festus_, _Lexicon
  of Festus_.

=Tarrăco=, now _Tarragona_, a city of Spain, situate on the shores
  of the Mediterranean, founded by the two Scipios, who planted a
  Roman colony there. The province of which it was the capital was
  called _Tarraconensis_, and was famous for its wines. Hispania
  _Tarraconensis_, which was also called by the Romans Hispania
  _Citerior_, was bounded on the east by the Mediterranean, the ocean
  on the west, the Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Cantabri on
  the north, and Lusitania and Bætica on the south. _Martial_, bk. 10,
  ltr. 104; bk. 13, ltr. 118.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 3, li. 369; bk. 15, li. 177.

=Tarrutius.= _See:_ Acca Laurentia.

=Tarsa=, a Thracian, who rebelled under Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 50.

=Tarsius=, a river of Troas. _Strabo._

=Tarsus=, now _Tarasso_, a town of Cilicia, on the Cydnus, founded
  by Triptolemus and a colony of Argives, or, as others say, by
  Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebrated for the great
  men it produced. It was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens in
  literature and the study of the polite arts. The people of Tarsus
  wished to ingratiate themselves into the favour of Julius Cæsar by
  giving the name of _Juliopolis_ to their city, but it was soon lost.
  _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 225.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.

=Tartărus=, (plural, a, orum), one of the regions of hell, where,
  according to the ancients, the most impious and guilty among mankind
  were punished. It was surrounded by a brazen wall, and its entrance
  was continually hidden from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which
  is represented three times more gloomy than the obscurest night.
  According to Hesiod it was a separate prison, at a greater distance
  from the earth than the earth is from the heavens. Virgil says that
  it was surrounded by three impenetrable walls, and by the impetuous
  and burning streams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance was by
  a large and lofty tower, whose gates were supported by columns
  of adamant, which neither gods nor men could open. In Tartarus,
  according to Virgil, were punished such as had been disobedient to
  their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless ministers, and such as
  had undertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends
  for the sake of money. It was also the place where Ixion, Tityus, the
  Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c., were punished, according to Ovid.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 720.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 591.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13.――――A small river of Italy, near
  Verona. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.

=Tartessus=, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the
  Mediterranean. Some suppose that it was afterwards called _Carteia_,
  and it was better known by the name of _Gades_, when Hercules had set
  up his columns on the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is also a
  town called Tartessus, in a small island formed by the river of the
  same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most
  distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as also the
  place where the poets imagined the sun unharnessed his tired horses.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, lis. 399 & 411; bk. 10, li. 538.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 14, li. 416.――_Strabo_, bk. 3.

=Taruana=, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_ in Artois.

=Lucius Taruntius Spurina=, a mathematician who flourished 61 years B.C.
  _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 47.

=Tarus=, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po.

=Tarusates=, a people of Gaul, now _Turcan_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 3, chs. 23 & 27.

=Taruscum=, a town of Gaul.

=Tarvisium=, a town of Italy, now _Treviso_, in the Venetian states.

=Tasgretius Cornūtus=, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of
  Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 25.

=Tatian=, one of the Greek fathers, A.D. 172. The best edition of his
  works is that of Worth, 8vo, Oxford, 1700.

=Tatienses=, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by
  Romulus, in honour of Tatius king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who
  were partly the ancient subjects of the king of the Sabines, lived on
  mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis.

=Tātius Titus=, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against
  the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city
  were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines
  advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought.
  The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the
  combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius
  consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of
  Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted
  still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted
  the name of Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. After he
  had for six years shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the
  greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of
  cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order
  of his royal colleague, according to some authors. _Livy_, bk. 1,
  ch. 10, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.――_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 804.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Tatta=, a large lake of Phrygia, on the confines of Pisidia.

=Tavola=, a river of Corsica.

=Taua=, a town of the Delta in Egypt.

=Taulantii=, a people of Illyricum on the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45,
  ch. 26.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 16.

=Taunus=, a mountain in Germany, now _Heyrich_ or _Hoche_, opposite
  Mentz. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 56.

=Taurania=, a town of Italy in the country of the Brutii.

=Taurantes=, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigranocerta.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 24.

=Tauri=, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica
  Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of
  this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven,
  was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. _Strabo_, bk. 12.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.――_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1,
  poem 2, li. 80.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 260.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 15, li. 116.

=Taurĭca Chersonēsus=, a large peninsula of Europe at the south-west of
  the Palus Mæotis, now called the _Crimea_. It is joined by an isthmus
  to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea,
  and the Palus Mœotis. The inhabitants, called _Tauri_, were a savage
  and uncivilized nation. _Strabo_, bk. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.
  _See:_ Tauri.

=Taurĭca=, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the
  inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus.

=Taurīni=, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul,
  now called _Turin_, in Piedmont. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 646.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.

=Taurisci=, a people of Mysia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――――Of Noricum, among
  the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 4.

=Tauriscus=, a sculptor. _See:_ Apollonius.

=Taurium=, a town of the Peloponnesus. _Polybius._

=Taurominium=, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by
  the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Dionysius the
  tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for
  the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the
  whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. There is
  a small river near it called _Taurominius_. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Taurus=, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its
  extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as far as the most
  eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches in several parts,
  and runs far into the north. Mount Taurus was known by several names,
  particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches
  as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was known by the
  names of _Amanus_, from the bay of Issus as far as the Euphrates; of
  _Antitaurus_ from the western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia;
  of _Montes Matieni_ in the country of the Leucosyrians; of _Mons
  Moschicus_ at the south of the river Phasis; of _Amaranta_ at the
  north of the Phasis; of _Caucasus_ between the Hyrcanian and Euxine
  seas; of _Hyrcanii Montes_, near Hyrcania; of _Imaus_ in the more
  eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more properly confined to
  the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. The
  several passes which were opened in the mountains were called _Pylæ_,
  and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian
  Pylæ, Cilician Pylæ, &c. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, chs. 7
  & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.――――A mountain in Germany. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41.――――Of Sicily.――――Titus Statilius, a consul
  distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre
  which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous
  campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his imperial
  friend.――――A proconsul of Africa, accused by Agripina, who wished
  him to be condemned, that she might become mistress of his gardens.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59.――――An officer of Minos king
  of Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of
  the Minotaur, from the son, who was born some time after. _See:_
  Minotaurus. Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in the games which
  Minos exhibited in Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Taxĭla= (plural), a large country in India, between the Indus and the
  Hydaspes. _Strabo_, bk. 15.

=Taxĭlus=, or =Taxiles=, a king of Taxila in the age of Alexander,
  called also _Omphis_. He submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him
  with great liberality. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 6.――_Curtius_, bk. 8,
  ch. 14.――――A general of Mithridates, who assisted Archelaus against
  the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards conquered by Muræna the
  lieutenant of Sylla.

=Taximaquilus=, a king in the southern parts of Britain when Cæsar
  invaded it. _Cæsar_, bk. 5, _Gallic War_, ch. 22.

=Taygēte=, or =Taygēta=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of
  Lacedæmon by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades after death.
  _Hyginus_, fables 155 & 192.――_Pausanias_, in _Laconia_, chs. 1 & 18.

=Taygētus=, or =Taygēta= (orum), a mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus,
  at the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Lacedæmon,
  and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and
  destroyed the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the Lacedæmonian
  women celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Lucan_, bk. 5,
  li. 52.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 488.

=Teānum=, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the
  Liris, called _Sidicinum_, to be distinguished from another town of
  the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the
  coast of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenship were extended to
  it under Augustus. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 9 & 69.
  _Philostratus_, bk. 12, ch. 11.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 31, ch. 2.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 27.

=Tearus=, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different
  sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a
  column there when he marched against the Scythians, as if to denote
  the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. _Herodotus_,
  bks. 4, 5, 90, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Teātea=, =Teate=, or =Tegeate=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 522; bk. 17, li. 457.

=Teches=, a mountain of Pontus, from which the 10,000 Greeks had first
  a view of the sea. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.

=Techmessa=, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras,
  and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed in war by Ajax son
  of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror,
  and by him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his
  tragedies, represents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her
  tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab himself. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  ode 1, li. 6.――_Dictys Cretensis._――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.

=Tecmon=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.

=Tecnatis=, a king of Egypt.

=Tectămus=, a son of Dorus, grandson of Hellen the son of Deucalion,
  went to Crete with the Ætolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. He
  had a son called Asterius by the daughter of Cretheus.

=Tectosăges=, or =Tectosăgæ=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose
  capital was the modern Toulouse. They received the name of Tectosagæ
  _quod sagis tegerentur_. Some of them passed into Germany, where they
  settled near the Hercynian forest, and another colony passed into
  Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The
  Tectosagæ were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus,
  and who attempted some time after to plunder the temple of Apollo
  at Delphi. At their return home from Greece they were visited by
  a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to throw into the river all
  the riches and plunder which they had obtained in their distant
  excursions. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 23.――_Strabo_, bk. 4.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.――_Justin_, bk. 32.

=Tecum=, a river of Gaul falling from the Pyrenees into the
  Mediterranean.

=Tedanius=, a river of Liburnia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Tĕgēa=, or =Tegæa=, now _Moklai_, a town of Arcadia in the
  Peloponnesus, founded by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according
  to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were found buried
  there and removed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped there,
  and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus had each a temple. The
  inhabitants were called _Tegeates_; and the epithet _Tegæa_ is given
  to Atalanta, as a native of the place. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  fable 7; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 531.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li. 293.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45, &c.

=Tegula Publius Licinius=, a comic poet who flourished B.C. 198.

=Tegyra=, a town of Bœotia where Apollo _Tegyrœus_ was worshipped.
  There was a battle fought there between the Thebans and the
  Peloponnesians.

=Teios.= _See:_ Teos.

=Teium=, a town of Paphlagonia on the Euxine sea.

=Tela=, a town of Spain.

=Tĕlămon=, a king of the island of Salamis, son of Æacus and Endeis. He
  was brother to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, who on that
  account is often called _Telamonius heros_. He fled from Megara, his
  native country, after he had accidentally murdered his brother Phocus
  in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis,
  where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus the
  king of the place. At the death of his father-in-law, who had no
  male issue, Telamon became king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason
  in his expedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when
  that hero took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. Telamon was
  rewarded by Hercules for his services with the hand of Hesione, whom
  the conqueror had obtained among the spoils of Troy, and with her he
  returned to Greece. He also married Peribœa, whom some call Eribœa.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 151.――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.
  ――_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ch. 6.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.――_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 97, &c.――――A seaport town of Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Telamoniădes=, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon.

=Telchīnes=, a people of Rhodes, said to have been originally from
  Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according
  to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They were the first who
  raised statues to the gods. They had the power of changing themselves
  into whatever shape they pleased, and, according to Ovid, they could
  poison and fascinate all objects with their eyes, and cause rain
  and hail to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, for
  which the goddess inspired them with a sudden fury, so that they
  committed the grossest crimes, and offered violence even to their own
  mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all by a deluge. _Diodorus._――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 365, &c.

=Telchīnia=, a surname of Minerva at Teumessa in Bœotia, where she
  had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.――――Also a surname of
  Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus raised by the
  Telchinians, who settled there.――――Also an ancient name of Crete,
  as the place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were descended.
  _Statius_, bk. 6, _Sylvæ_, poem 6, li. 47.

=Telchīnius=, a surname of Apollo among the Rhodians. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Telchis=, a son of Europs the son of Ægialeus. He was one of the first
  kings of the Peloponnesus.

=Telea=, a surname of Juno in Bœotia.

=Teleboæ=, or =Teleboes=, a people of Ætolia, called also _Taphians_;
  some of whom left their native country, and settled in the island of
  Capreæ. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 715. _See:_ Taphiæ.

=Teleboas=, a son of Ixion and the cloud. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 11.――――A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._

=Teleboides=, islands opposite Leucadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Telĕcles=, or =Telĕclus=, a Lacedæmonian king of the family of the
  Agidæ, who reigned 40 years, B.C. 813. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 205.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――――A philosopher, disciple of Lacidas,
  B.C. 214.――――A Milesian.

=Teleclīdes=, an Athenian comic poet in the age of Pericles, one of
  whose plays, called the Amphictyon, is mentioned by ancient authors.
  _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.――_Athenæus._

=Tēlĕgŏnus=, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in the island of Ææa,
  where he was educated. When arrived to the years of manhood, he went
  to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, but he was shipwrecked
  on the coast, and, being destitute of provisions, he plundered some
  of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to
  defend the property of their subjects against this unknown invader; a
  quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father without knowing who he
  was. He afterwards returned to his native country, and, according to
  Hyginus, he carried thither his father’s body, where it was buried.
  Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in his return, and soon
  after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by order
  of Minerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave
  his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tibur or Præneste,
  in Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter called Mamilia,
  from whom the patrician family of the Mamilii at Rome were descended.
  _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bks. 3 & 4.
  _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 1.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 7.――――A son of Proteus, killed by Hercules.
  _Apollodorus._――――A king of Egypt, who married Io after she had been
  restored to her original form by Jupiter. _Apollodorus._

=Tēlĕmăchus=, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still in the cradle
  when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war.
  At the end of this celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to see his
  father, went to seek him, and as the place of his residence, and the
  cause of his long absence, were then unknown, he visited the court
  of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned
  to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to
  murder him; but he avoided their snares, and by means of Minerva, he
  discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before
  him, and was then in the house of Eumæus. With this faithful servant
  and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the
  importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with success. After
  the death of his father, Telemachus went to the island of Ææa, where
  he married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone the daughter
  of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus. He some time after had
  the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy,
  where he founded Clusium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit
  to Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the form of
  Mentor. It is said that, when a child, Telemachus fell into the sea,
  and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had remained
  some time under water. From this circumstance Ulysses had the
  figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on his ring.
  _Hyginus_, fables 95 & 125.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 41.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 2, &c.
  ――_Lycophron_, _Alexandra_.

=Telĕmus=, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold
  to Polyphemus all the evils which he some time after suffered from
  Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 771.

=Telephassa=, the mother of Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix by Agenor. She
  died in Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom Jupiter
  had carried away. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 4.

=Tĕlĕphus=, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and Auge the daughter of
  Aleus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, but his
  life was preserved by a goat, and by some shepherds. According to
  Apollodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple
  of Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition mentioned by
  Pausanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves with his mother,
  by the cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the mouth of
  the Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras the king of the country,
  who married, or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated
  her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid
  the anger of her father, on account of her amour with Hercules.
  Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nauplius to be ♦severely
  punished for her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure
  her, sent her to Teuthras king of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted.
  Telephus, according to the more received opinions, was ignorant of
  his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to know
  his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he came
  to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his crown, and his adopted
  daughter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver his country from the
  hostilities of Idas the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied,
  and at the head of the Mysians, he soon routed the enemy, and
  received the promised reward. As he was going to unite himself to
  Auge, the sudden appearance of an enormous serpent separated the
  two lovers; Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and was soon
  informed by the god that Telephus was her own son. When this was
  known, the nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some time after
  married one of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the sons of the
  Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks,
  and with heroic valour he attacked them when they had landed on his
  coast. The carnage was great, and Telephus was victorious, had not
  Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the
  earth, which entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him flat
  on the ground. Achilles immediately rushed upon him, and wounded
  him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound
  was mortal, but Telephus was informed by the oracle, that he alone
  who had inflicted it could totally cure it. Upon this, applications
  were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero observed that he was
  no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken
  without the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, and who wished
  to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey
  the directions of the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the weapon
  which had given the wound could alone cure it, the hero scraped the
  rust from the point of his spear, and, by applying it to the sore,
  gave it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus showed himself so
  grateful to the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Trojan war,
  and fought with them against his father-in-law. _Hyginus_, fable 101.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.
  ――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 1, &c.――_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_.
  ――_Pliny._――――A friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty and the
  elegance of his person. He was the favourite of Lydia the mistress
  of Horace, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12; bk. 4, ode 11, li. 21.――――A
  slave who conspired against Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.
  ――――Lucius Verus, wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a
  comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost.

    ♦ ‘sevevely’ replaced with ‘severely’

=Telesia=, a town of Campania, taken by Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 13;
  bk. 24, ch. 20.

=Telesĭcles=, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus by a slave
  called Enippo. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Telesilla=, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country
  against the Lacedæmonians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A
  statue was raised to her honour in the temple of Venus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Telesinicus=, a Corinthian auxiliary at Syracuse, &c. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 5.

=Telesīnus=, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of
  Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He marched towards
  Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in
  a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain, after he had
  given repeated proofs of valour and courage. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_,
  &c.――――A poet of considerable merit in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 25.

=Telesippus=, a poor man of Pheræ, father to the tyrant Dinias.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 2.

=Telestagŏras=, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by
  some of the nobles of the island, in consequence of which they were
  expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. _Athenæus_, bk. 8.

=Telestas=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――――An athlete
  of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.――――A king of Corinth, who
  died 779 B.C.

=Telestes=, a dithyrambic poet, who flourished B.C. 402.

=Telesto=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.

=Telethes=, a mountain in Eubœa.

=Telethūsa=, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, a native of Crete. She
  became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into a boy.
  _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 681.

=Teleurias=, a prince of Macedonia, &c. _Xenophon._

=Teleutias=, the brother of Agesilaus, who was killed by the Olynthians,
  &c.

=Teleute=, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. _Plutarch_, _de
  Iside et Osiride_.

=Tellenæ=, a town of Latium, now destroyed. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.

=Telles=, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.

=Tellias=, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He was
  greatly honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabitants
  raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Tellis=, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas.

=Tellus=, a divinity, the same as the earth, the most ancient of all
  the gods after Chaos. She was mother by Cœlus of Oceanus, Hyperion,
  Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, Phœbe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is
  the same as the divinity who is honoured under the several names of
  Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She
  was generally represented in the character of Tellus, as a woman with
  many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecundity of the
  earth. She also appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in
  one hand and a key in the other; while at her feet was lying a tame
  lion without chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth
  can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
  li. 130.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 137.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 1.――――A poor man, whom Solon called happier than Crœsus the rich
  and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong
  and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of
  his country. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 30.――――An Italian who is said to
  have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called
  Hippone, who became the goddess of horses.

=Telmessus=, or =Telmissus=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were
  skilled in augury and the interpretation of dreams. _Cicero_, _de
  Divinatione_, bk. 1.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 16.
  ――――Another in Lycia.――――A third in Pisidia.

=Telo Martius=, a town at the south of Gaul, now _Toulon_.

=Telon=, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed during the siege of that
  city by Cæsar. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 592.――――A king of the Teleboæ, who
  married Sebethis, by whom he had Œbalus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 734.

=Telos=, a small island near Rhodes.

=Telphūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the Ladon who gave
  her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the
  fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Lycophron_, li. 1040.

=Telxiŏpe=, one of the muses according to _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,
  bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Telys=, a tyrant of Sybaris.

=Temathea=, a mountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.

=Temēnium=, a place in Messene, where Temenus was buried.

=Temĕnītes=, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small
  place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. _Cicero_, _Against
  Verres_.

=Temĕnos=, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, called Temenites, had
  a statue. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53.――_Suetonius_,
  _Tiberius_, ch. 74.

=Temĕnus=, the son of Aristomachus, was the first of the Heraclidæ, who
  returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, and in the
  reign of Tisamenes king of Argos. Temenus made himself master of the
  throne of Argos, from which he expelled the reigning sovereign. After
  death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his
  daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was in preference to his own
  son. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 19.
  ――――A son of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno’s
  infancy. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22.

=Temerinda=, the name of the Paulus Mæotis among the natives.

=Temĕsa=, a town of Cyprus.――――Another in Calabria in Italy, famous
  for its mines of copper, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo.
  _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 15.――_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 35.
  ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 184.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5,
  li. 441; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 207.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Temnes=, a king of Sidon.

=Temnos=, a town of Æolia, at the mouth of the Hermus. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 49.――_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 18.

=Tempe= (plural), a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the
  north and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows
  into the Ægean. The poets have described it as the most delightful
  spot on the earth, with continually cool shades and verdant walks,
  which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and
  which the gods often honoured with their presence. Tempe extended
  about five miles in length, but varied in the dimensions of its
  breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide.
  All valleys that are pleasant, either for their situation or the
  mildness of their climate, are called _Tempe_ by the poets. _Strabo_,
  bk. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Dionysius
  Periegetes_, li. 219.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 469.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 569.

=Tenchtheri=, a nation of Germany, who frequently changed the place of
  their habitation. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 56; _Histories_,
  bk. 4, ch. 21.

=Tendera=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 18.

=Tenea=, a part of Corinth. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Tenĕdia securis.= _See:_ Tenes.

=Tĕnĕdos=, a small and fertile island of the Ægean sea, opposite Troy,
  at the distance of about 12 miles from Sigæum, and 56 miles north
  from Lesbos. It was anciently called _Leucophrys_, till Tenes the son
  of Cycnus settled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos,
  from which the whole island received its name. It became famous
  during the Trojan war, as it was there that the Greeks concealed
  themselves, the more effectually to make the Trojans believe that
  they were returned home without finishing the siege. _Homer_,
  _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 59.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 21.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 540; bk. 12, li. 109.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Tenĕrus=, son of Apollo and Melia, received from his father the
  knowledge of futurity. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.

=Tenes=, a son of ♦Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea, on
  the coast of Troas, by his father, who credulously believed his wife
  Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of
  attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her passion.
  Tenes arrived in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he
  became the sovereign. Some time after ♦Cycnus discovered the guilt of
  his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom
  he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But when he had tied
  his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and
  suffered his father’s ship to be tossed about in the sea. From this
  circumstance the _hatchet of Tenes_ is become proverbial to intimate
  a resentment that cannot be pacified. Some, however, suppose that the
  proverb arose from the severity of a law made by a king of Tenedos
  against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death by a
  hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and
  afterwards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple
  of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes,
  as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he defended his country
  against the Greeks, and he received divine honours after death.
  His statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. _Strabo_, bk. 13.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.――――A general of 4000 mercenary Greeks
  sent by the Egyptians to assist the Phœnicians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

    ♦ ‘Cyncus’ replaced with ‘Cycnus’

=Tĕnĕsis=, a part of Æthiopia. _Strabo._

=Tennes=, a king of Sidon, who, when his country was besieged by the
  Persians, burnt himself and the city together, B.C. 351.

=Tennum=, a town of Æolia.

=Tenos=, a small island in the Ægean, near Andros, called _Ophiussa_,
  and also _Hydrussa_, from the number of its fountains. It was very
  mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, universally esteemed
  by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was
  also called Tenos.――_Strabo_, bk. 10.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.

=Tenty̆ra= (plural) and =Tentyris=, a small town of Egypt, on the
  Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made
  war against those who paid them adoration. _Seneca_, _Quæstiones
  Naturales_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Juvenal_, satire 15.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8.

=Tenty̆ra= (_melius_ Tempyra), a place of Thrace, opposite Samothrace.
  _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 21.

=Teos=, or =Teios=, now _Sigagik_, a maritime town on the coast of
  Ionia in Asia Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities
  of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecatæus,
  who is by some deemed a native of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos
  was an island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is often called the
  founder of it on ancient medals. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 17.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8,
  ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 18.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.

=Terēdon=, a town on the Arabian gulf. _Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 982.

=Terentia=, the wife of Cicero. She became mother of Marcus Cicero, and
  of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her because she had
  been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia
  married Sallust, Cicero’s enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus.
  She lived to her 103rd, or, according to Pliny, to her 117th year.
  _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 16, &c.――――The wife of Scipio
  Africanus.――――The wife of Mecænas, with whom it was said that
  Augustus carried on an intrigue.

=Terentia lex=, called also Cassia, _frumentaria_, by Marcus Terentius
  Varro Lucullus and Caius Cassius, A.U.C. 680. It ordered that the
  same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to
  hinder the exactions of the questors.――――Another, by Terentius the
  tribune, A.U.C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the
  consuls, lest they should abuse the public confidence, by violence or
  rapine.

=Terentiānus=, a Roman to whom Longinus dedicated his treatise on
  the sublime.――――Maurus, a writer who flourished A.D. 240. The last
  edition of his treatise _de literis, syllabis, et metris Horatii_,
  is by Mycillus, Frankfurt, 8vo, 1584. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 70.

=Terentius Publius=, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the
  comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus,
  a Roman senator, who educated him with great care, and manumitted
  him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master
  and benefactor, and was called _Terentius_. He applied himself to
  the study of Greek comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited the
  friendship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio the
  elder Africanus, and his friend Lælius, have been suspected, on
  account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition
  of his comedies; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and
  delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem,
  perhaps, to favour the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year
  of his age when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his
  compositions were received with great applause, but when the words

              _Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto_,

  were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though
  composed of foreigners, conquered nations, allies, and citizens of
  Rome, were unanimous in applauding the poet, who spoke with such
  elegance and simplicity the language of nature, and supported the
  native independence of man. The talents of Terence were employed
  rather in translation than in the effusions of originality. It is
  said that he translated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menander,
  six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos,
  Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of
  his language, and the artless elegance and simplicity of his diction,
  and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality
  in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprise in
  the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired
  for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature
  and manners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters.
  Quintilian, who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman
  comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all
  the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the
  manner of his death are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year of his
  age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose that he was drowned
  in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ,
  though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his
  death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly
  of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. The best editions of
  Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1726;
  of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1758; of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey’s, 12mo,
  Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774. _Cicero_,
  _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 59.
  ――――Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and redeemed
  by Africanus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot
  with a _pileus_ on his head. He was some time after appointed judge
  between his deliverer and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to
  condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. _Livy_,
  bk. 30, ch. 45.――――A tribune who wished the number of the citizens
  of Rome to be increased.――――Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed,
  murdered Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 41.――――Lentinus, a
  Roman knight condemned for perjury.――――Varro, a writer. _See:_ Varro.
  ――――A consul with Æmilius Paulus at the battle of Cannæ. He was
  the son of a butcher, and had followed for some time the profession
  of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hannibal,
  by making an improper disposition of his army. After he had been
  defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, with the
  remains of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the Roman
  senate of his defeat. He received the thanks of this venerable
  body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and
  not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the
  dictatorship, which he declined. _Plutarch._――_Livy_, bk. 22, &c.
  ――――An ambassador sent to Philip king of Macedonia.――――Massaliora,
  an edile of the people, &c.――――Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused
  before the senate for his intimacy with that discarded favourite. He
  made a noble defence, and was acquitted. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.

=Terentus=, a place in the Campus Martius near the capitol, where the
  infernal deities had an altar. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 504.

=Tēreus=, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and Bistonis. He married Progne
  the daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war
  against Megara. He offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela,
  whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. _See:_ Philomela and
  Progne.――――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 11, li. 675.

=Tergeste= and =Tergestum=, now _Trieste_, a town of Italy on the
  Adriatic sea, made a Roman colony. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3, &c.
  ――_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 380.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Terias=, a river of Sicily near Catana.

=Teribazus=, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Evagoras
  king of Cyprus. He was accused of treason, and removed from office,
  &c. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Teridae=, a concubine of Menelaus.

=Teridates=, a favourite eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes. At his
  death the monarch was in tears for three days, and was consoled
  at last only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, one of his
  favourites. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1.

=Terigum=, a town of Macedonia.

=Terina=, a town of the Brutii.

=Terioli=, now _Tirol_, a fortified town at the north of Italy, in the
  country of the Grisons.

=Termentia=, or =Termes=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.

=Termera=, a town of Caria.

=Termĕrus=, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing
  their head against his own. He was slain by Hercules in the same
  manner. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.

=Termesus=, a river of Arcadia.

=Termilæ=, a name given to the Lycians.

=Terminalia=, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honour of the god
  Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to
  assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields,
  ♦and after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make
  libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig.
  They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it
  was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time
  landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,
  li. 641.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 10.

    ♦ ‘aad’ replaced with ‘and’

=Terminālis=, a surname of Jupiter, because he presided over the
  boundaries and lands of individuals, before the worship of the god
  Terminus was introduced. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.

=Termĭnus=, a divinity at Rome who was supposed to preside over bounds
  and limits, and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His
  worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his
  subjects that the limits of their lands and estates were under the
  immediate inspection of heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock,
  and he was represented with a human head without feet or arms, to
  intimate that he never moved, wherever he was placed. The people of
  the country assembled once a year with their families, and crowned
  with garlands and flowers the stones which ♦separated their different
  possessions, and offered victims to the god who presided over their
  boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a
  temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to
  give way, though the other gods resigned their seats with
  cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said,

            _Restitit, et mango cum Jove templa tenet_.

  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 641.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Numa_.――_Livy_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9.

    ♦ ‘separted’ replaced with ‘separated’

=Termissus=, or =Termessus=, a town of Pisidia.

=Terpander=, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said
  that he appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness of
  his notes. He added three strings to the lyre, which before his time
  had only four. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.――_Plutarch_,
  _de Musica_.

=Terpsĭchŏre=, one of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.
  She presided over dancing, of which she was reckoned the inventress,
  as her name intimates, and with which she delighted her sisters. She
  is represented like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding
  in her hand a musical instrument. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 35.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.――_Eustathius_, _ad Iliadem_, bk. 10.

=Terpsicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Terra=, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of Uranus,
  and mother of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea,
  Themis, Phœbe, ♦Tethys, and Mnemosyne. By the Air she had Grief,
  Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is the
  same as Tellus. _See:_ Tellus.

    ♦ ‘Thetys’ replaced with ‘Tethys’

=Terracīna.= _See:_ Tarricina.

=Terrasidius=, a Roman knight in Cæsar’s army in Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.

=Terror=, an emotion of the mind which the ancients have made a deity,
  and one of the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona.

=Tertia=, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c.――――A daughter of Paulus
  the conqueror of Perseus. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 46.
  ――――A daughter of Isidorus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3,
  ch. 34.――――A sister of Brutus, who married Cassius. She was also
  called _Tertulla_ and _Junia_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 76.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_, ch. 50.――_Cicero_, _Letters to Brutus_,
  ltrs. 5 & 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 11; bk. 16, ltr. 20.

=Tertius Julianus=, a lieutenant in Cæsar’s legions.

=Tertulliānus Quintus Septimius Florens=, a celebrated christian writer
  of Carthage, who flourished A.D. 196. He was originally a pagan, but
  afterwards embraced christianity, of which he became an able advocate
  by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively
  imagination, impetuous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of
  reasoning. The most famous and esteemed of his numerous works, are
  his _Apology for the Christians_, and his _Prescriptions_. The best
  edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols., 8vo, Halle, 1770;
  and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, Leiden, 1718.

=Tethys=, the greatest of the sea deities, was wife of Oceanus,
  and daughter of Uranus and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest
  rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the Mæander,
  Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c., and about 3000 daughters
  called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by some mythologists with
  her granddaughter Thetis the wife of Peleus, and the mother of
  Achilles. The word _Tethys_ is poetically used to express the sea.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 31.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 509; bk. 9, li. 498; _Fasti_,
  bk. 2, li. 191.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 336.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 14, li. 302.

=Tetis=, a river of Gaul flowing from the Pyrenees. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 5.

=Tetrapŏlis=, a name given to the city of Antioch the capital of Syria,
  because it was divided into four separate districts, each of which
  resembled a city. Some apply the word to _Seleucis_, which contained
  the four large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apamea, and
  Seleucia in Pieria.――――The name of four towns at the north of Attica.
  _Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Tĕtrĭca=, a mountain of the Sabines near the river Fabaris. It was
  very rugged and difficult of access, whence the epithet _Tetricus_
  was applied to persons of a morose and melancholy disposition.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 713.

=Tetrĭcus=, a Roman senator, saluted emperor in the reign of Aurelian.
  He was led in triumph by his successful adversary, who afterwards
  heaped the most unbounded honours upon him and his son of the same
  name.

=Teucer=, a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Ida. According
  to some authors he was the first who introduced among his subjects
  the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country
  where he reigned was from him called _Teucria_, and his subjects
  _Teucri_. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince,
  who succeeded him in the government of Teucria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 12.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 108.――――A son of Telamon
  king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of
  Helen’s suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan
  war, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is
  said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because
  he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity
  of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis, and
  retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus king of Sidon,
  he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country.
  He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis after
  his father’s death. He built a temple to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which
  a man was annually sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some
  suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but that, according
  to a less received opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new
  Carthage was afterwards built, and thence into Galatia. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 281.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 623.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――One of
  the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum.

=Teucri=, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer their king. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 42 & 239.

=Teucria=, a name given to Troy, from Teucer one of its kings. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 26.

=Teucteri=, a people of Germany, at the east of the Rhine. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, ch. 22.

=Teumessus=, a mountain of Bœotia with a village of the same name,
  where Hercules, when young, killed an enormous lion. _Statius_,
  _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 331.

=Teuta=, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman
  ambassadors to be put to death. This unprecedented murder was the
  cause of a war, which ended in her disgrace. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.

=Teutamias=, or =Teutamis=, a king of Larissa. He instituted games in
  honour of his father, where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius
  with a quoit.

=Teutamus=, a king of Assyria, the same as Tithonus the father of
  Memnon. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Teutas=, or =Teutates=, a name of Mercury among the Gauls. The
  people offered human victims to this deity. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445.
  ――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Teuthrania=, a part of Mysia where the Caycus rises.

=Teuthras=, a king of Mysia on the borders of the Caycus. He adopted
  as his daughter, or, according to others, married, Auge the daughter
  of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from her father, who wished to
  punish her for her amours with Hercules. Some time after his kingdom
  was invaded by Idas the son of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he
  promised Auge and his crown to any one who could restore tranquillity
  to his subjects. This was executed by Telephus, who afterwards
  proved to be the son of Auge, who was promised in marriage to him
  by right of his successful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teuthras,
  who became mothers by Hercules, are called _Teuthrantia turba_.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.――_Ovid_,
  _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 19; _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 51.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 100.――――A river’s name.――――One of the companions of Æneas in
  Italy. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 402.

=Teutoburgiensis saltus=, a forest of Germany, between the Ems and
  Lippa, where Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60.

=Teutomatus=, a prince of Gaul, among the allies of Rome.

=Teutŏni= and =Teutŏnes=, a people of Germany, who with the Cimbri made
  incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They were
  at last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made
  prisoners. _See:_ Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_.――_Florus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.――_Martial_, bk. 14,
  ltr. 26.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Thabenna=, an inland town of Africa, _African War_, ch. 77.

=Thabusium=, a fortified place of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.

=Thais=, a famous courtesan of Athens, who accompanied Alexander in his
  Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendancy over him, that she
  made him burn the royal palace of Persepolis. After Alexander’s death,
  she married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated her charms
  both mental and personal, which were of a superior nature, and on
  this account she is called _Menandrea_ by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 604; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 384.
  ――_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 93.――_Athenæus_,
  bk. 13, ch. 13.

=Thala=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 21.

=Thalăme=, a town of Messenia, famous for a temple and oracle of
  Pasiphae. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.

=Thalassius=, a beautiful young Roman in the reign of Romulus. At the
  rape of the Sabines, one of these virgins appeared remarkable for
  beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid of many competitors,
  exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. The
  name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than all were eager to
  preserve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with
  so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use
  of the word _Thalassius_ at nuptials, and to wish those that were
  married the felicity of Thalassius. He is supposed by some to be
  the same as _Hymen_, as he was made a deity. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 92.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Thales=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia.
  He was descended from Cadmus: his father’s name was Examius, and his
  mother’s Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in
  quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in Crete, Phœnicia,
  and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geometry,
  astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to measure with exactness
  the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. His
  discoveries in astronomy were great and ingenious; and he was the
  first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discovered
  the solstices and equinoxes, he divided the heavens into five zones,
  and recommended the division of the year into 365 days, which was
  universally adopted by the Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer, he
  looked upon water as the principle of everything. He was the founder
  of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for its deep and
  abstruse speculations under the successors and pupils of the Milesian
  philosopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the
  master of Socrates. Thales was never married; and when his mother
  pressed him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. The same
  exhortations were afterwards repeated, but the philosopher eluded
  them by observing that he was then too old to enter the matrimonial
  state. He died in the 96th year of his age, about 548 years before
  the christian era. His compositions on philosophical subjects are
  lost. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Plato._――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, &c.――――A lyric poet of Crete,
  intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies the minds of
  the Spartans to receive the rigorous institutions of his friend, and
  inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society.

=Thalestria=, or =Thalestris=, a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied
  by 300 women, came 35 days’ journey to meet Alexander in his Asiatic
  conquests, to raise children by a man whose fame was so great, and
  courage so uncommon. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Thaletes=, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C.

=Thălīa=, one of the Muses, who presided over festivals, and over
  pastoral and comic poetry. She is represented leaning on a column,
  holding a mask in her right hand, by which she is distinguished from
  her sisters, as also by a shepherd’s crook. Her dress appears shorter,
  and not so ornamented as that of the other Muses. _Horace_, bk. 4,
  ode 6, li. 25.――_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 75.――_Plutarch_, _Convivium
  Septem Sapientium_, &c.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 2.――――One
  of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5,
  li. 826.――――An island in the Tyrrhene sea.

=Thallo=, one of the Horæ or Seasons, who presided over the spring.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.

=Thalpius=, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen’s suitors. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Thalyssia=, Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country
  in honour of Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly offered.
  _Scholia_ on _Theocritus_, poem 3.

=Thamĭras=, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus,
  where it was religiously preserved in his family for many years.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Thamuda=, a part of Arabia Felix.

=Thamyras=, or =Thamyris=, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His
  father’s name was Philammon, and his mother’s Argiope. He became
  enamoured of the Muses, and challenged them to a trial of skill. His
  challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed that the conqueror
  should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He
  was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eyesight and his
  melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are
  lost. Some accused him of having first introduced into the world the
  unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,
  li. 594; bk. 5, li. 599.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Ovid_,
  _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 62; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 399.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.

=Thamyris=, one of the petty princes of the Dacæ, in the age of Darius,
  &c.――――A queen of the Massagetæ. _See:_ Thomyris.――――A Trojan killed
  by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 341.

=Thapsăcus=, a city on the Euphrates.

=Thapsus=, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were
  defeated by Cæsar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.――_Livy_, bk. 29,
  ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 48.――――A town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily.

=Thargelia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Apollo and Diana.
  They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive
  branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. _Athenæus_,
  bk. 12.

=Thariădes=, one of the generals of Antiochus, &c.

=Tharops=, the father of Œager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of
  Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Thasius=, or =Thrasius=, a famous soothsayer of Cyprus, who told
  Busiris king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted
  his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the
  tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was
  not a native of Egypt. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 549.
  ――――A surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at Thasos.

=Thasos=, or =Thasus=, a small island in the Ægean, on the coast of
  Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the
  name of _Æria_, _Odonis_, _Æthria_, _Acte_, _Ogygia_, _Chryse_, and
  _Ceresis_. It received that of Thasos from Thasus the son of Agenor,
  who settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It
  was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that
  the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally
  esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well
  as its mines of gold and silver. The capital of the island was also
  called Thasos. _Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 30 & 55.――_Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 44.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.
  ――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_, ch. 2.

=Thasus=, a son of Neptune, who went with Cadmus to seek Europa. He
  built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of Cadmus.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Thaumaci=, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. _Livy_, bk. 32,
  ch. 4.

=Thaumantias= and =Thaumantis=, a name given to Iris the messenger
  of Juno, because she was the daughter of Thaumas the son of Oceanus
  and Terra by one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 5.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 479;
  bk. 14, li. 845.

=Thaumas=, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the
  Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the ♦Harpies, &c. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.

    ♦ ‘Harpyies’ replaced with ‘Harpies’

=Thaumasius=, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some
  accounts, Jupiter was born.

=Thea=, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother
  Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also
  called Thia, Titæa, Rhea, Tethys, &c.――――One of the Sporades.

=Theagĕnes=, a man who made himself master of Megara, &c.――――An athlete
  of Thaos, famous for his strength. His father’s name was Timosthenes,
  a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above 1000 times at the public
  games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,
  chs. 6 & 11.――_Plutarch._――――A Theban officer, who distinguished
  himself at the battle of Cheronæa. _Plutarch._――――A writer who
  published commentaries on Homer’s works.

