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Title: Observations on Abortion

Author: John Burns

Release date: October 10, 2021 [eBook #66506]

Language: English

Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON ABORTION ***




                              OBSERVATIONS
                                   ON
                               ABORTION.
                               CONTAINING
 An Account of the Manner in which it is accomplished, the Causes which
       produced it, and the Method of preventing or treating it.


                                  ∽∽∽∽

                             BY JOHN BURNS,
   LECTURER ON MIDWIFERY, AND MEMBER OF THE FACULTY OF PHYSICIANS AND
                          SURGEONS IN GLASGOW.

                                  ∽∽∽∽


                               _LONDON_:
              PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HURST, REES, AND ORME,
                           PATER-NOSTER ROW.

                                 1806.




                                   TO

                             THE GENTLEMEN

                       WHO ATTENDED THE AUTHOR’S

                                LECTURES

                             IN THE SESSION

                                1802–3,

                        THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED,

                                  AS A

                       GRATEFUL AND AFFECTIONATE

                              REMEMBRANCE

                                 OF THE

                       VERY FLATTERING COMPLIMENT

                               WHICH THEY

                             BESTOWED UPON

                                  HIM.




                              OBSERVATIONS
                                   ON
                               ABORTION.


[Illustration]

By abortion is generally understood the expulsion of the contents of the
gravid uterus, at a period of gestation so early as to render it
impossible for the fœtus to live. It is an accident or disease which is
very frequent in its occurrence, which is always attended with
disagreeable circumstances, and which, although it seldom prove
immediately fatal, may yet be productive of much mischief at a future
time. The consideration, therefore, of the manner in which it takes
place, of the causes which give rise to it, and of the most likely means
of preventing it, or of obviating those unpleasant symptoms which
accompany it, must form a subject of very great importance to the
medical student. But before proceeding to consider these points, it will
be necessary to understand the structure and formation of the ovum,
which I shall, therefore, first of all explain.

                                  ∽∽∽∽


                    _Of the Formation of the Ovum._

The human uterus, in the unimpregnated state, consists of a succulent
substance, in which we may perceive fibres running in every direction.
In the interstices of these we find a serous fluid, which can easily be
squeezed out. By injecting the vessels finely with size or mercury, we
observe them to be numerously intermixed with the fibres, but very
small. A portion of these vessels follow an irregular course toward the
inner surface or cavity of the uterus, and open there upon the membrane
which lines it. At the menstrual period the vessels enlarge or dilate a
little, and their orifices become more distinct over the surface of the
cavity, as may be ascertained by inspecting those who have died at this
time. Sometimes a slight temporary serous secretion precedes the flow of
the menses, and succeeds it. More frequently the vessels yield a bloody
fluid at once, which continues a certain number of days.—When
impregnation takes place, the vessels enlarge still more; and we can
observe small trunks forming in the substance of the uterus, the largest
of which are at the two sides where the spermatic and hypogastric
branches meet[1]. The old fibres are more separated, and new ones added,
especially at the fundus.—The quantity of interstitial fluid is also
increased, so that the uterus becomes manifestly softer. The vessels, as
they enlarge, tend to the uterine cavity; but instead of opening there,
and yielding a fluid, as in menstruation, they either elongate
themselves, or, which is more probable, form new and very delicate
vessels, which project from the inner surface of the uterus, giving it
an appearance as if covered with down. This takes place first and
chiefly at the fundus, and, in a slighter degree, immediately above the
narrow cervix, whilst the intermediate body remains still quite smooth.

These vessels project for about a line in length, at right angles, from
the surface which yields them; and as they consist of arteries and
veins, the down, or efflorescence, which they form, has, after death, a
striated or radiated appearance, the empty arteries being white, the
fuller veins black or red. These vessels constitute the outer layer of
the decidua, or what may be called decidua striata, although the stria
be obliterated as gestation advances.

Almost immediately after the formation of these primary vessels, they
secrete from their extremities a membrane, or rather an irregular tissue
of vessels, which, on account of their origin, may be called secondary.
These assume a direction at right angles to those which formed them, so
that they cross the stria or primary vessels, and therefore any body
coming down through the first set of vessels, must, before it can get
into the cavity of the uterus, either rupture this secondary organ, or
push it before it. It is in this manner that the inner layer of decidua
is formed, part of which is afterwards protruded before the vesicular
ovum, constituting decidua reflexa, or protrusa.

The primary vessels adhere pretty closely together at their roots, but
are more loose or separated at their termination. They are at first only
yielded by the fundus, and in a small degree by the surface, immediately
above the cervix, whilst the cervix itself produces from the lacunæ,
which are increased in magnitude, a jelly, which sometimes fills up the
os uteri completely; at other times there is only a small quantity
formed in the cervix, leaving the os uteri quite patent. The inferior
part of the uterine surface, which yields the primary vessels, is not a
quarter of an inch in breadth; and the cavity being there small and
narrow, the vessels from the opposite sides soon come in contact, and
intermix without forming any secondary vessels. This portion may be
called the cervical efflorescence.

