THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR THEORY.

                             [Illustration]

_A Synopsis of Prof. I. N. Vail’s Argument in Support of the Claim that
       this Earth once Possessed a Saturn-like System of Rings._

                              PREPARED BY

                     STEPHEN BOWERS, A. M., Ph. D.

                    Editor of the Ventura Observer.

  FELLOW OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF
         THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY
                     OF SCIENCES, ETC., ETC., ETC.

                             [Illustration]

                          VENTURA, CALIFORNIA:
                       THE OBSERVER PRESS PRINT.
                                 1892.




PREFACE.


The theory advanced by Prof. I. N. Vail accounts for the formation
of the earth’s crust, with its associated minerals, in the fact that
it was once surrounded by rings of aqueous vapor, containing much of
its present solid matter, which fell as mighty deluges. The last of
these rings descended at the time of the Noachian deluge and caused
that catastrophe, which is so graphically described by Moses, and
which tradition has sung in the ears of every tribe of Adam’s race.
The formation of these rings was caused by the intense heat, which
drove to an immense distance every substance which could be reduced to
vapor, and where they formed as annular bands or rings similar to those
surrounding the planet Saturn at the present time. After long ages the
portion nearest the earth slowly overcanopied the heavens, and owing to
the lack of centrifugal force began its descent at the poles.

This theory explains certain phenomena better than any other yet
advanced by scientists. It accounts for the uplift of mountains; the
deposit of coal and other minerals; the glacial age; the retardation
of the moon, and it alone explains much contained in the first eight
chapters of Genesis.

Prof. Vail has published a volume of about 400 pages on this subject,
which for clearness of statement and logical conclusions has seldom
been equaled by previous writers on scientific subjects. He deals in
convincing facts which are destined to overturn many pre-conceived
theories in the science of geology.

My object in sending forth this pamphlet is to call the attention of
intelligent readers to a theory which must engage the attention of
scientists in the future, and which will enable the geologist to make
clear many things which are now obscure. I respectfully ask for the
following pages a candid reading, and for further information on the
subject refer the reader to Prof. Vail’s “Story of the Rocks”, and to
other works of the gifted author, which are now passing through the
press.

  VENTURA, CALIFORNIA,                                             S. B.
  September 1, 1892.




THE VAILAN OR ANNULAR SYSTEM.

[Illustration]




IMPORTANCE OF THE QUESTION.


Jupiter’s belts are doubtless aqueous vapor driven from that planet by
heat; similar in every respect, probably, to the primitive condition
of our globe. This vapor would not all fall at once on the cooling of
the earth, but the upper portion would continue to revolve for a long
period.

All geologists agree that the earth was once in an igneous fluid state,
and during that condition all of its waters and whatever else could
be vaporized and sublimed by heat, as the less refractory metals and
minerals, were driven away from its surface. The foundation of the
Annular System was the molten or igneous world. The vaporized water,
mineral and metallic elements repelled from it existed as a great
vaporized atmosphere that rotated with the earth.

If the earth then rotated once in twenty-four hours, so did the
atmosphere. Proctor and some others claim that the earth then rotated
in three hours; if so, the atmosphere did the same. No matter how
long or how short the period of the earth’s rotation, the upper
vapors rotated with it. Then, when and how did these vapors and other
materials composing the atmosphere return to the earth? Geologists
generally have claimed that they fell at the close of the igneous
period; but the Annular Theory claims that they did not, and it
undertakes to explain the phenomena of the geologic ages and epochs
upon this claim.

The most eminent scientists agree that the vapors were driven off
at least 200,000 miles from the earth, and many claim a distance of
240,000 miles. All of the carbon in the grand casement of aqueous
rocks, the vast oceans of oxygen now contained in the silicates,
sulphates, carbonates and oxides of the crust, as well as the nitrogen
and hydrogen in numerous compounds enormously swelled its volume. But
the Annular Theory will claim but 100,000 miles as the atmosphere
and that the earth rotated as now, once in twenty-four hours. At the
equator it revolves at the rate of 1,000 miles an hour, at which rate
the periphery of the earth’s primitive atmosphere would revolve more
than 25,000 miles an hour.

Now it is mathematically certain that a body in our atmosphere
revolving at the rate of 17,500 miles an hour could not fall to the
earth’s surface. By Kepler’s “Third Law” we can readily demonstrate not
only that these vapors were thrown out into a ring system, but how far
beyond the earth they reached, namely: “The squares of the periodic
times of revolving satellites are proportioned to the cubes of their
mean distances from the primary around which they move.”

The vapors nearest the earth did not possess the energy of satellites,
consequently they fell to the earth, as the latter’s surface cooled,
leaving the more distant matter moving independently above it.


EVIDENCES OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.

When the earth was in a state of fiery fluidity, all of the water it
now contains was suspended at a great distance above it. Beside the
oceans which now cover three-fourths of the surface of the globe, rocks
and coals contain from ten per cent to one half water, all of which was
primarily held in suspension. The bosom of the earth is continually
absorbing water as is demonstrated by deep mines and other excavations.
Dana estimates that even if the crust of the earth is but five miles
thick that the oceans would be 400 feet deeper if all of the earth’s
imbibed waters could be returned to them. But the earth’s crust is more
likely to be 100 miles thick, and it has been imbibing these waters
for millions of years if not millions of ages. This would increase the
oceans to about 8000 feet deeper than now. Yet oceans are much deeper
today than they were in geologic times.

This great mass of vapor would rotate by centrifugal force at the
equator, but there being no such force at the poles it was there kept
from falling by heat alone. If the earth had not rotated the vapors
would have occupied great heights; but centrifugal force being aided by
actual rotation they were driven much farther. These forces necessarily
drove the vapors over the equator. If, however, any vapors were left at
the poles they must have fallen when the earth cooled down.

At that age rolled the first born ocean around the globe. Clouds
formed, rain descended, and winds swept the earth. There was summer and
winter, and day and night.

The centripetal force of the rings was gradually retarded by the
influence of the moon, and the gravital force was increased until the
rings spread over the earth or approached it. When the innermost ring
gradually descended toward the earth and came in contact with the air
it was checked, and necessarily spread out toward the poles. Gravital
force is strongest in the polar regions. If the rings of Saturn and
Jupiter could increase their motion they would rise to greater heights.
If they could become slower they would sink toward the poles.


EVIDENCE FROM OTHER PLANETS.

We have never seen the actual face of Saturn, and the sun is never
visible to its inhabitants. It is a planet upon which there is probably
perpetual day. The belts are composed of the same kind of material as
the super-crust of the earth--silicious, calcareous and carbonaceous
matter. They will in time become a part of the planet’s sedimentary
formation.

When the inveterate fires of the sun shall have died out, forms of
carbon and associated forms of aqueous and mineral matter will form an
annular system around it.

A burning world must be a smoking world, and from its furnaces must
arise vast volumes of unconsumed carbon to mingle with suspended vapors.