=Theages=, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. _Plato._――_Ælian_,
  _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c.

=Theangela=, a town of Caria.

=Theāno=, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins
  to her husband, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness.
  The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time
  afterwards Theano herself became the mother of twins. When they were
  grown up she encouraged them to murder the supposititious children,
  who were to succeed to their father’s throne in preference to them.
  They were both killed in the attempt, and the father, displeased
  with the conduct of Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of the
  children whom he had long considered as his own. _Hyginus_, fable 186.
  ――――A daughter of Cisseus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and
  was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the Greeks, as she was
  priestess of Minerva. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 298.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 10, ch. 27.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 8.――――One of the
  Danaides. Her husband’s name was Phantes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.
  ――――The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras, daughter of Pythanax of
  Crete, or, according to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. _Diogenes
  Laërtius_, bk. 8, ch. 42.――――The daughter of Pythagoras.――――A poetess
  of Locris.――――A priestess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused
  to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having
  mutilated all the statues of Mercury. _Plutarch._――――The mother of
  Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone
  to the entrance of Minerva’s temple, to shut up her son when she
  heard of his crimes and perfidy to his country. _Polyænus_, bk. 8.
  ――――A daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Lacedæmonians offered
  violence at Leuctra.――――A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas
  by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 703.

=Theānum=, a town of Italy. _See:_ Teanum.

=Thearidas=, a brother of Dionysius the elder. He was made admiral of
  his fleet. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.

=Thearius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 51.

=Theatetes=, a Greek epigrammatist.

=Theba=, or =Thebe=, a town of Cilicia. _See:_ Thebæ.

=Thebæ= (arum), a celebrated city, the capital of Bœotia, situate on
  the banks of the river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation is not
  precisely known. Cadmus is supposed to have first begun to found it
  by building the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by Amphion
  and Zethus; but, according to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges.
  The government of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the sovereigns
  are celebrated for their misfortunes, such as Laius, Œdipus,
  Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which Thebes supported against the
  Argives, is famous as well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans were
  looked upon as an indolent and sluggish nation, and the words of
  _Theban pig_, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for
  stupidity and inattention. This, however, was not literally true;
  under Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before dependent, became
  masters of Greece, and everything was done according to their will
  and pleasure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he ordered Thebes to
  be totally demolished, because it had revolted against him, except
  the house where the poet Pindar had been born and educated. In this
  dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold
  for slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by Cassander the son of
  Antipater, but it never rose to its original consequence, and Strabo,
  in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The
  monarchical government was abolished there at the death of Xanthus,
  about 1190 years before Christ, and Thebes became a republic. It
  received its name from Thebe the daughter of Asopus, to whom the
  founder Amphion was nearly related. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4,
  &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,
  ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, _Pelopidas_,
  & _Alexander_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_, _Epaminondas_, &c.
  ――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 394.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.――――A
  town at the south of Troas, built by Hercules, and also called
  _Placia_ and _Hypoplacia_. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians,
  who occupied it during the Trojan war. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 19.――_Strabo_, bk. 11.――――An ancient celebrated
  city of Thebais in Egypt, called also _Hecatompylos_, on account
  of its 100 gates, and _Diospolis_, as being sacred to Jupiter. In
  the time of its splendour, it extended above 23 miles, and upon any
  emergency could send into the field, by each of its 100 gates, 20,000
  fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king of
  Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. _Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 9.――_Juvenal_, satire bk. 15, li. 16.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 2.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 381.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――――A town of Africa, built by Bacchus.――――Another in Thessaly.
  _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.――――Another in Phthiotis.

=Thebais=, a country in the southern parts of Egypt, of which Thebes
  was the capital.――――There have been some poems which have borne the
  name of Thebais, but of these the only one extant is the Thebais
  of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the Thebans against
  the Argives, in consequence of the dissension of Eteocles with his
  brother Polynices. The poet was 12 years in composing it.――――A river
  of Lydia.――――A name given to a native of Thebes.

=Thebe=, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――――The wife of Alexander
  tyrant of Pheræ. She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband.

=Theia=, a goddess. _See:_ Thea.

=Theias=, a son of Belus, who had an incestuous intercourse with his
  daughter Smyrna.

=Thelephassa=, the second wife of Agenor, called also _Telaphassa_.

=Thelpūsa=, a nymph of Arcadia. _See:_ ♦Telphusa.

    ♦ ‘Telpusa’ replaced with ‘Telphusa’

=Thelxion=, a son of Apis, who conspired against his father, who was
  king of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Thelxiope=, one of the Muses, according to some writers. _Cicero_,
  _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.

=Themeneus=, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus.

=Themesion=, a tyrant of Eretria. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Themillas=, a Trojan, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 376.

=Themis=, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Jupiter against
  her own inclination. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the
  Parcæ and Horæ; and was the first to whom the inhabitants of the
  earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of
  Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed
  how to repair the loss of mankind. She was generally attended by the
  seasons. Among the moderns she is represented as holding a sword in
  one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 1, li. 321.――――A daughter of Ilus, who married Capys, and became
  mother of Anchises. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Themiscy̆ra=, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon,
  belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name.

=Themĭson=, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades.
  He was founder of a sect called Methodists, because he wished to
  introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of
  physic. He flourished in the Augustan age. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.
  ――_Juvenal_, satire 10.――――One of the generals and ministers of
  Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, ch. 41.

=Themista=, or =Themistis=, a goddess, the same as Themis.

=Themistĭus=, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of
  Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called
  _Euphrades_, the fine speaker, from his eloquent and commanding
  delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distinguished for
  his ♦liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented.
  He wrote, when young, some commentaries on Aristotle, fragments of
  which are still extant, and 33 of his orations. He professed himself
  to be an enemy to flattery, and though he often deviates from this
  general rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly
  recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of
  Themistius is that of Harduin, folio, Paris, 1684.

    ♦ ‘liberalty’ replaced with ‘liberality’

=Themisto=, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king
  of Thebes, by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, Schœneus,
  and Erythroes. She endeavoured to kill the children of Ino, her
  husband’s second wife, but she killed her own, by means of Ino, who
  lived in her house in the disguise of a servant-maid, and to whom she
  entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――――A woman
  mentioned by Polyænus.――――The mother of the poet Homer, according to
  a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

=Themistŏcles=, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father’s name
  was Neocles, and his mother’s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of
  Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnaia. The beginning of his youth
  was marked by vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorrigible,
  that his father disinherited him. This, which might have disheartened
  others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection
  which he was denied at home, he sought in courting the favours of the
  populace, and in sharing the ♦administration of public affairs. When
  Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian
  republic, and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care.
  When the Lacedæmonians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at
  Thermopylæ, the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined
  fleet of the Peloponnesians, were directed to destroy the armament
  of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the
  generals to command the Grecian fleet might have proved fatal to the
  interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely relinquished his
  pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the
  expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his
  country demanded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at
  Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks;
  but a decisive battle had never been fought if Themistocles had not
  used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid,
  and the favourable answers of the oracle, to second his measures.
  The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head
  by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering
  their cities and destroying all by fire and sword; but before they
  were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions
  to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with his
  fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he
  wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to fight for
  their safety, as well as for the honour of their country. This battle,
  which was fought near the island of Salamis, B.C. 480, was decisive;
  the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honour of
  having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure
  the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch
  that the Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built
  across the Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met
  with equal success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, and while he
  believed the words of Themistocles, that his return would be disputed,
  he left his forces without a general, and his fleets an easy conquest
  to the victorious Greeks. These signal services to his country
  endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and he was universally called
  the most warlike and most courageous of all the Greeks who fought
  against the Persians. He was received with the most distinguished
  honours, and by his prudent administration, Athens was soon fortified
  with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were
  filled with a numerous and powerful navy, which rendered her the
  mistress of Greece. Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror of
  Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his countrymen, which had proved
  so fatal to many of his illustrious predecessors. He was banished
  from the city, and after he had sought in vain a safe retreat among
  the republics of Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw
  himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had defeated,
  and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes,
  received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; and though he
  had formerly set a price upon his head, yet he made him one of his
  greatest favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon him, to
  provide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such kindness from a monarch,
  from whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, did
  not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. He still remembered that
  Athens gave him birth, and according to some writers, the wish of not
  injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war
  against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy
  himself by drinking bull’s blood. The manner of his death, however,
  is uncertain, and while some affirm that he poisoned himself, others
  declare that he fell a prey to a violent distemper in the city of
  Magnesia, where he had fixed his residence, while in the dominions of
  the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed to Attica and honoured
  with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to repent too
  late of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. Themistocles
  died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years before the
  christian era. He has been admired as a man naturally courageous,
  of a disposition fond of activity, ambitious of glory and enterprise.
  Blessed with a provident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise
  superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of adversity, possessed
  of resources which could enable him to regain his splendour, and
  even to command fortune. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 52.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 18; bk. 13, ch. 40.――――A writer,
  some of whose letters are extant.

    ♦ ‘adminstration’ replaced with ‘administration’

=Themistogĕnes=, an historian of Syracuse, in the age of Artaxerxes
  Memnon. He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably
  treated afterwards by Xenophon.

=Theŏcles=, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his
  riches among the poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with himself,
  followed the example. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 24.――――A
  Greek statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.

=Theŏclus=, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, who died B.C. 671.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 15, &c.

=Theoclymĕnus=, a soothsayer of Argolis, descended from Melampus. His
  father’s name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of Ulysses
  to Penelope and Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 225, &c.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 128.

=Theŏcrĭtus=, a Greek poet who flourished at Syracuse, in Sicily, 282
  B.C. His father’s name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his mother’s
  Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose praises
  he sung, and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished
  himself by his poetical compositions, of which 30 idyllia and some
  epigrams are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and admired for
  their beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has
  imitated and often copied him. Theocritus has been blamed for the
  many indelicate and obscene expressions which he uses; and while
  he introduces shepherds and peasants with all the rusticity and
  ignorance of nature, he often disguises their character by making
  them speak on high and exalted subjects. It is said he wrote some
  invectives against Hiero king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be
  strangled. He also wrote a ludicrous poem called _Syrinx_, and placed
  his verses in such order that they represented the pipe of the god
  Pan. The best editions of Theocritus, are Warton’s, 2 vols., 4to,
  Oxford, 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo, Oxford, 1699; that of Valkenaer,
  8vo, Leiden, 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1790.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bk. 5.――――A Greek
  historian of Chios, who wrote an account of Libya. _Plutarch._

♦=Theodămas=, or =Thiodamas=, a king of Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was
  killed by Hercules, because he refused to treat him and his son with
  hospitality. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 438.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 271.

    ♦ ‘Thodămas’ replaced with ‘Theodămas’

=Theodectes=, a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of
  Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides
  other works now lost. He had such a happy memory that he could repeat
  with ease whatever verses were spoken in his presence. When Alexander
  passed through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands the statue which
  had been erected to the memory of the deceased poet. _Cicero_,
  _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 24; _Orator_, ch. 51, &c.
  ――_Plutarch._――_Quintilian._

=Theodonis=, a town of Germany, now _Thionville_, on the Moselle.

=Theodōra=, a daughter-in-law of the emperor Maximian, who married
  Constantius.――――A daughter of Constantine.――――A woman who, from being
  a prostitute, became empress to Justinian, and distinguished herself
  by her intrigues and enterprises.――――The name of Theodora is common
  to the empresses of the east in a later period.

=Theodoretus=, one of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 425, whose
  works have been edited, 5 vols., folio, Paris, 1642, and 5 vols.,
  Halæ, 1769 to 1774.

=Theodoritus=, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works have been
  best edited by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

=Theodōrus=, a Syracusan of great authority among his countrymen, who
  severely inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius.――――A philosopher,
  disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was
  banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of
  Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried
  to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last
  condemned to death for his impiety, and that he drank poison.――――A
  preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus.
  ――――A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon
  him, in which he praises him with great liberality.――――A secretary of
  Valens. He conspired against the emperor and was beheaded.――――A man
  who compiled a history of Rome. Of this, nothing but his history of
  the reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant.――――A comic actor.
  ――――A player on the flute in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who
  contemptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the mistress of the
  monarch.――――A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost.
  ――――A sophist of Byzantium, called _Logodaidalos_ by Plato.――――A
  Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of metamorphoses,
  which Ovid imitated, as some suppose.――――An artist of Samos about 700
  years B.C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron,
  with which he made statues.――――A priest, father of Isocrates.――――A
  Greek writer, called also _Prodromus_. The time in which he lived
  is unknown. There is a romance of his composition extant, called the
  amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by
  Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1625.

=Theodosia=, now _Caffa_, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Theodosiopŏlis=, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c.

=Theodosius Flavius=, a Roman emperor surnamed _Magnus_, from the
  greatness of his exploits. He was invested with the imperial purple
  by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and the eastern provinces,
  which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of
  his reign were marked by different conquests over the barbarians.
  The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with
  an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the
  victory. This glorious campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies
  of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with
  distant nations, who wished to gain the favours and the friendship
  of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some
  conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Theodosius totally
  disregarded them; and while he punished his competitors for the
  imperial purple, he thought himself sufficiently secure in the love
  and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of
  a conqueror; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in
  every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th
  year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January,
  A.D. 395. His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his
  son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last
  of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Roman empire.
  He left three children, Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him,
  and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended by ancient writers,
  as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious
  propensity. Though master of the world, he was a stranger to that
  pride and arrogance which too often disgrace the monarch; he was
  affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was
  his wish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private
  man and a ♦dependent. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust
  and honour, and the emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of
  virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of christianity has been
  applauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and it was the wish of
  Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example,
  meekness, and christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical
  institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one instance, was too
  openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly,
  perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers
  to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000
  persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly
  butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence
  irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St.
  Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make
  atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from
  the bosom of the church, and the communion of the faithful. In
  his private character Theodosius was an example of soberness and
  temperance; his palace displayed becoming grandeur, but still
  with moderation. He never indulged in luxury, or countenanced
  superfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, and never gave himself
  up to pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws and regulations
  which he introduced in the Roman empire, were of the most salutary
  nature. _Socrates of Constantinople_, bk. 5, &c.――_Zosimus_, bk. 4,
  &c.――_Ambrose._――_Augustine._――_Claudian_, &c.

    ♦ ‘dependant’ replaced with ‘dependent’

=Theodosius II.=, succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the
  western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age.
  He was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his ministers and
  eunuchs, in whose hands was the disposal of the offices of state,
  and all places of trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the daughter
  of a philosopher called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her virtues
  and piety. The territories of Theodosius were invaded by the Persians,
  but the emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous force,
  and the two hostile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The
  consternation was universal on both sides; without even a battle,
  the Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were lost in the waters
  of the Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his
  operations failed of success, and he averted the fury of the Huns
  and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of July,
  in the 49th year of his age, A.D. 450, leaving only one daughter,
  Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the emperor Valentinian III. The
  carelessness and inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are well
  known. He signed all the papers that were brought to him without even
  opening them or reading them, till his sister apprised him of his
  negligence, and rendered him more careful and diligent, by making him
  sign a paper, in which he delivered into her hand, Eudoxia his wife
  as a slave and menial servant. The laws and regulations which were
  promulgated under him, and selected from the most useful and salutary
  institutions of his imperial predecessors, have been called the
  _Theodosian code_. Theodosius was a warm advocate for the christian
  religion, but he has been blamed for his partial attachment to those
  who opposed the orthodox faith. _Sozomen._――_Socrates_, &c.

=Theodosius=, a lover of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.――――A
  mathematician of Tripoli, who flourished 75 B.C. His treatise, called
  Sphærica, is best edited by Hunt, 8vo, Oxford, 1707.――――A Roman
  general, father of Theodosius the Great; he died A.D. 376.

=Theodŏta=, a beautiful courtesan of Elis, whose company was frequented
  by Socrates. _Xenophon_, _on Socrates_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 13, ch. 32.――――A Roman empress, &c.

=Theodotian=, an interpreter, in the reign of Commodus.

=Theodŏtus=, an admiral of the Rhodians, sent by his countrymen to make
  a treaty with the Romans.――――A native of Chios, who, as preceptor and
  counsellor of Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to murder Pompey.
  He carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to Cæsar, but the
  resentment of the conqueror was such that the mean assassin fled, and
  after a wandering and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he was
  at last put to death by Brutus. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Pompey_.――――A
  Syracusan, accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of
  Syracuse.――――A governor of Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who
  revolted and made himself king, B.C. 250.――――A friend of the emperor
  Julian.――――A Phœnician historian.――――One of the generals of Alexander.

=Theognētes=, a Greek tragic poet. _Athenæus._

=Theognis=, a Greek poet of Megara, who flourished about 549 years
  before Christ. He wrote several poems, of which only few sentences
  are now extant, quoted by Plato and other Greek historians and
  philosophers, and intended as precepts for the conduct of human
  life. The morals of the poet have been censured as neither decorous
  nor chaste. The best edition of Theognis is that of Blackwall, 12mo,
  London, 1706.――――There was also a tragic poet of the same name, whose
  compositions were so lifeless and inanimated, that they procured him
  the name of _Chion_, or _snow_.

=Theomnestus=, a rival of Nicias in the administration of public
  affairs at Athens. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A statuary of Sardinia.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――An Athenian philosopher, among the
  followers of Plato’s doctrines. He had Brutus, Cæsar’s murderer,
  among his pupils.――――A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.

=Theon=, a philosopher, who used frequently to walk in his sleep.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An astronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of
  Adrian.――――A painter of Samos. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3,
  ch. 44.――――Another philosopher. _Diogenes Laërtius._――――An infamous
  reviler. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

=Theonoe=, a daughter of Thestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried
away by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus king of Caria, &c. _Hyginus_,
fable 190.――――A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid, who became enamoured
of Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c.

=Theope=, one of the daughters of Leos.

=Theophăne=, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom Neptune changed into a sheep,
  to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the island
  Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and under
  this transformation he had by the nymph a ram with a golden fleece,
  which carried Phryxus to Colchis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,
  li. 177.――_Hyginus_, fable 188.

=Theophănes=, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate
  with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his
  countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia,
  he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. _Cicero_, _For
  Archias_, &c.――_Paterculus._――_Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Pompey_.――――His
  son Marcus Pompeius Theophanes was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed
  the intimacy of Tiberius.――――The only edition of Theophanes the
  Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, folio, 1649.

=Theophania=, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honour of Apollo.

=Theophĭlus=, a comic poet of Athens.――――A governor of Syria in the age
  of Julian.――――A friend of Piso.――――A physician, whose treatise _de
  Urinis_ is best edited by Guidotius, Leiden, 1728, and another by
  Morell, 8vo, Paris, 1556.――――One of the Greek fathers, whose work
  _ad Autolycum_ is best edited in 12mo, by Wolf, Hamburg, 1724.――――The
  name of Theophilus is common among the primitive christians.

=Theophrastus=, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He
  studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship
  he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original
  name was _Tyrtamus_, but this the philosopher made him exchange
  for that of _Euphrastus_, to intimate his excellence in speaking,
  and afterwards for that of _Theophrastus_, which he deemed still
  more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and
  the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the
  malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher’s friends
  from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and
  rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of
  his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted
  his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship:
  and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors
  of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality.
  Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the
  titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance
  and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his
  history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs
  of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise,
  which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with
  years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288,
  lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality
  of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but
  not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle,
  which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition
  of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of
  his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of
  Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 3, ch. 28; _Brutus_, ch. 31; _Orator_, ch. 19, &c.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 13.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Lives_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
  ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Adversus Colotem_.――――An officer entrusted with
  the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. _Polyænus._

=Theopolĕmus=, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo’s
  temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. _Cicero_,
  _Against Verres_, bk. 5.

=Theopŏlis=, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first
  received their name there.

=Theopompus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ, who
  succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many
  new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died,
  after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne,
  the Spartans made war against Messenia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A famous Greek historian of Chios,
  disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions
  are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is
  compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is
  severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections.
  He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was
  liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour
  of Mausolus. His father’s name was Damasistratus. _Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Lysis_.――_Cornelius Nepos_, bk.
  7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――――An
  Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of
  Demetrius. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A comic poet in the age of Menander.
  He wrote 24 plays, all lost.――――A son of Demaratus, who obtained
  several crowns at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.
  ――――An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius
  Cæsar. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Spartan general, killed at the battle
  of Tegyra.――――A philosopher of Cheronæa, in the reign of the emperor
  Philip.

=Theophylactus Simocatta=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were
  edited folio, Paris, 1647.――――One of the Greek fathers who flourished
  A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763.

=Theorius=, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene, where he had a very ancient
  temple. It signifies clear-sighted.

=Theotīmus=, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 6, ch. 17.――――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

=Theoxĕna=, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea,
  when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued
  her. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4.

=Theoxenia=, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every
  city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed,
  and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of
  money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The
  Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the
  gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments.

=Theoxenius=, a surname of Apollo.

=Thera=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 69.――――One
  of the Sporades in the Ægean sea, anciently called _Callista_,
  now _Santorin_. It was first inhabited by the Phœnicians, who were
  left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his
  sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who
  settled there with a colony from Lacedæmon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 4.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.――――A town of Caria.

=Therambus=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.

=Theramĕnes=, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of
  Alcibiades. His father’s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants
  of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which
  disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of
  his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned
  to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the
  friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the
  poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground,
  with the sarcastical exclamation of, “This is to the health of
  Critias.” This happened about 404 years before the christian era.
  Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been
  called _Cothurnus_, a part of the dress used both by men and women.
  _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.
  ――_Cornelius Nepos._

=Therapne=, or =Terapne=, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas,
  where Apollo had a temple called Phœbeum. It was but a very short
  distance from Lacedæmon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded
  it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne,
  a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that
  account they were sometimes called _Therapnæi fratres_. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 223.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch.
  16.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 49.――_Statius_, bk. 7,
  _Thebaid_, li. 793.

=Theras=, a son of Autesion of Lacedæmon, who conducted a colony to
  Callista, to which he gave the name of _Thera_. He received divine
  honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.

=Therimăchus=, a son of Hercules by Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  chs. 4 & 7.

=Therippidas=, a Lacedæmonian, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.

=Theritas=, a surname of Mars in Laconia.

=Therma=, a town of Africa. _Strabo._――――A town of Macedonia,
  afterwards called _Thessalonica_, in honour of the wife of Cassander,
  and now _Salonichi_. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called
  _Thermæus_, or _Thermaicus sinus_, and advances far into the country,
  so much, that Pliny has named it _Macedonicus sinus_, by way of
  eminence, to intimate its extent. _Strabo._――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 5, ch. 10.――_Herodotus._

=Thermæ= (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus,
  now _Sciacca_.――――Another, near Panormus, now _Thermini_. _Silius
  Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 23.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.

=Thermōdon=, now _Termeh_, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient
  country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra.
  There was also a small river of the same name in Bœotia, near Tanagra,
  which was afterwards called _Hæmon_. _Strabo_, bk. 11.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 9, ch. 27.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1;
  bk. 9, ch. 19.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11,
  li. 659.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 249, &c.

=Thermopy̆læ=, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis.
  It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the
  east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part
  only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its name from the _hot
  baths_ which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle
  which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes
  and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive
  days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of
  the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to
  5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the
  Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176,
  &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.

=Thermum=, a town of Ætolia on the Evenus. _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Thermus=, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――――A man put to
  death by Nero.――――A town of Ætolia, the capital of the country.

=Therodămas=, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with
  human blood, that they might be more cruel. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 383.

=Theron=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of
  Bœotia, and son of Ænesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter
  of Gelon of Sicily. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.――_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2.
  ――――One of Actæon’s dogs. _Ovid._――――A Rutulian who attempted to
  kill Æneas. He perished in the attempt. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 312.――――A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 149.――――A Theban descended from the
  Spartæ. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 572.――――A daughter of Phylas,
  beloved by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.

=Therpander=, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. _See:_
  Terpander.

=Thersander=, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks
  to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before
  the confederate army reached the enemy’s country. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 2, li. 261.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――――A son of Sisyphus
  king of Corinth.――――A musician of Ionia.

=Thersĭlŏchus=, a leader of the Pæonians in the Trojan war, killed by
  Achilles. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 483.――――A friend of Æneas,
  killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 363.――――An athlete
  at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.

=Thersippus=, a son of Agrius, who drove Œneus from the throne of
  Calydon.――――A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius.
  _Curtius._――――An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C.

=Thersītes=, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks
  during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers,
  particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him
  with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the
  death of Penthesilea. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 212, &c.

=Theseidæ=, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of
  their kings. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 383.

=Theseis=, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life
  and actions of Theseus, and now lost. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 2.

=Theseus=, a king of Athens, and son of Ægeus by Æthra the daughter of
  Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity.
  He was educated at Trœzene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was
  not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he
  passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity,
  he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him,
  by which he might make himself known to Ægeus in a private manner.
  _See:_ Ægeus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was
  usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself
  in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led
  from Trœzene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts,
  and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by
  the courageous son of Ægeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron,
  Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Phæa. At Athens, however,
  his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with Ægeus, and as
  she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was
  received in his father’s house, she attempted to destroy him before
  his arrival was made public. Ægeus was himself to give the cup of
  poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his
  sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with Æthra.
  He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find
  that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers
  and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who
  expected to succeed their uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently
  had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a
  prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young
  prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus.
  The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after
  he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to
  Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among
  the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured
  by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a
  tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful
  by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him,
  and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread,
  and killed the Minotaur [_See:_ Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete
  with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally
  redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by
  the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was
  indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have
  occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of Ægeus, who
  threw himself into the sea when he saw his son’s ship return with
  black sails, which was the signal of ill success. _See:_ Ægeus. His
  ascension on his father’s throne was universally applauded, B.C.
  1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made
  new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants
  of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious
  worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was
  instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made
  the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the
  command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories
  and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the
  Lapithæ, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in
  the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when
  Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the
  sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one
  another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that
  time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become
  proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and
  was the most eager and courageous of the Lapithæ, in the defence of
  Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts
  of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with
  Theseus, whose wife Phædra was also dead, to carry away some of
  the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the
  daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize,
  they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian
  monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother Æthra, at Aphidnæ,
  till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux
  soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before
  she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this
  tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by
  others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried
  away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of
  his epistles, saying, _Excepto redii passa timore nihil_. Some time
  after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both
  descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto,
  apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on
  his father’s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which
  he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal
  state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words
  of _Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos_. Apollodorus,
  however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell;
  when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from
  the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind.
  The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends
  returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent
  of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most
  excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the
  kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus,
  ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and
  obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent
  monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but
  to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and
  he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king
  of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes,
  either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus,
  carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent
  of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose
  that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he
  was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes.
  The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered
  the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might
  not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains
  from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised
  him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly
  instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered
  such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still
  celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and
  Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians
  disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and
  they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife
  of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus
  king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name
  of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was
  called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets.
  Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined
  in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the
  assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in
  the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in
  the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time
  of Jason’s expedition to Colchis. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3.――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 79.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 433; _Ibis_, li. 412; _Fasti_,
  bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; _Heroides._――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 2, li. 612.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21, li. 293.――_Hesiod_,
  _Shield of Heracles_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 5, li. 432――_Propertius_, bk. 3.
  ――_Lactantius_, on _Thebaid_ of _Statius_.――_Philostratus_,
  _Imagines_, bk. 1.――_Flaccus_, bk. 2.――_Apollonius_, bk. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 617.――_Seneca_, _Hippolytus_.――_Statius_,
  _Achilles_, bk. 1.

=Thesīdæ=, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were
  governed by Theseus.

=Thesĭdes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially
  Hippolytus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 65.

=Thesmophŏra=, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour
  festivals were instituted called _Thesmophoria_. The Thesmophoria
  were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus,
  or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian
  cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The
  worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to
  defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest
  called στεφανοφορος, because he carried a crown on his head. There
  were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the
  public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to
  intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the
  strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration,
  and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was
  usual for them to strew their bed with _agnus castus_, _fleabane_,
  and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling
  all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat
  pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was
  to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity,
  without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual
  to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile
  by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent
  loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the
  preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the
  women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the
  laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th
  of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was
  observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It
  was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine,
  Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite
  maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There
  were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose
  offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were
  initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria.
  The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 431; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 619.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 58.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus at Colonus_.――_Clement of Alexandria_.

=Thesmothĕtæ=, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians,
  because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see
  justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in
  number.

=Thespia=, now _Neocorio_, a town of Bœotia, at the foot of mount
  Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus,
  or from Thespius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Thespiădæ=, the sons of Thespiades. _See:_ Thespius.

=Thespiădes=, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. _See:_
  Thespius. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Seneca_, _Hercules Œtaeus_, li. 369.
  ――――Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in
  great veneration in Thespia. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 368.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 310.

=Thespis=, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor
  of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very
  rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which
  was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were
  daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral
  songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations.
  _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 276.――_Diogenes Laërtius._

=Thespius=, a king of Thespia, in Bœotia, son of Erechtheus, according
  to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have
  children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court
  he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to
  some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous
  of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the
  _arcana arcanissima_ indicate:

     _Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, unâ
      Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas._

  All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world,
  and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the
  youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit
  Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all
  her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a
  temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called
  _Thespiadæ_, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with
  Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by
  ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different
  place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the
  Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  chs. 26 & 27.――_Plutarch._

=Thesprōtia=, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on
  the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus,
  which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The
  oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14,
  li. 315.――_Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 3, li. 179.

=Thesprōtus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 8.

=Thessălia=, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different
  at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the
  south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by
  the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum
  and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces,
  Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some
  add Magnesia. It has been severally called _Æmonia_, _Pelasgicum_,
  _Argos_, _Hellas_, _Argeia_, _Dryopis_, _Pelasgia_, _Pyrrhæa_,
  _Æmathia_, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of
  its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in
  the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated,
  such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly
  natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a
  treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin,
  and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by
  kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry
  was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and
  addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now
  called _Janna_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.――_Dionysius Periegetes_,
  li. 219.――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.

=Thessălion=, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes
  Ochus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Thessaliotis=, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.

=Thessalonīca=, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called _Therma_,
  and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According
  to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues
  to be a place of note. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 17.――_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40,
  ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.――――A daughter of
  Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married
  Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to
  death. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.

=Thessălus=, a son of Æmon.――――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter
  of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.――――A physician
  who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――――A
  physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of
  the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of
  his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought
  himself superior to all his predecessors.――――A son of Cimon, who
  accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――――A
  son of Pisicratus.――――A player in the age of Alexander.

=Thestălus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 7.

=Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She
  married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.

=Thestia=, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous.
  _Polybius_, bk. 5.

=Thestiădæ= and =Thestiădes=. _See:_ Thespiadæ and Thespiades.

=Thestiădæ=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 286.

=Thestias=, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.

=Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.

=Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to
  Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――――A king of Thespia. _See:_ Thespius.
  The sons of Thestius, called _Thestiadæ_, were killed by Meleager at
  the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him
  Calchas is often called _Thestorides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.
  12, li. 19.――_Statius_, bk. 1, _Achilleis_, li. 497.――_Apollonius_,
  bk. 1, li. 239.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.

=Thesty̆lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.

=Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often
  confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune
  and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would
  bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses
  were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit
  her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to
  catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented
  her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When
  Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she
  consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their
  nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the
  deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the
  negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a
  golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. _See:_
  Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but
  all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they
  were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had
  not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel
  operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him
  in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which
  she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted
  to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of
  Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks.
  The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan
  to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the
  god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed
  by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn
  his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn,
  she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his
  honour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 244, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Hyginus_, fable 54.――_Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 24, li. 55.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 18,
  &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.

=Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia,
  who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis,
  and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to
  pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that
  the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound
  which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.

=Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. _See:_
  Thea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 371.――――One of the Sporades, that
  rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 12.

=Thias=, a king of Assyria.

=Thimbron=, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against
  Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 17.――――A friend of Harpalus.

=Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. _See:_ ♦Theodamas.

    ♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

=Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. _Sallust_,
  _Jugurthine War_, ch. 2.

=Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. _See:_ Pyramus.――――A town of
  Bœotia, between two mountains. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Thisias=, a Sicilian writer.

=Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built
  a town which bore her name in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.

=Thistie=, a town of Bœotia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.

=Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and
  Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on
  Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country,
  had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. _See:_ Iphigenia. According
  to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3,
  poem 2.――――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter
  of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by
  Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired
  to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by
  his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the
  crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos,
  to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a
  neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose
  that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had
  left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that
  of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man.
  According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired
  from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where
  he settled. _Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 208.――_Hyginus_, fables 74, 120.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 384; _Heroides_, poem 6, li. 114.――_Statius_,
  _Thebaid_, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.――_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, lis.
  209 & 615.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Euripides_,
  _Iphigeneia_.――――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus.
  He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. _Homer_,
  _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 97.
  ――――A famous huntsman. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.――――A son of Icarius.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen
  of Lemnos. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, li. 342.――――A son of Ornytion,
  grandson of Sisyphus.――――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and
  Myrrha, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――――A man who made
  himself master of Miletus.――――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly
  opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of
  Antiochus, B.C. 193.――――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed
  by Halesus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 415.

    ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency

=Thoe=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 245.――――One of
  the horses of Admetus.――――One of the Amazons, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_,
  bk. 6, li. 376.

=Tholus=, a town of Africa.

=Thomȳris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris,
  was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched
  against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to
  pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the
  head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel
  full of human blood, with the insulting words of _satia te sanguine
  quem sitisti_. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched
  herself at the head of her armies. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 205.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.

=Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c.

=Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt.

=Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 13, li. 259.――――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.

=Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by
  Neptune. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 236.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1,
  li. 71.

=Thoōtes=, one of the Grecian heralds.

=Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. _Plutarch._

=Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian
  Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against
  kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb _cave a Thorace_.
  _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander,
  and was put to death by the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.――――A man
  of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c.
  _Plutarch_, _Lysander_, &c.

=Thoria lex=, _agraria_, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained
  that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed.
  It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. _Cicero_,
  _Brutus_.

=Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax,
  a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was
  afterwards called _Coccygia_, because Jupiter changed himself there
  into a cuckoo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.

=Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.

=Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.

=Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.――――One of Actæon’s dogs.

=Thrāce=, a daughter of Titan.――――A name of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.

=Thrāces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.

=Thrācia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded
  by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west
  Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the
  Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as
  far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were
  looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally
  brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and
  they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the
  altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical,
  and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren
  as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the
  chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder,
  and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of
  _Romania_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 1, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, &c.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 11.

=Thracidæ=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus
  because they opposed his views. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Thracis=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.

=Thrăseas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. _See:_ Thrasius.――――Pætus,
  a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his
  independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. _Juvenal_,
  satire 5, li. 36.――_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 15, ch. 16.

=Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum.
  He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 11.

=Thrasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.

=Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a
  sedition against Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A spendthrift at
  Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.

=Thraso=, a painter. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A favourite of Hieronymus,
  who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the
  tyrant.――――The character of a captain in Terence.

=Thrasybūlus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion
  of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30
  of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401,
  and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a
  crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own
  disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians
  employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous,
  and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their
  lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had
  gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the
  inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his
  knowledge, B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives._
  ――_Cicero._――_Philostratus._――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A
  tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――――A soothsayer descended from Apollo.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.――――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse,
  of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――――An Athenian in the army of
  the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.

    ♦ ‘conspicious’ replaced with ‘conspicuous’

=Thrasydæus=, a king of Thessaly, &c.

=Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he
  believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He
  was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached
  for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 25.――――A general of the Athenians in the age
  of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians.
  _Thucydides_, bk. 8.――――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and
  mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus
  and Tiberius. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.

=Thrasy̆măchus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates
  and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved
  for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. _Juvenal_, satire 7,
  li. 204.――――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. _Aristotle_,
  _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 5.

=Thrasymēdes=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter
  of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.
  _Hyginus_, fable 27.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.――――A son of
  Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he
  married. _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Thrăsy̆mēnus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle
  fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C.
  217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle,
  and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius,
  15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans
  made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called
  the lake of _Perugia_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,
  li. 765.――_Plutarch._

=Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence,
  _Threicius Sacerdos_. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 645.

=Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 310.

=Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. _Apollodorus._

=Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus.

=Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea,
  in the Sinus Malicus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――Another of Thesprotia.

=Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.

=Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.

=Thūcy̆dĭdes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His
  father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the
  great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire
  to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which
  called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached
  the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During
  the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to
  relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian
  general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his
  expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth
  year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment
  the general began to write an impartial history of the important
  events which had happened during his administration, and which
  still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous
  history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the
  remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls
  of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon.
  Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour,
  purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to
  procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their
  enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which
  contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the
  war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which
  is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter.
  The character of this interesting history is well known, and the
  noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears
  when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the
  public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been
  compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence.
  Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called
  the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled
  for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the
  same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His
  relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events
  he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays
  the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious
  partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have
  blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects;
  and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into
  summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the
  scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events
  to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the
  walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues
  of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in
  Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding
  historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing
  which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and
  the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired,
  that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it
  eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he
  could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where
  he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years
  before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker,
  folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson,
  folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. _Cicero_,
  _On Oratory_, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 12.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,
  _Thucydides_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.
  ――_Quintilian._――――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He
  was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.

=Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. _Tacitus._

=Thūle=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean,
  to which, on account of its great distance from the continent,
  the ancients gave the epithet of _ultima_. Its situation was never
  accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern
  historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or
  part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles.
  _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 20.――_Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_,
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 75;
  bk. 4, ch. 16.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 30.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 15, li. 112.

=Thuriæ=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built
  by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the
  number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. _Strabo_,
  bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 4.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――――A town of
  Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.

=Thurīnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because
  some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had
  distinguished themselves there. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 7.

=Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.

=Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.――――A place near Delphi.

=Thyădes= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received
  it from _Thyas_ daughter of _Castalius_, and mother of Delphus by
  Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus.
  _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.

=Thyămis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.

=Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._

=Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now _Akisar_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.

=Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.

=Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.

=Thyestes=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus,
  debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused
  to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no
  sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes
  from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his
  infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled
  him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant
  entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding
  upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care
  to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body.
  This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient
  mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator
  of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to
  Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred
  to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was.
  This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed
  by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he
  had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself
  and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her
  uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the
  world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child
  was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his
  mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years
  of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she
  had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with
  hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish
  his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when
  at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a
  close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father
  recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few
  questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea
  was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had
  committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine
  the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus
  rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and
  murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods
  on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes
  was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was
  soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos,
  and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he
  died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.――_Hyginus_,
  fable 86, &c.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 359.――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 544;
  bk. 7, li. 451.――_Seneca_, _Thyestes_.

=Thymbra=, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle
  which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter
  was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides
  chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.――――A plain
  in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in
  its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from
  thence he is called _Thymbræus_. Achilles was killed there by Paris,
  according to some. _Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylvæ_,
  poem 7, li. 22.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Thymbræus=, a surname of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323;
  _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 85. _See:_ Thymbra.

=Thymbris=, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan.
  _Apollodorus._――――A fountain and river of Sicily. _Theocritus_,
  poem 1, li. 100.

=Thymbron.= _See:_ Thimbron.

=Thymĕle=, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. _Juvenal_,
  satire 1, li. 36.――_Statius_, bk. 6, li. 36.

=Thymiathis=, a river of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.

=Thymochăres=, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians.

=Thymœtes=, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the
  descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because
  he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of Bœotia, and
  was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of
  Athens by fighting the Bœotian king. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.――――A
  Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam.
  It was to revenge the king’s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen
  to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon,
  according to some. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 32.――_Dictys
  Cretensis_, bk. 4, ch. 4.――――A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas
  into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364.

=Thyni=, or =Bythyni=, a people of Bithynia, hence the word _Thyna merx_
  applied to their commodities. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Thyodămas.= _See:_ ♦Theodamas.

    ♦ ‘Theodamus’ replaced with ‘Theodamas’

=Thyōne=, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with
  immortality by her son Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Thyōneus=, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called
  _Thyone_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17,
  li. 23.――_Ovid_, bk. 4, _Metamorphoses_, li. 13.

