_With_
  Grant _at_ Fort Donelson,
  Shiloh _and_ Vicksburg

  And an Appreciation of General U. S. Grant

  _By_
  WILBUR F. CRUMMER
  of the 45th Regt., Ill. Vols.

  [Illustration]

  With Illustrations

  Published 1915
  _By_ E. C. CRUMMER & CO.
  Oak Park, Ill.




  Copyright 1915
  _By_ W. F. CRUMMER




[Illustration: _Yours truly_

_Wilbur F. Crummer_]




Table of Contents


                                             Pages

  Fort Henry                                 11-23

  Fort Donelson                              25-47

  Shiloh                                     49-90

  Vicksburg                                 91-171

  Appreciation of General U. S. Grant      173-190




Illustrations


                                                        Pages

  1. General Grant examining a prisoner’s haversack
       at Fort Donelson                                    31

  2. Charge of the 8th Missouri and 11th Indiana
       Regiments, led by General Lew Wallace,
       at Fort Donelson                                    44

  3. The fight in the peach orchard at Shiloh              66

  4. The 23rd Indiana and 45th Illinois Regiments
       charging Fort Hill after the explosion of
       the mines June 25th, 1863, at the siege of
       Vicksburg                                          138

  5. General U. S. Grant                                  173




FOREWORD


In this year of 1915, when the sounds of battle and strife come wafted
to us across the sea from Europe, the younger generation are asking
questions of the Veterans of the Civil War about their experiences in
battle.

Formerly I lived in Galena, Ill., and having been personally acquainted
with, and a neighbor of General U. S. Grant, and one of the “Boys in
Blue” who followed him in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and
Vicksburg, I deem it my privilege to add my mite to the history that
clusters round the greatest military genius of modern times.

To please many friends who have heard my lectures on the Civil War, and
at the request of my children, the following pages have been written,
from data made at the time and since, and from a vivid memory of the
stirring days of 1862 and 1863.

                                                      WILBUR F. CRUMMER.

  Oak Park, Ill., June 14, 1915.




FORT HENRY

CHAPTER I.


“Say, Will, did you see that one as it crossed the line just now?”

“No, Jim; how can a feller see anything this dark night?”

“Well, he ran right by me, and I think he was as big as our dog, Rover,
at home. Isn’t it a beastly shame that orders are so strict about
shooting while on guard? I’d like to have shot that fellow for sure.”

“Never mind, Jim; you’ll have enough of shooting before this war is
over, I’m thinking, for I feel it in my bones that Gen. Grant is
getting ready to start something in the way of fighting, for I’ve seen
him two or three times, and he looks to me as though he was a fighter.”

“Well, old scout, anything but this kind of soldiering.”

The conversation was between two young soldier boys of Company A, 45th
Illinois Volunteers, while on guard duty around camp in the month of
January, 1862, at Cairo, Illinois, on one of the darkest and rainiest
nights they ever saw. The “It” was a calf that in crossing the path had
startled Jim so much he was tempted to shoot it. As the two neighbor
boys, just from the farm in Northern Illinois, trudged back and forth
on their posts through the deepest and blackest mud they had ever seen,
they stopped at the end of their “beat” as they met, and talked for a
few moments of home and the loved ones left behind; of camp and its
arduous duties, of drilling and guard duty, and then of what would be
the next move. The American Volunteers always kept up a “think” or two
in their heads as to what would and should be done in fighting the
battles for the Union.

“Will, I hope we won’t have to stay here long.”

“You bet we won’t” responds Will. “Grant has got something up his
sleeve and we’ll be moving before long, take my word for it.”

Will was right. In a few days a large number of steamboats gathered at
the wharf, and were being loaded with ammunition, commissary stores and
all the needed accessories of an army, and then the day came to break
camp and the boys marched on the boats, wondering which way the boats
would head out in the river.

On February 4th, 1862, the boats are loaded to the guards and the order
is given, and with Gen. Grant leading the way, the boats steam out into
the Ohio and start upstream.

Will and Jim were packed on the upper deck of the steamer “City of
Memphis” like a box of sardines with their comrades. While the day
lasted the boys feasted their eyes on the scenery from either side and
enjoyed the first steamboat ride of their lives.

At night they spread their blankets on the deck and laid down to dream
of home, but before going to sleep, they had a “talk-fest,” as they
called it, Jim thinking they must be going to Cincinnati. But Will
thought different, and said: “I don’t know where we’ll land, but I’ll
bet a hard tack it will be down south somewhere among the secesh.”

The next morning when they awoke they found themselves, not on the
Ohio, but on the Tennessee river headed down South. “What did I tell
you last night, Jim, that we were going to land somewhere in Dixie.”

“Say, Will, are you in close touch with Grant that you know what he’s
going to do?”

“No, but what’s a feller got a ‘bean’ on top of his body, if it isn’t
to think a little and reason things out somewhat?”

During the day our boat tied up at a landing for the purpose of
loading up with cord wood for fuel. Permission was given to the boys
to go ashore and stretch their legs. There was a large warehouse
there, stored with merchandise. The owner at once secured a guard to
be placed over some barrels of whiskey. In every company there were
men who liked strong drinks, and in prowling around they spied these
barrels of whiskey, and ways and means were at once started to get some
of the fiery stuff. One of the soldiers was directed to go near one of
the barrels and while talking with the guard to let his gun drop on the
floor, the man underneath would note where the gun struck the floor by
the dust loosened up, and the man who had let his gun drop came down
and directed just where the end of the barrel of whiskey would be. An
auger was procured and a hole was bored through the floor into the
barrel of whiskey. The boys stood ready with their canteens and caught
the precious stuff (?) as it came down. Not long after quite a number
of the soldiers were making merry and showing certain signs of being
under the influence of liquor. The officers were puzzled as to how the
men secured the liquor and rushed to the guard, accusing him of his
failure to properly guard his charge. He denied strenuously that he
had permitted any one to touch the barrels. One of the officers leaned
against one of the barrels and being empty it toppled over, and the cat
was out of the bag. The guard was exonerated, but some of the soldiers
who had taken too much of the stuff for their good were arrested and
punished. The plotters, however, were not discovered. It is a strange
fact that those who liked the fiery liquid, could smell out where it
was located and use the most curious ways to obtain it.

On February 6, 1862, in the afternoon, we landed on the eastern bank of
the river, and the soldiers were located in camps near by. This being
our first camp in Dixie, it was called “Camp Halleck.” How it did rain
that night and blow, leveling many of our tents.

Many of the boys made light of their mishaps. We pitched our tents
near a farm house, and the planter, not knowing our reputation at home
for honesty and uprightness, went to our Colonel and asked that a guard
be placed around the farm house to protect him and his property. The
Colonel granted the request, for at this stage of war, orders were very
strict about foraging and taking anything from the planters. It fell
to the writer’s lot to stand guard for two hours that night, during
that fearful storm, over some pigs. How disgusted he was: the idea of
enlisting to fight for “Old Glory” and save the Union, and the first
thing he had to do was to guard a lot of dirty pigs that were not half
as good as those in his father’s farm yard, but “orders is orders,” as
Jim said, and ’tis a soldier’s duty to obey. Strict orders were issued
that no trespassing would be permitted and a soldier caught stealing
would be severely punished. My two hours of guard duty over those pigs
was up at last and I turned them over to another sentinel. During the
night a great squawking was heard, and in the early morning the owner
of the farm complained to our Colonel that the soldiers had stolen
his geese. The Colonel ordered an officer to search each tent to find
the stolen geese and the thieves. When the officer came to our tent,
he commenced to turn over our blankets and knapsacks. There was one
sleepy fellow lying down with his head on his knapsack for a pillow,
apparently sound asleep; the officer touched him, but he slept on and
one of the boys said: “Don’t wake that fellow up, he’s been on guard
duty all night.”

“All right,” said the kind-hearted officer and passed out of the tent.
How relieved we were when he had gone away, for that sleepy fellow had
his head on his knapsack which held the goose. Of course we had goose
for breakfast, and it tasted mighty good if it was a “Dixie” goose.
Don’t ask me who stole it, for I’ll never tell, and my comrades will
not tell.

The next morning we took up our line of march toward Fort Henry.
The rain had fallen the night before, making the roads very muddy.
Many times we had to stop, stack arms, throw off knapsacks and put
our shoulders to the wheels of the artillery and help them out of
the mud holes. We came to several streams not bridged, but we were
enthusiastic in our seeking the enemy and spoiling for a fight. Taking
no time to build temporary bridges, we plunged into the water waist
deep and pushed ahead. This made me think of what I had read of our
Revolutionary fathers “wading swollen streams and toiling through
almost impassible barriers to fight for their liberty and rights.”

We hadn’t come to the fighting yet, but we hoped to do so soon; then
we could class ourselves with our forefathers. Now, I smile over the
thought I had then when a lad of 18 years, and though you may smile,
the thought comes that if we youngsters had not had the spirit of
emulating the deeds of our forefathers, where would this grand nation
be today?

In the distance the gunboats were hammering away at Fort Henry, and
as the sound of the booming cannon came to our ears we wished we were
there to attack from the land side. Commodore A. H. Foote, with five
gunboats, had attacked the fort and the fight was a most thrilling
picture; the whizzing of fragments of bursting shells; the deafening
roar of the guns in the fort; the black sides of five gunboats belching
fire at every port hole was something to be remembered a lifetime. The
fire from the gunboats dismounted seven big guns and brought down the
flagstaff, and, together with the bursting of a rifled gun in the fort,
created a panic in the enemy’s ranks. A shot from the enemy passed
through the boiler of the Essex and many were scalded. When the Union
tars were told that the enemy had surrendered, a sailor named Breas,
who was badly wounded, sprang to his feet saying, “Surrender! I must
see that with my own eyes before I die,” and then, climbing two short
nights of stairs to the deck, he saw a white flag flying over Fort
Henry, and shouted, “Glory to God!” sank exhausted on the deck and died
that night.

We were tramping along in the mud when a messenger passed along the
line announcing the capture of the fort by the gunboats. Some of us
cheered, but others were silent and really felt sore at the sailors
for their taking of the fort before we had a chance to help them.
How foolish we were then. We had enough of fighting ere the war was
over, and after the first battle we never begrudged other forces the
honor of gaining a victory without our help. Most of the enemy had
“skedaddled” to Fort Donelson. Commodore Foote took a small number
of prisoners, together with Commander General Tighlman. It was after
dark when we reached the outer earthworks, inside of which we camped.
Here we spent our second night in Dixie, without any shelter save the
blue sky above us. We built large fires and managed to keep fairly
comfortable, although it was pretty cold. Will was up very early the
next morning, and, having an intense desire to see the inside of the
fort, took “French leave” and started in that direction. (A French
leave is nothing more than a “pass” taken on your own responsibility.)
He found that the fort was situated on a very low piece of land;
indeed, it was a swamp, nearly all surrounded by water. The works
were well constructed, but whoever selected this as a suitable site
for a fort was, Will thought, either insane or knew nothing of modern
warfare. Ignorant as Will was of military ways, he said he would not
have picked on this place for a fort. Here Will had his first view of
the dead and mangled upon the battle field. One of the largest of the
cannon had burst while the cannonading was in progress and this carried
destruction to all those around the gun, tearing them all to pieces.
Will said afterwards: “I shall to my dying day carry that picture in
my memory.” Now, for the first time, did Will realize the horrors of
war. In his eagerness to secure relics he knocked off a large piece of
the bursted cannon and with other relics he loaded himself down, but
after carrying them for a while he threw them away, thinking it would
be a long time ere he returned home, as it surely proved to be. After
viewing the destruction on every hand until he was satisfied, Will
returned to camp in time to escape being noticed by his officer.




FORT DONELSON

CHAPTER II.


With the fall of Fort Henry, we started toward Fort Donelson. The
roads were muddy and the country hilly, making the marching hard work.
About 3 o’clock p. m. of February 12, 1862, the distant booming of
cannon told us all too plainly that we were near the enemy, and we were
urged to greater speed. When within two miles of the fort a group of
officers passed us, among them Gen. Grant, Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, Col.
Oglesby and others. We were ordered to unsling knapsacks and leave them
in company piles, with a guard over them, and then away we went over
hills, valleys and ravines, through the woods and dense thickets. After
having marched about a mile and a half we were halted, darkness having
arrived. The night was very chilly and cold. Our boys had left their
knapsacks two miles to the rear and were without blankets. Cold, hungry
and disappointed, we shivered during that long, dreary night, and
began to realize what an earnest, cruel thing a soldier’s life was. But
it was our first experience, and we knew nothing about making ourselves
comfortable. We learned better after a while and always carried our
blankets with us, whether in battle or not. It is the best plan to
always have a blanket with you. During the night it rained and turned
very cold. We were forbidden to leave the lines, hence could not go
back for our blankets. Will gathered up a pile of leaves and crept into
them, but this did not keep him warm, and becoming cold he got up and
paced back and forth to try to keep warm.

At the first streak of day--February 13, 1862--the enemy bade us good
morning by sending us a shell that burst close to our lines, but doing
little damage. The boys were mad and, gathering their muskets, said:
“Let’s show them that we are not to be shot at without returning the
compliment,” but our officers were not ready to give us a chance.
The battle was on, however, at other points of the line, and at last
we were to have our hearts’ desires, namely, of having a shot at the
enemy. We were moved shortly to the right and formed in line with our
brigade.

About noon our General, W. H. L. Wallace, sent the 48th Illinois to
attack what looked like a small redoubt to the left and front of us.
This regiment gallantly attacked and fought desperately for some time,
but losing their Colonel, they fell back, and then Gen. Wallace ordered
the 45th Illinois to go to their aid. Now the time had come for us to
show what stuff we were made of; now had come the time to do what we
had promised our loved ones at home--to fight gallantly for the dear
old flag. The orders of our Colonel were:

“Attention, battalion! Fix bayonets; shoulder arms; right shoulder
shift, arms. Forward, march!” and all moved toward the enemy’s works
over very rough ground. The redoubt of the enemy was on a hill, the
ground sloping down toward us, while the trees and brush had been cut
down to retard our progress. Presently the bullets began to sing about
our heads: _zip, ping, ping_, and as we climbed the hill we were met by
a murderous fire of musketry; the men were falling in bunches and the
enemy poured into us grape and canister from their cannons.

When we got close enough the order to fire was given, and we boys sent
our first lead into the enemy who showed themselves on top of the
breastwork. The firing on both sides was brisk, but our Colonel would
not let the men advance any farther. He knew we could not climb over
the trench in front of the breastworks and scale the works. We fought
an hour at great disadvantage, when the order was given to slowly
retire. We had smelt powder for the first time and had heard the whiz
of the minie-ball, many of our brave comrades making the greatest
sacrifice a man can make for his country. They had given their lives
for the flag.

The gunboats on the river side of the fort had been doing valiant
work, but had suffered badly at the hands of the enemy. The flagship
St. Louis, had her steering wheel shattered, the pilot was killed, and
Admiral Foote was wounded. The flagstaff was shot away and Captain J.
V. Johnston, fastening the flag to his arm, walked the deck and gave
the signals.

For the interest of my young readers, I must tell you about Captain
Johnston’s little boy, Master James Vincent Johnston, aged about 8
years at the time. Captain Johnston’s wife and little boy were visiting
him on the gunboat when the enemy opened fire from an unseen battery on
the shore. The Captain had tied the boy by his mother’s side in one of
the cabins, but he succeeded in untying himself and ran off among the
gunners, where he seemed to take great delight during the excitement.
Presently the Captain came along and met the little fellow carrying a
pouch of powder. His father was surprised, and asked him where he got
his load. The child answered:

“Why, Tommy had his head shotted off over there an’ I’m carrying the
powder,” and he ran to the gun carrying his load.

The Captain let him have his way and little Jimmy was the hero of the
battle, and the sailors called him “Admiral Jimmie.”

After the unsuccessful attack on the fort we again took our places in
the line with our brigade. During the night the cold was intense and
the men suffered much; some perished, icicles hanging from the caps of
the sentinels. Our grub at this time was very scarce. We learned better
later on in the war to always carry a good supply of hard tack in
our haversacks for just such emergencies.

[Illustration: General Grant examining a prisoner’s haversack at Fort
Donelson]

Towards evening some prisoners were captured and were taken to General
Grant, who examined their haversacks and found them well filled with
rations. The General reasoned from this fact, that the enemy were
preparing to make their escape, which they did try to do the next day.

