BEE-KEEPING.


                                    BY

                         "THE TIMES" BEE-MASTER.


                    *       *       *       *       *




                               BEE-KEEPING.


                                    BY

                         "THE TIMES" BEE-MASTER.


                           WITH ILLUSTRATIONS.


                                 LONDON:

                       SAMPSON LOW, SON, & MARSTON.

                            14, LUDGATE HILL.


                                  1864.

                [_The right of translation is reserved._]




LONDON:

PRINTED BY EDMUND EVANS,

RAQUET COURT, FLEET STREET.




[Illustration]




PREFACE


My apology for writing a Bee-Book is as follows:--I sent _The Times_
an account of a very successful honey harvest about the end of July,
containing some observations on the treatment of bees, and the profits
that might accrue to the cottager were he to take the right and humane
way of taking honey from his hives. This communication appears to have
interested many, for in consequence of it, persons desirous of information
wrote to the Editor of _The Times_, requesting in confidence the name of
the Bee-master, in order that they might correspond with him. The Editor
declined to give it up without my consent, which I felt it expedient
to withhold. But to satisfy those who took so warm an interest in the
subject, I addressed a series of letters to _The Times_, explanatory
of some of the simplest elements of apiculture. These excited so great
interest, that I received multitudes of letters addressed to "_The Times_
Bee-master," which it was physically impossible to answer. But most of my
correspondents complained of the obscurity and complexity of bee-books in
general, and earnestly begged me to prepare a work they could understand
and translate into practice. I have attempted to do so, strengthening my
own observations by valuable extracts from the works of others. I am not,
however, insensible to the great value, wide research, and real usefulness
of the works I have carefully and long read. The first and most useful,
as well as most beautiful modern work on bees, is "My Bee-Book," by the
Rev. William Charles Cotton, M.A., student of Christ Church, Oxon. It is
profusely illustrated, and is the most genial and instructive work on bees
it has been my lot to read. I have felt so great an interest in this good
clergyman, that it often occurred to me to try to ascertain where he was
and what he was doing. My own communications to _The Times_, among many
interesting letters, brought me one signed "An Australian," which, though
long, contains amid much interesting matter some notice of the author of
"My Bee-Book." The reader will not, I am sure, complain of its length.

  Sir,--It may be interesting to you, whose letters in _The Times_ have
  so delighted me, to hear that my experience in _Australia_ of the
  habits, instincts, and affections (if I may so apply the word) of your
  little favourites is identical with your own. From early childhood I
  shared my father's interest in his pets; and at one time I could have
  counted upwards of ninety hives in the two apiaries which he kept for
  his own amusement, and for the encouragement of those who were willing
  to keep bees. Everyone was welcome to a swarm who cared to ask for
  one. I may give some curious facts as to the sagacity and gratitude
  of these insects. During the prevalence of the hot winds, it sometimes
  happens that the delicate comb melts, and the first indication is a
  stream of melted honey and smothering bees. I have been called to the
  rescue, and have taken up honey and bees in my hands, placed them
  in a basin of tepid water, and spread my fingers as landing-stages
  until all capable of restoration have plumed their wings and buzzed
  gratefully away, and so on until order and comfort was restored to the
  disturbed hive. I _never_ was stung on any occasion whilst working
  amongst the bees, and only twice that I remember, and then by meeting
  an angry bee accidentally in the garden. The buzz of an angry bee
  is quite well known to their lovers. On one occasion a swarm met my
  sister, and actually began to settle on her hand and arm. She knew
  their ways, and walked very slowly on (of course surrounded by bees)
  until she found what she considered a comfortable bough, under which
  she held her hand. The queen adopted the suggestion, and after a few
  minutes' patiently standing amidst the confusion, she quietly retired,
  and, as you _will_ believe, unharmed.

  Of course we could not house all our swarms, so they went off to the
  woods and found habitations in gum-trees hollowed out by the action of
  fires through the bush. I recollect one swarm, however, belonging to
  a neighbour, which preferred its old quarters, and actually built the
  combs and filled them with honey _suspended_ from beneath the shelf
  upon which the hives were ranged in the open air. Its ultimate fate I
  do not remember.

  Bees have many enemies in Australia; the greatest is probably the
  sugar-ant. To protect them from these intruders, we had the hives
  ranged on shelves, the supports of which stood in wide vessels of
  water, alike a protection against other foes. The apiaries were
  built open in front and ends, against a wall, with thatched roof and
  overhanging eaves; and there was a space between the shelf on which
  the hives stood and the wall, where one could sit or stand and watch
  them; for most of our hives were square, made of wood, with glass
  sides and wooden shutters; and the bees were so accustomed to be
  looked at, that they kept their side of the glass quite clean, and
  generally built a smooth surface of comb next the glass, leaving space
  to move between the comb and the glass; and I have often seen the
  queen, surrounded by her admiring subjects (exactly as you describe)
  making her progress across the comb, each attendant bee with its head
  next her majesty, fanning with its wings, and one could hear a _purr_
  of satisfaction.

  The antipathies of the bee are very curious. I have known one
  individual who was chased perpetually round the garden, and I have
  seen him obliged to rush through a hedge to escape his little
  tormentors. Their feuds were sometimes most violent, and I have had to
  remove a hive from one apiary to the other, a distance of half a mile,
  to preserve the bees. Your plan of the super-hives is excellent. Most
  of our hives were square, and all of wood. The straw hives proved a
  harbour for insects, and deprived us of the pleasure of watching the
  bees at work. We used large confectioners' glasses as supers, turned
  upside down. They were speedily filled, and we could ensure honey
  flavoured with the different blossoms, by placing the glass during the
  season of the orange-blossom, or heliotrope, &c., &c.

  Our chief guide in the management was a book written by the Rev. Mr.
  Cotton, called "My Bee-Book;" and it may be interesting to mention,
  that when in after years that gentleman accompanied the Bishop of New
  Zealand to that country, via Australia, he was my father's guest. Mr.
  Cotton's delight at finding his favourites so appreciated was only
  equalled by our pleasure in meeting the author of "My Bee-Book;" but,
  sad to say, _our_ bees conceived a dislike to their visitor; and upon
  his exhibiting his fearlessness in handling bees, he was stung (much
  to the amusement of some _small_ bystanders) by two wicked bees. A
  relation of my own kept her bees in the verandah of her drawing-room;
  and she has frequently cut out of the hive a large piece of comb,
  taking care not to break it, and merely cutting through the little
  connecting links of wax which support the layers of comb; and this she
  could do with impunity from the super of a busy hive, simply because
  she lived amongst her bees. Hoping that this letter may not have
  wearied you,

                        I remain yours faithfully,

                                            An Australian.

  _London, 12th August, 1864._

  P.S. I have never had an opportunity of keeping bees in England. I
  shall look for your promised manual, as I hope some day I may be
  able to have some of my favourites to care for. I may add, my father
  procured our original stock from Tasmania, in the common straw hive,
  a bit of pierced tin fastened over the entrance. One system I do not
  see alluded to, which we found answer very well, when we wished, for
  any cause, to take the old comb and start the bees afresh. We used in
  the early dawn to place the full hive over an empty one, covering all
  with a large cloth, and then beat the top hive steadily, not roughly,
  with a stick. Very soon the queen would take refuge in the lower box,
  when a board was slipped between, and the upper old hive removed. The
  bees (the few that loitered behind the queen) soon left the honey to
  join their friends: at night the new hive was carried to the site of
  the old one, and turned up upon its own board. We always had cross
  bars of wood on the hives, upon which the swarm at first clung.

Taylor's and Wood's "Manuals of Bee-keeping" are exceedingly good.
Richardson's is very full. Lardner's Treatise in the "Museum of Science
and Art" well deserves the attention of the reader.

I do not profess to have struck out any original methods of constructing
hives or treating bees. To the science of apiculture I have contributed
nothing. All I profess to do is to give plain, practical directions
for the successful management of bees, chiefly from observation and
experience.

I am persuaded there has been much useful and instructive matter in my
letters, because I have received a few very ill-natured communications.
One of them (not the worst) I insert, as a specimen of the reception my
little work is doomed to expect. But perhaps the writers may repent of
their intentions, and recover the sweet temper they seem to have lost.

                                                                August 15.

  Sir,--I have read very attentively the letters in _The Times_ about
  bees, and am convinced that the American gentleman is _right_,
  and that much of what _you_ say is mere old woman's twaddle. Your
  nonsensical rant about loyalty to the queen-bee (in _these_ days, when
  loyalty to _kings_ and _queens_ is utterly and very properly extinct),
  and your raving against radical reform (so much wanted in _all_
  matters), both give evidence of anility and failing intellect.

  I shall act on my conviction by ordering the _American_ book on bees
  for myself and friends, and I shall use all my literary influence
  (which is _considerable_) in preventing the circulation of _your_
  poor trumpery twopenny-halfpenny bee-papers.

                                 A Non-believer in the "Bee-master"
                                          of Tunbridge Wells.

  P.S. I am no American, but I sympathise with Messrs. Bright and
  Cobden. I rejoice at the downfall of the Danish monarchy; and I would
  not fight, _under any circumstances_, either for king, queen, princes,
  or peoples--not foreign peoples at least, I look on _loyalty_ as rank
  humbug. Kings must behave better before we can respect or love them!

In this work I have purposely left out all notice of a variety of hives
as ingenious as they are disliked by bees. Some apiarians have expended
all their talent in making tortuous entrances, worrying homes, and elegant
residences for the queen and her subjects. They seem to estimate their
success by the extent of their departure from simplicity. They merge
the useful and convenient in the elegant and complex. But the less the
bees are plagued by intricate and arduous arrangements in the interior
of their residences, the more comfortable and contented they feel, and
the more efficiently they work. It is on this account I have written
so favourably of the Ayrshire hive. It is simple in structure, and the
parallel openings in the roof of the stock hive introductory to the super
are far more liked by the bees than a round central hole, while the
facility of removing a super in the honey harvest is perfectly charming.
The comb in the super is never or rarely connected with the comb in
the stock hive, and, therefore, needs no cutting with zinc plates. A
screw-driver gently introduced loosens the propolis, or a table-knife
may be employed to cut it all round the lower edge of the super, and the
proprietor has only to lift it off and carry it away on a deal board.

I can easily see that had I praised several ingenious contrivances for
the residence of bees, I should have provoked fewer charges of ignorance
of modern apiculture. I repeat, I have read much on the subject; but my
recommendations are not the results of theory or imagination, but of
practical knowledge and of careful watching.

The best hop-garden is that which grows the most and best hops; the best
mill is that which grinds most corn; and the best hives are those in which
is deposited the largest amount of the best honey.

By all means let us have observatory hives for scientific investigations;
but what the cottager requires is plenty of produce, with the least tax
on his toil and pocket. Hence this work is drawn up, not for scientific
apiarians, but for all who wish to enjoy a pleasant and profitable
employment.

I must tender my best thanks to Messrs. Neighbour, of Regent-street,
London, and to Mr. Pettitt, of Snargate, Dover, for their permission to
copy such of their woodcuts as I thought it useful to describe or to
suggest amendments on.

I may also add, that in using the name, "_The Times_ Bee-master," I avail
myself merely of the title given me by the countless correspondents who
did me the honour to write me either directly or indirectly through the
editor of _The Times_.

In reprinting my letters to _The Times_, I must here notice an alteration
I think expedient. I felt it right to reply to a very injudicious and
extreme letter which appeared in that paper. I did so playfully, and with
kindly feeling. But the correspondent I thus replied to seems to have
viewed it as a personal attack. Under the inspiration of very irritated
feelings he wrote another letter to the Editor of _The Times_, which
was very properly refused admission. But he was kind enough to send
it to several papers, in which he published it, prefacing it in one
with controversial remarks so far removed from the courtesies of fair
correspondence, that it ceased to be possible to hold any further argument
with him. I am really very sorry that a gentleman I never saw, and do not
yet know whether he is a clergyman or layman, should have so passionately
interpreted remarks made by me in perfect good-humour. I offer him every
apology that is due for being misunderstood. In order to avoid any such
contingency again, I have omitted his name, and have substituted "Your
Correspondent."

I may also add, that when I sent my letters to _The Times_ I had not
the remotest idea of composing a book on the subject. Having other and
absorbing work to attend to, I have been able to devote spare hours only
to a very pleasant work, undertaken at the request of many, and dedicated
to the service of all.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




                             CONTENTS

                            ----<>----

                                                          PAGE

      Introduction                                           1

      Bee-keeping Money-making                               3

      Bee-keeping a source of Enjoyment                      6

      How to begin Bee-keeping                              10

      The Bee-house, and how to place it                    21

      Hives and Bee-boxes                                   35

      How to get Bees                                       59

      The Inmates of the Hive                               87

      Bee Enemies                                          104

      The Bee-master's Letters to "The Times"              116

      Bee Things in general                                169

      Letters from Correspondents                          200

                   *       *       *       *       *

        Erratum.--Page 45, line 18--For "inches" _read_ "degrees."
                [Transcriber's Note: This WAS corrected!]




                               BEE-KEEPING.


                                    BY

                         "THE TIMES" BEE-MASTER.


                                ----<>----

This work is not a speculative or philosophical treatise on bees. Its main
interest consists in its usefulness; and its author's greatest reward will
be the greatest measure of his success in promoting among cottagers and
others a means of paying their rent, at once interesting, civilising, and
remunerative. Next to this, I hope I may contribute toward the extinction
of the savage and unprofitable, but almost universal, habit in this
country of burning the bees with sulphur in August, in order to collect
honey richly flavoured, and much deteriorated by sulphurous acid. It is a
fundamental principle in my bee-management, that no bee shall be burned,
or, if possible to avoid it, crushed or killed. No man deserves the name
of a Bee-master, or should attempt to keep bees, who has not resolved,
with all his might, to avoid bee-murder. Bee-cide, like homicide, may
accidentally occur, but it must be accidental, not designed and culpable.
That system of management which combines the safety and health of the
bees, with the production of the largest amount of pure honey available
to the proprietor, while providing generously for the inmates of the hive
during the winter months, deserves the greatest patronage.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




I.-BEE-KEEPING MONEY-MAKING.


We live in a practical age. Proposals of all sorts are too often, right
or wrong, weighed against gold:--"How much will it bring? Can I turn a
penny by this business?" I do not pretend to say bee-masters are rich
men, or that the way to a fortune is through a bee-hive; but I do assert
that a poor parish minister, vicar, or curate with a little glebe--a
cottager who works all day for the squire--or maiden ladies who desire
to engage in very delightful and loving labour--may add to their little
income or stipend or dividend from ten to twenty pounds a year. To
half-pay officers I would earnestly recommend bee-keeping. It would keep
them out of those wild speculations into which, from their inexperience
in business matters, they are so frequently and ruinously drawn, by
giving them an interest, which would soon become a passion, in studying
and conferring with a new family, besides yielding them a few spare
sovereigns for personal use or charity. For white cells filled with honey
in glasses--than which nothing more elegant or picturesque can be placed
on a breakfast-table--one can obtain in June two shillings, and even two
shillings and sixpence, a pound. For honey later in the season one and
sixpence a pound may be easily had; and where the proprietor prefers to be
his own consumer, he may dispense with bacon and butter, and take what is
far more wholesome--honey--at breakfast. It is a fair average to calculate
on fifteen pounds of surplus produce from each hive, if properly attended
to. I do not see why our country should not be a "land flowing with milk
and honey," or why we should import so much honey and wax from abroad,
exporting good money in return, when so many flowers lift their beautiful
blossoms, waiting and longing to be kissed and rifled by visitors they
love so well. It should not be forgotten, too, that bees do immense good
to flowers; some think they introduce one to another, and celebrate the
marriage of the flowers. This, however, is certain: flower-gardens are
immensely benefited by bees, and therefore every lover of flowers and
proprietor of gardens should never drive away or destroy a bee; for the
visitor is not only collecting honey for his bee-master, but adding to the
variety, fragrance, and beauty of the flowers of their owner.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




II.--BEE-KEEPING A SOURCE OF ENJOYMENT.


When pleasure and profit can be combined, time runs swiftly and the heart
feels happy.

It is enjoyment to stand by one's bee-hives and watch the intense and
untiring work of one's bees. It is like standing at a window in Cheapside,
and watching the counter-currents of human beings that ceaselessly
traverse its pavement; only, instead of faces grooved with cares and pale
with anxieties, we do not see issuing from their hives or returning home
a single bee that seems bowed down with trouble or fretful about the
future. Each bee, from the queen down to the sentinel at the gate, seems
to have heard the Master's words,--"Take no thought" (_i.e._, irritating
care) "for the morrow, for the morrow shall take thought for the things of
itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof."

Bees rarely fail to become acquainted with a kind and affectionate master.
I have stood in the midst of thousands returning home after their day's
work, and seen them resting on me, brushing their wings and bodies, and,
thereby refreshed and recruited, they enter their home and deposit their
sweet burdens. They do not forget little acts of kindness shown them, and
rarely fail to show gratitude,--an example Christians would do well to
copy. I have sat for hours by my hives with glass windows, and watched
the orderly and beautiful array in which some give wax, others build it
into forms of strength and beauty, others clear away incidental dirt,
others pour honey into the warehouses, others carry out their dead, and
all reverently and loyally attend to the instructions of their queen.
Relays of ventilators, joining the tips of their wings and making
fanners, take up their position at the doors, and send in currents of
fresh air. Others are placed as sentries on the bee-board, who, like
faithful soldiers, repel wasps and moths, and die rather than desert the
post of duty. There is not an idle bee in a hive, if one may except the
drones after their mission is ended. _Fruges consumere nati_; they meet
with the consequences which all idle and unproductive citizens provoke.
They, however, may be regarded as the exceptional inmates. The bees do not
fail to understand their relations, and therefore they get rid of them as
soon as they cease to contribute to the wealth or comfort or protection
of the hive. They become in June and July the mere hangers-on--the fat,
lazy monks, who believe that everybody is made to work for them, while
they are excused helping anybody. But the bountiful Creator has left no
place for indolence in this world of ours; it would be too disastrous an
example to be permitted with impunity. The bees accordingly turn them out
to starve, or garrote them as they catch them, and at all risk get rid of
the incumbrance. Do idle young men deserve better treatment?

A hive in June is a perfect study, a model of order, work, neatness, and
beauty; it is rich in interest to everyone who has an hour to spare. About
nine o'clock at night you cannot do better than listen for a quarter of
an hour by your hives, and you will hear an oratorio sweeter and richer
than you ever heard in Exeter Hall. Treble, tenor, and bass are blended
in richest harmony; sometimes it sounds as the distant hum of a great
city, and at other times as if the apiarian choristers were attempting
the hallelujahs which will swell from earth to heaven when all things are
put right, and bee and bird and every living thing sing joyously together
the jubilant anthem peal, "Great and marvellous are thy works. Lord God
Almighty. Just and true are thy ways, thou King of nations."

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




III.--HOW TO BEGIN BEE-KEEPING.


Your garden may be very small, and its flowers few and far between; but as
your bee-pasture is an area two or three miles round on all sides yours
for the use of your bees, though entered in other peoples' title-deeds,
your own little plot need not much trouble you. Bees seem to prefer to
feed at a little distance from the hive, but have no objection to pasture
close at hand. In the beginning of August, when the honey-yielding flowers
begin to fail, I have found Broadwater Common, near Tunbridge Wells, which
grows the finest heather south of Braemar, covered with my bees, and have
lain down amid the heath-blossoms, watching and listening to my young
friends, immensely enjoying their work.

But if you have any spare space--and there are always nooks and spots
available in the smallest garden--sow on these lemon-thyme in abundance,
rosemary, lavender, salvia, borage, mignonette, and crocus. Apple-trees,
gooseberry and currant-trees, and above all, raspberry-plants, are great
favourites with bees; and as their blossoms come early in spring, they
are most seasonable and productive. But your chief reliance must be
on neighbouring acres of bean-fields and buckwheat or clover meadows,
heather and furze, and hedge-blossoms. Lime-trees are very valuable;
I wish people would allow thorn-hedges to blossom. Let me urge the
cottager to use for the edging of his garden lemon-thyme instead of box
or daisies. Do not fear keeping a dozen stocks. I think many apiarians
talk nonsense when they allege that a district may be overstocked with
bee-hives. If the surrounding country be wholly arable, with little
common, and with too good farming, it may be overstocked. But there are
still left commons unenclosed, woods and heath, and clover and tiny weeds,
which farmers persecute and bee-masters love; and far off are gardens
of all sorts and sizes, in which flowers are cultivated for the owners'
pleasure, constituting admirable bee-pasture. I only regret there is such
a wide-spread rage for double flowers, for bees never touch them. On
that magnificent standard rose, so rich in delicious perfume and so very
lovely, a bee never alights; but the briar and hedge-rose are favourites
and much frequented. On the Clyde, it is usual for bee-proprietors to
carry their hives to Arran, Dunoon, and Kilmun, as soon as the heather
comes into blossom; and cottagers take charge of them at a shilling
apiece. The hives often therefrom receive great and remunerative
additions.

Dr. Bevan states:--

  "In Lower Egypt, where the flower-harvest is not so early by several
  weeks as in the upper districts of that country, this practice of
  transportation is carried on to a considerable extent. About the
  end of October the hives, after being collected together from the
  different villages, and conveyed up the Nile, marked and numbered by
  the individuals to whom they belong, are heaped pyramidally upon the
  boats prepared to receive them, which, floating gradually down the
  river, and stopping at certain stages of their passage, remain there a
  longer or a shorter time, according to the produce which is afforded
  by the surrounding country. After travelling three months in this
  manner, the bees, having culled the perfumes of the orange flowers of
  the Said, the essence of roses of the Faiocum, the treasures of the
  Arabian jessamine, and a variety of flowers, are brought back about
  the beginning of February to the places from which they have been
  carried. The productiveness of the flowers at each respective stage
  is ascertained by the gradual descent of the boats in the water, and
  which is probably noted by a scale of measurement. This industry
  procures for the Egyptians delicious honey and abundance of bees'-wax.
  The proprietors, in return, pay the boatmen a recompense proportioned
  to the number of hives which have thus been carried about from one
  extremity of Egypt to the other."

Richardson sensibly remarks:--

  "Water carriage, when procurable, is the best, as it shakes the hives
  least, but when land carriage must be resorted to, the hives should
  be carried on poles slung on men's shoulders. The journey should be
  pursued at night only, and the bees suffered to go forth and feed
  during the day. Such is their instinct, that they will readily find
  their way back; but they should not be suffered to go forth until at
  the distance of upwards of ten or eleven miles from their original
  home, otherwise they will be lost in endeavouring to regain it--a
  moderate distance induces them to abandon the idea, and to become
  reconciled to their new quarters. If travelling by canal, the hives
  should be removed from the boat, and placed on stands at some distance
  from the bank, ere the insects are let out, otherwise they will be
  lost in thousands by falling into the water on their return. The
  charge made by shepherds for taking care of the hives during a season
  is from one shilling to eighteen-pence each. It is better to pay a
  trifle over and above the usual fee, in order to prevent your hives
  being placed too near to each other, or to those of other parties;
  for if your weak stocks happen to be placed near the strong ones of
  some one else, you will stand a fair chance of having them all killed
  in encounters with their more powerful neighbours. It would be well
  also to see that your hives are placed in a situation where they will
  be safe from the attacks of cattle or other foes. Before fetching the
  hives home again from the heath, it will not be amiss to ascertain
  their condition and weight, and to take from them what honey they can
  spare. I must here inform you how to ascertain the state or wealth of
  a hive."

On the subject of removing bees to the heather in August, Mr. Briggs makes
the following useful and practical remarks:--

  "In the vicinity of extensive heaths, the bees are removed to them
  about the beginning or middle of August, according to the season. The
  usual practice is to raise each hive with small wedges in the evening,
  to induce the bees to congregate together at the top of the hive.
  The hives are then firmly fixed to the bottom boards, or tied up in
  cloths, and conveyed in the night, or very early in the morning, to
  the garden of a shepherd or other person whose residence adjoins the
  heath. All hives and swarms are taken, including old and young ones,
  and the persons who receive them usually charge a shilling for each
  hive during the season. The hives are thus very frequently crammed
  together as close as they can stand, and the consequences are that
  much fighting and loss of life is often caused, and the weak stocks of
  one person are frequently partly destroyed and robbed of their stores
  and killed by the stronger ones belonging to other persons. When
  the blooming of the heath is over, the old stocks are, in general,
  suffocated on the spot, to obtain possession of the fruits of their
  labours, and those intended for winter stocks are conveyed home by
  their respective owners.

  "The above system of managing bees at the heather is susceptible
  of material alterations and improvements. I would suggest that it
  would be of great advantage to the owners of bees residing within
  twenty miles' distance, if the proprietors or occupiers of residences
  adjoining the heath were to extend the accommodation by enclosing a
  larger extent of ground which is suitable for the purposes desired. It
  might be cheaply and expeditiously performed by hiring a few dozen of
  stout stakes, &c., from the neighbouring farmers for the season, and
  having the bars of them full of coarse thorns, briars, furze, or other
  convenient or suitable materials, to prevent the inroads of cattle and
  other depredators.

  "I would recommend that none but strong stocks be taken to the heath,
  until arrangements are made for their convenience and accommodation;
  and that the collateral system of side hives, &c., be practised with
  them whilst they are at the heath, as well as on other occasions."

Where there is no water conveyance, a hive may be suspended from each end
of a long pole, which may be carried on the shoulder to the neighbourhood
of a common, in August, not less than four miles from your garden, and put
in charge of a reliable cottager.

  "In Yorkshire," says the Rev. Mr. Cotton, that prince of bee-masters,
  "it is the regular custom of the country to send the stocks to the
  moors for change of pasture in August and September. Cotters, who have
  a little garden by the moorside, take in dozens every year, and get a
  shilling a stock for their trouble. The trouble is a mere nothing--at
  least not one shilling's worth in all--and the pleasure is surely very
  great; for what can be a greater pleasure than to have ten additional
  stocks of bees on a visit to your own, and to cheer you with their
  glad music whenever you are walking in your garden? To say nothing of
  the pleasure you must feel at their honied stores, by playing the
  part of a kind host to these busy bees; and then, what is more, you
  may have the still greater pleasure of showing your friend (for all
  bee-masters are, or ought to be, friendly) how to take up his bees
  who have been your guests so long, as I trust you do your own, that
  is, without killing them. You and he may do so, if you try; and I, a
  bee-master like yourself, beg you most earnestly to try. What I have
  found a very good way with my bees you cannot find a very bad one. The
  stocks are taken up in the old way as soon as the heather goes out of
  flower. I hope many a man will learn by my letter to take them up by
  the fingers, instead of the sulphur match, that ready instrument of
  bee-murder. In France they put their hives into a boat, some hundreds
  together, which floats down the stream by night, and stops by day. The
  bees go out in the morning, return in the evening, and when they are
  all back and quiet, on the boat floats. I have heard they come home
  to the ringing of a bell; but I believe they would come home just the
  same whether the bell rings or no. I should like to see this tried on
  the Thames, for no river has more bee food near its banks: willows,
  the best bee food in spring; meadows, clover, beans, and lime-trees,
  in different places and times, for summer. A handy man, who could
  make his own boxes, though not up to hard work, might, I am pretty
  sure, gather _through the mouths of his many thousand bees enough to
  fill his own one mouth_, though it be somewhat larger. He might float
  softly _down_ the river, as the flowers go off at one place and come
  on at another; and any bargeman would be glad, for the small price of
  one pound of Thames honey, to give him a tow _up_ when he wishes to go
  back. I should like to see it tried."

But all this is supererogatory at present, and temporary removals are
undesirable, unless where surrounding pastures entirely fail in August. It
is, at best, supplemental.

Taylor, in his useful _Bee Manual_, says:--

  "It is almost needless to say, that in the nature and extent of
  the vegetable production following in succession in the immediate
  neighbourhood of an apiary, must mainly depend its prosperity. After
  every care has been bestowed on all points of housing and management,
  it is in vain to expect a large harvest of honey where Nature has
  limited the sources of supply, or restricted them to a particular
  season of the year."

Payne observes:--

  "I have always found the advantage of planting in the vicinity of
  my hives a large quantity of the common kinds of crocus, single blue
  hepatica, helleborus niger, and tussilago petasites, all of which
  flower early, and are rich in honey and farina. Salvia memorosa (of
  Sir James Smith), which flowers very early in June, and lasts all the
  summer, is in an extraordinary manner sought after by the bees, and,
  when room is not an object, twenty or thirty square yards of it may
  be grown with advantage. Origanum humile, and origanum rubescens (of
  Haworth), and mignonette may also be grown. Cúscuta sinensis is a
  great favourite with them; and the pretty little plant anacampseros
  populifolium, when in flower, is literally covered by them. Garden
  cultivation beyond this, exclusively for bees, I believe, answers very
  little purpose."

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




IV.--THE BEE-HOUSE, AND HOW TO PLACE IT.


Having decided on the furniture of the garden and the flowers it should
grow, and the best kind of neighbourhood for pasture, we must now discuss
(and it is done from very considerable experience) the structure and
aspect of the bee-house under shelter of which your hives are to stand.
Taylor remarks:--

  "The common wooden bee-houses, as usually constructed, open in
  front, and closed altogether behind, retaining the sun's heat as an
  oven, are objectionable. These are frequently the receptacles of
  dirt and vermin, and most inconvenient to operate in. It would be an
  improvement to make them deeper backwards; or with a falling front,
  moving on hinges, so that the hives can be recessed behind it, away
  from the influence of weather. At the back should be folding doors,
  opening from top to bottom, allowing a good access to the hives. For
  greater convenience, it is best to have them only in a single row,
  with good head room. But a still more desirable plan is to board up
  the front of the house entirely, making oblong openings through for
  a passage to the bees, with an exterior alighting-board, a good deal
  slanted downwards (the bees preferring this to a flat surface). The
  hives are arranged immediately behind, upon a shelf, the further apart
  the better, as the bees occasionally mistake their own homes, and fall
  a sacrifice in consequence."