=Thyotes=, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. _Flaccus_, bk. 2,
  li. 438.

=Thyre=, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there
  between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.
  ――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 48.

=Thyrea=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 76.

=Thyreum=, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called
  _Thyrienses_. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9.

=Thyreus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.
  ――――A son of Œneus king of Calydon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.

=Thyrĭdes=, three small islands at the point of Tænarus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 12.

=Thyrsagĕtæ=, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. _Pliny_,
  bk. 4, ch. 12.

=Thyrsus=, a river of Sardinia, now _Oristagni_.

=Thysos=, a town near mount Athos.

=Thyus=, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was
  seized by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.

=Tiasa=, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in
  Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Tibarēni=, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon.
  ――――A people of Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 20.

=Tiberias=, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same
  name, and called after Tiberius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 16.――_Josephus_,
  _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 3.

=Tiberīnus=, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river
  Albula, which on that account assumed the name of _Tiberis_, of which
  he became the protecting god. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4,
  ch. 5, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47.

=Tibĕris=, =Tyberis=, =Tiber=, or =Tibris=, a river of Italy on whose
  banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called _Albula_,
  from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when
  Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named
  _Tyrrhenus_, because it watered Etruria, and _Lydius_, because the
  inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin.
  The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16
  miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,
  bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; _Ibis_, li. 514.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 1, li. 381, &c.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 30.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13.
  ――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.

=Tibērius Claudius Drusus Nero=, a Roman emperor after the death
  of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his
  early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace
  with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some
  applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father,
  though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies
  was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards,
  in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts
  of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst
  of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and
  retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile,
  till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he
  was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the
  command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia,
  and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death
  of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed
  the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected
  modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to
  try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of
  the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from
  his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent
  entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to
  promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian
  of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed
  the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was
  satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves,
  the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome.
  That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the
  deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real
  character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues
  he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and
  his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered
  him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate
  favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the
  tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the
  fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned
  to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in
  Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his
  power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger.
  He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the
  senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that,
  in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be
  free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by
  the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and
  frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace
  and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on
  the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the
  activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants.
  Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius
  dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of
  that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated
  by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his
  relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed
  to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome
  one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a
  brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of
  Capreæ, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful
  pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among
  whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this
  solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented
  new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age,
  as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural
  vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the
  countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor
  was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on
  every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted
  by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his
  feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak
  and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching
  dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without
  a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might
  inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was
  chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished
  his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be
  displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities
  he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for
  the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius
  died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his
  age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was
  accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was
  universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the
  midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities
  which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was
  conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration
  was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while
  he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own.
  The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention
  by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect
  and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man,
  Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was
  proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military
  operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and
  virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite,
  he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived
  in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous
  as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands,
  rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged
  informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities
  of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who
  approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant.
  He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker,
  and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric
  poem, entitled, “A Complaint on the death of Lucius Cæsar,” as also
  some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He
  avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally
  wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity,
  it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of
  Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake,
  A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. “No,”
  said Tiberius; “a good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.” The
  senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born,
  by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus, in the months
  of July and August; but this he refused, saying, “What will you do,
  conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?” Like the rest of
  the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during
  his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was
  intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual
  state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till
  the last moment of his life. _Suetonius_, _Lives_, &c.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.――_Dio Cassius._――――A friend of Julius Cæsar,
  whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the
  favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated,
  he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.――――One of the
  Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus.――――Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia
  the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.――――A son of
  Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with
  other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.――――A Thracian
  made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire.

=Tibēsis=, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Tibiscus=, now _Teisse_, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same
  name, now _Temeswar_. It falls into the Danube.

=Tibris=. _See:_ Tiberis.

=Tibŭla=, a town of Sardinia, now _Lango Sardo_.

=Tibullus Aulus Albius=, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical
  compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra,
  but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired
  to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the
  effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition
  was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more
  favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses
  Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neæra, and in these elegant
  effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As
  he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the
  soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might
  have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make
  his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining
  pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful,
  and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the
  writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus
  was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time
  he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an
  admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of
  his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those
  of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of
  Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755;
  and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem
  9; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 487.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33,
  li. 1.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Tibur=, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of
  Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was
  watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place,
  from which circumstance it has been called _Herculei muri_. In the
  neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air,
  had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace
  had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles
  higher. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Orations_, ch. 65.
  ――_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 21.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 630.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 61, &c.

=Lucius Tiburtius=, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, wounded by Pompey’s
  soldiers.

=Tiburtus=, the founder of Tibur, often called _Tiburtia mænia_. He was
  one of the sons of Amphiaraus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 670.

=Tichis=, now _Tech_, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean.

=Tichius=, a name given to the top of mount Œta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16.

=Ticĭda=, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote
  epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name
  of Petilla. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 433.

=Ticīnus=, now _Tesino_, a river near _Ticinum_, a small town of Italy,
  where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was
  also called _Pavia_. The Ticinus falls into the Po. _Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 81.

=Tidius=, a man who joined Pompey, &c.

=Tiessa=, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Tifāta=, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. _Statius_, _Sylvæ_, bk. 4.

=Tifernum=, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for
  distinction’s sake, is called _Metaurense_, near the Metaurus,
  in Umbria; the other, _Tiberinum_, on the Tiber; and the third,
  _Samniticum_, in the country of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 14.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.――_Pliny_, Sect. 4, ltr. 1.

=Tifernus=, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites.
  _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 3,
  ch. 4.

=Tigasis=, a son of Hercules.

=Tigellīnus=, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy
  in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the
  conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally
  rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor,
  and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 1, ch. 72.――_Plutarch._――_Juvenal_, satire 1.

=Tigellius=, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius
  Cæsar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness.
  He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean
  and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 _et seq._ insinuates.

=Tigrānes=, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and
  Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by
  the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans.
  He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the
  messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general
  was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was
  soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be
  brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his
  capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally
  disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace,
  and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey,
  the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents,
  insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital,
  and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same
  name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the
  assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married.
  This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom
  he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet
  on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to
  Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. _Cicero_, _On Pompey’s Command_.
  ――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 33 &
  37.――_Justin_, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.――_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_, _Pompey_,
  &c.――――A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to
  death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――One of the royal
  family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne
  of Armenia.――――A general of the Medes.――――A man appointed king of
  Armenia by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26.――――A prince of
  Armenia in the age of Theodosius.

=Tigranocerta=, now _Sered_, the capital of Armenia, was built by
  Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs
  of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war,
  took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less
  than 8000 talents in ready money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 9.

=Tigres=, a river of Peloponnesus, called also _Harpys_, from a person
  of the same name drowned in it. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Tigris=, now _Basilensa_, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates
  in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern
  boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates,
  though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers
  could be easily traced. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.――_Justin_, bk. 42,
  ch. 3.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 256.

=Tigurīni=, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern
  cantons of _Switz_, _Zurich_, _Schaffhausen_, and _St. Gall_. Their
  capital was Tigurnum. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Tilatæi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.

=Tilavemptus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west
  of Aquileia.

=Tilfossius=, a mountain of Bœotia.――――Also a fountain at the tomb of
  Tiresias. _Pausanias_, _Bœotia_, ch. 33.

=Tilium=, a town of Sardinia, now _Argentera_.

=Tillius Cimber.= _See:_ Tullius.

=Tilox=, a north-west cape of Corsica.

=Tilphussus=, a mountain of Bœotia.

=Timachus=, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring
  people were called Timachi. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.

=Timæ=, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades,
  by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession
  to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be
  legitimate. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.

=Timæus=, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he
  was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter.
  _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――An historian of Sicily, who flourished
  about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s
  name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles.
  His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus,
  were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he
  treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. _Plutarch_,
  _Nicias_.――_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Cornelius
  Nepos._――――A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient
  philosophers. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Empedocles_.――――A Pythagorean
  philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder
  of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world
  he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul
  of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. _Plato_, _Timæus_.
  ――_Plutarch._――――An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. _Plutarch._
  ――――A sophist, who wrote a book called _Lexicon vocum Platonicarum_.

=Timagĕnes=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to
  Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His
  great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours
  of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his
  impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron,
  burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign.
  _Plutarch._――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.――_Quintilian._――――An
  historian and rhetorician of Miletus.――――A man who wrote an account
  of the life of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.――――A general,
  killed at Cheronæa.

=Timagŏras=, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to
  Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground,
  when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,
  ch. 3.――_Suidas._――――Another. _See:_ Meles.

=Timandra=, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of
  Arcadi. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.――――A mistress of Alcibiades.

=Timandrĭdes=, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. _Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 32.

=Timanthes=, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of
  Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going
  to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with
  grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon,
  left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the
  father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was
  a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which
  his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of
  Achilles. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.
  ――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Cleone,
  who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Timarchus=, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles
  the disciple of Socrates. _Diogenes Laërtius_.――――A rhetorician, who
  hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.――――A Cretan,
  accused before Nero of oppression. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,
  ch. 20.――――An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent
  the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 5.――――A king of Salamis.――――A tyrant of Miletus,
  in the age of Antiochus, &c.

=Timareta=, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,
  ch. 94.

=Timasion=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c.

=Timasitheus=, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates
  to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the
  spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him
  very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were
  dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to
  his descendants in the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.――_Plutarch_,
  _Camillus_.

=Tĭmāvus=, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after
  running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to
  some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the
  Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. _Mela_, bk. 2,
  ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 6; _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 44
  & 248.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.

=Timesius=, a native of Clazomenæ, who began to build Abdera. He
  was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera.
  _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 168.

=Timochăris=, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. _See:_ Aristillus.

=Timoclēa=, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at
  Cheronæa. One of Alexander’s soldiers offered her violence, after
  which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that
  immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it.
  Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the
  Theban females. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.

=Timŏcles=, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces,
  the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant.
  _Athenæus_, bk. 6.――――A statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,
  ch. 34.

=Timocrătes=, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.――――A Syracusan
  who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by
  Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant.

=Timocreon=, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as
  gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ,
  distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against
  Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his
  grave:

         _Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens
            Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius._

=Timodēmus=, the father of Timoleon.

=Timolāus=, a Spartan, intimate with Philopœmen, &c.――――A son of the
  celebrated Zenobia.――――A general of Alexander, put to death by the
  Thebans.

=Timoleon=, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste.
  He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to
  murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his
  representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed
  with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon
  conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever
  banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a
  settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept
  of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with
  the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians,
  had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon
  Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been
  disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the
  sense of natural liberty. “Timoleon,” says he, “if you accept of the
  command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a
  tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother’s murderer.”
  This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships,
  accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to
  oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the
  possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired
  of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general.
  This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which
  hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection;
  and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of
  Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been
  the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse
  was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of
  Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were
  equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for
  1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and
  deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from
  tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states
  of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from
  the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans;
  and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise
  commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last
  re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere
  to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause
  in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected
  with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence
  at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance,
  and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations
  of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with
  oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put
  the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his
  providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been
  recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a
  sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the
  enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the
  assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by
  an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other
  assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon,
  and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that
  had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in
  the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he
  had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father,
  whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini.
  Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true.
  Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era.
  His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called
  from him _Timoleonteum_; but the tears of a grateful nation were
  more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution
  of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his
  death. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Polyænus_, bk. 5,
  ch. 3.――_Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Timōlus.= _See:_ Tmolus.

=Timomăchus=, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius.
  His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were
  purchased for 80 talents by Julius Cæsar, and deposited in the temple
  of Venus at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.――――A general of Athens,
  sent to assist the Thebans. _Xenophon._

=Timon=, a native of Athens, called _Misanthrope_, for his
  unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of
  Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own,
  and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he
  was one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he went into the public
  assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which
  many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going
  to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such
  as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang
  themselves in his garden. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.――_Lucan_,
  _Timon_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.――――A Greek poet, son of
  Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several
  dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Athenæus_, bks. 6 & 13.――――An athlete of Elis.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.

=Timophănes=, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make
  himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers
  with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon
  wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when
  he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. _Plutarch_ &
  _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.――――A man of Mitylene, celebrated for
  his riches, &c.

=Timotheus=, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or
  Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited
  as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications
  would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his
  abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he
  afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of
  1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a
  poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two
  years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another
  musician of Bœtia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the
  musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of
  Darius. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3,
  ch. 12.――_Plutarch_, _de Musica_, _de Fortuna_, &c.――――An Athenian
  general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and
  magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great
  father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several
  victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his
  expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of
  his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired
  to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never
  appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his
  expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some
  of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented
  him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities
  into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned
  temperance and moderation. _Athenæus_, bk. 10, ch. 3.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 1, ch. 29.――_Plutarch_, _Sulla_, &c.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.――_Cornelius Nepos._――――A Greek
  statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.――――A tyrant of Heraclea, who
  murdered his father. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.――――A king of the Sapæi.

=Timoxĕnus=, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c.
  _Polyænus._――――A general of the Achæans.

=Tingis=, now _Tangiers_, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania,
  built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the
  founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in
  it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the
  people for their founder. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258.

=Tinia=, a river of Umbria, now _Topino_, falling into the Clitumnus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.

=Tipha=, a town of Bœtia, where Hercules had a temple. _Ovid_, ltr. 6,
  li. 48.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.

=Tiphys=, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius,
  or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts
  reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus
  was chosen in his place. _Orphica._――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.
  ――_Apollonius._――_Valerius Flaccus._――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.
  ――_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.

=Tiphysa=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Tīrĕsias=, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo.
  He lived to a great age, which some authors have called as long as
  seven generations of men, others six, and others nine, during the
  time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, Œdipus, and his sons sat on the
  throne of Thebes. It is said that in his youth he found two serpents
  in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and that when he had
  struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly
  changed into a girl. Seven years after he found again some serpents
  together in the same manner, and he recovered his original sex,
  by striking them a second time with his wand. When he was a woman,
  Tiresias had married, and it was from those reasons, according to
  some of the ancients, that Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision,
  a dispute in which the deities wished to know which of the sexes
  received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, who
  could speak from actual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter,
  and declared, that the pleasure which the female received was 10
  times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different
  opinion, and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished Tiresias
  by depriving him of his eyesight. But this dreadful loss was in some
  measure repaired by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon him
  the gift of prophecy, and permitted him to live seven times more
  than the rest of men. These causes of the blindness of Tiresias,
  which are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others,
  are contradicted by Apollodorus, Callimachus, Propertius, &c., who
  declare that this was inflicted upon him as a punishment, because he
  had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon.
  Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complained of the severity with
  which her son was treated; but the goddess, who well knew that this
  was the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such mortals
  as fix their eyes upon a goddess without her consent, alleviated the
  misfortunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted with futurity, and
  giving him a staff which could conduct his steps with as much safety
  as if he had the use of his eye-sight. During his lifetime, Tiresias
  was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The generals, during the
  Theban war, consulted him, and found his predictions verified. He
  drew his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the language of
  birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes
  he drew the manes from the infernal regions to know futurity, with
  mystical ceremonies. He at last died, after drinking the waters of a
  cold fountain, which froze his blood. He was buried with great pomp
  by the Thebans on mount Tilphusses, and honoured as a god. His oracle
  at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses
  as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning
  his return to Ithaca. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Theocritus_,
  _Idylls_, poem 24, li. 70.――_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 96.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 75.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.
  ――_Sophocles_, _Œdipus Tyrannus_.――_Pindar_, _Nemean_, poem 1.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.――_Plutarch_,
  _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, &c.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.

=Tiribāses=, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by the guards for
  conspiring against the king’s life, B.C. 394. _Plutarch_,
  _Artaxerxes_.

=Tirida=, a town of Thrace where Diomedes lived. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.

=Tiridātes=, a king of Parthia, after the expulsion of Phraates by his
  subjects. He was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus in Spain.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 26.――――A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius,
  after the death of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.――――A keeper of the royal treasures at Persepolis,
  who offered to surrender to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 5,
  ch. 5, &c.――――A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.――――A son of
  Phraates, &c.

=Tiris=, a general of the Thracians, who opposed Antiochus. _Polyænus_,
  bk. 4.

=Tiro Tullius=, a freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by his master
  for his learning and good qualities. It is said that he invented
  shorthand writing among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero and
  other treatises now lost. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.

=Tirynthia=, a name given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tirynthus.
  _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.

=Tirynthus=, a town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx
  son of Argus. Hercules generally resided there, whence he is called
  _Tirynthius heros_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 25.――_Pliny_, bk. 4,
  ch. 5.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, chs. 15 & 49.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 662.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 217.

=Tisæum=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Polybius._

=Tisagŏras=, a brother of Miltiades, called also Stesagoras. _Cornelius
  Nepos_, _Miltiades_.

=Tisamĕnes=, or =Tisamĕnus=, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter
  of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Lacedæmon.
  The Heraclidæ entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign,
  and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
  some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians, near Helice.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.
  ――――A king of Thebes, son of Thersander and grandson of Polynices.
  The Furies, who continually persecuted the house of Œdipus, permitted
  him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented his son and successor
  Autesion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.
  5; bk. 9, ch. 6.――――A native of Elis, crowned twice at the Olympic
  games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Tisandrus=, one of the Greeks concealed with Ulysses in the wooden
  horse. Some suppose him to be the same as Thersander the son of
  Polynices. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 261.

=Tisarchus=, a friend of Agathocles, by whom he was murdered, &c.
  _Polyænus_, bk. 5.

=Tisdra=, a town of Africa. _Cæsar_, _African War_, ch. 76.

=Tisiarus=, a town of Africa.

=Tisias=, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, considered by some as the
  inventor of rhetoric, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 2;
  _Orations_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Tīsĭphŏne=, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron, who was
  the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them with
  plagues and diseases, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was
  represented with a whip in her hand, serpents hung from her head,
  and were wreathed round her arms instead of bracelets. By Juno’s
  direction she attempted to prevent the landing of Io in Egypt, but
  the god of the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to retire to hell.
  _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 59.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,
  li. 552; _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 555.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 34.
  ――――A daughter of Alcmæon and Manto.

=Tisiphŏnus=, a man who conspired against Alexander tyrant of Pheræ,
  and seized the sovereign power, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.

=Tissa=, now _Randazzo_, a town of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,
  li. 268.――_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 38.

=Tissamĕnus.= _See:_ Tisamenus.

=Tissaphernes=, an officer of Darius.――――A satrap of Persia, commander
  of the forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxa, against Cyrus.
  It was by his valour and intrepidity that the king’s forces gained
  the victory, and for this he obtained the daughter of Artaxerxes
  in marriage, and all the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His
  popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to be put
  to death when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B.C. _Cornelius
  Nepos._――――An officer in the army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at
  the battle of Cunaxa. _Plutarch._

=Titæa=, the mother of the Titans. She is supposed to be the same as
  Thea, Rhea, Terra, &c.

=Titan=, or =Titānus=, a son of Cœlus and Terra, brother to Saturn and
  Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of Cœlus; but he gave his
  brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, provided he raised no male
  children. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, Titan made war
  against Saturn, and with the assistance of his brothers the Titans,
  he imprisoned him till he was replaced on the throne by his son
  Jupiter. This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a christian writer,
  who took it from the dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. None
  of the ancient mythologists, such as Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus,
  &c., have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by
  Orpheus and Lucian, to the sun by Virgil and Ovid, and to Prometheus
  by Juvenal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 10.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 14, li. 35.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.
  ――_Orpheus_, hymn 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 119.

=Titāna=, a town of Sicyonia in Peloponnesus. Titanus reigned there.
  ――――A man skilled in astronomy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.

=Titānes=, a name given to the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They were
  45 in number, according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13,
  Hyginus six, and Hesiod 20, among whom are the Titanides. The most
  known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus,
  and Briareus, to whom Horace adds Typhœus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhœtus,
  and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists reckoned among the
  giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, and with proportionable
  strength. They were treated with great cruelty by Cœlus, and
  confined in the bowels of the earth, till their mother pitied their
  misfortunes, and armed them against their father. Saturn, with a
  scythe, cut off the genitals of his father, as he was going to unite
  himself to Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from the froth
  sprang a new deity, called Venus; as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and
  Megæra, according to Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded his father,
  he married Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had
  been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as
  a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans
  against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often
  confounded with that of the giants; but it is to be observed, that
  the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants
  against Jupiter. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135, &c.――_Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn
  to Delos_, li. 17.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.

=Titānia=, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as granddaughter of Titan,
  and likewise to Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 395;
  bk. 2, &c.

=Titanīdes=, the daughters of Cœlus and Terra; reduced in number to
  six, according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis,
  Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phœbe, and Rhea. _Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 145, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.

=Titānus=, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the
  same name.

=Titaresus=, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into
  the Teneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with
  the transparent stream. From the unwholesomeness of its water,
  it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. _Lucan_,
  bk. 6, li. 376.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 751.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 18.

=Titēnus=, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine sea.
  _Apollonius_, bk. 4.

=Tithenidia=, a festival of Sparta, in which _nurses_, τθηναι, conveyed
  male infants entrusted to their charge to the temple of Diana, where
  they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they
  generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; there
  were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents
  were erected. Each had a separate portion allotted him, together
  with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the
  victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats.

=Tithōnus=, a son of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter
  of the Scamander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured
  of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and Æmathion.
  He begged of Aurora to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but
  as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and beauty which he
  then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and ♦decrepit; and as life
  became insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the
  world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a cicada,
  or grasshopper. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 1, li. 447; _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 585; bk. 8, li. 384.――_Hesiod_,
  _Theogony_, li. 984.――_Diodorus_, bk. 1.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
  li. 461; ♠bk. 3, li. 403.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28; bk. 2, ode 16.

    ♦ ‘discrepit’ replaced with ‘decrepit’

    ♠ ‘Book 9’ replaced with ‘Book 3’

=Tithorea=, one of the tops of Parnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.

=Tithraustes=, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered to murder
  Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the
  slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the Athenians under
  Cimon.――――An officer in the Persian court, &c.――――The name was common
  to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes.
  _Plutarch._――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_ & _Conon_.

=Titia=, a deity among the Milesians.

=Titia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Publius Titius the tribune, A.U.C.
  710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested
  with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The
  persons chosen were Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus.――――Another, _de
  provinciis_, which required that the provincial questors, like the
  consuls and pretors, should receive their provinces by lot.

=Titiāna Flavia=, the wife of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself
  by her debaucheries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband
  she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an
  obscure retreat.

=Titiānus Atilius=, a noble Roman put to death, A.D. 156, by the senate
  for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one proscribed during the
  reign of Antoninus Pius.――――A brother of Otho.

=Titii=, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves,
  and drew omens from it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 45.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 602.

=Titinius=, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic.
  ――――A friend of Cassius, who killed himself.――――One of the slaves who
  revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals.

=Titius Proculus=, a Roman knight, appointed to watch Messalina.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.――――A tribune of the people who
  enacted the Titian law.――――An orator of a very dissolute character.
  ――――One of Pompey’s murderers.――――One of Antony’s officers.――――A man
  who foretold a victory to Sylla.――――Septimus, a poet in the Augustan
  age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions,
  now lost. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 9.

=Titormus=, a shepherd of Ætolia, called another _Hercules_, on account
  of his prodigious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary,
  Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the
  Crotonian moved with difficulty. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,
  ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.

=Titurius=, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.――――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul,
  killed by Ambiorix.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 29, &c.

=Titus Vespasianus=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became
  known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege
  of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested
  with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to
  expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of
  a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished
  for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most
  abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior
  to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire,
  and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which
  still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father,
  what could be expected but tyranny and ♦oppression? Yet Titus became
  a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish
  to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual
  profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had
  loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the
  Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the
  throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the
  guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps,
  the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power,
  bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which
  as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his
  entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were
  due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent
  than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even
  severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and
  trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public
  edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience
  of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were
  gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia,
  and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus
  for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of
  Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or
  granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words
  of “My friends, I have lost a day!” A continual wish to be benevolent
  and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who
  could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the
  destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight
  of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but
  the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by
  kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to
  destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns
  of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire
  was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number
  of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor’s
  benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the
  afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal
  bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself
  for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had
  not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was
  taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his
  father’s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever.
  He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained
  of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young,
  where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died
  the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after
  a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death
  was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all
  looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers.
  After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the
  suspicion of having hastened his brother’s end, by ordering him to
  be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired.
  Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making
  attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and
  forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon
  the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though
  certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character,
  we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence,
  exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people.
  _Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.――_Suetonius._――_Dio
  Cassius_, &c.

    ♦ ‘oppresssion’ replaced with ‘oppression’

=Titus Tatius=, a king of the Sabines. _See:_ Tatius.――――Livius, a
  celebrated historian. _See:_ Livius.――――A son of Junius Brutus,
  put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the
  Tarquins.――――A friend of Coriolanus.――――A native of Crotona, engaged
  in Catiline’s conspiracy.

=Tīty̆rus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues, &c.――――A large
  mountain of Crete.

=Tityus=, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others,
  of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a
  prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had
  drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed
  during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to
  offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his
  importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed
  the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent
  continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where
  vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon
  as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched
  on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island
  of Eubœa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4.
  ――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.――_Apollonius
  of Rhodes_, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 525.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.――_Hyginus_, fable 55.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 457.――_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75.

=Tium=, or =Tion=, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the
  Milesians. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.

=Tlēpŏlemus=, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left
  his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and
  retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king,
  as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with
  nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals
  established at Rhodes in his honour, called _Tlepolemia_, in which
  men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.
  ――_Hyginus_, fable 97.――――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained
  Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. _Diodorus_,
  bk. 18.――――An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207.

=Tmarus=, a Rutulian in the wars of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9,
  li. 685.――――A mountain of Thesprotia, called _Tomarus_ by _Pliny_.

=Tmolus=, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus
  and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe,
  at the foot of Diana’s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards
  killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name.
  _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable
  4.――_Hyginus_, fable 191.――――A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by
  an earthquake.――――A mountain of Lydia, now _Bouzdag_, on which the
  river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the
  inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring
  country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and
  odoriferous flowers. _Strabo_, bk. 13, &c.――_Herodotus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 84, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, &c.――_Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 7, li. 210.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98.

=Togāta=, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the
  inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress.
  _See:_ Gallia.

=Togonius Gallus=, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest
  of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Tolbiacum=, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers.

=Tolenus=, a river of Latium, now _Salto_, falling into the Velinus.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 561.

=Toletum=, now _Toledo_, a town of Spain on the Tagus.

=Tolistoboii=, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of
  Gaul. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Livy_, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16.

=Tollentīnum=, a town of Picenum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.

=Tolmĭdes=, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in
  Bœotia, 477 B.C. _Polyænus_, bk. 7.

=Tolōsa=, now _Toulouse_, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia
  Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was
  afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva
  had there a rich temple, which Cæpio the consul plundered, and as
  he was never after fortunate, the words _aurum Tolosanum_ became
  proverbial. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.

=Tolumnus=, an augur in the army of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 429.――――A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius
  Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be
  assassinated. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.

=Tolus=, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of
  the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded
  that their city should become the head or mistress of the world.

=Tomæum=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides._

=Tomărus=, or =Tmarus=. _See:_ Tmarus.

=Tomisa=, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. _Strabo._

=Tomos=, or =Tomi=, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine
  sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived
  from τεμνω, _seco_, because Medea, as it is said, _cut to pieces_
  the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the
  place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of
  Lower Mœsia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.――_Strabo_, bk. 7.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Ovid_, _ex
  Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c.

=Tomyris.= _See:_ Thomyris.

=Tonea=, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno’s
  statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards
  to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the
  theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of
  the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force.

=Tongillius=, an avaricious lawyer, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 130.

=Topāzos=, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called _Ophiodes_
  from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone
  called topaz is found there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.

=Topiris=, or =Torpus=, a town of Thrace.

=Torĭni=, a people of Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6.

=Torōne=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.――――Of Epirus.

=Torquāta=, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She
  was a vestal for 64 years. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 69.

=Torquātus=, a surname of Titus Manlius. _See:_ Manlius.――――Silanus,
  an officer put to death by Nero.――――A governor of Oricum, in the
  interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius Cæsar, and was killed in
  Africa. _Hirtius_, _Africican War_, ch. 96.――――An officer in Sylla’s
  army.――――A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor
  of Egypt.

=Tortor=, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name.

=Torus=, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum.

=Toryne=, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the
  country signifies a _ladle_, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a
  pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.

=Toxandri=, a people of Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.

=Toxaridia=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian
  hero who died there.

=Toxeus=, a son of Œneus, killed by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,
  ch. 8.

=Toxicrăte=, a daughter of Thespius.

=Quintus Trabea=, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some
  fragments of his poetry remain. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_,
  bk. 4, ch. 31; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Trachălus Marcus Galerius=, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated
  for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding
  aspect. _Quintilian._――_Tacitus._――――One of the friends and ministers
  of Otho.

=Trachas=, a town of Latium. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 717.

=Trāchīnia=, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea,
  near mount Œta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina,
  where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,
  li. 269.

=Trachonītis=, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Tragurium=, a town of Dalmatia on the sea.

=Tragus=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Trajanopŏlis=, a town of Thrace.――――A name given to Selinus of Cilicia,
  where Trajan died.

=Trajānus Marcus Ulpius Crinītus=, a Roman emperor, born at Italica in
  Spain. His great virtues, and his private as well as public character,
  and his services to the empire, both as an officer, a governor, and a
  consul, recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted
  him as his son; invested him during his lifetime with the imperial
  purple, and gave him the name of Cæsar and of Germanicus. A little
  time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant
  throne was confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the people,
  and the free concurrence of the armies on the confines of Germany
  and the banks of the Danube. The noble and independent behaviour of
  Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva’s choice, and the
  attachment of the legions; and the new emperor seemed calculated to
  ensure peace and domestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of
  Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince,
  whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which the pen of an elegant
  and courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians continued quiet,
  and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of
  a new emperor whose military abilities they distrusted, were now few.
  Trajan, however, could not behold with satisfaction and unconcern the
  insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute
  which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance
  of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace; but
  Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by violating
  the treaty. The emperor entered the enemy’s country, by throwing a
  bridge across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a battle was fought
  in which the slaughter was so great, that in the Roman camp linen
  was wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan obtained the
  victory, and Decebalus, despairing of success, destroyed himself,
  and Dacia became a province of Rome. That the ardour of the Roman
  soldiers in defeating their enemies might not cool, an expedition was
  undertaken into the east, and Parthia threatened with immediate war.
  Trajan passed through the submissive kingdom of Armenia, and, by his
  well-directed operations, made himself master of the provinces of
  Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests in the east, he
  obtained victories over unknown nations; and when on the extremities
  of India, he lamented that he possessed not the vigour and youth of
  an Alexander, that he might add unexplored provinces and kingdoms
  to the Roman empire. These successes in different parts of the
  world gained applause, and the senators were profuse in the honours
  they decreed to the conqueror. This, however, was but the blaze of
  transient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of
  returning to Italy, than the conquered barbarians appeared again
  in arms, and the Roman empire did not acquire one single acre of
  territory from the conquests of her sovereign in the east. The return
  of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by indisposition; he stopped
  in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwards was called
  Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a few days after expired,
  in the beginning of August, A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six
  months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded
  on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the
  Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan
  were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which
  he had erected a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans
  enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity
  was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond
  of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus,
  and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon
  a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and
  who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the
  just complaints of his subjects, distinguished his palace by the
  inscription of _the public palace_. Like other emperors, he did
  not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but
  rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He refused
  the statues which the flattery of favourites wished to erect to him,
  and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could
  pay adoration to cold, inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry
  into Rome gained him the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot,
  and showed himself an enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage.
  When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war,
  like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren deserts and
  extensive plains on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all
  the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in
  their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their
  own name; he conversed with them with great familiarity, and never
  retired to his tent before he had visited the camp, and by a personal
  attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his
  army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general.
  He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom
  and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast
  without form or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the good
  intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favourite
  Sura had once been accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan
  disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to
  the house of the supposed conspirator, he went thither early. To try
  further the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his
  barber, to have a medicinal application made to his eyes by the hand
  of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of
  Trajan are also celebrated; he opened free and easy communications
  between the cities of his provinces, he planted many colonies, and
  furnished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent
  a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions that the
  architect Apollodorus built that celebrated column which is still
  to be seen at Rome, under the name of Trajan’s column. The area on
  which it stands was made by the labours of men, and the height of
  the pillar proves that a large hill, 144 feet high, was removed at a
  great expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning
  prince. His persecutions of the christians were stopped by the
  interference of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually severe upon
  the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and
  even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely
  seen through a reign of continued splendour and popularity, yet he
  is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgencies. He was
  too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has
  been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation and
  the modest claims of an Augustus. _Pliny_, _Panegyrics_, &c.――_Dio
  Cassius._――_Eutropius._――_Ammianus._――_Spartian._――_Josephus_,
  _Jewish Wars_.――_Aurelius Victor._――――The father of the emperor, who
  likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honoured with the consulship
  and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian.
  ――――A general of the emperor Valens.――――A son of the emperor Decius.

=Trajectus Rheni=, now _Utrecht_, the capital of one of the provinces
  of Holland.

=Tralles=, a town of _Lydia_, now _Sultanhisar_. _Juvenal_, satire 3,
  li. 70.――_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 45.――――A people of Illyricum.

=Transtiberīna=, a part of the city of Rome, on one side of the
  Tiber. Mount Vatican was in that part of the city. _Martial_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 109.

=Trapēzus=, a city of Pontus, built by the people of Sinope, now called
  _Trebizond_. It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, and
  became famous under the emperors of the eastern empire, of which it
  was for some time the magnificent capital. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 3, ch. 47.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.――――A town of Arcadia near the
  Alpheus. It received its name from a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8.

=Trasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.

=Trasullus=, a man who taught Tiberius astrology at Rhodes, &c.

=Traulus Montānus=, a Roman knight, one of Messalina’s favourites, put
  to death by Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.

=Treba=, a town of the Æqui. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Caius Trebātius Testas=, a man banished by Julius Cæsar for following
  the interest of Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero.
  He was afterwards reconciled to Cæsar. Trebatius was not less
  distinguished for his learning than for his integrity, his military
  experience, and knowledge of law. He wrote nine books on religious
  ceremonies, and treatises on civil law; and the verses that he
  composed proved him a poet of no inferior consequence. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, satire 1, li. 4.

=Trebelliānus Caius Annius=, a pirate who proclaimed himself emperor
  of Rome, A.D. 264. He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the
  lieutenants of Gallienus.

=Trebelliēnus Rufus=, a pretor appointed governor of the children
  of king Cotys, by Tiberius.――――A tribune who opposed the Gabinian
  law.――――A Roman who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made
  governor of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 39.

=Trebellius Pollio=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the
  lives of the emperors. The beginning of this history is lost; part
  of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gallieni, with the
  30 tyrants, are the only fragments remaining. He flourished A.D. 305.

=Trĕbia=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Apennines, and
  falling into the Po, at the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for
  the victory which Annibal obtained there over the forces of Lucius
  Sempronius the Roman consul. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 486.
  ――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 46.――_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 54 & 56.――――A town of
  Latium. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.――――Of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14.
  ――――Of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Trebius=, an officer in Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――――A parasite in
  Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 4.

=Trĕbōnia lex=, _de provinciis_, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C.
  698. It gave Cæsar the chief command in Gaul for five years longer
  than was enacted by the Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented
  the senators from recalling or superseding him.――――Another, by the
  same, on the same year, conferred the command of the provinces of
  Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey for five years. _Dio Cassius_,
  bk. 39.――――Another, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 305,
  which confirmed the election of the tribunes in the hands of the
  Roman people. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 5.

=Trĕbōnius=, a soldier remarkable for his continence, &c.――――Caius, one
  of Cæsar’s friends, made through his interest pretor and consul. He
  was afterwards one of his benefactor’s murderers. He was killed by
  Dolabella at Smyrna. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 17.――_Cicero_,
  _Philippics_, bk. 11, ch. 2.――_Paterculus_, bks. 56 & 69.――_Livy_,
  bk. 119.――_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 14.
  ――――Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul
  Clodius Macer, by Galba’s orders. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,
  ch. 7.――――A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato,
  because he opposed it.――――One of the adherents of Marius.――――A man
  caught in adultery, and severely punished in the age of Horace.

=Trebŭla=, a town of the Sabines, celebrated for cheese. The
  inhabitants were called Trebulani. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian
  Law_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Livy_, bk. 23.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 12.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 72.――――Another, in Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23,
  ch. 39.

=Trerus=, a river of Latium, falling into the Liris.

=Tres Tabernæ=, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took
  refreshment. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13; bk. 2,
  ltrs. 10 & 11.

=Trevĕri=, a town and people of Belgium, now called _Triers_. _Mela_,
  bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Triaria=, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wife of
  Lucius Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bks. 1 & 3.

=Caius Triarius=, an orator commended by Cicero.――――A friend of Pompey.
  He had for some time the care of the war in Asia against Mithridates,
  whom he defeated, and by whom he was afterwards beaten. He was killed
  in the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar. _Cæsar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,
  ch. 5.

=Triballi=, a people of Thrace, or, according to some, of Lower Mœsia.
  They were conquered by Philip the father of Alexander; and some ages
  after, they maintained a long war against the Roman emperors. _Pliny._

=Triboci=, a people of Alsace in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.

=Tribulium=, a town of Dalmatia.