Soon after dark some of us were detailed to dig trenches and assist
in erecting breastworks for the artillery. The Seventh Corporal was
detailed to take charge of the squad, but it being so bitter cold he
feigned sickness and turned the squad over to Will. He took his place
and did the best he could, getting no sleep at all during the night.
The next morning Jim asked Will how he liked his job. “Oh,” said Will,
“the job was all right, but I’ll tell you, Jim, I think less of that
Seventh Corporal than I did before, because of that little trick of
his.”

During the night the Confederate Generals held a council of war and
decided to mass their troops on our right the next morning, and cut
their way out and escape.

Just as the first faint streaks of light came over the hills, so also
came the compliments from the enemy, in the shape of iron shells from
their cannons. McAllister’s battery returned the salutation in earnest
and the battle was on again. Saturday, February 15, 1862, the enemy
massed 10,000 troops opposite General McClernand’s division, on our
right, and advanced upon our line, the pickets being fired upon before
dawn.

The order, “Fall in,” was given and in a few minutes the woods rang
with rattle of musketry and the roar of cannon. The enemy were
determined to turn our right flank and escape. The battle raged
fiercely for an hour and a half, and then came a lull. Colonel Forrest
with his dashing cavalry made a charge on our lines at one point
and captured one of our batteries. The fighting at other points all
along the line that stretched for over three miles was heavy. About 10
o’clock our troops upon the extreme right ran out of ammunition, and
Gen. Oglesby’s brigade had to fall back.

General Lew Wallace now came up with fresh troops, their cartridge
boxes full, and those that had fallen back having now received plenty
of cartridges re-formed their lines and again took part in the fight to
drive the enemy back into their breastworks.

On the left of our lines a charge on the works had been ordered by
Gen. Grant, and Gen. C. F. Smith, leading the boys in blue, placed
his hat on his swordpoint and holding it aloft, cried out: “This way,
boys; come on,” and the boys followed their courageous leader amidst
a terrible hail of minie-balls and cannon shot. The 2nd, 7th, 12th
and 14th Iowa and the 25th Indiana Regiments engaged in this charge,
planting their colors on the outer works, the enemy falling back to
an inner breastwork. There was more or less fighting all day, but we
finally drove the enemy back into their fort and had them cooped up and
nearly surrounded.

During the battle in front of our lines, one of our company was wounded
and went a few rods to the rear and sat down behind a tree. The
Lieutenant Colonel seeing him there and thinking he was skulking went
at him fiercely, saying: “Gill, get back into line.” Now, Gill was an
odd genius, slow of speech and having a peculiar drawl in his manner of
speaking, replied: “I guess not, Colonel; I’m wounded.”

“Where are you wounded?”

“In the breast, Colonel.”

The Colonel still having his doubts, asked where the ball hit him.
Gill, raising his finger and covering the track of the bullet, said:
“It went skewaggling this a way.”

Sure enough, a minie-ball had torn a hole clear across his breast,
making an ugly looking flesh wound. Gill remained behind the tree until
told to go and see the surgeon.

It is a fact that many new words were coined during the Civil War, some
of them coming into general use and finding place in the dictionaries.

So far I have not seen Gill’s new word in the dictionaries, but surely
it was a most apt description of how he was wounded.

Another member of our company was taking his coffee from the fire in
the early morning when a stray, spent bullet from the enemy struck him
in the head and knocked him down. He was taken back a short distance
and the surgeon extracted a bullet flattened out and lying just under
the scalp. He recovered, but the boys called him “Old bullet-proof
skull,” or “Old hard head,” after that.




CHAPTER III.


That night, as the boys lay in line of battle, they discussed the
doings of the day.

“Say, Will, how did you feel to be in battle today?”

“Well, Jim, the greatest strain was waiting in line of battle, either
for an advance or to receive the enemy’s charge when I could do
nothing, and hearing the booming of cannon and rattle of musketry in
other parts of the battle field, I felt as though my heart was in
my mouth, and there came a desire to run for a place of safety; but
after we got into action, amid the smoke, dirt, excitement and noise,
I forgot where my heart was and had no desire to run; fear had been
displaced by a savage instinct to inflict injury on the enemy.”

Many have tried to explain the feeling while on the battle field, and
it is probable that a battle affects men in different ways. However,
we think Will’s description of the feeling is about right.

Late Saturday night we bivouacked near the firing line without fire and
very little to eat. The ground was covered with snow and ice and the
weather very cold.

Captain Johnson, of Company F, had his feet frozen so badly he never
could wear his boots again, but, instead, wore a pair of large army
brogans.

Fatigue parties were detailed to search for and bring in the wounded;
this labor extending throughout the night, the surgeons never rested
and there was no distinction between the blue and the gray.

As the Union army on this dreary Saturday night rested in bivouac close
in front of the enemy’s works, the moans of the wounded could be heard,
and here and there flickering lights moved through the woods on errands
of mercy.

Mother Bickerdike, a nurse with the Union army, was out on the battle
field with her lantern, groping among the dead, stooping down and
turning their cold faces towards her, she scrutinized them earnestly,
uneasy lest some might be wounded and left to die uncared for. How
many poor fellows, sick and wounded, have been ministered to by her
loving hands, and the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee, who loved
Mother Bickerdike, have said over and over again, “God bless Mother
Bickerdike.”

One incident has come down to us which shows how she loved her boys.
One morning, visiting one of the wards in a certain field hospital
at about 11 o’clock a. m., she found the poor fellows had had no
breakfast; the doctor in charge, had not been present to make out the
special diet list for each one, he having been out on a spree the night
before. The doctor came in just as Mother Bickerdike learned the facts
and she went for him.

“You miserable scoundrel; here these men, any one of them worth a
thousand of you, are suffered to starve and die, because you want to be
off on a drunk. Pull off your shoulder straps, for you shall not stay
in the army a week longer!”

The doctor laughed at her, but within three days she had caused his
discharge. He went to General Sherman to be reinstated.

The General said: “Who caused your discharge?”

“Why,” said the doctor, hesitatingly, “I suppose it was that woman,
Mrs. Bickerdike.”

“Oh,” said General Sherman. “Well, if it was she, I can do nothing for
you; she ranks me.”

During the night, while we boys were trying to keep from freezing and
wondering what the morrow would bring forth, the Confederate Generals
held another council of war, deciding they could not hold out longer
against Gen. Grant’s army, and would surrender.

Colonel Forrest (who commanded the cavalry) during the council arose
and said: “I will not surrender my command or myself,” and left the
council. During the night, or early morning, he and his command escaped
by wading the river on our extreme right, which was unprotected by the
Union forces.

Colonel Forrest was a brave man and a terrible fighter, as our troops
afterwards learned on numerous occasions.

The two senior Generals of the Confederates turned the command over to
Gen. S. B. Buckner, who somewhat scornfully notified his colleagues,
that if they proposed to escape they must do so speedily, for after he
should open negotiations with General Grant no one would be allowed to
leave the fort.

I have always admired General Buckner for declining to leave, claiming
as he did, that it was honorable to stay with his soldiers.

During the night or early morning, Gen. Buckner sent a note, under a
flag of truce, to Gen. Grant, asking an armistice to arrange terms of
surrender.

Without a moment’s hesitation, Gen. Grant wrote the following answer,
probably one of the finest specimens of energetic war literature in
military history.

“No terms other than an unconditional and immediate surrender can be
accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works.”

Upon the receipt of this, Gen. Buckner promptly returned his answer of
acceptance.

From this time on during the war, Gen. U. S. Grant was known as
“Unconditional Surrender Grant.”

Will kept a diary and we are permitted to quote from it:

“Soon after daybreak (Sunday, February 16, 1862) we heard great
cheering by the troops along the line and presently orderlys came
galloping towards us, swinging their caps and proclaiming the news of
the surrender of the fort. Did we shout? Well, if we didn’t use our
lungs then we never did. Hip! Hip! Hurrah! from every man in blue.
The victory was ours and we rejoiced over the fall of the Confederate
stronghold.”

The Union loss was about 2,400, and the Confederate loss was 2,000
killed and wounded, besides 15,000 prisoners and munitions of war.

Presently the order to march was given and we marched into Fort
Donelson with bands playing and colors flying. It was a grand sight,
as regiment after regiment poured in with their flags floating gayly
in the wind, and the brass hands playing, “Hail Columbia,” “Yankee
Doodle,” etc., in such style as the gazing captives had never heard
even in the palmy days of peace.

The Confederates were drawn up in line with their guns thrown down, and
with a woebegone, sullen, downhearted look they watched our parading.

[Illustration: Charge of the 8th Missouri and 11th Indiana Regiments,
led by General Lew Wallace, at Fort Donelson]

A few of them told us they were forced into the army and did their
fighting unwillingly. We did not believe a word of it. We marched
to the large fort next to the river and planted our colors upon the
ramparts and then camped inside the fort. The prisoners were very
anxious to know what their fate was to be. They were assured they would
be taken north and kept as prisoners of war until exchanged.

Gen. Lew Wallace was the first inside the works, and going to the
Confederate headquarters was met by Gen. Buckner, who invited him to
breakfast, which invitation was accepted, the bill of fare being coffee
and corn bread.

The fall of Fort Donelson was the first great and valuable victory won
by the Union armies during the war. When the news flashed through the
loyal states, the people went wild with enthusiasm. Salutes were fired,
joy bells rung, flags displayed everywhere, and the people asked one
another: “Who is this Grant, and where did he come from?” Before the
war closed the people found out who Grant was and what was in him.

There were others in the battle of Donelson, who, afterwards became
famous. There was our gallant Illinois soldiers, Colonel John A. Logan,
the “Black Eagle” of Egypt; the bluff old Colonel Richard Oglesby, both
of whom became Major Generals, and after the war served in the United
States Senate from the State of Illinois. Then Gen. Lew Wallace, of
Indiana, the noted author of “Ben Hur,” and Colonel John A. Rawlins,
of Galena, Ill., chief of staff of Gen. Grant, who, afterwards became
Secretary of War under Grant, and many others.

In speaking of Colonel Oglesby, we must give you an old story about him
which happened while he was in command of the 8th Illinois Regiment.
One day while the regiment was in camp, two of the drum corps went
into the woods to practice, and, while practicing, a nice fat pig
came nosing around. The temptation to the drummers was too great; the
pig was caught and slaughtered, but now the thought came to them: “How
shall we get into camp without discovery.” A happy idea, “Let’s put
him in the big drum.” So the head of the drum was taken off and Mr.
Pig safely stowed away, and they arrived at camp. The regiment was on
dress parade when they arrived at camp. The Colonel was vexed at their
absence, and as soon as he saw them, sternly ordered them to take
their places with the music. The drummers did not know what to do, but
one of them went up to the Colonel, and, in an under tone, told him
the situation, winding up with, “We ’low, Colonel, to bring the best
quarter over to your mess.” The Colonel thundered out: “Sick, hey! Why
didn’t you say so at first. Go to your quarters, of course. Battalion
right face, to your quarters, march.” The Colonel had fresh pork for
supper.

After the fall of Fort Donelson, the people of the North believed that
it would be but a short time until the rebellion would be put down, and
we boys could go home. Captain Johnson wrote home: “I believe it won’t
be over three months now until the rebellion will be squelched and we
shall be permitted to go home.”

Yes, we boys thought then that we had broken the backbone of the
rebellion, and that the war would soon be over. How badly mistaken we
were history proves. It was but the beginning of a terrible four years
of battle and bloodshed ere the end came.




SHILOH

CHAPTER IV.


We remained in Fort Donelson for a little over two weeks. The weather
was miserably wet, cold and disagreeable all the time, and the boys
wondered why we didn’t move on, and were getting impatient.

“Say, Will, how long do you think we are going to stay in this
miserable old hole?”

“I don’t know, Jim; but I’ll bet you a hard tack that we will be
marching within three days.”

“You seem to be so cocksure, I wonder if Gen. Grant has told you
anything.”

“No, Jim,” said Will, “he hasn’t told me anything, nor do I believe he
has told anybody what he is going to do, for I believe he is one of
those silent men that talk very little.”

“Well, what makes you so certain we are going to move soon?”

“Oh, I just put two and two together and add them up and it makes
four. So, when I see them getting the horses and mules all shod and
loading up our commissary and ammunition wagons to the top, I just say,
that’s two and two and that makes four, and so we march.”

“Well, Will, you are a curious fellow, and if we do move soon, I’ll say
you are one of the smartest fellows in camp.”

“Oh, shaw! that isn’t smartness, that’s just a little common horse
sense put to work.”

Will’s prophecy came true, and in three days the victorious army under
Grant started again for the Tennessee River. On March 24, 1862, we
landed at Pittsburg Landing on the west side of the Tennessee River,
and went into camp about two miles southwest of the landing.

At this place Gen. Grant was assembling an army to march on to Corinth
and attack Gen. Johnson’s Confederate forces. Our troops had been
located with a view to convenience, rather than in a compact line
facing an enemy. The great gaps between the different divisions
indicated that the officers did not expect a general attack; still, I
cannot see how they could have lulled themselves into this belief. To
show that there had been signs of an enemy hovering near our camps, I
will copy from an old diary kept by me at that time. I had forgotten
this incident until reading it lately when it all came back to me as
vividly as though of recent occurrence. “April 4th. Today I am on guard
as Sergeant of the Second Relief.

“At night the troops were ordered out in line of battle, word having
come that an attack had been made upon our outer line of pickets. Our
regiment moved to the right and in front of our camp.

“My relief was on duty some little distance in the woods. Soon after
the alarm was given, I received orders from the officer of the day to
take off my sentinels and order each man to his respective company for
duty. I proceeded to obey orders and had passed about half way ’round
giving orders to my men, when, groping through the underbrush, I came
to a sentinel whom I could not see very well because of the extreme
darkness, and supposing he was one of my guard, I gave the order, and
was just starting away when the sentinel called out sharply, ‘Halt.’
I had given the countersign before, so I turned and wanted to know
what was up. He informed me that he was on picket duty and wanted to
know who I was and what I wanted. I explained the situation to him,
which seemed satisfactory, and I was permitted to go. Retracing my
steps I found my own guard line. I had, in the darkness, stumbled into
the picket line of another regiment and was ordering in soldiers with
whom I had no business. The sentinel was all right and determined to
do his duty, for as he cried _halt_ he raised his musket, pulled the
hammer and was ready to shoot, but as an obedient soldier I obeyed his
command and halted, and in so doing escaped being shot by one of our
own soldiers. The troops were kept in line of battle until 10 o’clock
p. m., when the officers, believing it to be a ‘scare,’ ordered the
soldiers to their respective camps.”

This incident tends to show that the enemy was hovering near our
immediate front.

Calling a few years ago upon my old Colonel, Gen. John E. Smith, of
the United States army (now deceased), and talking over some of our
battles, I asked him about some feature of the battle of Shiloh, to
which he replied: “Well, Wilbur, after reading all the histories and
articles published on the battle of Shiloh, I am in doubt whether I was
there at all.” But he was there, and by reason of his courage and skill
merited the promotion he afterwards received.

The Generals and officers have had almost a monopoly since the war, in
telling how such and such a battle was fought, and the magazines have
been filled with the story of General So and So winning this battle
and losing another. The Sergeants, Corporals and the privates who did
the hard fighting in the ranks have not been heard from very much. It’s
about time we had our say, so that the future historian may gather
facts from the ranks as well as from the officers, and thus be able to
make a complete history.

The ground at Shiloh is quite uneven and very woody, with here and
there a field or “clearing.”

There was a little log church near Gen. Sherman’s camp, called
“Shiloh,” where the battle commenced, and the great battle of April 6
and 7, 1862, has gone down in history as the battle of Shiloh.

The Confederate army had approached our lines very quietly within two
miles; the beating of drums had been forbidden and every precaution
taken to keep the Union army from knowing of their presence. The sound
of “taps” in the Union army at 9 o’clock Saturday night was distinctly
heard in the enemy’s camp, but we heard no “taps” from their army.

Never did a morning open with brighter, happier prospects than did that
Sunday morning of April 6, 1862. Never did the sun beam forth, shedding
its golden rays on a devoted, unsuspecting army, with more loveliness.
Never was a wilderness made more cheerful and inviting by the innocent
chirpings and songs of myriads of warbling songsters, perched among
the many trees of our camp, little dreaming of the approaching dangers
which was destined so soon to be drenched with human blood.

Will, being an early riser from force of habit, having been raised on a
farm, had been up long enough to have eaten his breakfast, while Jim,
his bunk mate, was just coming out of his tent, when the rattle of
musketry was heard out in front to the southwest.