The secondary vessels are very different from the primary; for, whilst
the latter are short, straight, and parallel to each other, the former
are more extended, intermix, and ramify together, so as to form an
irregular tissue or sheet of vascular substance, the fibres or vessels
of which assume a direction at right angles to the down or primary
vessels which formed them. This direction seems to be very naturally
produced by the weight of the secondary vessels, which makes them hang
down or point to the os uteri. Very soon we can perceive ragged
irregular processes, hanging into the cavity of the uterus, and
extending toward the cervix, so that this layer of decidua presently
appears to consist of a number of torn floating membranes, like portions
of spiders’ webs, pendulous in the uterine cavity; but nearer
examination shows that there has been no laceration, the margins being
smooth and well defined. These I would call the processes of the decidua
interna.

Such is the structure of the decidua externa and interna, at three weeks
or a month after impregnation; and at this period no fœtus is in the
uterus. In one case I detected the vesicular ovum in the tube. It was
about half way betwixt the two extremities, was rather smaller than a
full-grown pea, and contained a little fluid. In another case I found it
still in the ovarium, covered by the fimbriated extremity of the tube.
By puncturing the peritoneal coat of the gland, the vesicle escaped.

It has been the general opinion, since the time of Dr. Hunter, that the
decidua extended a little way into the tube; and on his authority I
stated this to be the case in an account which I formerly published. By
careful examination, I am now convinced that this is not the case. My
brother, in his dissections, even thought that the uterine extremity of
the tube was less changed in point of vascularity, than any other part
of it.

When the fœtus does descend into the uterus, it is contained in a double
membrane. The internal one is the amnion, and possesses no distinct
vessels. The external one is the chorion, and is from the first
vascular, and soon becomes so much so, that its vessels have by some
been described as forming a distinct tunic.

From what has been said, it will be evident, that, when this vesicle
does reach the uterus, it will be received amongst the primary vessels
which will surround it, whilst the secondary vessels, or decidua
interna, will lie before it, and prevent any communication betwixt it
and the uterine cavity. But it cannot remain long thus; for, in
proportion as the vesicular part of the ovum increases, it will push the
decidua interna before it, and encroach upon the cavity of the uterus.
This circumstance, together with the intimate connection formed betwixt
the vessels of the chorion and those of the decidua, with the consequent
production of a placenta, I have already very fully detailed in a former
publication, to which I refer[2].

When the ovum descends, and the subsequent changes are beginning to take
place, the body of the uterus comes also to form decidua; for I have
formerly said, that, until the fœtus comes into the uterus, the fundus
alone yields this production. At the same time, the processes of the
decidua interna elongate still more, and, together with those which are
now formed by the portion produced by the newly-formed decidua externa
(for additional primary vessels imply additional secondary ones) at the
lower part of the uterus, will come to fill up all the intervening space
betwixt the bottom of the chorion or decidua reflexa and the cervical
efflorescence; so that, by the end of the second or beginning of the
third month, the cavity of the uterus is quite filled, and we have the
ovum perfectly organized. We have the fœtus inclosed in its membranes,
and swimming in water; we have the placenta thick and well formed, and
large in proportion to the membranes; we have the decidua reflexa
distinctly seen, and the lower part of the uterus filled with the two
layers of decidua, and the processes of the internal one.

If at this time we take the ovum, composed of all these different parts,
out of the uterus; or, if we cut off the face of the uterus, and remove
the decidua from the front of the membranes, we shall see at the upper
part the placenta and membranes like an old fashioned watch, the
placenta resembling the case, and the membranes (when the decidua is
taken off) the glass of the watch[3]; then, at the lower part of the
membranes, we see the remains or margins of the decidua reflexa, which
has been removed to shew the chorion; whilst, still lower down, we
observe the decidua externa, and the processes of the interna, filling
up the cervix and inferior part of the body of the uterus, forming a
kind of firm stalk to the globe above. This stalk is thick, so as to
occupy all the lower part of the uterus; but the layers and processes,
furnished by the different sides, do not adhere when they meet in the
axis of the uterus; but we have always a small canal or perforation
leading up in the axes of the uterus from the cervical efflorescence, or
the gelatinous plug, to the bottom of the decidua reflexa.

In proportion as the membranes enlarge and elongate, the decidua reflexa
gradually protrudes before them down this canal, until at last it
reaches the bottom; or, in other words, the membranes come to occupy all
the uterine cavity.


             _Of the Manner in which Abortion takes place._

The process of gestation may be stopped, even before the fœtus, or
vesicular part of the ovum, has descended into the uterus, and when only
the primary vessels are formed. In this case, which occurs within three
weeks after impregnation, the symptoms are much the same with those of
menorrhagia. There is always a considerable, and often a copious
discharge of blood, which coagulates or forms clots. This is accompanied
with marks of uterine irritation, such as pain in the back and loins,
frequently spasmodic affections of the bowels, and occasionally a slight
febrile state of the system. In plethoric habits, and when abortion
proceeds from over-action, or hemorrhagic action of the uterine vessels,
the fever is idiopathic, and precedes the discharge.