=Tribūni Plebis=, magistrates at Rome, created in the year ♦A.U.C. 261,
  when the people after a quarrel with the senators had retired to Mons
  Sacer. The two first were Caius Licinius and Lucius Albinius, but
  their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to 10,
  which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had
  been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever
  after chosen for the election. Their power, though at first small,
  and granted by the patricians to appease the momentary seditions
  of the populace, soon became formidable, and the senators repented
  too late of having consented to elect magistrates, who not only
  preserved the rights of the people, but could summon assemblies,
  propose laws, stop the consultations of the senate, and even
  abolish their decrees by the word _Veto_. Their approbation was
  also necessary to confirm the _senatus consulta_, and this was done
  by affixing the letter T under it. If any irregularity happened
  in the state, their power was almost absolute; they criticized the
  conduct of all the public magistrates, and even dragged a consul
  to prison, if the measures he pursued were hostile to the peace
  of Rome. The dictator alone was their superior, but when that
  magistrate was elected, the office of tribune was not, like that
  of all other inferior magistrates, abolished while he continued at
  the head of the state. The people paid them so much deference, that
  their person was held sacred, and thence they were always called
  _Sacrosancti_. To strike them was a capital crime, and to interrupt
  them while they spoke in the assemblies, called for the immediate
  interference of power. The marks by which they were distinguished
  from other magistrates were not very conspicuous. They wore no
  particular dress, only a beadle called _viator_ marched before them.
  They never sat in the senate, though, some time after, their office
  entitled them to the rank of senators. Yet, great as their power
  might appear, they received a heavy wound from their number, and as
  their consultations and resolutions were of no effect if they were
  not all unanimous, the senate often took advantage of their avarice,
  and by gaining one of them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended
  the authority of the rest. The office of tribune of the people,
  though at first deemed mean and servile, was afterwards one of
  the first steps that led to more honourable employments, and as
  no patrician was permitted to canvass for the tribuneship, we find
  many that descended among the plebeians to exercise that important
  office. From the power with which they were at last invested by the
  activity, the intrigues, and continual applications of those who
  were in office, they became almost absolute in the state, and it
  has been properly observed, that they caused far greater troubles
  than those which they were at first created to silence. Sylla,
  when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the authority
  of the tribunes, and by one of his decrees, they were no longer
  permitted to harangue and inflame the people; they could make
  no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such as had been
  tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the other offices of
  the state. This disgrace, however, was but momentary; at the death
  of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their privileges by means of
  Cotta and Pompey the Great. The office of tribune remained in full
  force till the age of Augustus, who, to make himself more absolute,
  and his person sacred, conferred the power and office upon himself,
  whence he was called _tribunitiâ potestate donatus_. His successors
  on the throne imitated his example, and as the emperor was the
  real and official tribune, such as were appointed to the office
  were merely nominal without power or privilege. Under Constantine
  the tribuneship was totally abolished. The tribunes were never
  permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the _Feriæ Latinæ_,
  when they went with other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon
  a mountain near Alba. Their houses were always open, and they
  received every complaint, and were ever ready to redress the wrongs
  of their constituents. Their authority was not extended beyond the
  walls of the city.――――There were also other officers who bore the
  name of tribunes, such as the _tribuni militum_ or _militares_,
  who commanded a division of the legions. They were empowered to
  decide all quarrels that might arise in the army; they took care of
  the camp, and gave the watchword. There were only three at first,
  chosen by Romulus, but the number was at last increased to six in
  every legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, they were chosen
  by the consuls; but afterwards the right of electing them was
  divided between the people and the consuls. They were generally
  of senatorian and equestrian families, and the former were called
  _laticlavii_, and the latter _angusticlavii_, from their peculiar
  dress. Those that were chosen by the consuls were called _Rutuli_,
  because the right of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by
  Rutulus, and those elected by the people were called _Comitiati_,
  because chosen in the Comitia. They wore a golden ring, and were
  in office no longer than six months. When the consuls were elected,
  it was usual to choose 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served
  five years in the army, and who were called _juniores_, and 10 from
  the people who had been in 10 campaigns, who were called _seniores_.
  ――――There were also some officers called _tribuni militum consulari
  potestate_, elected instead of consuls, A.U.C. 310. They were only
  three originally, but the number was afterwards increased to six
  or more, according to the will and pleasure of the people and the
  emergencies of the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the rest
  of patrician families. When they had subsisted for about 70 years,
  not without some interruption, the office was totally abolished,
  as the plebeians were admitted to share the consulship, and
  the consuls continued at the head of the state till the end of
  the commonwealth.――――The _tribuni cohortium prætorianarum_ were
  entrusted with the person of the emperor, which they guarded and
  protected.――――The _tribuni ærarii_ were officers chosen from among
  the people, who kept the money which was to be applied to defray
  the expenses of the army. The richest persons were always chosen,
  as much money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They
  were greatly distinguished in the state, and they shared with the
  senators and Roman knights the privileges of judging. They were
  abolished by Julius Cæsar, but Augustus re-established them, and
  created 200 more, to decide causes of smaller importance.――――The
  _tribuni celerum_ had the command of the guard which Romulus
  chose for the safety of his person. They were 100 in number,
  distinguished for their probity, their opulence, and their nobility.
  ――――The _tribuni voluptatum_ were commissioned to take care
  of the amusements which were prepared for the people, and that
  nothing might be wanting in the exhibitions. This office was also
  honourable.

    ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Tricala=, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus
  and Agrigentum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.

=Tricasses=, a people of Champagne in Gaul.

=Tricastīni=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 466.――_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.

=Triccæ=, a town of Thessaly, where Æsculapius had a temple. The
  inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.――_Homer_,
  _Iliad_.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Trichonium=, a town of Ætolia.

=Tricipitinus.= _See:_ Lucretius.

=Triclaria=, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three
  cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana _Triclaria_, whose
  temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus
  and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this
  barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were
  Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the
  temple of the goddess. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.

=Tricorii=, a people of Gaul, now _Dauphiné_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.

=Tricorythus=, a town of Attica.

=Tricrēna=, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was
  born. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.

=Tridentum=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called _Trent_, and famous
  in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to
  regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545.

=Trieterīca=, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three
  years. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 302.

=Tripānum=, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Tripolīnus=, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. _Martial_, bk. 13,
  ltr. 104.――_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 7.

=Trigemĭna=, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three
  Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16;
  bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51.

=Trinăcria=, or =Trinăcris=, one of the ancient names of Sicily from
  its triangular form. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 384, &c.

=Trinium=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

=Trinobantes=, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,
  ch. 20.

=Triocăla=, or =Triocla=, a town in the southern parts of Sicily.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.

=Triŏpas=, or =Triops=, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of
  Æolus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called
  on that account _Triopeius_, and his daughter _Triopeia_. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 754.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――A
  son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. _Homer_, _Hymn
  3 to Apollo_, li. 211.――――A son of Piranthus.

=Triphȳlia=, one of the ancient names of Elis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.
  ――――A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia,
  whence he is called _Triphylius_.

=Triopium=, a town of Caria.

=Tripŏlis=, an ancient town of Phœnicia, built by the liberal
  contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.――――A town
  of Pontus.――――A district of Arcadia,――――of Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 35,
  ch. 27.――――Of Thessaly, _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.――――A town of Lydia or
  Caria.――――A district of Africa between the Syrtes.

♦=Trīptŏlĕmus=, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of
  Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion
  he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Neræa, whom some have called
  Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at
  Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by
  the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by
  the monarch’s children, as she travelled over the country in quest
  of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took
  particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and
  placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever
  particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother
  was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the
  curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry,
  when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was
  therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture,
  and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to
  sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was
  drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all
  over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the
  world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but
  Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was
  changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored
  Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and
  mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and
  after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied
  Bacchus in his Indian expedition. _Diodorus._――_Hyginus_, fable 147.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.――_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_,
  li. 22.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 646; _Fasti_, bk. 4,
  li. 501; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1.

    ♦ ‘Trīppŏlĕmus’ replaced with ‘Trīptŏlĕmus’

=Triquĕtra=, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular
  form. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 78.

=Trismegistus=, a famous Egyptian. _See:_ Mercurius.

=Tritia=, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars.
  ――――A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 7, ch. 22.

=Tritogenia=, a surname of Pallas. _Hesiod._――_Festus_, _Lexicon of
  Festus_.

=Triton=, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according
  to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea
  deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He
  is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist
  is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with
  the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons,
  but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men
  and half fishes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_,
  li. 930.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 333.――_Cicero_, _de
  Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 28.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 148;
  bk. 6, li. 173.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――――A river of Africa
  falling into the lake Tritonis.――――One of the names of the Nile.――――A
  small river of Bœotia, or Thessaly.

=Tritōnis=, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple,
  whence she is surnamed _Tritonis_, or _Tritonia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 178.――_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2,
  li. 171.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――Athens is also called _Tritonis_,
  because dedicated to Minerva.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.

=Tritonon=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.

=Triventum=, a town of the Samnites.

=Trivia=, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all
  places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered
  her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally
  distributed among the poor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7,
  li. 774.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 416; _Fasti_, bk. 1,
  li. 389.

=Triviæ antrum=, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph
  Egeria resided. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 47.

=Triviæ lucus=, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumæ. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 13.

=Trivīcum=, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. _Horace_,
  bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79.

=Triumvĭri=, _reipublicæ constituendæ_, were three magistrates
  appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power.
  These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of
  the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits,
  their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate,
  B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who
  at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second
  and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony,
  and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty.
  Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated
  them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full
  force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.――――There were also
  officers who were called _triumviri capitales_, created A.U.C. 464.
  They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in
  which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were
  entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the
  commands of the pretors.――――The _triumviri nocturni_ watched over the
  safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready
  to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish
  it.――――The _triumviri agrarii_ had the care of colonies that were
  sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair
  division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new
  colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at
  Rome.――――The _triumviri monetales_ were masters of the mint, and had
  the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by
  the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: ♦IIIVIR.
  A. A. A. F. F. i.e., _Triumviri auro, argento, ære flando, feriendo_.
  Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as
  those who were employed before them were called _Denariorum flandorum
  curatores_.――――The _triumviri valetudinis_ were chosen when Rome
  was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they
  took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.――――The
  _triumviri senatus legendi_ were appointed to name those that were
  most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They
  were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege
  belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and
  the censors, A.U.C. 310.――――The _triumviri mensarii_ were chosen in
  the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange.

    ♦ ‘HIVIR’ replaced with ‘IIIVIR’

=Triumvirorum insula=, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po,
  where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide
  the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46,
  ch. 55.――_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, ch. 4.

=Troădes=, the inhabitants of Troas.

=Troas=, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the
  capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it
  may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied
  to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent
  is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called
  _Dardania_. _See:_ Troja.

=Trochois=, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana
  were born.

=Trocmi=, a people of Galatia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16.

=Trœzēne= a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus,
  which received its name from Trœzen the son of Pelops, who reigned
  there for some time. It is often called _Theseis_, because Theseus
  was born there; and _Posidonia_, because _Neptune_ was worshipped
  there. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 81.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2,
  ch. 50.――_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.――――Another town at the south of the
  Peloponnesus.

=Trogiliæ=, three small islands near Samos.

=Trogilium=, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. _Strabo_,
  bk. 14.

=Trogilus=, a harbour of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59.

=Troglody̆tæ=, a people of Æthiopia, who dwelt in caves (τρωγλη _specus_,
  δυμι _subeo_). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common.
  _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.――_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 8;
  bk. 37, ch. 10.

=Trogus Pompeius=, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His
  father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius Cæsar, and
  his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most
  illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all
  the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the
  world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history,
  which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized
  by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the
  cause that the original of Trogus is lost. _Justin_, bk. 47, ch. 5.
  ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 6.

=Troja=, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a
  country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small
  eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sigæum, at the
  distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the
  first king of the country built it, and called it _Dardania_, and
  from Troas, one of his successors, it was called _Troja_, and from
  Ilus, _Ilion_. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly
  repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been
  celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars
  which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the
  most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover
  Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away
  from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of
  Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and
  soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament
  of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being
  1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The
  number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the
  largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may
  be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this
  celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these
  forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his
  counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed.
  The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished
  themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses,
  Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus,
  &c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king
  of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia
  Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of
  Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and
  Æthiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered
  before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege
  was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and
  intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague,
  and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon
  and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of
  the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in
  the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers
  of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits
  of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some
  of the Trojans, among whom were Æneas and Antenor, betrayed the city
  into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets,
  however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place
  by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men,
  and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The
  Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night,
  the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed
  out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from
  the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants
  were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors.
  This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years
  before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on
  the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the
  first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30
  stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient
  name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he
  visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small,
  and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that
  Julius Cæsar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of Æneas,
  and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it
  the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate
  and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the
  reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, _Justum
  et tenacem propositi virum_, was written purposely to dissuade the
  emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. _See:_ Paris,
  Æneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_.――_Homer._――_Ovid._――_Diodorus_, &c.

=Trojāni= and =Trojugĕnæ=, the inhabitants of Troy.

=Trojāni ludi=, games instituted by Æneas, or his son Ascanius, to
  commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus
  at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and
  accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the
  list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus
  they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on
  horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the
  party was called _princeps juventutis_, and was generally the son
  of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 5, li. 602.――_Suetonius_, _Cæsar_ & _Augustus_.――_Plutarch_,
  _Sulla_.

=Troĭlus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the
  Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9,
  li. 16.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 474.

=Tromentīna=, one of the Roman tribes. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Tropæa=, a town of the Brutii.――――A stone monument on the Pyrenees,
  erected by Pompey.――――Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and
  Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army.

=Trophonius=, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos
  in Bœotia. He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the assistance
  of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for
  his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to
  live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the
  days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their
  bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in
  the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great
  drought, the Bœotians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief,
  and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They
  discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius
  told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius
  was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel
  and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to
  his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius
  became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies
  were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular
  sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters
  of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a
  cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave
  by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had
  received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return,
  and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he
  had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited
  games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37,
  &c.――_Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.――_Plutarch._
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 45.

=Tros=, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe
  the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and
  Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he
  accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital
  of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas.
  _Virgil_, bk. 3, _Georgics_, li. 36.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20,
  li. 219.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.

=Trossŭlum=, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of _Trossuli_
  to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of
  foot soldiers. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.――_Seneca_, ltrs. 86 & 87.
  ――_Persius_, bk. 1, li. 82.

=Trotilum=, a town of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6.

=Truentum=, or =Truentinum=, a river of Picenum, falling into the
  Adriatic. There is also a town of the same name in the neighbourhood.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 434.――_Mela_, bk. 2.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 13.

=Trypherus=, a celebrated cook, &c. _Juvenal_, bk. 11.

=Tryphiodorus=, a Greek poet and grammarian of Egypt in the sixth
  century, who wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction of Troy,
  from which he excluded the α in the first book, the β in the second,
  and the γ in the third, &c.

=Tryphon=, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put to death by Antiochus.
  _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.――――A surname of one of the Ptolemies.
  _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, li. 31.――――A grammarian of
  Alexander in the age of Augustus.

=Tubantes=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Tubĕro Quintus Ælius=, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus the
  conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he
  seemed to glory as well as the rest of his family. Sixteen of the
  Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and
  maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they
  cultivated with their own hand. The first piece of silver plate that
  entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law
  presented to him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia.――――A
  learned man.――――A governor of Africa.――――A Roman general who marched
  against the Germans under the emperors. He was accused of treason,
  and acquitted.

=Tuburbo=, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor.

=Tucca Plautius=, a friend of Horace and Virgil. He was, with Varus and
  Plotius, ordered by Augustus, as some report, to revise the Æneid of
  Virgil, which remained uncorrected on account of the premature death
  of the poet. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40; satire 10, li. 84.
  ――――A town of Mauritania.

=Tuccia=, an immodest woman in Juvenal’s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6,
  li. 64.

=Tucia=, a river near Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 5.

=Tuder=, or =Tudertia=, an ancient town of Umbria. The inhabitants were
  called _Tudertes_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 222.

=Tudri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.

=Tugia=, now _Toia_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Tugīni=, or =Tugēni=, a people of Germany.

=Tuisto=, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, and the founder of the
  nation. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, bk. 2.

=Tulcis=, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean, now
  _Francoli_.

=Tulingi=, a people of Germany between the Rhine and the Danube.
  _Cæsar_, bk. 1, ch. 5, _Gallic War_.

=Tulla=, one of Camilla’s attendants in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 656.

=Tullia=, a daughter of Servius Tullius king of Rome. She married
  Tarquin the Proud, after she had murdered her first husband Arunx,
  and consented to see Tullius assassinated, that Tarquin might be
  raised to the throne. It is said that she ordered her chariot to
  be driven over the body of her aged father, which had been thrown
  all mangled and bloody into one of the streets of Rome. She was
  afterwards banished from Rome with her husband. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,
  li. 363.――――Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin
  the Proud. She was murdered by her own husband, that ♦he might marry
  her ambitious sister of the same name.――――A daughter of Cicero.
  _See:_ Tulliola.――――A debauched woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.

    ♦ ‘she’ replaced with ‘he’

=Tullia lex=, _de senatu_, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 689,
  enacted that those who had a _libera legatio_ granted them by the
  senate, should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had
  a _libera legatio_ travelled through the provinces of the empire
  without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of
  the state.――――Another, _de ambitu_, by the same, the same year. It
  forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office,
  to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon
  him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of _ambitu_ were punished
  with the _aquæ et ignis interdictio_ for 10 years, and the penalty
  inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian
  law.

=Tulliānum=, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Servius Tullius,
  and added to the other called _Robur_, where criminals were confined.
  _Sallust_, _Conspiracy of Catiline_.

=Tulliŏla=, or =Tullia=, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. She married
  Caius Piso, and afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly Publius
  Cornelius Dolabella. With this last husband she had every reason to
  be dissatisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and consequently the cause
  of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed,
  about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this
  occasion, that some have accused him of an unnatural partiality
  for his daughter. According to a ridiculous story which some of
  the moderns report, in the age of Pope Paul III., a monument was
  discovered on the Appian road with the superscription of _Tulliolæ
  filiæ meæ_. The body of a woman was found in it, which was reduced
  to ashes as soon as touched; there was also a lamp burning, which was
  extinguished as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was
  supposed to have been lighted above 1500 years. _Cicero._――_Plutarch_,
  _Cicero_.

=Tullius Cimber=, the son of a freedman, rose to great honours, and
  followed the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled to Julius Cæsar,
  whom he murdered with Brutus. _Plutarch._――――Cicero, a celebrated
  orator. _See:_ Cicero.――――The son of the orator Cicero. _See:_
  Cicero.――――Servius, a king of Rome. _See:_ Servius.――――Senecio, a
  man accused of conspiracy against Nero with Piso.――――A friend of Otho.
  ――――One of the kings of Rome. _See:_ Servius.

=Tullus Hostilius=, the third king of Rome after the death of Numa. He
  was of a warlike and active disposition, and signalized himself by
  his expedition against the people of Alba, whom he conquered, and
  whose city he destroyed after the famous battle of the Horatii and
  Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and the
  neighbouring states with success, and enforced reverence for majesty
  among his subjects. He died with all his family, about 640 years
  before the christian era, after a reign of 32 years. The manner of
  his death is not precisely known. Some suppose that he was killed
  by lightning, while he was performing some magical ceremonies in his
  own house; or, according to the more probable accounts of others, he
  was murdered by Ancus Martius, who set fire to the palace, to make it
  be believed that the impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven.
  _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3,
  ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 814.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 22.
  ――_Pausanias._――――A consul, A.U.C. 686. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8,
  li. 12.

=Tunēta=, or =Tunis=, a town of Africa, near which Regulus was defeated
  and taken by Xanthippus. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 9.

=Tungri=, a name given to some of the Germans, supposed to live on
  the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now
  _Tongeren_. The river of the country is now the _Spaw_. _Tacitus_,
  _Germania_, bk. 2.

=Caius Turanius=, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. _Ovid_,
  _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 29.

=Turba=, a town of Gaul.

=Turbo=, a gladiator, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 310.
  He was of small stature, but uncommonly courageous.――――A governor of
  Pannonia, under the emperors.

=Turdetăni=, or =Turduti=, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of
  the Bætis. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 28, ch. 39; bk. 34, ch. 17.

=Turesis=, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius.

=Turias=, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia,
  now the ♦_Guadalquiver_.

    ♦ ‘Guadalavier’ replaced with ‘Guadalquiver’

=Turicum=, a town of Gaul, now _Zurich_, in Switzerland.

=Turiosa=, a town of Spain.

=Turius=, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2,
  satire 1, li. 49.

=Turnus=, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made
  war against Æneas, and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that
  he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously
  engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though
  supported with great courage and a numerous army. He was conquered,
  and at last killed in a single combat by Æneas. He is represented
  as a man of uncommon strength. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 56, &c.
  ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 49.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 879;
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 451.

=Turŏnes=, a people of Gaul, whose capital, Cæsarodunum, is the modern
  _Tours_.

=Turpio.= _See:_ Ambivius.

=Turrus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

=Turullius=, one of Cæsar’s murderers.

=Turuntus=, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna.

=Tuscania= and =Tuscia=, a large country at the west of Rome, the same
  as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.

=Tusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria.――――The villa of Pliny the younger
  near the sources of the Tiber. _Pliny_, ltrs. 5 & 6.

=Tusculānum=, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where,
  among other books, the orator composed his Quæstiones, concerning
  the contempt of death, &c., in five books. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ
  Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 2;
  _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Tuscŭlum=, a town of Latium on the declivity of a hill, about 12 miles
  from Rome, founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It is
  now called _Frescati_, and is famous for the magnificent villas in
  its neighbourhood. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23, li. 8, &c.

=Tuscus=, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is called _Tuscus Amnis_,
  from its situation. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 199.

=Tuscus vicus=, a small village near Rome. It received this name from
  the Etrurians of Porsenna’s army that settled there. _Livy_, bk. 2,
  ch. 14.

=Tuscum mare=, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Etruria.
  _See:_ Tyrrhenum.

=Tuta=, a queen of Illyricum, &c. _See:_ Teuta.

=Tutia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. She proved herself to
  be innocent by carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of Vesta
  in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to the goddess. _Livy_, bk. 20.
  ――――A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp,
  when he retreated from the city. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11.

=Tuticum=, a town of the Hirpini.

=Tyăna=, a town at the foot of mount Taurus in Cappadocia, where
  Apollonius was born, whence he is called _Tyaneus_. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 719.――_Strabo_, bk. 12.

=Tyanītis=, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia.

=Tybris.= _See:_ Tiberis.――――A Trojan who fought in Italy with Æneas
  against Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 124.

=Tybur=, a town of Latium on the Anio. _See:_ Tibur.

=Tyche=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 360.――――A part
  of the town of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53.

=Tychius=, a celebrated artist of Hyle in Bœotia, who made Hector’s
  shield, which was covered with the hides of seven oxen. _Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 823.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7,
  li. 220.

=Tyde=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 367.

=Tydeus=, a son of Œneus king of Calydon and Peribœa. He fled from his
  country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found
  a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus king of Argos, whose daughter
  Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law
  Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare
  war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met
  provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his officers
  to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew
  50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an
  ambush to surprise him; and only one of the number was permitted to
  return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions.
  He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during
  the Theban war he behaved with great courage. Many of the enemies
  expired under his blows, till he was at last wounded by Menalippus.
  Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength to dart at his
  enemy, and to bring him to the ground, before he was carried away
  from the fight by his companions. At his own request, the dead body
  of Menalippus was brought to him, and after he had ordered the head
  to be cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his teeth. The
  savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to
  bring him relief and to make him immortal, and the goddess left him
  to his fate, and suffered him to die. He was buried at Argos, where
  his monument was still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He was
  father to Diomedes. Some suppose that the cause of his flight to
  Argos was the murder of the son of Melus, or, according to others, of
  Alcathous his father’s brother, or perhaps his own brother Olenius.
  _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 365, 387.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8;
  bk. 3, ch. 6.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.――_Pausanias_, bk.
  9, ch. 18.――_Diodorus_, bk. 2.――_Euripides_, _Suppliants_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 479.――_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 350, &c.

=Tydīdes=, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 101.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15, li. 28.

=Tylos=, a town of Peloponnesus near Tænarus, now _Bahrain_.

=Tymber=, a son of Daunus, who assisted Turnus. His head was cut off in
  an engagement by Pallas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 391, &c.

=Tymōlus=, a mountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 15. _See:_
  Tmolus.

=Tympania=, an inland town of Elis.

=Tynphæi=, a people between Epirus and Thessaly.

=Tyndărĭdæ=, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor,
  Pollux, and Helen, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.――――A people of
  Colchis.

=Tyndăris=, a patronymic of Helen daughter of Tyndarus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 569.――――A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded
  by a Messenian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 91.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 209.――――Horace gave this name to one
  of his mistresses, as best expressive of all female accomplishments,
  bk. 1, ode 17, li. 10.――――A name given to Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Ars
  Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 408.――――A town of Colchis on the Phasis.
  _Pliny._

=Tyndărus=, son of Œbalus and Gorgophone, or, according to some,
  of Perieres. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated
  Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &c., and also became mother
  of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. _See:_ Leda, Castor, Pollux,
  Clytemnestra, &c.

=Tynnĭchus=, a general of Heraclea. _Polyænus._

=Typhœus=, or =Typhon=, a famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra,
  who had 100 heads like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of
  devouring fire were darted from his mouth and from his eyes, and he
  uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks of different animals.
  He was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of his brothers the
  giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods that
  they fled away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter became a ram,
  Mercury an ibis, ♦Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a
  cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last resumed courage,
  and put Typhœus to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him
  under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, or, according to some,
  under the island Inarime. Typhœus became father of Geryon, Cerberus,
  and Orthos by his union with Echidna. _Hyginus_, fables 152 & 196.
  ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 325.――_Aeschylus_, _Seven
  Against Thebes_.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 820.――_Homer_, _Hymns_.
  ――_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 156.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 716.

    ♦ ‘Appollo’ replaced with ‘Apollo’

=Typhon=, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. Some of the
  poets make him the same as the famous Typhœus. _See:_ Typhœus.――――A
  brother of Osiris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares for his
  brother during his expedition, and murdered him at his return. The
  death of Osiris was avenged by his son Orus, and Typhon was put to
  death. _See:_ Osiris. He was reckoned among the Egyptians to be the
  cause of every evil, and on that account generally represented as a
  wolf and a crocodile. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.――_Diodorus_,
  bk. 1.

=Tyrannion=, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original
  name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, from his
  austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to
  his liberty by Muræna. He opened a school in the house of his friend
  Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He was extremely fond of books,
  and collected a library of about 30,000 volumes. To his care and
  industry the world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle’s
  works.――――There was also one of his disciples called Diocles, who
  bore his name. He was a native of Phœnicia, and was made prisoner in
  the war of Augustus and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the
  emperors favourites, and afterwards by Terentia, who gave him his
  liberty. He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which he proved
  that the Latin tongue was derived from the Greek; and another in
  which Homer’s poems were corrected, &c.

=Tyrannus=, a son of Pterelaus.

=Tyras=, or =Tyra=, a river of European Sarmatia, falling into the
  Euxine sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes, and now called
  the _Niester_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 50.

=Tyres=, one of the companions of Æneas in his wars against Turnus. He
  was brother to Teuthras. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 403.

=Tyridates=, a rich man in the age of Alexander, &c. _Curtius._

=Tyrii=, or =Tyrus=, a town of Magna Græcia.

=Tyriotes=, a eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander’s camp, to
  inform his master of the queen’s death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Tyro=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmoneus king of Elis and
  Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in-law
  Sidero, and at last removed from her father’s house by her uncle
  Cretheus. She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often
  walked on the banks of the river, Neptune assumed the shape of her
  favourite lover, and gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias
  and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence
  from the world. The children were preserved by shepherds, and when
  they had arrived at years of maturity, they avenged their mother’s
  injuries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her
  amour with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had
  Amythaon, Pheres, and Æson. Tyro is often called _Salmonis_ from her
  father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 234.――_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch.
  4.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 1, poem 13, li. 20; bk. 2, poem 30, li. 51; bk. 3, poem 19,
  li. 13.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.

=Tyros=, an island of Arabia.――――A city of Phœnicia. _See:_ Tyrus.

=Tyrrheidæ=, a patronymic given to the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the
  flocks of Latinus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 484.

=Tyrrhēni=, the inhabitants of Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.

=Tyrrhēnum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the
  coast of Etruria. It is also called _Inferum_, as being at the bottom
  or south of Italy.

=Tyrrhēnus=, a son of Atys king of Lydia, who came to Italy, where part
  of the country was called after him. _Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 55.――_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――――A friend of
  Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 612.

=Tyrrheus=, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the
  companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war between Æneas and
  the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the word _Tyrrheides_. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 485.――――An Egyptian general, B.C. 91.

=Tyrsis=, a place in the Balearides, supposed to be the palace of
  Saturn.

=Tyrtæus=, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus.
  In the second Messenian war, the Lacedæmonians were directed by the
  oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to
  finish their expedition with success, and they were contemptuously
  presented with Tyrtæus. The poet, though ridiculed for his many
  deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the
  Lacedæmonians with martial songs, just as they wished to raise the
  siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so much courage, that they
  defeated the Messenians. For his services, he was made a citizen of
  Lacedæmon, and treated with great attention. Of the compositions of
  Tyrtæus nothing is extant but the fragments of four or five elegies.
  He flourished about 684 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Strabo_, bk. 8.
  ――_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.――_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,
  li. 402.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.

=Tyrus=, or =Tyros=, a very ancient city of Phœnicia, built by the
  Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia
  from the shore, and now called _Sur_. There were, properly speaking,
  two places of that name, the old Tyros, called _Palætyros_, on the
  sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in
  circumference, including Palætyros, but, without it, about four miles.
  Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt.
  It maintained its independence till the age of Alexander, who took
  it with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to
  the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th
  of August, B.C. 332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; their
  city was the emporium of commerce, and they were deemed the inventors
  of scarlet and purple colours. They founded many cities in different
  parts of the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c.,
  which on that account are often distinguished by the epithet _Tyria_.
  The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and magnificent; the walls
  were 150 feet high, with a proportionate breadth. Hercules was the
  chief deity of the place. It had two large and capacious harbours,
  and a powerful fleet, and was built, according to some writers, about
  2760 years before the christian era. _Strabo_, bk. 16.――_Herodotus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 44.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.――_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, lis. 6, 339, &c.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,
  &c. _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 10.――_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.――――A nymph,
  mother of Venus, according to some.

=Tysias=, a man celebrated by Cicero. _See:_ Tisias.


                                 U & V

=Vacatione= (_lex de_), was enacted concerning the exemption from
  military service, and contained this very remarkable clause, _nisi
  bellum Gallicum exoriatur_, in which case the priests themselves were
  not exempted from service. This can intimate how apprehensive the
  Romans were of the Gauls, by whom their city had once been taken.

=Vacca=, a town of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――――A river of
  Spain.

=Vaccæi=, a people at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 35,
  ch. 7; bk. 46, ch. 47.

=Vaccus=, a general, &c. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 19.

=Vacūna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over repose and leisure, as
  the word indicates (_vacare_). Her festivals were observed in the
  month of December. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 307.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 10, li. 49.

=Vadimōnis lacus=, now _Bassano_, a lake of Etruria, whose waters were
  sulphureous. The Etrurians were defeated there by the Romans, and the
  Gauls by Dolabella. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 39.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 8, ltr. 20.

=Vaga=, a town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 259.

=Vagedrūsa=, a river of Sicily between the towns of Camarina and Gela.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 229.

=Vagellius=, an obscene lawyer of Mutina. _Juvenal_, satire 16, li. 23.

=Vagēni=, or =Vagienni=, a people of Liguria, at the sources of the Po,
  whose capital was called _Augusta Vagiennorum_. _Silius Italicus_,
  bk. 8, li. 606.

=Vahālis=, a river of modern Holland, now called the _Waal_. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Vala Caius Numonius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed
  bk. 1, ltr. 15.

=Valens Flavius=, a son of Gratian, born in Pannonia. His brother
  Valentinian took him as his colleague on the throne, and appointed
  him over the eastern parts of the Roman empire. The bold measures and
  the threats of the rebel Procopius frightened the new emperor; and
  if his friends had not interfered, he would have willingly resigned
  all his pretensions to the empire which his brother had entrusted to
  his care. By perseverance, however, Valens was enabled to destroy his
  rival, and to distinguish himself in his wars against the northern
  barbarians. But his lenity to these savage intruders proved fatal
  to the Roman power; and by permitting some of the Goths to settle in
  the provinces of Thrace, and to have free access to every part of the
  country, Valens encouraged them to make depredations on his subjects,
  and to disturb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened too late;
  he attempted to repel them, but he failed in the attempt. A bloody
  battle was fought, in which the barbarians obtained some advantage,
  and Valens was hurried away by the obscurity of the night, and
  the affection of the soldiers for his person, into a lonely house,
  which the Goths set on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, was
  burnt alive in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 13 years,
  A.D. 378. He has been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in
  putting to death all such of his subjects whose name began by _Theod_,
  because he had been informed by his favourite astrologers that his
  crown would devolve upon the head of an officer whose name began
  with these letters. Valens did not possess any of the great qualities
  which distinguish a good and powerful monarch. He was illiterate, and
  of a disposition naturally indolent and inactive. Yet though timorous
  in the highest degree, he was warlike; and though fond of ease, he
  was acquainted with the character of his officers, and preferred none
  but such as possessed merit. He was a great friend to discipline,
  a pattern of chastity and temperance, and he showed himself always
  ready to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, though he
  gave an attentive ear to flattery and malevolent informations.
  _Ammianus_, &c.――――Valerius, a proconsul of Achaia, who proclaimed
  himself emperor of Rome, when Marcian, who had been invested with
  the purple in the east, attempted to assassinate him. He reigned only
  six months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 261.――――Fabius, a
  friend of Vitellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho.
  He was greatly honoured by Vitellius, &c.――――A general of the emperor
  Honorius.――――The name of the second Mercury mentioned by _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, but considered as more properly
  belonging to Jupiter.

=Valentia=, one of the ancient names of Rome.――――A town of Spain, a
  little below Saguntum, founded by Julius Brutus, and for some time
  known by the name of Julia Collonia.――――A town of Italy.――――Another,
  in Sardinia.

=Valentiniānus I.=, a son of Gratian, raised to the imperial throne
  by his merit and valour. He kept the western part of the empire for
  himself, and appointed over the east his brother Valens. He gave
  the most convincing proof of his military valour in the victories
  which he obtained over the barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the
  deserts of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube.
  The insolence of the Quadi he punished with great severity; and
  when these desperate and indigent barbarians had deprecated the
  conqueror’s mercy, Valentinian treated them with contempt, and
  upbraided them with every mark of resentment. While he spoke with
  such warmth, he broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground.
  He was conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and soon after
  died, after suffering the greatest agonies, from violent fits and
  contortions of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375. He was
  then in the 55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 years. He has
  been represented by some as cruel and covetous in the highest degree.
  He was naturally of an irascible disposition, and he gratified his
  pride in expressing a contempt for those who were his equals in
  military abilities, or who shone for gracefulness or elegance of
  address. _Ammianus._

=Valentinianus II.=, second son of Valentinian I., was proclaimed
  emperor about six days after his father’s death, though only five
  years old. He succeeded his brother, Gratian, A.D. 383, but his youth
  seemed to favour dissension, and the attempts and the usurpations
  of rebels. He was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four years after
  the death of Gratian; and in this helpless situation he had recourse
  to Theodosius, who was then emperor of the east. He was successful
  in his applications; Maximus was conquered by Theodosius, and
  Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor.
  He was some time after strangled by one of his officers, a native of
  Gaul, called Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too much confidence,
  and from whom he expected more deference than the ambition of a
  barbarian could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. This happened
  the 15th of May, A.D. 392, at Vienne, one of the modern towns of
  France. He has been commended for his many virtues, and the applause
  which the populace bestowed upon him was bestowed upon real merit.
  He abolished the greatest part of the taxes; and because his subjects
  complained that he was too fond of the amusements of the circus, he
  ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and all the wild beasts
  that were kept for the entertainment of the people to be slain. He
  was remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, not only to his
  friends, but even to such as had conspired against his life; and
  he used to say that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was fond of
  imitating the virtues and exemplary life of his friend and patron
  Theodosius, and if he had lived longer, the Romans might have enjoyed
  peace and security.

=Valentinianus III.=, was son of Constantius and Placidia the
  daughter of Theodosius the Great, and therefore, as related to the
  imperial family, he was saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly
  acknowledged as such at Rome, the 3rd of October, A.D. 423, about
  the sixth year of his age. He was at first governed by his mother,
  and the intrigues of his generals and courtiers; and when he came to
  years of discretion, he disgraced himself by violence, oppression,
  and incontinence. He was murdered in the midst of Rome, A.D. 454, in
  the 36th year of his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus,
  to whose wife he had offered violence. The vices of Valentinian III.
  were conspicuous; every passion he wished to gratify at the expense
  of his honour, his health, and character; and as he lived without
  one single act of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented by none,
  though pitied for his imprudence and vicious propensities. He was the
  last of the family of Theodosius.

=Valentinianus=, a son of the emperor Gratian, who died when very young.

=Valeria=, a sister of Publicola, who advised the Roman matrons to go
  and deprecate the resentment of Coriolanus. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.
  ――――A daughter of Publicola, given as a hostage to Porsenna by the
  Romans. She fled from the enemy’s country with Clœlia, and swam
  across the Tiber. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutibus_.――――A daughter
  of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who married Sylla.――――The wife
  of the emperor Valentinian.――――The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c.
  ――――A road in Sicily, which led from Messana to Lilybæum.――――A town
  of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Valeria lex=, _de provocatione_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola the
  sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It permitted the appeal from a magistrate to
  the people, and forbade the magistrate to punish a citizen for making
  the appeal. It further made it a capital crime for a citizen to
  aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any office without
  the choice and approbation of the people. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 1.――_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 8.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.
  ――――Another, _de debitoribus_, by Valerius Flaccus. It required that
  all creditors should discharge their debtors, on receiving a fourth
  part of the whole sum.――――Another, by Marcus Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C.
  453, which confirmed the first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola.
  ――――Another, called also _Horatia_, by Lucius Valerius and Marcus
  Horatius the consuls, A.U.C. 305. It revived the first Valerian law,
  which, under the triumvirate, had lost its force.――――Another, _de
  magistratibus_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola sole consul, A.U.C. 245.
  It created two questors to take care of the public treasure, which
  was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. _Plutarch_,
  _Publicola_.――_Livy_, bk. 2.

=Valeriānus Publius Licinius=, a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the
  armies in Rhætia, A.D. 254. The virtues which shone in him when
  a private man, were lost when he ascended the throne. Formerly
  distinguished for his temperance, moderation, and many virtues,
  which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all Rome upon him, Valerian,
  invested with the purple, displayed inability and meanness. He was
  cowardly in his operations, and though acquainted with war, and the
  patron of science, he seldom acted with prudence, or favoured men of
  true genius and merit. He took his son Gallienus as his colleague in
  the empire, and showed the malevolence of his heart by persecuting
  the christians whom he had for a while tolerated. He also made
  war against the Goths and Scythians; but in an expedition which he
  undertook against Sapor king of Persia, his arms were attended with
  ill success. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished to
  have a private conference with Sapor, the conqueror seized his person,
  and carried him in triumph to his capital, where he exposed him, and
  in all the cities of his empire, to the ridicule and insolence of his
  subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian
  served as a footstool, and the many other insults which he suffered
  excited indignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. The monarch at
  last ordered him to be flayed alive, and salt to be thrown over his
  mangled body, so that he died in the greatest torments. His skin was
  tanned, and painted in red; and that the ignominy of the Roman empire
  might be lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples of Persia.
  Valerian died in the 71st year of his age, A.D. 260, after a reign
  of seven years.――――A grandson of Valerian the emperor. He was put to
  death when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed.――――One of
  the generals of the usurper Niger.――――A worthy senator, put to death
  by Heliogabalus.

=Valerius Publius=, a celebrated Roman surnamed _Poplicola_, from
  his popularity. He was very active in assisting Brutus to expel
  the Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath to support the
  liberty and independence of his country. Though he had been refused
  the consulship, and had retired with great dissatisfaction from the
  direction of affairs, yet he regarded the public opinion; and when
  the jealousy of the Romans inveighed against the towering appearance
  of his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and in making it lower,
  he showed his wish to be on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not
  to erect what might be considered as a citadel for the oppression of
  his country. He was afterwards honoured with the consulship, on the
  expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumphed over the Etrurians, after
  he had gained the victory in the battle in which Brutus and the sons
  of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after he had been four times
  consul, and enjoyed the popularity, and received the thanks and the
  gratitude, which people redeemed from slavery and oppression usually
  pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was so poor, that his body
  was buried at the public expense. The Roman matrons mourned his death
  a whole year. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.――_Livy_,
  bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――――Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under
  Camillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one of the Senones,
  remarkable for his strength and stature, Valerius undertook to
  engage him, and obtained an easy victory, by means of a crow that
  assisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname
  of _Corvinus_. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and the
  neighbouring states that made war against Rome, and was six times
  honoured with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age,
  admired and regretted for many public and private virtues. _Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 27, &c.――_Plutarch_,
  _Caius Marius_.――_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.――――Antias, an
  excellent Roman historian often quoted, and particularly by Livy.
  ――――Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He
  distinguished himself by his learning as well as military virtues.
  He lost his memory about two years before his death, and according to
  some, he was even ignorant of his own name. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.
  ――_Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Soranus, a Latin poet in the age of Julius
  Cæsar, put to death for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no god,
  but the soul of the universe.――――Maximus, a brother of Poplicola.
  ――――A Latin historian who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. He
  dedicated his time to study, and wrote an account of all the most
  celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, and other illustrious
  persons, which is still extant, and divided into nine books. It
  is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that he lived after
  the age of Tiberius, from the want of purity and elegance which so
  conspicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of the correctness of
  the golden age of the Roman literature. The best editions of Valerius
  are those of Torrenius, 4to, Leiden, 1726, and of Vorstius, 8vo,
  Berlin, 1672.――――Marcus, a brother of Poplicola, who defeated the
  army of the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured with a triumph,
  and the Romans, to show the sense of his great merit, built him a
  house on mount Palatine, at the public expense.――――Potitus, a general
  who stirred up the people and army against the decemvirs, and Appius
  Claudius in particular. He was chosen consul, and conquered the
  Volsci and Æqui.――――Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the censor,
  whose friendship he honourably shared. He was consul with him, and
  cut off an army of 10,000 of the Insubres and Boii in Gaul, in one
  battle. He was also chosen censor, and prince of the senate, &c.――――A
  Latin poet who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight
  books on the Argonautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on
  account of his premature death. The Argonauts were there left on
  the sea in their return home. Some critics have been lavish in their
  praises upon Flaccus, and have called him the second poet of Rome,
  after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by some frigid and
  languishing, and his style uncouth and inelegant. The best editions
  of Flaccus are those of Burman, Leiden, 1724, and 12mo, Utrecht, 1702.
  ――――Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman, accused of having murdered one
  of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He was condemned by the
  intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, and he opened his veins,
  and bled to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.――――A friend of Vitellius.
  ――――Fabianus, a youth condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting the
  will of one of his friends, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42.
  ――――Lævinus, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus during the Tarentine
  war. _See:_ Lævinus.――――Præconius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in
  Gaul, slain in a skirmish.――――Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, &c.