When Saturn’s rings fall to the body of the planet its moons will
necessarily retire a little farther from it. Astronomers say that our
moon is gradually retiring from the earth. Then it must have had an
annular system which fell and caused the moon to recede.


FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD.

The vapors contained silex, quartz and whatever else was vaporized and
suspended therein. After the atmosphere had cooled it deposited on the
earth what it contained when heated. Much of the sedimentary beds built
upon the Laurentian and older rocks were simply precipitated from the
annular system.

Iron and sulphur existed in the upper ocean as metallic and mineral
salts. In the cooling process the heavier minerals and metals would
necessarily locate nearest the earth and be the first to fall. True
they were disseminated to a certain extent throughout the system.

Iron and other heavy metals formed beds in the sea bottom. Iron from
Iron Mountain, Mo., and Pilot Knob, also lead and copper ores are
in the Laurentian rocks. These rocks are aqueous or sedimentary.
The annular matter fell but in small part in equatorial regions, but
largely in temperate and frigid zones.

It is folly to suppose that all the matter of aqueous beds were
deposited from previous aqueous beds by denudation. How were subsequent
lime deposits made from silicious Archaean beds? Denudation has
taken place in all ages, and a fall and precipitation of exotic
matter--tellurio-cosmic matter--aided in the work.


CONCLUSIONS REACHED.

1. All terrestial waters were held in suspension.

2. This rotated as a part and parcel of the earth--a primeval
atmosphere of great complexity of material.

3. This suspended matter gathered in the earth’s equatorial heavens,
and on condensing contracted and segregated into rings which revolved
independently.

4. The waters on high fell in a succession of stupendous cataclysms.

5. The first ocean was impregnated with mineral and metallic salts.

6. It required a vast lapse of time for rings to fall. Each ring
continued to revolve as a belt about the earth with a decreasing
velocity as it spread toward the poles and overcanopied the earth.

7. The smoke or unconsumed carbon that arose from the earth, darkened
the upper vapors and formed bands or belts.

8. The moon retarded the rings, causing them to fall upon the earth,
and it then receded from our planet.

9. The Archaean metalliferous deposits are so located as to be
inexplicable by the old theory of aqueous denudation.

10. The Silurian beds, and particularly the order of their occurrence
utterly refutes the idea that they were derived from pre-existing beds.


DEMONSTRATED BY HISTORIC TESTIMONY.

In Gen. 1:7 God made the firmament and divided the waters which were
under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament.
According to the Hebrew the atmosphere became an expanse between two
bodies of waters, and of course the upper stratum had to move round the
earth. In Gen. 1:3,4 light came in and garnished the heavens before
the sun was seen.

In the 10th. verse the waters on the earth were called seas, the water
above the earth was called the deep, and the Spirit of God moved upon
them. “And God said, Let there be light,” and light came upon the deep.

In Gen 1:14-19 the sun which existed for ages did not appear in the
heavens until after the sun brought forth grass, etc. Then it is plain
that some intercepting canopy cut off the direct rays of the sun.

The writer of Genesis did not say the sun and moon shone upon the
earth, but he does say the stars did this. According to the Vailan
theory this is true, but they shone in from polar regions.

The earth’s surface was not heated by the sun’s direct rays, but under
the overcanopying vapors it must have been warmed, and its temperature
equalized by transmitted and diffused solar heat.


CONCLUSIONS.

There was a green-house temperature all over the earth at this time.
Storms and tempests were unknown, as such phenomena are caused by
sun-power, sun-heat falling directly upon the earth. Rains were
infrequent, if at all.

Man, in the day when solar actinism was shorn of its strength, must
have experienced remarkable longevity, for upon solar energy depends
every form and phaze of life on earth.

The day of rest referred to in Gen. 2:3 in which God ceased from
his labors was a windless, stormless, rainless, winterless age; for
immediately we are told that “God had not caused it to rain upon the
earth.” The climate was warm for man dwelt naked upon the earth. He was
nurtured in a green-house world.

The rainbow comes into view after the deluge for the first time. There
could have been neither rain nor sunshine previously, just what the
Vailan theory claims. The wind came upon the earth after the waters of
the deluge had fallen, and not before.

It was after the deluge that God said, “While the earth remaineth
seed-time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter,
and day and night shall not cease.” The period before the flood was
nightless, and evening and morning were day; that is, they coalesced
into one period called day.

After the deluge the bow is given; man’s longevity declines; the winds
come, and alternating seasons take place--all pointing to the fact that
the antedeluvian world was overcanopied by annular waters.

Every leaf of the geologic record declares that the world has been
deluged time and again, which this theory also claims to be true, and
to have taken place at the declension of each ring or stratum.


THE NOACHIAN DELUGE.

There is enough water now on the earth and in its rocky frame to make
an hundred terrific deluges, every one of which could drown the world
of living beings.

In early days man believed there was a great deep on high. The sources
of the deluge were “broken up,” and never again can the world be
destroyed from that source. If the fountains of the deep were on the
earth or in the seas then they are not “broken up.” If they were in
the clouds, they were not, for that source still exists. Then we must
believe that they came from beyond the clouds.

With the fountain of the great deep placed on high--the veritable
waters above the firmament--we can readily understand why the “windows
of heaven were opened,” and why “all the fountains of the great deep
were broken up.” The rainbow proclaims these facts around the circuit
of the earth.

How does it happen that the author of Genesis relates these facts
with such harmonious accord, with all the conditions which an Annular
arrangement of water necessitated, if the idea was not familiar to his
mind?

The presence of upper vapors entering the atmosphere on their way to
the earth by the way of the polar regions necessitated an atmosphere of
greater buoyancy and power, and this necessitated greater bodily frame.
Hence it is said: “There were giants in those days.” There were giants
among animals as well as men.


LEGENDS OF THE DELUGE.

Such wide-spread desolation as is accredited to the deluge of Noah
must have made an indelible impression upon the human mind. We would
naturally look for references to it in Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek and
Hebrew history. They were the guardians of civilization. It is not
difficult to co-link even the rudest form of the flood traditions with
the terrible visitation so graphically related by Moses. Its shadow
will never pass from the historic page.

Men may criticise and ridicule the narrative given by Moses, yet the
fact remains that a self-sustaining history is there; and the combined
sophistry of all time cannot shake it.

An account of that great catastrophe is found in the mythological
narratives and traditional history of nearly or quite every people and
tribe of Adam’s race.

It is found among the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Greeks, Scythians and
Celtic tribes. It has been discovered among the Peruvians and Mexicans;
the aborigines of Cuba, of North America and the South Sea Islands.
Even the inhabitants of Alaska preserve a tradition of the deluge; and
all point unmistakably to the deluge of Noah.

Recent investigations in the ruins of Nineveh, Babylon and in ancient
cities of Egypt confirm it by tablets preserved as veritable books.

Tradition as she sits amidst the crumbling ages of the past sings it in
our ears, while the sound of a universal deluge has gone out through
all the earth. It would require volumes to present these traditions
alone.