The following is a sketch of the shed proposed by Dr. Bevan. It is
extremely picturesque. My only objection to it is his use of thatch, which
shelters vermin--the pests it is hard to keep away in the most favourable
circumstances. Dr. Bevan's shed or bee-house is seven feet square in the
clear, with three hives on the upper shelves and three on the under.

[Illustration]

A very picturesque and efficient bee-shed is presented by Dr. Lardner,
about twelve feet long and about nine feet high.

[Illustration]

My objection to this bee-house is, that the hives are exposed too much to
wind and weather; if of straw, they will soon rot--if of wood, wet and
sunshine will rend and split them. Besides, tier above tier is not good,
and it need not be adopted.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

The shed I prefer is as follows:--Let it be twelve feet six inches in
length, six feet in height, and two feet six inches in depth. Let it be
made of good, strong, smooth deal. Divide it into six equal compartments,
divided off from each other. Let the roof be also of smooth deal, covered
first with Croggon's patent felt; and laid over the felt, and nailed down,
let there be zinc plates, projecting six or eight inches in front. Let an
opening three inches wide extend along the front from end to end, with a
continuous landing-board projecting beneath it, and sloping down at an
angle of twenty-five degrees. The floor should be about a foot or eighteen
inches above the level of the ground, and perfectly smooth. Behind let
there be three doors, with hinges attached to the floor, falling back when
open, and thereby forming a pleasant platform, when laid down and resting
on the ground, for the bee-master to watch and study, and deprive, and
otherwise fulfil his mission. When closed, there must be a good padlock,
as bee-hive lifters are still too common in every part of the country. In
very hot weather, open the doors behind, but only in very hot weather. I
have found from experience that the smoother the surfaces of the bee-shed
inside, the less they are liable to the operations of the spider, one of
the greatest pests of bee-houses. I have unfortunately, and too often,
seen a dozen bees entangled of a fine May morning in a spider's web, and
most of them excavated in the cleanest manner. Wasps and spiders I have no
mercy on; they are thieves and murderers and beasts of prey, as well as
vermin. To the former, extermination by brimstone is a just recompense,
and to the latter the application of a hard dry brush is a daily duty.

I prefer three of these bee-sheds, located in different parts of my
garden, to one very large shed with under and upper tiers of hives: this
makes less likelihood of confusion in swarming. I do not like the sheds to
be placed under large trees, the drippings of which tend to create damp.
Shrubs, raspberry-plants, and even gooseberry-bushes, not nearer than ten
or twelve feet, form nice resting-places to the heavy-laden bees. Under
and immediately around the hive should be closely-mowed grass. The front
of the hive is best due south, and, if convenient, with an inclination to
the east. From the east and west a rising ground, or shrubs tolerably
high, are a desirable protection; they break the force of the gales. Do
not place your bee-shed at a great distance from the house: bees are
civilised and domestic, and delight to see children at play while they are
at their work; kept out of society, they grow savage. Having selected the
position, do not change it, unless imperatively and unavoidably necessary.
Gelieu justly observes:--

  "I have seen people shift about their hives very inconsiderately;
  but change of place invariably weakens them, as the bees will return
  to their old residence, the environs of which are so familiar to
  them. A hive should remain as fixed to the spot as the ancient oaks,
  in the hollows of which they delight to establish themselves; where
  they have their young, their companions, their beloved queen, and
  all their treasures. When the young bees take wing for the first
  time, they do it with great precaution, turning round and round, and
  fluttering about the entrance, to examine the hive well before taking
  flight. They do the same in returning, so that they may be easily
  distinguished, conducting themselves nearly after the same manner
  as the workers of a newly-hived swarm. When they have made a few
  excursions, they set off without examining the locality; and returning
  in full flight, will know their own hive in the midst of a hundred
  others. But if you change its place you perplex them, much the same as
  you would be if, during a short absence, some one lifted your house
  and placed it a mile off. The poor bees return loaded, and, seeking in
  vain for their habitation, either fall down and perish with fatigue,
  or throw themselves into the neighbouring hives, where they are
  speedily put to death. When hives are transported to a considerable
  distance, there is no fear that the bees will return. But this
  inconvenience would be sure to take place if they were removed only a
  few hundred paces from the spot they have been accustomed to. The hive
  may not perish, but it will be greatly weakened. In my opinion, if the
  situation is to be changed at all, they should be taken at least a
  mile and a half."

Richardson, who has offered many sensible suggestions on bee-culture,
makes some very sensible remarks on this. But I do not agree with him
in one of his opinions--that a south-westerly aspect is best, or that
a south-eastern aspect is likely to be prejudicial, from its tempting
the bees to go out in too cold spring mornings. The early sun in early
spring is not excessively seductive. Besides, bees are very good judges
of temperature, as they are infallible prophets of weather, and may be
safely left in this matter to the exercise of their own good sense. It is
also worthy of notice, that the main work of bees is over by four o'clock
in the afternoon, and the setting sun is therefore less important. They
are early risers, and go early to bed. But his remaining observations on
bee-sheds are thoroughly good:--

  "Some recommend high trees for the purpose of keeping the air calm,
  lest the bees should be blown down when returning home. High trees
  are not advisable; they form an evil themselves of greater magnitude
  than that which they may be designed to remove. Bees are seldom blown
  to the ground by mere wind; but even when they are, they can, in a
  great majority of cases, recover themselves. Whereas, if blown amongst
  trees, they will be sure to be whipped so violently by the branches,
  that they are absolutely hurled to the ground with such force as to
  render their recovery hopeless. The bees also fly low on their return,
  when they arrive at the immediate neighbourhood of their stand, and,
  consequently, high trees would be not only useless, but absolutely
  inconvenient. Whatever trees you wish, therefore, to plant in the
  immediate vicinity of the hive should be of low size, planted at the
  sides of the hive, so as to leave the entrance quite free. Wildman
  recommends them, and, I think, very judiciously, to be 'of the dwarf
  kind, with bushy heads, in order that the swarms which settle on them
  may be more easily hived.' Now, although by judicious management
  swarming will generally be prevented from taking place, yet, despite
  of our utmost care, it may accidentally occur; or the bees may quit
  their boxes in a body, from various causes--some of which I shall
  endeavour hereafter to explain--and, under such circumstances, Mr.
  Wildman's suggestions will be found valuable. The garden, therefore,
  in which you fix your stands should be thus planted; and I further,
  for the same reasons, recommend wall fruit trees and espaliers.

  "Avoid a site near mills or other noisy places, or the neighbourhood
  of bad smells, as factories and the like; and if, as occasionally may
  happen, your stand be placed against your garden wall, behind which
  is the farm-yard, let not a dunghill be built against the opposite
  side. I have witnessed this before now, and in one instance found the
  consequence to be a desertion of the boxes. Do not place your stand
  where you see rat or mouse holes, and let your shed be all of wood,
  never thatched with straw, as that substance harbours mice, moths, and
  other similar enemies to your stock.

  "Water is essential to the well-being of your bees; it must, however,
  be presented to them judiciously, or it will prove a greater evil than
  a good. If you can coax a shallow rippling brook through your garden,
  so much the better; if not, place near the stand small, shallow,
  earthen pans of water, and put some pebbles in them. This water must
  be changed daily. It is highly objectionable to have a pond or canal
  in your neighbourhood: you will lose thousands of your bees through
  their means every season, as they will be constantly blown into them
  when returning heavily laden to the hive, especially in the evening,
  when wearied after the toil of an industriously spent day. The pebbles
  in the troughs are for the bees to rest on while drinking, and are the
  recommendation of Columella. I have seen tin plates perforated with
  holes, and placed over the pans just on the surface of the water, used
  for drinking-vessels for bees; I, however, prefer the pebbles."

I have found it a very good plan to place two or three soup-plates
filled with pure water mixed largely with round pebbles in front of
the bee-house; they thus find water to drink and stepping-stones for
their tiny feet, which keep their wings out of water. In long-continued
dry and hot summers, I have also been in the habit of using a common
garden-squirt, with the end perforated by a dozen pin-holes. The water
thus showered on the bee-house at noon cools it, and does not strike down
the bees, and seems most acceptable to them all.

The shed should be kept scrupulously clean and dry. Earwigs, snails, and
spiders will all try hard to establish their quarters under the warmth of
the hives, and must be repelled. Nothing but the bee-master's frequent but
quiet and undemonstrative use of a good hard painter's brush, perfectly
dry, will keep these pests at a distance. I am no advocate of killing a
single living thing, but if these unproductive creatures will prey on the
most productive of insects, and kill and steal, there is no help for it.
The bee-master must keep his bee-sheds particularly clean; and as spiders
and earwigs love dust and dirt, and are inseparable from it, they must go
with it. At all events, I cannot give them hospitality in my bee-house.

For people to whom expense is no object, the bee-houses of Messrs.
Neighbour are perfect--as ornamental as they are efficient.

Their two-hive shed is as follows:--

[Illustration: Bee-house to contain two hives.

Front view of bee-house, price £3 10_s._, _well painted_, constructed to
contain two hives. 3 ft. 6 in. high, 4 ft wide.]

The back view is given on the following page.

[Illustration: Back view of the preceding, showing the interior. The top
hive or cover for the glasses is balanced by a weight, so as to be raised
easily for the purpose of inspecting the bees at work in the super hives.]

I have already said, what I repeat, that I do not think one row of hives
above another in the same bee-shed at all expedient.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




V.--HIVES AND BEE-BOXES.


The inveterate use of the common straw hive, with its fire and sulphur
application in autumn to its unhappy inmates, is deeply to be deplored.
No humane man can look on the straw hive, rotting on a stand, wasted and
worn by wind and rain, covered with a brown earthenware basin, under which
vermin breed and multiply, and doomed to brimstone and bee-cide, without
feeling it is a penal settlement, or cell of doom, for subjects unworthy
of it. There is nothing picturesque or pleasant about it, and the moss of
age and usage even of a thousand years fail to beautify it.

A bee-shed is an absolute necessity; it may be rough and coarse, and badly
put together, but it cannot and must not be dispensed with. I will assume,
in the first instance, that the cheapness of a common straw hive--a
rough one costing sixpence, a better a shilling, and a very excellent
one eighteen-pence--brings it within the reach of a very poor cottager.
On this assumption I proceed to show how he can make the best of a bad
house. Placed in his shed with a good swarm in May, it is likely in a
good year to be full by the end of June. He must then have ready a good
thick board--say three-quarters of an inch or an inch in thickness and
twelve inches square, with a round hole in the centre about three inches
diameter, perfectly smooth and bevelled in the lower edge of the hole. On
this he must have ready a small straw hive with a piece of glass, four
inches by three, fastened into the side, in order to see inside; but if he
can afford it, still better, a bell-glass or garden-glass, with a woollen
nightcap drawn over it, to keep out the light and keep in the warmth. Let
this stand ready by him behind the bee-house, about twelve o'clock at
noon. He must then take a sharp table-knife, and quietly and fearlessly
cut a hole in the top of the hive, about three inches in diameter, and
having removed the top by taking hold of its straw loop, he is to place
the board with its super over his hive. The smoother he makes the cutting
the less trouble will the bees have, and the sooner they will ascend.
If the weather still proves friendly, he may have five or six pounds of
beautiful honey before the middle of August, and there will be abundance
for his bees in the stock hive during winter. The way to remove the super
is this:--Get a zinc plate, with sharp edges, some fourteen inches square,
press it quietly between the super and the board, laying the left hand
on the super and pressing with the right, taking care not to disturb the
board on the hive, which the bees will have fastened down. Carry off
the super with its bees and honey, laying another board over the hole.
Place your super, with the zinc plate below it, at fifty or a hundred
yards' distance from your bee-shed; edge up the super about two inches
from the plate after it has stood still an hour. The bees will fly out in
succession and make their way straight home, and not one will turn on you
to sting you. It seems then and there, and in so new circumstances, to
dawn on their minds for various reasons, that their proprietor is merely
taking his portion in consideration of the care he has bestowed; or, like
a mob without a head, they lose all sense of order, self-possession, and
organisation, but, unlike a Belfast mob, they rush home out of harm's way.

[Illustration: The Common Straw Hive.]

[Illustration: The same hive, with central hole and perforated board, and
small straw super or cap.]

[Illustration: A small straw super, with glass window, to be placed on the
common straw hive.]

[Illustration: Common straw hive, with top cut off for board and
bell-glass.]

From Mr. Pettitt's catalogue--a very sensible one--I take the following
models and prices of bell-glasses for supers.

[Illustration: Bell-shaped Glasses, for working on the top of any of the
hives. Price, 10 in. 4_s._; 7 in. 2_s._ 6_d._; 6 in. 1_s._ 6_d._; 4 in.
1_s._]

Neighbour's are still better.

[Illustration]

I prefer Taylor's glasses to either.

[Illustration]

[Illustration: A bell-glass nearly filled with honey.]

But supposing you can afford to buy a straw hive with a hole already
worked at the top--and it will not cost above a shilling more--you are to
place the board with a corresponding hole on the top of this, and, till
the middle of June, a small board over, or bung in the hole of the board.
Then take it out as before, and place over it your bell-glass or small
straw hive, and act thenceforth as already described.

If, however, you can invest a little in apiculture, as people do in
agriculture or market-gardening, only on a very much smaller scale,
I strongly recommend wooden hives or boxes. These, well made, are
necessarily expensive. The objections commonly urged by those I have
talked with are, first, that they split and twist, and get out of gear.
This may occur in the best in a slight degree, but it arises generally
from having unseasoned wood and bad workmanship. Green wood is utterly
worthless. Bad workmanship is dearest, when done at the very lowest
rate. The best workmanship and the most seasoned wood, I have invariably
found in the workshop of Mr. Pettitt, Dover. They never cast, and are
beautifully smooth, and all the fittings play easily. Such wood and
workmanship, no doubt, may be had of any sensible and honest carpenter. My
reference to Pettitt is merely the record of my own experience. In every
case the entrance should be cut, not out of the hive, but out of the board
on which it rests.

The second objection is, that wood is not sufficiently equable in
temperature. I answer, if protected by a bee-shed, which I regard as
an essential part of bee-furniture, this objection, so far as summer is
concerned, is at once disposed of. Neither rain nor the direct rays of the
sun can affect it. But in winter, I am persuaded from thorough experience,
that in all hives under sheds additional shelter is required to keep out
the searching north and east winds, and to keep in the vital warmth of the
bees. For this purpose, I regard good brown paper, or a newspaper after
you have read it, as the cleanest, neatest, and really warmest protection.
Vermin gather less about paper than woollen material, and brown paper is
less palatable to insect pests than any other. Let the back and ends of
your bee-boxes inside the bee-shed be covered over in October--the front
being left uncovered, unless by the bee-shed, and you will find every
objection to wooden hives disposed of by facts.

The first illustration I will present is that of one by Pettitt, made
of the best seasoned deal, unpainted, of course; for paint, however
necessary to the shed, must on no account be suffered to pollute the
hives.

[Illustration]

On the top of this hive, of which I give a back view, are four apertures,
each about three inches by two; zinc dividers, D D, being pushed in before
receiving a swarm, shut off all egress, and on being withdrawn in May,
allow the bees to ascend into the bell-glasses E E, of which there are
four, each, of course, covered with its nightcap.

B is a glass window, with a thermometer inside. By the window you can
examine progress, taking care when you leave to shut the lid.

In very dry, hot weather, when the thermometer rises to ninety-five, draw
out the drawer A about two inches, and open the little door C, withdrawing
at the same time also the zinc plate F, pushing in its place a
perforated zinc plate, precisely the same in size as F, but perforated.
A current of air is thus introduced, and in a short time the thermometer
will fall five degrees.

Though I do not like the square shape as much as the octagonal or
hexagonal, yet I regard this as a very valuable hive-box.

Instead of bell-glasses, Pettitt has substituted boxes for supers, about
ten inches in height and seven inches in breadth; the front having glass
instead of deal board, with a shutter ready to be put on.

It is in this way:--

[Illustration: OPEN SHUT]

Mr. Pettitt has provided, for those who can afford it, a very elegant and
ornamental house, which he calls "The Temple Bee-hive." It forms a very
suitable ornament on a lawn, and when three guineas can be spared, nothing
can be better. It is, however, more adapted to the garden surrounding a
gentleman's residence than to circumstances in which it is desirable to
obtain large profits from little outlay. But as I wish proprietors of
estates to take an interest in bee-keeping, I would try to tempt them by
specimens of ornamental bee-furniture.

I give the drawing of it shut, with Mr. Pettitt's description.

[Illustration: Temple Bee-hive, closed. (Showing the entrance).]

  "Temple Bee-hives, for the humane treatment of honey-bees, are got
  up in a tasteful and substantial manner; and when placed upon a
  lawn, in a flower-garden, or on a balcony, have a most picturesque
  appearance. They need no shade or shelter from extreme solar heat
  in summer, or from humidity and cold during winter, but afford of
  themselves a sufficient protection to the industrious tenants. Each
  hive is furnished with four bell-glasses, from which the drones are
  effectually excluded, and the temperature of the interior can be
  so regulated by the use of the ventilators and thermometers, as to
  prevent the necessity of swarming."

I add also a drawing of the same Temple opened from behind, with his
observations.

[Illustration: Temple Bee-hive, open. (Showing the interior.)]

  "This plate shows the interior of the Temple Hive on the preceding
  page, with four glass supers upon the top. Owing to the difficulty
  some persons have experienced in getting the bees to work in the
  glasses, we have introduced small wooden boxes with glass windows;
  and it is quite certain that the bees will collect a larger quantity
  of honey in these small supers than they will in the glasses,
  particularly in uncertain and unsettled seasons."

Pettitt also constructs a wooden hexagonal hive; but he uses the top as
a mere cover to the glasses, and of course perforates the top with four
holes, on which he places the glasses. If he will adopt my amendments, he
will give us a hive in all respects perfect. First, he must use the top
half purely as a super for the honey available to the master. Secondly,
he must make half-a-dozen parallel slits from front to back, with
corresponding removable slides, made by a rabbet-plane, to be withdrawn
in May, when it is desirable that the bees should ascend, and to be
reintroduced when the super is full and is to be removed. From this hive I
would banish glasses entirely.

I have introduced six slides into this hive, the ends of which are shaped
as shown in the following drawing. On removing the slides, very small
ones, about an inch long, must be substituted, to prevent bees coming out
at the apertures. On removing the super or top half in July, the little
slides are removed in succession, and the long ones introduced, in
order to shut off the connection between the upper hive, or bee-master's
portion, and the lower, or the queen's. When you remove your portion, a
zinc plate eighteen inches square is pressed in between the upper and
lower boxes, and the upper carried away on it. But this is not always
necessary, as I will subsequently show in describing the Ayrshire hive.

[Illustration]

I prefer the hexagonal shape, not from any theory, but from practical
experience; and if this hive can be constructed at less expense, it
will prove alike popular and profitable. Its price maybe reduced by
substituting a plain glass window in each section, with a slide shutter
instead of door and hinges, retaining all its seasoned wood and thorough
workmanship, while lessening its merely decorative features.

The hive-box I have found unfailing in results is the Scotch or Ayrshire
hive. It is octagonal in shape; the lowest box is six inches high, and
rather wider than a large common straw hive. There are three octagonal
boxes in all, the top of each having parallel slits from back to front,
with slides corresponding, and withdrawn when required. In May, you place
your first super box on the top of the lowest or stock hive, fitting
and corresponding in all respects; you withdraw backward each slide,
introducing as you do so a little slide about an inch in length, to
prevent the egress of the bees behind. There is no possibility of escape
in front, from the end of each slide being filled up by the wood of the
box.

As soon as this first super is filled, you place on it another, or third;
withdraw the slides on the top of the second as you did from the top of
the first, and let the bees ascend still higher. A small glass window in
each, with a sliding shutter, enables you to report progress. At the honey
harvest, you remove each super as I have previously directed; and it must
be a very bad summer that does not end as the bee-master would prefer.

[Illustration]

Of all straw hives. Neighbours' is the most beautiful and lasting. With
the super hive lifted up, you see three bell-glasses on the flat top
of the stock hive, the zinc slides being withdrawn. The cost is thirty
shillings. Preferable to three glasses is one flat glass, about six or
eight inches deep. Bees prefer united to separate action in treasuring up
their stores. But either with three small glasses or one large one, it is
a very elegant and serviceable hive.

The collateral system of bee-hives has, however, many able and
enthusiastic advocates. Nutt is the great advocate, if not the inventor,
of this bee-box. As a system for ventilation and facility of deprivation
it is unrivalled. His collateral hive, suitable to be placed in a
bee-shed, is as below.

[Illustration]

A is the stock hive, into which the swarm is introduced and the queen
resides; the glass window is open. B B are the side boxes, right and left,
having, either in the sides nearest the central box or in the floor,
extending right and left, a subterranean communication. C is the cover of
a bell-glass: so far in deference to the storifying system. D D D D D are
means of ventilation,--above by perforated zinc cupolas, and beneath by
drawers, which may be opened or shut as required.

But for every excellence and capability of which the collateral hive is
susceptible, Pettitt's is undeniably the happiest and best. I give his own
description and woodcut:--

  "A is a block front to open for ventilation, also for the egress
  of the bees from the box F when filled. B Feeding apartment. C C
  Ventilating slides. D D D Dividers. E 'Pavilion of Nature.' F Surplus
  box. G G G Ventilators. H H H H Glass surplus hives. The finest
  specimen of glass honey in the Great Exhibition was taken from one of
  these hives. They are of such easy and safe access, that they can be
  approached at the back at mid-day, when the bees are in full work,
  without giving them any disturbance whatever. The parent hive is
  provided with apertures for four glasses upon the top, through which
  the drones cannot pass. These hives are intended for the inside of the
  apiary, gentleman's library, or attic."

[Illustration]

The apertures on the top, which is the retention of the storifying system
grafted on the collateral, are all he describes, and a real and valuable
device. The price, two guineas, is, for so excellent a bee-box, most
reasonable. I can testify from experience that the material is thoroughly
seasoned, and the workmanship perfect.

But I still retain my conviction that the collateral system is not
productive. The objection to the storifying system, that the bees have
more fatigue in climbing than in travelling on the same level, is not
tenable. The bee prefers to ascend; it traverses the roof as easily as
the floor; it begins its work on the roof, and evidently ignores the
difficulty which Nutt and others have invented. The side boxes, also, are
too cold; the heat of the pavilion, or stock hive, ascending more easily
than radiating sideways. Comb-building requires a certain temperature,
without which it is impracticable. Hence, in storifying and collateral
hives both, when the weather is cold and ungenial, I cover up as much as
possible with brown paper, in order to keep in all the heat generated by
the bees. Taylor, the most sensible and practical of apiculturists, thus
describes his experience of collateral hives:--

  "Another point on which Nutt laid much stress may be mentioned, viz.,
  the supposed advantage to the bees in working on one level, without
  the necessity of _climbing_, as in storified hives. I long thought
  this was indisputable. Further consideration led me more minutely to
  examine the habits of the bee in this respect, and I became convinced
  that nature had given it equal facilities for moving in every
  direction. A scientific correspondent thus writes on this subject:--'I
  once propounded the question to a very eminent mathematician, and his
  reply was, that, if any, the difference was too minute to admit of
  calculation between the horizontal and the perpendicular movement; it
  was, in the language of the present day 'infinitesimal.' Although few
  of Nutt's positions have been found to stand the test of practice, it
  ought not to be said that his crude speculations and rash assertions
  have been altogether without useful results, as they undoubtedly led
  to farther investigation, and several modern improvements had thus
  their origin."

I do not wish to take up space by explaining the nether or nadir system.
The simplest description would be:--The common straw hive placed on a
square box, six inches in depth and twelve inches square, having a window
behind for observation. An aperture is in the floor of the box, having a
movable zinc slide, to be withdrawn when the bees are required to descend.
This they will do when room is denied above. But the nadir-box is apt to
be cold, and the queen is apt to treat it as part of the stock hive when
it becomes warm, and to lay her eggs and rear her young in it, and so
spoil your harvest.

[Illustration]

A is the nadir-box, on which the hive B--the common straw hive--stands; C
is a pane of glass, and A is a moveable zinc slide for opening or shutting
communication between the nadir and the hive. It is not a wise or useful
plan.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




VI.--HOW TO GET BEES.


The best and most effective plan is to buy a swarm as early in May as
possible. The farther off from your bee-garden the swarm is brought the
better. I have invariably found that a swarm from a hive a mile or two off
is preferable to a swarm from one of your own hives.

Send your bee-box or hive to some cottager who keeps bees, about the
end of April. Explain to her or him how the hive is to be adjusted on
receiving the swarm, and request that it be carried by hand, if possible,
the evening of the day on which the swarm was hived. Let a piece of gauze
be placed over the entrance of your hive, in order that the bees while
prisoners on the journey may have plenty of air; and when it arrives
place it quietly on your bee-shed, remove without noise the gauze, and
next morning, if it be fine, the bees will make themselves masters of the
situation, and make up their minds and arrange themselves to work in that
place in which their bee-master sets them.

Should the weather, the day after you have placed the hive containing
your swarm in your bee-shed, turn out wet and cold, push into the hive
through the entrance-hole a couple of sticks of barley-sugar, or more.
Half-a-pound only costs sevenpence, and you will get it all back in due
time; thereby the bees will start with renewed strength, as soon as the
weather clears up, most grateful for a little help when help is most
required. You need not fear lest by so doing you will encourage idleness
or mendicancy. Bees are not like street beggars. They do not want to be
dependent. All they ask is a little help at the beginning, to be able then
to help themselves. As soon as the sun shines the swarm will work hard
and without cessation, and by the middle of June you may find it right to
open communication with a super, or at least with a bell-glass, and find
yourself very soon rewarded with honey of exquisite flavour, in cells of
unrivalled whiteness.

Richardson and Wildman thus teach how stocks are to be obtained:--

  "A stock of bees is usually to be obtained by purchase, although it
  may indeed chance that you get an opportunity of hiving a 'vagabond'
  swarm which may have settled in your garden or orchard. In the latter
  instance, indeed, I think your property in the stragglers somewhat
  questionable, and perhaps scarcely more so than it would be in a stray
  ox or sheep, which accident had driven into your premises.

  "You may procure stock either in the spring or autumn. I should prefer
  the former period, because that is the fitting time for removal of
  stocks from the old-fashioned awkward hives to the more improved
  modern receptacles; but it is more difficult to ascertain the exact
  condition of the stock you are about purchasing in spring than it
  is in autumn. I am sorry to say, that unless you purchase your
  stock from a friend, or from some one, at all events, that you can
  confidently depend on, you are very likely to be taken in, and must
  therefore be upon your guard against imposition. As some writer (I
  forget who) quaintly enough remarks, 'Let it be with the bees as with
  a wife--never _take them on the recommendation of another party_'
  If you would purchase a stock in early spring, just after the bees
  have been removed from their winter quarters, you need not attempt it
  unless from a person on whose honour you can positively depend. During
  the months of May or June, you can form some judgment for yourself,
  and, if you act cautiously, may perhaps bid defiance to trickery. In
  this case, you should visit the garden or other locality in which the
  hive stands that you intend purchasing, about mid-day; stand opposite
  to it, and observe attentively the actions of its inhabitants. If they
  crowd busily in and out of the hive, giving evidence of their industry
  by the laden appearance of their legs, and altogether exhibiting a
  busy _earnestness_ in their toils, you may safely buy the hive; and
  if you obtain this hive before swarming has taken place, you may look
  upon yourself as a fortunate man.

  "If the object of your intentions be an autumnal hive, you had
  better ascertain that the massacre of the drones has taken place: an
  observation of the stand and of the ground around the hive will tell
  this. Observe the actions of these bees--see that they are lively and
  industrious; and if, on your too near approach, one or two bees dash
  at your face, do not be alarmed, but rather regard their pugnacity
  as a sign of vigour, and buy the hive. Some writers speak of the
  necessity of purchasing only such stocks as are in nice new hives.
  This is an advice very necessary to be attended to; but it would not
  be so, were you sure that the interior of the hive were filled only
  with honey-comb, and with no old worn-out comb, the accumulation of
  years. If you are in doubt on the subject, you should _fumigate_ the
  hive in the evening, in the manner hereafter to be described; then,
  turning up the hive, you can readily ascertain the character of its
  contents. If the comb be black, have nothing to do with the stock. The
  genuine colour of the comb is white, and, consequently, the lighter it
  is, the more the stock is to be esteemed.

  "Never, unless you can depend on the party, _send_ your hive to
  receive a swarm: for you may, if you do, have a _second_ swarm
  imposed upon you for a _first_--a comparatively valueless stock for
  just the very thing you desire. The first swarm begin the formation
  of the combs at the _middle_ of the apex of the hive; the _second_
  does so at the _side_. These are the only criteria I can furnish,
  for neither weight nor bulk are to be depended upon. It is to the
  obstinate use of the old-fashioned hive that these difficulties, and
  these opportunities for fraud, are attributable. Were the improved
  system once established, these cautions would be no longer called for.
  For old Wildman I entertain a very high respect, although in some
  instances I am compelled to differ from him; yet I always investigate
  closely the point at issue between us ere doing so, and, if I doubt, I
  suffer the weight of his authority to act as a 'casting vote.' Wildman
  has given some good advice as to the purchase of stocks; and in this
  advice he speaks like an oracle. Attend to him:--

  "'The person who intends to erect an apiary should purchase a proper
  number of hives at the latter end of the year, when they are cheapest.
  The hives should be full of combs, and well stored with bees. The
  purchaser should examine the combs, in order to know the age of the
  hives. The combs of that season are _white_; those of a former year
  are of a _darkish yellow_; and when the combs are _black_, the hives
  should be rejected, because old hives are most liable to vermin and
  other accidents.