=Valerus=, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10,
  li. 752.

=Valgius Rufus=, a Roman poet in the Augustan age, celebrated for
  his writings. He was very intimate with Horace. _Tibullus_, ♦bk. 1,
  li. 180.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.

    ♦ removed extraneous ‘3’

=Vandalii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 3.

=Vangiŏnes=, a people of Germany. Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now
  called _Worms_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 1, ch. 51.

=Vannia=, a town of Italy, north of the Po, now called _Civita_.

=Vannius=, a king of the Suevi, banished under Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.

=Vapineum=, a town of Gaul.

=Varanes=, a name common to some of the Persian monarchs, in the age of
  the Roman emperors.

=Vardæi=, a people of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,
  bk. 5, ltr. 9.

=Varia=, a town of Latium.

=Varia lex=, _de majestate_, by the tribune ♦Quintus Varius, A.U.C. 662.
  It ordained that all such as had assisted the confederates in their
  war against Rome, should be publicly tried.――――Another, _de civiate_,
  by Quintus Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as were suspected of
  having assisted or supported the people of Italy in their petition to
  become free citizens of Rome. _Cicero_, _For Milo_, ch. 36; _Brutus_,
  chs. 56, 88, &c.

    ♦ ‘L. Varrus’ replaced with ‘Quintus Varius’

=Varīni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.

=Varisti=, a people of Germany.

=Lucius Varius=, or =Varus=, a tragic poet intimate with Horace
  and Virgil. He was one of those whom Augustus appointed to revise
  Virgil’s Æneid. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant.
  Besides tragedies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quintilian
  says, bk. 10, that his Thyestes was equal to any composition of the
  Greek poets. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――――A man who raised
  his reputation by the power of his oratory. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,
  bk. 1, ch. 25.――――One of the friends of Antony, surnamed _Cotylon_.
  ――――A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his adulteries, &c.

=Varro Marcus Terentius=, a Roman consul defeated at Cannæ, by Annibal.
  _See:_ Terentius. A Latin writer, celebrated for his great learning.
  He wrote no less than 500 different volumes, which are all now
  lost, except a treatise _de Re Rusticâ_, and another _de Linguâ
  Latinâ_, in five books, written in his 80th year, and dedicated to
  the orator Cicero. He was Pompey’s lieutenant in his piratical wars,
  and obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars he was taken by Cæsar
  and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by
  Cicero for his erudition, and St. Augustin says that it cannot but be
  wondered how Varro, who read such a number of books, could find time
  to compose so many volumes; and how he who composed so many volumes,
  could be at leisure to peruse such a variety of books, and gain
  so much literary information. He died B.C. 28, in the 88th year of
  his age. The best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo, 1619.
  _Cicero_, _Academica_, &c.――_Quintilian._――――Atacinus, a native of
  Gaul, in the age of Julius Cæsar. He translated into Latin verse
  the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and
  elegance. He also wrote a poem entitled _de Bello Sequanico_, besides
  epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant.
  He failed in his attempt to write satire. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10,
  li. 46.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 15.――_Quintilian_, bk. 10,
  ch. 1.

=Varrōnis villa=, now _Vicovaro_, was situate on the Anio, in the
  country of the Sabines. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ltr. 41.

=Varus Quintilius=, a Roman proconsul, descended from an illustrious
  family. He was appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made
  commander of the armies in Germany. He was surprised by the enemy,
  under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army
  was cut to pieces. When he saw that everything was lost, he killed
  himself, A.D. 10, and his example was followed by some of his
  officers. His head was afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by one
  of the barbarian chiefs, as also his body; and so great was the
  influence of this defeat upon the emperor, that he continued for
  whole months to show all the marks of dejection, and of deep sorrow,
  often exclaiming, “O Varus, restore me my legions!” The bodies of
  the slain were left in the field of battle, where they were found six
  years after by Germanicus, and buried with great pomp. Varus has been
  taxed with indolence and cowardice, and some have intimated, that
  if he had not trusted too much to the insinuations of the barbarian
  chiefs, he might have not only escaped ruin, but awed the Germans to
  their duty. His avarice was also conspicuous; he went poor to Syria,
  whence he returned loaded with riches. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 24.
  ――_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 117.――_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Virgil_,
  _Eclogues_, poem 6.――――A son of Varus, who married a daughter of
  Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 6.――――The father and
  grandfather of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew themselves with
  their own swords, the one after the battle of Philippi, and the other
  in the plains of Pharsalia.――――Quintilius, a friend of Horace, and
  other great men in the Augustan age. He was a good judge of poetry,
  and a great critic, as Horace, _Art of Poetry_, li. 438, seems to
  insinuate. The poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first book to
  him, and in the 24th he mourns pathetically his death. Some suppose
  this Varus to be the person killed in Germany, while others believe
  him to be a man who devoted his time more to the muses than to war.
  _See:_ Varius.――――Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, intimate with
  Julius Cæsar. Some suppose that it was to him that Virgil inscribed
  his sixth eclogue. He is commended by _Quintilian_, bk. 6, chs. 3, 78.
  ――――Alfrenus, a Roman, who, though originally a shoemaker, became
  consul, and distinguished himself by his abilities as an orator. He
  was buried at the public expense, an honour granted to few, and only
  to persons of merit. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3.――――Accius, one of
  the friends of Cato in Africa, &c.――――A river which falls into the
  Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after separating Liguria from
  Gallia Narbonensis. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 404.

=Vasates=, a people of Gaul.

=Vascŏnes=, a people of Spain, on the Pyrenees. They were so reduced
  by a famine by Metellus, that they fed on human flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 3.――_Ausonius_, bk. 2, li. 100.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 93.

=Vasio=, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 34.

=Vaticānus=, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber and the Janiculum, which
  produced wine of no great esteem. It was disregarded by the Romans on
  account of the unwholesomeness of the air, and the continual stench
  of the filth that was there, and of stagnated waters. Heliogabalus
  was the first who cleared it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now
  admired for ancient monuments and pillars, for a celebrated public
  library, and for the palace of the pope. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20.

=Vătiēnus=, now _Saterno_, a river rising in the Alps and falling into
  the Po. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 67.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.

=Vātinia lex=, _de provinciis_, by the tribune Publius Vatinius, A.U.C.
  694. It appointed Cæsar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum,
  for five years, without a decree of the senate, or the usual custom
  of casting lots. Some persons were also appointed to attend him as
  lieutenants without the interference of the senate. His army was to
  be paid out of the public treasury, and he was empowered to plant a
  Roman colony in the town of Novocomum in Gaul.――――Another by Publius
  Vatinius the tribune, A.U.C. 694, _de repetundis_, for the better
  management of the trial of those who were accused of extortion.

=Vatinius=, an intimate friend of Cicero, once distinguished for his
  enmity to the orator. He hated the people of Rome for their great
  vices and corruption, whence excessive hatred became proverbial
  in the words _Vatinianum odium_. _Catullus_, bk. 14, li. 3.――――A
  shoemaker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the oddity of his
  character. He was one of Nero’s favourites, and he surpassed the
  rest of the courtiers in flattery, and in the commission of every
  impious deed. Large cups, of no value, are called _Vatiniana_ from
  him, because he used one which was both ill-shaped and uncouth.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.――_Juvenal._――_Martial_, bk. 14,
  ltr. 96.

=Ubii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, transported across the
  river by Agrippa, who gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from
  his daughter Agrippina, who had been born in the country. Their
  chief town, Ubiorum oppidum, is now _Cologne_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_,
  ch. 28; _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 27.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.――_Cæsar_,
  bk. 4, ch. 30.

=Ucălĕgon=, a Trojan chief, remarkable for his great age, and praised
  for the soundness of his counsels and his good intentions, though
  accused by some of betraying his country to the enemy. His house was
  first set on fire by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 312.
  ――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 148.

=Ucetia=, a town of Gaul.

=Ucubis=, now _Lucubi_, a town of Spain. _Hirtius._

=Udina=, or =Vedĭnum=, now _Udino_, a town of Italy.

=Vectis=, the isle of _Wight_, south of Britain. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,
  ch. 5.

=Vectius=, a rhetorician, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 150.

=Vectones.= _See:_ Vettones.

=Vedius Pollio=, a friend of Augustus, very cruel to his servants, &c.
  _See:_ Pollio.――――Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 44.

=Vegetius=, a Latin writer, who flourished B.C. 386. The best edition
  of his treatise _de Re Militari_, together with Modestus, is that of
  Paris, 4to, 1607.

=Vegia=, an island on the coast of Dalmatia.

=Veia=, a sorceress, in the age of Horace, epode 5, li. 29.

=Veianus=, a gladiator, in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 4.

=Veientes=, the inhabitants of Veii. They were carried to Rome, where
  the tribe they composed was called _Veientina_. _See:_ Veii.

=Veiento Fabricius=, a Roman, as arrogant as he was satirical. Nero
  banished him for his libellous writings. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.

=Veii=, a powerful city of Etruria, at the distance of about 12 miles
  from Rome. It sustained many long wars against the Romans, and was at
  last taken and destroyed by Camillus, after a siege of 10 years. At
  the time of its destruction, Veii was larger and far more magnificent
  than the city of Rome. Its situation was so eligible, that the Romans,
  after the burning of the city by the Gauls, were long inclined to
  migrate there, and totally abandon their native home; and this would
  have been carried into execution, if not opposed by the authority and
  eloquence of Camillus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 195.――_Cicero_,
  _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 143.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 21, &c.

=Vejŏvis=, or =Vejupĭter=, a deity of ill omen at Rome. He had a temple
  on the Capitoline hill built by Romulus. Some suppose that he was
  the same as Jupiter _the infant_, or _in the cradle_, because he
  was represented without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by his
  side the goat Amalthæa, and the Cretan nymph who fed him when young.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 430.

=Velabrum=, a marshy piece of ground on the side of the Tiber, between
  the Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, which Augustus drained,
  and where he built houses. The place was frequented as a market,
  where oil, cheese, and other commodities were exposed to sale.
  _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 229.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 401.
  ――_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33.――_Plautus_, bk. 3, _Captivi_,
  ch. 1, li. 29.

=Velanius=, one of Cæsar’s officers in Gaul, &c.

=Velauni=, a people of Gaul.

=Velia=, a maritime town of Lucania, founded by a colony of Phoceans,
  about 600 years after the coming of Æneas into Italy. The port in its
  neighbourhood was called _Velinus portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 10, ch. 4.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 366.――――An eminence near the Roman forum, where
  Poplicola built himself a house. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Cicero_,
  bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.

=Velica=, or =Vellica=, a town of the Cantabri.

=Velīna=, a part of the city of Rome, adjoining mount Palatine. It
  was also one of the Roman tribes. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 52.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.

=Velīnus=, a lake in the country of the Sabines, formed by the stagnant
  waters of the Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The river
  Velinus rises in the Apennines, and after it has formed the lake, it
  falls into the Nar, near Spoletium. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 517.
  ――_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.

=Veliocassi=, a people of Gaul.

=Veliterna=, or =Velitræ=, an ancient town of Latium on the Appian road,
  20 miles at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called _Veliterni_.
  It became a Roman colony. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 12, &c.――_Suetonius_
  _Augustus_.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 378, &c.

=Vellari=, a people of Gaul.

=Vellaunodūnum=, a town of the Senones, now _Beaune_. _Cæsar_, ♦_Gallic
  War_, bk. 7, ch. 11.

    ♦ Book name omitted from text.

=Velleda=, a woman famous among the Germans, in the age of Vespasian,
  and worshipped as a deity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.

=Velleius Paterculus=, a Roman historian, descended from an equestrian
  family of Campania. He was at first a military tribune in the Roman
  armies, and for nine years served under Tiberius in the various
  expeditions which he undertook in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote an
  epitome of the history of Greece, and of Rome, and of other nations
  of the most remote antiquity, but of this authentic composition there
  remain only fragments of the history of Greece and Rome from the
  conquest of Perseus, by Paulus, to the 17th year of the reign of
  Tiberius, in two books. It is a judicious account of celebrated men
  and illustrious cities; the historian is happy in his descriptions,
  and accurate in his dates; his pictures are true, and his narrations
  lively and interesting. The whole is candid and impartial, but only
  till the reign of the Cæsars, when the writer began to be influenced
  by the presence of the emperor, or the power of his favourites.
  Paterculus is deservedly censured for his invectives against
  Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Tiberius, and the
  unfortunate Sejanus. Some suppose that he was involved in the ruin
  of this disappointed courtier, whom he had extolled as a pattern of
  virtue and morality. The best editions of Paterculus are those of
  Ruhnkenius, 8vo, 2 vols., Leiden, 1779; of Barbou, Paris, 12mo, 1777;
  and of Burman, 8vo, Leiden, 1719.――――Caius, the grandfather of the
  historian of that name, was one of the friends of Livia. He killed
  himself when old and unable to accompany Livia in her flight.

=Velocasses=, the people of _Vexin_, in Normandy. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Venāfrum=, a town of Campania near Arpinum, abounding in olive trees.
  It became a Roman colony. It had been founded by Diomedes. _Horace_,
  bk. 2, ode 6, li. 16.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 98.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 5, li. 86.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Venedi=, a people of Germany, near the mouth of the Vistula, or gulf
  of Dantzic. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.

=Veneli=, a people of Gallia Celtica.

=Venĕti=, a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, near the mouth of the Po.
  They were descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, who settled there
  under Antenor some time after the Trojan war. The Venetians, who have
  been long a powerful and commercial nation, were originally very poor,
  whence a writer in the age of the Roman emperors said, they had no
  other fence against the waves of the sea but hurdles, no food but
  fish, no wealth besides their fishing-boats, and no merchandise but
  salt. _Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Mela_, bk. 1,
  ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 8.――_Lucan_,
  bk. 4, li. 134.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.――――A nation of
  Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on the western coast, powerful by sea.
  Their chief city is now called _Vannes_. _Cæsar_, bk. 3, _Gallic War_,
  ch. 8.

=Venĕtia=, a part of Gaul, on the mouths of the Po. _See:_ Veneti.

=Venetus Paulus=, a centurion who conspired against Nero with Piso,
  &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.――――A lake through which the
  Rhine passes, now _Bodensee_ or _Constance_. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Vĕnīlia=, a nymph, sister to Amata, and mother of Turnus by Daunus.
  Amphitrite the sea goddess is also called Venilia. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 10, li. 76.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 334.――_Varro_,
  _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Vennones=, a people of the Rhæetian Alps.

=Venonius=, an historian mentioned by _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,
  bk. 12, ltr. 3, &c.

=Venta Belgarum=, a town of Britain, now _Winchester_.――――Silurum, a
  town of Britain, now _Caerwent_, in Monmouthshire.――――Icenorum, now
  _Norwich_.

=Venti.= The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular
  attention to the winds, and offered them sacrifices as to deities,
  intent upon the destruction of mankind, by continually causing storms,
  tempests, and earthquakes. The winds were represented in different
  attitudes and forms. The four principal winds were _Eurus_, the
  south-east, who is represented as a young man flying with great
  impetuosity, and often appearing in a playsome and wanton humour.
  _Auster_, the south wind, appeared generally as an old man with
  grey hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with clouds, a sable
  vesture, and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of rain, and of all
  heavy showers. _Zephyrus_ is represented as the mildest of all the
  winds. He is young and gentle, and his lap is filled with vernal
  flowers. He married Flora the goddess, with whom he enjoyed the most
  perfect felicity. _Boreas_, or the north wind, appears always rough
  and shivering. He is the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests,
  and is always represented as surrounded with impenetrable clouds.
  Those of inferior note were _Solanus_, whose name is seldom mentioned.
  He appeared as a young man holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches,
  oranges, &c. _Africus_, or south-west, is represented with black
  wings, and a melancholy countenance. _Corus_, or north-west, drives
  clouds of snow before him, and _Aquilo_, the north-east, is equally
  dreadful in appearance. The winds, according to some mythologists,
  were confined in a large cave, of which Æolus had the management;
  and without this necessary precaution, they would have overturned
  the earth, and reduced everything to its original chaos. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 57, &c.

=Ventĭdius Bassus=, a native of Picenum, born of an obscure family.
  When Asculum was taken, he was carried before the triumphant chariot
  of Pompeius Strabo, hanging on his mother’s breast. A bold, aspiring
  soul, aided by the patronage of the family of Cæsar, raised him from
  the mean occupation of a chairman and muleteer to dignity in the
  state. He displayed valour in the Roman armies, and gradually arose
  to the offices of tribune, pretor, high priest, and consul. He made
  war against the Parthians, and conquered them in three great battles,
  B.C. 39. He was the first Roman ever honoured with a triumph over
  Parthia. He died greatly lamented by all the Roman people, and was
  buried at the public expense. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.――_Juvenal_,
  satire 7, li. 199.――――Cumanus, governor of Palestine, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54.――――Two brothers in the age of Pompey, who
  favoured Carbo’s interest, &c. _Plutarch._

=Venŭleius=, a writer in the age of the emperor Alexander.――――A friend
  of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 42.

=Venŭlus=, one of the Latin elders sent into Magna Græcia to demand the
  assistance of Diomedes, &c. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8, li. 9.

=Vĕnus=, one of the most celebrated deities of the ancients. She was
  the goddess of beauty, the mother of love, the queen of laughter,
  the mistress of the graces and of pleasures, and the patroness
  of courtesans. Some mythologists speak of more than one Venus.
  Plato mentions two, Venus Urania the daughter of Uranus, and Venus
  Popularia the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a
  daughter of Cœlus and Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, a
  third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid Dione, and a fourth born at
  Tyre, and the same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these, however,
  the Venus sprung from the froth of the sea, after the mutilated
  part of the body of Uranus had been thrown there by Saturn, is the
  most known, and of her in particular ancient mythologists, as well
  as painters, make mention. She arose from the sea near the island
  of Cyprus, or, according to Hesiod, of Cythera, whither she was
  wafted by the zephyrs, and received on the sea-shore by the seasons,
  daughters of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon after carried to
  heaven, where all the gods admired her beauty, and all the goddesses
  became jealous of her personal charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her
  affections and even wished to offer her violence, but Venus refused,
  and the god, to punish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his
  ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This marriage did not prevent the
  goddess of Love from gratifying her favourite passions, and she
  defiled her husband’s bed by her amours with the gods. Her intrigue
  with Mars is the most celebrated. She was caught in her lover’s arms,
  and exposed to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods. _See:_
  Alectryon. Venus became mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros by
  Mars; by Mercury she had Hermaphroditus; by Bacchus, Priapus; and
  by Neptune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis made her abandon
  the seats of Olympus [_See:_ Adonis], and her regard for Anchises
  obliged her often to visit the woods and solitary retreats of mount
  Ida. _See:_ Anchises, Æneas. The power of Venus over the heart was
  supported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called _zone_ by
  the Greeks, and _cestus_ by the Latins. This mysterious girdle gave
  beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn even by the most deformed; and
  it excited love and rekindled extinguished flames. Juno herself was
  indebted to this powerful ornament to gain the favours of Jupiter,
  and Venus, though herself possessed of every charm, no sooner put
  on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of love,
  forgot all the intrigues and infidelities of his wife, and fabricated
  arms even for her illegitimate children. The contest of Venus for
  the golden apple of Discord is well known. She gained the prize over
  Pallas and Juno [_See:_ Paris, Discordia], and rewarded her impartial
  judge with the hand of the fairest woman in the world. The worship of
  Venus was universally established; statues and temples were erected
  to her in every kingdom, and the ancients were fond of paying homage
  to a divinity who presided over generation, and by whose influence
  alone mankind existed. In her sacrifices and in the festivals
  celebrated in her honour, too much licentiousness prevailed, and
  public prostitution was often part of the ceremony. Victims were
  seldom offered to her, or her altars stained with blood, though we
  find Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, however, or male
  animals were deemed acceptable. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple,
  were sacred to Venus; and among birds, the dove, the swan, and the
  sparrow, were her favourites; and among fishes, those called the
  aphya and the lycostomus. The goddess of beauty was represented among
  the ancients in different forms. At Elis she appeared seated on a
  goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At Sparta and Cythera,
  she was represented armed like Minerva, and sometimes wearing chains
  on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter Olympius, she was represented
  by Phidias, as rising from the sea, received by love, and crowned by
  the goddess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, made by Praxiteles,
  represented her naked, with one hand hiding what modesty keeps
  concealed. Her statue at Elephantis was the same, with only a naked
  Cupid by her side. In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand, and in the
  other an apple, while on her head she had a crown, which terminated
  in a point, to intimate the pole. She is generally represented with
  her son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other times by
  swans and sparrows. The surnames of the goddess are numerous, and
  only show how well established her worship was all over the earth.
  She was called _Cypria_, because particularly worshipped in the
  island of Cyprus, and in that character she was often represented
  with a beard, and the male parts of generation, with a sceptre in
  her hand, and the body and dress of a female, whence she is called
  _duplex Amathusia_ by Catullus. She received the name of _Paphia_,
  because worshipped at Paphos, where she had a temple with an altar,
  on which rain never fell, though exposed in the open air. Some
  of the ancients called her _Apostrophia_ or _Epistrophia_, as
  also Venus _Urania_, and Venus _Pandemos_. The first of these she
  received as presiding over wantonness and incestuous enjoyments;
  the second because she patronized pure love, and chaste and moderate
  gratifications; and the third because she favoured the propensities
  of the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. The Cnidians raised
  her temples under the name of Venus _Acræa_, of _Doris_, and of
  _Euploea_. In her temple under the name of Euploea, at Cnidos, was
  the most celebrated of her statues, being the most perfect piece of
  Praxiteles. It was made with white marble, and appeared so engaging,
  and so much like life, that, according to some historians, a youth
  of the place introduced himself in the night into her temple, and
  attempted to gratify his passions on the lifeless image. Venus was
  also surnamed _Cytheræa_, because she was the chief deity of Cythera;
  _Exopolis_, because her statue was without the city of Athens;
  _Phallommeda_, from her affection for the phallus; _Philommedis_,
  because the queen of laughter; _Telessigama_, because she presided
  over marriage; _Caliada_, _Colotis_, or _Colias_, because worshipped
  on a promontory of the same name in Attica; _Area_, because armed
  like Mars; _Verticordia_, because she could turn the hearts of women
  to cultivate chastity; _Apaturia_, because she deceived; _Calva_,
  because she was represented bald; _Ericyna_, because worshipped at
  Eryx; _Etaira_, because the patroness of courtesans; _Acidalia_,
  because of a fountain of Orchomenos: _Basilea_, because the queen of
  love; _Myrtea_, because the myrtle was sacred to her; _Libertina_,
  from her inclinations to gratify lust; _Mechanitis_, in allusion
  to the many artifices practised in love, &c., &c. As goddess of
  the sea, because born in the bosom of the waters, Venus was called
  _Pontia_, _Marina_, _Limnesia_, _Epipontia_, _Pelagia_, _Saligenia_,
  _Pontogenia_, _Aligena_, _Thalassia_, &c., and as rising from the sea,
  the name of _Anadyomene_ is applied to her, and rendered immortal by
  the celebrated painting of Apelles, which represented her as issuing
  from the bosom of the waves, and wringing her tresses on her shoulder.
  _See:_ Anadyomene. _Cicero_ _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27;
  bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Orpheus_, Hymn 54.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.――_Sappho._
  ――_Homer_, _Hymn to Aphrodite_, &c.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 5, li.
  800, &c.――_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 15, 16, 19, &c.; _Metamorphoses_,
  bk. 4, fable 5, &c.――_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 5.――_Hyginus_, fables 94,
  271.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 4, ch. 30; bk. 5, ch. 18.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 13.――_Euripides_, _Helen_, _Iphigeneia
  in Taurus_.――_Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 12, ch. 1.――_Athenæus_, bk. 12, &c.――_Catullus._――_Lactantius_,
  _de Falsa Religione_.――_Quintus Calaber [Smyrnæus]_, bk. 11.
  ――_Lucian_, _Dialogi_, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 14.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 3, &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.――_Pliny_, bk. 36.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 26; bk. 4, ode 11, &c.――――A planet called
  by the Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, when it rises
  before the sun, but when it follows it, Hesperus or Vesper. _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20; _Somnium Scipionis_.

=Venus Pyrenæa=, a town of Spain near the borders of Gaul.

=Venŭsia=, or =Venŭsium=, a town of Apulia, where Horace was born. Part
  of the Roman army fled thither after the defeat at Cannæ. The town,
  though in ruins, contains still many pieces of antiquity, especially
  a marble bust preserved in the great square, and said falsely to be
  an original representation of Horace. Venusia was on the confines of
  Lucania, whence the poet said _Lucanus an Apulus anceps_, and it was
  founded by Diomedes, who called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after Venus,
  whose divinity he wished to appease. _Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.――_Horace_,
  bk. 2, satire 1, li. 35.――_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 54.――_Pliny_, bk. 3,
  ch. 11.

=Veragri=, a people between the Alps and the Allobroges. _Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 38.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Verania=, the wife of Piso Licinianus, whom Galba adopted.

=Veranius=, a governor of Britain under Nero. He succeeded Didius
  Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14.

=Verbānus lacus=, now _Majora_, a lake of Italy, from which the Ticinus
  flows. It is in the modern duchy of Milan, and extends 50 miles in
  length from south to north, and five or six in breadth. _Strabo_,
  bk. 4.

=Verbigenus=, a village in the country of the Celtæ.

=Verbinum=, a town in the north of Gaul.

=Vercellæ=, a town on the borders of Insubria, where Marius defeated
  the Cimbri. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.――_Cicero_, _Letters to his
  Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 19.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598.

=Vercingetŏrix=, a chief of the Gauls, in the time of Cæsar. He was
  conquered and led in triumph, &c. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.

=Veresis=, a small river of Latium falling into the Anio.

=Vergasillaunus=, one of the generals and friends of Vercingetorix.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_.

=Vergæ=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.

=Vergellus=, a small river near Cannæ, falling into the Aufidus, over
  which Annibal made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies of the Romans.
  _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.

=Vergilia=, the wife of Coriolanus, &c.

=Vergilia=, a town of Spain, supposed to be Murcia.

=Vergiliæ=, seven stars, called also _Pleiades_. When they set, the
  ancients began to sow their corn. They received their name from the
  spring, _quia vere oriantur_. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 18.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44.

=Verginius=, one of the officers of the Roman troops in Germany, who
  refused the absolute power which his soldiers offered to him.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――――A rhetorician in the age of
  Nero, banished on account of his great fame. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.
  15, ch. 71.

=Vergium=, a town of Spain.

=Vergobretus=, one of the chiefs of the Ædui, in the age of Cæsar, &c.
  _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.

=Verĭtas= (_truth_), was not only personified by the ancients, but
  also made a deity, and called the daughter of Saturn and the mother
  of Virtue. She was represented like a young virgin, dressed in white
  apparel, with all the marks of youthful diffidence and modesty.
  Democritus used to say that she hid herself at the bottom of a well,
  to intimate the difficulty with which she is found.

=Verodoctius=, one of the Helvetii. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 7.

=Veromandui=, a people of Gaul, the modern Vermandois. The capital is
  now St. Quintin. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2.

=Vērōna=, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, in Italy, founded, as
  some suppose, by Brennus the leader of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos,
  Catullus, and Pliny the elder were born there. It was adorned with a
  circus and an amphitheatre by the Roman emperors, which still exist,
  and it still preserves its ancient name. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 22.
  ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 7.

=Verōnes=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 578.

=Verrecīnum=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1,
  &c.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.

=Caius Verres=, a Roman who governed the province of Sicily as pretor.
  The oppression and rapine of which he was guilty, while in office, so
  offended the Sicilians, that they brought an accusation against him
  before the Roman senate. Cicero undertook the cause of the Sicilians,
  and pronounced those celebrated orations which are still extant.
  Verres was defended by Hortensius, but as he despaired of the success
  of his defence, he left Rome without waiting for his sentence, and
  lived in great affluence in one of the provinces. He was at last
  killed by the soldiers of Antony the triumvir, about 26 years after
  his voluntary exile from the capital. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 2.――_Lactantius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.

=Verritus=, a general of the Frisii in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54.

=Verrius Flaccus=, a freedman and grammarian famous for his powers
  in instructing. He was appointed over the grandchildren of Augustus,
  and also distinguished himself by his writings. _Aulus Gellius_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.――――A Latin
  critic, B.C. 4, whose works have been edited with Dacier’s and
  Clerk’s notes, 4to, Amsterdam, 1699.

=Verrūgo=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Vertico=, one of the Nervii who deserted to Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 45.

=Verticordia=, one of the surnames of Venus, the same as the
  _Apostrophia_ of the Greeks, because her assistance was implored to
  turn the hearts of the Roman matrons, and teach them to follow virtue
  and modesty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.

=Vertiscus=, one of the Rhemi, who commanded a troop of horse in
  Cæsar’s army. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 12.

=Vertumnus=, a deity among the Romans, who presided over the spring and
  over orchards. He endeavoured to gain the affections of the goddess
  Pomona; and to effect this, he assumed the shape and dress of a
  fisherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, &c., but all to no
  purpose, till, under the form of an old woman, he prevailed upon
  his mistress and married her. He is generally represented as a young
  man crowned with flowers, covered up to the waist, and holding in
  his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty in his left. _Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 642, &c.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 2,
  li. 2.――_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 14.

=Verulæ=, a town of the Hernici. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.

=Verulānus=, a lieutenant under Corbulo, who drove away Tiridates from
  Media, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26.

=Verus Lucius Ceionius Commodus=, a Roman emperor, son of Ælius and
  Domitia Lucilla. He was adopted in the 7th year of his age by Marcus
  Aurelius, at the request of Adrian, and he married Lucilia the
  daughter of his adopted father, who also took him as his colleague on
  the throne. He was sent by Marcus Aurelius to oppose the barbarians
  in the east. His arms were attended with success, and he obtained
  a victory over the Parthians. He was honoured with a triumph at his
  return home, and soon after he marched with his imperial colleague
  against the Marcomanni in Germany. He died in this expedition of
  an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his age, after a reign of eight
  years and some months. His body was brought back to Rome, and buried
  by Marcus Aurelius with great pomp and solemnity. Verus has been
  greatly censured for his debaucheries, which appeared more enormous
  and disgusting, when compared with the temperance, meekness, and
  popularity of Aurelius. The example of his father did not influence
  him, and he often retired from the frugal and moderate repast of
  Aurelius, to the profuse banquets of his own palace, where the night
  was spent in riot and debauchery, with the meanest of the populace,
  with stage-dancers, buffoons, and lascivious courtesans. At one
  entertainment alone, where there were no more than 12 guests, the
  emperor spent no less than six millions of sesterces, or about
  32,200_l._ sterling. But it is to be observed, that whatever was most
  scarce and costly was there; the guests never drank twice out of the
  same cup; and whatever vessels they had touched, they received as a
  present from the emperor when they left the palace. In his Parthian
  expedition, Verus did not check his vicious propensities; for four
  years he left the care of the war to his officers, while he retired
  to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious banquets
  of Antioch. His fondness for a horse has been faithfully recorded.
  The animal had a statue of gold, he was fed with almonds and raisins
  by the hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, and kept in the
  most splendid of the halls of the palace, and when dead, the emperor,
  to express his sorrow, raised him a magnificent monument on mount
  Vatican. Some have suspected Marcus Aurelius of despatching Verus
  to rid the world of his debaucheries and guilty actions, but this
  seems to be the report of malevolence.――――Lucius Annæus, a son of the
  emperor Aurelius, who died in Palestine.――――The father of the emperor
  Verus. He was adopted by the emperor Adrian, but like his son he
  disgraced himself by his debaucheries and extravagance. He died
  before Adrian.

=Vesbius=, or =Vesubius.= _See:_ Vesuvius.

=Vescia=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11.

=Vescianum=, a country house of Cicero in Campania, between Capua and
  Nola. _Cicero_ bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.

=Flaccus Vescularius=, a Roman knight intimate with Tiberius, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_.

♦=Vesontio=, a town of Gaul, now _Besancon_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  ♠bk. 1, ch. 38.

    ♦ ‘Vesentio’ replaced with ‘Vesontio’

    ♠ Book reference omitted in text.

=Vesentium=, a town of Tuscany.

=Veseris=, a place or river near mount Vesuvius. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 8.
  ――_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 31.

=Vesēvius= and =Vesēvus.= _See:_ Vesuvius.

=Vesidia=, a town of Tuscany.

=Vesonna=, a town of Gaul, now _Perigueux_.

=Vespaciæ=, a small village of Umbria, near Nursia. _Suetonius_,
  _Vespasian_, ch. 1.

=Vespasiānus Titus Flavius=, a Roman emperor, descended from an obscure
  family at Reate. He was honoured with the consulship, not so much by
  the influence of the imperial courtiers, as by his own private merit,
  and his public services. He accompanied Nero into Greece, but he
  offended the prince by falling asleep while he repeated one of his
  poetical compositions. This momentary resentment of the emperor did
  not prevent Vespasian from being sent to carry on a war against the
  Jews. His operations were crowned with success; many of the cities
  of Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began the siege of Jerusalem.
  This was, however, achieved by the hands of his son Titus, and the
  death of Vitellus and the affection of his soldiers hastened his
  rise, and he was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice of
  the army was approved by every province of the empire; but Vespasian
  did not betray any signs of pride at so sudden and so unexpected
  an exaltation, and though once employed in the mean office of a
  horse-doctor, he behaved, when invested with the imperial purple,
  with all the dignity and greatness which became a successor of
  Augustus. In the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempted to reform
  the manners of the Romans, and he took away an appointment which
  he had a few days before granted to a young nobleman who approached
  him to return him thanks, all smelling of perfumes and covered
  with ointment, adding, “I had rather you had smelt of garlic.” He
  repaired the public buildings, embellished the city, and made the
  great roads more spacious and convenient. After he had reigned with
  great popularity for 10 years, Vespasian died with a pain in his
  bowels, A.D. 79, in the 70th year of his age. He was the first Roman
  emperor that died a natural death, and he was also the first who was
  succeeded by his own son on the throne. Vespasian has been admired
  for his great virtues. He was clement, he gave no ear to flattery,
  and for a long time refused the title of father of his country, which
  was often bestowed upon the most worthless and tyrannical of the
  emperors. He despised informers, and rather than punish conspirators,
  he rewarded them with great liberality. When the king of Parthia
  addressed him with the subscription of “Arsaces king of kings to
  Flavius Vespasianus,” the emperor was no way dissatisfied with the
  pride and insolence of the monarch, and answered him again in his
  own words, “Flavius Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings.” To men
  of learning and merit, Vespasian was very liberal: 100,000 sesterces
  were annually paid from the public treasury to the different
  professors that were appointed to encourage and promote the arts and
  sciences. Yet in spite of this apparent generosity, some authors have
  taxed Vespasian with avarice. According to their accounts, he loaded
  the provinces with new taxes, he bought commodities, that he might
  sell them to a greater advantage, and even laid an impost upon urine,
  which gave occasion to Titus to ridicule the meanness of his father.
  Vespasian, regardless of his son’s observation, was satisfied to show
  him the money that was raised from so productive a tax, asking him
  at the same time whether it smelt offensive. His ministers were the
  most avaricious of his subjects, and the emperor used very properly
  to remark that he treated them as sponges, by wetting them when dry,
  and squeezing them when they were wet. He has been accused of selling
  criminals their lives, and of condemning the most opulent to make
  himself master of their possessions. If, however, he was guilty of
  these meaner practices, they were all under the name of one of his
  concubines, who wished to enrich herself by the avarice and credulity
  of the emperor. _Suetonius_, _Lives_.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.

=Vesper=, or =Vespĕrus=, a name applied to the planet Venus when it was
  the evening star. _Virgil._

=Vessa=, a town of Sicily.

=Vesta=, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Saturn, sister to Ceres and
  Juno. She is often confounded by the mythologists with Rhea, Ceres,
  Cybele, Proserpine, Hecate, and Tellus. When considered as the
  mother of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and Saturn; and when
  considered as the patroness of the vestal virgins and the goddess
  of fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. Under this
  last name she was worshipped by the Romans. Æneas was the first
  who introduced her mysteries into Italy, and Numa built her a
  temple where no males were permitted to go. The palladium of Troy
  was supposed to be preserved within her sanctuary, and a fire was
  continually kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, who had
  dedicated themselves to the service of the goddess. _See:_ Vestales.
  If the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was supposed to
  threaten the republic with some sudden calamity. The virgin by whose
  negligence it had been extinguished, was severely punished, and it
  was kindled again by the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta was of
  a round form, and the goddess was represented in a long, flowing robe,
  with a veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-eared
  vessel, and in the other a javelin, or sometimes a palladium. On some
  medals she appears holding a drum in one hand, and a small figure
  of victory in the other. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 454.――_Cicero_,
  _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 2, li. 296.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6;
  _Tristia_, bk. 3.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Plutarch_,
  _Numa_.――_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.

=Vestāles=, priestesses among the Romans, consecrated to the service of
  Vesta, as their name indicates. This office was very ancient, as the
  mother of Romulus was one of the vestals. Æneas is supposed to have
  first chosen the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to which number
  Tarquin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs, but after
  the expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was entrusted with
  the care of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young,
  from the age of six to ten; and if there was not a sufficient number
  that presented themselves as candidates for the office, 20 virgins
  were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to
  become priestesses. Plebeians as well as patricians were permitted
  to propose themselves, but it was required that they should be born
  of a good family, and be without blemish or deformity, in every
  part of their body. For 30 years they were to remain in the greatest
  continence; the 10 first years were spent in learning the duties of
  the order; the 10 following were employed in discharging them with
  fidelity and sanctity, and the 10 last in instructing such as had
  entered the noviciate. When the 30 years were elapsed, they were
  permitted to marry, or if they still preferred celibacy, they waited
  upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was initiated,
  her head was shaved, to intimate the liberty of her person, as
  she was then free from the shackles of parental authority, and she
  was permitted to dispose of her possessions as she pleased. The
  employment of the vestals was to take care that the sacred fire of
  Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever happened, it was deemed
  the prognostic of great calamities to the state; the offender was
  punished for her negligence, and severely scourged by the high priest.
  In such a case all was consternation at Rome, and the fire was
  again kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. Another equally
  particular charge of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge, on
  which depended the very existence of Rome, which, according to some,
  was the palladium of Troy, or some of the mysteries of the gods
  of Samothrace. The privileges of the vestals were great; they had
  the most honourable seats at public games and festivals; a lictor
  with the fasces always preceded them when they walked in public;
  they were carried in chariots when they pleased; and they had the
  power of pardoning criminals when led to execution, if they declared
  that their meeting was accidental. Their declarations in trials
  were received without the formality of an oath; they were chosen
  as arbiters in causes of moment and in the execution of wills, and
  so great was the deference paid them by the magistrates, as well as
  by the people, that the consuls themselves made way for them, and
  bowed their fasces when they passed before them. To insult them was
  a capital crime, and whoever attempted to violate their chastity, was
  beaten to death with scourges. If any of them died while in office,
  their body was buried within the walls of the city, an honour granted
  to few. Such of the vestals as proved incontinent were punished
  in the most rigorous manner. Numa ordered them to be stoned, but
  Tarquin the elder dug a large hole under the earth, where a bed
  was placed with a little bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted
  lamp, and the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit of her order,
  and compelled to descend into the subterraneous cavity, which was
  immediately shut, and she was left to die through hunger. Few of
  the vestals were guilty of incontinence, and for the space of 1000
  years, during which the order continued established from the reign
  of Numa, only 18 were punished for the violation of their vow. The
  vestals were abolished by Theodosius the Great, and the fire of
  Vesta extinguished. The dress of the vestals was peculiar; they
  wore a white vest with purple borders, a white linen surplice called
  _linteum supernum_, above which was a great purple mantle which
  flowed to the ground, and which was tucked up when they offered
  sacrifices. They had a close covering on their head, called _infula_,
  from which hung ribands, or _vitta_. Their manner of living was
  sumptuous, as they were maintained at the public expense, and though
  originally satisfied with the simple diet of the Romans, their tables
  soon after displayed the luxuries and the superfluities of the great
  and opulent. _Livy_, 2, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Numa_, &c.――_Valerius
  Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 30.
  ――_Florus_, bk. 1.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 11.――_Tacitus_, bk. 4,
  ch. 10.