In other circumstances it is either absent, or, when present, it is
symptomatic, and still more inconsiderable, arising merely from pain or
irritation. As the primary vessels are very small, and are soon
displaced, they cannot be detected in the discharge. Nothing but
coagulum can be perceived; and this, as in other cases of uterine
hæmorrhage, is often so firm, and the globules and lymph so disposed, as
to give it, more especially if it have been retained for some time about
the uterus or vagina, a streaked or fibrous appearance, which sometimes
gives rise to a supposition, that it is an organized substance. The
discharge does not cease, when the primary vessels are destroyed, but
generally continues until the small vesicle passes out of the fallopian
tube. Then it stops, and an oosing of serous fluid finishes the process.

The only interruption to the discharge in this case of abortion,
proceeds from the formation of clots, which, however, are soon
displaced. Women, if plethoric, sometimes suffer considerably from the
profusion of the discharge; but, in general, they soon recover.

When the secondary vessels are formed, the symptoms are still pretty
much the same; but if the vesicle have descended into the uterus, they
are somewhat different. We have an attempt in the uterus to contract,
which formerly was not necessary; we have pains more or less regular in
the back and hypogastric region; we have more disturbance of the
abdominal viscera, particularly the stomach. The discharge is copious,
and small bits of fibrous substance can often be observed[4].

Sometimes, when the vesicle has come into the uterus, before abortion
takes place, it may be detected in the first discharge of blood, and
will be found to be streaked over with pale vessels, giving it an
appearance as if it had been slightly macerated. When all the contents
are expelled, a bloody discharge continues for a few hours, and is then
succeeded by a serous fluid at this time; and, in later abortion, if the
symptoms come on gradually, we may sometimes observe a gelatinous matter
to come away before the hæmorrhage appears.

If the uterus have been filled up, as in the beginning of the third
month, the vesicle never escapes first; but we have for some time a
discharge of blood, accompanied or succeeded by uterine pain. Then the
inferior part or stalk of the ovum is expelled, gorged with blood, and
afterwards the upper part equally injured. Sometimes the whole comes
away at once and entire; but this is rare. As considerable contraction
is now required in the uterus, the pains are pretty severe. The
derangement of the stomach is also greater than formerly, giving rise to
sickness or faintness, which is a natural contrivance for abating the
hæmorrhage.

When the membranes come to occupy more of the uterus, and a still
greater difference to exist betwixt the placenta and decidua, we have
again a change of the process; we have more bearing down pain, and
greater regularity in its attack; we have a more rapid discharge, owing
to the greater size of the vessels; but there is not always more blood
lost now than at an earlier period, for coagula form readily from
temporary fits of faintness and other causes, and interrupt the flow
until new and increased contraction displaces them. Often the membranes
give way, and the fœtus escapes with the liquor amnii, whilst the rest
of the ovum is retained for some hours or even days, when it is expelled
with coagulated blood separating and confounding its different parts or
layers. At other times the fœtal and maternal portions separate, and the
first is expelled before the second, forming a very beautiful
preparation. In some rare instances we find the whole ovum expelled
entire, and in high preservation. After the expulsion, the hemorrhage
goes off, and is succeeded by a discharge somewhat resembling the
lochia.

In cases of twins, after one child is expelled, either alone or with its
secundines, the discharge sometimes stops, and the woman continues
pretty well for some hours, or even for a day or two, when a repetition
of the process takes place, and if she have been using any exertion,
there is generally a pretty rapid and profuse discharge. This is one
reason, amongst many others, for confining women to bed for several days
after abortion.

There is generally, for a longer or shorter time before the commencement
of abortion, a pain and other irregular actions in the neighbouring
parts, which give warning of its approach before either discharge or
contraction take place, unless when it proceeds from violence, in which
case the discharge may instantly appear. This is the period at which we
can most effectually interfere for the prevention of abortion.

I need not be particular in adding, that we are not to confound these
symptoms with the more chronic ailments which accompany pregnancy.
Similar disturbances in the action of the neighbouring parts are very
commonly found to precede labour at the full time; and even then we may,
by proper means, postpone or retard expulsion for some hours or days.

A great diversity obtains in different instances with regard to the
symptoms and duration of abortion. In some cases the pains are very
severe and long continued; in others, short and trifling. Sometimes the
hæmorrhage is profuse and alarming: at other times, although
circumstances may not be apparently very different, it is moderate or
inconsiderable. Often the sympathetic effects on the stomach and bowels
are scarcely productive of inconvenience, whilst in a greater number of
instances they are very prominent symptoms.

I may only add, that, _cæteris paribus_, we shall find that the farther
that the pregnancy is advanced beyond the third month, and the nearer it
approaches to the end of the sixth, the less chance is there of abortion
being accompanied, but the greater of its being succeeded, by nervous
affection.

As there is a diversity in the symptoms, so is there also in the
duration of abortion; for, whilst a few hours in many, and not above
three days in the majority of cases, is sufficient to complete the
process, we find other instances in which it is threatened for a long
time, and a number of weeks elapse before the expulsion take place.

                                  ∽∽∽∽


                _Of the Causes giving rise to Abortion._

Abortion may very properly be divided into accidental and habitual. The
exciting causes of the first class may, in general, be easily detected;
those giving rise to the second are often more obscure; and, without
great attention, the woman will go on to miscarry, until either
sterility, or some fatal disease, be induced.