  "'If the number of hives wanted have not been purchased in the autumn,
  it will be necessary to remedy this neglect, after the severity of
  the cold is past, in the spring. At this season, bees which are
  in good condition will get into the fields early in the morning,
  return loaded, enter boldly, and do not come out of the hive in bad
  weather, for when they do, this indicates that they are in great want
  of provisions. They are alert on the least disturbance, and by the
  loudness of their humming we judge of their strength. They preserve
  their hives free from all filth, and are ready to defend it against
  every enemy that approaches.

  "'The summer is an improper time for buying bees, because the heat of
  the weather softens the wax, and thereby renders the comb liable to
  break, if they are not very well secured. The honey, too, being then
  thinner than at other times, is more apt to run out at the cells,
  which is attended with a double disadvantage--viz., the loss of the
  honey, and the daubing of the bees--whereby many of them may be
  destroyed. A _first_ and strong swarm may indeed be purchased: and, if
  leave can be obtained, permitted to stand in the same garden until the
  autumn; but, if leave is not obtained, it may be carried away in the
  _night_ after it has been hived.

  "'I suppose that, in the stocks purchased, the bees are in the hives
  of the old construction. The only directions here necessary are, that
  the first swami from these stocks should be put into one of my hives;
  and that another of my hives should, in a few days, be put under the
  old stock, in order to prevent its swarming again.'"

But perhaps you have a swarm from one of your own stock-hives,--not so
desirable as the purchase of a swarm from a neighbour. A swarm will
occasionally emerge from hives and bee-boxes, in spite of every plan of
preventing it. The signs of swarming are some of them appreciable by the
most expert bee-master only. A common sign of the emergence of a swarm
is inactivity in work, and about the hive clusters hanging from the
bee-board--arising, probably, from the old queen finding no princess ready
to take her throne--and a high temperature within. If, in addition, the
weather is moist and warm, the issue of a swarm may be expected. From
ten o'clock to three has been stated as the period within which swarming
occurs. Every swarm I have had for twelve years has issued between twelve
and three.

A strong swarm will consist of from ten thousand to twenty thousand bees;
a caste, or second swarm, of five thousand. Two thousand bees fill a pint
measure. Scouts are generally sent out to select a residence for the
young family. House-seeking is an arduous work for human tenants, and no
doubt the pioneer bees find great difficulty in fixing on what seems to
them suitable. I have seen them settle under the leaves of a standard
rose, sometimes on the bough of an apple-tree, and at other times in a
sheltered recess in a laurel-hedge. No sight is more exciting than that
of a swarm of bees. The air is clouded with the circling bees--vocal with
their united music, while the eyes of the bee-master quietly watch their
descent. As soon as the queen settles, the bees cluster around her and
hang from the branch on which she has settled. As soon as the great mass
has settled, take your bee-box or hive, hold it with one hand, mouth or
bottom upward, beneath the swarm, enclosing as many of the pendent bees
as the situation will allow. With the other hand shake the bough from
which they hang, and on the great mass tumbling into the hive, carry it
away half-a-dozen yards; set it upright on the bottom board, or a white
sheet previously spread on the grass; raise the edge of the hive with a
piece of wood or stone a few inches from the ground, and cover the hive
with a branch or two to keep off the direct rays of the sun.

[Illustration]

If the queen be inside the hive, the bees that are already inside
will remain, and you will find the bees that linger about the branch
on which they first settled steadily enter, and by sunset they will
all be within. If the queen has not been caught, and still remains on
the bough or branch on which the swarm first settled, the bees will
leave the hive and re-cluster as they were. You must then repeat the
process. You need not be afraid of stings. But if your nerves do not
respond to your convictions, begin by spreading a square of gauze over
your hat, the brim of the hat keeping it from your face; push the
ends and corners under your coat, buttoning it to the chin. This will
protect your face, ears, and neck, and a pair of worsted gloves will
protect your hands. But practice will dispel fear, and save you from
the necessity of such defences. If this homely and cheap defence seem
to you insufficient, you can purchase at Neighbours', in Regent-street,
for five shillings, a perfect fit.

It is thus represented by its inventor in Messrs. Neighbours' list.

[Illustration: "Is made of light net, called _Leno_, fits over the hat or
cap, with sleeves tied at the wrists, and strings at the bottom to draw
and fasten round the waist, the sleeves being made of a stronger material.
Price 5_s._; by post, 6_s._"]

If you have more than one bee-shed, do net place the young colony in the
shed in which its mother hive stands.

A few straggling bees often hang about the branch next day. Lay on it a
few nettles, and they will speedily forsake it, and return to the hive
from which they issued, where, of course, their labours are not lost to
the bee-master.

Sometimes a caste, or second swarm, will issue from the same hive.
These are occasionally feeble in comparison of the first swarm. Are we
to preserve it, and make the most of it? or are we to unite the weaker
and later caste to a stronger one? Almost all apiarians recommend the
uniting of two weak castes, in order to make one strong family, or uniting
the feeble swarm to an old stock. Mr. Cotton, the most affectionate of
bee-masters while he lived, advocates the use of the usual anesthetic,
fuzz-ball or puff-ball, or frog's-cheese; and while the bees are in a
state of insensibility pouring the one family into the hive of the other.
The instrument employed for this purpose is made of tin plate.

[Illustration]

The ignited puff-ball, which may be gathered and dried, or purchased for a
trifle from Neighbours' in London, or Pettitt in Dover, is placed in the
box A. The part B is then fitted into A. The orifice D is introduced into
the hive, a little rag or clay is packed round it to keep in the smoke.
The mouth is to be applied to the end C, and thus the smoke is driven into
the hive. The bees will soon become still as death. The queen had better
be picked out and removed from the caste.

The tube of an ordinary bellows may be introduced for this fumigation, as
perhaps more effective and less troublesome. It will then appear thus:--

[Illustration]

Richardson describes another plan:--

  "Some persons may conceive it to be a difficult matter to come
  at the queen. When fumigation is resorted to, she is, of course,
  easily discovered; but even when it is dispensed with, and the
  practice adopted which I have yet to describe, she is not so very
  difficult to come at; for, on a hive being turned up and _tapped_,
  the queen is among the first, if not indeed the very first, who
  makes her appearance, as if to discover the occasion of the unwonted
  disturbance; and recollect, that although the _dusk_ of an _autumnal
  evening_ answers best for this purpose, I say nothing indicative of
  my disapprobation of the use of a _lantern_. The queen usually lodges
  near the crown of the hive, and is, when fumigation is resorted to,
  one of the last to fall; she will consequently, in this case, be found
  amongst the uppermost bees. In practising fumigation (with a view to
  the union of weak stocks), two persons should act in concert, each
  taking a hive and operating upon it, in order that both stocks should
  be simultaneously in a similar condition as to _intoxication_. I may
  add, that in fumigation the hive must be well covered with a cloth, to
  prevent the escape of the smoke. When you have united the two stocks
  in the manner I have described, it is advisable to confine the insects
  to their hive for that night and the following day. Do not, however,
  wholly deprive them of air in doing so, or you may smother them."

Taylor, who is always judicious, proposes what I regard as a preferable
plan of uniting weak swarms:--

  "Like most other operations on bees, the mode of uniting swarms admits
  of variety, according to choice and circumstance; and some apiarians
  prefer to drive them, in the way for which general directions have
  already been given; a plan that may be resorted to almost at any
  time. Another mode of junction can be effected by the aid of a sheet
  of perforated zinc, inserted between the two hives about to be united.
  There is little reason to doubt that the members of each colony of
  bees are distinguishable amongst themselves by a certain peculiarity
  of odour, which, if assimilated, appears to have the effect of
  preventing mutual dissension. When the construction, therefore, of the
  hives admits of their being brought into juxtaposition, the perforated
  zinc allows a free circulation of scent between them, without
  permitting actual contact of the bees. After leaving matters in this
  position for two or three days, I have usually found, on withdrawing
  the zinc divider, that no disturbance has ensued."

But may it not be preferable still to follow the course indicated by the
bees? When pastures fail and turnips perish, from an extreme dry season,
we feed cattle with artificial food. Why not try an analogous system with
bees? Barley-sugar, I admit, is expensive. But I venture to assert, that
if the caste issue not later than June, four pounds of barley-sugar,
costing about five shillings, will supplement its own industrious
gatherings sufficiently to carry it over the winter into spring, and a
pound in spring will start it into vigorous work. If you take from it a
super next June or July, weighing ten or twelve pounds, you receive good
interest, and your outlay for barley-sugar is returned, and you escape the
troublesome and disagreeable process of fumigation. Barley-sugar, I admit,
is more costly than cottagers prefer. If you have no arrangement in your
hives for feeding, you may boil a pound of common brown sugar--which may
be had for fourpence a pound--in a pint of ale; pour it when cool into a
soup-plate. Take a circular thin board, the size of the inner bottom of
the soup-plate, pierce it with a good-sized gimlet in every direction till
it is covered with holes, each through and through. Let it float on the
plate. Set the plate opposite your weak swarm day after day for a week.
The other bees, strong and busy in June, will rarely touch it, and your
destitute family will gladly visit it. The weight of the float will make
the sugared ale ascend by the holes, and the bees will sip _ad libitum_,
without the risk of clogging their wings or being drowned. But if, what
is more to be desired, you have one of Pettitt's single-box hives, you
have only to fill one of his wood feeders, in which there are grooves and
parallel edges of wood for the bees to walk on; place it in the drawer
beneath the stock, draw out the zinc slide, and the bees will descend and
feed with profit and pleasure.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

If you have one of Neighbours' hives, already referred to, fill the
following zinc pan with the ale and sugar. Put over it the plate of glass,
and fix it on the top of the hive. The bees will ascend by the orifice A,
the plate-glass cover on the top preventing their escape, while it is so
constructed that without moving it you can replenish it by the entrance B.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

Taylor thus describes one of his feeding-pans:--

  "When there is a hole in the centre of the top of the hive, a trough
  may be used, made of tin or zinc, seven or eight inches square, and
  one inch and a quarter deep; having a circular two-inch hole in the
  middle of the bottom, with a rim round it, standing up half an inch,
  through which the bees enter the pan from below. Another circular
  rim or partition, as large in diameter as the square of the pan will
  admit, is soldered down within it at the four points where it touches
  the sides. It must not go down to the bottom, but a space should there
  be left of nearly an eighth of an inch, as a passage for the food,
  which is poured in at the four angles. A perforated thin wooden bottom
  or float is fitted loosely into the pan, between the circles, removing
  an objection sometimes made against the chilling effects of metal upon
  bees. The float should be a little raised by means of two thin strips
  of wood, appended below, to allow the liquid to flow beneath. A cover
  is made by a piece of glass, resting on the larger circle, but cut
  nearly octagonal in form, so as to leave the corners open. The circle
  on which the glass rests should be an eighth of an inch lower than the
  outer rim."

Ingenious bee-masters, who estimate the excellence of their treatment by
its tortuous ingenuity, are sure to deride every such homely and easy
treatment. But you must disregard their learned and, as they phrase it,
scientific talk. In fact, the sulphur-and-match treatment is scarcely
worse than the protracted torture of apiarian inquisitors, inflicted
on bees by means of their ingenious hives. Experimental investigations
are, of course, legitimate. But keeping up queer and twisted and zigzag
bee-houses, as monuments of their talent and nothing else, is nothing less
than vivisection of bees.

Should the weather prove fine, and the stock hive, as inspected by the
glass window, show the honey-comb reaching downward to the floor, place a
super on the top. A glass is by far the most elegant, and, of the shape
recommended by Taylor, it is the most useful. It is about ten inches
wide, six inches high, and straight on the sides, with or without a zinc
circular perforated tube.

[Illustration]

But it is essential to cover it with a fitting woollen nightcap, the
neglect of which is the cause of the unpopularity of bee-glasses.

No additional room ought to be given after the middle of July, even in
heath counties; but that supplied in the beginning of June, or toward the
end of May, should be large. This is the safe side to err on. Either one
good large glass, or, what is less useful, two or three middle-sized,
should be used.

In the case of the Ayrshire hive, the rabbet-slides should be drawn out
from the top of the bottom box, the super box being previously placed on
the top.

During June and July frequently visit your bees. Stand in front of the
bee-shed. Study them through your observatory windows. They are too
busy to be annoyed. They love company. They are essentially social and
friendly, and fond of visitors. Their music will charm your ear, and their
industry delight your eye; and their wonderful work will give you many an
illustration for sermon, essay, or speech.

The longest summer ends in autumn. The honey harvest comes on.

Pass your zinc plate under the full glass. Detach it, and lift it off
the stock hive, of which close up the hole, or place on it a very small
bell-glass, just sufficient to cover the aperture, not forgetting the
nightcap. Take your glass to a little distance, let it rest for half an
hour, then edge up one side, and the bees will rush home to their hive in
the bee-shed. Cover the bottom of the glass, when the bees have left, with
parchment or thick writing-paper.

Mr. Taylor's directions are as follow:--

  "If the queen is not in the super (and she seldom is there after it
  is filled), the silence that at first prevailed will be exchanged
  for a murmuring hum, attended by a commotion among the bees; and they
  shortly after begin to quit the super, without attempting any attack.
  Should the queen be present, however, a very different scene would
  ensue, and a hubbub would then commence in the stock hive; though the
  loss of their queen is sometimes not discovered by the bees for a
  considerable time. In such a case, the box must be reinstated in its
  former position, and the communication reopened till some other day.
  The process might happen to be complicated by the presence of brood,
  for this the bees leave very reluctantly, and often not at all. In
  an emergency of this kind, it is best to restore matters to their
  previous state, and let the super remain till the brood is perfected.
  A little patience is sometimes necessary; but all attempts at ejection
  of the bees by tapping, smoking, or driving, usually do more harm than
  good. So long as they continue to leave the super, it may remain where
  it is, for on these occasions young bees are sometimes numerous; and
  if the super is removed, though only to a short distance, these are in
  part lost, not having become sufficiently acquainted with the position
  of their home; or, if they enter a wrong hive, they pay the penalty
  with their lives. This freedom from disturbance has the further good
  effect of preventing in a great degree the intrusion of robber bees,
  readily distinguishable from the others by their hovering about the
  box, instead of flying from it. These are strangers from various
  quarters, immediately attracted by the scent attending the removal of
  a full box or glass. Should a few of these plunderers once obtain a
  taste or sample of the honey, they speedily convey the good news to
  their associates, when large reinforcements from every hive in the
  neighbourhood will be at once on the alert, and quickly leave nothing
  behind but empty combs. Let the separated super, therefore, not be
  left or lost sight of, but if scented out by robbers, be conveyed
  into some room or outbuilding, to prevent a general battle, and which
  might extend itself to all the neighbouring hives. The remaining bees
  may here be brushed out, escaping by the window or door. Mr. Golding
  has sometimes found the advantage of using for the purpose a darkened
  room, with the exception of a very small aperture, to which the bees
  will fly and make their exit. Others like to remove a super at once to
  a short distance from the stock hive, leaving it shut up in perfect
  darkness for an hour or two. Its edge is then raised up, when the bees
  will evacuate it."

A good plan is, to take the detached super into a room with a window that
closes and opens on hinges. On edging up the glass, the bees will fly to
the window. Open it for a minute, and they will escape. Shut it again, and
repeat the opening. The advantage of this is that wasps and strange bees
are excluded, such corsairs careering everywhere in autumn.

Honey is always best preserved in its own sealed and air-tight cells. It
will keep throughout the winter. If you separate the honey from the wax,
cut the combs into inch-wide pieces, and lay these in sieves over glazed
earthenware vessels, and they will yield the choicest honey. It drops from
the comb spontaneously.

Take the combs and squeeze them through a cloth. This will yield a
second-class honey, admirable for feeding your bees. Carry the remainder,
or refuse, in a dish, and place it before your bee-shed, and thousands of
your bees will make a good meal from it. If you prefer to save the wax,
bring back what the bees have licked clean. Put it into a vessel in which
there is as much water as floats it. Place the vessel on a clear fire,
stirring till the combs are thoroughly melted. Strain the whole through a
fine canvas bag into cold water. Mr. Nutt says:--

  "Have ready then a piece of smooth board of such a length that, when
  one end of it is placed in the tub of cold water, the other end may
  be conveniently rested against, and securely stayed by, your breast.
  Upon this inclined plane lay your dripping, reeking strainer, and
  keeping it from slipping into the cold water by bringing its upper
  part over the top of the board, so as to be held firmly between it and
  your breast. If the strainer be made with a broad hem round its top,
  a piece of strong tape or cord passed through such hem will draw it
  close, and should be long enough to form a stirrup for the foot, by
  which an additional power will be gained of keeping the scalding-hot
  strainer in its proper place on the board; then, by compressing the
  bag, or rather its contents, with any convenient roller, the wax
  will ooze through and run down the board into the cold water, on the
  surface of which it will set in thin flakes. When this part of the
  operation is finished, collect the wax, put it into a clean saucepan,
  in which is a little water, to keep the wax from being burned to the
  bottom; melt it _carefully_; for should it be neglected, and suffered
  to boil over, serious mischief might ensue, liquid wax being of a
  very inflammable nature; therefore, melt it _carefully_ over a _slow
  fire_, and skim off the dross as it rises to the top; then pour it
  into such moulds or shapes as your fancy may direct, having first well
  rinsed them, in order that you may be able to get the wax, when cold
  and solid, out of them, without breaking either the moulds or the wax;
  place them, covered over with cloths or with pieces of board, where
  the wax will cool slowly; because the more _slowly it cools_, the
  _more solid if will be_, and free from flaws and cracks."

To those who have a taste for very ancient drinks, Richardson's
instructions will prove valuable:--

  "Mead.--Some persons may feel desirous of making for themselves this
  once-famous drink, and I shall accordingly furnish them with simple
  directions for so doing. Common mead is formed by mixing two parts of
  water with one of honey, boiling them together, and taking off the
  scum.

  "_Fermented_ mead is formed of _three_ parts of water to one of honey,
  boiled as before, skimmed, and casked. The cask is to be left unbunged
  and exposed to the sun, or in a warm room, until it ceases to _work_.
  It is then bunged, and in about three months it is fit for use. The
  addition of a _ferment_ is of course necessary, taking care that it be
  _sound_, _sweet_, and _good_.

  "Hops are an improvement to mead, taking from its extreme sweetness;
  and so is the addition of chopped raisins boiled with it, at the rate
  of six pounds of honey to each half-pound of raisins; also some lemon
  peel, a few glasses of brandy, &c.

  "Metheglin is only another name for mead, altered by the addition of
  various ingredients, according to the taste of its preparers. These
  liquors may be _racked_, _fined_, &c., like other wines, and will, if
  properly managed, keep for years."

I have never tasted these celebrated wines. I have no doubt they are
pleasant and wholesome. But I prefer the honey in the honey-comb at
breakfast, and mean to recommend it to others also.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




VII.--THE INMATES OF THE HIVE.


In every hive there are three distinct inmates, very easily
recognised--the Queen-Bee, the Working-Bee, and the Drone; each essential
to the other, and all to the very existence and prosperity of the hive.

[Illustration: The Queen.]

[Illustration: The Working-Bee.]

[Illustration: The Drone.]


THE QUEEN.

The Queen is very elegant. Her symmetry of person, and relative
proportions, and greater length of figure, distinguish her from the rest
of the community. Her death is followed by a cessation of all labour till
a princess ascends the throne. She is the creature of treatment. The egg
from which she emerges seems in all respects identical with those from
which her subjects issue. On the sides of the tier of comb from which
drones and working-bees are developed, large vertical combs, from two to
five, are constructed. Woodcuts representing these are found in every
bee-book. Taylor gives the following accurate picture:--

[Illustration]

The upper portion of the comb contains honey, with the exception of the
dark cells, which contain pollen. The lower are drone cells; and the large
cells, three in number on each side, are royal palaces. Her majesty is fed
with royal jelly till she is ready to show herself; and everything that
love and reverence and hope can supply, the bees delight to offer. But it
is a curious entomological fact, first discovered by Schirach, an eminent
apiarian of the last century, that the bees can supply the loss of their
queen by an artificial process--a process confirmatory of the position
that every working-bee egg has in it the component elements of royalty,
and that development according to a definite treatment is all that is
requisite to constitute a queen. On being deprived of their queen by
death, the bees select a common grub, not above three days old, break down
the wax partitions between it and at least three contiguous cells, forming
a vertical pear-shaped chamber. They feed her with the daintiest food,
called royal jelly. In five days the grub becomes a nymph, and in fifteen
she emerges a royal princess, ascends the vacant throne, and receives the
homage, loyalty, and love of fifteen or twenty thousand subjects. Kirby
exclaims:--

  "What! you will ask, can a larger and warmer house, a different and
  more pungent food, and a vertical instead of an horizontal posture,
  give a bee a different-shaped tongue and mandibles; render the surface
  of its under-legs flat instead of concave; deprive them of the fringe
  of hairs that forms the basket for carrying the masses of pollen,--of
  the auricle and pecten which enable the workers to use these legs or
  feet as pincers,--of the brush that lines the insides of the feet?
  Can they lengthen its abdomen; alter its colour and clothing; give
  a curvature to its sting; deprive it of its wax-pockets, and of the
  vessels for secreting that substance; and render its ovaries more
  conspicuous and capable of yielding worker and drone eggs?"

In spring, she moves among the combs laying her eggs. Ladies-in-waiting
accompany her, who always turn their faces toward her majesty, clear the
royal route, and clean out the cells in which she deposits her eggs.

Of this Lardner gives the following representation:--

[Illustration]

The Reverend Charles Cotton, while he lived the prince of bee-masters,
thus represents the queen and her attendant ladies:--

[Illustration]

The queen is the central bee; the surrounding bees are her
ladies-in-waiting, and the white specks the eggs she has deposited.

The queen-bee is a model keeper at home, rarely leaving the hive. Most
apiarians are interested at present in the habits and acclimatisation of
the Ligurian bee--the _Apis Ligustica_, or Italian bee. It is found easy
to substitute an Italian for a British queen, in a British hive which
has been deprived of its native sovereign. The bees refuse to constitute
themselves into a republic, and therefore they will accept even a foreign
queen, who, no doubt, takes the oaths and obligations of the realm over
which she is to reign. There is a red tinge in the rings that surround the
abdomen of this foreigner; and, contrary to what we should expect in an
Italian temperament, the Ligurian bee is more gentle and conciliatory than
our native queen. I speak from report, not from personal knowledge. But I
hope one day to be present at a _levée_, and become better acquainted with
the royal foreigner.

Lardner gives the following account of two queens, from Huber. Huber
placed a piece of comb having three royal cells in a hive in which the
queen was laying eggs. The moment she saw them she attacked them, laid
them open, and commanded her attendants to destroy them. These instantly
tore out the royal nymphs, and devoured the food destined for their use.
He then introduced a stranger queen, pregnant with eggs, marking her so as
to be able to identify her.

  "Immediately on her appearance the workers collected in a crowd around
  her, and formed as usual a circle of which she was the centre, the
  heads of all the remaining crowd being directed towards her. This very
  soon became so dense that she became an absolute prisoner within it.

  "While this was going on, a similar ring was formed by another group
  of workers round the queen-regnant, so that she was likewise for the
  moment a prisoner.

  "The two queens being thus in view of each other, if either evinced
  a disposition to approach and attack the other, the two rings were
  immediately opened, so as to give a free passage to the combatants;
  but the moment they showed a disposition to fly from each other,
  the rings were again closed, so as to retain them on the spot they
  occupied.

  "At length the queen-regnant resolved on the conflict, and the
  surrounding crowd, seeming to be conscious of her decision,
  immediately cleared a passage for her to the place where the stranger
  stood perched on the comb. She threw herself with fury on the latter,
  seized her by the root of the wing, and fixed her against the comb so
  as to deprive her of all power of movement or resistance, and then
  bending her abdomen, inflicted a mortal stab with her sting, and put
  an end to the intruder.

  "A fruitful queen full of eggs was next placed upon one of the combs
  of a hive over which a virgin queen already reigned. She immediately
  began to drop her eggs, but not in the cells; nor did the workers, by
  a circle of whom she was closely surrounded, take charge of them; but,
  since no trace of them could be discovered, it is probable that they
  were devoured.

  "The group, by which this intruding queen was surrounded, having
  opened a way for her, she moved towards the edge of the comb, where
  she found herself close to the place occupied by the legitimate virgin
  queen. The moment they perceived each other, they rushed together with
  ungovernable fury. The virgin, mounting on the back of the intruder,
  stabbed her several times in the abdomen, but failed to penetrate the
  scaly covering of the segments. The combatants then, exhausted for
  the moment, disengaged themselves and retired. After an interval of
  some minutes they returned to the charge, and this time the intruder
  succeeded in mounting on the back of the virgin and giving her several
  stabs with her sting, which, however, failed to penetrate the flesh.
  The virgin queen, succeeding in disengaging herself, again retired.
  Another round succeeded, with the like results, the virgin still
  coming undermost, and, after disengaging herself, again retiring. The
  combat appeared for some time doubtful, the rival queens being so
  nearly equal in strength and power; when at last, by a lucky chance,
  the virgin sovereign inflicted a mortal wound upon the intruder, who
  fell dead on the spot.

  "In this case, the sting of the virgin was buried so deep in the flesh
  of her opponent, that she found it impossible to withdraw it, and any
  attempt to do so by direct force would have been fatal to her. After
  many fruitless efforts, she at length adopted the following ingenious
  expedient with complete success. Instead of exerting her force on the
  sting by a direct pull, she turned herself round, giving herself a
  rotatory motion on the extremity of her abdomen where the sting had
  its insertion, as a pivot. In this way she gradually unscrewed the
  sting."

Another very interesting incident is related by Huber. It is described by
Lardner:--

  "The first work which the population undertakes, after being assured
  of the loss of its queen, is directed to obtain a successor to her. If
  there be not royal cells prepared, they set about their construction.
  While this work was in progress, and in twenty-four hours after their
  queen had been taken from them, Huber introduced into the hive a
  fruitful queen in the prime of life, being eleven months old. Not
  less than twelve royal cells had been already commenced and were in a
  forward state. The moment the strange queen was placed on one of the
  combs, one of the most curious scenes commenced which was probably
  ever witnessed in the animal world, and which has been described by
  Huber.

  "The bees who happened to be near the stranger approached her, touched
  her with their antennæ, passed their probosces over all parts of
  her body, and presented her with honey. Then they retired, giving
  place to others, who approached in their turn and went through the
  same ceremony. All the bees who proceeded thus clapped their wings
  in retiring, and ranged themselves in a circle round her, each, as
  it completed the ceremony, taking a position behind those who had
  previously offered their respects. A general agitation was soon
  spread on those sides of the combs corresponding with that of the
  scene here described. From all quarters the bees crowded to the spot,
  and each group of fresh arrivals broke their way through the circle,
  approached the new aspirant to the throne, touched her with their
  antennæ and probosces, offered her honey, and, in fine, took their
  rank outside the circle previously formed. The bees forming this sort
  of court circle clapped their wings from time to time, and fluttered
  apparently with self-gratification, but without the least sign of
  disorder or tumult.

  "At the end of fifteen or twenty minutes from the commencement of
  these proceedings the queen, who had hitherto remained stationary,
  began to move. Far from opposing her progress or hemming her in, as in
  the cases formerly described, the bees opened the circle on the side
  to which she directed her steps, followed her, and, ranging themselves
  on either side of her path, lined the road in the same manner as is
  done by military bodies in state processions. She soon began to lay
  drone eggs, for which she sought and found the proper cells in the
  combs which had been already constructed.

  "While these things were passing on the side of the comb where the
  new queen had been placed, all remained perfectly tranquil on
  the opposite side. It seemed as though the bees on that side were
  profoundly ignorant of the arrival of a new queen on the opposite
  side. They continued to work assiduously at the royal cells, the
  construction of which had been commenced on that side of the comb,
  just as if they were ignorant that they had no longer need of them;
  they tended the grubs in those cells where the eggs had been already
  hatched, supplying them as usual, from time to time, with royal jelly.
  But at length the new queen in her progress arriving at that side of
  the comb, she was received by those bees with the same homage and
  devotion of which she had been already the object at the other side.
  They approached her, coaxed her with their antennæ and probosces,
  offered her honey, formed a court circle round her when she was
  stationary, and a hedge at either side of her path when she moved, and
  proved how entirely they acknowledged her sovereignty by discontinuing
  their labour at the royal cells, which they had commenced before her
  arrival, and from which they now removed the eggs and grubs, and ate
  the provisions which they had collected in them.

  "From this moment the queen reigned supreme over the hive, and was
  treated in all respects as if she had ascended the throne in right of
  inheritance."


THE WORKER-BEE.

The Worker-Bee is an imperfectly developed queen or female. The
worker-bees vary in number in a prosperous hive from ten to twenty
thousand. They are divided into orders or sections. Some produce wax;
others build combs; others feed the young; others ventilate the hive;
others, as sentinels, guard the entrance; while the great body traverses
gardens and commons, gathering honey for themselves and the bee-master.
There are various estimates of the age of the worker-bee. Dr. Bevan thinks
the limit of their life is six or eight months. Probably this is the
average, from taking into account the accidents of a laborious life, the
battles they must wage with enemies, and the wear and tear of ceaseless
toil. About the end of August they appear exhausted; their wings become
ragged, and the stroke of the sting feebler.


THE DRONE.

The Drone is a male bee, fat, round, and lazy, like an old abbot in
mediæval times, who preferred the cellar to his cell. Huber remarks:--

  "Naturalists have been extremely embarrassed to account for the number
  of males in most hives, and which seem only a burden on the community,
  since they appear to fulfil no function. But we now begin to discern
  the object of nature in multiplying them to such an extent. As
  fecundation cannot be accomplished within the hive, and as the queen
  is obliged to traverse the expanse of the atmosphere, it is requisite
  that the males should be numerous, that she may have the chance of
  meeting some one of them. Were only two or three in each hive, there
  would be little probability of their departure at the same instant
  with the queen, or that they would meet in their excursions; and most
  of the females might thus remain sterile."