=Vestālia=, festival in honour of Vesta, observed at Rome on the 9th
  of June. Banquets were then prepared before the houses, and meat
  was sent to the vestals to be offered to the gods; millstones were
  decked with garlands, and the asses that turned them were led round
  the city covered with garlands. The ladies walked in the procession
  bare-footed to the temple of the goddess, and an altar was erected
  to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 305.

=Vestalium Mater=, a title given by the senate to Livia the mother
  of Tiberius, with the permission to sit among the vestal virgins at
  plays. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 16.

=Vestia Oppia=, a common prostitute of Capua.

=Vesticius Spurina=, an officer sent by Otho to the borders of the Po,
  &c. _Tacitus._

=Vestilius Sextus=, a pretorian disgraced by Tiberius, because he was
  esteemed by Drusus. He killed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,
  ch. 16.

=Vestilla=, a matron of a patrician family, who declared publicly
  before the magistrates that she was a common prostitute. She was
  banished to the island of Seriphos for her immodesty.

=Vestīni=, a people of Italy near the Sabines, famous for the making of
  cheese. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 31.――_Strabo_,
  bk. 5.

=Lucius Vestīnus=, a Roman knight appointed by Vespasian to repair the
  capitol, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53.――_Livy_, bk. 8,
  ch. 29.――――A consul put to death by Nero in the time of Piso’s
  conspiracy.

=Vesvius.= _See:_ Vesuvius.

=Vesŭlus=, now _Viso_, a large mountain of Liguria, near the Alps,
  where the Po takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 708.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Vesŭvius=, a mountain of Campania, about six miles at the east of
  Naples, celebrated for its volcano, and now called _Mount Soma_.
  The ancients, particularly the writers of the Augustan age, spoke of
  Vesuvius as a place covered with orchards and vineyards, of which the
  middle was dry and barren. The first eruption of this volcano was in
  the 79th year of the christian era under Titus. It was accompanied
  by an earthquake, which overturned several cities of Campania,
  particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the burning ashes which it
  threw up were carried not only over the neighbouring country, but as
  far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. This eruption proved
  fatal to Pliny the naturalist. From that time the eruptions have
  been frequent. Vesuvius continually throws up a smoke, and sometimes
  ashes and flames. The perpendicular height of this mountain is 3780
  feet. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46.――_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 6.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 39.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 152, &c.――_Virgil_, _Georgics_,
  bk. 2, li. 224.――_Martial_, bk. 4, ltrs. 43 & 44.

=Vetera castra=, a Roman encampment in Germany, which became a town,
  now _Sanlen_, near Cleves. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 18;
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 45.

=Vettius Spurius=, a Roman senator who was made interrex at the death
  of Romulus, till the election of another king. He nominated Numa, and
  resigned his office. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.――――A man who accused Cæsar
  of being concerned in Catiline’s conspiracy.――――Cato, one of the
  officers of the allies in the Marsian war. He defeated the Romans,
  and was at last betrayed and murdered.――――A Roman knight who became
  enamoured of a young female at Capua, and raised a tumult among
  the slaves who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed by one of his
  adherents, upon which he laid violent hands upon himself.

=Vettona=, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Vettōnes=, =Vetones=, or =Vectones=, an ancient nation of Spain.
  _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 378.――_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8.

=Vetulōnia=, one of the chief cities of Etruria, whose hot waters
  were famous. The Romans were said to derive the badges of their
  magisterial offices from thence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 3,
  ch. 3.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 484.

=Vetūria=, one of the Roman tribes, divided into two branches of the
  Junii and Senii. It received its name from the _Veturian_ family,
  which was originally called _Vetusian_. _Livy_, bk. 36.――――The mother
  of Coriolanus. She was solicited by all the Roman matrons to go
  to her son with her daughter-in-law, and entreat him not to make
  war against his country. She went and prevailed over Coriolanus,
  and for her services to the state, the Roman senate offered to
  reward her as she pleased. She only asked to raise a temple to the
  goddess of female fortune, which was done on the very spot where
  she had pacified her son. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus_, bk. 7, &c.

=Veturius=, a Roman artist who made shields for Numa. _See:_ Mamurius.
  ――――Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the people, and fined
  because he had acted with imprudence while in office.――――A Roman who
  conspired against Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 25.――――A
  consul appointed one of the decemvirs.――――Another consul defeated by
  the Samnites, and obliged to pass under the yoke with great ignominy.
  ――――A tribune of the people, &c.

=Lucius Vetus=, a Roman who proposed to open a communication between
  the Mediterranean and the German ocean by means of a canal. He was
  put to death by order of Nero.――――A man accused of adultery, &c.

=Ufens=, a river of Italy near Tarracina. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 892.――――Another river of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.――――A
  prince who assisted Turnus against Æneas. The Trojan monarch made
  a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease the manes of his friend
  Pallas, in the same manner as Achilles is represented killing some
  Trojan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7,
  li. 745; bk. 10, li. 518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 12, li. 460.

=Ufentina=, a Roman tribe first created A.U.C. 435, with the tribe
  _Falerina_, in consequence of the great increase of population at
  Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 20.――_Festus._

=Via Æmylia=, a celebrated road, made by the consul Marcus Æmylius
  Lepidus, A.U.C. 567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aquileia.
  There was also another of the same name in Etruria, which led from
  Pisæ to Dertona.――――Appia, was made by the censor Appius, and led
  from Rome to Capua, and from Capua to Brundusium, to the distance
  of 350 miles, which the Romans call a five days’ journey. It passed
  successively through the towns and stages of Aricia, Forum Appii,
  Tarracina, Fundi, Minturnæ, Sinuessa, Capua, Caudium, Beneventum,
  Equotuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Egnatia, to Brundusium.
  It was called, by way of eminence, _regina viarum_, made so strong,
  and the stones so well cemented together, that it remained entire
  for many hundred years. Some parts of it are still to be seen in the
  neighbourhood of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles, as far
  as Capua, A.U.C. 442, and it was finished as far as Brundusium by
  Augustus.――――There was also another road called Minucia or Numicia,
  which led to Brundusium, but by what places is now uncertain.
  ――――Flaminia, was made by the censor Flaminius, A.U.C. 533. It led
  from the Campus Martius to the modern town of Rimini, on the Adriatic,
  through the country of the Osci and Etrurians, at the distance
  of about 360 miles.――――Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome.
  ――――Valeria, led from Rome to the country of the Marsi, through
  the territories of the Sabines. There were, besides, many streets
  and roads of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia, Campania,
  Ardentina, Labicana, Domitiana, Ostiensis, Prænestina, &c., all of
  which were made and constantly kept in repair at the public expense.

=Viadrus=, the classical name of the Oder, which rises in Moravia, and
  falls by three mouths into the Baltic. _Ptolemy._

=Vibidia=, one of the vestal virgins in the favour of Messalina, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 32.

=Vibidius=, a friend of Mæcenas. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 22.

=Vibius=, a Roman who refused to pay any attention to Cicero when
  banished, though he had received from him the most unbounded favours.
  ――――Siculus. _See:_ Sica.――――A proconsul of Spain, banished for
  ill conduct.――――A Roman knight accused of extortion in Africa, and
  banished.――――A man who poisoned himself at Capua.――――Sequester, a
  Latin writer, whose treatise _de Fluminibus_, &c., is best edited by
  Oberlin, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1778.

=Vibo=, a town of Lucania, anciently called _Hipponium_ and _Hippo_.
  _Cicero_. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.
  ――――A town of Spain,――――of the Brutii.

=Vibulēnus Agrippa=, a Roman knight accused of treason. He attempted
  to poison himself, and was strangled in prison, though almost dead.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.――――A mutinous soldier in the army
  of Germanicus, &c.

=Vibullius Rufus=, a friend of Pompey, taken by Cæsar, &c. _Plutarch._
  ――_Cicero_, _Letters_.――――A pretor in Nero’s reign.

=Vica Pota=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over victory (à _vincere_
  et _potiri_). _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 7.

=Vicellius=, a friend of Galba, who brought him news of Nero’s death.

=Vicentia=, or =Vicetia=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, at the north-west
  of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3.

=Victor Sextus Aurelius=, a writer in the age of Constantius. He gave
  the world a concise history of the Roman emperors, from the age of
  Augustus to his own time, or A.D. 360. He also wrote an abridgment of
  the Roman history before the age of Julius Cæsar, which is now extant,
  and ascribed by different authors to Cornelius Nepos, to Tacitus,
  Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Victor was greatly esteemed by the emperors,
  and honoured with the consulship. The best editions of Victor are
  that of Pitiscus, 8vo, Utrecht, 1696; and that of Artnzenius, 4to,
  Amsterdam, 1733.

=Victōria=, one of the deities of the Romans, called by the Greeks
  _Nice_, supposed to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or of Titan
  and Styx. The goddess of victory was sister to Strength and Valour,
  and was one of the attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly honoured
  by the Greeks, particularly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple at
  Rome, and instituted festivals in her honour. She was represented
  with wings, crowned with laurel, and holding the branch of a palm
  tree in her hand. A golden statue of this goddess, weighing 320
  pounds, was presented to the Romans by Hiero king of Syracuse,
  and deposited in the temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill.
  _Livy_, bk. 22.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.
  ――_Hyginus_, preface to fables.――_Suetonius._

=Victoriæ mons=, a place of Spain at the mouth of the Iberus. _Livy_,
  bk. 24, ch. 41.

=Victōrius=, a man of Aquitain, who, A.D. 463, invented the paschal
  cycle of 532 years.

=Victorīna=, a celebrated matron who placed herself at the head of the
  Roman armies, and made war against the emperor Gallienus. Her son
  Victorinus, and her grandson of the same name, were declared emperors,
  but when they were assassinated, Victorina invested with the imperial
  purple one of her favourites called Tetricus. She was some time after
  poisoned, A.D. 269, and according to some by Tetricus himself.

=Victorīnus=, a christian writer, who composed a worthless epic poem
  on the death of the seven children mentioned in the Maccabees, and
  distinguished himself more by the active part he took in his writings
  against the Arians.

=Victumviæ=, a small town of Insubria near Placentia. _Livy_, bk. 21,
  ch. 45.

=Vicus longus=, a street at Rome, where an altar was raised to the
  goddess Pudicitia, or the modesty of the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 10,
  ch. 23.――――Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, where the Sabines
  dwelt.

=Viducasses=, a people of Normandy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.

=Vienna=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on the Rhone, below Lyons.
  _Strabo_, bk. 1.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.

=Villia lex=, _annalis_ or _annaria_, by Lucius Villius the tribune,
  A.U.C. 574, defined the proper age required for exercising the office
  of a magistrate, 25 years for the questorship, 27 or 28 for the
  edileship or tribuneship, for the office of pretor 30, and for that
  of consul 43. _Livy_, bk. 11, ch. 44.

=Villius=, a tribune of the people, author of the Villian law, and
  thence called _Annalis_, a surname borne by his family. _Livy_,
  bk. 11, ch. 44.――――Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to Antiochus. He
  held a conference with Annibal, who was at that monarch’s court.――――A
  man who disgraced himself by his criminal amours with the daughter of
  Sylla. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.

=Viminālis=, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built, so called
  from the number of osiers (_vimines_) which grew there. Servius
  Tullius first made it part of the city. Jupiter had a temple there,
  whence he was called Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 44.――_Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Vinalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Jupiter and Venus.

♦=Vincentius=, one of the christian fathers, A.D. 434, whose works are
  best edited by Baluzius, Paris, 1669.

    ♦ ‘Vicentius’ replaced with ‘Vincentius’

=Vincius=, a Roman knight, condemned under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,
  bk. 14, ch. 40.――――An officer in Germany.

=Vindalius=, a writer in the reign of Constantius, who wrote 10 books
  on agriculture.

=Vindelĭci=, an ancient people of Germany, between the heads of the
  Rhine and the Danube. Their country, which was called _Vindelicia_,
  forms now part of Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town, _Augusta
  Vindelicorum_, is now ♦Augsburg. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 18.

    ♦ ‘Ausburg’ replaced with ‘Augsburg’

=Vindemiātor=, a constellation that rose about the nones of March.
  _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13.

=Vindex Julius=, a governor of Gaul, who revolted against Nero, and
  determined to deliver the Roman empire from his tyranny. He was
  followed by a numerous army, but at last defeated by one of the
  emperor’s generals. When he perceived that all was lost he laid
  violent hands upon himself, 68 A.D. _Seutonius_, _Galba_.――_Tacitus_,
  _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 51.――_Pliny_, bk. 9, ltr. 19.

=Vindicius=, a slave who discovered the conspiracy which some of the
  most noble of the Roman citizens had formed to restore Tarquin to
  his throne. He was amply rewarded and made a citizen of Rome. _Livy_,
  bk. 2, ch. 5.――_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.

=Vindili=, a nation of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.

=Vindonissa=, now _Wendish_, a town of the Helvetii on the Aar, in the
  territory of Berne. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, chs. 61 & 70.

=Vinicius=, a Roman consul poisoned by Messalina, &c.――――A man who
  conspired against Nero, &c.

=Vinidius=, a miser mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 95. Some
  manuscripts read Numidius and Umidius.

=Titus Vinius=, a commander in the pretorian guards, intimate with
  Galba, of whom he became the first minister. He was honoured with
  the consulship, and some time after murdered. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,
  bk. 1, chs. 11, 42 & 48.――_Plutarch._――――A man who revolted from Nero.

=Vinnius Asella=, a servant of Horace, to whom ltr. 13 is addressed, as
  injunctions how to deliver to Augustus some poems from his master.

=Vipsania=, a daughter of Marcus Agrippa, mother of Drusus. She was
  the only one of Agrippa’s daughters who died a natural death. She
  was married to Tiberius when a private man, and when she had been
  repudiated, she married Asinius Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,
  ch. 12; bk. 3, ch. 19.

=Virbius= (qui inter _viros bis_ fuit), a name given to Hippolytus,
  after he had been brought back to life by Æsculapius, at the instance
  of Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Virgil makes him son of
  Hippolytus. _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 762.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,
  li. 544.――_Hyginus_, fable 251.

=Publius Virgĭlius Marco=, called _the prince of the Latin poets_, was
  born at Andes, a village near Mantua, about 70 years before Christ,
  on the 15th of October. His first years were spent at Cremona, where
  his taste was formed, and his rising talents first exercised. The
  distribution of the lands of Cremona to the soldiers of Augustus,
  after the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet, and
  when he attempted to dispute the possession of his fields with a
  soldier, Virgil was obliged to save his life from the resentment
  of the lawless veteran, by swimming across a river. This was the
  beginning of his greatness; he with his father repaired to Rome,
  where he soon formed an acquaintance with Mecænas, and recommended
  himself to the favours of Augustus. The emperor restored his lands
  to the poet, whose modest muse knew so well how to pay the tribute of
  gratitude, and his first _bucolic_ was written to thank the patron,
  as well as to tell the world that his favours were not unworthily
  bestowed. The 10 bucolics were written in about three years. The poet
  showed his countrymen that he could write with graceful simplicity,
  with elegance, delicacy of sentiments, and with purity of language.
  Some time after, Virgil undertook the _Georgics_, a poem the most
  perfect and finished of all Latin compositions. The _Æneid_ was
  begun, as some suppose, at the particular request of Augustus, and
  the poet, while he attempted to prove that the Julian family was
  lineally descended from the founder of Lavinium, visibly described in
  the pious and benevolent character of his hero the amiable qualities
  of his imperial patron. The great merit of this poem is well known,
  and it will ever remain undecided which of the two poets, either
  Homer or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, our applause, and
  our admiration. The writer of the Iliad stood as a pattern to the
  favourite of Augustus. The voyage of Æneas is copied from the Odyssey;
  and for his battles, Virgil found a model in the wars of Troy, and
  the animated descriptions of the Iliad. The poet died before he had
  revised this immortal work, which had already engaged his time for
  11 successive years. He had attempted to attend his patron in the
  east, but he was detained at Naples on account of his ill health.
  He, however, went to Athens, where he met Augustus in his return, but
  he soon after fell sick at Megara, and though indisposed, he ordered
  himself to be removed to Italy. He landed at Brundusium, where a few
  days after he expired, the 22nd of September, in the 51st year of his
  age, B.C. 19. He left the greatest part of his immense possessions
  to his friends, particularly to Mecænas, Tucca, and Augustus, and
  he ordered, as his last will, his unfinished poem to be burnt. These
  last injunctions were disobeyed; and according to the words of an
  ancient poet, Augustus saved his favourite Troy from a second and
  more dismal conflagration. The poem was delivered by the emperor
  to three of his literary friends. They were ordered to revise and
  to expunge whatever they deemed improper; but they were strictly
  enjoined not to make any additions, and hence, as some suppose, the
  causes that so many lines of the Æneid are unfinished, particularly
  in the last books. The body of the poet, according to his own
  directions, was conveyed to Naples, and interred with much solemnity
  in a monument, erected on the road that leads from Naples to Puteoli.
  The following modest distich was engraved on the tomb, written by the
  poet some few moments before he expired:

             _Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc
                Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces._

  The Romans were not insensible of the merit of their poet. Virgil
  received much applause in the capital, and when he entered the
  theatre, he was astonished and delighted to see the crowded audience
  rise up to him as to an emperor, and welcome his approach by
  reiterated plaudits. He was naturally modest, and of a timorous
  disposition. When people crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him
  with the finger with rapture, the poet blushed, and stole away from
  them, and often hid himself in shops to be removed from the curiosity
  and the admiration of the public. The most liberal and gratifying
  marks of approbation he received were from the emperor and from
  Octavia. He attempted in his Æneid to paint the virtues, and to
  lament the premature death of the son of Octavia, and he was desired
  by the emperor to repeat the lines in the presence of the afflicted
  mother. He had no sooner begun _O nate_, &c., than Octavia burst
  into tears; he continued, but he had artfully suppressed the name of
  her son, and when he repeated in the 16th line the well-known words,
  _Tu Marcellus eris_, the princess swooned away, and the poet withdrew,
  but not without being liberally rewarded. Octavia presented him 10
  sesterces for every one of his verses in praise of her son, the whole
  of which was equivalent to 2000_l._ English money. As an instance
  of his modesty, the following circumstance has been recorded. Virgil
  wrote this distich, in which he compared his patron to Jupiter,

             _Nocte pluit totâ, redeunt spectacula mane,
                Divisum imperium cum Jove Cæsar habet,_

  and placed it in the night on the gates of the palace of Augustus.
  Inquiries were made for the author by order of Augustus, and when
  Virgil had the diffidence not to declare himself, Bathyllus, a
  contemptible poet of the age, claimed the verses as his own, and was
  liberally rewarded. This displeased Virgil; he again wrote the verses
  near the palace and under them

           _Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores_;

  with the beginning of another line in these words,

                         _Sic vos non vobis_,

  four times repeated. Augustus wished the lines to be finished.
  Bathyllus seemed unable, and Virgil at last, by completing the stanza
  in the following order――

               _Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves;
                Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves;
                Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes;
                Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves;_

  proved himself to be the author of the distich, and the poetical
  usurper became the sport and ridicule of Rome. In the works of
  Virgil we can find a more perfect and satisfactory account of the
  religious ceremonies and customs of the Romans, than in all the other
  Latin poets, Ovid excepted. Everything he mentions is founded upon
  historical truth, and though he borrowed much from his predecessors,
  and even whole lines from Ennius, yet he has had the happiness to
  make it all his own. He was uncommonly severe in revising his own
  poetry, and he used often to compare himself to a bear that licks
  her cubs into shape. In his connections, Virgil was remarkable;
  his friends enjoyed his unbounded confidence, and his library and
  possessions seemed to be the property of the public. Like other great
  men, he was not without his enemies and detractors in his lifetime,
  but from their aspersions he received additional lustre. Among the
  very numerous and excellent editions of Virgil, these few may be
  collected as the best: that of Masvicius, 2 vols., 4to, Leovardiæ,
  1717; of Baskerville, 4to, Birmingham, 1757; of the Variorum, in 8vo,
  Leiden, 1661; of Heyne, 4 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1767; of Edinburgh,
  2 vols., 12mo, 1755; and of Glasgow, 12mo, 1758. _Paterculus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 36.――_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――_Propertius_,
  bk. 2, poem 34, li. 61.――_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 51.
  ――_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 56.――_Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 178.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ltr. 21.――――Caius, a
  pretor of Sicily, who, when Cicero was banished, refused to receive
  the exiled orator, though his friend, for fear of the resentment of
  Clodius. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_.

=Virgĭnia=, a daughter of the centurion Lucius Virginius. Appius
  Claudius the decemvir became enamoured of her, and attempted to
  remove her from the place where she resided. She was claimed by one
  of his favourites as the daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the
  capacity and with the authority of judge, had pronounced the sentence,
  and delivered her into the hands of his friend, when Virginius,
  informed of his violent proceedings, arrived from the camp. The
  father demanded to see his daughter, and when this request was
  granted, he snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia’s breast,
  exclaiming, “This is all, my dearest daughter, I can give thee, to
  preserve thy chastity from the lust and violence of a tyrant.” No
  sooner was the blow given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the
  bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were astonished and incensed,
  not against the murderer, but the tyrant that was the cause of
  Virginia’s death, and they immediately marched to Rome. Appius
  was seized, but he destroyed himself in prison, and prevented the
  execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another of the decemvirs who
  had not opposed the tyrant’s views, killed himself also, and Marcus
  Claudius the favourite of Appius was put to death, and the decemviral
  power abolished, about 449 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 44,
  &c.――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294.

=Virginius=, the father of Virginia, made tribune of the people. _See:_
  Virginia.――――A tribune of the people who accused Quinctius Cæso the
  son of Cincinnatus. He increased the number of the tribunes to 10,
  and distinguished himself by his seditions against the patricians.
  ――――Another tribune in the age of Camillus, fined for his opposition
  to a law which proposed going to Veii.――――An augur who died of the
  plague.――――Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who opposed the entrance of
  Cicero into his province, though under many obligations to the orator.
  Some read Virgilius.――――A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate
  Sylla.――――One of the generals of Nero in Germany. He made war against
  Vindex and conquered him. He was treated with great coldness by Galba,
  whose interest he had supported with so much success. He refused all
  dangerous stations, and though twice offered the imperial purple,
  he rejected it with disdain. _Plutarch._――――A Roman orator and
  rhetorician.

=Viriāthus=, a mean shepherd of Lusitania, who gradually rose to power,
  and by first heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last followed
  by a numerous army. He made war against the Romans with uncommon
  success, and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of protector of
  public liberty in the provinces of Spain. Many generals were defeated,
  and Pompey himself was ashamed to find himself beaten. Cæpio was at
  last sent against him. But his despair of conquering him by force
  of arms, obliged him to have recourse to artifice, and he had the
  meanness to bribe the servants of Viriathus to murder their master,
  B.C. 40. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.
  ――_Livy_, bks. 52 & 54.

=Viridomărus=, a young man of great power among the Ædui. Cæsar greatly
  honoured him, but he fought at last against the Romans. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 39, &c.

=Viriplāca=, a goddess among the Romans who presided over the peace of
  families, whence her name (_virum placare_). If any quarrel happened
  between a man and his wife, they generally repaired to the temple of
  the goddess, which was erected on the Palatine mount, and came back
  reconciled. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.

=Virro=, a fictitious name introduced in Juvenal’s fifth satire.

=Virtus.= All virtues were made deities among the Romans. Marcellus
  erected two temples, one to Virtue, and the other to Honour. They
  were built in such a manner, that to see the temple of Honour it was
  necessary to pass through that of Virtue; a happy allegory among a
  nation free and independent. The principal Virtues were distinguished,
  each by their attire. Prudence was known by her rule, and her
  pointing to a globe at her feet; Temperance had a bridle; Justice had
  an equal balance, and Fortitude leant against her sword; Honesty was
  clad in a transparent vest; Modesty appeared veiled; Clemency wore an
  olive branch, and Devotion threw incense upon an altar; Tranquillity
  was seen to lean on a column; Health was known by her serpent,
  Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety by her myrtle. _Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.――_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_, _Prologue_.――_Livy_,
  bk. 29, ch. 11.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Augustine_,
  _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 20.

=Visargis=, a river of Germany, now called the _Weser_, and falling
  into the German ocean. Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there
  by the Germans. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 105.――_Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 70; bk. 2, ch. 9.

=Viscellæ=, now _Weltz_, a town of Noricum, between the Ens and Mure.

=Spurius Cassius Viscellinus=, _Cicero_, _De Amicitia_, ch. 11.

=Visellia lex=, was made by Visellius Varro the consul, A.U.C. 776, to
  restrain the introduction of improper persons into the offices of the
  state.

=Lucius Visellius Varro=, a lieutenant in Germany under Tiberius.
  _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41; bk. 4, ch. 17.

=Visellus=, a man whose father-in-law the commentators of Horace
  believe to have been afflicted with a hernia, on their observations
  on this verse (bk. 1, satire 1, li. 105), _Est inter Tanaim quiddam,
  socerumque Viselli_.

=Vistŭla=, a river falling into the Baltic, the eastern boundary of
  ancient Germany.

=Vitellia=, a Roman colony on the borders of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 5,
  ch. 29.

=Vitellius Aulus=, a Roman raised by his vices to the throne. He was
  descended from one of the most illustrious families of Rome, and as
  such he gained an easy admission to the palace of the emperors. The
  greatest part of his youth was spent at Capreæ, where his willingness
  and compliance to gratify the most vicious propensities of Tiberius
  raised his father to the dignity of consul and governor of Syria.
  The applause he gained in this school of debauchery was too great
  and flattering to induce Vitellius to alter his conduct, and no
  longer to be one of the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased
  with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius loved him because
  he was a great gamester, and he recommended himself to the favours
  of Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the crowded theatre.
  With such an insinuating disposition, it is not to be wondered
  that Vitellius became so great. He did not fall with his patrons,
  like the other favourites, but the death of an emperor seemed to
  raise him to greater honours, and to procure him fresh applause.
  He passed through all the offices of the state, and gained over the
  soldiery by donations and liberal promises. He was at the head of the
  ♦Roman legions in Germany when Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the
  exaltation of his rival was no sooner heard in the camp, than he was
  likewise invested with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted with
  pleasure the dangerous office, and instantly marched against Otho.
  Three battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was conquered. A
  fourth, however, in the plains between Mantua and Cremona, left him
  master of the field and of the Roman empire. He feasted his eyes in
  viewing the bodies of the slain and the ground covered with blood,
  and regardless of the insalubrity of the air, proceeding from so many
  carcases, he told his attendants that the smell of a dead enemy was
  always sweet. His first care was not like that of a true conqueror,
  to alleviate the distresses of the conquered, or patronize the
  friends of the dead, but it was to insult their misfortunes, and
  to intoxicate himself with the companions of his debauchery in the
  field of battle. Each successive day exhibited a scene of greater
  extravagance. Vitellius feasted four or five times a day, and such
  was his excess that he often made himself vomit to begin his repast
  afresh, and to gratify his palate with more luxury. His food was of
  the most rare and exquisite nature; the deserts of Libya, the shores
  of Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian sea, were diligently
  searched to supply the table of the emperor. The most celebrated of
  his feasts was that with which he was treated by his brother Lucius.
  The table, among other meats, was covered with 2000 different dishes
  of fish, and 7000 of fowls, and so expensive was he in everything,
  that above seven millions sterling were spent in maintaining his
  table in the space of four months; and Josephus has properly observed,
  that if Vitellius had reigned long, the great opulence of all
  the Roman empire would have been found insufficient to defray the
  expenses of his banquets. This extravagance, which delighted the
  favourites, soon raised the indignation of the people. Vespasian was
  proclaimed emperor by the army, and his minister Primus was sent to
  destroy the imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed himself under the
  bed of the porter of his palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed
  him; he was dragged naked through the streets, his hands were tied
  behind his back, and a drawn sword was placed under his chin to
  make him lift his head. After suffering the greatest insults from
  the populace, he was at last carried to the place of execution, and
  put to death with repeated blows. His head was cut off and fixed
  to a pole, and his mutilated body dragged with a hook and thrown
  into the Tiber, A.D. 69, after a reign of one year, except 12 days.
  _Suetonius._――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.――_Eutropius._――_Dio
  Cassius._――_Plutarch._――――Lucius, the father of the emperor, obtained
  great honours by his flattery to the emperors. He was made governor
  of Syria, and in this distant province he obliged the Parthians
  to sue for peace. His adulation to Messalina is well known, and he
  obtained as a particular favour the honourable office of pulling off
  the shoes of the empress, &c. _Suetonius_, &c.――――A brother of the
  emperor, who enjoyed his favours by encouraging his gluttony, &c.
  ――――Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that name. He was accused
  under Nero of attempts to bribe the people with money from the
  treasury against the emperor. He killed himself before his trial.
  ――――One of the flatterers of Tiberius.――――An officer of the
  pretorians under Otho.――――A son of the emperor Vitellius, put to
  death by one of his father’s friends.――――Some of the family of the
  Vitellii conspired with the Aquilii and other illustrious Romans to
  restore Tarquin to his throne. Their conspiracy was discovered by the
  consuls, and they were severely punished. _Plutarch_, &c.

    ♦ ‘Romans’ replaced with ‘Roman’

=Viterbum=, a town of Tuscany, where Fanum Volumnæ stood. It is not
  mentioned by classical writers. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 23 & 61; bk. 5,
  ch. 17.

=Vitia=, a mother put to death by Tiberius for weeping at the death of
  her son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 7, ch. 10.

=Vītrĭcus=, a surname of Mars. _Ovid._

=Marcus Vitruvius Pollio=, a celebrated architect in the age of
  Augustus, born at Formiæ. He is known only by his writings, and
  nothing is recorded in history of his life or private character. He
  wrote a treatise on his profession, which he dedicated to Augustus,
  and it is the only book on architecture now extant written by the
  ancients. In this work he plainly shows that he was master of his
  profession, and that he possessed both genius and abilities. The best
  edition of Vitruvius is that of De Laet, Amsterdam, 1649.

=Vitŭla=, a deity among the Romans who presided over festivals and
  rejoicings. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.

=Vitularia via=, a road in the country of Arpinum. _Cicero_, _Letters
  to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.

=Ulpia Trajāna=, a Roman colony planted in Sarmatia by Trajan.

=Ulpiānus Domitius=, a lawyer in the reign of Alexander Severus,
  of whom he became the secretary and principal minister. He raised a
  persecution against the christians, and was at last murdered by the
  pretorian guards, of which he had the command, A.D. 226. There are
  some fragments of his compositions on civil law still extant. The
  Greek commentaries of Ulpian on Demosthenes were printed in folio,
  1527, _with Aldus Manutius_.――――Marcellus, an officer in the age of
  Commodus.――――Julianus, a man sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c.

=Ulŭbræ=, a small town of Latium on the river Astura, where Augustus
  was educated. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 102.――_Horace_, bk. 1,
  ltr. 11.

=Ulysses=, a king of the islands of Ithaca and Dulichium, son of
  Anticlea and Laertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus. _See:_
  Sisyphus and Anticlea. He became, like the other princes of Greece,
  one of the suitors of Helen, but as he despaired of success in his
  applications, on account of the great numbers of his competitors, he
  solicited the hand of Penelope the daughter of Icarius. Tyndarus the
  father of Helen favoured the addresses of Ulysses, as by him he was
  directed to choose one of his daughter’s suitors without offending
  the others, and to bind them all by a solemn oath, that they would
  unite together in protecting Helen if any violence was ever offered
  to her person. Ulysses had no sooner obtained the hand of Penelope,
  than he returned to Ithaca, where his father resigned him the crown,
  and retired to peace and rural solitude. The rape of Helen, however,
  by Paris, did not long permit him to remain in his kingdom, and as
  he was bound to defend her against every intruder, he was summoned
  to the war with the other princes of Greece. Pretending to be insane,
  not to leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a bull
  together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where he sowed salt instead
  of corn. This dissimulation was soon discovered, and Palamedes,
  by placing before the plough of Ulysses his infant son Telemachus,
  convinced the world that the father was not mad who had the
  providence to turn away the plough from the furrow, not to hurt
  his child. Ulysses was therefore obliged to go to the war, but he
  did not forget him who had discovered his pretended insanity. _See:_
  Palamedes. During the Trojan war, the king of Ithaca was courted
  for his superior prudence and sagacity. By his means Achilles was
  discovered among the daughters of Lycomedes king of Scyros [_See:_
  Achilles], and Philoctetes was induced to abandon Lemnos, and to
  fight the Trojans with the arrows of Hercules. _See:_ Philoctetes.
  He was not less distinguished for his activity and valour. With
  the assistance of Diomedes he murdered Rhesus, and slaughtered the
  sleeping Thracians in the midst of their camp, [_See:_ Rhesus and
  Dolon], and he introduced himself into the city of Priam, and carried
  away the Palladium of the Trojans. _See:_ Palladium. For these
  eminent services he was universally applauded by the Greeks, and
  he was rewarded with the arms of Achilles, which Ajax had disputed
  with him. After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on board his ships
  to return to Greece, but he was exposed to a number of misfortunes
  before he reached his native country. He was thrown by the winds
  upon the coasts of Africa, and visited the country of the Lotophagi,
  and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the king of the
  Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his companions, five of whom he devoured
  [_See:_ Polyphemus], but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and
  put out his eye, and at last escaped from the dangerous cave where
  he was confined, by tying himself under the belly of the sheep of
  the Cyclops when led to pasture. In Æolia he met with a friendly
  reception, and Æolus gave him, confined in bags, all the wind
  which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of
  his companions to know what the bags contained proved nearly fatal.
  The winds rushed with impetuosity, and all the fleet was destroyed,
  except the ship which carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown
  upon the coasts of the Læstrygones, and of the island Æea, where
  the magician Circe changed all his companions into pigs for their
  voluptuousness. He escaped their fate by means of an herb which he
  had received from Mercury, and after he had obliged the magician by
  force of arms to restore his companions to ♦their original shape, he
  yielded to her charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. He visited
  the infernal regions and consulted Tiresias how to regain his country
  in safety; and after he had received every necessary information,
  he returned on earth. He passed along the coasts of the Sirens
  unhurt, by the directions of Circe [_See:_ Sirenes], and escaped
  the whirlpools and shoals of Scylla, and Charybdis. On the coast of
  Sicily his companions stole and killed some oxen that were sacred to
  Apollo, for which the god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned
  except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, and swam to the island
  of Calypso, in Ogygia. There, for seven years, he forgot Ithaca,
  in the arms of the goddess, by whom he had two children. The gods
  at last interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mercury, suffered him
  to depart, after she had furnished him with a ship, and everything
  requisite for the voyage. He had almost reached the island of Corcyra,
  when Neptune, still mindful that his son Polyphemus had been robbed
  of his sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his
  ship. Ulysses swam with difficulty to the island of the Phæacians,
  where the kindness of Nausicaa, and the humanity of her father king
  Alcinous, entertained him for a while. He related the series of
  his misfortunes to the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence,
  he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca. The Phæacians laid him on the
  sea-shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses found himself safely restored
  to his country after a long absence of 20 years. He was well informed
  that his palace was besieged by a number of suitors, who continually
  disturbed the peace of Penelope, and therefore he assumed the habit
  of a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, and made himself known to his
  son, and his faithful shepherd Eumæus. With them he took measures to
  re-establish himself on his throne; he went to the palace, and was
  personally convinced of the virtues and of the fidelity of Penelope.
  Before his arrival was publicly known, all the importuning suitors
  were put to death, and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of
  his family. _See:_ Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eumæus. He lived
  about 16 years after his return, and was at last killed by his son
  Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with the hopes of making himself
  known to his father. This unfortunate event had been foretold to
  him by Tiresias, who assured him that he should die by the violence
  of something that was to issue from the bosom of the sea. _See:_
  Telegonus. According to some authors, Ulysses went to consult the
  oracle of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness
  to seduce Erippe the daughter of a king of Epirus, who had treated
  him with great kindness. Erippe had a son by him whom she called
  Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, Euryalus was sent to Ithaca
  by his mother, but Penelope no sooner knew who he was than she
  resolved to destroy him. Therefore, when Ulysses returned, he put to
  immediate death his unknown son on the crimination of Penelope his
  wife, who accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The adventures
  of Ulysses in his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war are the
  subject of Homer’s Odyssey. _Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.――_Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.――_Ovid_,
  _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13; _Heroides_, poem 1.――_Hyginus_, fable 201,
  &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 22;
  bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,
  ch. 12.――_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.――_Parthenius_, _Narrationes
  Amatoriæ_, ch. 3.――_Plutarch._――_Pliny_, bk. 35.――_Tzetzes_, _ad
  Lycurgus_.

    ♦ ‘his’ replaced with ‘their’

=Ulysseum=, a promontory of Sicily, west of Pachinus.

=Umber=, a lake of Umbria near the Tiber. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1,
  li. 124.

=Umbra Pompeia=, a portico of Pompey at Rome. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 10.

=Umbria=, a country of Italy, separated from Etruria by the Tiber,
  bounded on the north by the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum and the
  country of the Sabines, and south by the river Nar. Some derive the
  word Umbria _ab imbribus_, the frequent showers that were supposed
  to fall there, or from the shadow (_umbra_) of the Apennines which
  hung over it. Umbria had many cities of note. The Umbrians opposed
  the Romans in the infancy of their empire, but afterwards they
  became their allies, about the year ♦A.U.C. 434. _Catullus_, bk. 40,
  li. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._

    ♦ ‘U.C.’ replaced with ‘A.U.C.’

=Umbrigius=, a soothsayer, who foretold approaching calamities to Galba.
  _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 21.――_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 27.

=Umbro=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A
  general who assisted Turnus against Æneas, and was killed during
  the war. He could assuage the fury of serpents by his songs, and
  counteract the poisonous effects of their bite. _Virgil_, _Æneid_,
  bk. 7, li. 752; bk. 10, li. 544.

=Unca=, a surname of Minerva among the Phœnicians and Thebans.

=Unchæ=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Undecemvĭri=, magistrates at Athens, to whom such as were publicly
  condemned were delivered to be executed. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.

=Unelli=, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.

=Unigĕna=, a surname of Minerva, as sprung of Jupiter alone.

=Unxia=, a surname of Juno, derived from _ungere_, to anoint, because
  it was usual among the Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold
  of her husband, and from this necessary ceremony wives were called
  _Unxores_, and afterwards _Uxores_, from Unxia, who presided over
  them. _Arnobius_, bk. 3.

=Vocetius=, part of mount Jura in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,
  ch. 68.

=Vŏcōnia lex=, _de testamentis_, by Quintus Voconius Saxa the tribune,
  A.U.C. 584, enacted that no woman should be left heiress to an estate,
  and that no rich person should leave by his will more than the fourth
  part of his fortune to a woman. This step was taken to prevent the
  decay of the noblest and most illustrious of the families of Rome.
  This law was abrogated by Augustus.

=Voconii forum=, a town of Gaul, between Antibes and Marseilles.
  _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 17.