AUGMENTATION OF OCEANIC WATERS.

Some portions of the earth are sinking while others are rising. The
millions of cubic feet of matter deposited daily in the oceans by
rivers would be sufficient to accomplish this. Every pound of matter
thus transferred, _is an energy transferred_. In the course of 1,000
years, 1,000 square miles of oceanic bottom would be covered to the
depth of 240 feet.

This enormous pressure on the underlying rocks is so much transferred
energy converted into mechanical heat. This must expand the rocks thus
under increased pressure. If this sediment were not borne into the
ocean along the Atlantic coast and spread out over vast areas it would
be lined with mountains and volcanoes, as that of the Mediterranean
sea; but being spread out over an extensive floor it prevents their
formation by lateral pressure.

Volcanoes are located where sediments can accumulate, and are doubtless
the result of this accumulation. Sixty-five thousand feet of steel
blocks piled one upon another would cause sufficient heat to melt the
lower ones or reduce them to a plastic state. The lava that issues from
a volcano is the deep bed-rock fused by pressure produced by lateral
expansion. Accumulating sediments cause rock expansion in some regions,
and being removed from others, causes contraction. Expansion elevates
the earth’s crust; contraction lowers it.

A downfall of water that would raise the ocean fifty feet above its
present level would cause an expansion that no rocks could resist, and
its lateral pressure must result in mountain making. The New England
coast has been elevated in comparatively recent times. The St. Lawrence
is so new that it has not yet swept its channel clean.

From Nova Scotia to Florida and around the whole boundary of the Gulf
of Mexico are the submerged shore-lines of a former continent. Many
miles out the lead-line suddenly plunges from about 100 fathoms to from
200 to 1,500 fathoms. So around the British Isles, the coast of Norway,
and that of Northern Europe and Asia. South America, Africa and the
Pacific present the same characteristics. The course of a submerged
continent has been traced in mid-ocean.


SUMMARY.

The Vailan Theory is proved,

1. By mathematical reasoning and philosophic necessity.

2. By the mineral character and philosophical deposition of strata.

3. By analagous facts relating to other worlds, belted and ringed under
the reign of law.

4. By the action of the moon.

5. By the records of man whose ancient writings declare, and
re-declare, again and again, the truth of this claim. The first eight
chapters of Genesis alone afford proof sufficient if all else failed.

6. The waters on the earth themselves declare the fact.


GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.

The first and most important element of the earth’s crust is carbon. Of
the more than 60,000 feet of aqueous beds there are probably none that
it does not enter into as an important factor. It was first driven
from the earth by intense heat. The burning world was a smoking world.
The unconsumed carbon commingled with the Annular vapors in the form
of black, sooty, pitchy matter. This was deposited at the time of the
deluge, and the waters that stood in seas, lakes and ponds deposited
it as a layer of black, carbonaceous mud upon their bottoms. It may
be found in ten thousand lakes planted in the Drift deposits in North
America and Northern Europe.

A black carbonaceous soil covers many Western States which were once
covered by a vast inland sea. This sea was bounded on the west by the
Rocky Mountains; south by the Ozark Mountains and the mountains of
Tennessee and Kentucky, and emptied its waters into Lake Michigan.

This great inland sea finally became a fresh-water body. The remains
of the mastodon, mammoth and other pachyderms of interdiluvian times,
as well as fresh-water shells are found. It made for itself two great
outlets, the Mississippi and the St. Lawrence rivers. This inland
sea must have been elevated 700 or 800 feet above the ocean, and was
surrounded on all sides by walls, and covered an area of at least
500,000 square miles. We must conclude that some great down-rush of
waters caused it to break its bounds in two directions at the same time.

The fall of waters supplied the black, sooty carbon that settled to
the bottom of the sea, remaining but a few inches thick on the hills,
perhaps, but several feet in the valleys, and is the source of the peat
bogs.


GLACIAL EPOCHS.

Previous to the glacial record there had closed a long period of
perpetual spring. The primitive elephant, and many of his congeners and
contemporaries, fed in luxurious forests and grassy plains toward the
north pole, which are now covered with glaciers grinding their bones
to dust. Northern regions which for untold ages had been covered with
tropical vegetation, and animals of innumerable forms, began to be
invaded by glaciers which slowly made their way toward the equator.

The only way glaciers are now formed is by vapors wafted over them
from adjacent lands warmed by solar heat; but they were not formed
that way during the glacial epochs, but by the declension of annular
vapors. Glacial ice cannot accumulate extensively now. _It flows_, and
cannot be heaped up largely, its rate of motion being proportionate to
the slope of its bed. The source of those snows which built a great
continental ice cap over the northern hemisphere must be attributed to
the Annular System. They accumulated in the St. Lawrence valley several
thousand feet thick and towered over the New England mountains.

Snow seldom falls in arctic regions now. Dr. Kane saw sledge tracks
that were made several years previously. How then did those boundless
reaches of snow and ice accumulate but by the descent of Annular vapors?

Animals are found entombed in the frozen soil and snows under the
arctic circle. For many years a large trade has been carried on in
ivory, by Siberian traders, dug from the frozen soil. Many of the
animals, as the mammoth, rhinoceros, etc., remain undecayed, and in
their stomachs and between their teeth are found the vegetation upon
which they fed. And even the capillary blood vessels still retaining
their contents, showing that there was not the slightest decomposition,
but that the catastrophe which overwhelmed them was sudden. The climate
was changed as by a stroke, which congealed and sealed the land in ice,
locking the mammoth and other animals therein.

Had those animals not been frozen soon as killed, putrification and
decomposition must have taken place. Nothing but the down-rush of snows
from the earth’s Annular System could have done this. These remains are
dredged from the northern oceans, and they are also found fossilized
over large portions of Siberia; in both cases being doubtless dropped
from icebergs. The mammoth is found frozen in a glacier; the glacier
was originally snow; the destruction must necessarily have been sudden.

If not more than one tenth of the waters now upon the earth had fallen
in the form of snow it would have covered the entire land surface
of the globe more than 30,000 feet deep; and as one tenth must have
fallen in polar regions it brings out the Annular Theory as a competent
source. The sudden fall of snow sufficient to overwhelm a semi-tropical
world could not accumulate in the atmosphere as it now does, and fall
therefrom. It must have come from a source beyond the atmosphere.

The overcanopying fund of vapors acted as a mighty robe to the earth,
keeping out the cold of space, and equally distributing solar heat
over the globe and causing terrestial warmth. The animals were much
larger than their representatives are now, showing that the atmosphere
was heavier and possessed more buoyant power by the pressure of a vast
ocean of vapors in the higher regions.

The downfall of water caused continual upheavals, and mountain making,
which is proved by finding marine fossils along the seashore, and
elsewhere far above the ocean. Terraces of the Champlain epoch in New
England that must have been formed in the sea, are now found elevated
hundreds of feet.

All geologists agree that there have been many floods upon the earth.
The great telluric glaciers of recent geologic times were melted under
the tropic influence of the Annular vapors resulting in deluges.

