SUGGESTIONS
                                FOR THE
                             PREVENTION OF
                          JUVENILE DEPRAVITY,

                                  BY
                            BENJAMIN ROTCH.

          ONE OF HER MAJESTY’S JUSTICES OF THE PEACE FOR THE
                         COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX.


               _Printed for Private Distribution only._


                                 1846.


                                London:
           PRINTED BY H. COURT, 26, BROOKE STREET, HOLBORN.




                              SUGGESTIONS


For the prevention of JUVENILE DEPRAVITY, and the consequent diminution
of the heavy Burthens cast, first, upon private Individuals by numerous
petty Thefts, and lastly, upon the County by the oft repeated Arrests,
Examinations, Committals, Prosecutions, and Imprisonments of JUVENILE
OFFENDERS.

For many years the public mind has been trained to believe that an
improved Prison Discipline was the Panacea for the prevention of crime,
and it is only necessary to point to that valuable and most excellent
Institution at Parkhurst to shew how earnestly (_so far as regards
Juvenile Delinquency_) men of the first Station and the first Talent of
the day, seconded by the powerful aid of the Legislature have devoted
themselves to the subject, for it is impossible for an enlightened
statesman to view the deeply-dyed depravity which exists among the
Children of the lower orders, and not feel that no Government deserves
the proud title of a _Paternal Government_ that can allow such a state
of things to continue, if any remedy can be suggested.

The opinions which I have ever held on this subject have remained
unaltered amidst all the various changes that have taken place in
the Public mind, on the subject of Prison Discipline, the degrading
home Slavery of the Hulks, and the awful severance of all natural
ties by transportation to distant climes. I have ever held all these
to be ineffectual for the purpose of raising the moral standard of
a great Nation, and still more ineffectual in promoting that social
and domestic happiness which ought to be the bond of Union of an
enlightened and Christian People. Nevertheless, I have not hesitated
to put my shoulder to the wheel, and have laboured hard to improve
our system of Prison Discipline, believing that we shall always have
criminals to deal with, but deeply impressed also with the conviction
that it is more consistent with the views of Christianity and common
sense, that our exertions should be directed to the prevention of
crime, especially among the young, than to the correction of criminals,
who have been allowed by our present system to become enured to the
commission of it.

A most interesting investigation which I have been lately carrying on
as a Visiting Justice of the House of Correction at Cold Bath Fields,
justifies me in predicting that when more is done to prevent crime than
to punish it, our labours to diminish the burthens on the county purse
will be crowned with far happier results than any we can now present
to public view for the purpose of obtaining public support. From the
Investigation before alluded to, it is evident that the want of proper
parental care and the absence of domestic comforts are the two by far
most fruitful and most manifest springs from which flows one vast tide
of Juvenile Depravity and Crime, though let it not be supposed for a
moment that these two springs cannot still further be traced to one
deep seated source which might with God’s assistance be speedily dried
up; but the public mind is not yet prepared for this discovery, and we
must be content to deal with the two main springs of crime to which I
have alluded, until the public mind is more enlightened on the subject.

The recent Establishment of Baths and Wash-Houses for the Working
Classes, and the efforts lately made to provide suitable and
comfortable dwellings for the Poor, show that the current of public
opinion is fast waking up to the paramount importance of domestic
comforts to secure social happiness. Without them, HOME (that otherwise
Magic word) can have no charms, for either the old or the young,
and they are induced to seek pleasure abroad among the countless
temptations of sin and depravity. Nothing can be more faithfully or
more graphically depicted than the character and occupations of the
young Thief of our great Towns, given by my excellent Friend and worthy
colleague, Mr. Buchanan in his _Remarks on the causes and state of
“Juvenile crime in the Metropolis,”_――but the remedy he proposes, falls
far short I fear of what would be required to effect his purpose; and
as I differ from him in some of the most prominent features of his
plan, I am induced to follow his example and place my views before my
brother Justices in a printed form for their consideration, in the hope
that others will do the same, and that out of our various suggestions
some practicable plan may be formed to meet the crying Evil which all
admit, but for which so few seem prepared to suggest a remedy, and
which has now become of such magnitude as to elicit universal and
repeated complaints from Judges, and Juries, Justices, and Magistrates,
and all concerned in the administration of our Criminal Laws.