The queen selects a drone for her husband, who dies invariably at the end
of the honeymoon or wedding-trip in the air. But the widowed queen does
not marry a second husband. Her whole mind from that day to her death,
though surrounded by two thousand suitors, is devoted to the interests
and order and government of her realm. During May, and not later than
June, the massacre of the drones takes place. They have become at this
date encumbrances only. Their mission is ended, and their extermination
becomes the duty of the industrious bees. I stated, in my letters to _The
Times_, that I believed the drones had a value additional to that usually
assigned to them--viz., that they sustained the temperature of the hive
during the chief breeding season. Mr. Cotton--no mean authority--states
what substantially confirms all I said:--

  "I have watched the drones for many years very attentively, and I will
  freely give you the result. I will tell you, in the first instance,
  the facts I have seen, and what I have drawn from them. The drones are
  hatched just before the new swarms rise; very few go off with them. I
  for a long time thought that none did; but I am free to confess that I
  was wrong. They do not fly out early in the day, but about two o'clock
  they go out to take the air, and make a fine buzzing, which joins very
  prettily with the milder hum of the bees. Many people kill the drones
  directly they see them; but they are quite wrong, as the bees know
  best when they have done their duty, and so we may leave to them the
  unpleasant task of killing them, though they do not do it in the most
  merciful way.

  "Why do the drones stay in the hive all the morning? Most of the bees
  are then out gathering honey, so the drones have to stay at home to
  keep up the heat of the hive by their great fat bodies, just as a
  gadding wife leaves her husband to look after the children, while she
  is out taking her pleasure."

It does seem a too great excess of provision to furnish two thousand
drones out of whom the queen may select her consort. It looks like unusual
waste. It leads to a massacre on a larger scale than is necessary.

The average number of excursions made by each bee is probably ten or
twelve, over an area of half a mile; but fewer, of course, in proportion
to the greater distance of suitable pasture. Kirby calculates that during
a good season a hundred pounds of ponderable material is carried by these
tiny workers into their hive. He justly observes:--

  "What a wonderful idea does this give of the industry and activity of
  those useful little creatures! and what a lesson do they read to the
  members of societies that have both reason and religion to guide their
  exertions for the common good! Adorable is that Great Being who has
  gifted them with instincts which render them as instructive to us, if
  we will condescend to listen to them, as they are profitable."

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




VIII.--BEE ENEMIES.


The toad is a lazy, ugly-looking enemy of the bee. His capabilities,
however, are not equal to his will and wants. He squats under the bee
landing-board, and seizes every too heavily laden or wing-weary labourer
that accidentally drops. This is really very cruel. The bee that has
finished the longest journey, and gone through the hardest work, and borne
the heat and brunt of the hot, long summer day, takes a rest on a leaf
just before entering the hive, or comes short of the door of his home by
an inch, and is seized by the unclean monster and devoured. The only way
of getting rid of this unfeeling destroyer, who sits "seeking whom he may
devour," is to pay a visit to your hives soon after sunrise and an hour
before sunset; and on finding him on his wicked watch, seize him by the
hind leg and throw him to as great a distance across your hedge as you
well can. But if the "bee-master" be a lady--if I may use the phrase--let
her empty on him a snuff-box full of strong snuff, and he will reflect a
few days before he returns to his old quarters. I give this prescription
to ladies, because they do not like to seize the cold-blooded creature and
fling him to a respectable distance. How favoured our Irish bee-masters
must be in this matter!--they have no toads. I also wish they had no
riots. But troubles must come in some shape. Still, I would rather have
toads than Belfast navvies and ship-carpenters, and any day I would prefer
being _The Times_ Bee-master to be Mayor of Belfast.

We are also exempt in this island of ours from the bear, unless one
should break loose from the strolling menageries that occasionally infest
Tunbridge Wells Common. "The bear," remarks a Yankee, "is the knowingest
varmint for finding out a bee-tree in the world. They'll gnaw for days
together at the trunk, till they make a hole big enough to get in their
paws, and then they'll haul out the honey, bees and all."

The moth is a dangerous enemy. During the day there is no risk of his
attacks. But during the night he is, like other thieves and burglars,
alive and active. "He loves the darkness rather than the light, because
his deeds are evil." As no bee-master can do without sleep, I cannot
expect of the most enthusiastic and devoted that he will watch his hives
the whole night. The only preventive measure of a mechanical sort I can
recommend is that of lessening the entrance door. For this purpose he must
apply a zinc slide, such as Mr. Neighbour, in Holborn, will supply, which
will keep out the moth and yet let out the bees. Besides, the narrower
the door, the more closed up the rank of the bee-sentinels becomes, and
the more able they are to repel the death's-head moth, or any similar
intruder. But the most vigorous prophylactic measure you can take is
to keep your bees in full strength; and as the time selected by these
depredators is the early autumn, you cannot do better than give your
bees a cup of good strong ale, boiled up with sugar, which will cheer up
your whole family, and enable them to put forth their whole strength in
grappling with their enemies. Don't mind teetotal objections. These are
all very good for drunkards; but for sober, industrious bees, determined
to defend their property, a cup of good ale is as kind as it is useful.
The _Acherontia Atropos_, or death's-head hawk-moth, not only robs the
hive of its honey, but frightens and all but paralyses the bees. Huber
gives an account of the exertions of his bees to guard against this
formidable foe. It is here quoted from Lardner:--

  "When he found his hives attacked and their store of honey pillaged
  by these depredators, he contracted the opening left for the exit and
  entrance of the bees to such an extent as, while it allowed them free
  ingress and egress, it was so small that their plunderers could not
  pass through it. This was found to be perfectly effectual, and all
  pillage was thenceforward discontinued in the hives thus protected.

  "But it happened that in some of the hives this precaution was not
  adopted, and here the most wonderful proceeding on the part of
  the bees took place. Human contrivance was brought into immediate
  juxtaposition with apiarian ingenuity.

  "The bees of the undefended hives raised a wall across the gate of
  their city, consisting of a stiff cement made of wax and propolis
  mixed in a certain proportion. This wall, sometimes carried directly
  across and sometimes a little behind the door, first completely
  closed up the entrance; but they pierced in it some openings just
  large enough to allow two bees to pass each other in their exits and
  entrances.

  "The little engineers did not follow one invariable plan in these
  defensive works, but modified them according to circumstances. In
  some cases a single wall, having small wickets worked through it at
  certain points, was constructed. In others several walls were erected
  one within the other, placed parallel to each other, with trenches
  between them wide enough to allow two bees to pass each other. In each
  of these parallel walls several openings or wickets were pierced, but
  so placed as not to correspond in position, so that in entering a bee
  would have to follow a zigzag course in passing from wicket to wicket.
  In some cases these walls or curtains were wrought into a series of
  arcades, but so that the intervening columns of one corresponded to
  the arcades of the other.

  "The bees never constructed these works of defence without urgent
  necessity. Thus, in seasons or in localities where the death's-head
  moth did not prevail, no such expedients were resorted to. Nor were
  they used against enemies which were open to attack by their sting.
  The bee, therefore, understands not merely the art of offensive war,
  and can play the part of the common soldier, but is also a consummate
  military engineer; and it is not against the death's-head moth alone
  that it shows itself capable of erecting such defences."

A correspondent of _The Times_, writing on naval guns, who signs himself
"Z," alluded to my letters, and drew a happy illustration from them.
Let me here inform the Admiralty of a new arm which in extremity--for
otherwise it would be the sacrifice of too many bee combatants--may be
used in naval warfare. But perhaps Lord Clarence Paget may find some
difficulty in securing its adoption. It is related in "The Naturalist's
Library:"--

  "A small privateer with forty or fifty men, having on board some
  hives made of earthenware full of bees, was pursued by a Turkish
  galley manned by five hundred seamen and soldiers. As soon as the
  latter came alongside, the crew of the privateer mounted the rigging
  with their hives, and hurled them down on the deck of the galley. The
  Turks, astonished at this novel mode of warfare, and unable to defend
  themselves from the stings of the enraged bees, became so terrified
  that they thought of nothing but how to escape their fury; while the
  crew of the small vessel, defended by masks and gloves, flew upon
  their enemies sword in hand, and captured the vessel almost without
  resistance."

But as many of my recent correspondents in _The Times_ were clergymen, I
can recommend to the ministers of Belfast an admirable prescription for
the extreme case of a Belfast mob sacking their rectories and manses. The
Mayor of Belfast also might take it into his grave consideration, should
the citizens, instead of trying to convert each other by arguments or
Scripture, have recourse to those fashionable weapons which they lately
wielded with so much effect:--

  "During the confusion occasioned by a time of war in 1525, a mob of
  peasants assembling in Hohnstein, in Thuringia, attempted to pillage
  the house of the parish minister, who, having in vain employed all his
  eloquence to dissuade them from their design, ordered his domestics to
  fetch his bee-hives and throw them in the middle of this furious mob.
  The effect was what might be expected; they were immediately put to
  flight, and happy to escape unstung."

Is not this worthy of the consideration of every peaceful vicar in Belfast?

The spider is also a very mischievous pest in bee-houses. He builds his
web in nooks and corners, under the eaves and about the landing-boards,
and in the track of the outgoing and incoming bees. When a bee is
inveigled, its efforts to extricate its captive limbs serve only to
involve it in the toils more hopelessly. I have seen half-a-dozen
working-bees thus caught and scooped out by the ravenous jaws of the
spider. These webs are constructed so rapidly, that nothing short of daily
attention will get rid of them. The best thing is, to have the bee-house
as smooth inside as it can be made, with as few projecting edges and
points as possible; and in the next place, the daily use of a hard,
dry painter's brush will sweep them away as fast as they are made, and
probably their weavers with them.

Finally, the worst enemy of bees is man. There is the barbarous, cruel,
and ungrateful treatment of the brimstone match. The little innocents
have toiled all the summer. They have thrown off a swarm--after the
example of the Church of Scotland, which, by way of showing its internal
strength, threw off a capital swarm in 1843--they have recovered all the
effects of their secession, and amassed abundance for future days. The
bee-cide felon, called man, digs a pit, lights four ounces of brimstone
inside of it, and deliberately sets fifteen thousand bees, queen and
all, above its really and truly infernal fumes--suffocates and burns the
unhappy martyrs, and then subscribes to various charities in winter, and
calls himself a philanthropist! He ought to be sent to the treadmill.
Why does the Society for Preventing Cruelty to Animals take up the case
of cab-horses, and overlook the murdered bees? But there are regular
inquisitors who do not use sulphur. Those scientific crinkum-crankum
hives, from which bees with difficulty get out, and with more difficulty
get in, are little purgatories, over which the inquisitors preside.
Vivisection is no worse. Yet these men complain that all who advocate
simple, easily accessible, and comfortable homes for bees are behind the
age, and ignorant of apiarian progress! There are not more than three
sorts of hives that are humane. All the others bewilder the brains, weary
the legs, and spoil the tempers of the best bees that ever dwelt in a
hive. I have no objection whatever to ornamental bee-sheds; but the hives
which are the dwelling-places of my bees should be as plain as possible,
comfortable, warm, and easy of exit and entrance. A very gifted preacher
said it took all his learning to make his sermons plain: it ought to take
all a bee-master's to make his hives simple. When I hear a fine preacher
expressing himself in grand words and glittering figures, I always feel--I
hope not uncharitably--that he cares more about displaying himself
than serving his Master or feeding his flock. Even so I am tempted to
think of the ingenious inventors of intricate labyrinths they intend for
hives,--that their own fame as apiarians is their chief thought, and the
comfort of their bees their last and least consideration. A careless,
inattentive bee-master is criminal. He ought to see that his bees have
a sufficiency of food at the close of the year. In fine October weather
he may place several soup-plates filled with ale and sugar well boiled
together, and covered with perforated wooden floats, which sink as the
bees sip the contents, opposite his hives. I never find any quarrel ensue,
though I have seen thousands of bees from different hives feed together
for hours. After October till March no liquid food should be offered;
but a stick of barley-sugar may be thrust in now and then. The bees will
not descend to taste it in too cold weather, and during a warm day they
will enjoy such a dessert. In case of damp within the hive, which, when
a glass is retained, may be seen inside of it, select a warm day, remove
the glass, and close the aperture in the hive. Wipe the interior of the
glass with a linen cloth till perfectly dry, and replace it as before. But
a little artificial ventilation on a dry, warm day is still better.

Do not let your bees find by painful experience that their bee-master is
their worst enemy.

For an account of wasps, see my letter to _The Times_, page 157.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




THE BEE-MASTER'S LETTERS TO "THE TIMES."


So many and so urgent have been the requests of my correspondents to
reprint these letters, that I have carefully gone over them, corrected
clerical errors, and reproduced them. They may amuse as well as teach. I
append them in the order of their appearance. They were unfortunate enough
to provoke the wrath of two or three hive-inventors or patentees, the
merits of whose crooked and uncomfortable productions the writer could not
appreciate; but they have received the warmest eulogies of great numbers
to whom they conveyed new and interesting information.

It is a pity that petty jealousies should distill their poison on so
pleasant a theme, and that bees should in this case turn wasps.

A very curious coincidence occurred in the course of the correspondence
on bees which appeared in _The Times_. A succession of letters appeared
in various more or less obscure newspapers, beginning at Exeter and
moving northward to the Orkneys, each, _mutatis mutandis_, the repetition
of the first. They invariably began by a laborious attempt to prove
that the writer knows nothing of apiculture or prophecy, but in no one
instance disproving a single position or showing the author's ignorance
of apiculture, but in more than one instance deploring the writer's
oversight of this or that hive. Every one of these writers--plainly under
the inspiration of one--assumes that because the writer did not allude to
his mode of treatment, he was ignorant of bee-management. The Bee-master
had no idea there was such concert among bee-keepers, or that, in giving
an account of his intercourse with his bees, he was putting his hands into
hornets' nests. But wasps have been a terrible plague this autumn.

One writer in a Scotch paper, who gives bees no credit for any ordinary
virtue, and regards them purely as mechanical toys, writes thus:--

  "This Bee-master says that 'the bee leaves her house, traverses a mile
  or two distant, and returns to her home--one amid twenty contiguous
  ones--with unerring certainty.' This was the general opinion up till
  lately--that the bee always returned to its own hive--in fact, there
  was no means of proving the contrary until the introduction of the
  Ligurian variety of bee. For the information of 'A Bee-master,' I must
  tell him that they do not at all times go back to their own home,
  but make a mistake and enter their neighbour's. This fact I soon
  ascertained after I got the Ligurians, as in a short time I saw them
  going into all my other common hives, more or less, and a neighbour
  nearly a mile away from this found the Ligurians had joined one of
  his swarms when in the act of swarming. These are facts which cannot
  be controverted, and prove that 'A Bee-master' ought to make himself
  master of his subject before he attempts to teach others. Queens, too,
  are frequently killed by entering into other hives when placed near
  each other, through their mistaking the one for the other; but these
  facts were not known to the generality of bee-keepers until they used
  the bar hives, when all the economy of the interior could be examined
  at pleasure."

This foolish logician introduces foreigners to an English hive. They
do not act like English bees--in short, they are not acquainted with a
country in which they are not acclimatised; and from the blunders of the
Ligurian foreigners he infers the ignorance of the British bee. This is a
specimen of the rubbish printed from Devon to Haddington.

Another position of this Scotchman with a bee in his bonnet is as
follows:--

  "In removing a super--that is, a top or bonnet--he says they should
  be taken one hundred yards away from the hive, and the bees will fly
  back to the hive in about an hour. This I think a very bad plan. In
  the first place, if taken off in a fine day the bees would not leave
  it in an hour, and if there were any bees near, they would find it out
  in that time, their scent or sense of smell being so strong, and he
  would never get them away; and, besides, he would be very apt to take
  the queen away also, she being often found in the top, and she might
  not be able to fly back. It is certainly a bad plan in this part of
  the country, especially when the weather is cold in the autumn. When
  removing the heather honey, blow a few puffs of smoke from a burning
  rag into a super, and take it off, turning it upside down, putting
  on it another empty super of the same size, with cloth wrapped round
  where they meet, to keep out light. Next give the super containing the
  honey and the bees a few taps with a piece of stick at intervals. The
  bees, when filled with honey, which they will do as soon as disturbed,
  will ascend into the empty super, and if the queen should be there she
  will lead them at once, and they can all be put back into the hive.
  Any top can be emptied of bees in fifteen minutes by doing it in this
  way, and without running risk of losing the queen."

Now, in ninety-nine cases in a hundred the queen is not in the super, and
an intelligent bee-master can take care she is not there before he removes
the super; and, in the next place, _The Times_ Bee-master expressly stated
his entire aversion to smoking bees for such a purpose; and earlier than
August there is no risk of corsair bees. Besides, preference of one plan
to another is not necessarily proof of ignorance.

This mere copyist of Devon remarks:--

  "What can be the necessity for subjecting sugar to the temperature of
  300 degrees, and rendering it so hard that weak hives are not able to
  take as much as keep them alive, when the same amount of sugar made
  to the consistency of their natural food would enable them to live?
  Common sense would indicate to anyone that in artificial feeding the
  nearer we approach their natural food the better; but it may be that
  it is hard honey which this wiseacre's bees gather for him, and that
  the flowers in Kent give different food than those in Scotland! Let
  anyone observe the time a bee takes to fill itself on barley-sugar and
  the time from sugar Syrup, and the labour spent on the former to that
  of the latter, and he will soon see the difference between the two.
  And the only reason the writer gave, in answer to a correspondent,
  for giving the barley-sugar is, 'that the other clogged the feet and
  smeared the wings of the bees.' Now, everyone must be aware that a few
  straws in the dish prevents this. Again, he says that 'the only vice
  among bees is their passionate liking for rum and strong ale; but the
  tee-totallers would fairly reply that they never care about either
  unless it is pressed upon them.' And I say they would reply truly, for
  I maintain that the bees will not touch either rum or ale unless they
  are saturated with sugar or honey. But why be at the expense of the
  one or the other, when they will take it made with pure water before
  either?"

       *       *       *       *       *

He must be in the habit of bolting his oatmeal pottage, or he never would
have inferred that sipping its food in ten minutes is more conducive to
the health and digestion of the bee than sipping it in half an hour. His
remarks on ale and rum are merely a translation of the nonsense spoken by
his original. But, in common with his co-partners in criticism, he thinks
the Bee-master's sole design in writing the letters in _The Times_ was
to puff his forthcoming work on bees. This mean and contemptible charge
is best met by the simple and truthful answer, that the Bee-master had
no more idea of writing a book on bees than of describing Mount Radnor
or Yester Gardens. His purpose to do so arose from the urgent request of
literally hundreds of correspondents.

On my suggestion as to the purpose and object of two thousand drones or
male bees being produced, when there is only one perfect female--the
queen--the writer observes:--

  "In one of his letters in answer to correspondents, 'Why there are
  so many drones in a hive, and only one princess?' he confesses it a
  hard problem. But one part seems to him very clear--'When the queen's
  countless eggs come to be hatched, the temperature of the hive must
  be raised to 85° or 95°. The fat, round, and lazy drones are really
  the fuel. They accordingly give out great heat.' Had the writer really
  known anything about bees, he could never have made such a statement.
  If the drones are the fuel to keep up the heat, why is it that they
  are never found in the hives till May or June--in this part of the
  country, at least--after thousands of bees have been hatched? If they
  were the fuel, surely one would expect them to be the first eggs which
  were laid by the queen, according to his theory; but a queen will
  begin laying workers' eggs in January, and yet lay no drone eggs till
  May, just when the warm weather commences. Now, if they were required
  for heat, naturally Ave would expect them to be found before May, and
  they commence killing them in August, when the cold weather begins."

Now, the fact is, it is in May and June that drones are wanted to keep
up the heat. Half the bees are out at work, the means of maintaining the
temperature are therefore diminished. The drones remain at home, unless
during the noonday heat, when they take an airing, and can best be spared.

       *       *       *       *       *

My first letter to _The Times_ was a report of the prospects of the honey
harvest, as follows:--

  I have ten stock-hives. I never destroy or kill my bees. I look on the
  system of the sulphur match as barbarous and unprofitable. I leave
  each family on an average not less than twenty-five pounds of honey
  for their winter stores, and the surplus only I take away. Should any
  hive swarm, which I can generally prevent, and the remaining stock
  be therefore deficient in provision for the winter, I feed them in
  the course of the early spring with barley-sugar. This and other
  little attentions endear the bee-master to his bees, as they are very
  susceptible of gratitude and have long memories.


  A hive is very like a church: when, in May, it increases rapidly in
  numbers and the temperature rises inside, you either increase their
  accommodation in area or in height, or you will have a secession.
  Should a secession take place, bees set an example ecclesiastics might
  copy. The new church never falls out with the old one. Side by side
  they work in perfect harmony, believing there is plenty of food for
  both. The only incidental mischief-maker is the wasp; whether he be
  prelate or presbyter I cannot say, but I know well he is a thief and
  intruder, and after a fight, the bees, who in this matter are rigid
  non-intrusionists, eject, maim, or kill him--and he deserves it.
  Queen Victoria's Court is modelled on the apiarian queen's. You may
  see the queen-bee, by means of my glass windows, going her rounds and
  giving orders, with her royal ladies, who never turn their backs on
  her majesty. The exceptional instance occurred on one occasion when it
  became necessary to give a rather sickly establishment rum and sugar,
  of which they drank to excess and got drunk. As long as the stimulus
  lasted, the monarchy became a fierce democracy, and queen and subjects
  were confounded in the _mélée_.

  The only vice among bees is their passionate liking for rum and strong
  ale. But the teetotaller would fairly reply, that they never care
  about either unless it is pressed upon them.

  My bees at present have begun the massacre of the drones. These are
  a sort of Benedictine monks, who, like Brother Ignatius, prefer
  enjoyment to hard work. They are round, fat, and lazy, making much
  noise, and eating of stores to which they do not contribute.... But
  you want to hear about the harvest?

  In one square box there are forty pounds of honey, and in a
  corresponding super rapidly filling up, there is likely to be for me
  as much more.

  In three Scotch or Ayrshire octagonal hives, which I have found to
  answer best of any, the three supers are in two almost full; and in
  one there is at least forty pounds weight in the super, and over the
  super is a bell-glass with seven or eight pounds additional.

  In one of Neighbours' very beautiful straw hives I have two
  bell-glasses almost full, and a month ago I removed from this hive a
  very beautiful glass of honey.

  In one of Pettitt's lateral hives, the bees passed through the
  subterranean archway a month ago, and have nearly filled this
  compartment. On this, also, I have placed a super bell-glass, which is
  beautifully stored.

  From a common cottage straw hive I removed a bell-glass super three
  weeks ago weighing eighteen pounds.

  This season I shall have nearly two hundred pounds weight of surplus
  honey, and yet leave in each hive more than enough to last the
  producers till April, 1865. Why should not cottagers cultivate bees?
  There is nothing to pay for pasture, very little labour is required,
  and that labour amusing, in taking care of them, and for very early
  virgin honey there may be had one shilling and sixpence or two
  shillings and sixpence a pound. The poor cottager might thus easily
  pay his rent. If landlords could only convince them that the old
  system of burning the bees in order to get the stock honey--which
  is at best inferior--is not only cruel but unprofitable, they would
  do an essential service. The poor peasant would have an interesting
  amusement after his day's work, and a contribution towards his rent on
  the year's end.

       *       *       *       *       *


Bees and Bee-hives.

_To the Editor of "The Times."_

  Sir,--Since my letter appeared in your columns on "the Honey Harvest,"
  I have received from yourself various communications from rectors,
  vicars, curates, &c., who feel a very great interest in bee-keeping
  as a social and commercial question. I have also received letters
  addressed to me as "_The Times_ Bee-master," which the postman,
  guided by some remarkable instinct, has placed in my hands. Most
  of these letters invite confidential and personal communication on
  this subject, and record a variety of questions, difficulties, and
  perplexities which have injured or arrested the apiarian enterprises
  of the writers. I prefer to answer some of their inquiries through
  your columns, believing that the interest and importance of all
  that tends to benefit the cottager will ever find a place or a
  defence in _The Times_. The most urgent questions in the letters of
  my correspondents refer to the hives I employ, and which I briefly
  described in my letter. The first I mentioned is the Scotch or
  Ayrshire octagonal hive. It is made of thoroughly seasoned deal, in
  the form of a hexagon, about eight inches in height, and sixteen
  inches diameter. On the top is a series of parallel slits, extending
  from front to back, which I open or shut by a series of corresponding
  deal slides. On receiving a swarm in April or May, I introduce the
  slides, and thereby close up the top of the box. On finding--as in
  fine weather I am sure to find in three or four weeks--that the box is
  full, I place on the top another hexagonal box, in all respects the
  same in size and shape, and draw out the slides, and thereby introduce
  the bees to the vacant upper chamber. As each box has a window, I
  am thus able to ascertain progress. When this upper box is filled
  with honey, I may place on the top of it another precisely the same,
  drawing out the slides on the top of the second box, and introducing
  the bees to a third story But usually I prefer, for the sake of the
  beauty of it, a bell-glass, greater or less as the season may suggest.
  I have found this hive by far the most successful. It seems the bees,
  who construct their cells in the form of hexagons, prefer the house
  in which they work to be very much of the same shape. A cottager may
  very easily make these boxes in the long winter evenings. The second
  kind of hive I alluded to is made of straw, and may be purchased at
  Neighbours', in Holborn. The greatest disadvantage is its expense,
  costing, as it does, thirty shillings. But it is so well made that
  it will last very long. I have had one in constant use during ten
  years, and it is still as good as when it was bought. Its top is
  flat, with three longitudinal apertures, closed till full with zinc
  slides. About the end of May, in a good year, I draw out the slides,
  after placing over each a good-sized bell-glass; and in July I have
  often had in each glass seven or eight pounds of honey. The reason
  of the failure of this hive is the coldness of the glass, which
  Neighbours' additional super straw hive or cover does not mend. But
  if my correspondents will get a piece of thick Scotch plaid made like
  a nightcap, and case each glass with this, they will find the bees use
  it as readily as a wood or straw hive, and there will be no moisture
  from condensation of the bees' breath inside.

  The third sort of hive is Pettitt's, of Snargate, Dover. It is worked
  on the lateral system, and of its kind is a perfect gem. Two boxes
  are placed on one floor, with a subterranean communication between
  them. On stocking the box on the right, a zinc slide is introduced,
  which shuts off the communication. As soon as the box is full, the
  slide is withdrawn and the communication laid open. The bees take
  possession of the other box on the left, and fill it with pure honey.
  When my harvest comes, I shut off the communication, and remove the
  left-hand box full of honey. You will perceive that my principle of
  action proceeds on the notion that the bottom box of the Ayrshire
  or Scotch hive, the straw box of Neighbours', and the right-hand
  box of Pettitt's, are each the sacred property of my bees, which I
  feel it larceny to lessen or disturb, and that the surplus is the
  tithe or portion of the bee-master. The ruinous blunder of country
  bee-keepers is their taking honey from the former--honey, too, mixed
  with brood and bees' bread and the films of the young grubs. In
  this, the department I never touch, the queen presides with her
  ladies-in-waiting; and in any one of these, if the bees have filled
  the additional supers or laterals, there is abundance for all her
  subjects during the winter.

  In some of the letters you have been good enough to send me, the
  expense of these hives is urged as a fatal objection as far as the
  cottager is concerned. Let me therefore explain my last and cheapest
  plan--not best, but cheapest.

  Place the swarm in a common shilling straw hive. When you ascertain,
  either by its weight or the busy working of the bees, that it is
  full, take a square board, about a foot square; cut in the centre
  of it a round hole three or four inches in diameter; place on it a
  bell-glass, or what is cheaper, a smaller straw hive. Take a sharp
  table-knife, and go to the hive about twelve o'clock at noon, when
  most of the bees are out working; cut out the top of the straw hive,
  making a round aperture of four or five inches in diameter, and place
  on it the board with the bell-glass, or lesser straw super, covering
  the glass with its nightcap, and you have everything you can desire.
  If, in cutting the hole on the top of the stock hive, you hesitate or
  lose your self-possession, the watcher bees will attack you. Decision
  invariably paralyses them for the moment, and secures your safety.
  These glasses or supers are removed by cutting through between the
  board and the lower edge of the super with a zinc plate, on which you
  carry off the super full of surplus honey, placing over the hole at
  the top of the stock a flat board or an empty super. From one straw
  hive treated in this way I carried off eighteen pounds of honey at
  the beginning of July this year. I ought to add, that I keep my hives
  of every sort under cover of wooden sheds, accessible from behind by
  means of doors that let down. During the winter, I cover up the hives
  in the sheds each with paper, and thereby I keep them warm. As the
  spring approaches, I give the lightest an occasional half-pound of
  barley-sugar. This barley-sugar I get at Kilner's, in Hanway-street,
  Oxford-street, before it is mixed with scent or lemon-acid. Common
  sugar is of no use. To be available to the bee, to suit a lambent
  insect, it must have been exposed to a heat of 300° Fahrenheit, in
  order to reduce crystallisable to uncrystallisable sugar. As I am
  answering your and my correspondents, I had better add a few useful
  hints.

  Get acquainted with your bees; they are naturally very affectionate. I
  have frequently hived swarms, filling each hand with clusters of bees,
  and rarely have I received a sting. I have sat in the midst of them
  for hours, and weary bees have rested on me, and have entered their
  homes singing a song of thanks.

  They have several bitter enemies besides the wasp. I used to see
  toads frequently sitting under the landing-board, and only recently
  discovered they were there "seeking whom they could devour." On one
  of these ugly visitors being laid open, his maw was found filled
  with bees which he had sucked into his ugly jaws. The tom-tit, also,
  is a dangerous little enemy. He perches on the landing-place of the
  bees on a wet day, taps with his bill, apparently inquiring after
  the health of the inmates; a watcher bee comes out to reconnoitre,
  and is instantly snapped up by the wicked hypocrite. The spider,
  also, catches weary bees in his web; but the occasional use of a
  brush disposes of this peril. The snail, attracted by the warmth,
  occasionally creeps in. The bees successively attack him, but find
  their stings blunted and broken by the shell, as shot is by our
  iron-sides. Failing to injure or remove the intruder, they have
  recourse to a plan which indicates more than instinct They cover
  him up with propolis, a kind of gum which they use for stopping
  up crevices; and not only does he die from want of air, but he is
  prevented from giving forth offensive odour by the air-tight case or
  shroud.