In many cases there can be no peculiar pre-disposing cause of abortion:
as, for instance, when it is produced by blows, rupture of the
membranes, or accidental separation of the decidua: but when it occurs
without any very perceptible exciting cause, it is allowable to infer,
that some pre-disposing state exists; and this generally consists in an
imperfect mode of uterine action, induced by age, former miscarriages,
and other causes.

It is well known, that women can only bear children until a certain age;
after which, the uterus is no longer capable of performing the action of
gestation, or of performing it properly. Now, it is observable, that
this incapability or imperfection takes place sooner in those who are
advanced in life, before they many, than in those who have married and
begun to bear children earlier. Thus we find, that a woman who marries
at forty, shall be very apt to miscarry; whereas, had she married at
thirty, she might have born children when older than forty; from which
it may be inferred, that the organs of generation lose their power of
acting properly sooner, if not employed, than in the connubial state.

The same cause which tends to induce abortion at a certain age in those
who have remained until that time single, will also, at a period
somewhat later, induce it in those who have been younger married: for in
them we find, that, after bearing several children, it is not uncommon
to conclude with an abortion; or, sometimes after this incomplete
action, the uterus, after a considerable time, recruits, as it were, and
the woman carries a child to the full time, after which she ceases to
conceive.

In the next place, I mention that one abortion paves the way for
another, because, setting other circumstances aside, it gives the uterus
a tendency to stop its action of gestation at an early period after
conception, and therefore it is difficult to make a woman go to the full
time, after she has miscarried frequently.

We also find that an excessive or indiscriminate use of venery either
destroys the power of the organs of generation altogether, making the
woman barren, or it disposes to abortion, by enfeebling these organs.

Some slight change of structure in part of the uterus, by influencing
its actions, may, if it do not prevent conception, interfere with the
process of gestation, and produce premature expulsion. If, however, the
part affected be very small, and near the os uteri, it is possible for
pregnancy to go on to the full time. Indeed, it generally does go on,
and the labour, as may be foreseen, will be very tedious; but the
operation of cutting the indurated os uteri, which has been proposed, is
seldom necessary.

I have known one instance, in which a very considerable part of the
uterus, I may say almost the whole of it, was found, after delivery, to
be extremely hard, and nearly ossified: but this state could not have
existed before impregnation took place, for I cannot conceive that so
great a proportion of the uterus should have been originally diseased,
and yet that conception, and its consequent actions, should take place;
but there is no difficulty in supposing, that, during the enlarging of
the uterus, the vessels deposited osseous or cartilaginous matter,
instead of fibres. In this case, it is evident that the delivery must be
instrumental, owing to the deficiency of fibres, and recovery can seldom
take place. Often we find this morbid action affect the placenta,
instead of the uterus; but this is not dangerous.

A general weakness of the system, which must affect the actions of the
uterus, in common with those of other organs, is likewise to be
considered as giving rise to abortion, though not so frequently as was
at one time supposed. The uterus is not only affected by the general
conditions of the system, more especially with regard to sensibility,
and the state of the blood-vessels; but it likewise sympathizes with the
principal organs, and may undergo changes in consequence of alterations
in their state.

Thus we often find that loss of tone, or diminished action of the
stomach, produces amenorrhœa; and it may also on the same principle
induce abortion; on the other hand, the action of the uterus may
influence that of other viscera, as we see in pulmonary consumption,
which is sometimes suspended in its progress during pregnancy; or, if
there be any disposition in an organ to disease, frequent abortion,
partly by sympathy betwixt the uterus and that organ, and partly by the
weakness which it induces, and the general injury which it does to the
system at large, may excite the irregular or morbid action of the organ
so disposed.

As the action of the uterus is increased during pregnancy, it must
require more nervous energy; but the size of the nerves of the uterus is
not increased in proportion to the action; we must therefore depend for
the increased supply upon the trunks, or larger portion of nervous
substance, from which they arise, for we well know that the quantity of
energy expended in an organ, does not depend upon the size of the nerve
in its substance, but on the trunk which furnishes it. Whenever action
is increased in an organ, it must either perish, or the larger nerve
must send the branches more energy, for the branches themselves cannot
form it, their extremities being only intended for expending it: from
which it follows, that in pregnancy there must be more energy sent to
the uterus, and less to some other part.

This is the case with all organs whose action is increased, other parts
being deprived in proportion as they are supplied, except when
irritation raises general action above the natural degree; the
consequence of which is, that the power is not sufficient for the
action, which becomes irregular, and the system is exhausted, as we see
in febrile conditions[5].

There being increased action of the uterus in gestation, requiring an
increased quantity of energy to support it, we find that the system is
put _pro tempore_ into an artificial state, and obliged either to form
more energy, which cannot be so easily done, or to spend less in some
other part. Thus the function of nutrition, or the action by which
organic matter is deposited, in room of that which is absorbed, often
yields, or is lessened, and the person becomes emaciated, or the stomach
has its action diminished, or the bowels producing costiveness and
inflation. If no part give way, and no more energy than usual be formed,
gestation cannot go on, or goes on imperfectly. Hence some women have
abortion induced by being too vigorous; that is to say, all the organs
persist in keeping up their action in perfection and complete degree.