It is in vain that the resources of the Government and Talents of its
Executive are taxed to improve the condition and management of our
penal settlements. To the young Minister entering for the first time
on the duties of a colonial Secretary, the difficulties which this
department of his office presents must be truly appalling, while he
must feel that the present state of some of our penal settlements
is a disgrace to civilized humanity――Has not money and talent enough
been yet expended without adequate results to convince the Government
(to use a homely Yorkshire phrase) that “_they have got hold of the
wrong end of the stick_?” The present system is to allow a youth to
become well hardened in villainy before he is transported. He is
maintained alternately by the plunder of the public out of prison, and
by the county purse in prison at a great expense for years; and after
multiplied convictions for every grade of offence, from the trifling
assault to the Highway Robbery and Mid-night Burglary, running through
the mazes of every yard in the Gaol, carefully imparting into each
the infamous tact, guilty ingenuity, and foul associations, slang
language and wicked passions of the others, thus setting at naught
all the carefully defined, and law enacted rules of what I have ever
deemed to be under such circumstances, miscalled classification, he
is at length deemed a worthy subject for Transportation, and is sent
out to our penal colonies to form one of a community so depraved and
degraded that, in moments of calm consideration, one is shocked at the
means necessarily there resorted to, to make it manageable at all. A
stupendous difficulty to the Executive abroad and a constant source
of painful contemplation to the Government at home. Surely when we
are driven by the earnest and justifiable remonstrances of our hard
working colonists, who can no longer bear the constant infusion of such
a polluted stream of Emigration among their industrious population, to
found a new Colony in North Australia, at an enormous outlay, it would
be wise to consider if a much less expense properly incurred at home
might not effect far better results and be more like “_getting hold of
the right end of the stick_.” It must be an obvious and admitted fact
that old offenders for the most part rise from the ranks of Juvenile
Depredators, and to cut off the supply to the former from the latter
class would undoubtedly be striking at the root of the evil, and which
might be done at home, where we can get at it conveniently instead of
dealing with the branches many thousands of miles off, and at every
possible disadvantage in Van Diemen’s Land and Norfolk Island. Surely,
then, common sense points out that all our efforts should be directed
to stay the plague of Juvenile depravity at home; and before I venture
to suggest a means of accomplishing this Herculean task, let me ask
three plain and simple questions――

1st. Has the Ministry of the Gospel the proper and divinely appointed
instrument for the eradication of all sin, through the enforcement of
Principles destructive of the love of all sin, been effectual for the
purpose? Manifestly not.

2nd. Has education as now conducted, tho’ undoubtedly a great boon
to the poorer classes, and poured upon them in 10,000 streams from
the benevolent fountain of charity been effectual for the purpose?
Manifestly not.

3rd. Has an improved Prison Discipline with its enlightened committees
of Visiting Justices and Prison Inspectors, and its piles of
Parliamentary Enactments been effectual for the purpose? Manifestly not.

The present agitated state of public feeling on the subject of Juvenile
Crime and Juvenile Criminals loudly proclaims that no other answer can
be given to these questions, and we are therefore not only justified,
but actually called upon by the hallowed voice of Religion and of
common Humanity, to seek some new remedy for the acknowledged evil. We
must neither be alarmed by the novelty of such remedy, nor deterred by
its cost if it has common sense for its foundation, and practicability
in its details. And now for the remedy I would propose.

I should certainly not have ventured to follow on the footsteps of my
able friend Mr. Buchanan so closely, by printing and circulating my
views on the subject if our plans had not so widely differed in most
essential features; but this being the case I am anxious that our
views should be in the hands of our Brother Justices as nearly at the
same time as possible, so that our discussions in the committee which
has been appointed to consider of the subject of Juvenile Offenders
may extend over both plans, and that the Committee may be the better
enabled to decide between them.

Mr. Buchanan does not contemplate any legislative Interference――I
contend that nothing effectual can be done without it――Mr. Buchanan
looks to the County Rate for the means which, however, unfortunately
is not available for the purpose. I look to the Treasury――Mr. Buchanan
proposes a withdrawal from contaminating Association only during
the day――I propose an entire separation day and night from all bad
Companions――and lastly Mr. Buchanan’s is a voluntary System――mine a
compulsory one.

Having thus drawn attention generally to these marked differences
between the two plans, I will now proceed to develope my own in the
firm conviction that it would be found both effectual and practicable.

                   *       *       *       *       *

I propose that a bill should be passed by the Legislature, the Preamble
of which should in effect state, that the fearful extent of Juvenile
Depravity and Crime in the Metropolitan Districts and in large and
populous Towns requires generally immediate Interference on the part of
the Legislature.――That the great causes of the said Juvenile Depravity
and Crime appear to be the absence of proper Parental or Friendly
care, and the absence of a comfortable home, and that all Children
above the age of 7 and under the age of 15 years suffering from either
of these causes require protection to prevent their getting into bad
company, learning idle and dissolute habits, growing up in ignorance
and becoming an expence and burthen on the Country as Criminals, and
that such protection should be afforded by the state.

I propose that the various clauses of the Act should enact as follows――

I. That an Asylum for unprotected and destitute Children be founded by
the Government to be called the CHILD’S HOME.

II. That Commissioners be appointed to manage such Asylum.

III. That provision be made in such Asylum for instructing Children in
all useful arts, trades and occupations suitable to the working classes.