“Will, what was that noise off there, rumbling of the wagons?”
inquired Jim.

“No, Jim, I think its musketry firing.”

“Oh,” said John Shannon. “You are away off. There isn’t any enemy
within miles of us.”

While the boys were debating, the long roll sounded at headquarters,
“bur-r-r-r rat-tat-tat-bur-r-r.”

The boys were astonished and startled, but they knew then what the
noise they had heard meant, and each man jumping for his musket and
cartridge box, fell into line without the word of command. In less than
five minutes the regiment was in line ready for orders. This was about
6 o’clock in the morning. After waiting impatiently for some fifteen or
twenty minutes, we received orders from Gen. McClernand, commanding our
division, to move to the left a little and out in front to support Gen.
Sherman’s division, whose troops were the first to receive an attack
from the enemy, which was so fierce, desperate and sudden that some
of his troops were surprised and thrown into a panic. They rallied,
however, and checked the foe. Soon heavy musketry and cannonading were
opened on our immediate left. Again we were moved to the left to aid
the troops now in mortal combat, and taking our position in the woods
we awaited the enemy.

Now, out of the forest in front march the gray line of battle, four
columns deep, with arms at a right shoulder shift. On the columns
march, without a break in their ranks, carrying a flag which appears to
be the stars and stripes.

When they got near enough for our soldiers to open fire on them, we
begin to get uneasy and want to commence firing. The men in the ranks
realize that the first volley is needed now to check the oncoming foe.
Jim was one of the nervous fellows and said to Will: “What does it
mean? Why don’t our officers give the command to fire?”

Will replied: “You know the orders are not to fire until the command
is given.” But even Will believed we were making a mistake in not
firing, now that the enemy was in range.

The strain for those few minutes becomes too intense. A few of the men
commence to shoot without orders, when an officer rushes down the line
shouting: “Cease firing, those are our troops.”

Two or three men of Will’s company, who had no fear of an officer, and
who now at this supreme moment seemed to know more than their officers,
had been firing, among them Jim, who answered the officer: “The hell
they are! You will find out pretty d--d soon they are not.”

Will said: “Better obey the officer, Jim; but I can’t blame you for
swearing a little just now.” The soldiers obeyed and ceased firing.

Five minutes of terrible suspense, with that gray line advancing nearer
and nearer; then suddenly a most destructive volley of musketry was
poured into our ranks, and our men fell like autumn leaves. Did we
wait for orders to “fire?” No! Every man opened fire, loading and
discharging his gun as rapidly as possible, the roar of musketry from
either side being terrific. The underbrush is mowed down by bullets.
Men are shot in several places in the body in a moment. The dead lie
where they fall, and the wounded drag themselves to the rear. Our
rapid firing has now checked the onward march of the enemy in our
immediate front, but the regiment and battery upon our right were not
so fortunate, and with unearthly yells the enemy charge the battery.
The gunners fight like heroes, manning their guns until bayoneted. The
boys thought it was Schwartz’s battery. The horses all being killed or
wounded the cannon could not be taken away and were captured. It is
related of an officer of this battery that, later in the day, he rode
up to Gen. Grant, and touching his cap, said: “Sheneral, I vants to
make one report. Schwartz’s battery is took.”

“Ah,” said the General; “how did that happen?”

“Veil, you see, Sheneral, de secesh come up in front of us and dey
flank us and so Schwartz’s battery was took.”

“Well, sir,” said the General; “you spiked the guns, of course?”

“Vat!” exclaimed the officer; “schpike dem new guns. It would spoil
dem.”

The regiment that supported this battery failed to stand up to the
rack, and when the charge was made beat a retreat too soon. Our right
flank was now about to be turned by the enemy, and the order was given
to fall back a short distance. We fell back about two hundred yards and
the lines were again formed. At this first engagement of the day we
left a large number of our boys to sleep their last sleep. Again the
battle was on, and the terrible work of destruction went on all along
the line. The screaming shells and whizzing bullets carried death and
wounds wherever they went. The line of battle stretched for a distance
of two miles and raged with fury the entire length, the enemy massing
their forces at certain points and pushing the Union troops back, then
attempting to flank the regiment to the right or left. Such were the
tactics used by Generals Johnson and Beauregard, and they were well
managed, indeed.




CHAPTER V.


One position after another was taken, and from each we were driven, or
had to fall back for fear of being flanked.

The third position our brigade took was on the brow of a small hill,
where we held the enemy at bay for two hours, at one time charging and
driving them for a quarter of a mile, then falling back for lack of
support on our right.

A Confederate officer has said of Shiloh: “The Confederate assaults
were made by rapid charges along the line. They were repeatedly checked
and often repulsed. Sometimes counter charges drove them back, but
whether in assault or recoil, both sides saw their bravest soldiers
fall in frightful numbers.” This officer’s statement is true to the
letter.

We then took a new position on the edge of an open field. For an hour
we listened to and were in the midst of an artillery duel. At times
the battle seemed to die out, and all was still in our immediate
vicinity; but this stillness only portended the fiercer the fight when
again commenced.

About 3 o’clock our cartridges began to run low, and we borrowed each
of the other until all was gone; we were holding the enemy, but now
our guns were silent. What a helpless man a soldier is in a battle
with no ammunition. We marched to the rear left in front in search
of cartridges, and none too soon either, for a troop of the enemy’s
cavalry were seen on our right, trying to get in our rear and take us
prisoners. We had not gone far when we met a line of fresh troops,
of whom we begged cartridges, but the caliber was not the right size
for our Enfield rifles and we could not use them, and we started on
again hunting for cartridges, the enemy pressing us so hard that the
Captain of the rear company went rushing up to the Colonel, exclaiming
breathlessly:

“My God, Colonel, they are not fifty yards from my company, and we
haven’t a shot to defend ourselves.”

“Keep cool,” said the Colonel, “and don’t say anything, the enemy don’t
know we are out of ammunition, and we will come out all right yet.”

We had not gone far when we met a wagon loaded with cartridges. Caliber
58. Did you ever see a hungry lot of men wade into a bang-up dinner?

Will was the first to mount the wagon and rip open one of the boxes
in quick order, the men scrambling up into the wagon, and crying out:
“Give me some, give me more!” The cartridge boxes and pockets were
filled in short order. We then took our position on the right of our
brigade, supporting a battery.

The enemy soon opened on us with a heavy artillery fire, and either
having the best guns or gunners silenced our cannon. The horses were
killed, men wounded and killed, but the infantry held the line; we felt
strong and courageous now, with plenty of cartridges. The men began to
realize that this line must be held though every man fall.

[Illustration: The fight in the peach orchard at Shiloh]

There was one place on the battle line of Sunday which was occupied by
the gallant troops under Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, and who held the enemy
at bay for a long time, the Confederates charging this place several
times and being repulsed each time. “Its a regular hornet’s nest,”
said one of the Confederate officers, and the spot as located by the
United States Commissioners of the Shiloh National Park, bears the
name, “Hornet’s Nest,” at the present time. It was at this point that
the brave and beloved Gen. W. H. L. Wallace received his mortal wound.
To the east of the “Hornet’s Nest,” a short distance, is the place
where Commanding General of the Confederate army, Gen. Albert Sidney
Johnston, was killed. I believe that Gen. Johnston was the greatest
General of the Confederate army, and many others agree with me.

A little to the rear of Gen. Wallace’s troops was a small pond of
water. The wounded soldiers crawled to this pond to slake their thirst
and bathe their wounds, and so many washed their wounds in this pond
that the water looked like a pool of blood, and it was called the
“Bloody Pond.”

The pond is still there, and has a fence around it, with a tablet
giving its name, “Bloody Pond,” and captured cannon surround it.

The Union forces that were left were now concentrated in a much shorter
line, with no gaps susceptible to a flank movement of the enemy.

As the sun went down in the west I noticed it looked as red as blood,
indicative of the bloody work we had been doing on that holy Sabbath
day. Night again brooded o’er us.

With the awful carnage of blood and destruction strewn over two miles,
with thousands of killed and wounded on both sides, no doubt both
armies were glad that darkness closed the terrible struggle, for the
day at least. Our Orderly Sergeant of our company called the roll and
out of 55 that started in the morning, 31 answered “here,” and with the
exception of two or three, the rest had been killed or wounded.

We bivouacked on the firing line, the rain coming down during the night
wetting us through and through. Our company was with others detailed
for picket duty that night between 10 and 12 o’clock, and stationed
about two hundred yards in front of our line.

Will was posted near a big tree. The night was pitch dark, and having
had nothing to eat since morning he was tired and sleepy. But,
realizing the duty of a soldier never to fall asleep on the picket
line, he tried in every way to keep awake. In telling his experience
afterwards to Jim, he said: “I never worked harder. I pulled my hair
and bit my lips to keep awake. About 11 o’clock I heard the cracking of
twigs in front of me. The darkness was intense. I could see nothing,
but sleepiness was gone then. I listened intently. On it came,
something, somebody making straight for me. I waited, with musket ready
to fire, until I thought it time to make the challenge, and then cried
out: ‘Halt; Who goes there?’ He halted, and out of the darkness came a
voice saying:

“‘I am wounded and want to get to a surgeon.’ I was not satisfied with
this. He might be an enemy trying to capture the sentinels, and the
enemy then would make a night attack on our sleeping army in the rear.
So I plied him with questions as to his regiment, brigade and division,
to which he answered in such a manner that he convinced me he was
telling the truth, and I told him to advance. He came hobbling along
with a broken ramrod of a cannon for a crutch, shot through the leg. I
called the Sergeant of the Guard: ‘Sergeant of the Guard, Post No. 6,’
and the next sentinel took up the cry and pretty soon the Sergeant came
and I turned the poor fellow over to be taken to the Surgeon.”

All things have an end. Twelve o’clock came, and, being relieved, we
returned to the sleeping line, and, throwing ourselves on the ground,
we at once fell asleep. All night the surly gunboats kept up a deadly
fire on the enemy in front of our left.

Twice during the night I awoke, and could hear the groans and cries of
the wounded lying out there on that bloody field. Some cried for water,
others for some one to come and help them. Many years have passed since
that terrible day and night, yet when my mind reverts to that time, I
can hear those poor fellows crying for water. God heard them, for the
heavens were opened and the rain came.




CHAPTER VI.


In the evening of April 6 a few of Gen. Buell’s troops had arrived and
were placed in position. During the night the boats brought the balance
of Buell’s army across the Tennessee River and they were in line of
battle ere the break of day.

Volumes have been written about the battle of Shiloh. Some think
Buell’s army saved us. Of course, they helped to win the second day’s
battle; still there is nothing to prove that Gen. Grant’s army would
not have won without their assistance on the next day.

Let me quote what I wrote over fifty years ago, when it was fresh in my
mind:

“Some think it was Buell’s army that saved the army of Gen. Grant from
total destruction. I think otherwise, and my reason is this: we had
been driven back so near the river that our lines were concentrated as
before they were scattered. During the night Gen. Grant and his aides
had perfected their line of battle, and Gen. Lew Wallace’s division had
arrived from Crump’s Landing, and every man left in the line knew that
to retreat another foot meant total annihilation, and the words: ‘We
must whip them in the morning,’ were upon every man’s lips.”

The enemy was badly hurt, and Gen. Grant knew it and felt confident
that victory must be ours on the morrow.

The morning light had scarcely come on the 7th of April when the roar
of artillery announced the opening of the second day’s battle. The
command, “Forward,” was given and the entire line moved forward. We
were the aggressors today, and made the first attack.

Fighting continued steadily, the enemy yielding every foot with great
reluctance, stubbornly holding their ground, until 12 o’clock, when a
general charge was made, and the tide of battle was turned in favor
of the Union forces. During this charge, Will fell to the ground,
thinking he was shot through the leg, for it hurt so badly he couldn’t
stand up; he pulled up his trousers to see where the minie-ball had
struck him, to find that the ball had only grazed his shinbone, cutting
a nice clean hole through his pants, but not bringing a drop of blood.
Will was disgusted, that he should fall out with just a bruised
shinbone, and jumping up he went limping after his company.

By 3 o’clock Gen. Beauregard, who was now in command of the Confederate
forces, gave the order for a retreat. They kept up a fight to cover
their retreat until night, but when darkness came we were in possession
of our old camps, where we bivouacked, filled as they were with the
dead of both armies. We had no difficulty in sleeping well, even
though the silent dead lay all about us. The dead do not disturb us;
it is the living we should be afraid of. We built fires and cooked our
frugal meal, and, after eating, we gathered ’round the camp fire and
recounted the deeds of valor done during the great battle, speaking
kind words of our brave comrades who had fallen.

A few Sibley tents, torn and riddled by shot and shell, were all we
had left. I lost my shirts, blankets, letters from home, my testament
(mother’s gift) and a picture of the “girl I left behind me.” I was
more indignant over the loss of my girl’s picture then I was over the
other articles.

On Tuesday I was detailed with others to bury the dead lying within our
camp and a distance of two hundred yards in advance. I had charge of
digging the grave, if a trench over sixty feet long and four feet deep,
can be called a grave.

The weather was hot, and most of the dead had been killed early Sunday
morning, and dissolution had already commenced. The soldiers gathered
the bodies up and placed them in wagons, hauling them near to the
trench, and piling them up like cord wood.

We were furnished with plenty of whiskey, and the boys believed that it
would have been impossible to have performed the job without it.

When the grave was ready, we placed the bodies therein, two deep; the
father, brother, husband and lover, all to lie till Gabriel’s trumpet
shall sound. All the monument reared to those brave men was a board,
nailed to a tree at the head of the trench, upon which I cut with my
pocket knife, the words: “125 rebels.”

We buried our Union boys in a separate trench, and on another board
were these words: “35 Union.” Many of our men had been taken away and
buried separately by their comrades. It was night when we finished the
task, some of the squad, “half seas over” with liquor, but they could
not be blamed, for it was a hard job. The next day we burned the dead
horses and mules.

A few words about the great battle of Shiloh, as an old veteran views
it, as well as some words deduced from history.

It has often been told that the enemy surprised us at Shiloh; that the
men were asleep in their tents and were even bayoneted there. This most
certainly is erroneous. The Confederate officers report that early
Sunday morning, while they were planning the attack, their discussion
was abruptly brought to an end by the Union out posts commencing an
attack on them.

Our soldiers were _not surprised_ in the sense of being taken off their
guard.

It was a surprise in the sense, that Gen. Grant and his officers did
not expect an attack in force by the enemy, or if they did, they made
a great mistake in not being prepared. The fact remains, we were not
ready to receive the enemy; not a shovelfull of earth had been thrown
up for protection, and the several divisions were scattered so as not
to form a continuous battle line. If mistake it was on the part of
Gen. Grant, he profited by it, for such a thing did not happen ever
afterward. That the first day’s battle of Shiloh was a stubborn and
desperate battle cannot be denied. Badeau, in his military history of
Gen. Grant, says: “For several hours of the first day there was as
desperate fighting as was ever seen on the American Continent, and
that, in proportion to the number engaged, equaled any contest during
the rebellion.”

Gen. W. T. Sherman said: “I never saw such terrible fighting afterward.”

Gen. Grant has said: “Shiloh was the severest battle fought in the west
during the war, and but few in the east equaled it for hard, determined
fighting.” Again he says in his Memoirs, speaking of Shiloh: “I saw
an open field the second day, over which the Confederates had made
repeated charges, so covered with dead that it would have been possible
to walk across the clearing in any direction, stepping on dead bodies
without the foot touching the ground.”

Gen. McClernand and his division have never received their just meed of
praise for his and their part in the battle of Shiloh.

Gen. Grant in his later life says this: “The heaviest loss sustained by
the enemy was in front of Sherman’s and McClernand’s divisions.”

The official records show that on April 5, 1862, Gen. Grant had 39,830
men and officers for the first day’s battle, and Gen. Johnston of the
Confederates had 43,968 when we started the battle of Shiloh.

The loss of the Confederates was 24⅓ per cent; the loss of Grant’s five
divisions present for duty on Sunday was 26¾ per cent. The loss of the
Army of the Tennessee under Grant at Shiloh was 10,944; the loss of the
Army of the Ohio under Buell was 2,103. Only a few regiments of Buell’s
army got into action late in the evening of the first day. Total Union
loss 13,047, but this includes 2,314 Union prisoners of Gens. Prentiss’
and Wallace’s divisions; the loss of the Confederates was 10,699.