A tendency to abortion also results from a contrary cause, from organs
yielding too readily, allowing the uterus to act too easily. In this
state it is as liable to go wrong, as the general system is when it is
at the highest degree of action, compatible with health, the most
trifling cause deranges it. Thus, sometimes, the intestines yield too
readily, and become almost torpid, so that a stool can with difficulty
be procured. Here costiveness is not a cause of abortion, though it may
be blamed. In like manner, the muscular system may yield and become
enfeebled; and in this instance debility is accused as the cause of
abortion, although it be, indeed, only an effect of too much energy
being destined for the uterus. In this case, the woman is always weaker
during menstruation and gestation than at other times.

Now this is not a piece of idle speculation, but is of much practical
importance, especially in considering the means of correcting habitual
abortion; and much attention should be paid to the state of the
principal organs in the body; for, if we confine our attention merely to
the uterus, we shall often fail when otherwise we might succeed; and it
will be necessary to remember, that the chain of sympathies in gestation
is often extensive and complicated.

The state of the stomach, for example, may give rise to head-ach,
tooth-ach, &c. and often it is dangerous suddenly to remove these remote
effects. It throws too much energy to the uterus; its action is too much
exerted; contraction and abortion take place: but in the unimpregnated
state, the removal of these effects may, on the contrary, be useful:
thus the pulling of a pained tooth sometimes speedily produces the
return of the menses in cases of obstruction.

If the neighbouring parts do not accommodate themselves to the changes
in the direction of energy, and act in concert with the uterus, their
action becomes irregular, and consequently painful. In this case the
uterus may have its just degree of power and action; but other parts may
not be able to act so well under the change of circumstances. This is
chiefly the case in early gestation, for, by time, the parts come to act
better. It often gives rise to unnecessary alarm, being mistaken for a
tendency to abortion; but the symptoms are different. The pain is felt
chiefly at night, a time at which weakened parts always suffer most; it
returns pretty regularly for several weeks, but the uterus continues to
enlarge, the breasts to distend, and all things are as they ought to be,
if we except the presence of the pain. This may be alleviated sometimes
by anodynes, but can only be cured by time, and avoiding, by means of
rest and care, any additional injury to parts already irregular and
ticklish in the performance of their actions. If this be neglected, they
will re-act on the uterus at last, and impede its function.

Even although the different organs, both near and remote, may have
accommodated themselves to the changes in the uterine action, in the
commencement of gestation, the proper balance may yet be lost at a
subsequent period; and this is most apt to take place about the end of
the third, or beginning of the fourth month, when the uterus is rising
out of the pelvis; and hence a greater number of abortions take place at
that time than at any other stage of pregnancy. There is from that time,
to the period of quickening, a greater susceptibility in the uterus to
have its action interrupted, than either before or afterwards, which
points out the necessity of redoubling our vigilance in watching against
the operation of any of the causes giving rise to abortion from the
tenth to the sixteenth week.

If the uterus, in its unimpregnated state, become very torpid, as in
some cases of amenorrhœa, the abdominal muscles sometimes have their
action much increased; and there is absolutely an attempt made to expel
it, violent paroxysms of contraction coming on, and repeated daily for a
length of time.

These may be lessened by opiates, but can only be cured by exciting the
natural action of the uterus. I mention this fact, from its singularity,
although it do not immediately refer to abortion.

If the action of gestation go on under restraint, as, for instance, by a
change of position in the uterus, or by its prolapsing too low in the
vagina, it is very apt to be accompanied by uneasy feelings, for,
whenever any action is constrained, sensation is produced. The woman
feels irregular, and pretty sharp pains in the region of the uterus, and
from sympathetic irritation both the bladder and rectum may be affected,
and occasionally a difficulty is felt in making water, by which a
suspicion is raised that retroversion is taking place.

Sometimes the cervical vessels in these circumstances yield a little
blood, as if abortion were going to happen; but by keeping the patient
at rest, and attending to the state of the rectum and bladder, no harm
is done: and when the uterus rises out of the pelvis, no farther
uneasiness is felt.

Retroversion of the uterus likewise constrains very much its action, and
may give rise to abortion, though in a greater number of instances, by
care, gestation will go on, and the uterus gradually ascend.

Sometimes in irritable or hysterical habits, the process of gestation
produces a considerable degree of disturbance in the actions of the
abdominal viscera, particularly the stomach, exciting frequent and
distressing retching or vomiting, which may continue for a week or two,
and sometimes is so violent, as to invert the peristaltic motion of the
intestines near the stomach, in which case feculent matter, and, in some
instances, lumbrici, are vomited.

This affection is often accompanied by an unsettled state of mind, which
adds greatly to the distress. We sometimes, in these circumstances, have
painful attempts made by the muscles to force the uterus downward, and
these are occasionally attended by a very slight discharge of blood. We
have, however, no regular uterine pain; and, if we are careful of our
patient, abortion is rarely produced.

The best practice is to take away a little blood at first, to keep the
bowels open, to lessen the tendency to vomit, by applying an opium
plaster, or a small blister, to the region of the stomach, and to allay
pain by doses of hyocyamus or opium, conjoined with carminatives. When
the mind is much affected, or the head painful, it is proper to shave
the head, and wash it frequently with cold vinegar, or apply a blister
at the same time that we keep the patient very quiet, and have recourse
to a soothing management.