Under the vast pressure of the accumulated waters the plastic ocean
bed goes down and forces its foundation under the continent by lateral
pressure, and causes upturned and crumpled strata in many places, and
also volcanic phenomena.


REVIEW OF THE GEOLOGIC RECORD.

The geologist has never yet found the base of the aqueous rocks, nor
can he know how deep their foundations extend. When the Laurentian
stratified beds were formed there was an ocean on the earth. A portion
of the tellurio-cosmic waters had fallen.

In the bowlder and conglomerate rocks found in every age of geology
there is proof that glaciers invaded the earth after the declension of
each Annular stratum. The Annular matter extended in comparatively
narrow belts over the equator. As the lower stratum was attracted
toward the earth it gradually spread out toward the polar regions,
causing a warm climate all over the earth, and melting the snows and
glaciers at the poles. This lasted untold ages until a tropic and
semi-tropical vegetation spread over the earth. After its fall arctic
cold invaded the north and south poles, pushing a vast ice cap toward
the equator, which remained until another stratum of annular vapors
spread over the globe. These ages of warmth and ages of cold continued
to alternate until the fall of the last ring of vapors, which took
place at the time of the Noachian deluge, causing that catastrophe.

The sudden destruction of life, at the end of each age in geology, must
have been caused by sudden cold. The waters reaching the earth at the
poles must cause refrigeration; must cause excessive floods; must cause
extermination of specific forms of life; must cause new distribution
and condition of oceanic waters, and caused great folding and crumpling
of strata.

In the dissolving of glaciers a vast pressure was lifted from the
continents and transferred to the ocean beds, causing them to go down
and the land to be elevated.


SEED BED OF ORGANISMS.

From the days of Homer until the present time we read of dust-storms of
living organisms falling upon the earth, and colored snow, the coloring
matter being microscopic forms of life. The dust is doubtless of cosmic
origin. There must be micro-cosmic clouds moving in interplanetary
space, which meeting the earth in its path, are precipitated upon its
surface.

We can scarcely conceive of matter anywhere without associating it with
living forms. The outermost vapors of the annular system, which fell
in the time of Noah, remained on high for unknown millions of years,
receiving constant additions of meteoric and cosmic dust from without.
As the gaseous envelope that now surrounds our earth contains living
organisms, we must believe the annular matter did also, and to a much
greater degree.

If Jupiter’s belted system had long ago descended to the body of that
planet, so that we could gaze upon the continents and seas as we do
those of Mars, we would conclude that they swarmed with life. An
incomplete world must contain incomplete or primordial life-forms;
forms that in time must develop. In yellow snow, dust showers,
“blood rains,” etc. we have evidence that organic forms are natural
accompaniments of the nebulous and elementary forms of matter.

Spider showers are well authenticated. Sometimes the air is filled
with their gossamer threads upon which they mount to unknown depths of
space, where they live. If spiders can live in the air, descend to the
earth and live there for a time, and toads can live for untold ages
immured in solid rock, they could live in belts of aqueous and mineral
matter. The manner in which organisms have succeeded each other on the
earth as revealed by the geologic records demands that the annular
system was the cradle of infant life, the propagating beds in which
the life-germs were placed by the great Gardener of Nature.

It is as reasonable to suppose that germs took form in water under the
creative hand before they fell to the earth as afterward, and when we
see that each downfall brought new life-forms which exhibit no specific
or generic relation to previous forms, we are forced to admit that
either the seed beds of the Annular system provided the undeveloped
organisms, or there was a special creation at each period.

In the Silurian age there was an ocean containing heavy calcarious
matter; in the Devonian silicious and silicio-calcarious matter;
in the Carboniferous carbonaceous matter, and each ocean had its
characteristic life-forms. But if all the waters fell at one time,
how is it possible for each age to have had an ocean containing
characteristic minerals? These characteristic minerals fell with each
ring, which marked the ages of geology, destroying previous life-forms
and introducing new ones. Eozoic rocks were laid down 40,000 feet
thick. Upon these were piled Silurian 65,000 feet thick; on these
Devonian rocks 15,000 feet, and then comes 17,000 feet of Carboniferous
rocks, each age having characteristic fossils and mineral deposits. As
these deposits were laid down by the sea, why do they so widely differ
in their composition if they all fell at the same time from above! The
Potsdam sandstone underlies the Silurian rocks. It spread from the
Canadas to Texas, from the Alleghanies to the Rocky mountains, and
probably forms a casement around the globe. It is 8,000 feet thick, and
shows a mechanical and rapid accumulation, pointing unmistakably to
the downfall of a silicious ring.

The Annular theory admits of the universal eroding power of rivers and
waves; the transporting power of currents and strata building from
detrital matter. But waves can do nothing unless supplied with matter.
Where did they get the crystalline, granulated and infusorial matter to
spread over the floor of the Silurian ocean? Great beds of metals have
been laid down as regularity stratified deposits which could not have
been borne from Archaean terranes.


CARBON STRATA DEPOSITED AS AN AQUEOUS SEDIMENT.

Carbon composing a peat bed is simply unconsumed carbon. The carbon
or smoke that arises from every chimney and furnace when measurably
shut up from immediate union with oxygen, remains an unburnt fuel
precisely the same in kind as the unburnt carbon fuel of the peat bogs.
Were we to collect the unburnt carbon from our chimneys in piles,
where moisture and air could have free access, it would take fire
spontaneously and burn, just as peat dug from the bog sometimes takes
fire and burns.

The millions of fires from foundries, volcanoes, etc., are forming fuel
wherever soot is formed, and were it not for the ever active oxygen
of the air, it would all descend upon the earth as fuel and become
incorporated in forming sedimentary beds. This is our claim for the
coal, which as unconsumed carbon arose beyond the reach of destroying
oxygen, from the heated, glowing furnace of our globe, and in time
returned to the earth.

When the plant dies and begins to decay one of its constituent
elements, carbon, oxydizes by slow combustion and returns to the air as
an invisible gas. It is but accidental when a particle fails to become
oxydized and remains as unconsumed carbon. An exceedingly small part of
vegetation remains unburnt.

Coal veins, which are from one foot to three hundred feet thick, would
make a stratum around the earth ten feet thick. Fifty pounds of coal
will yield 10,000 gallons of carbonic acid. Then calling eight gallons
equal to one cubic foot the astonishing fact comes out that the coal
beds actually draw from the atmosphere an ocean of carbonic acid
which would have covered the globe to the depth of 12,500 feet, which
would have destroyed all animal life. Even three or four per cent. of
carbonic acid in our present atmosphere would be fatal to animal life.
Hence it is clear that coal cannot be attributed to vegetable origin.


CONCLUSIONS REACHED.

The following conclusions are clearly deducible:

1. The Annular system was a region of microscopic life and infusorial
forms. Coal being deposited by sea-water carried down with it marine
forms, and others settled upon its surface.

2. The carbon deposits must have borne down a vast amount of marine
vegetation and buried it upon the sea bottom. In swamp marshes the
vegetation would have been entirely different.