I remember no amusing incidents during the battle, save that of one
of my company, who was shot through the mouth in such a way as to
knock out all of his front teeth. He was a German, who spoke English
brokenly, and swore like a trooper; he would spit blood and then curse
the enemy with great vehemence, and loading his gun and firing, would
exclaim: “D-- ’em, dey tinks dey vill spile me so I can’t eat hard
tack, d-- ’em, I’ll show dem!” And so he fought while his comrades
cheered him on.

It has been said that war is grand and heroic; that fighting is a
glorious thing; so it is to read about, but the veterans of fifty years
ago have seen war; they know what a horrible thing it is, and I believe
that every old veteran who has stood in the battle front, has it in
his heart to say: “God grant that wars may cease, and that universal
peace may come to this world of ours.”

Shiloh was a terrible battle, and now after fifty years have slipped
by, I sit in my easy chair and occasionally dream of the past. I seem
to hear again as vividly as then, the booming of cannon, the rattle
of musketry and the whiz of the minie-ball, amid the cries and groans
of my comrades who touched elbows with me, and I ask myself: “Can it
be? Was I there, or is it a wild fancy of the brain?” The scenes come
too vividly before my memory to doubt it, and I thank God that I was
able with my comrades to bear a humble part in saving to those who
come after us, this grand nation, and in helping to perpetuate but one
flag, the Stars and Stripes--the “Heaven-born banner”--to float over a
reunited land and people.




CHAPTER VII.


Before leaving my story of the battle of Shiloh, it will interest
the reader to peruse the following account of a visit of some of the
participants in the battle, just 47 years after.

The National Association of the Survivors of the Battle of Shiloh
held their annual reunion on the battle field of Shiloh, April 6 and
7, 1909. Sixty-six veterans, with their wives and sons and daughters,
boarded the steamer “Santillo” at St. Louis, Mo., April 2, 1909,
and started for Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. On the morning of April 6,
1909, we landed at Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. Upon the bluff is the
National Cemetery, where 4,000 Union soldiers lie buried, most of the
head stones bearing the name “Unknown.” It is a beautiful cemetery,
overlooking the Tennessee River. The farmers from the surrounding
country were there with their hacks and carryalls ready to be engaged
for a reasonable sum to take the Northern visitors all over the battle
field. Our party secured a rancher with a big wagon drawn by a pair of
lazy mules (our objective point being the camp of the regiment of which
we were members), over fine made, drained roads, and although it had
rained heavily the night before, the roads were dry and clear of mud.
We found a National Park of nearly 4,000 acres, laid out with roads in
every direction; we found monuments everywhere, as well as markers and
tablets, denoting the camp of every regiment and different positions
held by each regiment and battery in the great battle of April 6 and
7, 1862. Great credit is due the Park Commissioners and Major D. W.
Reed (of the 12th Iowa Regiment), Secretary and Historian, for their
magnificent work in making this beauty spot in Tennessee. Monuments
have been erected by the different states in honor of their troops
taking part in the battle. The South have also erected monuments to
the memory of the Confederate troops. The Alabama state monument was
dedicated on April 7, 1909, both northern and southern men and women
participating. The Daughters of the Confederacy of Alabama had sent
flowers and a request that the ladies from the North would place them
upon the monument, which the Chicago, Iowa and South Dakota ladies
did. A prayer was offered and Capt. Irwin, an ex-Confederate, made
an address, and he was followed by a Union veteran, eulogizing “Old
Glory.” Then a young man from the South spoke, saying among other
things that he was glad he lived today instead of forty-seven years
ago, for now, if the United States were called to a war, the North and
South would go side by side, defending their common country. And then
the company sang “Nearer, My God, to Thee.”

The two days at Shiloh battle field were filled with intense interest
to all who were present, especially the veterans who took part in the
battle; and where it happened that two or more members of the same
regiment were present they would hunt up their camp ground and then
find the different positions they held in the battle line of those
days, and standing on the same ground as then, live in memory again
the terrible scenes of the long ago. The battle line of April 6 and 7,
1862, is about three miles in length and we visited most every part of
the field, including the most noted places, viz.: the “Hornet’s Nest”
and the “Bloody Pond.”

To those of our party who wended their way to Shiloh church, where
the battle began, a unique experience awaited us. On April 6 (there
being about twenty-five from the boat present), upon coming in sight
of the church, we beheld the citizens of the surrounding country,
with their wives and children, gathered from miles around. The Albert
Sidney Johnston Camp of Confederate Veterans were holding their
semi-annual meeting in the church, there being present probably
twenty-five veterans. We were met by the veterans of the Confederate
army with a glad shake and a cordial invitation to remain to dinner
with them, which was accepted, and we did enjoy their fried chicken
and all the other good things. The dinner was eaten with the sauce of
reminiscences and repartee between the blue and the gray. We will give
you one little incident in which the Union veteran seemed to get the
worst of it. Noticing the leanness of the ex-Confederates, the Union
veteran said: “Johnnie, how is it all you fellows look so lean, as
though you hadn’t enough to eat?” The ex-Confederate, on a wooden leg,
made quick reply: “Well, Yank, you see it’s this way. You-uns shot us
onto crutches and we-uns shot you-uns on the pension roll.” After many
a joke and story of the battle, the people adjourned to the church for
services, the church being filled. Gen. Basil Duke, one of the Shiloh
Park Commissioners, gave a fine address, giving his experience in the
battle of Shiloh, where he was wounded. He was in Morgan’s command of
the Confederate army. Among other things he said:

“We fought in the Civil War for the cause we thought was right. We
believed the rights guaranteed to us under the constitution were being
taken away from us, and you must admit that our love for our homes and
property is as dear to us of the South as it is to you of the North.
The people of the North believed that to divide the United States
would destroy this Nation. Time has proved under the providence of
God that the judgment of the North was correct, for had we succeeded
in establishing the Confederate States of America, no doubt later on
other states would have felt aggrieved on some question and would have
seceded, and in time, had our cause won, this nation would have been
divided into a great many small principalities governing themselves.
Now the issues for the weal of this great Nation are as dear to us of
the South as you of the North.”

Gen. Duke closed his address by saying that: “We all rejoice at the
fraternal feelings now existing between the North and the South, and
hope that ever these bonds of love and good will between us may grow
and cement us together, stronger and stronger, and we shall continue to
prosper and enjoy the rights and privileges of this great Nation.”

W. F. Crummer, of Chicago, Ill., on behalf of the boys in blue and
their friends, responded, contrasting the scenes of 47 years ago with
those of today. He said in part: “It was a beautiful Sabbath morning,
April 6, 1862. The birds were singing among the trees and nature was
putting forth her verdure of green, when suddenly the booming of
cannon, the shrieking of shells and the rattle of musketry heralded
the beginning of one of the most terrible battles of the Civil War.
I will not take the time to relate all my experiences of that battle,
but simply say this, that when, on Monday evening, we had regained our
camp, we found a few Sibley tents all riddled with shot and shell, and
while you, ex-Confederates here, had possession of our camp you took
my knapsack, blanket, the testament my mother gave me, which I hope
you read and profited thereby. You are welcome to that, but one thing
you took made me feel badly, and that was the picture of the girl I
left behind me, and I am here today to ask you to return that picture.
The scene of that awful field of carnage and bloodshed changes. Today,
after 47 years have rolled by, the birds are singing in the trees and
nature is putting forth its green as then, and all is peaceful, and
instead of cannon and bullets greeting us you meet us with open hands
and extend to us a cordial greeting and your bountiful hospitality.
Our hearts are moved and we thank you most heartily. We rejoice with
you that today we know no North, no South, no East, no West, but a
reunited country, with one flag and one nation, the grandest Nation on
the earth. We trust that we shall always remain a happy and prosperous
people, both North and South, working together for the good of the
entire country. The feeling of good fellowship shown us today indicates
that we are one in spirit and love for our Nation. May we all so live
that when the roll is called up yonder we may answer ‘Here,’ and enter
into the heavenly land our God has prepared for us. Again thanking you
for your most kindly greeting and hospitality, I bid you Godspeed until
we meet again.”

The meeting was dismissed in a novel manner. All rose and, shaking
hands, sang as they marched around the church, to a Southern melody:
“It’s All Over Now; It’s All Over Now,” and with many a “Come and see
us again,” the veterans and their friends from the North bade their
Tennessee friends a hearty good bye.




VICKSBURG

CHAPTER VIII.


A half of a century has passed since the memorable Vicksburg campaign
of the Civil War began in the year 1863.

It was my lot to take part in the Vicksburg campaign, and, in giving
some reminiscences of that siege, I must speak from the standpoint
of a soldier of the 45th Illinois Regiment, Gen. Logan’s division in
Gen. McPherson’s 17th Army Corps, being a part of Gen. Grant’s army.
Before taking you to the actual siege we must carry you with the army
from Milliken’s Bend on the Louisiana shore above Vicksburg round on
the west side of the Mississippi River to Bruinsburg, 70 miles below
Vicksburg, and tell you of the marches and battles we had before we
entered the city. In the spring of 1863 we find Gen. Grant and his army
of 30,000 men encamped at Milliken’s Bend. We could not cross the river
at that point and attack Vicksburg from the north, inasmuch as a large
portion of that country was an impassable swamp. The first plan devised
was to cut a canal to the west, thereby changing the current of the
river, by which it was proposed to carry troops, forage and ammunition
by transports south of Vicksburg, but this scheme proved ineffectual
and was abandoned. Where Vicksburg stands, the cliffs rise abruptly
from the water’s edge 200 feet. Twenty-eight heavy guns were mounted on
the river front, all of which had a plunging fire. Our gunboats could
not elevate their guns to do them any damage. Vicksburg was impregnable
from the north and the river front. Jeff Davis said: “Vicksburg is the
Gibralter of America.” By the way, speaking of Jeff Davis reminds me he
had a plantation not far from Vicksburg. Soon after the Yankees reached
that vicinity, Jeff’s slaves deserted him, bag and baggage, and a queer
lot of contrabands they were, indeed.

Notice the daring plan of Gen. Grant, namely, to take his army around
on the Louisiana shore to a point south of Vicksburg, cross the river,
cut loose from his base of supplies and enter the enemy’s country.

Gen. Grant devised the plan to have Admiral Porter’s gunboats and
several steamboats, loaded with rations and ammunition, run the
batteries at Vicksburg and be ready to transport the army across the
river. The first intimation the rank and file had of such a thing was a
notice that our Colonel received one day from the Commanding General:
that volunteers were wanted to man the steamboats; to act as firemen,
engineers, pilots, etc. The Adjutant called the regiment into line,
and the Colonel explained what was wanted. He told the soldiers of
the dangerous undertaking; that in all probability the steamers would
be riddled with shot and shell and many might perish. Notwithstanding
all this, if there were any who would volunteer for this service,
let them step three paces to the front. Almost the entire regiment
stepped to the front. There was one Lieutenant who did not step to
the front. Suffice it to say he was never promoted. The reason is
obvious. The Colonel then told the Captains to select those who had
had some experience on the river, and enough men were found to man
a hundred steamers. There was one of those brave volunteers of our
regiment--Charlie Evans--who held to the pilot wheel, when a cannon
ball went crashing through the pilot house, driving pieces of timber
against him with such force that he never fully recovered, and a few
years after we buried him at Galena, Ill. Now the boats are loaded and
manned by those brave boys from the Northern prairies. All is ready,
the night is propitious, the signal is given and Admiral Porter’s
flotilla of gunboats and steamers start down the river on the 16th day
of April, 1863, to run that storm of fire and iron hail. The enemy
endeavored to send those boats and their heroic crews to “Davy Jones’
Locker” that night, but with the exception of one boat, the “Henry
Clay,” they finally passed through. For two hours and forty minutes
the fleet was under fire. Every transport was struck and disabled. For
eight miles the enemy’s cannon hurled shot at them, but the loss of men
was small in killed and wounded. Now the gunboats and steamboats have
run the rebel batteries and are below the city ready to transport the
troops and cannon from the west bank of the river to the east.

Prior to the running of the batteries, many of the troops had marched
down on the Louisiana side of the river to Hard Times and Bruinsburg,
and were waiting for the boats to arrive, with much anxiety, fearful
that they would not stand the awful hammering the enemy would give
them. The first to show up was the burning wreck of the “Henry Clay.”
As it floated by an old southern man whose magnificent mansion bordered
the Mississippi River, rubbed his hands in glee, exclaiming, “Where
are your gunboats now? Vicksburg has put an end to them all.” Not long
after his jubilant remark the gunboats appeared coming down the river,
and presently the whole fleet hove in sight; then the boys, turning to
the haughty Southerner, said: “Did Vicksburg put an end to them all?”
The old man was too mad to endure the taunts, and turning away, hid
himself. The next day he set fire to his own home rather than allow it
to shelter his fancied enemies.

About this time there was excitement in Richmond and Washington.
The Confederate government was amazed that their “Gibralter” should
have been passed by the “Yankee” fleet of gunboats. At Washington,
consternation took hold of the officers at the war office. Gen.
Grant had not informed Gen. Halleck of his plans as to the capture of
Vicksburg. Halleck was angry and sent a dispatch ordering Gen. Grant
to turn back, but the dispatch failed to reach its destination. There
had been a determined effort made at Washington by some Senators and
Governors and friends of other Generals, to have Grant removed from
his command; but President Lincoln said to them: “I rather like the
man; I think we’ll try him a little longer.” So, because of the faith
of Lincoln in Grant’s ability, it became possible for him to make
that most remarkable campaign and capture of Vicksburg. I believe it
is a fact, that now, in the military schools of Europe, the military
campaign of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg is studied and considered by
authorities as one of the most daring and brilliantly executed
movements in modern warfare.

Now for the campaign as seen from a soldier’s view. The army has been
conveyed across the river. The enemy falls back to Port Gibson,
burning the bridges across the Bayou Pierre. The loss of the bridges
does not delay the army very long, for we are supplied with boats or
pontoons; with these, in addition to lumber from fences, houses and
barns, a bridge is soon built. After crossing the pontoon bridge we
soon encountered the enemy at Thompson Hill or Port Gibson. A sharp
fight ensues, but the enemy is soon routed and retreats. During our
fight at Thompson Hill we had with us that day a Congressman from the
North. He had a horse and was riding with our Colonel when the quick
rattle of musketry in our front was heard. The order was quickly given
and we were moving forward in line of battle. Presently the usual
noisy introduction of the sharp crack of the musket and the whiz of
the minie-ball opened the exercises. There was a deep ravine a little
in our rear. The Congressman or his horse was very tired and remained
in the ravine until he heard the wild cheer of our victorious charge,
when he came out of that ravine on the gallop, swinging his hat and
shouting: “Give it to ’em, boys.” It was safe then. But you couldn’t
blame him much. He wasn’t getting the enormous sum of $13 per month
to be shot at. A Congressman’s salary didn’t justify the sacrifice of
being riddled with bullets.

Three days’ rations are issued to the soldiers and this we are told
must sustain us for the next five days. The march is then resumed. On
May 12th, at 11 o’clock, we meet the enemy, 5,000 strong, at Raymond,
and the fight is opened by the artillery and a sharp battle is fought.
The enemy charge our lines, but are repulsed, the lighting continuing
until about 2 o’clock p. m., when the order for a charge is given and
forward with a cheer the boys go, the enemy breaking and retreating.
We occupy the town of Raymond that night. The dead are buried; the
wounded are cared for and by daybreak the next morning we are on the
march, headed for Jackson, Miss., to clean out Gen. Johnston, and his
army that he has concentrated at that place. Our rations are getting
short, but the country affords us a fair supply of some things, such
as fresh pigs, chickens and vegetables, which we take as a matter of
crippling the enemy as well as to satisfy the hungry boys in blue. Our
march begins at 4 o’clock in the morning. One day we marched all day in
the drizzling rain and at night when we camped we were wet to the skin,
hungry and tired, but not one word of grumbling could be heard. On May
14, 1863, we arrive at the outskirts of Jackson and meet the enemy.
During the battle at Jackson a rather amusing incident happened. We
were in line of battle and had moved up to the vicinity of a plantation
around which were scattered a number of bee hives. Now, had we not been
engaged with the enemy, our boys would have liked nothing better than
to have despoiled those bees and supped on honey, but for the present
we had important work on hand. The bees were quiet enough until the
minie-balls went crashing through their hives, when they came out and
rushed at us with terrible ferocity. Men can stand up and be shot at,
all day, with the deadly musket, but when a swarm of bees pounces upon
a company of men in concert, it’s beyond human nature to stand it,
and so two or three companies retired from the field. In fact, our
lines were re-formed in that particular locality so as to avoid those
Southern bees. They had no “rebel yell,” but their charge on us was
a successful one. We sometimes captured things we did not want. At
Jackson we captured a smallpox hospital and its inmates. We didn’t want
it, you may be sure, for everybody kept at a respectful distance from
it.