=Vŏcōnius Victor=, a Latin poet, &c. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 28.――――Saxa,
  a tribune who made a law.――――An officer of Lucullus in Asia.

=Vocontia=, now _Vasio_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 167.

=Vŏgēsus=, now _Vauge_, a mountain of Belgic Gaul, which separates the
  Sequani from the Lingones. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 397.――_Cæsar_, _Gallic
  War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Volæ=, a city of the Æqui. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 49.

=Volaginius=, a soldier who assassinated one of his officers, &c.
  _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 75.

=Volana=, a town of the Samnites.

=Volandum=, a fortified place of Armenia.

=Volaterra=, an ancient town of Etruria, famous for hot baths. Perseus
  the satirist was born there. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.
  ――_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4.

=Volcæ=, or =Volgæ=, a people of Gaul between the Garonne and the Rhone.
  _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 26.――_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.

=Volci=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lauria_. _Livy_, bk. 27,
  ch. 15.――――A town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.

=Vologĕses=, a name common to many of the kings of Parthia, who made
  war against the Roman emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 12, _Annals_, ch. 14.

=Volscens=, a Latin chief who discovered Nisus and Euryalus as they
  returned from the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed
  Euryalus, and was himself immediately stabbed by Nisus. _Virgil_,
  _Æneid_, bk. 9, lis. 370 & 442.

=Volsci=, or =Volci=, a people of Latium, whose territories are bounded
  on the south by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the Hernici
  and Marsi, west by the Latins and Rutulians, and east by Campania.
  Their chief cities were Antium, Circeii, Anxur, Corioli, Fregellæ,
  Arpinum, &c. Ancus king of Rome made war against them, and in the
  time of the republic they became formidable enemies, till they were
  at last conquered with the rest of the Latins. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 4.
  ――_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 168; _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 505;
  bk. 11, li. 546, &c.――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 5.

=Volsinium=, a town of Etruria in Italy, destroyed, according to Pliny,
  bk. 2, ch. 53, by fire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered their
  years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, a Tuscan goddess.
  _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 7, ch. 3.――_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 191.
  ――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.

=Voltinia=, one of the Roman tribes.

=Volubilis=, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, the capital of Morocco.
  _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Volumnæ Fanum=, a temple in Etruria, sacred to the goddess Volumna,
  who presided over the will and over complaisance, where the states of
  the country used to assemble. Viterbo now stands on the spot. _Livy_,
  bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 2.

=Volumnia=, the wife of Coriolanus. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.――――The
  freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrapelus. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2,
  ch. 24.

=Volumnus= and =Volumna=, two deities who presided over the will.
  They were chiefly invoked at marriages to preserve concord between
  the husband and wife. They were particularly worshipped by the
  Etrurians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 61.

=T. Volumnius=, a Roman famous for his friendship towards Marcus
  Lucullus, whom Marcus Antony had put to death. His great lamentations
  were the cause that he was dragged to the triumvir, of whom he
  demanded to be conducted to the body of his friend, and there to
  be put to death. His request was easily granted. _Livy_, bk. 124,
  ch. 20.――――A mimic whom Brutus put to death.――――An Etrurian who wrote
  tragedies in his own native language.――――A consul who defeated the
  Samnites and the Etrurians, &c. _Livy_, bk. 9.――――A friend of Marcus
  Brutus. He was preserved when that great republican killed himself,
  and he wrote an account of his death and of his actions, from which
  Plutarch selected some remarks.――――A prefect of Syria, B.C. 11.――――A
  Roman knight put to death by Catiline.

=Voluptas= and =Volupia=, the goddess of sensual pleasures, worshipped
  at Rome, where she had a temple. She was represented as a young
  and beautiful woman, well dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated
  on a throne, and having virtue under her feet. _Cicero_, _de Natura
  Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.――_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――_Augustine_,
  _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8.

=Caius Volusēnus=, a military tribune in Cæsar’s army, &c. _Cæsar_,
  _Gallic War_, bk. 3.

=Volusiānus=, a Roman taken as colleague on the imperial throne, by his
  father Gallus. He was killed by his soldiers.

=Vŏlŭsius=, a poet of Patavia, who wrote, like Ennius, the annals
  of Rome in verse. _Seneca_, ltr. 93.――_Catullus_, bk. 96, li. 7.
  ――――Saturninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 93rd year of his
  age, beloved and respected, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.
  ――――Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona, &c.――――One of Nero’s
  officers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.

=Volusus=, a friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 11, li. 463.

=Volux=, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans defeated. Sylla suspected
  his fidelity, &c. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 105.

=Vomanus=, a river of Picenum in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.
  ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 438.

=Vonōnes=, a king of Parthia expelled by his subjects, and afterwards
  placed on the throne of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,
  ch. 14.――――Another king of Armenia.――――A man made king of Parthia by
  Augustus.

=Vopiscus=, a native of Syracuse, 303, A.D. who wrote the life of
  Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is one
  of the six authors who are called _Historiæ Augustæ scriptores_, but
  he excels all others in the elegance of his style, and the manner
  in which he relates the various actions of the emperors. He is not,
  however, without his faults, and we look in vain for the purity or
  perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan age.

=Vŏrānus=, a freedman of Quintus Luctatius Catulus, famous for his
  robberies as well as his cunning, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8,
  li. 39.

=Votiēnus Montanus=, a man of learning, banished to one of the Baleares
  for his malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has celebrated him
  as an excellent poet. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.

=Upis=, the father of one of the Dianas, mentioned by the ancients,
  from which circumstance Diana herself is called _Upis_. _Cicero_,
  _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Callimachus_, _Artemis_.

=Urănia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who
  presided over astronomy. She is generally called mother of Linus
  by Apollo, and of the god Hymenæus by Bacchus. She was represented
  as a young virgin dressed in an azure-coloured robe, crowned
  with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, and having many
  mathematical instruments placed round. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 77.
  ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.――_Hyginus_, fable 161.――――A surname of
  Venus, the same as _Celestial_. She was supposed, in that character,
  to preside over beauty and generation, and was called daughter of
  Uranus or Cœlus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece,
  and Italy were numerous. _Plato_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1,
  ch. 14, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 26, &c.――――A town of Cyprus.

=Urănii=, or =Urii=, a people of Gaul.

=Uranopŏlis=, a town at the top of Athos.

=Urănus=, or =Ouranus=, a deity, the same as Cœlus, the most ancient
  of all the gods. He married Tithea or the Earth, by whom he had Ceus,
  Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, Phœbe, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn,
  Gyges, called from their mother Titans. His children conspired
  against him, because he confined them in the bosom of the earth, and
  his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him from his throne.

=Urba=, now _Orbe_, a town of the Helvetii, on a river of the same name.

=Urbicua=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.

=Urbicus=, an actor at Rome, in Domitian’s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6.

=Urbinum=, now _Urbino_, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.

=Urgo=, now _Gorgona_, an island in the bay of Pisa, 25 miles west of
  Leghorn, famous for anchovies. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.

=Uria=, a town of Calabria, built by a Cretan colony, and called also
  Hyria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Of Apulia.

=Urites=, a people of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 48.

=Ursentum=, a town of the Brutii, now _Orso_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.

=Ursidius=, an adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 38.

=Uscana=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.

=Usceta=, a town of Africa Propria. _Aulus Hirtius_, _African War_,
  ch. 89.

=Uscudama=, a town of Thrace. _Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 8.

=Usipĕtes=, or =Usipii=, a people of Germany. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_,
  bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.

=Ustīca=, a town in an island on the coast of Sicily, near Panormum.
  _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 11.

=Utens=, a river of Gaul, now _Montone_, falling into the Adriatic by
  Ravenna. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.

=Utĭca=, now _Satcor_, a celebrated city of Africa, on the coast
  of the Mediterranean, on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a
  Tyrian colony above 287 years before Carthage. It had a large and
  commodious harbour, and it became the metropolis of Africa, after
  the destruction of Carthage in the third Punic war, and the Romans
  granted it all the lands situate between Hippo and Carthage. It
  is celebrated for the death of Cato, who from thence is called
  _Uticensis_, or of Utica. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 306.
  ――_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 40.――_Livy_, bk. 25,
  ch. 31.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 242.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 20,
  li. 513.

=Vulcanālia=, festivals in honour of Vulcan, brought to Rome from
  Præneste, and observed in the month of August. The streets were
  illuminated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals thrown into the
  flames, as a sacrifice to the deity. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,
  bk. 5.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Columella_, bk. 11.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13.

=Vulcāni insula=, or =Vulcania=, a name given to the islands between
  Sicily and Italy, now called Lipari. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 8,
  li. 422. They received it because there were there subterraneous
  fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan the god of fire.

=Vulcanius Terentianus=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the
  life of the three Gordians, &c.

=Vulcānus=, a god of the ancients who presided over fire, and was
  the patron of all artists who worked iron and metal. He was son of
  Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who had produced
  Minerva from his brains. According to Homer, he was son of Jupiter
  and Juno, and the mother was so disgusted with the deformities of
  her son, that she threw him into the sea as soon as born, where he
  remained for nine years. According to the more received opinion,
  Vulcan was educated in heaven with the rest of the gods, but his
  father kicked him down from ♦Olympus, when he attempted to deliver
  his mother, who had been fastened by a golden chain for her insolence.
  He was nine days in coming from heaven upon earth, and he fell in the
  island of Lemnos, where, according to Lucian, the inhabitants, seeing
  him in the air, caught him in their arms. He, however, broke his leg
  by the fall, and ever after remained lame of one foot. He fixed his
  residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a palace, and raised
  forges to work metals. The inhabitants of the island became sensible
  of his industry, and were taught all the useful arts which could
  civilize their rude manners, and render them serviceable to the good
  of society. The first work of Vulcan was, according to some, a throne
  of gold with secret springs, which he presented to his mother to
  avenge himself for her want of affection towards him. Juno no sooner
  was seated on the throne, than she found herself unable to move.
  The gods attempted to deliver her by breaking the chains which
  held her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the power to set
  her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated him, and prevailed upon him to
  come to Olympus, where he was reconciled to his parents. Vulcan has
  been celebrated by the ancient poets for the ingenious works and
  automatical figures which he made, and many speak of two golden
  statues, which not only seemed animated, but which walked by his side,
  and even assisted him in the working of metals. It is said that, at
  the request of Jupiter, he made the first woman that ever appeared
  on earth, well known under the name of Pandora. _See:_ Pandora. The
  Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and with him
  they fabricated not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also arms
  for the gods and the most celebrated heroes. His forges were supposed
  to be under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, as well as in every
  part of the earth where there were volcanoes. The most known of
  the works of Vulcan which were presented to mortals are the arms of
  Achilles, those of Æneas, the shield of Hercules described by Hesiod,
  a collar given to ♠Hermione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which
  was in the possession of Agamemnon king of Argos and Mycenæ. The
  collar proved fatal to all those that wore it, but the sceptre, after
  the death of Agamemnon, was carefully preserved at Cheronæa, and
  regarded as a divinity. The amours of Vulcan are not numerous. He
  demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had promised him in marriage
  whatever goddess he should choose, and when she refused his
  addresses, he attempted to offer her violence. Minerva resisted with
  success, though there remained on her body some marks of Vulcan’s
  passion, which she threw down upon earth wrapped up in wool. _See:_
  ♣Erichthonius. This disappointment in his love was repaired by
  Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. Venus is universally
  acknowledged to have been the wife of Vulcan; but her infidelity is
  well known, as well as her amours with Mars, which were discovered by
  Phœbus, and exposed to the gods by her own husband. _See:_ Alectryon.
  The worship of Vulcan was well established, particularly in Egypt,
  at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual, in the sacrifices that were
  offered to him, to burn the whole victim, and not reserve part of it,
  as in the immolations to the rest of the gods. A calf and a boar pig
  were the principal victims offered. Vulcan was represented as covered
  with sweat, blowing with his nervous arm the fires of his forges.
  His breast was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with smoke. Some
  represent him lame and deformed, holding a hammer raised in the air,
  ready to strike; while with the other hand he turns, with pincers,
  a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle waits by his side to
  carry it to Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with a long beard,
  dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round cap on his head,
  while he holds a hammer and pincers in his hand. The Egyptians
  represented him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received
  the names of _Mulciber_, _Pamphanes_, _Clytotechnes_, _Pandamator_,
  _Cyllopodes_, _Chalaipoda_, &c., all expressive of his lameness and
  his profession. He was father of Cupid by Venus; of Cæculus, Cecrops,
  Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than
  one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son of Cœlus and father
  of Apollo by Minerva; the second he mentions is son of the Nile, and
  called Phtas by the Egyptians; the third was the son of Jupiter and
  Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; and the fourth who built
  his forges in the Lipari islands was son of Menalius. Vulcan seems
  to have been admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any other
  purpose. He seems to be the great cuckold of Olympus, and even his
  wife is represented as laughing at his deformities, and mimicking
  his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_
  & _Shield of Heracles_, lis. 140 & 320.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3,
  &c.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 57; bk. 15, li. 18; bk. 11, li. 397,
  &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 3, ch. 17.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.――_Herodotus_, bks. 2
  & 3.――_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, 7, &c.

    ♦‘Olympas’ replaced with ‘Olympus’

    ♠‘Hermoine’ replaced with ‘Hermione’

    ♣‘Erichsithonius’ replaced with ‘Erichthonius’

=Vulcātius=, a Roman knight, who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.
  _Tacitus._――――A senator in the reign of Diocletian, who attempted to
  write a history of all such as had reigned at Rome, either as lawful
  sovereigns or by usurpation. Of his works nothing is extant but an
  account of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the east during the reign
  of Marcus Aurelius, which some ascribe to Spartianus.

=Vulsīnum=, a town of Etruria. _See:_ Volsinium.

=Vulso=, a Roman consul who invaded Africa with Regulus.――――Another
  consul. He had the provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed
  over the Galatians.

=Vultŭra=, or =Vulturaria=, a mountain on the borders of Apulia.
  _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 9.――_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 183.

=Vulturius=, a man who conspired against his country with Catiline.

=Vulturnius=, a surname of Apollo. _See:_ Vulturnus.

=Vulturnum=, a town of Campania, near the mouth of the Vulturnus.
  _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 20.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――Also an ancient
  name of Capua. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 37.

=Vulturnus=, a river of Campania rising in the Apennines, and
  falling into the Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town of Capua.
  _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 664.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 729.
  ――――The god of the Tiber was also known by that name. _Varro_, _de
  Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――――The wind, which received the name
  of Vulturnus when it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly
  incommoded the Romans at the battle of Cannæ. _Livy_, bk. 22, chs. 43
  & 46.――――A surname of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus.
  The god received this name from a shepherd who raised him a temple
  after he had been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by vultures.

=Vulsinum=, a town of Etruria, where Sejanus was born.

=Uxama=, a town of Spain on the Iberus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,
  li. 384.

=Uxantis=, now _Ushant_, an island on the coast of Britany.

=Uxellodunum=, a town of Gaul defended by steep rocks, now _Puech
  d’Issoiu_. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 33.

=Uxentum=, a town of Calabria, now _Ugento_.

=Uxii=, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of the same name,
  conquered by Alexander. The Tigris rises in their country. _Strabo._
  ――_Diodorus._

=Uxisama=, an island in the western ocean.

=Uzita=, an inland town of Africa destroyed by Cæsar. _Hirtius_,
  _African War_, ch. 41, &c.


                                   X

=Xanthe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.

=Xanthi=, a people of Thrace.――――The inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia.
  _See:_ Xanthus.

=Xanthia Phoceus=, a Roman whom Horace addresses in his bk. 2, ode 4,
  and of whom he speaks as enamoured of a servant-maid.

=Xanthĭca=, a festival observed by the Macedonians in the month called
  Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration
  of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts,
  and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on
  the other side, after which the soldiers marched between, and they
  imitated a real battle by a sham engagement.

=Xanthippe=, a daughter of Dorus. _See:_ Xantippe.

=Xanthippus=, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. _See:_ Xantippus.

=Xantho=, one of Cyrene’s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,
  li. 336.

=Xanthus=, or =Xanthos=, a river of Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the
  same as the _Scamander_, but, according to Homer, it was called
  Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. _See:_ Scamander.――――A
  river of Lycia, anciently called _Sirbes_. It was sacred to Apollo,
  and fell into the sea near Patara. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 172.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, li. 143.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.――――One
  of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid with
  severity, and told him he must soon be killed. _Homer_, _Iliad_,
  bk. 19.――――One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards
  to the sons of Leda.――――An historian of Sardes in the reign of
  Darius.――――A Greek historian of Lydia, who wrote an account of his
  country, of which some fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._
  ――――A king of Lesbos.――――A king of Bœotia, who made war against
  the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. _See:_
  Apaturia.――――A Greek poet. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.
  ――_Suidas._――――A philosopher of Samos, in whose house Æsop lived some
  time as servant.――――A town of Lycia, on the river of the same name,
  at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants
  were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence.
  Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable
  longer to support themselves against the enemy, they set fire to
  their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare
  them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought
  any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved,
  much against their will. _Appian_, bk. 4.――_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.

=Xantĭcles=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, after the battle
  of Cunaxa.

=Xantippe=, a daughter of Dorus, who married Pleuron, by whom she had
  Agenor, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――――The wife of Socrates,
  remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are
  become proverbial. Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted
  with her moroseness and insolence before he married her, and that
  he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to
  the malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him
  with her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied with using the most
  bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head,
  upon which the philosopher coolly observed, “After thunder there
  generally falls rain.” _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 10;
  bk. 9, ch. 7; bk. 11, ch. 12.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Socrates_.

=Xantippus=, a Lacedæmonian general who assisted the Carthaginians
  in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B.C., and took
  the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal services deserved to
  be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon
  Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved them from
  destruction. Some authors support that the Carthaginians ordered him
  to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was
  returning home; while others say that they had prepared a leaky ship
  to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. _Livy_, bk. 18
  & bk. 28, ch. 43.――_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.――――An Athenian general
  who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue
  was erected to his honour at the citadel of Athens. He made some
  conquests in Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. He was father
  to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who
  expelled the Pisistratidæ from Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7;
  bk. 8, ch. 52.――――A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his
  disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the
  plague in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._

=Xenagŏras=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._――――A
  philosopher who measured the height of mount Olympus.

=Xenarchus=, a comic poet.――――A peripatetic philosopher of Seleucia,
  who taught at Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate with Augustus.
  _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――A pretor of the Achæan league, who wished to
  favour the interest of Perseus king of Macedonia against the Romans.

=Xenares=, an intimate friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta.

=Xenetus=, a rich Locrian, whose daughter Doris married Dionysius of
  Sicily, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.

=Xeneus=, a Chian writer who composed a history of his country.

=Xeniădes=, a Corinthian who went to buy Diogenes the Cynic when sold
  as a slave. He asked him what he could do; upon which the Cynic
  answered, “Command freemen.” This noble answer so pleased Xeniades,
  that he gave the Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the care
  and education of his children. _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Aulus Gellius_,
  bk. 2, ch. 18.

=Xenius=, a surname given to Jupiter as the god of _hospitality_.

=Xenoclea=, a priestess of Apollo’s temple at Delphi, from whom
  Hercules extorted an oracle by force, when she refused to answer
  him because he was not purified of the blood and death of Iphitus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.

=Xenŏcles=, a tragic writer, who obtained four times a poetical prize
  in a contention in which Euripides was competitor, either through the
  ignorance or by the bribery of his judges. The names of his tragedies
  which obtained the victory were Œdipus, Lycaon, Bacchæ, Athamas
  Satyricus, against the Alexander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus
  Satyricus of Euripides. His grandson bore also the name of Xenocles,
  and excelled in tragical compositions. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_,
  bk. 2, ch. 8.――――A Spartan officer in the expedition which Agesilaus
  undertook against the Persians.――――An architect of Eleusis.――――A
  friend of Aratus.――――One of the friends of Cicero.――――A celebrated
  rhetorician of Adramyttium. _Strabo_, bk. 13.

=Xenocrătes=, an ancient philosopher born at Chalcedonia, and educated
  in the school of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and whose
  approbation he merited. Though of a dull and sluggish disposition, he
  supplied the defects of nature by unwearied attention and industry,
  and was at last found capable of succeeding in the school of Plato
  after Speusippus, about 339 years before Christ. He was remarkable
  as a disciplinarian, and he required that his pupils should be
  acquainted with mathematics before they came under his care, and he
  even rejected some who had not the necessary qualification, saying
  that they had not yet found the key of philosophy. He recommended
  himself to his pupils not only by precepts, but more powerfully
  by example, and since the wonderful change he had made upon the
  conduct of one of his auditors [_See:_ Polemon], his company was
  as much shunned by the dissolute and extravagant, as it was courted
  by the virtuous and benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempted to gain
  his confidence with money, but with no success. Alexander in this
  imitated his father, and sent some of his friends with 50 talents
  for the philosopher. They were introduced, and supped with Xenocrates.
  The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, without ostentation.
  On the morrow, the officers of Alexander wished to pay down the
  50 talents, but the philosopher asked them whether they had not
  perceived from the entertainment of the preceding day that he was not
  in want of money. “Tell your master,” said he, “to keep his money;
  he has more people to maintain than I have.” Yet, not to offend the
  monarch, he accepted a small sum, about the 200th part of one talent.
  His character was not less conspicuous in every other particular,
  and he has been cited as an instance of virtue from the following
  circumstance: The courtesan Lais had pledged herself to forfeit
  an immense sum of money, if she did not triumph over the virtue of
  Xenocrates. She tried every art, assumed the most captivating looks,
  and used the most tempting attitudes to gain the philosopher, but
  in vain; and she declared at last that she had not lost her money,
  as she had pledged herself to conquer a human being, not a lifeless
  stone. Though so respected and admired, yet Xenocrates was poor,
  and he was dragged to prison, because he was unable to pay a small
  tribute to the state. He was delivered from confinement by one of his
  friends. His integrity was so well known, that when he appeared in
  the court as a witness, the judges dispensed with his oath. He died
  B.C. 314, in his 82nd year, after he had presided in the academy
  for above 25 years. It is said that he fell in the night with his
  head into a basin of water, and that he was suffocated. He had
  written above 60 treatises on different subjects, all now lost.
  He acknowledged no other deity but heaven, and the seven planets.
  _Diogenes Laërtius._――_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1,
  &c. _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.――_Valerius Maximus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 10.――_Lucian._――――A physician in the age of Nero, not in
  great esteem. His Greek treatise, _de alimento ex aquatilibus_, is
  best edited by Franzius, Lipscomb, 8vo, 1774.――――An excellent painter.
  _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.

=Xenodamus=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus by Gnossia. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 11.――――An athlete of Anticyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36.

=Xēnodĭce=, a daughter of Syleus, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 2, ch. 6.――――A daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.

=Xenodŏchus=, a Messenian crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_,
  bk. 4, ch. 5.――――A native of Cardia, &c.

=Xenophănes=, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of Archelaus,
  B.C. 535. He wrote several poems and treatises, and founded a
  sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his opinions
  about astronomy, he supposed that the stars were extinguished every
  morning, and rekindled at night; that eclipses were occasioned by
  the temporary extinction of the sun; that the moon was inhabited,
  and 18 times bigger than the earth; and that there were several suns
  and moons for the convenience of the different climates of the earth.
  He further imagined that God and the world were the same, and he
  credited the eternity of the universe, but his incoherent opinion
  about the divinity raised the indignation of his countrymen, and
  he was banished. He died very poor, when about 100 years old.
  _Cicero_, _Academica Priora_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1,
  ch. 3; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Lactantius_, _Divinae
  institutiones_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――――A governor of Olbus, in the age of
  Marcus Antony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.――――One of the ministers of Philip,
  who went to Annibal’s camp, and made a treaty of alliance between
  Macedonia and Carthage.

=Xenophĭlus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived to his 170th year,
  and enjoyed all his faculties to the last. He wrote upon music, and
  thence he was called the musician. _Lucian_, _Macrobii_.――_Pliny_, bk.
  7, ch. 50.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.――――One of Alexander’s
  generals. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.――――A robber of whom Aratus hired
  some troops.

=Xenŏphon=, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, celebrated as a general, an
  historian, and a philosopher. In the school of Socrates he received
  those instructions and precepts which afterwards so eminently
  distinguished him at the head of an army, in literary solitude, and
  as the prudent father of a family. He was invited by Proxenus, one of
  his intimate friends, to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expedition
  against his brother Artaxerxes king of Persia; but he refused to
  comply without previously consulting his venerable master, and
  inquiring into the propriety of such a measure. Socrates strongly
  opposed it, and observed that it might raise the resentment of his
  countrymen, as Sparta had made an alliance with the Persian monarch;
  but, however, before he proceeded further, he advised him to consult
  the oracle of Apollo. Xenophon paid due deference to the injunctions
  of Socrates, but as he was ambitious of glory, and eager to engage
  in a distant expedition, he hastened with precipitation to Sardis,
  where he was introduced to the young prince, and treated with great
  attention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true
  disciple of Socrates, and that he had been educated in the warlike
  city of Athens. After the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa,
  and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of his mind were
  called into action. The 10,000 Greeks who had followed the standard
  of an ambitious prince were now at the distance of above 600 leagues
  from their native home, in a country surrounded on every side by a
  victorious enemy, without money, without provisions, and without a
  leader. Xenophon was selected from among the officers to superintend
  the retreat of his countrymen, and though he was often opposed by
  malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive eloquence and his activity
  convinced the Greeks that no general could extricate them from every
  difficulty better than the disciple of Socrates. He rose superior to
  danger, and though under continual alarms from the sudden attacks of
  the Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through
  vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, till he could rest secure
  for a while and refresh his tired companions. This celebrated retreat
  was at last happily effected; the Greeks returned home after a march
  of 1155 parasangs, or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, after
  an absence of 15 months. The whole, perhaps, might now be forgotten,
  or at least obscurely known, if the great philosopher who planned it
  had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which he escaped,
  and the difficulties which he surmounted. He was no sooner returned
  from Cunaxa, than he sought new honours in following the fortune of
  Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under his
  standard, and conquered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as well
  as at the battle of Coronæa. His fame, however, did not escape the
  aspersions of jealousy; he was publicly banished from Athens for
  accompanying Cyrus against his brother, and being now without a home,
  he retired to Scillus, a small town of the Lacedæmonians, in the
  neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat he dedicated his
  time to literary pursuits, and as he had acquired riches in his
  Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and variegate by the hand of
  art, for his pleasure and enjoyment, the country which surrounded
  Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of that
  of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in rural employments, or in
  hunting in the woods and mountains. His peaceful occupations, however,
  were soon disturbed. A war arose between the Lacedæmonians and Elis,
  and the sanctity of Diana’s temple, and the venerable age of the
  philosopher, who lived in the delightful retreats of Scillus, were
  disregarded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians from his favourite
  spot, where he had composed and written for the information of
  posterity, and the honour of his country, retired to the city of
  Corinth. In this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 359
  years before the christian era. The works of Xenophon are numerous.
  He wrote an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called _the Anabasis_,
  and as he had no inconsiderable share in the enterprise, his
  description must be authentic, as he was himself an eye-witness.
  Many, however, have accused him of partiality. He appeared often
  too fond of extolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and while
  he describes with contempt the imprudent operations of the Persians,
  he does not neglect to show that he was a native of Greece. His
  _Cyropædia_, divided into eight books, has given rise to much
  criticism, and while some warmly maintain that it is a faithful
  account of the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and declare
  that it is supported by the authority of Scripture, others as
  vehemently deny its authenticity. According to the opinions of
  Plato and of Cicero, the Cyropædia of Xenophon was a moral romance,
  and these venerable philosophers support that the historian did
  not so much write what Cyrus had been, as what every true, good,
  and virtuous monarch ought to be. His _Hellenica_ were written as a
  continuation of the history of Thucydides; and in his _Memorabilia_
  of Socrates, and in his _Apology_, he has shown himself, as Valerius
  Maximus observes, a perfect master of the philosophy of that great
  man, and he has explained his doctrines and moral precepts with all
  the success of persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. These
  are the most famous of his compositions, besides which there are
  other small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, his œconomics,
  on the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in
  which he happily describes and compares the misery which attended the
  tyrant, with the felicity of a virtuous prince; a treatise on hunting,
  the symposium of the philosophers, on the government of Athens and
  Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, &c. The simplicity
  and the elegance of Xenophon’s diction have procured him the name
  of the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they have induced
  Quintilian to say that the graces dictated his language, and that
  the goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, as to
  the divinity and religion, were the same as those of the venerable
  Socrates; he supported the immortality of the soul, and exhorted
  his friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure the happiness of
  mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a christian. He has been
  quoted as an instance of tenderness and of resignation on Providence.
  As he was offering a sacrifice, he was informed that Gryllus his
  eldest son had been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he
  tore the garland from his head, but when he was told that his son had
  died like a Greek, and had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, the
  enemy’s general, he replaced the flowers on his head, and continued
  the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he derived from the
  valour of his son was greater than the grief which his unfortunate
  death occasioned. The best editions of Xenophon are those of
  Leunclavius, folio, Frankfurt, 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols., 8vo,
  Lipscomb, 1763, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo; of the Cyropædia,
  1767, the expedition of Cyrus, 1764, the Memorabilia, 1761, and
  the history of Greece, 1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius,
  published at Leipsic, in 8vo, in 6 vols., between the years 1778 and
  1791. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 19.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 10.
  ――_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 2.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch.
  13; bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Xenophon_.――_Seneca._――――A
  writer in the beginning of the fourth century, known by his Greek
  romance in five books, _De Amoribus Anthiæ et Abrocomæ_, published in
  8vo and 4to by Cocceius, London, 1726.――――A physician of the emperor
  Claudius, born in the island of Cos, and said to be descended from
  the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor’s favours, and through him
  the people of Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the meanness
  to poison his benefactor at the instigation of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 61 & 67.――――An officer under Adrian, &c.

=Xera=, a town of Spain, now _Xerex_, where the Moors gained a battle
  over Roderic king of the Goths, and became masters of the country.

=Xerolibya=, a part of Africa between Egypt and Cyrene.

=Xerxena=, a part of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Xerxes I.=, succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia, and
  though but the second son of the monarch, he was preferred to his
  elder brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for this preference
  were, that Artabazanes was son of Darius when a private man, and
  that Xerxes was born, after his father had been raised on the Persian
  throne, of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike
  preparations of his father, and added the revolted kingdom of Egypt
  to his extensive possessions. He afterwards invaded Europe, and
  entered Greece with an army which, together with the numerous retinue
  of servants, eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted to no
  less than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity of the
  historians has not exaggerated, was stopped at Thermopylæ, by the
  valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leonidas. Xerxes, astonished that
  such a handful of men should dare to oppose his progress, ordered
  some of his soldiers to bring them alive into his presence; but
  for three successive days the most valiant of the Persian troops
  were repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute the monarch’s
  injunctions, and the courage of the Spartans might perhaps have
  triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a detachment to the
  top of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas.
  The king himself nearly perished on this occasion, and it has been
  reported that, in the night, the desperate Spartans sought, for
  a while, the royal tent, which they found deserted, and wandered
  through the Persian army, slaughtering thousands before them. The
  battle of Thermopylæ was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes.
  The more he advanced, it was to experience new disappointments; his
  fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and though he burnt the
  deserted city of Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations of
  Themistocles, yet he found his millions unable to conquer a nation
  that was superior to him in the knowledge of war and maritime affairs.
  Mortified with the ill success of his expedition, and apprehensive
  of imminent danger in an enemy’s country, Xerxes hastened to Persia,
  and in 30 days he marched over all that territory which before he
  had passed with much pomp and parade in the space of six months.
  Mardonius, the best of his generals, was left behind with an army
  of 300,000 men, and the rest that had survived the ravages of war,
  of famine, and pestilence, followed their timid monarch into Thrace,
  where his steps were marked by the numerous birds of prey that
  hovered round him, and fed upon the dead carcases of the Persians.
  When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats
  which he had erected there totally destroyed by the storms, and he
  crossed the straits in a small fishing vessel. Restored to his
  kingdom and safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and his
  defeats, and gave himself up to riot and debauchery. His indolence
  and luxurious voluptuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus,
  the captain of his guards, conspired against him, and murdered him
  in his bed, in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 years before
  the christian era. The personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been
  commended by ancient authors, and Herodotus observes that there was
  not one man among the millions of his army that was equal to the
  monarch in comeliness or stature, or that was as worthy to preside
  over a great and extensive empire. The picture is finished, and the
  character of Xerxes completely known, when we hear Justin exclaim
  that the vast armament which invaded Greece was without a head.
  Xerxes has been cited as an instance of humanity. When he reviewed
  his millions from a stately throne in the plains of Asia, he suddenly
  shed a torrent of tears on the recollection that the multitude of
  men he saw before his eyes in 100 years should be no more. His pride
  and insolence have been deservedly censured; he ordered chains to be
  thrown into the sea, and the waves to be whipped, because the first
  bridge he had laid across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a
  storm. He cut a channel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet sail
  in a place which before was dry ground. The very rivers were dried
  up by his army as he advanced towards Greece, and the cities which he
  entered reduced to want and poverty. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 183; bk.
  7, ch. 2, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 9.――_Ælian_, bk. 3,
  _Varia Historia_, ch. 25.――_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.――_Pausanias_,
  bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 8, ch. 46.――_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.――_Plutarch_,
  _Themistocles_, &c. _Valerius Maximus._――_Isocrates_, _Panathenaicus_.
  ――_Seneca_, _de Constantia Sapientis_, ch. 4.

=Xerxes II.=, succeeded his father Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne
  of Persia, 425 B.C., and was assassinated in the first year of his
  reign by his brother Sogdianus.

=Xerxes=, a painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful representation of
  Venus.

=Xeuxes=, an officer of Antiochus the Great king of Syria.

=Xiline=, a town of Colchis.

=Xiphonia=, a promontory of Sicily at the north of Syracuse, now
  _Cruce_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.――――Also a town near it, now _Augusta_.

=Xois=, an island formed by the mouths of the Nile. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Xuthia=, the ancient name of the plains of Leontium in Sicily.
  _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Xuthus=, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deucalion. He was banished from
  Thessaly by his brothers, and came to Athens, where he married Creusa
  the daughter of king Erechtheus, by whom he had Achæus and Ion. He
  retired after the death of his father-in-law into Achaia, where he
  died. According to some, he had no children, but adopted Ion, the son
  whom Creusa, before her marriage, had borne to Apollo. _Apollodorus_,
  bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.――_Euripides_, _Ion_, bk. 1,
  scene 1.

=Xychus=, a Macedonian who told Philip of his cruelty when he had put
  his son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus.

=Xylenopŏlis=, a town at the mouth of the Indus, built by Alexander,
  supposed to be _Laheri_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.

=Xyline=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.

=Xylopŏlis=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.

=Xynias=, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to some, of Bœotia. _Livy_,
  bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 33, ch. 3.

=Xynoichia=, an anniversary day observed at Athens in honour of Minerva,
  and in commemoration of the time in which the people of Attica left
  their country seats, and, by advice of Theseus, all united in one
  body.


                                   Z

=Zabatus=, a river of Media, falling into the Tigris, near which the
  10,000 Greeks stopped in their return. _Xenophon._

=Zabdicēne=, a province of Persia.

=Zabirna=, a town of Libya, where Bacchus destroyed a large beast that
  infested the country. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.

=Zabus=, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.

=Zacynthus=, a native of Bœotia, who accompanied Hercules when he went
  into Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition he was
  entrusted with the care of Geryon’s flocks by the hero, and ordered
  to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on his journey, he was bit by
  a serpent, and some time after died. His companions carried his body
  away, and buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, which from that
  time was called _Zacynthus_. The island of Zacynthus, now called
  _Zante_, is situate at the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of
  the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. _Livy_, bk.
  26, ch. 24.――_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.――_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 8.――_Mela_,
  bk. 2, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 246; bk. 9, li. 24.
  ――_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 432.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.
  ――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 270.――――A son of Dardanus.
  _Pausanias_, bk. 8.

=Zadris=, a town of Colchis.

=Zagræus=, a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, the same as the first
  Bacchus, of whom Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter obtained
  Proserpine’s favours in the form of a serpent in one of the caves
  of Sicily, where her mother had concealed her from his pursuits, and
  that from this union Zagræus was born.

=Zagrus=, a mountain on the confines of Media and Babylonia. _Strabo_,
  bk. 11.

=Zalates=, an effeminate youth brought to Rome from Armenia as a
  hostage, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 20, li. 164.

=Zaleucus=, a lawgiver of the Locrians in Italy, and one of the
  disciples of Pythagoras, 550 B.C. He was very humane, and at the
  same time very austere, and he attempted to enforce his laws more
  by inspiring shame than dread. He had wisely decreed that a person
  guilty of adultery should lose both his eyes. His philosophy was
  called to a trial when he was informed that his son was an adulterer.
  He ordered the law to be executed; the people interfered, but
  Zaleucus resisted, and rather than violate his own institutions, he
  commanded one of his own eyes, and one of those of his son, to be
  put out. This made such an impression upon the people, that while
  Zaleucus presided over the Locrians, no person was again found
  guilty of adultery. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 5.
  ――_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6,
  ltr. 1.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 3, ch. 17;
  bk. 13, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 6.

=Zama=, or =Zagma=, a town of Numidia, 300 miles from Carthage,
  celebrated for the victory which Scipio obtained there over the great
  Annibal, B.C. 202. Metellus besieged it, and was obliged to retire
  with great loss. After Juba’s death it was destroyed by the Romans.
  _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 91.――_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.
  ――_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.――_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.――_Florus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 1.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.――_Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――――A town of Cappadocia,――――of Mesopotamia.

=Zameis=, a debauched king of Assyria, son of Semiramis and Ninus, as
  some report. He reigned 38 years.

=Zamolxis=, or =Zalmoxis=, a slave and disciple of Pythagoras. He
  accompanied his master in Egypt, and afterwards retired into the
  country of the Getæ, which had given him birth. He began to civilize
  his countrymen, and the more easily to gain reputation, he concealed
  himself for three years in a subterraneous cave, and afterwards made
  them believe that he was just raised from the dead. Some place him
  before the age of Pythagoras. After death he received divine honours.
  _Diodorus._――_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 19, &c.

=Zancle=, a town of Sicily, on the straits which separate that island
  from Italy. It received its name from its appearing like a scythe,
  which was called ξανκλον in the language of the country, or, as
  others say, because the scythe with which Saturn mutilated his father
  fell there, or because, as Diodorus reports, a person named Zanclus
  had either built it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into
  the hands of the Samians 497 years before the christian era, and
  three years after it was recovered by Anaxilaus the Messenian tyrant
  of Rhegium, who gave it the name of his native country, and called it
  _Messana_. It was founded, as most chronologers support, about 1058
  years before the christian era, by the pirates of Cumæ in Italy,
  and peopled by Samians, Ionians, and Chalcidians. _Strabo_, bk. 6.
  ――_Diodorus_, bk. 4.――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 662.――_Ovid_,
  _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 499; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 6; bk. 15,
  li. 290.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.

=Zarax=, a town of Peloponnesus.

=Zarbiēnus=, a petty monarch of Asia, who was gained to the interest
  of the Romans by one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigranes put him
  to death for his desertion, and his funeral was celebrated with great
  magnificence by the Roman general. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.

=Zariaspes=, a Persian who attempted to revolt from Alexander, &c.
  _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.――――A river, now _Dehash_, on which Bactria,
  the capital of Bactriana, was built. It is called Bactrus by Curtius,
  bk. 7, ch. 4.――_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 16.

=Zathes=, a river of Armenia.

=Zaueces=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 193.

=Zebīna Alexander=, an impostor who usurped the throne of Syria, at the
  instigation of Ptolemy Physcon.

=Zela=, or =Zelia=, a town of Pontus near the river Lycus, where Cæsar
  defeated Pharnaces son of Mithridates. In expressing this victory,
  the general used the words, _Veni_, _vidi_, _vinci_. _Suetonius_,
  _Cæsar_, ch. 37.――_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 72.――――A town of
  Troas at the foot of Ida.――――Another in Lycia.