3. When a carbon fall was borne to the seas and settled where limestone
strata prevailed it would indicate great distance from the shore, and
here the roof shales of the coal must be necessarily free from land
fossils. Coal beds amongst sandstone strata indicate depositions near
shore, and may contain land fossils.

4. The coal beds must be more heavily developed toward polar regions,
and most free from impurities.

5. All carbon downfalls must have been attended by great cataclysms of
snow, or water, or both.

6. A coal vein deposited near a volcano, or mechanical heat arising
therefrom would be metamorphosed into heavier and harder forms of
carbon. But as all grades must have existed in the Annular system as
primitive distillates, all of these forms may be found in lands where
no strata disturbance has taken place.

7. The heavy carbon, as the anthracite and semi-bituminous particles
would be borne to the deep seas, while the lighter would float into
shallow water. Hence a submarine valley might have a deposit of
anthracite while a neighboring bed on an elevation might be bituminous.

8. In both northern and southern hemispheres the coal must be more
valuable as we proceed from the equator.

9. There must have been carbon falls in all ages, and the first were
the purest and the best, while the last to descend must have been the
lightest and poorest, and must be found near the surface, or are the
foundations of recent peat bogs.

Peat vegetation, or moss known by the generic name of _Sphagnous_, has
led many to believe it to be the origin of that product. But these
_sphagnous_ mosses could never have planted themselves over the medial
and colder latitudes if the carbon beds necessary to sustain them had
not previously been planted there. If coal and peat are vegetable
products they should exist in greater abundance in tropical regions;
but they are found in limited quantity there.


IS COAL A VEGETABLE PRODUCT?

The usually accepted theory concerning the origin of coal is that it
was formed from an ancient vegetation that grew largely in peat and
swamp marshes. This theory the Vailan system overthrows.

Every atom of the great mass of carbon now forming the coal deposits
must have been a distilled product of a primitive igneous process
before the plant could possibly appropriate it. Every intelligent
chemist knows that the great telluric gas furnace of primitive times
was competent to produce all the carbon now found in the crust of the
earth. Soot, that sometimes takes fire in our chimneys, is deposited
in infinitesimal smoke particles. Hence, smoke from burning carbon is
simply a fuel which makes it evident that the smoke which arose from
the igneous earth was a fuel hydro-carbon. The dark belts of Saturn and
Jupiter are doubtless strata of carbon revolving about those planets.

If the Vailan theory is true the graphites and heavier forms of carbon
were the first to fall upon the earth after the igneous period was
passed, and will be found in its first aqueous beds, and generally
unassociated with fossil vegetation. This is precisely what we do
find. Both Dana and Dawson bear testimony to the fact that graphite is
a very common mineral in the older beds, and that the primitive carbon
beds are equal in gravity to that of similar areas in the carboniferous
system.

Why no fossil plants in the earlier coal deposits? Because no plants
grew at that time. Then we must look for its origin elsewhere than in
plants. If coal be a vegetable product, so is graphite. To say that
animal organism aided in the process simply adds to the difficulty,
since it is carbon that makes the organism and not the organism the
carbon. But suppose fossil plants were found in graphite, would it be
any more evidence that they formed it than that they formed clay or
sandrock in which they are found? The simple fact that organic fossils
are found in carbon beds changed to carbon affords no evidence that
these organisms made the beds.

We find vegetable remains in coal seams just as we find them in any
other rock. A coal plant as a lepidodendron, may begin in the lower
clay, and pierce through a coal seam into the overhanging shale
and sandstone. In the first it is a clay fossil, in the second a
carbonaceous fossil, and in the third a silicious fossil. The fact is
the trunk of a tree in an upright position in a coal bed, which is
quite common, proves that the coal formed around it rapidly. It would
require forty feet of vegetable debris to make five feet of carbon.
Some coal seams are 300 feet thick, which would require at least 2,400
feet of vegetable growth in its formation, which is an impossibility.
As a vegetable product coal would form very slowly, but from the
Vailan system would require but a few hours, or days at most, to lay it
down.

Plants found in coal burn with difficulty, which ought not to be
true if they contained a resinous sap, or bituminous matter. In many
instances you can find a dozen fossil plants in the overlying clay to
where you can find one in coal. They are clay fossils because they are
imbedded in clay, same as fossils in coal are carbon because imbedded
in carbon.

If coal is compressed peat, as some would have us believe, why do we
not find fibres running vertically through it? You may examine peat
after a pressure of twenty tons to the square inch has been exerted,
and yet the vertical structure of the mass will be apparent. Since we
find abundance of rootlets running in all directions, vertically as
well as horizontally in the under clays of coal beds it is evident that
coal is not a metamorphosed peat.

Imagine an expanse of marshes 100,000 square miles in extent, covered
with calamites, ferns, sigillaria, lepidodendra remaining motionless
for countless centuries, and then suddenly sinking beneath the waves
of the sea in order to receive a sea-formed bed for a covering; and
in the universal burial to preserve but a few fossils, and they in a
horizontal position, while in the clays immediately above and below the
coal beds they are found in profusion; that in due time the vast area
arose from its baptism, and on the thin layer of clay millions of the
same plants grew until they formed another bed of coal, when it sinks
again beneath the waves, and this oscillation continued until it had
been buried twenty, forty or one hundred times, and you have the old
theory of how coal was formed.

But if the old theory concerning the formation of coal is correct, how
did it occur that the earth in rising out of the ocean stopped each
time in the right place for swamp vegetation to accumulate? According
to the highest authority coal is not formed from sea-plants, for they
cannot emit any considerable amount of caloric, but it is the product
of land plants. Then why do we find coal scattered over a vast area of
sea bottom?

The structure of continents show that they have remained such from
their first formation. Some of the geologic formations, as the
Carboniferous-conglomerates, took place all over the earth at the same
time. How could this be except it came from the Annular system?

Were we to have a shower of carbon dust it would settle to the bottom
of the sea all over the irregularities of the same. Then sand beds
accumulating for ages would settle over it. These would form a greater
thickness in some places than in others; hence a succeeding fall of
carbon settling upon the ocean floor would not form a bed exactly
parallel with the first. This is precisely what we find to be true
in the carbon deposits. The distance in coal seams may vary from
twenty feet in one place to forty feet in another place in the same
neighborhood, which is the result of irregularity in the ocean floor.

Bowlders are found in coal seams which means that coal beds have been
formed under water; and if a foreign bowlder that the coal seam was
formed at the bottom of the ocean. Bowlders have been found in the
middle of coal seams with glacial marks upon them, showing that they
have been dropped from icebergs into the forming coal beds at the
bottom of the sea. Foreign water-worn bowlders are frequently found in
coal beds.