The battle of Jackson is fought, the final charge is made and the city
is ours, Gen. Johnston and his army retreating to the north and east.
The final charge made by the Iowa boys under Gen. Crocker of Iowa, was
one of the most superb and gallant of the war. Gen. Grant said that,
with the exception of Sherman and Sheridan, Gen. Crocker was the best
division commander in the army. We are now 80 miles from Grand Gulf and
50 miles east of Vicksburg. Immediately the army is wheeled about and
faced toward Vicksburg, and the march commences to that city.




CHAPTER IX.


On May 16, 1863, at Champion Hill, the enemy was encountered, strongly
stationed, on a series of ridges or hills, naturally well adapted for
defensive purposes. Here we met Gen. Pemberton’s army of over 40,000
men coming out of the entrenched position in the city to make mince
meat of Grant’s army. The battle opened early in the forenoon and raged
for half a day, in which only 15,000 soldiers, or a portion of Grant’s
army, was engaged. It was one of the hard-fought battles of the war and
one of the most bloody. The battle was mainly fought by McPherson’s
17th Army Corps and Hovey’s division of the 13th Corps.

Gen. Logan’s charge on the extreme right, about three o’clock in the
afternoon, was one of the finest charges of troops that I witnessed
during the war, and I was in nine different battles. It has been said
that at the battle of Champion Hill for a time there was as fierce
fighting as any seen in the west. The colors of my regiment were
riddled with bullets and our color guards were all killed or wounded.
About three o’clock the enemy gave way and commenced a retreat towards
Vicksburg.

After driving the enemy from the field those engaged all day were tired
out and halted for a time on the battle field. I would like to portray
the scene that we gazed upon. It was a horrible picture and one that I
carry with me to this day. All around us lay the dead and dying, amid
the groans and cries of the wounded. Our surgeons came up quickly and,
taking possession of a farm house, converted it into a hospital, and we
began to carry ours and the enemy’s wounded to the surgeons. There they
lay, the blue and the gray intermingled; the same rich, young American
blood flowing out in little rivulets of crimson; each thinking he was
in the right; the one conscious of it today, the other admitting now
it were best the Union should be maintained one and inseparable. The
surgeons made no preference as to which should be first treated; the
blue and the gray took their turn before the surgeon’s knife. What
heroes some of those fellows were; with not a murmur or word; with no
anaesthetic to sooth the agony, but gritting their teeth, they bore
the pain of the knife and saw, while arms and legs were being severed
from their bodies. There was just one case that was an exception to
the rule. He was a fine-looking officer and Colonel of some Louisiana
regiment of the Confederate army. He had been shot through the leg and
was making a great ado about it. Dr. Kittoe, of our regiment, examined
it and said it must be amputated; the poor fellow cried and howled:
“Oh, I never can go home to my wife on one leg. Oh, oh, it must not
be.” “Well,” said the gruff old surgeon, “that, or not go home at
all.” The Colonel finally said yes, and in a few minutes he was in a
condition (if he got well) to wear a wooden leg when he went home to
his wife.

The enemy are retreating to the city to get behind the breastworks, and
Grant’s army is pushing them right along every day. It is twenty days
now since the campaign began. In that time the army has marched nearly
200 miles, beaten two armies in five different battles, captured 27
heavy cannon and 61 pieces of field artillery; taken 6,500 prisoners
and killed and wounded at least 6,000 of the enemy. Starting without
teams and with an average of three days’ rations in the haversacks, we
subsisted principally on forage found in the country. Only five days’
rations had been issued in twenty days. Still, neither suffering nor
complaint was witnessed in the command. The army was in fine condition,
so Gen. Grant said. Since it had left Milliken’s Bend it had marched by
day and night, through mud and rain, without tents and on irregular
rations. Gen. Grant said then: “My force is composed of hardy and
disciplined men, who know no defeat and are not willing to learn what
it is.” Well, if marching day and night in the mud and rain, on short
rations, made us hardy, I reckon he told the truth. I tell you today,
after 50 years have passed, I can remember the gnawing of hunger on
that memorable march, and I recollect one day spying a piece of bacon
rind at the road side, which some more fortunate soldier had thrown
away, and grabbing it as a great treasure I removed the dirt and ate
it with a ravenous appetite. Before we get to Vicksburg we must have
another battle at the Big Black River. The enemy were discovered in
force, strongly posted near the bridge. The day was hot and Gen.
Lawler, who was rushing around in his shirt sleeves, discovered that by
moving one portion of his brigade through the brush under cover of the
river bank, the remainder to push directly against the left flank of
the enemy, he could reach a position where he would be able to carry
the works by storm. As soon as his troops were properly placed, Gen.
Lawler led his boys in blue in a magnificent charge, capturing one
entire brigade of the enemy, and forcing the remainder to beat a hasty
retreat to Vicksburg.

On May 18, 1863, Gen. Grant’s army invested the enemy’s defenses of
Vicksburg and then commenced a siege that lasted for 47 days, an
account of which it is my purpose to give as concisely as possible.
The enemy’s breastworks encircled the city somewhat in the shape of a
horseshoe, being about eight miles in length. The ground around the
city is very rough; steep hills, deep gullies, underbrush, cane and
willows and everything to impede the army. Gen. Grant, with about
30,000 men, had cooped up Gen. Pemberton and his army of over 35,000
men. (Seven weeks later P. surrendered 30,000 men.) Soon after Gen.
Grant had assigned his several Corps Commanders to their places (Gen.
Sherman being on the right, Gen. McPherson in the center and Gen.
McClernand on the left), several charges were made at different points
on the line, but owing to the strong forts and entrenchments, the enemy
repulsed us with heavy loss. The union lines, however, are advanced,
positions for artillery are selected, and the daily duel of the
sharpshooters is opened up in the immediate front.

After so much marching and fighting, the boys in blue are weary and
hungry, and a few days’ rest is granted the men, that they may attend
to some washing and cleaning up. Very few of us had a second shirt
to wear. Toward the close of the war but few carried knapsacks; it
wasn’t necessary. It is related of an Irishman that, upon being asked
why he didn’t go to the Quartermaster and draw a knapsack, replied:
“An’ what do I want a knapsack for?” “Why, to put your clothes in,
Pat.” “Sure, an’ if I should go on dress parade wid me clothes in me
knapsack the Colonel would be after puttin’ me in the guard house.” May
21st we are furnished with a good square meal by Uncle Sam--if hard
tack, sow bacon, beans and coffee can be called a square meal. We so
considered it after the hardships of the last month. And having been
strengthened in the inner man with plenty of food, Gen. Grant proposes
to carry Vicksburg by storm on the morrow, May 22, 1863. Shall we ever
forget that desperate charge? No, and I believe had Gen. Grant known
at the time how strongly the enemy were entrenched and how valiantly
they would fight, he would never have ordered that charge. He thought,
no doubt, as we soldiers believed, that having been so successful in
meeting the enemy recently, we could whip any armed force that opposed
us. May 22, 1863, the order was given to commence the attack at 10
o’clock. At that hour the battle opened; every piece of artillery was
brought to bear on the works; sharpshooters at the same time began
their part; nothing could be heard but the continual shrieking of
shells, the booming of cannon and the sharp whiz of the minie-ball.
At the time the assault was attempted our bivouac was in a ravine
just east of the “White House,” or “Shirley House.” Running in front
of the house was the main Jackson wagon road leading into the city.
For about five hundred yards the road had been cut down in the ridge
to a depth of a man’s head, then the ridge sloped a little and the
road opened out in plain view of the forts of the enemy not 200 yards
distant. We marched in columns of four through this cut in the road
until we reached the point where we would be exposed to the enemy’s
guns, then we were to deploy to the left along the slope of the hill,
until the entire regiment was out of the road, when at the word of
the commanding officer--“By the right flank, charge”--we were to go
over the enemy’s works. As we came out of that road Major Cowan gave
the command, “double quick,” and we started across that open space.
Major Cowan, commanding the regiment, fell at the first volley from the
enemy, having only taken a step or two.

The enemy was watching and the instant we appeared in sight they opened
into us an awful volley of shot and shell. There was no one to give
the command to halt, or right face and charge; the Major was killed
and the ranking Captain didn’t know it. We went as far in that hail of
death as we thought would be sufficient for the regiment to form in
line of battle, and then we dropped flat on the ground. Being First
Sergeant of Company A of my regiment, I was at the head of the regiment
with Major Cowan when we started across that deadly piece of open
ground, the Major falling by my side, but I kept right on at the head
of the regiment until space enough was given the regiment to form in
line under the brow of the hill. The ground sloped down hill from the
enemy’s parapet, and by flattening one’s self about as flat as a hard
tack, he was comparatively safe from the musketry fire of the enemy.
The regiment came through, but the dead and wounded lay thick over
that stretch of 200 yards. The order to charge the works was, after a
short time, given by the ranking Captain, and we started up the hill,
to be met by a sweeping volley of musketry at short range, which mowed
the men down in bunches. We could not return the fire, for the enemy
were safe behind their breastworks. Some of our men reached the top of
the parapet, but fell as fast as they climbed up. No troops could face
such a destructive fire from a protected enemy. Presently the order is
given to fall back, and we retire under the brow of the hill and remain
there until after dark, when we took our usual place in the rear of
the “White House.” The charge of my regiment is but a picture of all
other regiments that took part on that day. The assault was no more
successful at other points of the line, and the Union army suffered
great loss. The works were strongly constructed and well arranged to
sweep the approaches in every direction; their position was too strong,
both naturally and artificially, to be taken by storm. Wherever the
assault was attempted, the hillsides were covered with the slain and
wounded, many of them lying in the hot sun during the day crying for
water, which could not be taken to them. Three thousand Union soldiers
were killed or wounded in this disastrous charge; more men in this
one charge were lost than were lost during the late Spanish War. The
army was now made sadly sure that over ground so rough and with such
strong forts and entrenchments it could not hope to carry Vicksburg by
storm. It clearly proved the great advantage an army has in having
breastworks and entrenchments to cope with the enemy. Gen. Grant had
had such wonderful success so far that he really thought his troops
could walk right up to and inside those fortifications. But the fact
has been demonstrated that the loss of precious lives would be too
great, and preparations for a siege were begun and the pick and shovel
were brought into requisition. Saps and rifle trenches were constructed
and in these our sharpshooters were continually on the lookout for
the hidden enemy. Before we had constructed outer rifle pits so as to
make them comparatively safe, our boys with their bayonets and a tin
plate, dug little holes in the ground and on top of the earth placed
a few fence rails. Between these rails our men could pick off the
sharpshooters of the enemy and many a duel was had here between the
pickets of the two armies.




CHAPTER X.


The duels between the sharpshooters of the two armies were fierce and
deadly. All of us like heroes. There were many heroes beside the great
Generals. Here is one from the ranks. John Battle Harrison was wounded
at Shiloh and again at Champion Hills. When told by the surgeon to go
to the hospital, he refused and remained fighting in the ranks with a
wound that would have taken hundreds of others to the hospital. This
brave soldier was killed in one of the sharpshooter duels. Our company
was on duty on the skirmish line all day, and we could not bury him
until night; then during the dark hours of the night we dug a grave on
the hillside, and wrapping his blanket around him, we left him to sleep
until the great reveille is sounded. I thought that night of the lines
I used to speak in school when a boy:

  “Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note
    As his corpse to the rampart we hurried;
  Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot
  O’er the grave where our hero we buried.”

But we must not falter if our comrades do fall, but take up our duty of
the soldier on the morrow and battle for the right. Now we are digging
trenches and making breastworks, as well as running a sap toward the
enemy’s lines by using the sap-roller. My young friends may ask what
a sap-roller is. We boys used to call it a “bullet-stopper.” Suppose
we take two empty barrels and lash them together, one on top of the
other, then wrap them ’round and ’round with willow saplings, fill them
with earth, put a cover on, lay them down, and you have a sap-roller.
By keeping this in front of a couple of men, they could dig a trench
directly toward the enemy’s lines, and still be protected from the
deadly minie-balls. We dug trenches and moved towards the enemy until
the two picket lines were within hail of each other. One of the
“Johnnies” made an agreement with one of our boys that they should
lay down their guns and have a talk, which they did. The Confederate
said our guns had killed many in the trenches. Sometimes there was a
richness in the repartee between the Union and Confederate pickets
that is worth repeating. One day a “Johnnie” calls out: “What are you
men doing over there?” and quick comes the answer: “Guarding 30,000
Johnnies in Vicksburg, and making them board themselves.” Another
picket asks the question: “Why don’t you come and take Vicksburg?” and
the Union replied: “Oh, we’re in no particular hurry; Gen. Grant is
not yet ready to transfer you North.” The pickets of both armies were
good natured and used to brag of their ability to whip each other.
The gunboats and mortars from the river side make things lively for
the people inside the city. Day after day the sharpshooters are at
work; the cannonading is kept up; the saps are approaching the enemy’s
stronghold still nearer and nearer. The bursting of shells over our
heads, while resting in our camps, tended to make things lively,
in many instances causing wounds and death. One day the boys of my
regiment were cooking a mess of beans for dinner (beans were on the
bill of fare every day). The beans were being cooked in one of those
large camp kettles that were hung from a pole resting on two upright
sticks driven into the ground. The beans were supposed to be done. The
dinner hour was near at hand; two of the boys took hold of the pole and
lifted the kettle from its resting place to put it to one side. Just
then the sharp whirr of a piece of shell from overhead was heard and
the next instant it went crashing through the bottom of that kettle,
carrying beans and all with it, burying it in the earth. The two
soldiers, still holding the pole in their hands, looked at each other
in disgust for a moment, and then one of them, turning around, called
out to the waiting hungry soldiers: “Boys, your beans have gone to
h--l.”

The boys in the ranks had no use for a “dude” officer. Gen. McPherson,
who commanded our corps (a braver or finer gentleman never breathed),
had on his staff a fine officer, but who was very fond of dress, and
when he would ride along the line of march, in his velvet suit, the
boys would guy him unmercifully. One day this Colonel came into the
trenches, and, stopping opposite where I stood on the embankment behind
the gabions, addressed one of our boys thus: “Sergeant, do you see the
enemy from this point?” The Sergeant replied: “Yes, sir, by looking
through this hole in the log, down that ravine you will occasionally
see the enemy crossing.” The Colonel got up, looked through the hole,
and saw some Confederates crossing the ravine, and then he was moved
to take a hand in the game, and turning ’round, said: “Sergeant,
load your rifle and let me have a pop at those fellows.” “All right,
Colonel,” and while he was still looking, the Sergeant at his rear,
loaded the musket. The gun had been in use most of the day, and was
pretty foul and if not held just right, would kick fearfully. Well,
wicked sinner that the soldier was, he took two cartridges, using two
charges of powder and one bullet, and loaded the Enfield rifle, put
the percussion cap on and handed it to the Colonel and, stepping back
into the trenches, awaited developments. The Colonel got ready, saw his
man, pulled the trigger and--tumbled back into the trench. He handed
the gun back, remarking: “Your gun, Sergeant, recoils considerable,”
and the innocent (?) soldier said, “Does it?” The Colonel did not ask
for a second shot. I’ll warrant he had a black and blue shoulder for a
month. The poor Colonel has passed away and the Sergeant never had the
opportunity to apologize to him.

The sap-roller with the boys in blue behind it are gaining every day
in digging trenches toward Fort Hill. The men of Gen. Logan’s division
are employed in this work, and the plan is to undermine the enemy’s
Fort Hill and blow it up. While we had to be under fire from the enemy
constantly, we were better off than they; not only did they suffer from
a continuous shelling by the cannons and mortars, and the incessant
rattle of musketry, but they had to do it on pretty empty stomachs,
for toward the last they were reduced to a very meager diet, while
we were having plenty of bacon, hard tack, coffee, etc. The price of
food inside the city at that time was a little higher than in Chicago.
How do these prices please you: Flour, $1,000 a barrel; meal, $140 a
bushel; beef, $2.50 per pound, and mule meat, $1 per pound.