The uterus being a large vascular organ, is obedient to the laws of
vascular action, whilst the ovum is more influenced by those regulating
new-formed parts; with this difference, however, that new-formed parts
or tumors are united firmly to the part from which they grow by all
kinds of vessels, and generally by fibrous or cellular substance, whilst
the ovum is united to the uterus only by very tender and fragile
arteries and veins. If, therefore, more blood be sent to the maternal
part of the ovum, than it can easily receive and circulate and act
under, rupture of the vessels will take place, and an extravasation and
consequent separation be produced; or, even when no rupture is
occasioned, the action of the ovum may be so oppressed and disordered,
as to unfit it for continuing the process of gestation. There must,
therefore, be a perfect correspondence betwixt the uterus and the ovum,
not only in growth and vascularity, but in every other circumstance
connected with their functions.

Even when they do correspond, if the uterus be plethoric, the ovum also
must be full of blood, and rupture very apt to take place; and this is a
frequent cause of abortion, more especially in those who menstruate
copiously. On the other hand, when the uterus is deficient in
vascularity, which often happens in those who menstruate sparingly or
painfully, the child generally dies before the seventh month, and is
expelled. The process is prematurely and imperfectly finished.

Abortion necessarily implies separation of the ovum, which may be
produced mechanically or by spontaneous rupture of the vessels, or by an
affection of the muscular fibres. It unavoidably requires, for its
accomplishment, contraction of those fibres which formerly were in a
dormant state. A natural and necessary effect of this contraction is to
develope the cervex uteri.

This, when gestation goes on regularly, is accomplished gradually and
slowly by the extension and formation of fibres. In abortion, no fibres
are formed; but muscular action does all, except in those instances
where the action of gestation goes on irregularly and too fast; in which
case the cervix distends, sometimes by the third month, by the same
process which distends the fundus. But much more frequently the cervix
only relaxes during abortion, as the os uteri does in natural labour,
and yields to the muscular action of the fundus, or distended part.

The existence and growth of the fœtus depends on the fœtal portion of
the ovum. The means of nourishment, and the accommodation of the fœtus
in respect of lodgement, depend on the uterus; and these circumstances
requiring both fœtal and maternal action, are intimately connected. The
condition of the uterus qualifying it to enlarge, to continue the
existence and operation of the maternal portion of the placenta or ovum,
and to transmit blood to the ovum, exactly in the degree correspondent
to its wants, constitutes the action of gestation.

When this condition ceases, then muscular contraction begins, provided
the cessation be universal in the uterus. This is necessary, for as the
fœtal and maternal actions are dependent on each other, the fœtus would
suffer if it were not expelled. The injury, indeed, will not be
immediate; otherwise, in labour, the child would die before it could be
born, because labour implies a cessation of the action of gestation. On
the other hand, the loss of action in the fœtal part will soon influence
the maternal part, and stop its action.

In labour, and at other times, when the action of gestation ceases, the
circulation is still kept up in the maternal vessels of the placenta,
until either separation and expulsion take place, or the vessels suffer
so much as to cease to transmit blood. The cessation of action then does
not necessarily immediately affect the fœtus. As long as it, and the
fœtal portion of the ovum connected with it, remain stationary, the same
quantity of blood will do. But the uterus cannot now increase its
actions along with those of the fœtus, so as gradually to enlarge and
send more blood.

This is one cause of disagreement. Another is, that, in consequence of
cessation of action in the uterus, the maternal portion of the placenta
or ovum ultimately suffers, and flags or decays, whilst the fœtal
portion must sympathize with it.

From this it results, first, that even in tedious labour the child does
not die: secondly, that when the action ceases in the early months of
pregnancy, the fœtus does not instantly die, nor abortion immediately
take place: thirdly, but it invariably happens, that, at whatever period
the action ceases, the fœtus will, if not expelled within a certain
time, perish.

I have elsewhere[6] endeavoured to prove, that we have a certain
quantity of action present in the system at large, and properly
distributed amongst the different organs, forming an equilibrium of
action; and that if one organ act in an over degree, another, which is
connected with it, will have its action lessened, and _vice versa_.

The same holds true with regard to different actions belonging to the
same organ; and the fact is of considerable importance, both in
explaining and curing diseases. During pregnancy, the muscular fibres of
the uterus are dormant, possessing no contractile action; at least, none
qualifying them for contracting, so as to make the uterus smaller.

I doubt much if even the individual fibres possess a power of
alternately contracting and relaxing, as in other muscles, in any degree
whatever. But, whenever the action of gestation ceases, action is
communicated to these fibres; and whenever this loss on the one part,
and gain upon the other, is universally begun in the womb, the
transference will be completed, and the ovum can no longer be preserved
in the uterus.

The loss of action is generally speedy, when once begun. Perhaps in most
instances it takes place instantaneously, and then the fibres begin
individually to act; but they may not, for some hours, contract
universally, and all at one and the same time producing pains.

But if some other organ shall receive the surplus of action, or the
transferred action, then the uterine fibres either will not contract, or
will receive an inferior and insufficient degree of action, and
expulsion will not take place until the organ sympathizing shall cease
to have the increased action, whether it be the brain, the stomach, or
the external muscles of the body. Sometimes also the action seems to be
divided betwixt the uterus and other organs, or they alternate in their
actions.