Stratas of coal may be separated by layers of clay not more than half
an inch in thickness; how could vegetation take root in so thin a layer
of clay sufficient to form the overlying coal seam of probably several
feet? Suppose a great carbon fund should float from the Arctic ocean
into Hudson Bay. It would settle upon an undulating bottom, and if a
flood of muddy water from the surrounding rivers should empty into the
bay while the carbon bed was forming, a thin clay bed would be the
result. This might continue as long as the carbon was brought from the
Arctic regions.

The floating mass of primitive carbon clouds after they entered the
atmosphere and floated away for centuries, perhaps, toward the polar
regions in their efforts to reach the earth, became a tissue of
evolving vegetable organisms and vegetable forms. Take fresh soot from
a furnace soon as it is formed, subject it to hot vapors from boiling
waters and store it away in an open vessel of water, and you will soon
see vegetable and animal organisms start into being. Then why not find
organisms in revolving soot clouds in the Annular system?

Marine vegetation exists on the sea bottom, and a carbon sediment
rapidly accumulating would certainly involve it.

Under almost all the carbon veins lies a deposit of fire clay. Strange
that adjoining a highly combustible bed, a substance should be
invariably planted that is so refractory as to be used for crucibles
in fusing almost every known metal! In this bed lies involved a
profuse marine vegetation, and the preservation of its delicate
lineaments proves that it was suddenly involved. It is more generally
present under coal veins that are more distant from the tropics, and
_invariably_ in the most distant ones. The fire clay-dust sublimed in
the great telluric crucible arose to commingle with primitive vapors
and returned with them. When a carbon fall occurred the clay matter
being of greater specific gravity was the first to find its way to the
ocean floor.

This fire clay is found under beds of primitive graphite where
no vegetation is involved, and therefore cannot be a vegetable
distillation. It is found where glacial action is unknown, and cannot
be mud pulverized by moving ice. Every one of the more than seventy
coal seams of the Nova Scotia regions has its characteristic clay-bed.
When we see trees standing in and surrounded by this clay we are forced
to admit a rapid accumulation.

Limestone is a deep sea formation and the Vailan system demands that
standing trees should not be found in it. Only such limestone formation
or strata as were deposited as mechanical precipitation could be
formed in shallow waters, especially in regions beyond the tropics.
A limestone stratum deposited among shore deposits or continental
detritus points directly to Annular origin and vegetable fossils will
occur in the upper clays. Here geologists have an opportunity to prove
or disprove the Annular problem.

Coal and peat are not found in the tropics where they ought to be found
if vegetation produced them. And if they could be found there it would
sweep the Vailan system from its foundations. They are found, however,
just where this system says they must be found. Why is peat found
in the ocean, and in the thousands of lakes and ponds where no peat
vegetation is now growing? Suppose we find a peat bed forty feet thick,
it must have been at one time a lake with forty feet of water, and how
did the peat begin to grow? Peat forms slowly and the rains and storms
would have worked mud, etc., more rapidly into it than the peat would
have filled it. It would neither have grown from the top nor from the
bottom. The foundation carbon fell from the Annular fund.


METAMORPHISM OF CARBON BEDS.

When bituminous or lignitic coal, or even peat is subjected to a
sufficient degree of heat it is converted into hard coal and sometimes
into graphite. From this source some conclude that anthracite and
all hard coals are metamorphosed beds of soft carbon. But how about
the vast beds in aqueous crusts hundreds of miles from any igneous
agencies? All anthracite coal changed from bituminous coal will contain
a greater per cent. of ash than the coal from which it is derived. If
it does not it is evidence that it never was bituminous coal.

Let us suppose a heavy fall of Annular carbon in the north Atlantic
ocean, and that the Appalachian mountains were again under the
sea. The carbon carried by the ocean currents southward would fall
to the sea bottom in the more quiet waters. The heavy or anthracite
dust would reach the bottom in deep waters where the lighter forms
would not. Before the Appalachian upheaval, the eastern base of the
system was farther out in the sea, and was in deeper waters than the
western. The constitution of the coal itself, the condition of the sea
bottom (sloping from the coast to the deep sea) point harmoniously
to the annular origin of the carbon beds. The bituminous dust not
being able to directly settle with the anthracite remained longer in
suspension which accounts for its greater amount of ash. The farther
south it floated, the more impure it became. The heaviest beds of
anthracite will be found in the northern part of the great plateau, and
principally in British America if the Vailan theory is true.

Fossil plants in coal are generally mineralized charcoal, and are
difficult of combination. If the bed was composed of vegetable
production the same difficulty would certainly characterize the mass.
Hence the plant is simply a foreign body in a bed of mineral carbon.
Coal seams have become so hard as to be planed off by eroding forces
directly after being laid down, or before heavy beds had accumulated
over them. Thus they could not have been formed by vegetable peat.


TERTIARY COALS.

Extensive coal beds in Asia are probably Tertiary, while the vast
carbon beds among the Rocky Mountains, and underlying the vast plain
to the west of these mountains, were formed in the Tertiary period. The
Rocky Mountain plateau on which the coal beds are planted existed as a
sea bottom over which the waters from the Arctic world rolled during
the Tertiary period. The Rocky Mountain region was then sleeping in the
sea.

The Tertiary beds reach from Mexico to the Arctic ocean, proving that
currents ran toward the equator along the valley of the McKenzie,
bearing into southern waters whatever fell from the upper world. It is
thus easy to see how the vast expanse of this western world became the
receptacle of Tertiary carbon. Finding no Tertiary coals on the Eastern
border of our continent we are led to believe that a narrow continent
stretched from America to Europe across the present bed of the Atlantic
and hindered the flow of carbon along the Atlantic seaboard. It is
now conceded by geologists that such an isthmus of land reached from
Newfoundland to the shores of Europe during the Tertiary period. This
being true a vast fund of carbon must lie at the bottom of the North
Atlantic.

If these later coals had been formed out of vegetation growing in great
continental swamps, the same opportunity was afforded by the southern
sea borders for this swamp vegetation. And so from Long Island to the
Rio Grande. Why then do we not find it if coal is of vegetable origin?
If the vast fund of the lignitic coals is a vegetable production it
was present in the Tertiary atmosphere as a deadly poison. But at that
time both land and sea were full of air-breathing mammals and monsters
showing conclusively that it was not there in such a condition.


DEDUCTIONS.

1. The plant when subjected to a proper mode of distillation is made to
yield carbon in various allotropic forms. So of any mineral that has
carbon in its constitution. These forms of carbon were placed in the
crust of the earth after the primitive fires had died out.

2. All such primitive distillations existed in the atmosphere of the
incandescent earth.

3. This matter as it declined and mingled with the atmosphere in after
ages, changed from the ring to the belt form, and overcanopied the
earth and fell largely in regions outside the tropics.

4. The heavier forms of carbon fell largely in the earlier ages; though
all sections of the system must have had some of each form.

5. All ages were more or less characterized by carbon falls, and no age
could be exclusively carboniferous.

6. Carbon falling directly into the ocean would separate into heavier
and lighter forms and settle accordingly in higher or lower elevations
of sea bottom, thus explaining why different forms of coal are found in
the same proximate horizon.