What could you expect when there was a continuous siege of 47 days;
a city surrounded by an army that neither permits any one to go into
or come out of it; an army that slowly but surely is creeping up by
its sap-rollers and approaches, getting closer and closer each day?
I said we did not let any one into the city and none to come out of
it; still, notwithstanding all our watchfulness there were a few
who succeeded in getting through the lines, and a few that made the
attempt but failed. Permit me to give one instance. In front of the
line of the 15th Illinois Regiment, near the picket line, was a low
marshy sink, of about an acre in size, covered by brush and dense cane
brakes. One night a boy of about 10 years of age came out of the brush
towards the picket line, holding up his handkerchief as a sign that
he wished to surrender. The sentinel told him to come in; he did, and
the little fellow told a pitiful story; that he had been in Vicksburg
visiting his aunt who was sick; that his mother lived in Jackson, and
he wanted to go home. The story seemed plausible and he was allowed to
go through the lines. Not long after, one night, the pickets in that
same locality, heard a rustling in the bushes in the same swampy hole,
and surmising that something was wrong, surrounded it, demanding the
surrender of any one there on pain of being shot at once. To their
surprise out came a half-dozen men, each with a bag over his shoulder
containing 10,000 percussion caps. Gen. Johnston had sent the men and
caps back, led by the same little boy, and they were trying to get into
Vicksburg. They were marched to Gen. Grant’s headquarters, and while
waiting to be ushered into the General’s presence, one of the prisoners
said to the boy: “What do you suppose they will do with you, for you
are the fellow that got us into this fix?” The little fellow, cocking
one eye in a comical manner, replied: “Oh, I guess they won’t hurt me
much, coz I’se so little.” The little fellow was not hurt much, but
kept a prisoner until the surrender and then with the soldiers sent
home.

The siege continues day after day; the bombardment from land and water
is incessant; the beleaguered army is reduced to quarter rations,
living on mule meat and thinking it good fare; the inhabitants of the
city hiding and living in caves, to escape the storm of shells from
the Union army and navy, which are exploding day and night in their
streets. The enemy are brave and fight valiantly for their city and
cause; neither the scorching sun nor the drenching rain keep them from
their posts. They suffer for water; they are pinched with hunger;
still they fight and hold the fort. However, the end is near. That
persistency and determination, so characteristic of our commander,
Gen. Grant, will surely win. It is related of Gen. Grant that one day
during the siege he was riding around the lines, and stopped at a house
to get some water. The only occupant was a woman who tauntingly asked
him if he expected to get into Vicksburg. “Certainly,” he replied. “But
when?” she said. “I cannot tell exactly when I shall take the town, but
I mean to stay here till I do, if it takes me 30 years.” The reply was
too much for the old lady, and her heart sank within her, as she rushed
back into the house to hide her anger. That reminds me of an incident
that passed between Gen. Grant and myself, the relating of which I
may be pardoned inasmuch as I am relating reminiscences. One hot day
in June I was in the trenches with my company, behind the gabions, on
duty as sharpshooters, when Gen. Grant, attended by one of his staff,
came along. He had climbed the hill and when he arrived opposite me
was perspiring and puffing greatly. We turned and saluted the General
as he walked along the trench. When he came opposite to me he said:
“Sergeant, is there any water convenient?” I replied, “None, General,
except what is in my canteen,” and taking my canteen from my shoulder,
half filled with pretty warm water, I handed it to him. He took it,
offered it to the officer, who declined, and then Gen. Grant took a
hearty drink from my canteen. He then handed it back, thanking me for
it, and passed on. So in the words of Miles O’Reilly’s poem--

  “There are bonds of all sorts in this world of ours,
    Fetters of friendship and ties of flowers,
  And true lovers’ knots, I ween;
    The girl and the boy are bound by a kiss,
  But there’s never a bond, old friend, like this--
  We have drank from the same canteen.”

Although we are relieved often in our daily duty of sharpshooters, and
return to the ravines and hollows where we are bivouacked, still we are
constantly threatened with death; the soldiers wrote songs, and the
jest went around, fun actually being coined from the danger which some
comrade escaped, or attempted to nimbly dodge. There was no shirking or
quailing; danger had long since ceased to cause any fear. Exploding
shells and whistling bullets attracted but little notice. Even death
had become so familiar that the fall of a comrade was looked upon with
almost stoical indifference; eliciting, perhaps, an expression of
pity, and most generally the remark: “I wonder who will be the next
one?” Men are not naturally unmindful of danger, nor do their hearts
usually exhibit such indifference to human agony and suffering; yet the
occurrence of daily scenes of horror and bloodshed, through which they
passed, the shadow of the angel of death constantly hovering over them,
made them undisturbed spectators of every occurrence, making the most
of today, heedless of the morrow.




CHAPTER XI.


Let us go back to the “White House” and Fort Hill in our front. The
Shirley or White House was not far from Fort Hill, and being on a hill
overlooked much of the field of operations, and was the frequent resort
of Gen. Grant and other commanders during the siege. Several officers
and men were shot in this house. A Lieutenant of Battery L went to
Colonel Maltby of the 45th Illinois (whose camp was along the “White
House”) and asked permission to use a room in the house for making out
the battery pay rolls. “Why, certainly,” promptly answered Colonel
Maltby, “walk right in; it’s a splendid place. I was shot in the leg
here yesterday.”

It is of peculiar interest to the writer, as he was wounded in this
house while in the line of duty on July 2, 1863. Mr. Shirley and family
were living in this house when on May 18, 1863, the skirmishers of
the Union army advanced along the Jackson road, pressed back those
of Pemberton’s army into their main defensive line, so close at hand
that the salient fort, known as Fort Hill to the Union army, but to
the Confederates known as the Third Louisiana Redan, nearly west of
the house and immediately north of the road, was not over 350 yards
distant. As the building was an obstruction to the fire from the
Confederate line, it was to have been destroyed; but, according to the
story of Mrs. Eaton, the presence of her mother delayed carrying the
order into execution so long that the Confederate soldier who came to
do so, while holding a ball of blazing cotton to the building, fell
under the fire of the advancing vanguard and was buried the next day
upon the spot. As for Mrs. Shirley, she first had a sheet attached to
a broomstick and hung from an upper window, which gave some respite
from the fire of the Union troops. But their line soon reached the
house itself and practically rested there, so that a steady firing
upon it from the other side was inevitable. Notwithstanding this, Mrs.
Shirley remained there for three days, much of the time sitting behind
the large chimney for shelter. Having in the meantime learned of the
situation of the Shirley’s, orders came from Gen. McPherson for their
removal. They went accordingly, into a shallow cave hastily prepared
in a nearby ravine. Here the family remained for a time, Mrs. Shirley
having sickened from exposure and poor fare, but were soon after, by
Gen. Grant’s personal direction, removed to a plantation three miles in
the rear, where a negro cabin afforded temporary shelter. The Shirley’s
were Union people and Mr. Lossing, the historian, says: “That the
accomplished daughter kept a diary during the siege, each day’s record
closing with the prediction that success would crown the efforts of
the Union army.” The wish was father to the thought; her patriotism
was rewarded with the heart and hand of the gallant Gen. Eaton of the
United States army, and they were married about the close of the war.
They now reside in Washington, and if the facts of their courtship and
betrothal, conducted amidst the exciting scenes of a terrible siege,
were known, it would no doubt be a very interesting romance. But what
of the ladies who are in the besieged city? Many of them have left
their fine mansions and taken up their abode in the holes and caves of
the hills in and around the city, and so universal was this mode of
living that the city in its desolation looked like a “prairie dog’s
village.” One of the residents of the city afterwards said: “It got
to be Sunday all the time; seven Sundays in the week to us anyway. We
hadn’t anything to do and the time hung heavy. Seven Sundays, and all
of them broken up at one time or another in the day or in the night by
a few hours of the awful storm of fire and thunder and iron and lead.”
The caves were sometimes fearfully crowded, always hot and close.
Oftentimes a cave had from twenty to twenty-five people packed in it;
no turning room for anybody, and the air so foul, sometimes, you could
not have made a candle burn. A child was born in one of these caves one
night during the siege. Generally, there is considerable noise around
when a baby is born, but this fellow was welcomed with the booming of
cannon and the fierce shriek of the screaming shell. I’ll warrant, if
he was like most boys, he tried to make all the noise he could. But
he is no longer a baby, at least let us hope he is not, for he is old
enough now to be a man all through, being at this time over 50 years of
age. I have his picture and a fine-looking man he is. He writes on his
picture: “I was born 12 feet under ground.” One night a shell burst in
front of one of these caves and stopped up the hole to such an extent
the occupants came near smothering, and for a time there was some
lively scratching of dirt for a breathing hole.

Fort Hill is said to be the key to Vicksburg. We have tried often to
turn this key, and have as often failed--in fact, the lock is not
an easy one, but we soon shall try the burglar’s plan, and with the
aid of powder blow the lock to “smithereens.” The sap or trench is
run to the fort and the fort is mined, the boys digging the dirt and
carrying it out in boxes. Great holes are dug underneath the fort,
and miners from the Lead Mine, 45th Illinois Regiment, who understand
tamping, have charged the 2,200 pounds of powder, and all is ready
to light the fuse. June, the 25th, a heavy artillery fire opened all
along the line, and at 2:30 p. m., the explosion takes place. Huge
masses of earth were thrown in the air, and the ground was shaken as
by an earthquake. As soon as the earth was rent, a bright glare of
fire issued from the burning powder, but quickly died away, as there
was nothing combustible in the fort. A few Confederate soldiers were
hurled into the air, one or two of whom came down inside our lines,
and some were buried in the fort, as was proven a few years after the
war, when the fort was dismantled and turned into a cotton field, a few
skeletons were found buried underneath. One negro boy fell among the
men of our company. He gathered himself together, and looked around as
though he thought the day of judgment had surely come. One of our boys
asked him how far up he thought he had gone, and he replied: “Don’t
know, Massa; ’bout free miles, I guess.” He believed it, for I never
saw such a frightened look on any one’s face, and his eyes stood out
and looked unnatural. When the smoke and dust had cleared away partly,
a great saucer-shaped crater was seen, where before was the A-shaped
Fort Hill. It was large enough to hold about 60 or 80 men. The 23rd
Indiana and the 45th Illinois were in the trenches ready to charge; the
command was given before the dust had fully settled; the 23rd Indiana
charging to the left of the crater to the top of the works; the 45th
Illinois up and into the crater. The enemy had come up behind the big
pile of earth thrown out by the explosion, and as we went into the
crater, they met us with a terrible volley of musketry, but on the
boys went, up and over the embankment with a cheer, the enemy falling
back a few paces to an inner or second line of breastworks, where are
placed cannon loaded with grape and canister, and these cannon belched
forth their death-dealing missiles, in addition to the heavy musketry
fire, with such telling effect that many of the brave boys fall to
rise no more; the line wavers, staggers, and then falls back into the
crater. The enemy charge on us, but we repel them at the west bank of
the crater, and a hand-to-hand conflict rages for hours; hand grenades
and loaded shells are lighted and thrown over the parapet as you
would play ball. These shells and hand grenades carry death, as many
as a dozen men being killed and wounded at one explosion. It seems to
me, in looking back, a wonder that any one in that hot place was left
to tell the story. I have witnessed our men grab these shells, at the
risk of their exploding, and fling them back. Many a brave hero laid
down his life in that death hole, or, as we most appropriately called
it, “Fort Hell.” The Chicago Tribune had its correspondent in the field
and, in the issues of that paper on July 3 and 6, 1863, he speaks of
the charge and fighting in the crater, saying: * * * “A wide embrasure
in the embankment was made into which the noble Lead Mine Regiment,
led by Colonel Maltby, rushed in and at once planted our banner amid a
terrific fire from the enemy. The conduct of the 45th Illinois Regiment
was grand in the extreme. Universal commendation is bestowed for the
gallant manner that regiment performed the duty assigned it, and in
no small degree upon the field officers who so nobly inspired the men
by taking the advance and marching up to the muzzles of the enemy’s
guns, so near that for a time it was a hand-to-hand fight. The colors
of the regiment planted on the parapet of the fort are literally torn
to pieces by the shots of the enemy. Two of the field officers, Lieut.
Col. Smith and Major Fisk, are no more. Col. Maltby is still suffering
from a severe wound.”

[Illustration: The 23rd Indiana and 45th Illinois Regiments charging
Fort Hill after the explosion of the mine June 25th, 1863, at the siege
of Vicksburg.]

We fought at close range with the enemy over that embankment of earth,
many of the men receiving bayonet wounds. A cypress log, with port
holes cut on the under side, was brought into the crater, and in
helping to place it on the parapet, Col. James A. Maltby was severely
wounded by splinters from the log. A solid shot from a cannon hit
the log, hurling it with terrific force against the Colonel and his
small command. Gen. John A. Logan said of Col. Maltby, at the siege of
Vicksburg: “He is the bravest man I ever saw on the field of battle.”
He was in the Mexican War, badly wounded at Chapultepec, then at Fort
Donelson in 1862 and then at Vicksburg. He was justly promoted to be
a Brigadier General for his bravery. A detail of about two companies
would hold the crater for two hours or more, their rapid firing causing
the rifles to become hot and foul, and the men weary and worn out, when
two other companies would slip in and take their places. Badeau, in his
history of Gen. Grant, says: “Details from Leggett’s brigade relieved
each other all night long, in their attempt to hold the crater.” I want
to correct his history and say, as I have a right to say, for I was
there and speak from what I know to be the facts, it was no “attempt,”
it was an accomplished fact that we _held it_, but to our great loss,
until the order was received to give it up. What a terrible sacrifice
it was to hold that little piece of ground. It probably was all right
to have made the charge into the crater after the explosion and try to
make a breech inside the enemy’s lines, but it surely was a serious
mistake, either of Gen. Grant or Gen. McPherson, to cause that crater
to be held for over 48 hours with the loss of brave men every hour. I
remember, upon returning to the trenches, after having been relieved
in the crater, of passing Gen. John A. Logan, surrounded by some of
his aid-de-camp, and as they bore past him some wounded hero, he broke
forth with vehemence, saying: “My God! they are killing my bravest men
in that hole.” Some one suggested that the place be given up. He said
in reply: “I can’t; my commanding officer orders me to hold every inch
of ground.” The crater was at last given up and we resumed the ordinary
duties of everyday life in the trenches and in camp.




CHAPTER XII.


The army was without tents, yet very comfortable. They were encamped
along the steep hillside, mostly sheltered from the enemy’s shot. A
place was dug against the hill, and in many cases, into it, forming a
sort of cave. Poles were put up and covered with oil cloths, blankets
or cane rods, of which an abundant supply was near at hand. For fuel,
the farm fences were laid under contribution, in some cases being
hauled for two or three miles. The work of slaughter and destruction
went on day and night. The roar of cannon, the rattle of musketry, the
sharp crack of the rifle in the hands of the sharpshooters, reached the
ear from all sides. There was no cessation, no Let up.

  “Cannon to right of them;
  Cannon to left of them;
  Cannon in front of them;
  Volleyed and thundered.”

Stormed at with shot and shell, the beleaugered garrison and the
inhabitants of Vicksburg must have felt, as surely as day follows
night, that the end could not be much longer delayed. Mines and
countermines were dug and sprung. Not a man in the trenches on either
side could show his head above the breastworks without being picked off
by the sharpshooters. A hat held out for two minutes at a port hole
was riddled with minie-balls. Shells searched out all parts of the
city, with direful results. Several women and children were killed and
wounded during the siege. There were about 1,300 women and children in
the city during the bombardment, who, during the greater part of the
time, had been obliged to live in caves, cut in the hard clay hills
in the city, of which there were several hundred. At this day it may
seem to some of my readers that it was cruel and inhuman for the Union
forces to fire on defenseless women and children, but what could we
do; they were in the city and preferred to remain there to cheer on
their husbands and brothers in their work of trying to destroy the
Union. To show my readers with what feeling these Southern women showed
their hatred of the North and the boys in blue, let me give a simple
extract from a letter written by a Southern wife to her husband in the
Confederate army, which letter was captured near Vicksburg. Speaking of
the Yankees she says: “If there is an hereafter, a heaven or hell, I
pray to go to perdition ere my soul would be joined to rest in heaven
with the fiendish foe. It would be some solace to us, when we love our
husbands, fathers, sons and friends, to know they were fighting an
enemy, civilized or refined in a great degree. But, oh! the thought is
killing; is too painful, to see our men, the choicest, most refined
specimens of God’s work, destroyed and even forced to take up arms
against the offscourings, outcast dregs of creation, for every man
they lose is a blessing, a Godsend to humanity and society.” These are
strong words, and a woman that could harbor such feelings would have
the courage to stay in the doomed city and take her chances with her
husband and friends.