  The most attentive bee-master occasionally gets stung. I have
  discovered a cure not found in the pharmacopœia. Press a watch-key
  hard on the place after removing the sting--this prevents the poison
  from spreading; then apply moist snuff or tobacco, rubbing it well in,
  and in five minutes all pain is gone. This is a never-failing remedy.

  I have entered into these details, because from the correspondence
  you have sent me, and from letters that have reached me, it is
  evident that a great interest has been excited by my communication,
  and because it is of great social importance. Many a poor curate and
  ill-paid vicar, and many a cottager with time to spare and his rent
  to pay, may thus add to their income. My bees feed over an area of
  six miles, improving every flower they touch, and robbing nobody.
  Tunbridge Wells is one of the best bee-districts in England, and this
  alone is evidence of its being a healthy district. Bees never get on
  in unhealthy places.

           Apologising for this long communication, I am, &c.,

                                                   A Bee-master.

  Tunbridge Wells, July 27.

       *       *       *       *       *


Bees and Bee-hives,

_To the Editor of "The Times!"_

  Sir,--The letters that reach me addressed to "_The Times_ Bee-master"
  are legion. I can now form some idea of the weight of the load that
  must press on your shoulders every day; but I confess I had no notion
  of the extent of the interest that these letters prove to exist in
  apiarian culture. I select such difficulties from the letters before
  me as I have not disposed of, and these I would endeavour to overcome.

  A very often repeated question is--What is the best way of hiving bees
  or securing a swarm? Let me at once state that the old and inveterate
  habit in Kent of beating a kettle, striking the tongs with the poker,
  and raising similar discordant sounds, is utterly absurd. They do not
  affect the bees. In swarming, the old queen abdicates and heads the
  swarm, and a young queen mounts the throne in the hive. The outgoing
  queen, followed by five thousand or six thousand bees, either _ex
  proprio motu_, or guided by pioneer scouts, selects a rose-bush, or a
  cozy opening in a laurel-hedge, and all her subjects hang on, forming
  a cluster of bees as large as the largest bunch of grapes. As soon as
  they have nearly all settled, take your empty hive or bee-box, which
  must be thoroughly dean, as bees hate dirt and slovenliness; turn
  the hive or box bottom upwards, hold it in your left hand under the
  cluster of bees, lay hold of the branch on which the bees hang with
  your right hand, and shake down the swarm into your empty hive. Place
  the hive bottom downward on a bee-board laid on the grass close by,
  raise up the edge by inserting a wedge or stone about two inches in
  size, and cover the top of the hive with a cloth or a few branches to
  keep off the sun heat. If the queen is inside, which is usually the
  case, the bees will steadily enter and remain. If by your awkwardness
  you have left her in the hedge with her ladies-in-waiting, the bees
  will return to the hedge, and you will have all to begin anew. As soon
  as they are comfortably housed, carry the hive to the shed under which
  it is to stand, and do not look at it or touch it for three days.

  You need not be afraid of stings unless you rudely and violently
  meddle with the queen. If you thus interfere with her, the watcher
  bees will sound the alarm, and a thousand stings, like swords, will be
  unsheathed; but, otherwise, they are so absorbed with her majesty that
  they do not fly at a prudent and fearless bee-master.

  A very important inquiry, repeated in several letters, is, on removing
  the super, whether of glass or straw, how are the bees to be
  expelled, that the honey alone may thus be secured?

  All the plans of tapping, beating, and smoking are bad. Tobacco-smoke,
  and smokers generally, bees have a mortal hatred to. Bees have
  other personal antipathies, but the horrid scent of a tobacco-pipe
  in a visitor's pocket either induces them disdainfully to shun all
  acquaintance, or provokes them to make an attack.

  Your best way of removing a super full of honey, with bees, of course,
  in the spaces not full of comb, is to carry it about one hundred
  yards away from the hive. Wedge up the glass on one side from the
  zinc plate on which you have carried it, and the bees will leave in
  the course of an hour or two, and fly home. They very soon discover
  their separation from their queen, and under this feeling they lose
  all courage, and give up defending the very property they would have
  died fighting for when connected with the parent hive. The exceptional
  case is where there may be, what is very rare in a super, a portion
  of young brood--always in such cases drone-brood. This they refuse to
  desert. They do not attack, but, as if placed sentries by their queen,
  they insist on continuing at their post. The only course in such a
  case is to cut out the brood cells and put them away, as they are not
  likely to be wanted, and the bees will then return to the stock hive,
  report, I suppose, and receive future orders. In removing a super in
  August, when the bee ceases to accumulate in Kent, you must take care
  not to do so on the windward side of your hives, as the scent of honey
  will bring your visitors from every hive, who will rob you of all.

  If in this month you find it difficult to escape the robbers, carry
  your super into your cottage, near a window, and expose one side of
  the super to the window--the side having egress for the bees. Very
  soon great numbers will fly to the window-panes, and by opening it for
  a few minutes they will rush out, and robber bees will have no time to
  enter.

  I have been asked--Who and what is the queen, and who are those lazy
  abbots I referred to as drones? The queen is nearly twice the length
  of the common bee, of elegant proportions and shape. On seeing her,
  you would at once pronounce her a duchess or a queen. But it is a
  singular fact, and well worthy the consideration of sanitary students,
  that she rises originally from the ranks, and that treatment makes
  all the difference. The egg deposited seems the same as that of
  the ordinary bee, but we find it always laid in a cell three times
  the size of common cells. As soon as the young queen comes from
  the egg, numbers of nurse bees wait on her; she receives finer and
  more delicate food, more air, a warmer, larger, and nicer house,
  and apparently she is the creation of circumstances. She is the
  only female bee. The working-bees are neuters, really imperfectly
  developed females; the queen's husband is a drone. With queenly
  prerogative and dignity she selects her consort, and off they fly on a
  wedding-trip, and spend the honeymoon amid sunshine and flowers. But
  it is asked--Why are there so many drones in a hive, if there is only
  one wife? This is a very hard problem. But one part of it seems to me
  very clear. When the Queen's countless eggs come to be hatched, the
  temperature of the hive must be raised to 85° or 90° Fahrenheit. The
  bees must go out of doors to work. The fat, round, and lazy drones are
  really the fuel. They accordingly give out heat when most wanted. Mr.
  Cotton holds this view also. This year I had two stock-hives during
  breeding that stood, from 10 to 4 o'clock, at 95° Fahrenheit. We thus
  learn that fat old gentlemen are of use, and that Mr. Banting's system
  is not always wise or expedient. There are in a good hive three or
  four royal cells; consequently, three or four queens will turn up.
  What follows? If the heat be great and additional room withheld, the
  old queen will abdicate and head a secession--in apiarian language,
  a swarm--and the next senior queen will ascend the throne. If there
  be still no increase of room allowed, she, too, will secede and head
  a second secession--in apiarian phrase, a caste--usually feeble,
  requiring when hived to be fed, and rarely a desirable issue. But
  when increased space is given, and a drawing-room is added to the
  dining-room, and boudoirs to the nursery, I am asked what follows. Do
  the princesses live together in harmony? My answer, from very careful
  observation, reveals a sad fact--a fact I cannot suppose to have been
  instituted in Paradise. If two queens turn up in a hive with plenty
  of space, but related space, they fight it out till one alone lives.
  So settled is this law, that the bees hound on the more timid and
  cowardly of the two queens, and insist on victory with supremacy or
  death. This is to me a very melancholy trait in a favourite study; but
  I suppose some higher law requires it.

  It has been urged as a commercial question that honey is not now of
  the same importance as it was before the sugar-cane was discovered,
  and that gas has superseded wax candles. I am satisfied from many
  considerations, that if people would eat honey at breakfast instead
  of rancid London butter and nasty greasy bacon, not only would
  their health be better, but their temper would be sweeter. I find
  invariably that people who like honey are persons of genial and
  affectionate temper. If Mr. Cobden and Mr. Roebuck had only taken
  honey at breakfast, or a very choice fragment of virgin honey at
  dessert, they would never have given utterance to those vinegar and
  acetic-acid speeches which did them no credit. I wish somebody would
  send Mr. Spurgeon a super of good honey. Three months' diet on this
  celestial food would induce him to give up those shockingly bitter and
  unchristian tirades he has been lately making against the clergy of
  the Church of England. The producers of honey never draw their stings
  unless in defence of their homesteads, and the eaters and admirers of
  honey rarely indulge in acrimonious language. I believe a great deal
  of bad feeling is not moral or mental, but physical, in its origin.
  If you have in a congregation, or in a school, or in a convocation,
  some one who sets everybody by the ears, treat him to a little honey
  at breakfast for six months, and the "thorn will blossom as the rose."
  People that can't eat honey--"_hunc tu caveto_"--they can't ever fit
  "a land overflowing with milk and honey."

  I have not answered half the letters I have received; but because you
  have been so good as to take an interest in this very interesting
  subject, I intend to send you, as an expression of my thanks, a
  small glass super of honey filled from heath during July. If you
  do not eat honey, which I hope and, indeed, am sure is not the
  fact, you can give a portion to any inmates of your great hive in
  Printing-house-square who may be prone to use their stings too freely.

                    I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

                                             A Bee-master.

  Tunbridge Wells, August 2.

       *       *       *       *       *

The origin of the following letter was a very foolish letter which a
correspondent sent to _The Times_. His cannot be the deliberate conviction
of anyone acquainted with bees. Perhaps he was offended that no notice was
taken of a very unsatisfactory hive patented by him. But as I could not
praise, I thought it unnecessary to blame.


A Hornet Among the Bees.

_To the Editor of The Times._

  Sir,--It is well that bees have not learnt to read _The Times_. Did
  they see all that your correspondent says about them, they would send
  a battalion to his residence, and ere they returned to Tunbridge
  Wells they would make their calumniator exhaust all his remedies
  for bee-stings. Had this good gentleman eaten more honey and drank
  less vinegar he would have written a more affectionate letter; and
  had he watched the habits of bees as I have done, or studied the
  results of the investigations of Huber, he would not surely have
  written with ignorance so crass. I am not irritated with him, but I
  am immensely jealous for the honour and good name of my bees. It is
  said of some crotchety people, "they have each a bee in his bonnet,"
  but I venture to think of your correspondent, "he has a wasp in his
  bonnet." The only philosophical way by which I can account for the
  absurdities of this letter is that it was written, as he observes,
  "for our continental and transatlantic brethren," neither of whom have
  any precedent or encouragement for recent Austro-Prussian misdeeds,
  or American democracy and its recent excesses, in the habits and
  instincts of bees.

  "First," says your correspondent, "with regard to remaining at peace
  with each other, as soon as honey-gathering is over, should any stocks
  betray weakness, the war of Germany against Denmark is enacted, and
  the invaders take all. Whatever virtues bees possess, honesty or even
  the slightest respect for _meum et tuum_ is not among them."

  A grosser libel on the apiarian race was never perpetrated. Their
  respect for _meum_ is so intense that they will defend their queen and
  home to the death. Their respect for _tuum_ is so entire that they
  never touch the property of their neighbours, unless in circumstances
  which would justify men as well as bees in seizing the property of
  another.

  Your correspondent perhaps robs one of his stocks of its stores, or
  takes away for the market or his table too much of their accumulated
  wealth. Winter threatens its arrival. Can this irritable old apiarian
  expect that 6,000 or 10,000 bees will lie down and die martyr deaths
  in order to confute his libellous theory of _meum et tuum?_ Or he
  has neglected to feed a caste of 4,000 bees; or, instead of giving
  them barley-sugar, he offers them the miserly mess he recommends, and
  the unhappy, famished bees, like a Highland clan, set out "to lift"
  the means of existence. He starves his bees, and when they forage he
  denounces them as thieves. If a bee-master does his duty by protecting
  his hives, feeding the unfortunate and weak, no such freebooters will
  be found among his bees.

  2. Your correspondent, for once, is gracious. He acquits bees of
  habits of intoxication. He forgets that I stated they never get drunk
  unless the bee-master supplies the intoxicating element. But if he
  will place a feeding-pan full of good Scotch ale before the hives, I
  will eat pan and beer and bees if they do not sip every drop, and give
  very unmistakable proofs that they have done so.

  3. Your correspondent says: "Mr. Harbeson, a sturdy citizen of
  the American Republic, considers the queen a simple machine for
  laying eggs, absolutely under the workers' control. I do not go
  these lengths, but Mr. Harbeson is far nearer the truth than your
  correspondent."

  There can be no doubt that this "is written for our transatlantic
  brethren." It is a fine illustration for Abraham Lincoln. I hope your
  correspondent will not be offended if I suspect in him a machine for
  speaking nonsense. He has only to extend this free philosophy, to
  see in rose-bushes machines for growing roses, and in birds machines
  for building nests; in Tennyson a machine for spinning poetry, and
  in Lord Palmerston a machine for turning out speeches. This wretched
  materialistic philosophy may please the "sturdy American citizens
  and transatlantic brethren;" but how a sane Englishman can dare to
  ventilate such arrant rubbish, I know not.

  His exaggerated talk about bees being regicides would electrify Red
  Republicans, but it is not true. That the queen, who has precedence
  of birth, destroys the princess next to her that might be her rival,
  I admitted and deplored in my letters as sad. But that bees are
  regicides is not fact. They never kill their queen; they love and are
  loyal to her, and obey her commands. I said they hate republicanism,
  and so they do, and so do I. No doubt your correspondent's
  discoveries will charm his transatlantic brethren. But if ever a
  people were in want of a queen, they are. Your correspondent may like
  Abraham Lincoln; I infinitely prefer Queen Victoria. He says cottagers
  cannot make Ayrshire hives. They do cleverer things. At all events,
  they can try. The Ayrshire hive is octagonal, I admit; but all I said
  was, that my success as a bee-master led me to suspect they prefer
  a box similar to their combs, and therefore I intend this winter to
  have several hexagonal bee-hives. A suspicion of preference was all I
  ventured to state.

  Your correspondent says: "Common sugar (lump-sugar is best) does not
  require to be exposed to a heat of 300° to be available to bees." No
  wonder his weak stocks plunder his strong ones, for bees cannot eat
  and do not eat lump-sugar or brown sugar. Their lambent organisation
  renders it impossible. I spoke of feeding with pure sugar, and stated
  that it is available alone in the shape of barley-sugar only. That it
  can be presented boiled up in beer or water, I taught when I alluded
  to its being dissolved in ale. But whether in water or ale, it smears
  their wings, clogs their feet, and is vastly inferior in all respects
  to barley-sugar.

  Your correspondent objects to rubbing the wound of a bee's sting
  with tobacco-juice. I speak from experience. I have tried every
  prescription, and most assuredly I will not try his. He says:--

  "If anyone has a swarm consisting of only 5,000 or 6,000 bees, let him
  not take the trouble of hiving it. A good swarm will weigh 4 lbs., and
  I have known one weigh 8 lbs. Now, 5,000 bees are computed to go to
  a pound, and this is not too many, for a friend of mine counted and
  weighed 5,020 freshly-killed bees this spring, and they only weighed
  12-1/2 ounces. Let any one, therefore, do a simple sum in mental
  arithmetic, and say if 15,000 to 30,000 are not within the mark, even
  allowing for the weight of honey earned off by the swarm."

  I mentioned 5,000 or 6,000 bees as a swarm. It is the lowest, I
  freely allow. But I will add to your correspondent's knowledge. I
  had a caste thrown off last year, at the end of June. I despaired
  of its weathering the winter, but I resolved to feed it richly with
  barley-sugar till March. The maximum number of bees was 5,000. It had
  filled the lower box with at least 40 lbs. of honey by the middle
  of June this year. The bees had increased immensely. I opened the
  communication with a large super. This super has in it now not less
  than 26 lbs. of the whitest cells and honey I ever saw. I have shown
  it to many whose mouths watered for a slice of it. I never join
  stocks. We feed cattle on oil-cake: why not feed weakly stocks with
  barley-sugar? What your correspondent proposes as his explanation of
  2,000 drones in a hive where there is only one queen, with, perhaps, a
  couple of princesses, is, like his whole philosophy, very absurd, and
  unworthy of a serious answer.

  Your correspondent says:--

  "Bees are never nursed by other bees. They are strict utilitarians,
  and totally devoid of sympathy. 'Those who cannot work shall not eat,'
  is a law applied with stern impartiality alike to the disabled worker
  and the useless drone. He, therefore, who would teach or learn a
  lesson in charity must look elsewhere."

  My reply to this is, I have seen the disabled bee tended with
  exquisite and unwearied attention, rolled in the sunshine on the
  bee-board, and carried or helped into their homes. His testimony is
  negative, mine is positive.

  He concludes his letter by informing us--

  "As it is, I am very desirous of making it known to our continental
  and American friends that these letters [in _The Times_] do not convey
  an adequate idea of the amount of knowledge of the subject possessed
  by British bee-masters."

  His letter, he reiterates, was written for the American market. I
  only hope they will not suppose that his crotchets are the measure of
  the amount of knowledge possessed or of the affection felt by English
  bee-masters.

  If in his next he will mix a little honey with his ink, and eat a
  little at breakfast, he will do greater justice to himself.

                                I am, &c.,

                                        A Bee-master.

  Tunbridge Wells.

       *       *       *       *       *


Bees, Bee-hives, and Bee-masters.

_To the Editor of "The Times."_

  Sir,--I have been so annoyed at your correspondent's attack on the
  good name of my bees, that I cannot resist the temptation of saying a
  word or two of additional defence.

  That the queen is not a mere egg-laying machine obedient to mere
  mechanical impulses, nor her subjects mere mechanical creations
  obeying similar impulses with no instructive appreciation, will be
  evident from the following facts:--

  Reaumur, the eminent naturalist, observes that after the queen-regnant
  has become a mother--

  "The bees are constantly on the watch to make themselves useful to
  her and to render her every kind office. They are for ever offering
  her honey. They lick her with the proboscis, and wherever she goes
  they form a court to attend her. Even the body of a dead queen is
  the object of tender affection to the bees. I took a queen out of
  the water seemingly dead. She was also mutilated, having lost a
  leg. Bringing her home, I placed her amid a number of working-bees
  recovered from drowning also by means of warmth. No sooner did the
  revived workers perceive the queen in her miserable plight, than they
  appeared to compassionate her, and continued to lick her with their
  tongues until she showed signs of returning vitality, when they set up
  a general hum as of joy at the event."

  Huber writes:--

  "I have seen the workers lavish the most tender care on such a queen,
  and, after her decease, surround her inanimate body with the same
  respect and homage as they had paid to her while living, and in the
  presence of these beloved remains refuse all attention to young and
  fertile queens who were offered to them."

  These are two facts noticed and recorded by the two most eminent and
  careful apiarian naturalists. They are, in the judgment of everyone
  able to appreciate weight of evidence, conclusive disproofs of the
  material and mechanical theory, and no less decisive confirmations of
  all I ventured to state in your columns.

  The senses of the bee are no less clear protests against the
  mechanical theory so acceptable to "our transatlantic brethren."

  The bee leaves her house, traverses fields a mile or two distant, and
  returns to her home--one amid twenty contiguous ones--with unerring
  certainty.

  The sense of touch through its antennæ is so exquisite, that in total
  darkness it carries on its architecture as perfectly as by day.

  Its smell is possessed of unrivalled sensibility. Odours from afar
  are directly scented. Huber thinks it is the scent, not the colour of
  flowers, that attracts them.

  Their power of memory is illustrated by Huber. He placed a supply of
  honey on the sill of an open window in autumn. The bees feasted on it
  for weeks. He removed the honey and closed the window during winter.
  Next spring the bees came to the same window, looking for supplies.
  Here was memory of place and circumstances lasting during half a bee's
  lifetime.

  Huber mentions a species of moth that attacks and plunders bee-hives;
  it is called the death's-head moth. Finding out its daring
  depredations, he lessened the apertures of some of his hives, leaving
  sufficient room for the exit and entrance of the bees, but not for the
  entrance of the moth. This succeeded perfectly. But several hives he
  left undefended. In each of these undefended hives the bees raised a
  Avail of wax and propolis right behind their doors of entrance, making
  embrasures for exit and entrances through the solid wall. As soon as
  spring arrived and all danger was at an end, these Royal Engineers
  threw down their fortifications.

  I need not refer to the perfect and well-known geometrical
  construction of the cells of a hive as evidences of design and
  high instinct; they combine the maximum of strength with the least
  expenditure of substance and the largest capacity in a given space.
  The equilateral triangle, the square, and the hexagon, were the only
  three forms of tubular cells that would leave no interstices: in the
  first there would be lost space in each angle; a similar disadvantage
  would be found in the second. The bees, by an instinct surely Divine,
  or in the exercise of engineering powers demonstrative of mind, have
  adopted the last.

  Having thus disposed of your correspondent, will you allow me to
  select one or two of the most important practical inquiries which
  I have received in upwards of twenty additional letters addressed
  to "_The Times_ Bee-master?" Your universal circulation is the
  cause of my extraordinary visitation of correspondence, and this
  unexpectedly-wide practical interest in bees will justify you to your
  readers. One asks, "How am I to begin an apiary?" Let me tell him.
  Buy a stock this month or next for 20_s._, taking care that it is not
  old, and weighs (inclusive of straw hive) not less than 30 lbs. Erect
  a shed with sloping roof projecting sufficiently to carry the rain
  beyond the alighting-board of the bees. The length may be 12 feet, the
  height about 6 feet, and width 2-1/2 feet. Divide it into six equal
  sections or chambers. Make an exit in each, three inches long by two
  inches high. Place each hive in the centre of one of them, with its
  opening directly opposite the opening in the chamber. Fix below each
  opening in the shed a bees' landing-board sloping at an angle of 25°.
  If you can afford it, buy six stock-hives. Next May cut out the top
  of each, as I directed in a previous letter. Place on it a board with
  circular hole, and a bell-glass rather narrower at the lower part than
  at the centre; cover each with its plaid nightcap, and you will have
  plenty of delicious honey in 1865.

  If, however, you do not mind loss of time, build your shed this
  autumn, make it smooth inside to discourage spiders, and next April
  send round the country to cottagers keeping bees, and engage six good
  swarms, which ought not to cost more than 10_s._ each. In carrying
  them home, pin over the entrance-hole a piece of gauze, tie a towel or
  napkin underneath, fastening the four corners at the top, and do not
  jolt the young family unnecessarily. If the swarms can be had in May,
  and if it prove a fine summer, you may place a glass on each about the
  end of June. Do not forget the old adage--

             "A swarm in May
              Is worth a load of hay;
              A swarm in June
              Is worth a silver spoon;
              A swarm in July
              Is worth a fly."

  If your swarm is an early June one, you may save it by pushing three
  or four sticks of barley-sugar into the hive by the exit aperture once
  a fortnight till next March. Any little expense in feeding introduces
  you to your bees and helps them wonderfully, and is never a loss.

  If you want to tempt the bees to feed in your own garden, sow
  mignonette, salvia, and sanfoin; plant plenty of raspberry,
  gooseberry, and currant bushes. They like lime poplars,
  apple-blossoms, thyme, and, above all, borage. Bees never touch
  double flowers. Should the early summer prove very dry, place near
  your bee-shed two or three soup-plates half-full of water, taking
  care to put in as many pebbles as each will hold. The bees require
  stepping-stones for their tiny feet, and otherwise they are necessary
  to save them from drowning.

  I am giving directions to those who desire to work economically.
  But if you can lay out a little as an investment, and you desire
  to combine interest and pleasure with profit, you cannot do better
  than call on Neighbour, either in Regent-street or Holborn, where
  I have seen many varieties of hives of different prices and all of
  good workmanship. In answer to numerous inquiries about the Ayrshire
  hives, I am sorry to be obliged to answer that I have to send to
  Scotland for them. They may be had of Air. Bruce Taylor, Post-office,
  Mauchlin, Ayrshire; or of Messrs. Craig, Stewarton, Ayrshire. The
  three boxes in the lower or stock hive, with two supers exactly
  corresponding, cost me 20_s._ But they last for ever. Their chief
  value is their productiveness. Neighbours' and Pettitt's are far more
  interesting for experimental uses. The collateral system is the most
  elegant, but least productive; its bee-boxes are also expensive.
  Your correspondent's hive (which I ought previously to have referred
  to) is no improvement, and its architect has so bad an opinion of
  the moral character of bees, that were they to know it was his, they
  would desert it. There are people to whom bees never take, and there
  are hives they invariably sicken in. I do not like the nadir system
  recommended in _The Times_ by "A Rector." Bees naturally ascend or
  traverse the same plane, but mostly preferring ascent. "Excelsior"
  is their favourite aspiration. In answer to another inquiry, do I
  approve using stupifying fumes, as of puff-ball, &c., in order to
  expel the bees from supers full of honey?--I say, certainly not. It
  may not injure the bees if judiciously administered. Some highly
  recommend it. But it is not necessary. The bees will leave the super
  on its being detached from the hive and carried to a little distance,
  and will return in an hour or two to their home and their queen. The
  only case in which I have recourse to fumigation is when any portion
  of the comb, through accidental admission of wet, has become mouldy.
  A few whiffs of puff-ball may be injected, by means of an instrument
  sold for this purpose, during five minutes. As soon as the humming
  noise ceases, lift the hive and cut out the mouldy portion of the
  comb, replace it, and in twenty minutes the bees will again be at
  work. This is the only case in which I like to employ either this or
  tobacco-smoke, which answers as well if not too long continued.

  Your apiary or bee-shed should be placed as near your dwelling as
  possible, sheltered from the north and northeast winds, and at the
  greatest possible distance from poultry. Frequently, but quietly
  and unobtrusively, visit your bees, watch them at work in your
  bee-glasses, or by windows in your bee-boxes. Let your children
  play beside them. They are fond of children, and unless violently
  irritated they will not injure them. I can state this from very ample
  experience. At the same time, it is proper to state, that some few
  persons are so offensive to bees that they must not approach them.
  Plenty of soap and water and fastidious cleanliness are essential to a
  bee-master's continued popularity with his apiarian family.

                            I am, &c.,

                                  A Bee-master.

  Tunbridge Wells.

       *       *       *       *       *


About Wasps.

_To the Editor of "The Times."_

  Sir,--There is no sweet without a bitter. Every bee-master feels
  the plague of wasps this autumn of 1864; for fifteen years, the
  range of my experience as a bee-master, I have not seen so fierce
  and multitudinous bands of wasps descending on my bees on predatory
  incursions. I do not mean to insinuate that the wasp has no mission,
  I believe he has his use. He is the scavenger of our gardens, and
  clears off decay, putrescence, and filth of every sort. For this I
  give him credit, but I cannot extend to him either the affection
  or respect I feel for my bees. Wasps often remind me of a class of
  critics not found in Printing-house-square, but by no means rare in
  other quarters. Like wasps, they ignore or pass by ripe, fragrant,
  and beautiful fruit, and select and gloat over incidental decay.
  The wasp-critic does not touch a beautiful thought in Tennyson or
  Longfellow; he can neither appreciate nor digest it. But if he can
  only discover a word misspelt or a word misprinted, or the word
  "octagon" accidentally used for "hexagon," he buzzes about it for
  hours, and feeds on it with waspish delight. Should the editor of a
  respectable paper or periodical refuse his contribution, he flies
  to a congenial refuge, and there pours out what wasps have nearly a
  monopoly of--the venom identified with and peculiar to that insect.

  There is also the wasp ecclesiastical. He contributes no sweet
  honey to the Church, and takes little interest in its good. But in
  Synods, Presbyteries, Convocations, he flies about, driving his
  sting sometimes into a bishop and sometimes into a presbyter. A sin
  in another he scents from afar. A virtue in a brother he cannot
  appreciate. He lives on decay. He sings while he feeds on it. It is
  his nutriment and his joy.

  There is also the political wasp. He has no fixed principles, but,
  instead, he has a furious temper. He makes great noise, and attacks
  everybody right and left that comes within scent, eyesight, or
  earshot. His delight is proportionate to the degree in which he can
  sting. He cares nothing about party, or side, or leader. He spurns all
  organisation. He revels in wrath and fierce words and keen invective,
  unsweetened by a grain of genial feeling, or an expression softened
  by the humanities and amenities of debate, and unillumined by wit or
  humour.

  There is the wasp social. He is impersonated in the burglar. Were
  you to see the wasps this autumn rushing into my hives, sometimes
  by a sudden dash, at other times by stealth, you would instantly
  acknowledge in them the type of the thief and the burglar. But my bees
  are better prepared for the wasp's reception than London house-holders
  for thieves. He runs the gauntlet every time he enters. Through my
  glass observatory windows I watch the conflict. One bee, half his
  size, seizes him by the throat, another gives him a taste of his
  sting, and two or three watchers seize him by the legs and drag him
  out. I have hit on an admirable plan of keeping him off, well worth
  disclosing to every bee-master. I place at the entrance of the hive
  a stick of barley-sugar a couple of inches long. This brings to
  the entrance a dozen of bees, who thankfully feed on it. There is
  thus secured an additional guard at the gates. The moment the wasp
  alights, the whole _posse_ fly at him and drive him away. Another plan
  is to fill half-full a wine-bottle with beer and sugar. Incidentally
  a bee may look in, but the wasps, whose scent is perfect, rush in
  and are drowned. It is a sacred duty devolving on every bee-master
  to exterminate these Arabs, Bedouins, and corsairs. They lay up no
  stores for themselves--they do nothing for the support or enjoyment
  of man. They use their stings, not like bees, in self-defence, but in
  sheer wickedness. They are professional thieves. Like the bees of a
  correspondent of yours, they have no respect for _tuum_, and having no
  _meum_, they care nothing. Living at the expense of others, without
  consulting the convenience or goodwill of anybody, they richly deserve
  what their extermination will pay for--sulphur, gunpowder, and boiling
  water. Let every bee-master give sixpence to every boy who destroys a
  wasps'-nest.