7. The earliest or heavier forms are free from organic remains, and
must therefore be a primitive distillation. The other carbon beds
by their associated strata; by their involved vegetation and other
organisms; by accompanying clay-partings; by involved glacial drift;
by latitudinal gradation in quantity of ash and specific gravity; by
characteristic absence from the tropics and the heavy deposits in
higher latitudes; by synchronous formation in all continents; by their
evident formation in the very lap and bosom of the glacier and in ice
and flood; by the fact that they are bituminous, oily hydro-carbons,
and by a multitude of inconsistencies and impossibilities involved
in the vegetation theory, have been shown to be actual sedimentary
deposits, and therefore a primitive product.

Since then there is not a feature connected with the formation of coal
that is not readily explained by the primitive carbon theory; not
one that philosophic law does not resolve into harmony with Annular
declension without even the show of conflict; and since vegetarians
are forever stumbling upon inexplicable difficulties--bowlders,
pebbles, undulations, slopes, ripple-marks, clay-partings, cannel-coal
inseparably joined with bituminous coal, anthracites with less
amount of ash, marine impurities, carbon planted in Archaean beds,
air-breathing animals among Tertiary coals, carbon dredged from the
ocean, dug from the frozen world, and innumerable other objections over
which they can not climb, the vegetation theory can not be true.


ANNULAR DOWNFALL IN THE TERTIARY OCEAN OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.

If the Vailian theory claims are valid the beds in the Rocky Mountain
Tertiary must present the following features: The Cretaceous period
having been brought to a close by a down-rush of waters and snows in
the northern hemisphere, a stream of water pouring southward must to a
great extent have been a fresh-water current, and those deposits in
the extreme northern beds of the Rocky Mountain region must be largely
fresh-water accumulations. Those in the middle of this region must
be to a less extent fresh-water; perhaps sometimes fresh and again
marine, owing to changes in currents, etc., and the two be commingled,
while in the southern part the beds must be almost exclusively marine.
Fortunately for the Vailian theory these demands are fully met. The
waters of this vast region communicated with the Arctic ocean, probably
by way of the present depression in British America, along the valley
of the McKenzie river, while south it communicated with the Gulf of
Mexico.

Here was a sea forty times larger than Lake Erie. Where did the water
come from that made the northern part fresh, the middle part brackish
and the southern portion marine? The Tertiary of the Pacific Coast is
marine; so is a larger portion of the Atlantic border. Doubtless Davis
Strait poured a volume of fresh-water from the polar world into the
Atlantic, for there is the same commingling of marine and fresh-water
shells on the northeast coast, while in the northern part they are
exclusively fresh-water species. Rivers could not have done this, for
all the rivers from Delaware Bay around the coast of the Gulf of Mexico
were not sufficient to lay down fresh-water Tertiary. Admit that the
vast polar ocean of the Tertiary period was a body of fresh-water, and
all difficulties disappear.

Geologists admit that in the Tertiary period mountains were made
on every continent, that there was a world-wide disturbance of
strata, and the most complete extermination of species on record.
The Cretaceous world was swept by a mighty cataclysmic wave, and its
animals were buried in the detrital mass swept from the land into
the seas and formed the lower Eocene beds. Nothing of which we can
conceive could do this but a downpour of Annular waters. One-third of
North America, a great part of Northern Europe, nearly all of Siberia,
much of China, and other parts of Asia were apparently synchronously
submerged beneath _fresh-water_.

The ocean of fresh-water proves the augmentation of snows from the
great super-aerial fund. The Cretaceous age closed by excessive and
unusual refrigeration. The transported blocks of stone found in the
Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary point to a northern origin. The
evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of an Annular fall of waters in the
north polar world at that time.

Existing continents were submerged under Cretaceous waters. The Rocky
Mountains, Andes, Alps and Himalayas were either unborn or in their
infant stage. But some mighty barrier was raised that rolled the
Cretaceous waters southward, and made an isolated fresh-water ocean on
the north. It was the great Atlantic plateau reaching from Newfoundland
to Ireland, which is known by actual soundings and other evidence to be
a submerged table land. It was raised from the deep at this very time
and stood for uncounted milleniums as dry land.

Suppose an ice cap 5000 feet thick should suddenly cover the Arctic
world. It would press that part of the globe inward and downward upon
itself even if the planet were solid to the centre. It would render the
rocks plastic and they would be pushed under the continents causing the
crust of the earth to rise into mountains in many places. Just what
occurred in Cretaceous and Tertiary times.

We can trace the shore-line of an almost limitless fresh-water sea
around the whole hemisphere in Tertiary times, showing that the Arctic
ocean was a wide expanse of fresh-waters. This leads to the positive
and permanent establishment of the Vailian or Annular theory.




APPENDIX.


THE LAST ADVANCE OF GLACIERS.

The last downfall of exterior vapors was at the time of Noah, and
produced the deluge. These vapors naturally gravitated toward the polar
regions and falling there as snows would accumulate as glaciers, their
magnitude and extent corresponding with the amount of falling snows.
It is evident if there ever was an Eden climate upon the earth its
destruction was brought about by a change of climate. If the Deluge was
a collapse of the last remnant of upper waters the latter must have
begun to fall in polar regions many centuries previous.

The Eden world suffered a change of climate during the Adamic age,
for the race that dwelt naked in Eden became clothed in the skins of
animals. If this infant race dwelt naked the climate was warm. If
afterward it became necessary to be clothed with the skins of animals
it certainly had become cold. If the cold increased it was probably
caused by the fall of snow in polar regions. The physical condition
of the antedeluvians and their environment depended on the conditions
of the upper vapors. Hence, polar glaciers began to advance in Edenic
times.

Glaciers advanced slowly, and are still advancing. Eight hundred years
ago Greenland was not the frigid land it now is. The Icelanders and
the Northmen sailed through northern seas in the interest of commerce
where now our hardiest seamen with iron-clad vessels scarcely dare to
venture. They pushed forward commercial enterprises into lands that are
now inhospitable and uninhabited.

The present glaciation of polar worlds is but the result of the last
declension of outward vapors. The great ice caps of polar regions
are moving toward the equator and are constantly diminishing. It is
possible that we are approaching a day when the last ice berg will be
borne toward the tropics, and the last glacier will melt, and a more
genial climate pervade the greater portion of the earth.


LONGEVITY OF THE ANCIENTS.

According to the biblical account people lived to be 800 and 900 years
old. This was principally because of the modification of solar energy.
Man’s physical environments impelled long life; and his longevity
diminished immediately after the upper deep fell and the sun began to
pour his beams upon the race; his environment evidently changed with
that event. In a few generations after the flood man died at the age of
120 or 100 years, and finally at three score and ten.




LETTER FROM PROF. I. N. VAIL.


MY DEAR DR. BOWERS: I have read with much interest thy compendium of
“The Earth’s Annular System,” as published by me in 1886. A synopsis
of that work can give but a meager idea of the grand conception of the
annular evolution of the earth. “The Annular Theory” stands on the
immutable truth that worlds evolve according to invariable law.