To offset this, let me tell you of a romance of the war, which has
never been published, and was given me by Comrade Searles, late of
Chicago. Gen. Elias E. Dennis, in command of a brigade of our troops
during the siege, made his headquarters at a farm house (the home of a
widow and family), occupying one portion of it. The General was very
kind to the widow and orphans, often providing for them from his own
means. One of these children, a bright, winsome little girl of some
eight years, took a deep interest in all that transpired, remembering
many events of those stirring times, but above all, retaining a most
kindly recollection of the General who occupied the house. About twelve
years ago a reunion of some old veterans was held at Vicksburg. Comrade
Searles, of Chicago, was there, and among the Southern ladies who
welcomed them was this little girl, now, of course, grown to womanhood.
Accepting her kind invitation to visit her home, the next day found our
comrade in the same house where Gen. Dennis had made his headquarters
during the siege. Naturally, the conversation turned to the days of
1863. The lady, recalling the many kindnesses of Gen. Dennis, inquired
if he were alive, to which Comrade Searles replied: “Why, bless you,
I know him personally; he lives at Omaha.” She then asked her comrade
if he would be the bearer of a letter to the General, and he replied,
“Most gladly.” In due time this was delivered. What its contents were,
none save the writer and the General ever knew, but as he read the
letter, his lips quivered and his eyes filled with tears. The General
was alone in the world, his wife and only daughter having passed away.
Soon after he journeyed south. We know not what the greeting was; no
doubt the lady awakened in the mind of the old veteran memories of his
own lost, loved child, for shortly after this, he adopted the lady as
his daughter. He lived the remainder of his days in Vicksburg, and but
recently passed over to the eternal camping ground. When the General’s
will was proven, it was found that all his property had been left to
his daughter of the Southland.

Another romance that commenced shortly after the surrender of the
city is worth recording. A Miss Mary E. Hurlburt, of Danbury, Conn.,
a Northern girl, was visiting at the Lunn Mansion in the city of
Vicksburg at the outbreak of the war, and tarrying too long, was
compelled to remain there until the Union forces opened up the
Mississippi River. When Gen. Grant captured the city, the officers
of those commanding the troops in the city domiciled themselves at
different houses. Gen. Leggett and his staff located their headquarters
at the Lunn residence. Gen. John A. Rawlins, chief of Gen. Grant’s
staff, had occasion to visit the headquarters of Gen. Leggett and
naturally met Miss Hurlburt and their acquaintance soon ripened into
a love affair, which in a few months culminated in a wedding and the
young lady became the wife of Gen. John A. Rawlins, and shared with him
in all the honors conferred upon the General as the closest advisor of
Gen. Grant, and afterwards as Secretary of War.

The month of June, 1863, was rolling by and the glorious 4th of July
drew near. The Union lines were getting closer and closer, and the
question was passed around among the boys, “Shall we spend the Fourth
in Vicksburg or in the trenches?” On June 28, the Confederates threw
over to our men a small biscuit made of corn meal and peas. To this was
attached a very small piece of meat and a note stating that it was one
day’s rations. The note went on: “We are pretty hungry and dreadful
dry. Old Pemberton has taken all the whisky for the hospitals and
our Southern Confederacy is so small just now that we are not in the
manufacturing business. Give our compliments to Gen. Grant and say to
him that grub would be acceptable, but we will feel under particular
obligations to him if he will send us a few bottles of good whisky.”

Shall I give you the experience of a wounded soldier? Towards the
close of the siege, while in the line of duty, a minie-ball from a
Confederate sharpshooter went crashing through his right lung. His
comrades bore him back a short distance; the surgeon came and seeing
where the soldier had been shot, shook his head and said, “he cannot
live.” Comrades gathered around, saying in undertones, “poor fellow,
he’s got his discharge.” The soldier closed his eyes, and although
gasping for breath, as the warm life blood flowed from his wound and
gushed from his mouth, saw something--his past life came before
him like a living panorama; the good deeds and the evil of his life
appeared in a few moments; he thought he was soon to be ushered into
eternity, and how would it stand with him there. He breathed one little
prayer: “O, Lord, spare my life and I will serve thee all my days.”
Presently the ambulance came and he was lifted tenderly into it, to be
conveyed two miles to the rear to the brush hospital. The boys said
“good-bye.” He was but a youth, not twenty years of age; had been
promoted to First Sergeant after the battle of Shiloh and had endeared
himself to all in his company, many of whom were old enough to be
his father. Louis LaBrush, a Sergeant of the company, a Frenchman by
birth, but a true lover of his adopted country, loved this smooth-faced
boy, so badly wounded, and begged permission of the Captain to go
with the wounded soldier and watch over him. The Captain, seeing the
yearning Look in the eyes of the Sergeant, granted permission, and the
ambulance started with the old Sergeant watching with a tender care
over the little Orderly Sergeant pillowed on his knee. The sun was just
sinking to rest when they reached the hospital, which was only a brush
shed covered with branches from the trees, in which were long lines of
cots upon which the wounded soldiers lay. As the ambulance drew near
the surgeon in charge came out, and looking at the wounded man, said:
“Put him out there under that tree; he’ll die tonight,” and the old
Sergeant put his darling boy out under the tree, laying him tenderly
on the ground. The Sergeant and another comrade of his company, Henry
Winter, who was a nurse in the hospital, watched by the boy’s side
during the weary hours of the night. At midnight, as the doctor was
making his rounds, he observed the Sergeant still under the tree, and
went to see if the boy was yet living. Finding that he was, he then
made an examination by probing with his fingers into the wounds. The
splintered bones pierced the tender flesh and made the boy writhe in
pain, although the only protest was the gritting of his teeth. To cause
his boy such suffering, after the treatment he had received, was more
than the old Frenchman could stand, and he burst forth in a volley of
oaths, commanding the doctor to take his hands off immediately or he
would kill him, saying, “If he is going to die, let him die in peace;
you shall not kill him.” Seeing the fire in the old Sergeant’s eyes,
the doctor went away, muttering, “Well, the boy will die anyway.”
I want to say right here, that as a rule our surgeons were men of
sympathy and did all they could for the soldiers. The example I speak
of is one of the exceptions. The next morning the surgeon did not come,
but sent word that if the soldier under the tree was still alive, to
dress his wound, give him clean clothing and place him on a cot in the
hospital. He was alive and that boy recovered, even after the surgeon
in the army and the doctors at home said he couldn’t live. That wounded
boy lives today and is able to write this book in the year 1915, and he
is ever grateful in remembrance of the old French Sergeant and Comrade
Henry Winter, whose tender care aided in saving his life.




CHAPTER XIII.


The trite saying of Gen. Sherman that “war is hell” cannot be fully
appreciated by the people of this generation; only those who have been
through the horrors of war on the battle field and in the hospitals,
can fully realize the horrors of war. Let me tell you how one brave man
of my company lost his life through the most reckless foolishness. One
day during the siege he succeeded in procuring some whisky from some
unknown source and drank enough of it to make him half drunk. While in
this condition he took it into his head to go out in the open and march
out towards Fort Hill, and finding something of interest in the open
field, he brought it to camp and boasted to the boys where he got it.
Some one went and reported to the First Sergeant that E---- was drunk
and had said that he was going to walk right up on top of Fort Hill.
The Sergeant detailed a Corporal to watch E---- and keep him in camp,
but the soldier having enough whisky in him to make him reckless and
without reason or sense, escaped his watch and went boldly up to Fort
Hill and climbed the fort, but when on top a bullet from the enemy
laid him low. As we boys got the body of our comrade that night and
buried it, we could not help but say, that if poor E---- had let the
accursed whisky alone he would have been living, and we then declared
that liquor was a greater enemy than the men who opposed us with their
muskets.

On the 3rd day of July, 1863, a white flag was seen, nearly opposite
to the “White House.” Firing ceased in that vicinity and presently
several Confederate officers approached our lines to confer with Gen.
Grant. The General declined meeting them, but sent word he would meet
Gen. Pemberton at 3 o’clock in front of Gen. McPherson’s lines. Soon
after Gen. Pemberton came out and met Gen. Grant under a big tree,
about midway between the two lines, where they had a conference as to
the surrender of Vicksburg, “The Gibralter of America.” After a talk of
an hour, possibly, Gen. Pemberton returned inside the fortifications,
and then after correspondence lasting until the next day, terms of
surrender were finally agreed upon, and on Saturday, July 4, 1863, the
anniversary of American Independence, the garrison of Vicksburg marched
out of the works it had defended so long, and stacking their arms,
hung their colors on the center, laid off their knapsacks, belts and
cartridge boxes, and thus shorn of the accoutrements of the soldier,
marched down the road into the city. They went through the ceremony
with that downcast look, so touching on a soldier’s face. Not a word
was spoken, save the few words of command necessary to be given by
their officers, and these were given in a subdued manner. What an army
it was--30,000 men and 172 cannon. Gen. J. B. McPherson, commanding
the 17th Army Corps, addressed a letter to Col. Rawlins, chief of staff
to Gen. Grant, saying, “If one regiment goes in advance to the court
house to take possession, I respectfully request that it be the 45th
Illinois. This regiment has borne the brunt of the battle oftener than
any other in my command and always nobly.” Col. Rawlins endorsed this
letter, stating that it was left to Gen. McPherson to designate such
regiment as he saw proper to go forward and take possession of the
court house. Gen. McPherson then sent a letter to Gen. John A. Logan,
commanding the third division: “I suggest that the 45th Illinois take
the advance in going into the city.” Now the boys in blue take up their
line of march into the city. Gen. Badeau, in his history of Gen. Grant
says: “Logan’s division was one of those which had approached nearest
the works, and now was the first to enter the town. It had been heavily
engaged in both assaults and was fairly entitled to this honor. The
45th Illinois Infantry marched at the head of the line and placed its
battle-torn flag on the court house in Vicksburg. Gen. Grant and Gen.
Logan rode into the town at the head of Logan’s division.”

When inside the works, and in the city, the men of the two armies
affiliated at once. Groups of Union and Confederate soldiers could
be seen wherever there was a shady place; the Union soldier pumping
the rebel and giving him in return for the information hard tack and
bacon, which the poor famished fellows accepted with a grateful look.
The Confederates reclined on the glass and while munching their hard
tack, tell what they “reckon” is their loss; how long they “allowed” to
hold out; how our sharpshooters killed “right smart” of their men and
they wish “we’uns” and “you’uns” could have this war ended and all live
together in peace. Many of the Union and Confederate soldiers were
seen walking arm in arm; they felt they were countrymen. Five days’
rations were issued to the prisoners, consisting of bacon, hominy,
peas, coffee, sugar, soap, salt and crackers.

Here is what one of the Confederates wrote about it: “How the famished
troops enjoyed such bounteous supplies, it is needless to state. For
once the brave boys were now objects of their enemy’s charity. They
grew jovial and hilarious over the change in their condition. The
Yankees came freely among them and were unusually kind. They asked
innumerable questions and were horrified at the fact of the men eating
mules and rats.” After feeding and paroling this large army of men, for
it took several days to parole them, they silently and sadly marched
out and off to their homes, while the boys in blue and the people of
the North were full of rejoicing. Here is a few lines, composed by one
of the boys in blue at the time:

  “The armies of the Union
    ’Round Vicksburg long had lain,
  For forty-seven days and nights,
    Besieging it in vain.
  Then came the morning of the Fourth,
    Our nation’s jubilee.
  Ah, could the news this hour go forth,
    In Vicksburg soon we’ll be.
  The siege is done, the struggle past,
    On this eventful day;
  Glad tidings crown us as at last
    Our thanks to God we pay.”

Yes, Old Glory floated over Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, and what
rejoicing there was throughout the North when the news came to your
homes that Vicksburg had fallen. Yes, Old Glory still floats there,
and may we earnestly hope it will continue to wave as long as the city
remains. We can rejoice today that we live to see a reunited people
with one country and one flag. But while rejoicing, let us not forget
those who have died on fields of honor, and while the years glide
on, let the dead of Raymond, Champion Hills and Vicksburg never be
forgotten. Let us think of them as standing guard over our dearly
won prize, until the bugle sounds for silence, while the angel calls
the roll. The third largest national cemetery in the United States is
located at Vicksburg. Each of the small head stones marks the resting
place of a hero. Seventeen thousand Union soldiers are buried in the
50 acres in this consecrated spot, of which 12,957 have the simple
inscription, “Unknown,” marked on their head stones. But they are not
unknown to Him who cares for all. He takes cognizance of the heroes who
fell fighting for their country and for freedom. Although their names
are missing from the roster of the city where their ashes lie, still
the great Jehovah keeps the record of the brave, and He will reward
them in His own good time.




CHAPTER XIV.


At the request of Captain W. T. Rigby, Chairman of the National
Military Park Commission of Vicksburg, to visit that place for the
purpose of locating the positions held by my regiment during the siege
in 1863, I did visit Vicksburg, Miss., in August, 1902.

I found the weather very hot, 99 degrees in the shade. However, it
was not as hot as it was when we were in that “crater” at Fort Hill,
years ago. The people of Vicksburg greeted me with a glad hand. The
contrast of long ago was striking. About the first man I met was an old
grizzled veteran wearing the Confederate button and, seeing my G. A. R.
button, he came up, and, extending his hand, greeted me: “How are you,
comrade; we wear different buttons, but we are brothers;” and I shook
his hand heartily and we had a pleasant chat of the siege. Then, we
were shooting minie-balls at each other; now, our shots were story and
laughter.

Captain Rigby drove me out to the Federal and Confederate lines. Many
changes have taken place. Some few of the trenches and breastworks
remain, but many have been smoothed off for the plow. As we drove to
the spot where we camped, near the old “Shirley House,” I said to
myself, “Am I dreaming?” Can it be that this quiet, deserted place,
overgrown with weeds and bushes, with no sound save the sweet songs
of the birds in the trees is the same spot where, in the summer of
1863, so much life and action was seen each day; and where, instead of
the music of the birds, it was the music of the whizzing minie-ball
or the shrieking shell. In thought I went back to those days of noise
and blood, and I involuntarily looked over to Fort Hill to see if
the Confederate stronghold was still there, and listened to hear the
sharp crack of the sharpshooter’s rifle from the trenches, but all is
quiet and hushed. I am soothed by the stillness, the quiet and peace
that pervades these hills and ravines, and I wander in memory’s hall
of the long ago, when I am brought back to the present by Captain
Rigby, with: “Now, Crummer, you must locate the position of the camp
of your regiment during the siege.” This I proceeded to do, having no
difficulty, for the “Shirley House” is still there, although tumbling
down and going to ruin. Thanks to the Illinois Commission, headed by
Gen. John C. Black and others, Congress has made an appropriation to
have the “Shirley House” restored to its former state. This house
will be remembered for its prominence during the siege as a place
of observation by general officers and as headquarters of the 45th
Illinois. Quite a number of officers and soldiers were shot in this
house by the Confederate sharpshooters.

I wandered through its ruins and you cannot imagine my feelings as I
stepped into the northwest room and stood on the identical spot where
on July 2, 1863, in the afternoon, while writing out an ordinance
report, a Confederate sharpshooter sent a minie-ball through my right
lung.

I placed marker 403 as the center of our camp and No. 484 marks the
right of the camp of the 45th Regiment. This done, we approached Fort
Hill on the Jackson road, and although the entrenchments and forts
have been generally leveled off for agricultural purposes, changing
the face of the hills, yet there is enough left to show where the main
lines were. No. 489 marks the point where Major L. H. Cowen, 45th
Illinois, was killed in the assault on the afternoon of May 22, 1863.
The charge was made by the regiment, by right, in front. Major Cowen
and myself were in the lead and running together when he fell. Being
Orderly Sergeant of Co. A, it was my duty to be there.

No. 488 marks the center of the line of the 45th Illinois at the time
of its closest approach to the Confederate line in the assault of May
22, 1863.

While walking over this ground I remembered how close we hugged that
sloping hill, lying there in the scorching sun, with no chance to
return the withering fire of the enemy.