IV. That unprotected and destitute children shall be deemed to include
all children above 7 and under 15 years of age under the following
circumstances,――Children driven from their homes by the bad conduct
of Parents――Children neglected by their Parents――Children who are
Orphans and neglected by their friends――Children who are Bastards, and
children who are Orphans, and have no one to protect them or provide
for them, or for whom no one does provide――Children who from their own
misconduct have no protection or provision found them――Children who
are idle or dissolute, and whose Parents or Friends cannot controul
their bad conduct――Children who are destitute of proper food, clothing,
or education owing to the poverty of their parents or friends,
but whose parents or friends do not apply for, or receive parish
relief――Children who are destitute for want of employment, and children
of the class which become Juvenile Offenders generally.

V. That any such Child as aforesaid may be brought before any Two
Justices of the Peace by any Constable or other peace Officer or by any
Overseer of the poor or other parish Officer and evidence on oath being
given to the satisfaction of such Justices that the Child is one of
either of the classes enumerated in the foregoing clause, such Justices
may sign an order for the admission of the Child into the Asylum.

VI. That when in the Asylum if not claimed or redeemed as hereinafter
provided, the Children shall be subject to be dealt with as the state
thinks proper, to serve as Sailors or Soldiers or Workmen in public
works, or as Artificers or Tradesmen, or as Household Servants, or as
and wherever the state may require.

VII. That on a Child being admitted into the Asylum, enquiry shall be
made by the Commissioners as to the circumstances of the Parents or
other persons now by law bound to support the said Child, and if found
able to support, or to contribute to the support of the said Child, the
Justices sending the said Child to the Asylum may make orders from time
to time for any amount of contribution to be paid, for or towards the
support of the said Child in the said Asylum.

VIII. That such sums be collected for the use of the Asylum by the
Overseer or Rate Collectors of the Parish where the persons on whom the
order is made reside, and that power be given to attach the property of
such persons, or wages in the hands of Masters, or due from Masters of
such persons, in cases of working people or servants, to satisfy the
amount named in such order.

IX. That all Children sent to the said Asylum be taught several useful
Trades, Arts or Occupations, besides the usual education of Reading,
Writing and Arithmetic.

X. That if at any time any Parent or Friend should be able and willing
to afford proper Protection and Employment for any Child in the said
Asylum, subject to the approbation of Two Justices the Child may be
permitted to leave the Asylum on such Parent or Friend’s paying a sum
to be settled by the Commissioners of the Asylum for such Permission.

                   *       *       *       *       *

One general Feeling which any suggestion for the taking of Children
away from parental care usually creates is, that it will be immediately
abused by unfeeling Parents wishing to get rid of the burthen of
maintaining their Offspring, but it is conceived that the plan of
taxing the Parents or Relatives for their maintenance in the Asylum as
provided in the 7th and 8th clauses will be an adequate check for the
prevention of any such abuse, while the Children becoming valuable by
the sort of useful Education that is given them, will no doubt induce
many a Parent to seek the means of getting their Children home again
to assist by their valuable labour in support of the Family. We know
perfectly well that the first years of a Boy’s Apprenticeship are never
spent in really learning the Trade he is apprenticed to learn, he is
used by his Master as an errand boy, a servant, a groom, or even doing
house work for some years in many cases before he begins to learn his
Trade, and why? because if he learned his Trade at once, he would
become so valuable that he could easily get work for himself, and so
impatient to work upon his own account that he would be sure to run
away before his time was up. We know by our experience in the House of
Correction at Cold Bath Fields, that a boy may be made an excellent
Shoemaker in Twelve Months, and that he might be made an equally good
Tailor in an equally short time, admits of no doubt, while the business
of a Tinman, a Shoeing Smith, a Painter, and an hundred others are
learned with similar facility. Each Child taught a few of these useful
Arts, instead of being a burthen upon, would be a valuable addition
to a Family. I know I shall be told that the difficulty of providing
for these Children however well taught, will be almost insuperable,
and I shall see Parkhurst pointed at as a great example of this sad
truth. It is in fact no example for me. There all the Children _have
been criminals_, have been allowed to drink deeply of the cup of vice,
and if not after trial, have at any rate before trial been subject to
the, I may say almost electrical, contamination of Gaol Association,
so rapidly does it take effect. There the foul impress of Felony or
Misdemeanour is stamped upon them all before they are offered to the
Public as useful members of Society. The Children of the Asylum will
be of a far different class. They will be taken before the actual
commission of crime has been brought home to them, when surrounded
by want destitution and injustice from the poverty or drunkenness
or depravity of those who should be, but are not, their natural
protectors, they would inevitably have fallen a prey to those who are
ever on the look out for just such suffering creatures to make them,
though only yet half willing, the tools of practiced crime; to become,
when further advanced in sin, hardened and emboldened in Iniquity, and
thus proper Candidates for Parkhurst.