This fact is of importance in explaining and correcting many of the
irregularities attending labour, which it would be impossible here to
specify.

Sometimes the action is chiefly communicated to one part of the uterine
fibres, whilst the rest are more torpid; and this part contracts in an
undue degree, clasping the child firmly, and retarding labour[7]; and,
after expulsion, it is apt to return, and retain the placenta, whilst
the rest of the uterus becomes torpid, producing flooding.

If, then, the action of gestation cease universally in the uterus,
another action, namely, muscular contraction, begins, and then all hope
of retaining the ovum any longer is at an end. I know that we have been
told of instances where contraction, after beginning, stopped for
several weeks.

The os uteri may be prematurely developed; it may be open for some
weeks, even without pain; but no man will say that, in this case, labour
or uterine contraction has begun. We may even have partial muscular
action, in a few very rare cases, about the os uteri, which has less to
do with the action of gestation than any other part of the uterus; but
regular and universal action of the muscular fibres never yet has been
stopped. It may, like other muscular actions, be suspended by anodynes
or artificial treatment; but it never has, and never can be stopped,
otherwise than by the expulsion of the ovum, when a new train of actions
commence.

Whenever, then, at any period of pregnancy, we have paroxysms of pain in
the back, and region of the uterus, more especially if these be attended
with feeling of weight in that region, tenesmus, micturition, descent of
the uterus in the pelvis, and opening of the os uteri, we may be sure
that expulsion, though retarded, will soon take place.

This fact is not always attended to in abortion, for many think that if
by anodynes they can abate the pain, they will make the woman go to the
full time.—This is true, with regard to many painful sensations, which
may attend a threatened abortion, or which may be present, although
there be no appearance of abortion; but it does not hold with regard to
those regular pains proceeding from universal action of the uterine
fibres; and we may save both ourselves and our patients some trouble, by
keeping this in remembrance.

Seeing, then, that contraction is brought on by stopping the action of
gestation, and that when it is brought on it cannot be checked, nor the
action of gestation restored, we must next enquire how this action may
be stopped. I have already mentioned several circumstances affecting the
uterus, and likely to injure its actions; and these I shall not repeat,
but go on to notice some others, which are often more perceptible; and
first I shall mention violence, such as falls, blows, and much fatigue,
which may injure the child, and detach part of the ovum.

If part of the ovum be detached, we have not only a discharge of blood,
but also the uterus, at that part, suffers in its action, and may
influence the whole organ, so as to stop the action universally. But the
time required to do this is various, and opportunity is often given to
prevent the mischief from spreading, and to stop any farther
effusion—perhaps to accomplish a re-union.

Violent exercise, as dancing, for instance, or much walking, or the
fatigueing dissipations of fashionable life, more especially in the
earlier months, by affecting the circulation, may vary the distribution
of blood in the uterus, so much as to produce rupture of the vessels, or
otherwise to destroy the ovum. There is also another way in which
fatigue acts, namely, by subducting action and energy from the uterus:
for the more energy that is expended on the muscles of the inferior
extremities, the less can be afforded or directed to the uterus; and
hence abortion may be induced at an early stage of gestation[8].

Even at a more advanced period, inconvenience will be produced upon the
principle formerly mentioned; for the nerves of the loins conveying less
energy, in many instances, though not always to the muscles, they are
really weaker than formerly, and are sooner wearied, producing pain, and
prolonged feeling of fatigue, for many days, after an exertion which may
be considered as moderate.

This feeling must not be confounded with a tendency to abortion, though
it may sometimes be combined with it, for generally by rest the
sensation goes off. Neither must we suppose that the child is dead, from
its being usually quiet during that period, for as soon as the uterus,
which has been a little impaired in its action, recovers, it moves as
strongly as ever.

In the next place, I mention the death of the child, which may be
produced by syphilis, or many diseases perhaps peculiar to itself, or by
injury of the functions of the placenta. But in whatever way it is
produced, the effect is the same in checking the action of gestation,
unless there be twins, in which case it has been known that the uterus
sometimes did not suffer universally, but the action went on, and the
one child was born of the full size, the other small and injured[9].

The length of time required for producing abortion from this cause is
various; sometimes it is brought on in a few hours: at other times not
for a fortnight, or even longer. In these and similar cases, when the
muscular action is commencing, the discharge is trifling, like
menstruation, until the contraction becomes greater, and more of the
ovum be separated.

A third cause is a disproportioned action betwixt the uterus and ovum,
the one not increasing in the same ratio with the other, yet both
continuing to act. This is productive of frequent discharges of blood,
repeated at different, but always at short intervals, for several weeks,
until at length the uterus suffers so much, that its action stops, or
the fœtus dies.

Another cause is, any strong passion of the mind. The influence of fear,
joy, and other emotions on the muscular system, is well known; and the
uterus is not exempted from their power; any sudden shock, even of the
body, has much effect on this organ. The pulling of a tooth, for
instance, sometimes suddenly produces abortion.

Emmenagogues, or acrid substances, such as savine and other irritating
drugs, more especially those which tend to excite a considerable degree
of vascular action, may produce abortion.