This compels us to admit that all worlds are made alike, in the general
changes they undergo. Just as a bud evolves into a flower of the most
delicate construction and architectural order, so a world launched
from the same designing Hand must move in the same line of eternal
order, and under the law of natural uniformity develop and grow into a
completed world.

This also leads us to the conclusion that if one world possess at
any time an annular system, then all worlds must possess a similar
appendage during some period of their existence. Consequently that
simple fact that the planet Saturn possesses at this time an annular or
ring system is proof that the earth once had a similar appendage. For
we must either admit this truth or we must admit that the planet Saturn
has not evolved thus far along a line of nature’s uniformity, but is
today a victim of accidental conditions. This law refuses to admit.

But “The Annular Theory” does not rest on these grounds alone. A
universe of _invariable order_ pronounces it an immutable truth. The
judgment of the chemist and philosopher is positive that a rotating
world cannot pass from the molten state to the present condition of the
earth without undergoing annular changes.

Since the publication of “The Earth’s Annular System” I have had
opportunities of examining more minutely the subjects treated of
therein and have secured the most overwhelming evidence that the theory
there proposed is in the main correct and will stand the test of all
time. I have found, outside the realm of physical science, the most
positive evidence that primitive man actually saw at least two rings
revolving about the earth, named them and worshiped them as gods. These
relics I have rescued from the wreck of ages, and _with_ these I will
prove the fact that this earth once had a complex system of Saturn-like
rings.

Thus in the end the geologist and astronomer will be compelled to admit
its truthfulness whether they desire to or not. I have found among the
ruins of ancient Egypt, Babylonia, India and China annular fossils, the
identification of which settles at once and forever this great question.

Again, I need not point the geologist to the mysteries of the glacial
epochs, which grow darker and darker as he looks for a competent cause
for their production. He must know that the great ocean of vapors that
hovered for unknown time over the earth in the loftiest heights of
the atmosphere, such as now are seen on two of our neighbor planets,
could not have fallen to the earth without covering it in the higher
latitudes with measureless masses of snow, resulting in excessive
refrigeration. I need but point him to the fact, proven by the coast
surveys of the world, that the oceans have encroached upon the land
to such an extent since the last glacial epoch that they stand now
fully thirty fathoms deeper than they did in pre-glacial times. I need
only point him to that grand clock-work of worlds shining from the
firmament--every scintillating point, every rolling sun, is a witness
of nature’s eternal order, and proclaims that uniformitarian principle
of world evolution, by which the philosophic investigator must stand.
The geologist must build on this rock of _uniformity_ in the evolution
of worlds. The earth has evolved along _this_ line, and the wreck of
annular conditions is seen on every page of its rocky volume.

In the year 1875 I published a little volume entitled “The Earth’s
Aqueous Ring.” In it I stated my convictions, and gave reasons
therefor, that all the glacial periods the world ever saw were produced
by supra-aerial vapors descending from an annular system that revolved
about the earth from the remotest geologic ages to the flood of Noah,
which was itself produced by the fall of the last remnants of those
upper waters. These claims I am fully prepared to substantiate,
whatever opposition may be brought against them.

  ISAAC N. VAIL,
  ELSINORE, Cal., July 6, 1892.




Transcriber’s Note


In this file, text in _italics_ is indicated by underscores. Text in
SMALL CAPS is all uppercase.

The following changes were made to the text as printed:

Page 3: “rings of agueous vapor” changed to “rings of aqueous vapor”

“decent at the poles” changed to “descent at the poles”

5: “the same No matter” changed to “the same. No matter”

6: “Kelper’s “Third Law”” changed to “Kepler’s “Third Law””

7: “FURTHER EXAMINATION OF THE RECORD” changed to “FURTHER EXAMINATION
OF THE RECORD.”

“silicious Archæan beds” changed to “silicious Archaean beds”

“Archæan metaliferous deposits” changed to “Archaean metalliferous
deposits”

8: “God made the firmmanent” changed to “God made the firmament”

“under the firmmament” changed to “under the firmament”

“above the firmmament” changed to “above the firmament”

“The earths surface” changed to “The earth’s surface”

“the suns direct rays” changed to “the sun’s direct rays”

“overcanopyed by annular waters” changed to “overcanopied by annular
waters”

9: “THE NOCHIAN DELUGE” changed to “THE NOACHIAN DELUGE”

“Aryan, Phonecian, Greek” changed to “Aryan, Phoenecian, Greek”

“Greeks, Cythians and Celtic tribes” changed to “Greeks, Scythians and
Celtic tribes”

“among the Peruvians’ and Mexicans” changed to “among the Peruvians and
Mexicans”

“the ruins of Ninevah” changed to “the ruins of Nineveh”

11: “fresh water shells are found” changed to “fresh-water shells are
found”

“decent of Annular vapors” changed to “descent of Annular vapors”

12: “soon as killed purification” changed to “soon as killed,
putrification”

“the downrush of snows from the earths” changed to “the down-rush of
snows from the earth’s”

“a semitropical world” changed to “a semi-tropical world”

“over-canopying fund of vapors” changed to “overcanopying fund of
vapors”

“posessed more bouyant power” changed to “possessed more buoyant power”

“doubtless, dropped from icebergs” changed to “doubtless dropped from
icebergs”

“upon the earth The great” changed to “upon the earth. The great”

“boulder and conglomerate rocks” changed to “bowlder and conglomerate
rocks”

13: “the disolving of glaciers” changed to “the dissolving of glaciers”

“decended to the body” changed to “descended to the body”

“primordal life-forms” changed to “primordial life-forms”

“unknow depths of space” changed to “unknown depths of space”

14: “Gardner of Nature” changed to “Gardener of Nature”

“Carboniferous carbonacious matter” changed to “Carboniferous
carbonaceous matter”

“down fall of a silicious ring” changed to “downfall of a silicious
ring.”

17: “fibres runnning vertically” changed to “fibres running vertically”

“ferns, sigillaria lepidodendra” changed to “ferns, sigillaria,
lepidodendra”

18: “seperated by layers of clay” changed to “separated by layers of
clay”

21: “cannel-coal inseperably joined” changed to “cannel-coal
inseparably joined”

22: “submerged beneath _fresh water_” changed to “submerged beneath
_fresh-water_”

“great super-ariel fund” changed to “great super-aerial fund”

“wide expanse of fresh waters” changed to “wide expanse of
fresh-waters”

“New Foundland to Ireland” changed to “Newfoundland to Ireland”

“isolated fresh water ocean” changed to “isolated fresh-water ocean”

23: “antideluvians and their environment” changed to “antedeluvians
and their environment”

“inhospital and uninhabited” changed to “inhospitable and
uninhabited”

“glacitation of polar worlds” changed to “glaciation of polar worlds”

“constantly dimishing” changed to “constantly diminishing”

“upon the race his environment” changed to “upon the race; his
environment”

24: “natures eternal order” changed to “nature’s eternal order”