  The wasp builds its nest generally underground. Their cells are
  hexagonal. The house is built of paper, fabricated by this insect long
  before its manufacture was discovered by man. With their powerful
  jaws they tear off decayed wood, which they moisten with a sort of
  gum or glue secreted from themselves. They form this into a kind of
  pulp and spread it out into thin sheets, with which they roof in and
  surround their cells. So far they are good paper manufacturers; but
  I have not heard of their paper being used in the service of man.
  They seem also to understand the laws of heat. Everybody knows that
  double windows are warmer than single ones, the atmospheric air being
  a good non-conductor. The wasps surround themselves with several walls
  of paper, leaving spaces between, and thus not only keep out the
  cold, but render the entrance of damp all but impossible. The combs
  of the wasp are built in horizontal tiers, supported by pillars. In
  this respect they are builders as well as papermakers. They are also
  admirable sappers and miners. They tunnel a covered way from their
  nest to the open air, and very often, instead of using a deserted
  mole or mouse hole, they excavate a round chamber of really fine
  proportions. It is truly matter of regret that so much capable talent
  should be prostituted to so much dishonesty. Unhappily, thieves and
  pick-pockets are generally very clever. Yet reformatories do operate
  real transformations of thieves; but no plan that philanthropy has
  yet devised has turned a wasp into a kind, honest, and respectable
  member of society. He is incapable of transmutation. He is worthy
  of the special study of Darwin. The death penalty, I unhesitatingly
  affirm, is due to every wasp that enters a bee-garden. The razing
  of his house, the desolation of its furniture, and the dislodgment
  and destruction of the whole clan, have become a sacred duty. Even
  the Quaker, who objects to the sentence of death on murderers, would
  consent to the doom of the wasp. I cannot believe there were wasps in
  Paradise of old. Though no prophet, nor prophet's son, I confidently
  predict there will be no wasps in Paradise that is to be, nor will
  there be waspish tempers, or passions, or propensities. Of all ugly
  things on earth, next to the serpent, a hornet is the ugliest, the
  most thievish, and the most dishonest You can neither tame nor
  turn the wicked imp. He is a thief from his birth--a bee-cide by
  habit; feeding on corruption, and full of wickedness. If, instead of
  killing sparrows and blackbirds and thrushes, because they take a few
  currants, while they destroy slugs and vermin, and many of them regale
  springtide with song, the farmers would set about destroying wasps,
  they would find as much amusement, and do vastly more good. I have a
  lurking suspicion that some of those apiarians who speak against bees,
  and call them thieves and regicides, must have wasps, not bees, in
  their hives. Let me beg of these irritable gentlemen, who never cease
  buzzing, to examine their hives. Let me remind them that wasps are
  bigger and longer than bees; are surrounded with concentric yellow
  circles, emit a subterranean sort of hum, neither treble, tenor,
  nor bass, and, after a little study on their part, may be easily
  distinguished from bees. Above all, let me intreat them to give up
  feeding on wasps' food, and, if they have no honey of their own, let
  me offer them half a bar, in order to elevate their taste or improve
  their temper.

  Let me also beg all that value their lives to examine well every
  apple, pear, and peach they eat; for these venomous insects may be
  seen this year ensconced under the skin, and if admitted within the
  mouth they will sting the throat, and, as in several recent cases,
  the sufferers will die. Do not conclude I am uncharitable; I am not
  so. It is no charity to connive at theft and murder. I am satisfied
  that killing wasps is no murder. Had Peter the Hermit or Walter the
  Penniless lived in my garden, and witnessed these wicked vagabonds
  trying every hive, worrying my bees and stealing my honey, they
  would have preached a crusade against wasps. In one respect they are
  unfortunate; they have no queen, no subordination or reverence for law
  and order. They are genuine Red Republicans--Marats and Robespierres,
  and richly deserve the worst they get.

                    I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

                                    A Bee-Master.

  Tunbridge Wells.


The Bee-master's Sermon.

_To the Editor of "The Times."_

  Sir,--The object of my letters has been to open up to the cottager
  a means of revenue very agreeable, but very much neglected or
  mismanaged. I have directed your attention to bee-keeping, not as a
  fancy pursuit, or as an interesting entomological investigation, but
  as a practical and real work. Hence I have not discussed a variety of
  toys used as bee-hives, very pretty and very tasteful to the eye of
  a sentimental aparian, but so bothering to the bees that they wish
  such houses were at the bottom of the sea. Simplicity of structure,
  directness of use, and availableness for deprivation of honey, and yet
  preservation of the honey-makers, ought to be the guiding law. Bees
  don't like to be paid too many, too obsequious, or too patronising
  attentions. I want, however, in this closing letter to turn my largest
  hive into a pulpit, and to preach a short apiarian homily to English
  cottagers, which I know they will read, and hope they will "mark,
  learn, and inwardly digest."

  1. They may carry from the hive to the cottage-hearth a lesson of
  industry. During work the bees are so intensely absorbed in their
  duty, that they ignore every distracting and diverging object and
  interest. They have learnt well a text their masters would do well to
  copy: "Not slothful in business." There is no getting on in this world
  of ours without hard work. It is not work and plenty of it that kills
  people, but worry.

  2. Bees teach a lesson of loyalty. They are monarchical by conviction
  and in practice. They love a queen, whose sovereignty is motherhood,
  and whose service is perfect freedom. They detest your republics, and
  democracies, and radicalism in all its phases.

  3. Bees are immensely attached to their homes. They are "keepers at
  home." No mother of a family gets on by gadding about and gossiping
  from house to house.

  4. Bees are models of cleanliness. The care with which they remove
  filth of all kinds is something remarkable. They plainly believe
  what many Christians say, "cleanliness is nearest to godliness." The
  cottager cannot in this matter do better than follow the example of
  these admirable sanitary philosophers.

  5. Bees set a beautiful example of Christian sympathy. I have seen a
  wounded bee, accidentally hurt, carried out from the hive and laid
  tenderly on the bee-board in the warm sunshine. One bee would lick
  the sufferer with his tongue from head to foot; another would roll
  him over and over in the sunshine; and at sunset they would carry him
  in to his sick bed. I do not complain of want of such sympathy among
  the poor. I have seen much of it in the homes of the most destitute,
  and witnessed personal attentions and sacrifices and services in a
  district surrounding Brewer's-court ragged schools, which have never
  been exceeded, if equalled, in the houses of the great.

  6. Bees are very fond of fresh air. A hive is one of the best
  ventilated homes; and I have some doubt about the wisdom or success
  of the various arrangements made by some bee-masters for increasing
  the ventilation of their hives. In a hot and sultry day I have seen
  successive lines of bees take up their position at the mouth of the
  hive, and, joining the tips of their wings, work these fanners for ten
  minutes, and then retire and let the second parallel line come to the
  front and continue the same process. This example is not efficiently
  followed in city or cottage. People who are most careful about what
  they eat and drink and put into their stomachs, are utterly careless
  what they allow to enter their lungs. Now, the truth is, it is easier
  to poison a man through his lungs than through his stomach. My bees
  would die in a London bed-room in twelve hours.

  7. Bees are very early risers. The first ray of sunshine is their
  matin bell, and by seven o'clock P.M. they are most of them at home.
  People that live long and are healthy differ in many of their habits,
  but generally agree in being early risers. Early light has sanitary
  as well as photographic influences, which post-meridian light is a
  stranger to. "Early to bed and early up" is an admirable maxim--an
  axiom among bees, and it should be a habit among rational men.

  8. Bees are peaceful and peacemakers. This will appear a hasty
  statement to all who remember that bees have stings. But a little
  thought will justify what I say. Bees never give way to aggressive
  warfare. They never attack those who do not attack their queen or
  their homestead. Their stings are purely defensive. This is a very
  curious fact, and very suggestive also. If they had no stings at all,
  they would be an argument for the Peace Society. But as it is, they
  prove that the best defence of home is a good preparation to repel the
  aggressor. When, therefore, Mr. Bright preaches the duty of breaking
  up the navy and disbanding the army, it would be the conduct of a
  great hornet impressing on bees the duty of extracting their stings.
  Were the bees such simpletons as to listen to his plausible logic, and
  give up their stings, they would be surrounded by swarms of wasps, who
  would very soon make them give up their honey. As if to teach the bees
  that their weapons are to be used only in the last extremity, every
  bee knows that the use of his sting is followed by its inevitable loss
  and his destruction. It sticks where it strikes, and the violence
  done to the bee ends always in death. While admiring Mr. Bright's love
  of peace, I hope every bee-keeper in England will prefer the bees' way
  of maintaining it. So sweet and short is a bee-master's sermon.

  I think I have shown in these letters that morals, money, country, and
  enjoyment may all be helped a little by keeping bees; and, therefore,
  that I have done some good by directing attention to these "great and
  marvellous works" of One who still gives his care to a bee-hive and to
  Buckingham Palace.

                    I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

                                    A Bee-Master.

  Tunbridge Wells.

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




IX.--BEE-THINGS IN GENERAL.


As this work does not profess to be an entomological essay but a practical
bee-master's directory, I have omitted those erudite questions about which
apiarians wrangle, and unfortunately lose their temper and employ their
stings.

But there are some interesting bits of instruction scattered over
bee-books which it may interest the reader to lay before him. If they
contribute nothing to the amount of the honey harvest, they may increase
the pleasure of the bee-master in the long winter evenings.


THE INSTINCT OR INTELLIGENCE OF BEES.

Huber relates:--

  "He put under a bell-glass about a dozen humble-bees, without any
  store of wax, along with a comb of about ten silken cocoons, so
  unequal in height that it was impossible the mass should stand firmly.
  Its unsteadiness disquieted the humble-bees extremely. Their affection
  for their young led them to mount upon the cocoons for the sake of
  imparting warmth to the inclosed little ones, but in attempting
  this the comb tottered so violently that the scheme was almost
  impracticable. To remedy this inconvenience, and to make the comb
  steady, they had recourse to a most ingenious expedient. Two or three
  bees got upon the comb, stretched themselves over its edge, and with
  their heads downwards fixed their fore-feet on the table upon which it
  stood, whilst with their hind-feet they kept it from falling. In this
  constrained and painful posture, fresh bees relieving their comrades
  when weary, did these affectionate little insects support the comb
  for nearly three days. At the end of this period they had prepared a
  sufficiency of wax, with which they built pillars that kept it in a
  firm position; but, by some accident afterwards, these got displaced,
  when they had again recourse to their former manœuvre for supplying
  their place; and this operation they perseveringly continued, until M.
  Huber, pitying their hard task, relieved them by fixing the object of
  their attention firmly on the table."

  Lardner quotes from Kirby the following curious illustration of the
  habits of the clothier-bee:--

  "Kirby mentions the example of nests of this kind found by himself and
  others, constructed in the inside of the lock of a garden-gate.

  "A proceeding has been ascertained on the part of these insects
  in such cases, which it is extremely difficult to ascribe to mere
  instinct, independent of some intelligence. Wherever the nest may be
  constructed, the due preservation of the young requires that until
  they attain the perfect state, their temperature should be maintained
  at a certain point So long as the material surrounding their nest is
  a very imperfect conductor of heat, as earth or the pith of wood is,
  the heat developed by the insect, being confined, is sufficient to
  maintain its temperature at the requisite point. But if, perchance,
  the mother-bee select for her nest any such locality as that of the
  lock of the gate, the metal, being a good conductor of heat, would
  speedily dissipate the animal heat developed by the insect, and thus
  reduce its temperature to a point incompatible with the continuance of
  its existence. How then does the tender mother, foreseeing this, and
  consequently informed by some power of the physical quality peculiar
  to the metal surrounding the nest, provide against it? How, we may
  ask, would a scientific human architect prevent such an eventuality?
  He would seek for a suitable material which is a non-conductor of
  heat, and would surround the nest with it. In fact, the very thing
  has occurred in a like case in relation to steam-engine boilers.
  The economy of fuel there rendered it quite as necessary to confine
  the heat developed in the furnace, as it is to confine that which
  is developed in the natural economy of the pupa of the bee. The
  expedient, therefore, resorted to is to invest the boiler in a thick
  coating of a sort of felt, made for the purpose, which is almost a
  non-conductor of heat. A casing of sawdust is also used in Cornwall
  for a like purpose. By these expedients the escape of heat from the
  external surface of the boiler is prevented.

  "The bee keeps its pupa warm by an expedient so exactly similar, that
  we must suppose that she has been guided either by her own knowledge,
  or by a power that commands all knowledge, in her operations. She
  seeks certain woolly-leaved plants, such as the _stachys lamata_ or
  the _agrostemma coronaria_, and with her mandibles scrapes off the
  wool. She rolls this into little balls, and carrying it to the nest,
  sticks it on the external surface by means of a plaster, composed of
  honey and pollen, with which she previously coats it. Thus invested,
  the cells become impervious to heat, and consequently all the heat
  developed by the little animal is confined within them.

  "The name of _upholsterers_ has been given by Kirby to certain species
  of bees, who, having excavated their nest in the earth, hang its
  walls with a splendid coating of flowers and leaves. One of the most
  interesting of these varieties is the _megachile papareris_, which has
  been described by Reaumur. It chooses invariably for the hangings of
  its apartments the most brilliant scarlet, selecting as its material
  the petals of the wild poppy, which the insect dexterously cuts into
  the proper form.

  "Her first process is to excavate in some pathway a burrow cylindrical
  at the entrance, but enlarged as it descends, the depth being about
  three inches. After having polished the walls, she next flies to a
  neighbouring field, where she cuts out the oval parts of the poppy
  blossoms, and seizing them between her hind legs returns with them
  to her cell. Sometimes it happens that the flower from which she
  cuts these, being but half-blown, has a wrinkled petal. In that
  case she spreads out the folds, and smoothers away the wrinkles,
  and if she finds that the pieces are too large to fit the vacant
  spaces on the walls of her little room, she soon reduces them to
  suitable dimensions, by cutting off all the superfluous parts with
  her mandibles. In hanging the walls with this brilliant tapestry she
  begins at the bottom, and gradually ascends to the roof. She carpets
  in the same manner the surface of the ground round the margin of the
  orifice. The floor is rendered warm sometimes by three or four layers
  of carpeting, but never has less than two.

  "Our little upholsterer having thus completed the hangings of her
  apartment, fills it with a mixture of pollen and honey to the height
  of about half an inch. She then lays an egg in it, and wraps over
  the poppy lining, so that even the roof may be furnished with this
  material. Having accomplished this, she closes the mouth of the
  nest.[A]

[Footnote A: Reaumur, vi. 139 to 145.]

  "It is not every insect of this class which manifests the same
  showy taste in the colours of their furniture. The species called
  leaf-cutters hang their walls in the same way, not with the blossoms
  but the leaves of trees, and more particularly those of the rose-tree.
  They differ also from the upholsterer described above, in the
  external structure of their nests, which are formed in much longer
  cylindrical holes, and consist of a series of thimble-shaped cells,
  composed of leaves most curiously convoluted. We are indebted likewise
  to Reaumur for a description of the labours of these.

  "The mother first excavates a cylindrical hole in a horizontal
  direction eight or ten inches long, either in the ground or in the
  trunk of a rotten tree, or any other decaying wood. She fills this
  hole with six or seven thimble-shaped cells, composed of cut leaves,
  the convex end of each fitting into the open end of the other. Her
  first process is to form the external coating, which is composed of
  three or four pieces of larger dimensions than the rest, and of an
  oval form. The second coating consists of portions of equal size,
  narrow at one end, but gradually widening towards the other, where the
  width equals half the length. One side of these pieces is the serrated
  edge of the leaf from which it was taken, which, as the pieces lap
  over each other, is kept on the outside, the edge which was cut being
  within.

  "The little animal next forms a third coating of similar material,
  the middle of which, as the most skilful workman would do in a like
  case, she places over the margins of those that form the first side,
  thus covering and strengthening the junctions by the expedient which
  mechanics call a break-joint. Continuing the same process, she gives a
  fourth and sometimes a fifth coating to her nest, taking care at the
  closed end, or narrow extremity of the cell, to bend the leaves so as
  to form a convex termination.

  "After thus completing each cell, she proceeds to fill it to within
  the twentieth of an inch of the orifice with a rose-coloured sweetmeat
  made of the pollen collected from thistle-blossoms mixed with honey.
  Upon this she lays her egg, and then closes the orifice with three
  pieces of leaf, one placed upon the other, concentrical and also
  so exactly circular in form, that no compasses could describe that
  geometrical figure with more precision. In their magnitude also they
  correspond with the walls of the cell with such a degree of precision,
  that they are retained in their situation merely by the nicety of
  their adaptation.

  "The covering of the cell thus adapted to it being concave,
  corresponds exactly with the convex end of the cell which is to
  succeed it; and in this manner the little insect prosecutes her
  maternal labours until she has constructed all the cells, six or seven
  in number, necessary to fill the cylindrical hole.

  "The process which one of these bees employs in cutting the pieces of
  leaf that compose her nest, is worthy of attention. Nothing can be
  more expeditious, and she is not longer about it than one would be in
  cutting similar pieces with a pair of scissors. After hovering for
  some moments over a rose-bush, as it were to reconnoitre the ground,
  the bee alights upon the leaf which she has selected, usually taking
  her station upon its edge, so that its margin shall pass between her
  legs. She then cuts with her mandibles, without intermission, in such
  a direction as to detach from the leaf a triangular piece. When this
  hangs by the last fibre, lest its weight should carry her to the
  ground, she spreads her little wings for flight, and the very moment
  the connection of the part thus cut off with the leaf is broken, she
  carries it off in triumph to her nest, the detached portion remaining
  bent between her legs in a direction perpendicular to her body.
  Thus, without rule or compass, do these little creatures measure out
  the material of their work into ovals, or circles, or other pieces
  of suitable shapes, accurately accommodating the dimensions of the
  several pieces of these figures to each other. What other architect
  could carry impressed upon the tablet of his memory such details
  of the edifice which he has to erect, and, destitute of square or
  plumb-line, cut out his materials in their exact dimensions without
  making a single mistake or requiring a single subsequent correction?

  "But of all the varieties of this insect, that of which the
  architectural and mechanical skill is transcendently the most
  admirable is the bee-hive. The most profound philosopher, says
  Kirby, equally with the most incurious of mortals, is filled with
  astonishment at the view of the interior of a bee-hive. He beholds
  there a miniature city. He sees regular streets, disposed in parallel
  directions, and consisting of houses constructed upon the most exact
  geometrical principles, and of the most symmetrical forms. These
  buildings are appropriated to various purposes. Some are warehouses
  in which provisions are stored in enormous quantities; some are
  the dwellings of the citizens; and a few of the most spacious and
  magnificent are royal palaces. He finds that the material of which
  this city is built is one which man with all his skill and science
  cannot fabricate, and that the edifices which it is employed to form
  are such that the most consummate engineer could not reproduce, much
  less originate; and yet this wondrous production of art and skill
  is the result of the labour of a society of insects so minute, that
  hundreds of thousands of them do not contain as much ponderable matter
  as would enter into the composition of the body of a man. _Quel abime
  aux yeux du sage qu'une ruche d'abeilles! Quelle sagesse profonde
  se cache dans cet abime! Quel philosophe osera le sonder!_ Nor has
  the problem thus solved by the bee yet been satisfactorily expounded
  by philosophers. Its mysteries have not yet been fathomed. In all
  ages naturalists and mathematicians have been engrossed by it, from
  Aristomachus of Soli and Philiscus the Thracian, already mentioned, to
  Swammerdam, Reaumur, Hunter, and Huber of modern times. Nevertheless,
  the honey-comb is still a miracle which overwhelms our faculties."

Kirby writes:--

  "Besides the saving of wax effected by the form of the cells, the bees
  adopt another economical plan suited to the same end. They compose the
  bottoms and sides of wax of very great tenuity, not thicker than a
  sheet of writing-paper; but as walls of this thickness at the entrance
  would be perpetually injured by the ingress and egress of the workers,
  they prudently make the margin at the opening of each cell three
  or four times thicker than the walls. Dr. Barclay discovered, that
  though of such excessive tenuity, the sides and bottom of each cell
  are actually double, or in other words, that each cell is distinct,
  separate, and in some measure an independent structure, agglutinated
  only to the neighbouring cells; and that when the agglutinating
  substance is destroyed, each cell may be entirely separated from the
  rest. This, however, has been denied by Mr. Waterhouse, and seems
  inconsistent with the account given by Huber, hereafter detailed; but
  Mr. G. Newport asserts, that even the virgin-cells are lined with a
  delicate membrane."

Dr. Bevan relates of Mr. Knight, an acute and accurate apiarian:--

  "On one occasion he observed from twenty to thirty bees paying daily
  visits to some decayed trees, about a mile distant from his garden;
  the bees appeared to be busily employed in examining the hollow parts,
  and particularly the dead knots around them, as if apprehensive of
  the knots admitting moisture. In about fourteen days these seeming
  surveyors were followed by a large swarm from his apiary, which was
  watched the whole way, till it alighted in one of these cavities. It
  was observed to journey nearly in a direct line from the apiary to the
  tree. On several similar occasions the bees selected that cavity which
  Mr. Knight thought best adapted to their use."

  "Insects give proofs without number of the possession of the faculty
  of memory, without which it would be impossible to turn to account the
  results of experience. Thus, for example, each bee, on returning from
  its excursions, never fails to recognise its own hive, even though
  that hive should be surrounded by various others in all respects
  similar to it.

  "This recognition of home is so much the more marked by traces of
  intelligence rather than by those of instinct, inasmuch as it depends
  not on any character merely connected with the hive itself, whether
  external or internal, but from its relation to surrounding objects;
  just as we are guided to our own dwellings by the recollection of
  the particular features of the locality and neighbourhood. Nor is
  this faculty in the bee inferred from mere analogies; it has been
  established by direct experiment and observation. A hive being removed
  from a locality to which its inhabitants have become familiar, they
  are observed, upon the next day, before leaving for their usual
  labours, to fly around the hive in every direction, as if to observe
  the surrounding objects, and obtain a general acquaintance with their
  new neighbourhood.

  "The queen in like manner adopts the same precaution before she rises
  into the air, attended by her numerous admirers, for the purpose of
  fecundation."--_Lardner_.

  "The attention," says Lord Brougham,[B] "which has been paid at
  various times to the structure and habits of the bee, is one of
  the most remarkable circumstances in the history of science. The
  ancients studied it with unusual minuteness, although being, generally
  speaking, indifferent observers of fact, they made but little progress
  in discovering the singular economy of this insect Of the observations
  of Aristomachus, who spent sixty years, it is said, in studying the
  subject, we know nothing; nor of those which were made by Philissus,
  who passed his life in the woods, for the purpose of examining this
  insect's habits; but Pliny informs us that both of them wrote works
  upon it. Aristotle's three chapters on bees and wasps[C] contain
  little more than the ordinary observations, mixed up with an unusual
  portion of vulgar and even gross errors. How much he attended to
  the subject is, however, manifest from the extent of the first of
  these chapters, which is of great length. Some mathematical writers,
  particularly Pappus, studied the form of the cells, and established
  one or two of the fundamental propositions respecting the economy
  of labour and wax resulting from the plan of the structure. The
  application of modern naturalists to the inquiry is to be dated from
  the beginning of the eighteenth century, when Maraldi examined it
  with his accustomed care; and Reaumur afterwards, as we have seen,
  carried his investigations much farther. The interest of the subject
  seemed to increase with the progress made in their inquiries; and
  about the year 1765 a society was formed at Little Bautzen in Upper
  Lusatia, whose sole object was the study of bees. It was formed under
  the patronage of the Elector of Saxony. The celebrated Schirach was
  one of its original members; and soon after its establishment he
  made his famous discovery of the power which the bees have to supply
  the loss of their queen, by forming a large cell out of three common
  ones, and feeding the grub of a worker upon royal jelly; a discovery
  so startling to naturalists, that Bonnet, in 1769, earnestly urged
  the society not to lower its credit by countenancing such a wild
  error, which he regarded as repugnant to all we know of the habits of
  insects; admitting, however, that he should not be so incredulous of
  any observations tending to prove the propagation of the race of the
  queen-bee without any co-operation of a male,[D] a notion since shown
  by Huber to be wholly chimerical. In 1771 a second institution, with
  the same limited object, was founded at Lauter, under the Elector
  Palatine's patronage, and of this Riem, scarcely less known in this
  branch of science than Schirach, was a member.

[Footnote B: Vol. i. pp. 333-36.]

[Footnote C: Hist. An., lib. ix., cap. 40, 41, 42.]

[Footnote D: Œuvres x., 101, 104.]

  "The greatest progress, however, was afterwards made by Huber, whose
  discoveries, especially of the queen-bee's mode of impregnation,
  the slaughter of the drones or males, and the mode of working, have
  justly gained him a very high place among naturalists. Nor are his
  discoveries of the secretion of wax from saccharine matter, the
  nature of propolis, and the preparation of wax for building, to be
  reckoned less important. To these truths the way had been led by John
  Hunter, whose vigorous and original genius never was directed to the
  cultivation of any subject without reaping a harvest of discovery."


Bee Industry.

  "The industry of the bee may be estimated by the average number of
  its daily excursions from the hive to collect provisions. According
  to Reaumur, if the total number of excursions be divided by the total
  number of bees in a hive, the average number daily made by each bee
  would be from five to six. But as one-half of the bees are occupied
  exclusively with the domestic business of the society, either in
  nursing and tending the young, packing and storing the provisions,
  or constructing the combs, the total number of excursions must be
  divided, not between the whole, but between only half the total
  number of bees, which would give ten excursions to each individual of
  the collecting class; and if the average length of each excursion
  be taken at three-quarters of a mile, this would give the average
  distance travelled by each collector as fifteen miles! It is estimated
  by Kirby that the quantity of ponderable matter thus transported
  exceeds a hundred pounds."

The Rev. Mr. Wood, in his little manual--the most sensible of its size
that has yet appeared--writes:--

  "No noticeable capital is required to commence; no noticeable amount
  of time is necessarily consumed in their management, and they may be
  kept almost anywhere, though not with equal profit. One apiarian,
  whose authority may be depended upon, gives the profits of eight
  stocks only as averaging about 20_l._ in three successive years.
  Another, who was regularly engaged from six to six daily in other
  avocations, cleared nearly 100_l._ in one year by his bees. The
  quantity of honey that may be obtained from a hive is exceedingly
  variable, but offering, therefore, only the greater assurance of
  due rewards for able management. Fifty or sixty pounds have not
  unfrequently been obtained from a single hive in a season, and
  occasionally as much as 100 lbs.; whilst from a set of collateral
  boxes, 100 lbs. is mentioned; and Cotton states that as much as 210
  lbs. have really been stored in a single season, by a single stock
  similarly situated in a roomy trebled habitation. The prices of honey
  in London are stated to be generally as follows:--

                                             _s._ _d._

      Minorca, which is the best    per lb.    2    6
      Narbonne                         "       2    0
      Pure native honey in the comb    "       1    0
      Other native honey               "       0    8

  "But pure native honey in the comb, obtained in glasses, is sought
  for the table, and therefore often sells for double the price
  above-mentioned. We shall only add, that Mr. Smart, a well-known
  apiarian, considers hundreds of stocks may be kept where only tens are
  now to be found, so far as regards the capabilities of support, the
  main point to be considered. To that subject, therefore, we now turn."

A rather exaggerated account of the excellence of honey is given by
Butler:--

  "Honey cutteth and casteth up phlegmatic matter, and therefore
  sharpeneth the stomachs of them which by reason thereof have little
  appetite; it purgeth those things which hurt the clearness of the
  eyes; it nourisheth very much; it breedeth good blood; it stirreth up
  and preserveth natural heat, and prolongeth old age; it keepeth all
  things uncorrupt which are put into it; and therefore physicians do
  temper therewith such medicines as they mean to keep long."

In an article in the _Quarterly Review_ it is stated:--

  "In such esteem was it held, that one of the old Welsh laws ran
  thus:--'There are three things in court which must be communicated
  to the king before they are made known to any other person:--1st
  Every sentence of the Judge. 2nd. Every new song. 3rd. Every cask of
  Mead.' Queen Bess was so fond of it, that she had some made for her
  own especial drinking every year; and Butler, who draws a distinction
  between Mead and Metheglin, making Hydromel the generic term, gives
  a receipt for the latter and better drink, the same used by 'our
  renowned Queen Elizabeth of happy memory.'"


A PRAIRIE HUNT.