=Zelasium=, a promontory of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46.

=Zeles=, a town of Spain.

=Zelus=, a daughter of Pallas.

=Zeno=, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, the disciple, or,
  according to some, the adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed
  inventor of dialectic. His opinions about the universe, the unity,
  incomprehensibility, and immutability of all things, were the same
  with those of Xenophanes and the rest of the Eleatic philosophers.
  It is said that he attempted to deliver his country from the tyranny
  of Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and he was exposed to the most
  excruciating torments to reveal the name of his accomplices, but this
  he bore with unparalleled fortitude, and not to be at last conquered
  by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his teeth, and spit it into
  the face of the tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alive in a
  mortar, and that in the midst of his torments he called to Nearchus,
  as if to reveal something of importance; the tyrant approached him,
  and Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught his ear with his
  teeth, and bit it off. _Cicero_, _Tusculanæ Disputationes_, bk. 2,
  ch. 22; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 33.――_Diodorus Siculus_,
  _Fragment_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.――_Diogenes Laërtius_,
  bk. 9.――――The founder of the sect of the stoics, born at Citium
  in the island of Cyprus. The first part of his life was spent
  in commercial pursuits, but he was soon called to more elevated
  employments. As he was returning from Phœnicia, a storm drove his
  ship on the coast of Attica, and he was shipwrecked near the Piræus.
  This moment of calamity he regarded as the beginning of his fame. He
  entered the house of a bookseller, and, to dissipate his melancholy
  reflections, he began to read. The book was written by Xenophon;
  and the merchant was so pleased and captivated by the eloquence
  and beauties of the philosopher, that from that time he renounced
  the pursuits of a busy life, and applied himself to the study of
  philosophy. Ten years were spent in frequenting the school of Crates,
  and the same number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. Perfect
  in every branch of knowledge, and improved from experience as well
  as observation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, and soon saw himself
  attended by the great, the learned, and the powerful. His followers
  were called _Stoics_, because they received the instructions of the
  philosopher in the portico called στοα. He was so respected during
  his lifetime, that the Athenians publicly decreed him a brazen statue
  and a crown of gold, and engraved their decree, to give it more
  publicity, on two columns in the academy, and in the Lyceum. His
  life was an example of soberness and moderation; his manners were
  austere, and to his temperance and regularity he was indebted for the
  continual flow of health which he always enjoyed. After he had taught
  publicly for 48 years, he died in the 98th year of his age, B.C. 264,
  a stranger to diseases, and never incommoded by a real indisposition.
  He was buried in that part of the city called Ceramicus, where the
  Athenians raised him a monument. The founder of the stoic philosophy
  shone before his followers as a pure example of imitation. Virtue he
  perceived to be the ultimate aim of his researches. He wished to live
  in the world as if nothing was properly his own; he loved others, and
  his affections were extended even to his enemies. He felt a pleasure
  in being kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found that these
  sentiments of pleasure were reciprocal. He saw a connection and
  dependence in the system of the universe, and perceived that from
  thence arose the harmony of civil society, the tenderness of parents,
  and filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue the goods of the
  mind were to be preferred to those of the body, and when that point
  was once gained, nothing could equal our happiness and perfection,
  and the stoic could view with indifference health or sickness, riches
  or poverty, pain and pleasure, which could neither move nor influence
  the serenity of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation; he knew that
  the laws of the universe cannot be changed by man, and therefore he
  wished that his disciples should not in prayer deprecate impending
  calamities, but rather beseech Providence to grant them fortitude
  to bear the severest trials with pleasure and due resignation to the
  will of Heaven. An arbitrary command over the passions was one of
  the rules of stoicism; to assist our friends in the hour of calamity
  was our duty, but to give way to childish sensations was unbecoming
  our nature. Pity, therefore, and anger, were to be banished from the
  heart, propriety and decorum were to be the guides in everything, and
  the external actions of men were the best indications of their inward
  feelings, their secret inclinations, and their character. It was the
  duty of the stoic to study himself; in the evening he was enjoined to
  review with critical accuracy the events of the day, and to regulate
  his future conduct with more care, and always to find an impartial
  witness within his own breast. Such were the leading characters of
  the stoic philosophy, whose followers were so illustrious, so perfect,
  and so numerous, and whose effects were productive of such exemplary
  virtues in the annals of the human mind. Zeno in his maxims used to
  say, that with virtue man could live happy under the most pressing
  calamities. He said that nature had given us two ears, and only
  one mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more than speak. He
  compared those whose actions were dissonant with their professions,
  to the coin of Alexandria, which appeared beautiful to the eye,
  though made of the basest metals. He acknowledged only one God,
  the soul of the universe, which he conceived to be the body, and
  therefore he believed that those two together united, the soul and
  the body, formed one perfect animal, which was the god of the stoics.
  Amongst the most illustrious followers of his doctrine, and as the
  most respectable writers, may be mentioned _Epictetus_, _Seneca_,
  the emperor _Antoninus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 12;
  _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 14; bk. 2, chs. 8 & 24; bk. 3, ch. 24;
  _For Marcellus_; _Orator_, ch. 32, &c.; _de Finibus Bonorum et
  Malorum._――_Seneca._――_Epictetus._――_Arrian._――_Ælian_, _Varia
  Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 26.――_Diogenes Laërtius._――――An Epicurean
  philosopher of Sidon, who numbered among his pupils Cicero, Pomponius
  Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1,
  chs. 21 & 34.――――A rhetorician, father to Polemon, who was made king
  of Pontus.――――The son of Polemon, who was king of Armenia, was also
  called Zeno. _Strabo_, bk. 12.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 56.
  ――――A native of Lepreos, son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic
  games, and honoured with a statue in the grove of Jupiter, and at
  Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.――――A general of Antiochus.――――A
  philosopher of Tarsus, B.C. 207.――――The name of Zeno was common to
  some of the Roman emperors on the throne of Constantinople, in the
  fifth and sixth centuries.

=Zenobia=, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rhadamistus. She accompanied
  her husband when he was banished from his kingdom by the Armenians;
  but as she was unable to follow him on account of her pregnancy,
  she entreated him to murder her. Rhadamistus long hesitated, but
  fearful of her falling into the hands of his enemy, he obeyed,
  and threw her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept her up on the
  surface of the water, where she was found by some shepherds, and
  as the wound was not mortal, her life was preserved, and she was
  carried to Tiridates, who acknowledged her as queen. _Tacitus_,
  _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 51.――――Septimia, a celebrated princess of
  Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged as his
  partner on the Roman throne. After the death of her husband, which,
  according to some authors, she is said to have hastened, Zenobia
  reigned in the east as regent of her infant children, who were
  honoured with the title of Cæsars. She assumed the name of Augusta,
  and she appeared in imperial robes, and ordered herself to be
  styled the queen of the east. The troubles which at that time
  agitated the western parts of the empire, prevented the emperor
  from checking the insolence and ambition of this princess, who
  boasted to be sprung from the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was
  no sooner invested with the imperial purple than he marched into
  the east, determined to punish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew
  her valour, and he was not ignorant that in her wars against the
  Persians she had distinguished herself no less than Odenatus.
  She was the mistress of the east; Egypt acknowledged her power,
  and all the provinces of Asia Minor were subject to her command.
  When Aurelian approached the plains of Syria, the Palmyrean queen
  appeared at the head of 700,000 men. She bore the labours of the
  field like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on foot fearless
  of danger. Two battles were fought; the courage of the queen
  gained the superiority, but an imprudent evolution of the Palmyrean
  cavalry ruined her cause; and while they pursued with spirit the
  flying enemy, the Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main body
  of Zenobia’s army, and the defeat was inevitable. The queen fled
  to Palmyra, determined to support a siege. Aurelian followed her,
  and after he had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed terms
  of accommodation, which were rejected with disdain by the warlike
  princess. Her hopes of victory, however, soon vanished, and though
  she harassed the Romans night and day by continual sallies from her
  walls, and the working of her military engines, she despaired of
  success when she heard that the armies which were marching to her
  relief from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly been defeated
  and partly bribed from her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the
  night, but Aurelian, who was apprised of her escape, pursued her,
  and she was caught as she was crossing the river Euphrates. She was
  brought into the presence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers were
  clamorous for her death, she was reserved to adorn the triumph of
  the conqueror. She was treated with great humanity, and Aurelian
  gave her large possessions near Tibur, where she was permitted
  to live the rest of her days in peace, with all the grandeur and
  majesty which became a queen of the east, and a warlike princess.
  Her children were patronized by the emperor, and married to persons
  of the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been admired not only
  for her military abilities, but also for her literary talents. She
  was acquainted with every branch of useful learning, and spoke with
  fluency the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins.
  She composed an abridgment of the history of the oriental nations,
  and of Egypt, which was greatly commended by the ancients. She
  received no less honour from the patronage she afforded to the
  celebrated Longinus, who was one of her favourites, and who taught
  her the Greek tongue. She has also been praised for her great
  chastity, and her constancy, though she betrayed too often her
  propensities to cruelty and intoxication when in the midst of her
  officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian about the 273rd year
  of the christian era. _Aurelius Victor._――_Zosimus_, &c.――――A town
  of Syria on the Euphrates.

=Zenobii insulæ=, small islands at the mouth of the Arabian gulf.

=Zenodōrus=, a sculptor in the age of Nero. He made a statue of Mercury,
  as also a colossus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 feet high,
  and which was consecrated to the sun. The head of this colossus was
  some time after broken by Vespasian, who placed there the head of
  an Apollo surrounded with seven beams, each of which was seven feet
  and a half long. From this famous colossus the modern coliseum, whose
  ruins are now so much admired at Rome, took its name. _Pliny_, bk. 54,
  ch. 7.

=Zenodotia=, a town of Mesopotamia, near Nicephorium. _Plutarch_,
  _Crassus_.

=Zenodōtus=, a native of Trœzene, who wrote a history of Umbria.
  _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.――――A grammarian of Alexandria,
  in the age of Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to take care of
  the celebrated library of Alexandria. He died B.C. 245.

=Zenothemis=, a Greek writer. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 17, ch. 30.

=Zephyrium=, a promontory of Magna Græcia towards the Ionian sea,
  whence, according to some, the Locrians are called _Epizephyrii_.
  ――――A town of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.――――A cape of Crete,
  now _San Zuane_.――――Of Pontus, &c.

=Zephy̆rum=, a promontory in the island of Cyprus, where Venus had
  a temple built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called
  _Zephyria_. It was in this temple that Arsione made an offering of
  her hair to the goddess of beauty.

=Zephy̆rus=, one of the winds, son of Astreus and Aurora, the same as
  the _Favonius_ of the Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, or
  Flora, by whom he had a son called Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce
  flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He had a temple
  at Athens, where he was represented as a young man of delicate form,
  with two wings on his shoulders, and with his head covered with all
  sorts of flowers. He was ♦supposed to be the same as the west wind.
  _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 377.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 135;
  bk. 2, li. 417; bk. 4, li. 223, &c.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,
  li. 64; bk. 15, li. 700.――_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 16, li. 34, &c.

    ♦ ‘suppossd’ replaced with ‘supposed’

=Zerynthus=, a town of Samothrace, with a cave sacred to Hecate. The
  epithet of _Zerynthius_ is applied to Apollo, and also to Venus.
  _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 19.――_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.

=Zethes=, =Zetes=, or =Zetus=, a son of Boreas king of Thrace and
  Orithyia, who accompanied, with his brother Cailas, the Argonauts
  to Colchis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are represented
  with wings, delivered Phineus from the continual persecution of
  the Harpies, and drove these monsters as far as the islands called
  Strophades, where at last they were stopped by Iris, who promised
  them that Phineus should no longer be tormented by them. They
  were both killed, as some say, by Hercules during the Argonautic
  expedition, and were changed into those winds which generally
  blow eight or ten days before the dog-star appears, and are called
  Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married Phineus king
  of Bithynia. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9;
  bk. 3, ch. 15.――_Hyginus_, fable 14.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,
  li. 716.――_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.――_Valerius Flaccus._

=Zetta=, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, now _Zerbi_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.
  ――_Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 68.

=Zetus=, or =Zethus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother to Amphion.
  The two brothers were born on mount Cithæron, where Antiope had fled
  to avoid the resentment of her father Nycteus. When they had attained
  the years of manhood, they collected a number of their friends to
  avenge the injuries which their mother had suffered from Lycus, the
  successor of Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and from his wife Dirce.
  Lycus was put to death, and his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull,
  that dragged her over rocks and precipices till she died. The crown
  of Thebes was seized by the two brothers, not only as the reward of
  this victory, but as their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the
  capital of his dominions with a strong wall, while his brother amused
  himself with playing on his lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable
  to Zethus, and, according to some, he prevailed upon his brother
  no longer to pursue so unproductive a study. _Hyginus_, fable 7.
  ――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.
  ――_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 41.

=Zeugis=, a portion of Africa, in which Carthage was. The other
  division was called _Byzacium_. _Isidorus_, bk. 14, ch. 5.――_Pliny_,
  bk. 5, ch. 4.

=Zeugma=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the western bank of the Euphrates,
  where was a well-known passage across the river. It was the eastern
  boundary of the Roman empire, and in Pliny’s age a chain of iron was
  said to extend across it. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.――_Strabo_, bk. 16.
  ――_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.――_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 12.――――A
  town of Dacia.

=Zeus=, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the
  father of mankind, and by whom all things live. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.

=Zeuxidămus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ. He was
  father of Archidamus and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded by
  his son Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.

=Zeuxidas=, a pretor of the Achæan league, deposed because he had
  promised to his countrymen an alliance with the Romans.

=Zeuxippe=, a daughter of Eridanus, mother of Butes, one of the
  Argonauts, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.――――A daughter of
  Laomedon. She married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law’s death
  became king of that city of Peloponnesus, which from him has been
  called Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.

=Zeuxis=, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, which some suppose to
  be the Heraclea of Sicily. He flourished about 468 years before the
  christian era, and was the disciple of Apollodorus, and contemporary
  with Parrhasius. In the art of painting he surpassed not only all
  his contemporaries, but also his master, and became so sensible,
  and at the same time so proud, of the value of his pieces, that he
  refused to sell them, observing that no sum of money, however great,
  was sufficient to buy them. His most celebrated paintings were his
  Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Hercules
  strangling the serpents in the presence of his affrighted parents;
  his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which was afterwards placed in
  the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This last piece he had painted
  at the request of the people of Crotona, and that he might not be
  without a model, they sent him the most beautiful of their virgins.
  Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and retained five, from whose
  elegance and graces united, he conceived in his mind the form of
  the most perfect woman in the universe, which his pencil at last
  executed with wonderful success. His contest with Parrhasius is well
  known [_See:_ Parrhasius]; but though he represented nature in such
  perfection, and copied all her beauties with such exactness, he
  often found himself deceived. He painted grapes, and formed an idea
  of the goodness of his piece from the birds which came to eat the
  fruit on the canvas. But he soon acknowledged that the whole was
  an ill-executed piece, as the figure of the man who carried the
  grapes was not done with sufficient expression to terrify the birds.
  According to some, Zeuxis died from laughing at a comical picture
  which he had made of an old woman. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,
  ch. 1.――_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_, &c.――_Quintilian._

=Zeuxo=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._

=Zilia=, or =Zelis=, a town in Mauritania, at the mouth of a river of
  the same name. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.

=Zimara=, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles from the sources of the
  Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.

=Zingis=, a promontory of Æthiopia, near the entrance of the Red sea,
  now cape _Orfui_.

=Ziobĕris=, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid course is described by
  _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.

=Zipætes=, a king of Bithynia, who died in his 70th year, B.C. 279.

=Zitha=, a town of Mesopotamia.

=Ziza=, a town of Arabia.

=Zōĭlus=, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, B.C. 259. He rendered
  himself known by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates
  and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which he received the name
  of _Homeromastic_, or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his
  criticisms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they were rejected with
  indignation, though the author declared that he starved for want of
  bread. Some say that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or exposed
  on a cross by order of Ptolemy, while others support that he was
  burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of _Zoilus_ is generally applied
  to austere critics. The works of this unfortunate grammarian are
  lost. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 10.――_Dionysius of
  Halicarnassus._――_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 266.――――An officer
  in the army of Alexander.

=Zoippus=, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily.

=Zona=, a town of Africa. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.――――Of Thrace, on the
  Ægean sea, where the woods are said to have followed the strains of
  Orpheus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.――_Herodotus._

=Zonăras=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose Greek Annals were
  edited, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686.

=Zopy̆rio=, one of Alexander’s officers left in Greece when the
  conqueror was in Asia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.

=Zopy̆rion=, a governor of Pontus, who made war against Scythia, &c.
  _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Zopy̆rus=, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, who, to show his attachment
  to Darius the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, cut
  off his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telling them that he
  had received such a treatment from his royal master because he had
  advised him to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. This
  was credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander
  of all their forces. When he had totally gained their confidence,
  he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for which he was
  liberally rewarded. The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be
  more strongly expressed than in what he used often to say, that he
  had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated than 20 Babylons. _Herodotus_,
  bk. 3, ch. 154, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata_,
  ch. 3.――_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 10.――――An orator of Clazomenæ.
  _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 6.――――A physician in the age of Mithridates.
  He gave the monarch a description of an antidote which would prevail
  against all sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried upon criminals,
  and succeeded.――――A physician in the age of Plutarch.――――An officer
  of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. _Plutarch._――――A man
  appointed master of Alcibiades, by Pericles. _Plutarch._――――A
  physiognomist. _Cicero_, _de Fato_, ch. 5.――――A rhetorician of
  Colophon. _Diogenes Laërtius._

=Zoroanda=, a part of Taurus between Mesopotamia and Armenia, near
  which the Tigris flows. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.

=Zoroaster=, a king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of
  Ninus king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. According to
  Justin, he first invented magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and
  rendered himself known by his deep and acute researches in philosophy,
  the origin of the world, and the study of astronomy. He was respected
  by his subjects and contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch,
  a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many of his doctrines are
  puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers are still found in numbers
  in the wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. Like
  Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible object of devotion except
  fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a supreme
  being; which doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in
  the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.
  According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and
  regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are still extant, and they
  have been lately introduced in Europe in a French translation by
  Marcus Anquetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known that many
  speak of two, three, four, and even six lawgivers of that name. Some
  authors, who support that two persons only of this name flourished,
  describe the first as an astronomer living in Babylon, 2459 years
  B.C., whilst the era of the other, who is supposed to have been
  a native of Persia, and the restorer of the religion of the Magi,
  is fixed 589, and by some 519 years B.C. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.
  ――_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 21, ch. 14.――_Orosius_, bk. 1.
  ――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 30, ch. 1.

=Zosĭmus=, an officer in the reign of Theodosius the younger, about
  the year 410 of the christian era. He wrote the history of the Roman
  emperors in Greek, from the age of Augustus to the beginning of the
  fifth century, of which only the five first books, and the beginning
  of the sixth, are extant. In the first of those he is very succinct
  in his account from the time of Augustus to the reign of Diocletian,
  but in the succeeding he becomes more diffuse and interesting. His
  composition is written with elegance, but not much fidelity, and the
  author showed his malevolence against the christians in his history
  of Constantine, and some of his successors. The best editions of
  Zosimus are that of Celarius, 8vo. Jenæ, 1728, and that of Reiemier,
  8vo, Lipscomb, 1784.

=Zosine=, the wife of king Tigranes, led in triumph by Pompey.
  _Plutarch._

=Zoster=, a town, harbour, and promontory of Attica. _Cicero_, _Letters
  to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 12.

=Zosteria=, a surname of Minerva. She had two statues under that name
  in the city of Thebes, in Bœotia. The word signified girt, or armed
  for battle, words synonymous among the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,
  ch. 17.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 478; bk. 11, li. 15.

=Zotale=, a place near Antiochia in Margiana, where the Margus was
  divided into small streams. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.

=Zothraustes=, a lawgiver among the Arimaspi. _Diodorus._

=Zuchis=, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Minor, with a town of the
  same name, famous for a purple dye, and salt-fish. _Strabo_, bk. 17.

=Zygantes=, a people of Africa.

=Zygia=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage (_a_
  ζευγνυμι _jungo_). She is the same as the _Pronuba_ of the Latins.
  _Pindar._――_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 3.

=Zygii=, a savage nation at the north of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11.

=Zygopŏlis=, a town of Cappadocia, on the borders of Colchis. _Strabo_,
  bk. 12.

=Zygrītæ=, a nation of Libya.




                           APPENDIX OF TABLES


                 GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO

                                                                             English
                                                                               paces. ft. in.   dec.
  _Dactylus_ or _Digit_                                                            0   0   0   7554¹¹⁄₁₆
      4 _Doron_                                                                    0   0   3   0218¾
     10      2½ _Lichas_                                                           0   0   4   5546⅞
     11      2¾    1¹⁄₁₀ _Orthodoron_                                               0   0   8   3101⁹⁄₁₆
     12      3     1⅕     1¹⁄₁₁ _Spithame_                                          0   0   9   0656¼
     16      4     1⅗     5¹⁄₁₁     1⅓ _Foot_                                       0   1   0   0875
     18      4½    1⅘     1⁷⁄₁₁     1½    1⅛ _Cubit_ (πυγμη)                        0   1   1   5984⅜
     20      5     2      1⁹⁄₁₁     1⅔    1¼    1½ _Pygon_                          0   1   3   1093⅜
     24      6     2⅖     2²⁄₁₁     2     1½    1⅓     1⅕ _Larger Cubit_ (πηχυς)    0   1   6   13125
     96     24     9⅖     8⁸⁄₁₁     8     6     5⅓     4⅕    4 _Pace_ (οργυια)      0   6   0   525
   9600   2400   960    872⁸⁄₁₁   800   600   533½   480   400  100 _Stadium_     100   4   4   5
  76800  19200  7680   6981⁹⁄₁₁  6400  4800  4266⅔  3840  3200  800  8 _Milion_   805   5   0   0


                  ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO

                                                                 English
                                                                   paces. ft. in.  dec.
  _Digitus transversus_                                                0   0   0   725¼
      1⅓ _Unica_                                                       0   0   0   967
      4      3 _Palmus minor_                                          0   0   2   901
     16     12      4 _Pes_                                            0   0  11   604
     20     15      5     1¼ _Palmpipes_                               0   1   2   505
     24     18      6     1½    1⅕ _Cubitus_                           0   1   5   406
     40     30     10     2½    2     1 _Gradus_                       0   2   5   01
     80     60     20     5     4     3⅓     2 _Passus_                0   4  10   02
  10000   7500   2500   625   500   416⅔   250   125 _Stadium_       120   4   4   5
  80000  60000  20000  5000  4000  3333⅓  2000  1000  8 _Milliare_   967   0   0   0


The Grecian square measures were the _plethron_, or acre, containing
  1444, as some say, or as others report, 10,000 square feet; the
  _aroura_, which was half the _plethron_. The _aroura_ of the
  Egyptians was the square of 100 cubits.

The Roman square measure was the _jugerum_, which, like their _libra_
  and their _as_, was divided into twelve parts called _unciæ_, as the
  following table shows:――

                         Square            English  Square  Square
                  Unciæ.  feet.  Scruples.  roods.  poles.   feet.
    1     _As_ or    12  28800     288        2       18    250,05
    ¹¹⁄₁₂  _Deunx_    11  26400     264        2       10    183,85
    ⅚     _Dextans_  10  24000     240        2        2    117,64
    ¾     _Dodrans_   9  21600     216        1       34     51,42
    ⅔     _Bes_       8  19200     192        1       25    257,46
    ⁷⁄₁₂   _Septunx_   7  16800     168        1       17    191,25
    ½     _Semis_     6  14400     144        1        9    125,03
    ⁵⁄₁₂   _Quincunx_  5  12000     120        1        1     58,82
    ⅓     _Triens_    4   9600      96        0       32    264,85
    ¼     _Quadrans_  3   7200      72        0       24    198,64
    ⅙     _Sextans_   2   4800      48        0       16    132,43
    ¹⁄₁₂   _Uncia_     1   2400      24        0        8     66,21

  N.B. The _Actus Major_ was 14,400 square feet, equal to a _Semis_.
    The _Clima_ was 3600 square feet, equal to a _sescuncia_, or
    an _uncia_ and a half, and the _actus minimus_ was equal to a
    _sextans_.

  The Roman _as_ or _æs_ was called so because it was made of brass.


             ATTIC MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,
                  REDUCED TO THE ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.

                                                                    sol.
                                                          gals. pts. in.  dec.
  _Cochlearion_                                              0  ¹⁄₁₂₀  0  0356⁵⁄₁₂
     2 _Cheme_                                               0  ¹⁄₆₀   0  0712⅝
     2½    1¼ _Mystron_                                      0  ¹⁄₄₈   0  089¹¹⁄₄₈
     5     2½    2 _Conche_                                  0  ¹⁄₂₄   0  178¹¹⁄₂₄
    10     5     4     2 _Cyathus_                           0  ¹⁄₁₂   0  356¹¹⁄₁₂
    15     7½    6     3    1½ _Oxybaphon_                   0   ⅛    0  335⅜
    60    30    24    12    6    4 _Cotyle_                  0   ½    2  141½
   120    60    48    24   12    8    2 _Xestes_             0   1    4  283
   720   360   388   144   72   48   12   6 _Chous_          0   6   25  698
  8640  4320  3456  1728  864  576  144  72  12 _Metretes_  10   2   19  626


             ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,
                    REDUCED TO ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.

                                                                       sol.
                                                             gals. pts. in.  dec.
  _Ligula_                                                      0  ¹⁄₄₈  0   117⁶⁄₁₂
      4 _Cyathus_                                               0  ¹⁄₁₂  0   469⅔
      6      1½ _Acetabulum_                                    0   ⅛   0   704½
     12      3     2 _Quartarius_                               0   ¼   1   409
     24      6     4     2 _Hemina_                             0   ½   2   818
     48     12     8     4     2 _Sextarius_                    0   1   5   636
    288     72    48    24    12    6 _Congius_                 0   7   4   942
   1152    288   192    96    48   24    4 _Urna_               3   4½  5   33
   2304    576   384   192    96   48    8   2 _Amphora_        7   1   10  66
  46080  11520  7680  3840  1920  960  160  40  20 _Culeus_   143   3   11  095

  N.B. The _quadrantal_ is the same as the _amphora_. The _Cadus_,
    _Congiarius_, and _Dolium_ denote no certain measure. The Romans
    divided the _Sextarius_, like the _libra_, into 12 equal parts,
    called _Cyathi_, and therefore their _calices_ were called
    _sextantes_, _quadrantes_, _trientes_, &c., according to the number
    of _cyathi_ which they contained.


               ATTIC MEASURE OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,
                    REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.

                                                         sol.
                                        pecks. gals. pts. in.  dec.
  _Cochlearion_                             0    0    0    0   276⁷⁄₂₀
     1 _Cyathus_                            0    0    0    2   763½
    15    1½ _Oxybaphon_                    0    0    0    4   144¾
    60    6    4 _Cotyle_                   0    0    0   16   579
   120   12    8    2 _Xestes_              0    0    0   33   158
   180   18   12    3   1½ _Chœnix_         0    0    1   15   705¾
  8040  864  576  144  72  48 _Medimnus_    4    0    6    3   501

  N.B. Besides this _Medimnus_, which is the _Medicus_, there was a
    _Medimnus Georgicus_, equal to six Roman _Modii_.


               ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,
                    REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.

                                                         sol.
                                        pecks. gals. pts. in. dec.
      _Ligula_                              0    0   ¹⁄₄₈   0   01
        4 _Cyathus_                         0    0   ¹⁄₁₂   0   04
        6   1½ _Acetabulum_                 0    0    ⅛    0   06
       24   6    4 _Hemina_                 0    0    ½    0   24
       48  12    8   2 _Sextarius_          0    0    1    0   48
      384  96   64  16   8 _Semimodius_     0    1    0    3   84
      768 192  128  32  16  2 _Modius_      1    0    0    7   68


      THE MOST ANCIENT GRECIAN WEIGHTS, REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

                                    lb. oz. dwt. gr.  dec.
            _Drachma_                0   0    6   2   ²²⁄₄₉
             100 _Mina_              1   1    0   4   ⁴⁴⁄₄₉
            6000  60 _Talentum_     65   0   12   5   ⁴³⁄₄₉


                LESS ANCIENT GRECIAN AND ROMAN WEIGHTS,
                    REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

                                                    lb.  oz. dwt. gr.  dec.
  _Lentes_                                           0    0   0    0  ⁸⁵⁄₁₁₂
     4 _Siliquæ_                                     0    0   0    3    ¹⁄₂₈
    12     3 _Obolus_                                0    0   0    9    ³⁄₂₈
    24     6    2 _Scriptulum_                       0    0   0   18    ³⁄₁₄
    72    18    6    3 _Drachma_                     0    0   2    6    ⁹⁄₁₄
    96    24    8    4   1⅓ _Sextula_                0    0   3    0     ⁶⁄₇
   144    36   12    6   2   1½ _Sicilius_           0    0   4   13     ²⁄₇
   192    48   16    8   2⅔  2   1⅓ _Duella_         0    0   6    1     ⁵⁄₇
   576   144   48   24   8   6   4   3 _Unica_       0    0  18    5     ¹⁄₇
  6912  1728  576  288  96  72  48  36  12 _Libra_   0   10  18   13     ⁵⁄₇

  N.B. The Roman ounce is the English _avoirdupois_ ounce, which was
    anciently divided into seven _denarii_, and eight _drachmæ_, and as
    they reckoned the _denarius_ equal to an Attic _drachma_, the Attic
    weights were one-eighth heavier than the correspondent weights
    among the Romans.

  The Greeks divided their _obolus_ into _chalci_ and smaller
    proportions; some into six _chalci_, and every _chalcus_ into seven
    smaller parts; and others divided into eight _chalci_, and each
    _chalcus_ into eight parts.


          THE GREATER WEIGHTS REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.

                                                  lb. oz. dwt. gr.
   _Libra_                                         0  10   18  13⁵⁄₇
    1¹⁄₂₄ _Mina Attica communis_                    0  11    7  16²⁄₇
     ⅓    1⁷⁄₂₅ _Mina Attica media_                 1   2   11  10²⁄₇
   62½   60     46⅞ _Talentum Atticum commune_    56  11    0  17¹⁄₇

  N.B. There was also another Attic talent which consisted of 80, or,
    according to some, of 100 _minæ_. It must, however, be remembered,
    that every _mina_ contains 100 _drachmæ_, and every talent 60
    _minæ_. The talents differ according to the different standard of
    their _minæ_ and _drachmæ_, as the following table indicates:――

                                                        lb.   oz. dwt. gr.
  _The Mina Ægyptiaca_ }          { 133⅓ }            {   1    5    6  22²⁶⁄₄₉
    _Antiochica_       } Consists { 133⅓ } Equivalent {   1    5    6  22²⁶⁄₄₉
    _Cleopatræ         } of Attic {      } to English {
      Ptolemaica_      } drachmæ  { 144  }    troy    {   1    6   14  16³²⁄₄₉
    _Alexandrina       }          {      }   weight   {
      Dioscoridis_     }          { 160  }            {   1    8   16   7⁴¹⁄₄₉

  _The Talentum        }          {      }            {
      Ægyptiacum_      }          {  80  }            {  86    8   16   8
    _Antiochicum_      } Consists {  80  } Equivalent {  86    8   16   8
    _Ptolemaicum       } of Attic {      } to English {
      Cleop._          }  minæ    {  86⅔ }    troy    {  93   11   11   0
    _Alexandriæ_       }          {  96  }   weight   { 104    0   19  14
    _Insulanum_        }          { 120  }            { 130    1    4  12
    _Antiochiæ_        }          { 360  }            { 390    3   13  11


             THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE GRECIAN COINS.

                                                               £   s.  d.  q.
  _Lepton_                                                     0   0   0   0³¹⁄₃₃₆
     7 _Chalcus_                                               0   0   0   0³¹⁄₄₈
    14    2 _Dichalcus_                                        0   0   0   1⁷⁄₂₄
    28    4    2 _Hemiobolus_                                  0   0   0   2⁷⁄₁₂
    56    8    4   2 _Obolus_                                  0   0   1   1⅙
   112   16    8   4   2 _Diobolus_                            0   0   2   2⅓
   224   32   16   8   4   2 _Tetrobolus_                      0   0   5   0⅔
   336   48   24  12   6   3  1½ _Drachma_                     0   0   7   3
   662   96   48  24  12   6  3   2 _Didrachmon_               0   1   3   2
  1324  112   96  48  24  12  6   4  2 _Tetradrachmon_         0   2   7   0
  1660  384  120  60  30  15  7½  5  2½  1¼ _Pentadrachmon_    0   3   2   3

  N.B. The _drachma_, and the _didrachmon_, were silver, the others
    generally of brass. The _tridrachmon_, _triobolus_, &c., were
    sometimes coined. The _drachma_ and the _denarius_ are here
    supposed to be equal, though often the former exceeded in weight.

  The gold coin among the Greeks was the _stater aureus_, which weighed
    two Attic _drachmæ_, or half the _stater argenteus_, and was worth
    25 Attic _drachmæ_, of silver, or in                      £   s.  d.
  English money                                               0   16  1¾
    Or according to the proportion of gold to silver,
      at present                                              1    0  9
    The _Stater Cyzicenus_ exchanged for 28 Attic _drachmæ_,
      or                                                      0   18  1
    The _Stater Philippi_ and _Stater Alexandri_ were of
      the same value.
    The _Stater Daricus_, according to Josephus,
      was worth 50 Attic _drachmæ_, or                        1   12  3½
    The _Stater Cræsi_ was of the same value.


              THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE ROMAN COINS.

                                                   £   s.  d.  q.
      _Terentius_                                  0   0   0   0⁷⁷⁵⁄₁₀₀₀
       2 _Sembella_                                0   0   0   1¹¹⁄₂₀
       4   2 _Libella_, or _As_                    0   0   0   3¹⁄₁₀
      10   5   2½ _Sestertius_                     0   0   1   3¾
      20  10   5  2 _Quinarius_, or _Victoriatus_  0   0   3   3½
      40  20  10  4  2 _Denarius_                  0   0   7   3

  N.B. The _denarius_, _victoriatus_, _sestertius_, and sometimes
    the _as_, were of silver, the others were of brass. The _triens_,
    _sextans_, _uncia_, _sextula_, and _dupondius_, were sometimes
    coined of brass.


       THE COMPUTATION OF MONEY AMONG THE GREEKS WAS BY DRACHMÆ,
                             AS FOLLOWS:――

                                            £   s.  d.  q.
      1   _Drachma_                         0   0   7   3
     10   _Drachmæ_                         0   6   5   2
    100   _Drachmæ_ equal to a _Mina_       3   4   7
     10   _Minæ_                           32   5  10
     60   _Minæ_ equal to a _Talent_      193  15   0
     10   _Talents_                      1937  10   0
    100   _Talents_                     19375   0   0


     AMONG THE ROMANS THE COMPUTATION WAS BY SESTERTII NUMMI, AS――

                                                    £   s.  d.  q.
       A  _Sestertius_                              0   0   0   1½
      10  _Sestertii_                               0   1   7   1¾
    1000  _Sestertii_ equal to one _Sestertium_     8   1   5   2
      10  _Sestertia_                              80  14   7   0
     100  _Sestertia_                             807   5  10   0
    1000  _Sestertia_ or _decies Sestertiûm_
          (centies und.) or _decies centena
          millia nummûm_                         8072  18   4   0
    _Centies_ vel _centies H. S._               80729   3   4   0
    _Millies H. S._                            807291  13   4   0
    _Millies centies H. S._                    888020  16   8   0

              _The Mina Syria_        }           {  25
                _Ptolemaica_          }           {  33⅓
                _Antiochica_          }    Was    { 100
                _Euboica_             }   worth   { 100
                _Babylonica_          }    of     { 116
                _Attica major_        }   Attic   { 133⅓
                _Tyria_               } _Drachmæ_ { 133⅓
                _Æginæa_              }           { 166⅔
                _Rhodia_              }           { 166⅔

              _The Talentum Syrium_   }           {  15
                _Ptolemaicum_         }           {  20
                _Antiochicum_         }    Was    {  60
                _Euboicum_            }   worth   {  60
                _Babylonicum_         }    of     {  70
                _Atticum majus_       }   Attic   {  80
                _Tyrium_              }  _minæ_   {  80
                _Æginæum_             }           { 100
                _Rhodium_             }           { 100
                _Ægyptium_            }           {  80

  The Roman gold coin was the _aureus_, which generally weighed
    double the _denarius_.
                                                        £   s.  d.  q.
    The value of it was, according to the first
      proportion of coinage mentioned by Pliny          1   4   3   3
    Or according to the proportion of coinage at
      present                                           1   0   9
    According to the decuple proportion mentioned
      by Livy and Julius Pollux                         0  12  11
    According to Tacitus, as it was afterwards valued
      and exchanged for 25 _denarii_                    0  16   1   3

  The value of coin underwent many changes during the existence of
    the Roman republic, and stood, as Pliny mentions it, as follows:

      In the reign of Servius }    The _as_    {  1 pound
        A.U.C. 490            }    weighed     {  2 ounces
        A.U.C. 537            }    of brass    {  1 ounce
        A.U.C. 586            }                {  ½ ounce
        A.U.C. 485            } The _denarius_ { 10 _asses_
        A.U.C. 537            } exchanged for  { 16 _asses_
        A.U.C. 547, a scruple of gold was worth 20 _sestertii_;
          coined afterwards of the pound of gold, 20 _denarii
          aurei_; and in Nero’s reign of the pound of gold, 45
          _denarii aurei_.

  N. B. In the above tables of money, it is to be observed that the
    silver has been reckoned at 5_s._ and gold at _£_4 per ounce.

  A talent of gold among the Jews was worth _£_5475, and one of
    silver _£_342 3_s._ 9_d._

  The greater talent of the Romans was worth _£_99 6_s._ 8_d._, and
    the less _£_60, or, as some say, _£_75, and the great talent
    _£_1125.

  The value of the Roman _pondo_ is not precisely known, though some
    suppose it equivalent to an Attic _mina_, or _£_3 4_s._ 7_d._
    It is used indifferently by ancient authors for _æs_, _as_, and
    _mina_, and was supposed to consist of 100, or 96 _denarii_. It
    is to be observed, that whenever the word _pondo_ is joined to
    numbers, it signifies the same as _libra_, but when it is used
    with other words it bears the same signification as the σταθμη
    or ὁλκη of the Greeks, or the _pondus_ of the Latins. The word
    _nummus_, when mentioned as a sum of money, was supposed to be
    equivalent to a _sestertius_, and though the words _sestertius_
    and _nummus_ are often joined together, yet their signification
    is the same, and they intimate no more than either does
    separately.

  We must particularly remark, that in reckoning their _sesterces_,
    the Romans had an art which can be rendered intelligible by the
    observation of these rules: If a numeral noun agreed in case,
    gender, and number with the word _sestertius_, it denoted
    precisely as many _sestertii_; as for example, _decem sestertii_
    was ten _sestertii_. If a numeral noun of another case was
    joined with the genitive plural of _sestertius_, it denoted so
    many thousand, as _decem sestertiûm_ signifies so many thousand
    _sestertii_. If the adverb numeral was joined, it denoted so
    many hundred thousand, as _decies sestertiûm_ was ten hundred
    thousand _sesterii_. If the numeral adverb was put by itself,
    the signification was not altered; therefore _decies_, _vigesies_,
    &c., in a sentence, imply as many hundred thousand _sestertii_,
    or hundred _sestertia_, as if the word _sestertiûm_ was expressed.

  The _denarius_, which was the chief silver coin used at Rome,
    received its name because it contained _denos æris_, ten _asses_.

  The _as_ is often expressed by an Lucius because it was one pound
    weight; and the _sestertius_, because it was equivalent to two
    pounds and a half of brass, is frequently denoted by H. S. or
    L. L. S.

  The Roman _libra_ contained twelve ounces of silver, and was worth
    about _£_3, sterling.

  The Roman talent was supposed to be equivalent to twenty-four
    _sestertia_, or nearly _£_193 sterling.


                               THE END.


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