Captain Rigby then asked me if I could locate the “crater” and Gen.
Logan’s line of approach to it. I walked over the hill, groping my
way through the tall weeds and undergrowth, and, coming back to the
captain, reported, by saying, “I can.” “Good,” he said; “you may drive
the markers.” I then drove marker No. 487 at the center of the west
line of the crater made by the explosion under the 3rd Louisiana Redan
(we called it Fort Hill) June 25, 1863. It may be questioned why I
could be so certain about the location of the “crater,” in as much as
the fort had been completely demolished. My principal reason is this:
Sergeant Esping, of our regiment, who fell in the “crater,” pierced
by a ball through his brain, was by my side at the time. We were
together in the northwest corner of the “crater” and we had a splendid
chance of doing good work, by looking off down the ridge to the right
and northwest from the “crater,” and firing on the Confederates in the
trenches. Those old trenches where the Confederates were on June 25,
1863, are still there, so in walking over the hill and getting the
right angle to those trenches, I was able to locate the “crater.”

Markers Nos. 485 and 486 indicate the line of Logan’s sap, or approach,
to Fort Hill, commencing at the Jackson road. Captain Rigby thanked me
heartily for my services of the day.

The 45th Illinois Infantry bore an honorable part in the siege, as the
official records show.

The report of our Brigade Commander, Gen. M. B. Leggett, published
in the official records at Washington, under date of July 6, 1863,
relative to the charge and fighting in the “crater,” is interesting and
tends to corroborate the writer’s statements.

  * * * “At 3:30 p. m. of June 25, 1863, my command was in readiness,
  the 45th Illinois being the first, supported by the other regiments
  of the brigade and Lieut. H. C. Foster of the 23rd Indiana, with
  100 men, being placed in the left hand sap, with orders to charge
  with the 45th Illinois, provided they attempted to cross the enemy’s
  works. At 4:30 o’clock the mine was sprung and before the dirt and
  smoke was cleared away the 45th Illinois had filled the gap made
  by the explosion and were pouring deadly volleys into the enemy.
  As soon as possible loop-hole timber was placed upon the works for
  the sharpshooters, but the enemy opened a piece of artillery at
  very close range on that point and the splintering timbers killed
  and wounded more men than did balls, and I ordered the timbers to
  be removed. Hand grenades were then freely used by the enemy, which
  made sad havoc amongst my men, for, being in the crater of the
  exploded mine, the sides of which were covered by the men, scarcely
  a grenade was thrown without doing damage, and in most instances
  horribly mangling those they happened to strike. The 45th Illinois,
  after holding the position and fighting desperately until their guns
  were too hot for further use, were relieved by the 20th Illinois.
  The 20th Illinois was relieved by the 31st Illinois and they in turn
  by the 56th Illinois, but, their ammunition being bad, they were
  unable to hold the position and were relieved by the 23rd Indiana;
  the 17th Iowa then relieving the 23rd Indiana, and the 31st Illinois
  relieving them, held the position until daylight, when the 45th
  Illinois relieved them and held the position until 10:00 a. m. of the
  26th; the 124th Illinois then relieved the 45th Illinois and held the
  position until 5:00 p. m., when I received orders to withdraw to the
  left hand gap, where I maintained the position until the surrender on
  July 4th, when, by order of Major General Logan, my brigade led by
  the 45th Illinois, was honored with the privilege of being the first
  to enter the garrison, and the flag of the 45th Illinois the first to
  float over the conquered city.”

The National Park Commission are doing a noble work. Capt. Rigby is the
right man in the right place and with a corps of engineers is working
day and night to make a beautiful park for the delight of the people
that come after us. The state of Iowa has done the noble thing in
appropriating $150,000 to place monuments in the park on the spot which
the different Iowa regiments occupied during the siege. The Illinois
legislature has also made an appropriation of $250,000 for monuments
for the 78 different organizations engaged in that memorable siege.
When the memorial tablets from the different states shall have been
placed and the park fully laid out and completed, it will be one of
the notable historic battle fields of the Union, and one which we of
the North will occasionally visit with great interest. And now I close
my sketch with this prayer: that war may never come to our fair land
again, but that blessed peace, prosperity and righteousness may ever be
our heritage.

[Illustration: GENERAL U. S. GRANT

From a photograph taken in Galena, Illinois, at the close of the Civil
War]




GENERAL U. S. GRANT

CHAPTER XV.

AN APPRECIATION.


My closing chapter will be about our great commander, General Ulysses
S. Grant, giving a few personal incidents of his life.

Orators, authors and statesmen have spoken and written of the great
General so much it would seem as though there was nothing more could be
said. However, as one who followed him through numerous battles during
the Civil War, and who, at the close of the war, became a resident
of Galena, Ill., and became personally acquainted with, and attended
the same church as the General, I feel I have the right to note down,
before the bugle sounds taps, a few words of appreciation of the man I
knew.

For four years, just after the close of the war, I was in the employ
of Col W. R. Rowley, who was then Clerk of the Circuit Court of Jo
Daviess County, Ill., and who had been one of the close family staff of
General Grant during the early part of the war.

General John A. Rawlins and Colonel Rowley were neighbors of the
General before the war and knew him well and intimately, and it is
believed by the citizens of Galena, and known by many prominent men in
the army, that these two men had more to do in helping and advising
General Grant during the early part of the war, and, indeed, all
through the war, so far as General Rawlins is concerned, than any of
his Generals or friends in Congress or out of it.

Colonel Rowley and myself naturally had many conversations over the
incidents of certain battles and about General Grant.

During the war and after, the enemies of Grant circulated many stories
about his being drunk on this and that occasion.

If I wanted to stir Colonel Rowley up to a fighting mood, and hear him
use a “big, big D” (for he could use them occasionally), I would ask
him: “Colonel, how about this new yarn of Grant’s being drunk at Shiloh
when the battle commenced?” The question was the spark that exploded
the magazine of wrath and the Colonel would reply: “All a d--d lie.
Wasn’t I there with him all the time; don’t I know. When will all the
d--d liars get through telling their d--d lies about Grant.” And then I
would chuckle to myself and say: “Them’s my sentiments, too.”

It has been said of General John A. Rawlins (chief of General Grant’s
staff), and, I believe, it must be true, for Colonel Rowley once told
me it was; that when Rawlins got mad he could use more “cuss words”
than any man in the army. General Grant never used “cuss words,” but he
loved these two men, notwithstanding their habit of emphasizing their
remarks sometimes with a big D.

Grant loved his friends and was always true to them. Grant wouldn’t
lie; even in small matters he insisted that the truth should be spoken.
It is related of him that, after he became President and while one day
he was busy with his cabinet, some one called to see the President. One
of the cabinet officers directed the servant to say to the caller that
the President was not in. “No,” said the General; “tell him no such
thing. I don’t lie myself and I don’t want my servants to lie for me.”

A great man who was associated with him in public life has said of
him: “He was the most absolutely truthful man I ever met in all my
experiences.” Another man who knew him well said of General Grant: “He
hated two classes of men--liars and cowards.”

General Grant never aspired to political office, although urged by his
friends to do so. Just after the fall of Vicksburg some of the leading
citizens of Galena visited him at that place. One day, in a general
conversation, one of them asked what office he would like to have after
the war was over. He replied that there was one office he would like
to have when he returned to Galena. His friends pledged him their best
endeavors in aiding him for whatever he might seek, and, being pressed
to name the office, Grant said: “I would like to be alderman from my
ward long enough to have a sidewalk built to my residence.” Of course,
there was a laugh and the matter was dropped. Upon his first visit to
his old home at Galena, at the close of the war, the little city of
many hills got up a reception upon a grand scale for its hero. The
city was smothered with flags and decorations; the streets arched with
flags and words of welcome. When the General arrived amid the booming
of cannon and the huzzas of the people, he was hurriedly lifted into a
barouche and started up the street at the head of a long procession.
The first arch he met had in large letters: “General, the sidewalk is
built.” The General laughed and remarked: “I see my friends remembered
I wanted to be alderman.”

After his first nomination for the Presidency he was with us at Galena
during the campaign, and had you seen the General moving around so
quietly and unostentatiously among his neighbors and friends, you would
have wondered that it could be the man who had just been declared the
greatest military hero of the age, and that he was soon to be at the
head of the nation.

His record as President for eight years, and the honored guest of all
nations during his tour around the world, is an open history to all.

Upon his return from his trip ’round the world, the General and family
took up their abode in Galena. The city again welcomed its hero to his
old home amid the plaudits of thousands that came from near and far to
tread its stony streets and pay their tribute of respect and honor to
the modest, silent man known the world over. I think the General was
more stirred to the heart with the kind tokens of love and friendship
and honor which his old neighbors and citizens of Galena showered upon
him than he was from all the attentions of nobility the world ’round.

General Grant’s home life and his life among the people of Galena, even
after the world had acclaimed him the greatest General of the ages, and
honors had been showered upon him by the crowned heads of the world,
was that of a quiet, unobtrusive, simple life like his neighbors and
citizens.

We loved him as a neighbor and citizen. We said among ourselves:
“Grant’s head is the same size it was before the war.”

He has been called the “silent man.” Yes, he was rather guarded in his
talks among men generally, but I want to say (for I have listened to
him), that when among his friends and neighbors, if you could get him
started, he was one of the most entertaining talkers I ever listened to.

During the month of June, 1880, while the Republican Convention was in
session in Chicago, General Grant and family were living in Galena.
He had held the Presidency two terms; he had also been ’round the
world, feted and honored everywhere by kings and emperors, and now he
had returned to the hills of old Galena to spend his days in rest and
quiet; but his friends, who believed in him, urged him to again stand
for the nomination for the Presidency. His friends of Galena, Ill.,
knew what his personal wishes were; he did not wish to again resume the
burdens of office. However, according to the request of his family,
especially his wife, and also to his political friends, he finally
consented to make the run. You will remember what a fight there was in
the convention--how the immortal 300, led by Roscoe Conkling, clung to
the silent hero to the last.

While the Convention was in progress, each day the General came down
town about 10 o’clock and spent an hour or two with his old friend and
comrade, Colonel W. R. Rowley. Rowley was then Judge of the County
Court, and I was clerk of the same court. Some of the friends were
privileged to be there. I remember distinctly that all of us were
intensely interested in every telegram that came to the office, but the
General paid very little attention to them. He kept us entertained with
most vivid recitals of what he had seen and heard in his travels ’round
the world.

There was one man’s name before the Convention who had a few votes as
nominee for President. This man had been a trusted friend of General
Grant in former years, but his actions had caused many of the General’s
friends to doubt his friendship. One afternoon, while we were in
General Rowley’s office, a telegram came that convinced Rowley and the
friends that this man, while pretending undying friendship for the
General, was playing him false. Rowley and others were outspoken in
their denunciation of the course of this man who had helped Grant in
former years and who Grant had helped so much in the past. The General
was as calm and placid as though everything was lovely, his only remark
being: “He was my friend when I needed friends, if I can’t trust him, I
can’t trust anybody.” The friend referred to was Hon. E. B. Washburne.

Hon. Roscoe Conkling said of General Grant: “Standing on the highest
eminence of human distinction, modest, firm, self poised, having filled
all lands with his renown, he has seen not only the high born and the
titled, but the poor and lowly in the uttermost parts of the earth rise
and uncover before him. The name of Grant shall glitter a bright and
imperishable star in the diadem of the Republic when those who have
tried to tarnish it are moldering in forgotten graves and when their
names and epitaphs have tarnished utterly.”

This is a noble tribute of one great man for another; but we, his
humble neighbors of Galena, Ill., who knew the General so well, love
to think of the home life of this great man. One characteristic of his
life is not generally known, and I make bold to set it down in type
that all the world may know it. General Grant was a lover of his wife
all through his married life. A little secret of the home life of this
devoted man was known among the women of Galena, for they would tell
their husbands what a lover General Grant was, and to prove it they
would tell us that the General laced his wife’s shoes for her.

While General Grant and Mrs. Grant were in Europe they paid a visit to
the tomb of Ferdinand and Isabella. The thought of the ashes of the
royal couple sleeping side by side through the centuries appealed to
the devoted husband, and, turning to his wife, he said: “Julia, that is
the way we should lie in death.” So, when the Great General died they
found a memorandum left by him as to his last resting place. First,
he preferred West Point above others, but for the fact that his wife
could not be placed beside him there. Second, Galena, or some place
in Illinois. Third, New York; hence it is that in the beautiful tomb
at Riverside, the resting place of the General, there is room for the
ashes of Mrs. Grant.

After General U. S. Grant had answered the last roll call at Mount
McGregor, in 1885, and the sad news came to his friends and neighbors
of his former home, among the hills of the quaint old city of Galena,
Ill., preparations were made to have a memorial service in the
Methodist Church, where he had worshiped before and after the war. The
church was draped in mourning. In front of the pulpit was a stand of
pure white flowers, with the initials, U. S. G., in purple flowers.

The pew formerly occupied by the General when here was covered with the
United States flag, tastefully draped. The house was filled with his
friends and neighbors, and a feeling of personal loss was felt by all.
The services were simple but beautiful. Several of his personal friends
spoke feelingly of the Great General’s life, among them the writer, and
I am persuaded to close this appreciation by quoting my tribute given
in 1885, in Galena, upon that occasion:

“The years glide swiftly by, the gray hairs come creeping on, and we
boys of the army of twenty years ago are no longer boys, but men, whose
numbers lessen each day as the months roll by.”

Twenty-four years have passed since we donned the blue and marched down
the streets and off to war. The forms and faces and events of those
times at this distance seem unreal and shadowy, like the remembrance
of a dream, and yet today, in the midst of the great sorrow that hangs
over the land over the fall of our great chieftain, we are again
reminded of the waving flags and fluttering scarfs, the inspiring
strains of martial music, the shrill notes of fife and drum, and the
booming of cannon. We are today again reminded (for the death of our
hero brings to us vividly the past days in which he took so great
a part). I say, again are we reminded of the tears and prayers and
promises--the music of soft voices and gentle words, the brave words
spoken by mothers, sisters, sweethearts, the parting words, the last
good-bye. We cannot forget, nay, we live over again the battles of
Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Vicksburg and other victorious battle fields
following our hero, whose memory we are tonight to cherish and revere.

“All these dear and sacred memories of those stirring times come wafted
to us today like the weird airs of an Æolian harp swept by unknown
winds, and the ear is touched, and through the brain, nerve and soul,
and our hearts beat in sympathy and unison.

“So, tonight, as a nation mourns the fall of the Great Commander, we
boys of the twenty-four years ago are more than privileged to add our
tears of sorrow as we follow in spirit our hero to his last resting
place.

“We boys loved him. Often he led us amidst the storm of shot and shell
and where death faced us on every hand; but we soon learned that
although it meant hard fighting to follow General Grant, yet it always
promised victory, and that gave us inspiration to fight harder.

“General Grant was a man of transcendent military ability. In the book
of fate it was written: ‘He shall be a chief and a captain.’ But above
all he was a manly and a pure man. He was tender and trusty and true.

  “‘The bravest are the tenderest,
  The loving are the daring.’

“I always admired the humble side of his character. I think humility
was one of his finest traits; although feted and honored as no man of
this continent ever has been, he never for a moment showed any signs
of realizing his greatness, or evincing a desire to count the honors
conferred. Retiring in disposition, yet bold and brave to act when
necessity demanded it, I speak of him in loving memory. You all knew
him here in his former home, and who with him have worshiped ofttimes
in this church, and you all know that he was the bravest of the brave
and the truest of the true.

  “‘His mein, his speech, were sweetly simple;
  But when the matter matched his mighty mind,
  Up rose the hero; on his piercing eye
  Sat observation; on each glance of thought,
  Decision followed.’

“As the day came, so duty appeared, and the brave old General took it
up and did it earnestly and well.

“How well great battles and campaigns were planned and fought; how
safely and wisely he guided the ship of state; how modestly he received
honors of the world from crowned heads; how gladly he returned to
the walks of a humble citizen; how bravely and patiently he suffered
through his terrible affliction--are they not all known to us, and are
they not written upon the pages of history for our children’s children
to read and study?

“Is it weak, that we who followed the ever-victorious flag of our great
Commander, and who with him stood in trying places against evil and
treason, should drop our tears upon the fallen form of him whom we
loved? Nay, but let them fall, they but speak in louder tones than
words can, of the love and regard we had for him, who, as the years
roll by, will be honored and extolled as one of the greatest of all
nations.

“Around the throne of the Eternal God must hover the spirit of such as
he who lived without ever having a selfish thought.

“The steadfast friend, the gallant soldier, the great Commander has
fallen asleep.

  “Rest thee, friend, soldier, patriot,
  Thy work is done.”

[Illustration]




TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:


  Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.

  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

  Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.

  Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.