A bee-hunt in the prairies is thus described by Washington Irving:--

  "We had not been long in the camp, when a party set out in quest of a
  bee-tree, and being curious to witness the sport, I gladly accepted
  an invitation to accompany them. The party was headed by a veteran
  bee-hunter, a tall lank fellow in homespun garb, that hung loosely
  about his limbs, and a straw hat, shaped not unlike a bee-hive; a
  comrade, equally uncouth in garb, and without a hat, straddled along
  at his heels, with a long rifle on his shoulder. To these succeeded
  half-a-dozen others, some with axes, and some with rifles; for no
  one stirs from the camp without fire-arms, so that he may be ready
  either for wild deer or wild Indian. After proceeding some distance,
  we came to an open glade on the skirts of the forest. Here our leader
  halted, and then advanced quietly to a low bush, on the top of which
  I perceived a piece of honey-comb. This, I found, was the bait or
  lure for the wild bees. Several were humming about it, and diving
  into its cells. When they had laden themselves with honey, they would
  rise up in the air, and dart off in one straight line, almost with
  the velocity of a bullet. The hunters watched attentively the course
  they took, and then set off in the same direction, stumbling along
  over twisted roots and fallen trees, with their eyes turned up to the
  sky. In this way they traced the honey-laden bees to their hive, in
  the hollow trunk of a blasted oak, where, after buzzing about for a
  moment, they entered a hole about sixty feet from the ground. Two of
  the bee-hunters now plied their axes vigorously at the foot of the
  tree, to level it with the ground. The mere spectators and amateurs,
  in the meantime, drew off to a cautious distance, to be out of the
  way of the falling of the tree and the vengeance of its inmates.
  The jarring blows of the axe seemed to have no effect in alarming
  or agitating this most industrious community. They continued to ply
  at their usual occupations--some arriving full-freighted into port,
  others sallying forth on new expeditions, like so many merchantmen in
  a money-making metropolis, little suspicious of impending bankruptcy
  and downfall; even a loud crack, which announced the disrupture of the
  trunk, failed to divert their attention from the intense pursuit of
  gain: at length down came the tree with a tremendous crash, bursting
  open from end to end, and displacing all the hoarded treasures of
  the commonwealth. One of the hunters immediately ran up with a wisp
  of lighted hay, as a defence against the bees. The latter, however,
  made no attack, and sought no revenge; they seemed stupified by the
  catastrophe, and, unsuspicious of its cause, remained crawling and
  buzzing about the ruins, without offering us any molestation. Every
  one of the party now fell to, with spoon and hunting-knife, to scoop
  out the flakes of honey-comb with which the hollow trunk was stored.
  Some of them were of old date, and a deep brown colour; others were
  beautifully white, and the honey in their cells was almost limpid.
  Such of the combs as were entire were placed in camp-kettles, to be
  conveyed to the encampment; those which had been shivered in the
  fall were devoured upon the spot. Every stark bee-hunter was to be
  seen with a rich morsel in his hand, dripping about his fingers, and
  disappearing as rapidly as a cream-tart before the holiday appetite
  of a schoolboy. Nor was it the bee-hunters alone that profited by the
  downfall of this industrious community. As if the bees would carry
  through the similitude of their hahits with those of laborious and
  gainful man, I beheld numbers from rival hives, arriving on eager
  wing, to enrich themselves with the ruins of their neighbours. These
  busied themselves as eagerly and cheerily as so many wreckers on an
  Indiaman that has been driven on shore--plunging into the cells of the
  broken honey-combs, banqueting greedily on the spoil, and then winging
  their way full-freighted to their homes. As to the poor proprietors
  of the ruin, they seemed to have no heart to do anything, not even to
  taste the nectar that flowed around them, but crawled backwards and
  forwards, in vacant desolation, as I have seen a poor fellow, with his
  hands in his pockets, whistling vacantly and despondingly about the
  ruins of his house that had been burned. It is difficult to describe
  the bewilderment and confusion of the bees of the bankrupt hive who
  had been absent at the time of the catastrophe, and who arrived, from
  time to time, with full cargoes from abroad. At first they wheeled
  about in the air, in the place where the fallen tree had once reared
  its head, astonished at finding all a vacuum. At length, as if
  comprehending their disaster, they settled down in clusters on a dry
  branch of a neighbouring tree, from whence they seemed to contemplate
  the prostrate ruin, and to buzz forth doleful lamentations over the
  downfall of their republic. It was a scene on which the 'melancholy
  Jaques' might have moralised by the hour."--Tour in Prairies, ch. ix.


BEE TEMPERS.

  "Bees, however, as we have already observed, are not usually
  ill-tempered; and, if not molested, are generally inoffensive. Thorley
  relates, that a maid-servant who assisted him in hiving a swarm,
  being rather afraid, put a linen cloth as a defence over her head
  and shoulders. When the bees were shaken from the tree on which they
  had alighted, the queen probably settled upon this cloth, for the
  whole swarm covered it, and then getting under it, spread themselves
  over her face, neck, and bosom, so that when the cloth was removed,
  she was quite a spectacle. She was with great difficulty kept from
  running off with all the bees upon her. But at length her master
  quieted her fears, and began to search for the queen. He succeeded,
  and expected that when he put her into the hive the bees would follow.
  He was, however, in the first instance disappointed, for they did not
  stir. Upon examining the cluster again, he found a second queen, or
  probably the former one, which had flown back to the swarm. Having
  seized her, he placed her in the hive, and kept her there. The bees
  soon missed her, and crowded into the hive after her, so that, in two
  or three minutes, not one remained on the poor frightened girl. After
  this escape she became quite a heroine, and would undertake the most
  hazardous employment about the hives."--_Lardner_.


BEES IN THEIR CLERICAL CHARACTER.

  "But connected with this, another important purpose of nature is
  fulfilled, which must not here pass without special notice. The
  principle, so fruitful in important social consequences among animals,
  that the offspring owes its parentage jointly to two individuals of
  different sexes, or, in other words, must always have a father and a
  mother, equally prevails in the vegetable kingdom. There also are the
  gentlemen and ladies, there also are the loves which unite them, loves
  which, as well as those of superior orders of beings, have supplied a
  theme for poets. Now, among the many other interesting offices with
  which the Author of nature has invested the little creatures which
  form the subject of this notice, not the least singular is that of
  being the priests who celebrate the nuptials of the flowers. It is the
  bee literally which joins the hands and consecrates the union of the
  fair virgin lily and the blushing maiden rose with their respective
  bridegrooms. The grains of pollen which we have been describing are
  these bride and bridegrooms, and are transported on the bee from the
  male to the female flower; the happy individuals thus united in the
  bands of wedlock being the particular grains which the bee lets fall
  from its body on the flower of the opposite sex, as it passes through
  its blossom.

  "And here we find another circumstance to excite our admiration of
  the wise laws of that Providence, which cares for the well-being of
  a little flower as much as for that of a great lord of the creation.
  If the bee wandered indifferently from flower to flower without
  selection, the gentlemen of one species would be mated with the ladies
  of another, hybrid breeds would ensue, and the confusion of species
  would be the consequence. But the bee, as knowing this, flies from
  rose to rose, or from lily to lily, but never from the lily to the
  rose, or from the rose to the lily."--_Lardner_.


GENERAL.

A popular acquaintance with the habits of bees is very important. Such
an accident as the following, related in the Scotsman newspaper, could
scarcely have occurred if the victim had learned a little on this
subject:--

  "On Thursday, while Dr. Bonthron, of West Linton, Peebleshire, was
  being driven along the road leading from Garvald to the railway
  station at Dolphinton, he was attacked by a swarm of bees, apparently
  newly 'cast-off,' and so severely stung on the face and head as to
  be unable to attend to his duties for the present. His face and head
  became dreadfully swollen and disfigured an hour or two after the
  occurrence, the eyes being firmly closed, and the face and throat
  greatly swollen and discoloured, while a considerable amount of fever
  has set in from the effects of the poison--in fact, but for the
  precautions taken, it is probable that the case would have proved
  fatal. The driver of the vehicle was also severely stung on several
  parts of the head and neck, and only escaped further mischief by a
  timely use of whip and rein. The queen-bee of the caste must have
  flown directly on Dr. Bonthron's head, from the instantaneousness
  with which he was perfectly covered by the bees: and it is supposed
  that the motion of the vehicle must have irritated the insects to
  use their stings. Upwards of thirty bee-stings were taken out of Dr.
  Bonthron's face, neck, and head."

Had Dr. Bonthron remained perfectly still, the bees would not have been
irritated, and they would have discovered there was no room for a swarm of
bees in his hat; and if the driver could have distinguished the queen-bee,
and quietly removed and laid her on the hedge-side, no catastrophe would
have occurred. Bees are perfectly harmless in swarming. But of course any
attempt to drive them off from their queen by violence never can be made
with impunity.

But in the swarming season it is most expedient that nobody but their
bee-master should take any share in hiving a swarm; for so nervous are
most people at the presence of ten thousand stings, that they will
indiscreetly and ignorantly irritate such members of the young family as
may accidentally alight on them.

A far more delightful incident is recorded by Thorley:--

  "In or about the year 1717, one of my swarms settling among the
  close-twisted branches of some codling-trees, and not to be got into
  an hive without more help, my maid-servant, hired into the family
  the Michaelmas before, very officiously offered her assistance, so
  far as to hold the hive while I dislodged the bees, she being little
  apprehensive of what followed.

  "Having never been acquainted with bees, and likewise afraid, she put
  a linen cloth over her head and shoulders, concluding that would be a
  sufficient guard, and secure her from their swords. A few of the bees
  fell into the hive; some upon the ground; but the main body of them
  upon the cloth which covered her upper garments.

  "No sooner had I taken the hive out of her hands, but, in a terrible
  fright and surprise, she cried out the bees were got under the
  covering, crowding up towards her breast and face, which immediately
  put her into a trembling posture. When I perceived the veil was of
  no further service, she at last gave me leave to remove it. This
  done, a most affecting spectacle presented itself to the view of all
  the company, filling me with the deepest distress and concern, as I
  thought myself the unhappy instrument of drawing her into so great
  and imminent hazard of her life, which now so manifestly lay at stake.

  "It is not in my power to tell the confusion and distress of mind I
  was in, from the awful apprehensions it raised; and her dread and
  terror in such circumstances may reasonably be supposed to be much
  more. Every moment she was at the point of retiring with all the bees
  about her. Vain thought! to escape by flight. She might have left the
  place, indeed, but could not the company, and the remedy would have
  been much worse than the disease. Had she enraged them, all resistance
  had been vain, and nothing less than her life would have atoned for
  the offence. And now to have had that life (in so much jeopardy)
  insured, what would I not have given!

  "To prevent, therefore, a flight which must have been attended with so
  fatal a consequence, I spared not to urge all the arguments I could
  think of, and use the most affectionate entreaties, begging her, with
  all the earnestness in my power, to stand her ground, and keep her
  present posture; in order to which, I gave encouragement to hope, in a
  little space, for a full discharge from her disagreeable companions;
  on the other hand, assuring her she had no other chance for her life.
  I was, through necessity, constantly reasoning with her, or else
  beseeching and encouraging her.

  "I began to search among them for the queen, now got in a great body
  upon her breast, about her neck, and up to her chin. I presently saw
  her, and immediately seized her, taking her from the crowd, with some
  of the commons in company with her, and put them together into the
  hive. Here I watched her for some time, and as I did not observe that
  she came out, I conceived an expectation of seeing the whole body
  quickly abandon their settlement; but instead of that, I soon observed
  them, to my greater sorrow and surprise, gathering closer together
  without the least signal for departing. Upon this I immediately
  reflected, that either there must be another sovereign, or that the
  same was returned. I directly commenced a second search, and in a
  short time, with a most agreeable surprise, found a second or the
  same; she strove, by entering further into the crowd, to escape me,
  which I was fully determined against; and apprehending her without
  any further ceremony, or the least apology, I reconducted her, with a
  great number of the populace, into the hive. And now the melancholy
  scene began to change, and give way to one infinitely more agreeable
  and pleasant.

  "The bees, presently missing their queen, began to dislodge and repair
  to the hive, crowding into it in multitudes, and in the greatest hurry
  imaginable. And in the space of two or three minutes the maid had not
  a single bee about her, neither had she so much as one sting, a small
  number of which would have quickly stopped her breath.

  "How inexpressible the pleasure which succeeded her past fear! What
  joy appeared in every countenance upon so signal a deliverance! and
  what mutual congratulations were heard! I never call to mind the
  wonderful escape without a secret and very sensible pleasure. I hope
  never to see such another sight, though I triumph in this most noble
  and glorious victory."

[Illustration]




[Illustration]




                       LETTERS FROM CORRESPONDENTS,

                               ADDRESSED TO

                         "THE TIMES" BEE-MASTER.

                               ----<>----


I have selected a few of the countless letters addressed to me by those
who read my letters in _The Times_, and I have appended such replies
as seemed to me expedient. I have not printed several anonymous and
very acrimonious letters. One writer of two anonymous letters says, his
connection with the press is very great, and that in the _Saturday Review_
and other periodicals he will write "scorching critiques;" that he will
warn the publishers that they will earn a loss; and that he will influence
_The Times_ to receive no more communications. One letter has the
post-mark "Ampthill;" but I suppose its real date ought to be Colney Hatch
or Hanwell.

I cannot otherwise explain the extraordinary language.

But I am able to add, that the letters of the Bee-master in _The Times_
have done good service; and I hope this little work will survive these
threats of one or two irritable hornets.

I once thought quarrels and angry controversies were confined to
ecclesiastical denominations--churches and chapels. But I have learned
what I did not expect, that not a few apiarians so devoutly believe each
his own patent hive to be the only way to a honey harvest, that if you do
not notice it, you are denounced as ignorant of the progress of science,
and if you disapprove of it, you must know nothing about bees.

I hope they will all improve in temper as they advance in experience, and
agree to differ while they cease to quarrel. I have made up my mind on two
or three subjects, from thought and reading, and personal observation;
and though open to argument, evidence, and facts, I am not in the least to
be moved by intemperate criticism or ill-natured ridicule.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                             _August 1st._

  The "Bee-master" is respectfully requested to publish his letters to
  _The Times_ in a pamphlet by themselves.

  It is suggested that the paragraph about "Brother Ignatius" be omitted.

  The "Bee-master" must have forgotten to have taken his usual allowance
  of honey at breakfast when he penned those harsh words.

  Did he know "Brother Ignatius," he would soon discover he was

                                                      No Drone.

That he is no honey-bee is plain. If not a drone he must be a spider or
earwig, creeping by stealth into the old Romish Benedictine hive, to which
he does not really belong.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                            _Stoke-upon-Trent, July 29th._

  Dear Sir,--I have long been hoping against hope, and trying to
  persuade my friends to interest themselves in that courageous little
  insect, the _apis mellifica_; but the drawbacks appear to me to be
  rather disheartening. In the first place, the ladies dread the stings
  of my little friends; and in the next place, they lose the pleasure
  of investigation into the habits of the bees by not being enabled to
  procure hives that will enable one to observe the operations of the
  industrious little creatures. Your letter, however, in yesterday's
  _Times_ enlightens us somewhat as to where the best-constructed
  hives may be obtained; and I am sure you have my hearty thanks for
  the information you have so kindly spread abroad through the medium
  of _The Times_. The common straw hive may not be very conveniently
  "tolled" without being in mortal fear of an accident; and to destroy
  the bees seems very cruel and wasteful, in order to take the honey
  from them. For my part, I have never yet had the courage to attempt to
  interfere with a straw hive, nor have I ever yet destroyed one, but
  kept them for my amusement and observation. Last year I constructed a
  wooden hive--say a square box, divided in the middle by a slide--and
  I introduced a young swarm into it, and they soon filled the bottom
  half of the box. This year they have had one swarm only, which I have
  put into a newly-constructed hive with a moveable bottom and front,
  with glass to look through and doors to protect the glass: the size
  is 12 by 14 and 16 inches, and they have very nearly filled it since
  they were swarmed, on the 6th June. It contains ten large parallel
  combs or plates, which are beautifully full of virgin honey, carefully
  covered with fine films of wax, to prevent it from either running out
  or becoming damaged, I presume, from the atmosphere. I have a small
  box _to fit underneath_ the full one; but I cannot induce the bees
  to come down by easy means--that is, by shaking the box or drumming
  upon it: the vibrations only cause them to run about, but they will
  not descend. Pray what means would you adopt to cause them to leave
  the spaces between the combs, and go into the lower box, to enable me
  to take a portion of the combs and their contents without destroying
  or injuring the queen or the other bees? With regard to the box-hive
  first named, and which is divided in the middle by a wooden slide,
  which has a hole cut into its centre about 6 by 4 inches, and which
  was covered by a zinc slide, which I removed in June, after the swarm
  came from the box. In a few days after I could only observe about a
  dozen which had passed into the top part of the hive. I then tried to
  frighten them by shaking the box, in order to induce them to leave
  the combs in the bottom half, and pass through the hole into the top,
  but without success. I afterwards reversed the box, thinking that I
  might induce them to descend, and so shut them out; but they would not
  budge an inch. I afterwards placed the box in its proper position,
  and closed the entrance-holes for two days, thinking by that means
  to cause them to ascend in order to find a way out, but without any
  result, save the destruction of _eight hundred_ drones in those two
  days, from the anger of the little workers; for, as they could not go
  abroad to collect food, the drones cleared every comb that contained
  any honey, and now I can see them all as empty as when just made; so
  you see I am really nonplussed. Pray what would you do? for if I smoke
  them, they will come down, not go up; and I am afraid that brimstone
  or tobacco would destroy them.

                          Yours very faithfully,

                                         T. H.

This family of my correspondent has been, I fear, very ill-used. Bees have
a will of their own, and a way too. You may lead and draw, but you cannot,
and should not, drive.

Had Mr. H. given them more barley-sugar, or ale and sugar, and practised
less manipulation, I think they would have behaved as well as he could
wish.

                                                    _Stamford, July 29th._

  Sir,--I feel compelled to ask you to answer one or two queries of
  mine, for without answers I shall be unable to follow out your
  admirable instructions in the letter of yesterday's Times. I can only
  say, that if you will take the trouble to give me a line I shall feel
  greatly obliged.

                       I am, Sir, yours faithfully,

                                       J. B. S.


                    Queries.

  1.--Which is the best plan of hiving bees?

  2.--How are the bees to be persuaded to descend from the _upper_
        hives, so as to allow of the honey being extracted?

  3.--Should the sheds face any particular aspect?

  4.--Is it necessary to stop up the entrance-hole to the hive in
        winter, when covering them up with paper?

  5.--Are the hives (Ayrshire hexagonal) _bottomless?_ I judge so, as
        they are put one on the top of the other, and the bees rise
        through the slits?

I fear I must own myself totally ignorant about bee-keeping, so I trust
you will excuse these queries.

                                       J. B. S.

The writer will find 1, 2, 3, answered in the body of the work. In reply
to 4, No. In reply to 5, Yes.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                  _Cheltenham, July 30th._

  Sir,--I have been much interested with your letters in _The Times_
  about bees; and having just commenced keeping them, am anxious for
  further information. Your kindness in writing so fully induces me to
  trouble you.

  I purchased a swarm on June 17th, and have them in a common straw
  hive. I am told by the cottager from whom I bought them (who, by the
  way, takes his honey by stupifying the bees with a fungus), that as
  mine is a late swarm (though a first), I ought not to take any honey
  from them this season; but noticing in your letter of 27th your mode
  of obtaining honey from a straw hive by cutting a hole in the top and
  placing a bell-glass on a board over, I shall be much obliged if you
  will inform me if you think I might now adopt this mode, or is it too
  late in the season, and ought they to be left undisturbed till next
  season?

  Will you kindly tell where the Scotch hexagonal hive is to be
  procured? I like your account of it so much, that I shall certainly
  try it as soon as I can. Will you excuse this trouble?

                     I remain, Sir, yours obediently,

                                         C. H. H.

  To the Gentleman who writes in _The Times_ under the signature of "A
  Bee-master."

If a good swarm take place in May, and in a good year, you may hopefully
put on a super. For Ayrshire hives, see p. 213.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                              _July 30th._


  Sir,--We have read your letters in _The Times_ with the greatest
  interest, partly because we have been for some years bee-keepers on
  the more sensible plan of saving the little creatures' lives, and
  partly because we are anxious to induce our neighbours (poor cottage
  folks) to follow our example, and give up the disgusting smothering
  process. We have taken off a glass of honey weighing full twenty
  pounds, and have another equally well filled to remove; but should be
  very grateful for your advice as to the means of getting rid of the
  bees from the super when it is withdrawn, a part of the process not
  described in your letters, and one which we cannot manage without much
  trouble, and the murder of many insects. We use, for stock, common
  straw hives, with flat tops, and a hole in the centre, which we cover
  with a piece of zinc or slate, easily removed when we wish to put on
  the super. But the bees always continue the comb up through this hole
  into the glass; then, when the latter is removed, there is always
  broken comb and running honey, to which the bees cling, and to which
  they return again and again, and we find the greatest difficulty in
  dislodging them.

  You likewise recommend covering the stock-hives in winter with paper,
  for warmth. Will you kindly tell us whether you consider it best to
  close the entrance also?

  My only apology for thus intruding on you must rest on our ignorance,
  and on your benevolent and enlightened zeal for the good of the poor,
  and for the lives of the much ill-treated insects.

                       I am, Sir, yours obediently,

                                          H. C.

  I enclose a stamped envelope, in case you prefer writing to me rather
  than again to _The Times_.

Press a zinc plate between hive and super, and on removal substitute a
very small empty bell bee-glass, and cover it with woollen cap. On no
account close the entrance to the hive.

                                                             _August 1st._

  My dear Sir,--I have read with much interest your letters in _The
  Times_ respecting our little friends the bees, and as one of your
  many readers, I beg to thank you for your valuable hints. Will you,
  however, complete the matter by giving us one hint more, and that is,
  as to how you manage with the bees which may remain in the compartment
  which you remove? I have used the lateral wooden hive, but have always
  found a difficulty in getting rid of the bees which remained in the
  box which I have taken away. One year I took a lateral box full of
  honey, but lost it in consequence of the bees having taken it all away
  again. I, by the advice of a neighbouring bee-master, had it placed in
  a cool part of the garden. If you will kindly tell us how you manage
  in this respect, you will greatly oblige.

                            Yours, faithfully,

                                         W. B. J.

Carry your super, or side-box, if yours is the collateral system, to a
little distance from the hive. Raise one side of your box, and they will
gradually escape and go home. If it be August, when wasps and corsair-bees
are abroad, remove it about 7 P.M. Few, if any, thieves will arrive, and
your bees will equally go home.

Or if you take it into a room or closet with a window on hinges, they will
fly to the light and cover the window. Open the window smartly, and all on
it will fly away. Shut it again till covered with bees, and repeat opening
it. No thieves can thus get in, and your bees will all get out, if you
have patience.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                _Stokenchurch, August 1st_

  Sir,--I hope you will pardon the liberty I take in addressing you; but
  having read your letter in _The Times_, entitled "Bees and Bee-hives,"
  and wishing to gain information on those subjects, I venture under the
  circumstances to write to you.

  There have been for many years a quantity of bees under some leads
  that cover a bow added to this house. About eighteen years ago the
  leads were removed, the honey taken, the bees destroyed, and all the
  entrances (as was supposed) stopped up. Notwithstanding this, fresh
  swarms arrived in the course of the following year, forced their
  entrance, and again took possession of the leads. Since then they have
  not been disturbed, but now my father expresses a wish to take the
  honey and get rid of the bees, as we suffer some inconvenience in the
  spring, on account of the bees entering the bed-room.

  As I think it a pity that all the bees should be destroyed, and also
  have a great wish to keep them in common hives, I should feel much
  obliged could you give me any information as to when and how to take
  the honey without destroying the bees, and to place the latter in
  common straw hives. I regret much that I did not see your letter in
  _The Times_ on the "Honey Harvest," nor do I know the day it appeared,
  therefore I cannot refer to it. Apologising for troubling you,

                       I remain, yours faithfully,

                                          A. P.

I do not think it possible to remove the bees. The only alternative is
to lessen, if possible, the area and contents of their residence, and
thus force them to swarm. If you can lay open their residence, you might
stupify the bees with fungus smoke, and abstract a portion of their honey.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                       _Bath, August 1st._

  A lady having read in _The Times_ a Bee-master's letter of the 27th
  July, on "Hives," would feel greatly obliged if he would inform
  her where the Ayrshire hexagonal hive is to be had, its price, and
  likewise the cost of setting up the establishment with one hive
  to commence with; where to obtain the best bees, and how many are
  necessary; and the time to commence keeping them. Would a book on
  Bees be of much use to a beginner! An answer will be esteemed a great
  favour, if not entailing too much trouble on the "Bee-master."

For Ayrshire hive, write to "Mr. Bruce Taylor, Post-office, Mauchlin,
Ayrshire, N.B."

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                   _Brighton, August 3rd._

  Sir,--I have just been reading your excellent and interesting letter
  in _The Times_ of this morning, and am induced to write you a second
  letter, having despatched one to you last week, soliciting you to be
  kind enough to reply to my queries and inquiries therein contained,
  and not having received any reply thereto. I can readily imagine you
  could not answer all your correspondents, and that your letters in
  _The Times_ would contain the information that most of them sought.
  Although I have perused them with the greatest pleasure, I do not
  find they tell me whether you would be kind enough to sell me any of
  the _virgin_ honey which your bees have made this year, which was the
  principal point I wished to have solved in my former communication. I
  am quite sure you are a gentleman of position, and from your language
  I am inclined to believe are a member of the clerical profession; and
  as I am unwilling to trespass unreasonably on your valuable time, I
  do earnestly beg, if you are unable or unwilling to sell me any of
  your _virgin honey of 1864_, you would be so truly obliging as to
  furnish me with the name and address of some respectable party in your
  locality or neighbourhood, on whom I could depend to purchase what
  I might require. I never eat "rancid London," or indeed any "butter
  for breakfast," or any other meal, and am not fond of "nasty greasy
  bacon;" but as I cannot find any substitute of which I approve but
  pure "virgin honey," and know not where I can procure and purchase the
  latter from the "grower," I am constantly obliged to eat my dry toast
  and bread without any agreeable addition thereto. I am exceedingly
  desirous to cultivate a good temper and "sweet disposition;" and
  if you would kindly aid me in this by supplying my "honeyed
  requirements," or inform me where I can purchase what I wish for, I
  shall be most grateful for your reply, if it contain only the name and
  address of some respectable person to whom I can make application for
  the "pure, unadulterated, virgin honey of 1864," and for which purpose
  I enclose you a stamped envelope.

  Hoping you will oblige me, and apologising for trespassing on your
  valuable time,

                     I remain, yours most obediently,

                                         E. L. B.

Pure honey, taken by deprivation, and in the most charming white wax
cells, may be had of Neighbour, in Holborn, London.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                  _Sundridge, August 3rd._

  _To "The Times" Bee-Master._

  Sir,--In reference to your interesting letter on "Bees and Bee-hives,"
  in _The Times_ of last Thursday, I take leave to explain to you how I
  prevent tom-tits and other birds from molesting my industrious little
  friends, if so they should feel inclined.

  I affix before the door of the hive a piece of wire-work, resembling
  the half of a round mouse-trap, and by this very simple means a bee is
  permitted to return to its house, or take wing as it pleases, without
  "let, stop, or stay," from your "wicked hypocrite" and his companions.

  This precaution being taken, I endeavour to encourage all mischievous
  birds to abide with me, feeding the several tom-tits, to each of
  whom our gardens are so largely indebted, throughout the winter with
  walnuts, and even providing them with sleeping-places.

                      I have the honour to be, Sir,

                             Your very humble servant,

                                         G. S. S.

This is a very sensible letter, and well worth the attention of every
bee-master.

       *       *       *       *       *

From the Hon. and Rev. Orlando Forrester.

                                        _Dover ridge, Derby, August 26th._

  Sir,--Last autumn I saved from a cruel and unnecessary death a very
  old stock of bees belonging to a neighbour, the parent one of all his
  colony, full of black comb; I gave him seven or eight shillings for
  it. I fed it, and it just lived through the winter. I gave it a box on
  the lateral plan, which it filled with a quarter of a hundredweight of
  honey,--so rewarding my interference.

  At the time I took my box from this stock, a neighbour destroyed two
  of his hives, bees, &c., for the honey (I think he will not do so
  ungrateful a thing another year). Happening to go into his garden the
  morning after, he told me he had found the queen that morning dead. On
  showing her to me, we found she was alive, but of course none the more
  lively for the sulphuring of the previous night.

  I begged her, took her home, and put her under a finger-glass with
  a little honey. I then got down from my store-closet my box of
  honey-comb untouched, cut away a good bit of honey, leaving sixteen
  or seventeen pounds. I carried it back to its old spot, opened the
  communication, and soon had a good number of the little manufacturers
  in their old quarters. Towards night I closed the communication again,
  stopped them in, and carried the old hive away about fifty yards. This
  done, I opened the ventilator at the top of the box, and inserted
  the strange queen, and put the inverted finger-glass over to see
  the effect. They seemed in a moment to be in a strange commotion,
  apparently receiving her majesty with hurrahs, as the popular
  candidate at an election is received.

  The next morning they seemed quite satisfied, and I noticed pollen
  taken in, and a struggle once or twice with a drone which had
  remained--there may have been seven or eight of these gentlemen in
  my experimental colony. Of course, the carrying in pollen was soon
  discontinued, as there was no brood to feed; the material, weighing
  sixteen pounds, being all honey and wax. I also saw them active in
  defence of their homes against the wasps; and although some wasps
  contrived to enter, I have seen the bees bring out their corpses now
  and then since, showing that they appear right.

  To-day, the sun shining very bright and the temperature being warm, I
  am flabbergasted by seeing crowds of drones going in and out, and no
  slaughtering of these now unnecessary mouths. I say, can all be right?
  Is the queen still alive? My little friends fight the wasps, and go in
  and out; but what meaneth this crowd of drones?

  Will you excuse my putting my case to you? for I am a lover of bees,
  but not very learned in the matter.

  I should like to make my one cast-off stock two for next year by this
  artificial means, besides getting my honey; and so be in a good
  position to preach to the bee-killers the folly as well as cruelty of
  bee-murder.

  I enclose a stamped envelope, and remain, Sir,

                            Yours faithfully,

                                Orlando William Forrester.

This is a very interesting letter. Is it possible that the drones arriving
from other hives, and entering when the queen was alone, were really
suitors for her majesty's choice?

I do not like artificial swarming. I prefer to follow the instinct of the
bees, not to create new relations: others think otherwise.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                  _Brighton, August 30th._

  Sir,--I trust you will excuse the liberty I have taken in addressing
  you on purely personal matters. Your kindly, genial letters in _The
  Times_ have induced me to do so. We wish greatly to increase a very
  small income, and you have so strongly advocated the care of "bees,"
  as both remunerative and agreeable, that we wish to try on rather a
  large scale. I should not have troubled you on this subject, as you
  have intimated your intention of publishing, but that I feared the
  season for procuring stock would be over before the book appeared.
  We wish to commence with not less than fifty hives; and, as many of
  the authorities we have consulted are very conflicting, I have taken
  the liberty of begging your aid in our dilemma. Might I trespass upon
  your kindness so far as to ask your opinion as to the best method of
  purchasing _bees_; also the best description of hives? With regard
  to their care during winter, and their general management, we shall
  doubtless be fully informed in your book.