The Experiment has never been tried of A STATE PROVISION _for
innocent, but destitute and unprotected Children_, nor of a compulsory
payment from the parent for _the proper maintenance and education of
his Child_. I must not be told therefore of Refuges and Magdalens and
Schools of Industry and Philanthropic Societies and Provisions for
Poor criminals on their release from prison, or of any results which
have followed on their adoption, as reasons why my plan should not be
tried, they are no examples for this purpose. I am satisfied from a
long experience in such matters, that no difficulty would be found in
placing out boys well taught, well brought up, under rules of strict
discipline, and who have not yet become criminals. The expense of
maintaining them as innocent children will be far less than that of
maintaining them as felons while we shall be destroying the root of
this Upas Tree which stands in the midst of every densely populated
Neighbourhood, spreading its branches so far in every direction that
the good and virtuous even can at length reach them, and think they are
destroying the tree by endeavouring to keep its unwieldly limbs within
bounds by the pruning knife. A most fatal error!

How much longer will the overburthened Ratepayers endure to see a
drunken Father earning from 30 to 50 shillings a week (and there are
thousands of such) turn into the Gin Palace or the Beer Shop with his
hard earned wages on the Saturday Night to spend it all in strong
drink and debauchery. How much longer will that Ratepayer be content
to lose from his unguarded Stall, or it may be even his well watched
Premises, the petty Articles which the starving Children of that
drinking sot are purposely sent out to steal to appease the craving
of unsatisfied hunger? How much longer will that Ratepayer be content
to pay the enormous sums which are daily drawn from his too often
slender resources to pay the heavy cost of the repeated apprehensions
by the Police, examinations, remands, re-examinations, and committals
by the Magistrates and Justices, Trials and Convictions by Juries,
Sentences by Judges, and Imprisonments in our Gaols of those wretched
Children? How much longer will intelligent Juries, men not only of
common sense, but of common humanity, continue to present the state of
Juvenile Depravity, and the mode of disposing of Juvenile Depredators
as unsatisfactory and inhuman, and be satisfied to see nothing done on
either subject in the way even of an effort to improve? How much longer
will the Ministers who rule this great nation, be they of what politics
or what party they may, remain deaf to the thousand tongues that are
daily proclaiming that nothing has yet met the hourly increasing evils
of Juvenile depravity, and not make some bold attempt to meet the
difficulty in some new form and in some incipient stage less appalling
than that which idleness and destitution present when matured into
vice and depravity? It must be remembered that the Children with whom
I propose to deal are the very same beings who are now dealt with by
the state under the far more expensive character of criminals, and the
simple question in the case as a matter of finance will be whether
it would be more expensive to maintain any given number of innocent
Children, and educate them as I propose they should be educated, than
to capture, try, and maintain an equal number of Adult Felons at home
and abroad at the enormous cost at which they are now dealt with. No
one could for a moment doubt that the balance would be greatly in
favor of the new plan now suggested, if considered only as a financial
one; but in every other point of view how far more desirable must it
be to prevent than to punish crime? To change the system of education
among the working classes, and instead of teaching them to arrive at
an excellence in Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic, which only makes
them seek places above that which Nature destined them to fulfil,
to have them taught those useful Arts which they can employ in every
situation of their humble station in Society, learning to Read and
Write, and keep accounts merely as ancillary to those useful trades
and occupations by which they are to get their living, and so to add
to the general stock of comfort and happiness among their fellows. To
stop the wages in the hands of the employer which an abandoned and
depraved Mechanic would squander on his own ruin, and disburse it for
him on the legitimate object of maintaining and properly educating his
own offspring. In a word to dry up the springs of Juvenile depravity at
their source, instead of endeavouring to deal with the raging flood of
Crime, which experience has long taught us when once abroad sweeps away
with resistless force every barrier which finite wisdom has ever yet
suggested for arresting its awful progress.

This consideration alone should induce us not hastily to condemn any
suggestion, however novel or gigantic it may at first sight appear,
and will I trust gain from my Brother Justices of Middlesex for my
humble endeavour, in what I consider the greatest field for exertion
ever opened to the Philanthropist, a few moments Investigation of a
plan which, however soon a better may supersede it, is the result of
many years of anxious Enquiry and careful investigation, and which I am
prepared to show involves no principle which has not been previously
acknowledged and acted upon by the Legislature.

                                                     BENJAMIN ROTCH.

    Lowlands,
      Harrow on the Hill,
        Middlesex.
 21st June, 1846.




 Transcriber’s Notes:

 ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).

 ――Printer’s, punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently
   corrected.

 ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.