  Again apologising for thus troubling you,

                       I am, Sir, yours obediently,

                                         A. A. M.

If you buy stock-hives this autumn, you must see to it that--

 1. They are not very old.

 2. That they weigh from twenty to thirty pounds.

 3. They must be transported by water, or carried one at each end
      of a pole on a man's shoulder.

 4. Let them swarm next summer, and thus multiply your stock.

 5. If you wait till spring, buy swarms, which is the best way.

Fifty swarms, gathered from cottagers, would cost 25_l._

Begin with fewer, and increase gradually.

                                                 _Faringdon, August 11th._

  Sir,--I have bees in the common cottage hive, the honey of which I
  wish to take without destroying the bees. I am told I can fumigate
  them with puff-ball. I tried doing so, but killed my bees. I was
  afterwards told I could fumigate them with chloroform; this I also
  tried, but--whether the chloroform was good or bad I cannot say--I
  failed again.

  Three or four years since I heard that a person offered a friend to
  take his honey for him, if he would give him the bees. The offer being
  accepted, the person fumigated the bees, took the honey from them for
  his friend, and carried the bees to his own home, where, in the end of
  October following, after giving them six pounds of moist sugar in ale,
  they contrived to fill the hive with comb and honey, and the whole
  weighed nearly twenty-five pounds.

  Some people think it a good plan to drum the bees; but I should fear
  to rely on it. And if you did not object kindly to advise me, as you
  have had so much experience, what plan you consider best to deprive
  them without destroying them, I should esteem it a very great favour;
  and hoping you will not consider me very impertinent in seeking your
  advice,

                          I remain yours truly,

                                          J. H.

You must have depriving hives. You must take from the bees their surplus
honey, only leaving them twenty or twenty-five pounds of honey for the
winter. To take the honey out of a common skep, you must either burn the
bees or leave them to perish of hunger--alternatives too barbarous to be
thought of.

       *       *       *       *       *

                                                              _Gravesend._

  Sir,--Having read with interest your letters in _The Times_ about
  bees, I thought you might like to see the following extract, which I
  met with the other day. I always think that the cottagers waste much
  honey, and my husband and I have frequently thought that it might be
  made quite a productive source of income to them; but I fear that in
  these parts the plan of supers, nadirs, &c., would be above their
  comprehension. If you think that clay hives are suitable to this
  climate, you might give a hint in _The Times_.

                            Obediently yours,

                                          F. Q.

  "The production of honey is one of the chief sources of wealth to this
  place, and the bee-hives deserve a passing notice. Each household
  possesses some sixteen or twenty hives, arranged with marvellous
  economy of space. The hive consists of a tube, of the diameter of a
  large gas-pipe, about four feet long, made of sun-dried clay, and
  laid longitudinally on the ground, four or five abreast. On these
  are piled, according to the wealth of the owner, a cone of twelve or
  fifteen more, forming a pyramid, and the whole plastered over with
  mud. The apertures at each end of the tubes are likewise closed with
  mud, leaving a small opening for the bees, exactly in the centre. A
  bush is stuck into the ground at each end, to shade the hives and to
  assist the bees in alighting. The produce of these spacious hives
  must be enormous; and the bees are never killed, the hives being
  simply robbed twice a year by the removal of the plaster at each end,
  when the honey is drawn out by an iron hook. All portions of comb
  containing young bees are carefully replaced; and on these hills, with
  their short winter and abundance of aromatic herbs, nothing more is
  required. Of course we invested in Palestine honey, which has all the
  aromatic flavour of that of Hymettus or Hybla."--_Extracted from "A
  Winter Ride in Palestine, by the Rev. H. B. Tristram," contained in
  "Vacation Tourists; or, Notes on Travel in 1862-1863_."

                              [Illustration]


       LONDON; PRINTED BY EDMUND EVANS, RAQUET COURT, FLEET STREET.


       *       *       *       *       *


                            =A List of Books=

                              PUBLISHING BY

                     _SAMPSON LOW, SON, and MARSTON._

                  _MILTON HOUSE, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON._

                              [Illustration]

  [Asterism] _When the price is not given, the work was not ready at the
    time of issuing this list._

                                                             [May 1, 1866.


=NEW ILLUSTRATED WORKS.=

  THE GREAT SCHOOLS OF ENGLAND. A History of the Foundation, Endowments,
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=LITERATURE, WORKS OF REFERENCE, AND EDUCATION.=

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  Index to the Subjects of Books published in the United Kingdom during
      the last Twenty Years--1837-1857. Containing as many as 74,000
      references, under subjects, so as to ensure immediate reference
      to the books on the subject required, each giving title, price,
      publisher, and date. Two valuable Appendices are also given--A,
      containing full lists of all Libraries, Collections, Series,
      and Miscellanies--and B, a List of Literary Societies, Printing
      Societies, and their Issues. One vol. royal 8vo. Morocco, 1_l._
      6_s._

  The American Catalogue, or English Guide to American Literature;
      giving the full title of original Works published in the United
      States of America since the year 1800, with especial reference
      to the works of interest to Great Britain, with the size, price,
      place, date of publication, and London prices. With comprehensive
      Index. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ Also Supplement, 1837-60. 8vo. 6_d._

  Dr. Worcester's New and Greatly Enlarged Dictionary of the English
      Language. Adapted for Library or College Reference, comprising
      40.000 Words more than Johnson's Dictionary, and 250 pages more
      than the Quarto Edition of Webster's Dictionary. In one Volume,
      royal 4to. cloth, 1,334 pp. price 31_s._ 6_d._ The Cheapest Book
      ever published.

      "The volumes before us show a vast amount of diligence; but with
        Webster it is diligence in combination with fancifulness,--with
        Worcester in combination with good sense and judgment.
        Worcester's is the soberer and safer book, and may be pronounced
        the best existing English Lexicon."--_Athenæum_, July 13, 1861.

  The Publishers' Circular, and General Record of British and Foreign
      Literature: giving a transcript of the title-page of every work
      published in Great Britain, and every work of interest published
      abroad, with lists of all the publishing houses.

      Published regularly on the 1st and 10th of every Month, and
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  The Ladies' Reader: with some Plain and Simple Rules and Instructions
      for a good style of Reading aloud, and a variety of Selections
      for Exercise. By George Vandenhoff, M.A., Author of "The Art of
      Elocution." Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 5_s._

  The Clerical Assistant: an Elocutionary Guide to the Reading of the
      Scriptures and the Liturgy, several passages being marked for
      Pitch and Emphasis: with some Observations on Clerical Bronchitus.
      By George Vandenhoff. M.A. Fcap. 8vo. Cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

  The Art of Elocution as an essential part of Rhetoric, with
      instructions in Gesture, and an Appendix of Oratorical. Poetical
      and Dramatic extracts. By George Vandenhoff, M A. Third Edition.
      5_s._

  Latin-English Lexicon, by Dr. Andrews. 7th Edition. 8vo. 18_s._

      The superiority of this justly-famed Lexicon is retained over
        all others by the fulness of its quotations, the including in
        the vocabulary proper names, the distinguishing whether the
        derivative is classical or otherwise, the exactness of the
        references to the original authors, and in the price.

      "_Every page bears the impress of industry and care._"--Athenæum.

      "_The best Latin Dictionary, whether for the scholar or advanced
        student._"--Spectator.

      "_We never saw such a book published at such a price._"--Examiner.

  The Farm and Fruit of Old. From Virgil. By a Market Gardener. 1_s._

  Usque ad Cœlum; or, the Dwellings of the People. By Thomas Hare,
      Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Fcap. 1_s._

  A Few Hints on proving Wills, &c., without professional assistance.
      By a Probate-Court Official. Fcap. cloth, 6_d._

  Domestic Servants, their Duties and Rights. By a Barrister. 1_s._

  Signals of Distress, in Refuges and Houses of Charity; in Industrial
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      the Homes of the Little Sisters of the Poor, &c. &c.; among the
      Fallen, the Vicious, and the Criminal; where Missionaries travel,
      and where Good Samaritans clothe the naked. By Blanchard Jerrold,
      Author of "The Life of Douglas Jerrold," &c. Crown 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

  The Children of Lutetia; or, Life amongst the Poor of Paris. By
      Blanchard Jerrold. 2 vols, post 8vo. cloth. 16_s._

  The Charities of London: an Account of the Origin, Operations, and
      general Condition of the Charitable, Educational, and Religious
      Institutions of London. With copious Index. Also an Alphabetical
      Appendix corrected to May 1663. Fcap. cloth, 5_s._

      [Asterism] The latter also as a separate publication, forms "Low's
        Shilling Guide to the Charities of London."

  Prince Alhert's Golden Precepts. Second Edition, with Photograph. A
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      time collected and carefully arranged. With an Index. Royal 16mo.
      beautifully printed on toned paper, cloth, gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._

  Our Little Ones in Heaven: Thoughts in Prose and Verse, selected from
      the Writings of favourite Authors; with Frontispiece after Sir
      Joshua Reynolds. Fcap, 8vo. cloth extra, 3_s._ 6_d._


=NEW BOOKS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.=

  THE GREAT FUN TOY BOOKS: a Series of Eight New One Shilling Story
      Books for Young People. By Thomas Hood and Thomas Archer. Each
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      Bennett.

        The Cherry-coloured Cat and her Three Friends.
        The Live Rocking-Horse.
        Master Mischief and Miss Meddle.
        Cousin Nellie's Stories after School.
        Harry High-Stepper.
        Grandmamma's Spectacles.
        How the House was Built.
        Dog Toby and Artistical Arthur.

  The Frog's Parish Clerk; and His Adventures in strange Lands. A Tale
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  Choice Editions of Children's Fairy Tales. Each illustrated with
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      Cinderella and the Glass Slipper. Puss in Boots. Beauty and the
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  Under the Waves; or the Hermit Crab in Society. By Annie E. Ridley.
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      "_This is one of the best books we know of to place in the
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      _Also beautifully Illustrated:--_

        Little Bird Red and Little Bird Blue. Coloured, 5_s._
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        Child's Book of the Sagacity of Animals. 5_s._; coloured,
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        Child's Picture Fable Book. 5_s._; or coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._
        Child's Treasury of Story Books. 5_s._; or coloured, 7_s._ 6_d._
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  The Boy's Own Book of Boats. By W. H. G. Kingston. Illustrations by E.
      Weedon, engraved by W. J. Linton. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 5_s._

      "_This well-written, well-thought book._"--Athenæum.

  How to Make Miniature Pumps and a Fire-Engine: a Book for Boys. With
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  The Cruise of the Frolic. By W. H. G. Kingston. Illustrated. Large
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      "_Who does not welcome Mr. W. H. G. Kingston? Here he is again
        with an admirable boys' book. If boys do not love this book,
        there is no truth in boyhood, and no use in reviewing; it is
        just the book for a present._"--Illustrated Times.

      _Also by the same Author, well illustrated._

        The Boy's Own Book of Boats. Illustrated by Weedon. 5_s._
        Ernest Bracebridge; or, the Boy's Book of Sports. 5_s._
        Jack Buntline: the Life of a Sailor Boy. 2_s._
        The Fire Ships.                                  [_Shortly._

  Vermont Vale; or, Home Pictures in Australia. By Maud Jeanne Franc.
      Small post 8vo, with a frontispiece, cloth extra, 5_s._

  Golden Hair; a Story for Young People. By Sir Lascelles Wraxall, Bart.
      With Eight full page Illustrations, 5_s._

      "_Full of incident and adventure, and sure to please boys home
        from school quite as much as his 'Black Panther' of last
        year._"--Reader.

      "_A thoroughly good boy's book; the story is full of incident and
        always moves on._"--Spectator.

      _Also, same price, full of Illustrations:--_

        Black Panther: a Boy's Adventures among the Red Skins.
        Life among the Indians. By George Catlin.
        The Voyage of the Constance. By Mary Gillies.
        Stanton Grange. By the Rev. C. J. Atkinson.
        Boyhood of Martin Luther. By Henry Mayhew.
        Stories of the Woods. From Cooper's Tales.
        The Story of Peter Parley's own Life.

  Noodle-doo. By the Author of "The Stories that Little Breeches told."
      With 16 large Engravings on Steel, Plain, 5_s._; coloured, 7_s._
      6_d._

      "_Among all the Christmas bookmen Mr. Charles Bennett ranks first,
        for he who best pleases children has the best right to priority
        in a notice of Christmas books, and to all his productions we
        venture to prefer 'Noodle-doo;' it will make the youngsters crow
        again with delight._"--Standard.

      _Also, now ready, same size and price, and full of Illustrations._

        Great Fun for our Little Friends. By Harriet Myrtle.
        More Fun for our Little Friends. By the same Author.
        The Book of Blockheads. By Charles Bennett.
        The Stories that Little Breeches told. By the same Author.
        Mr. Wind and Madame Rain. Illustrated by Charles Bennett.

  Paul Duncan's Little by Little; a Tale for Boys. Edited by Frank
      Freeman. With an Illustration by Charles Keene. Fcap. 8vo. cloth
      2_s._; gilt edges, 2_s._ 6_d._ Also, same price.

        Boy Missionary; a Tale for Young People. By Mrs. J. M. Parker.
        Difficulties Overcome. By Miss Brightwell.
        The Babes in the Basket: a Tale in the West Indian Insurrection.
        Jack Buntline; the Life of a Sailor Boy. By W. H. G. Kingston.

  The Swiss Family Robinson; or, the Adventures of a Father and Mother
      and Four Sons on a Desert Island. With Explanatory Notes and
      Illustrations. First and Second Series. New Edition, complete in
      one volume, 3_s._ 6_d._

  Geography for my Children. By Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Author of
      "Uncle Tom's Cabin," &c. Arranged and Edited by an English Lady,
      under the Direction of the Authoress. With upwards of Fifty
      Illustrations. Cloth extra, 4_s._ 6_d._

  Stories of the Woods; or, the Adventures of Leather-Stocking: A Book
      for Boys, compiled from Cooper's Series of "Leather-Stocking
      Tales." fcap. cloth. Illustrated, 5_s._

      "I have to own that I think the heroes of another writer, viz.
        'Leather-Stocking,' 'Uncas,' 'Hard Heart,' 'Tom Coffin,'
        are quite the equals of Sir Walter Scott's men;--perhaps
        'Leather-Stocking' is better than any one in Scott's lot."--W.
        M. Thackeray.

  Child's Play. Illustrated with Sixteen Coloured Drawings by K. V. B.,
      printed in fac-simile by W. Dickes' process, and ornamented with
      Initial Letters. New edition, with India paper tints, royal 8vo.
      cloth extra, bevelled cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._ The Original Edition of
      this work was published at One Guinea.

  Child's Delight. Forty-two Songs for the Little Ones, with forty-two
      Pictures. 1_s._; coloured, 2_s._ 6_d._

  Goody Platts, and her Two Cats. By Thomas Miller. Fcap. 8vo. cloth.
      1_s._

  Little Blue Hood: a Story for Little People. By Thomas Miller, with
      coloured frontispiece. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._

  Mark Willson's First Reader. By the Author of "The Picture Alphabet"
      and "The Picture Primer." With 120 Pictures. 1_s._

  The Picture Alphabet; or Child's First Letter Book. With new and
      original Designs. 6_d._

  The Picture Primer. 6_d._


=HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.=

  The Conspiracy of Count Fieschi: an Episode in Italian History. By M.
      De Celesia. Translated by David Hilton, Esq., Author of a "History
      of Brigandage." With Portrait. 8vo.                    [_Shortly._

  A Biography of Admiral Sir P. B. V. Broke, Bart, K.C.B. By the
      Rev John Brighton, Rector of Kentstown. Dedicated by express
      permission to His Royal Highness Prince Alfred. Toned medium 8vo,
      cloth extra, 20_s._

  A History of Brigandage in Italy; with Adventures of the more
      celebrated Brigands. By David Hilton, Esq. 2 vols, post 8vo.
      cloth, 16_s._

  A History of the Gipsies, with Specimens of the Gipsy Language. By
      Walter Simson. Post 8vo, 10_s._ 6_d._

  A History of West Point, the United States Military Academy and its
      Military Importance. By Capt. E. C. Boynton, A.M. With Plans and
      Illustrations. 8vo. 21_s._

  The Twelve Great Battles of England, from Hastings to Waterloo. With
      Plans, fcap. 8vo. cloth extra, 3_s._ 6_d._

  George Washington's Life, by Washington Irving. 5 vols. royal 8vo.
      12_s._ each Library Illustrated Edition. 5 vols. Imp. 8vo. 1_l._
      1_s._

  Plutarch's Lives. An entirely new Library Edition, carefully revised
      and corrected, with some Original Translations by the Editor.
      Edited by A. H. Clough, Esq. sometime Fellow of Oriel College,
      Oxford, and late Professor of English Language and Literature at
      University College. 5 vols. 8vo. cloth. 2_l._ 10_s._

  "_Mr. Clough's work is worthy of all praise, and we hope that it will
      tend to revive the study of Plutarch._"--Times.

  Life of John Adams, 2nd President of the United States, by C F. Adams.
      8vo. 14_s._ Life and Works complete, 10 vols. 14_s._ each.

  Life and Administration of Abraham Lincoln. Fcap. 8vo. stiff cover.
      1_s._; with map, speeches, &c. crown 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._


=TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.=

  A Walk from London to the Land's End. By Elihu Burritt, Author of "A
      Walk from London to John O'Groats:" with several Illustrations.
      Large post 8vo. Uniform with the first edition of "John O'Groats."
      12_s._

  A walk from London to John O'Groats. With Notes by the Way. By Elihu
      Burritt. Second and cheaper edition. With Photographic Portrait of
      the Author. Small post 8vo. 6_s._

  Social Life of the Chinese: with some account of their religions,
      governmental, educational, and Business customs and opinions. By
      the Rev. Justus Doolittle. With over 100 Illustrations, in two
      vols. Demy 8vo. cloth. 24_s._

  Travelling in Spain in the Present Day. By Henry Blackburn. With
      numerous illustrations. Square post 8vo. cloth extra, 16_s._

  A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, or Rivers and Lakes of
      Europe. By John Macgregor, M.A. Second edition. With a map, and
      numerous illustrations. Post 8vo. cloth, 5_s._

  Captain Hall's Life with the Esquimaux. New and cheaper Edition, with
      Coloured Engravings and upwards of 100 Woodcuts. With a Map. Price
      7_s._ 6_d._ cloth extra. Forming the cheapest and most popular
      Edition of a work on Arctic Life and Exploration ever published.

      "_This is a very remarkable book, and unless we very much
        misunderstand both him and his book, the author is one of those
        men of whom great nations do well to be proud._"--Spectator.

      "_If Capt. Hall should survive the perils of the journey on which
        he is now engaged, we are convinced he will bring home some
        news, be it good or bad, about the Franklin expedition. He can
        hardly be expected back before the autumn of 1866. But if he
        has gone he has left us his vastly entertaining volumes, which
        contain much valuable information, as we have said, concerning
        the Esquimaux tribes. These volumes are the best that we have
        ever met with, concerning the people and things to be found
        among the thick ribb'd ice.'_"--Standard.

      "_The pen of Wilkie Collins would fail to describe in more
        life-like terms of horror the episode of the cannibal crew
        escaped from a whaler who boarded the 'George Henry' on the
        outward passage of that ship. We are tempted to relate how
        an Innuit throws a summersault in the water in his kyack,
        boat and all, and to introduce our readers to our Author's
        dogs, including the famous Barbekerk; but we must pause, and
        refer to this most interesting work itself, which will repay
        perusal._"--Press.

  A Winter in Algeria, 1863-4. By Mrs. George Albert Rogers. With
      illustrations. 8vo. cloth, 12_s._

  Ten Days in a French Parsonage. By Rev. G. M. Musgrave. 2 vols, post
      8vo. 16_s._

  Turkey. By J. Lewis Farley, F.S.S., Author of "Two Years in Syria."
      With Illustrations in Chromo-lithography, and a Portrait of His
      Highness Fuad Pasha. 8vo. 12_s._

  Letters on England. By Louis Blanc. 2 vols, post 8vo. 16_s._

  House and Home in Belgium. By Blanchard Jerrold. Author of "At Home In
      Paris." Post 8vo.                                      [_Shortly._

  The Story of the Great March: a Diary of General Sherman's Campaign
      through Georgia and the Carolinas. By Brevet-Major G. W. Nichols,
      Aide-de-Camp to General Sherman. With a coloured Map and numerous
      illustrations. 12mo. cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._

  Cape Cod. By Henry D. Thoreau. 12mo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

  Arabian Days and Nights; or, Ray's from the East: a Narrative. By
      Marguerite A. Power. 1 vol. Post 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._

      "_Miss Power's book is thoroughly interesting and does much credit
        to her talent for observation and description._"--London Review.

  Wild Scenes in South America; or, Life in the Llanos of Venezuela. By
      Don Ramon Paez. Numerous Illustrations. Post 8vo. cl. 10_s._ 6_d._

  After Icebergs with a Painter; a Summer's Voyage to Labrador. By the
      Rev. Louis L. Noble. Post 8vo. with coloured plates, cloth, 10_s._
      6_d._

  The Prairie and Overland Traveller; a Companion for Emigrants,
      Traders, Travellers, Hunters, and Soldiers, traversing great
      Plains and Prairies. By Capt. R. B. Marcey. Illustrated. Fcap.
      8vo. cloth, 1_s._ 6_d._

  The States of Central America, by E. G. Squier. Cloth. 18_s._

  Home and Abroad (_Second Series_). A Sketch-book of Life, Men, and
      Travel, by Bayard Taylor. With Illustrations, post 8vo. cloth,
      8_s._ 6_d._

  Northern Travel. Summer and Winter Pictures of Sweden, Lapland, and
      Norway, by Bayard Taylor. 1 vol. post 8vo., cloth, 8_s._ 6_d._

  _Also by the same Author, each complete in 1 vol., with Illustrations._

        Central Africa; Egypt and the White Nile. 7_s._ 6_d._
        India, China, and Japan. 7_s._ 6_d._
        Palestine, Asia Minor, Sicily, and Spain. 7_s._ 6_d._
        Travels in Greece and Russia. With an Excursion to Crete.
          7_s._ 6_d._


=INDIA, AMERICA, AND THE COLONIES.=

  A History of the Discovery and Exploration of Australia; or an
      Account of the Progress of Geographical Discovery in that
      Continent, from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. By the
      Rev. Julian E. Tenison Woods, F.R.G.S., &c., &c. 2 vols, demy 8vo.
      cloth, 28_s._

  South Australia: its Progress and Prosperity. By A. Forster. 8vo.
      cloth.                                                [_Shortly._

  The Confederation of the British North American Provinces; their past
      History and future Prospects; with a map, &c. By Thomas Rawlings.
      8vo. cloth, 5_s._

  Canada in 1864; a Hand-book for Settlers. By Henry T. N. Chesshyre.
      Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

  The Colony of Victoria: its History, Commerce, and Gold Mining: its
      Social and Political Institutions, down to the End of 186.3. With
      Remarks, Incidental and Comparative, upon the other Australian
      Colonies. By William Westgarth. Author of "Victoria and the Gold
      Mines," &c. 8vo. with a Map, cloth, 16_s._

  Tracks of McKinlay and Party across Australia. By John Davis, one of
      the Expedition. Edited from the MS. Journal of Mr. Davis, with an
      Introductory View of the recent Explorations of Stuart, Burke,
      Wills, Landsborough and others. By Wm. Westgarth. With numerous
      Illustrations in chromo-lithography, and Map. 8vo. cloth, 16_s._

  The Ordeal of Free Labour in the British West Indies. By William G.
      Sewell. Post 8vo. cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

  The Progress and Present State of British India; a Manual of Indian
      History, Geography, and Finance, for general use; based upon
      Official Documents, furnished under the authority of Her Majesty's
      Secretary of State for India. By Montgomery Martin, Esq., Author
      of a "History of the British Colonies," &c. In one volume, post
      8vo. cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

  Colonial Essays. Translated from the Dutch, post 8vo. cloth, 6_s._

  The Cotton Kingdom: a Traveller's Observations on Cotton and Slavery
      in America, based upon three former volumes of Travels and
      Explorations. By Frederick Law Olmsted. With a Map. 2 vols, post
      8vo. 1_l._ 1_s._

      "Mr. Olmsted gives his renders a wealth of facts conveyed in a
        long stream of anecdotes, the exquisite humour of many of them
        making parts of his book as pleasant to read as a novel of the
        first class."--Athenæum.

  A History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution
      of the United States of America, with Notices of its Principal
      Framers. By George Ticknor Curtis. Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth. 1_l._
      1_s._

      "Mr. Curtis writes with dignity and vigour, and his work will be
        one of permanent interest."--Athenæum.

  The Principles of Political Economy applied to the Condition, the
      Resources, and Institutions of the American People. By Francis
      Bowen. 8vo. Cloth, 14_s._

  A History of New South Wales from the Discovery of New Holland in
      1616 to the present time. By the late Roderick Flanagan, Esq.,
      Member of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales. 2 vols.
      8vo. 24_s._

  Canada and its Resources. Two Prize Essays, by Hogan and Morris.
      7_s._, or separately, 1_s._ 6_d._ each, and Map, 3_s._


=SCIENCE AND DISCOVERY.=

  A Dictionary of Photography, on the Basis of Sutton's Dictionary.
      Rewritten by Professor Dawson, of King's College, Editor of the
      "Journal of Photography;" and Thomas Sutton, B.A., Editor of
      "Photograph Notes." 8vo. with numerous Illustrations. [_Shortly._

  The Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology; or, the
      Economy of the Sea and its Adaptations, its Salts, its Waters,
      its Climates, its Inhabitants, and whatever there may be of
      general interest in its Commercial Uses or Industrial Pursuits.
      By Commander M. F. Maury, LL.D. Tenth Edition, being the Second
      Edition of the Author's revised and enlarged Work. Post 8vo. cloth
      extra, 8_s._ 6_d._; cheap edition, small post 8vo. 5_s._

      _This edition, as well as its immediate predecessor, includes all
        the researches and observations of the last three years, and is
        copyright in England and on the Continent._

      "We err greatly if Lieut. Maury's book will not hereafter be
        classed with the works of the great men who have taken the lead
        in extending and improving knowledge and art; his book displays
        in a remarkable degree, like the 'Advancement of Learning,'
        and the 'Natural History' of Buffon, profound research and
        magnificent imagination."--_Illustrated London News_.

  The Structure of Animal Life. By Louis Agassiz. With 46 Diagrams. 8vo.
      cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._

  The Kedge Anchor; or, Young Sailor's Assistant, by William Brady.
      Seventy Illustrations. 8vo. 16_s._

  Theory of the Winds, by Capt. Charles Wilkes. 8vo. cl. 8_s._ 6_d._

  Archaia; or, Studies of the Cosmogony and Natural History of the
      Hebrew Scriptures. By Professor Dawson, Principal of McGill
      College, Canada. Post 8vo. cloth, cheaper edition, 6_s._

  Ichnographs, from the Sandstone of the Connecticut River,
      Massachusetts. U. S. A. By James Dean, M.D. One volume, 4to. with
      Forty-six Plates, cloth, 27_s._

  The Recent Progress of Astronomy, by Elias Loomis, LL.D. 3rd Edition.
      Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

  An Introduction to Practical Astronomy, by the Same. 8vo. cloth. 8_s._

  Manual of Mineralogy, including Observations on Mines, Rocks,
      Reduction of Ores, and the Application of the Science to the
      Arts, with 260 Illustrations. Designed for the Use of Schools
      and Colleges. By James D. Dana. A.M., Author of a "System of
      Mineralogy." New Edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo. Half bound,
      7_s._ 6_d._

  The Ocean Telegraph Cable; its Construction, &c. and Submersion
      Explained. By W. Rowett. 8vo. cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._

  Cyclopædia of Mathematical Science, by Davies and Peck. 8vo. Sheep.
      18_s._


=TRADE, AGRICULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY, ETC.=

  RAILWAY PRACTICE, European and American; comprising the economical
      generation of Steam, the adaptation of Wood and Coke-burning
      Engines to Coal Burning, and in Permanent Way, including
      Road-bed, Sleepers, Rails, Joint-fastenings, Street Railways.
      &c. By Alexander L. Holley, Joint Author of Colburn and Holley's
      "Permanent Way," &c. Demy folio, with 77 Engravings, half-morocco.
      3_l._ 3_s._

  Hunt's Merchants' Magazine (Monthly). 2_s._ 6_d._

  The Book of Farm Implements, and their Construction; by John L.
      Thomas. With 200 Illustrations. 12mo. 6_s._ 6_d._

  The Practical Surveyor's Guide; by A. Duncan. Fcp. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._

  Villas and Cottages; by Calvert Vaux, Architect. 300 Illustrations.
      8vo. cloth. 12_s._

  Bee-Keeping. By "The Times" Bee-master. Small post 8 vo. numerous
      Illustrations, cloth, 5_s._

      "_The Bee-master has done a good work, which outweighs a cartload
        of mistakes, in giving an impetus to bee-keeping throughout the
        country. Here is a simple and graceful amusement, which is also
        a profitable one. The keeping of bees needs no great skill and
        but a small outlay. The result, however, besides the amusement
        which it accords is a store of honey that in the present state
        of the market may make a considerable addition to the income
        of a poor cotter, and may even be worthy the ambition of an
        underpaid curate or a lieutenant on half-pay._"--Times, Jan. 11,
        1865.

  The English and Australian Cookery Book. Small post 8vo. Coloured
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       *       *       *       *       *


TRANSCRIBER NOTES

Illustrations were relocated to avoid splitting paragraphs. The original
printed volume repeated the number "V" at the top of the sixth chapter and
subsequent chapters incremented from there. That has been corrected in
this version. "Erratum" on Contents page was applied.