Such medicines, likewise, as exert a violent action on the stomach or
bowels will, upon the principle formerly mentioned, frequently excite
abortion; and very often are taken designedly for that purpose in such
quantity as to produce fatal effects; and here I must remark, that many
people at least pretend to view attempts to excite abortion as different
from murder, upon the principle that the embryo is not possessed of
life, in the common acceptation of the word. It undoubtedly can neither
think nor act; but, upon the same reasoning, we should conclude it to be
innocent to kill the child in the birth.

Whoever prevents life from continuing, until it arrive at perfection, is
certainly as culpable as if he had taken it away after that had been
accomplished. I do not, however, wish, from this observation, to be
understood as in any way disapproving of those necessary attempts which
are occasionally made to procure premature labour, or even abortion,
when the safety of the mother demands this interference, or when we can
thus give the child a chance of living, who otherwise would have none.

If any part with which the uterus sympathizes have its action greatly
increased during pregnancy, the uterus may come to suffer, and abortion
be produced. Hence the accession of morbid action or inflammation in any
important organ, or on a large extent of cuticular surface, may bring on
miscarriage, which is one cause why smallpox often excites abortion,
whilst the same degree of fever, unaccompanied with eruption, would not
have had that effect.

Hence also increased secretory action in the vagina, if to a great
degree, though it may have even originally been excited in consequence
of sympathy with the uterus, may come to incapacitate the uterus for
going on with its actions, and therefore it ought to be checked by means
of an astringent injection.

In this case the uterus has, without any proof, been supposed to become
too much relaxed, whilst in other cases, as for instance when the
abdomen was harder than usual, it has with as little foundation been
supposed to be preternaturally rigid.

Mechanical irritations of the os uteri, or attempts to dilate it
prematurely, will also be apt to bring on muscular contraction. At the
same time, it is worthy of remark, that the effect of these irritations
is generally at first confined to the spot on which they act, a partial
affection of the fibres in the immediate vicinity of the os uteri being
all that is, for some time, produced; and therefore slight uneasiness at
the lower part of the belly, with or without a tendency in the os uteri
to move or dilate, whether brought on by irritation at the upper part of
the vagina or os uteri, or by affection of the neck, of the bladder,
&c.[10] may be often prevented from extending farther, and destroying
the action of gestation by rest, anodynes, and having immediate recourse
to such means as the nature of the irritation may require for its
removal.

Tapping the ovum, by which the uterus collapses and its fibres receive a
stimulus to action, is another cause by which abortion may be produced;
and this is sometimes, with great propriety, done at a particular
period, in order to avoid a greater evil.

It is now the general opinion, that contraction will unavoidably follow
the evacuation of the waters. But we can suppose the action of gestation
to be in some cases so strong as not to stop in consequence of this
violence, and, if it do not stop, contraction will not take place. I do
not, however, mean to say, that all discharges of watery fluid from the
uterus, not followed by abortion, are discharges of the liquor amnii,
and instances of this failing to produce contraction. On the contrary, I
know that most of these are the consequence of morbid action about the
os uteri, the glands yielding a serous instead of a gelatinous fluid,
and this action may continue for many months.

Sometimes the upper range of lacunæ yields water, whilst the under
secretes jelly, which confines the water for some hours, until it
accumulates, and comes out with a small gush. At other times, in the
early period of gestation, it collects in considerable quantity betwixt
the lower part of the decidua protrusa, which has not yet reached the
cervix uteri and the cervical efflorescence, which becomes a little
stronger than usual.

There is thus a species of dropsy produced, and the water is sometimes
confined until a little before labour comes on; at other times it is
discharged sooner, and an oozing continues for many weeks. In all these
cases, we may derive some advantage from injecting three or four times a
day a strong infusion of galls. The woman ought to use no exertion, as
the membranes are apt to give way.

When the liquor amnii really is evacuated, sometimes a spasmodic
contraction of the fibres near the cervix takes place, instead of that
regular action which is necessary for expulsion; and if the whole of the
liquor have not escaped, the remaining portion will be confined by the
tightening of that part of the uterus round the fœtus; and this
contraction may endure for a very considerable time. If not interrupted,
it may lay the foundation of future diseases in the uterus.

                                  ∽∽∽∽


                          _Of the Prognosis._

The danger of abortion is to be estimated by considering the previous
state of the health, by attending to the violence of the discharge, and
the difficulty of checking it; to its duration, and the disposition to
expulsion which accompanies it; to the effects which it has produced in
weakening the system, and to its combination with hysterical or
spasmodic affections. In general, we say that abortion is not dangerous,
yet in some cases it does prove fatal very speedily, either from loss of
blood, or spasms about the stomach, or convulsions.

It is satisfactory, however, to know, that this termination is rare,
that these dangerous attendants are seldom present, and that a great
hemorrhage may be sustained, and yet the strength soon recover. But if
there be any disposition in a particular organ to disease, abortion may
make it active, and thus, at a remote period, carry off the patient.
Frequently repeated miscarriages are also very apt to injure the health,
and break up the constitution.

When abortion is threatened, the process is very apt to go on to
completion; and it is only by interposing, before it is fairly begun,
that we can be successful in preventing it, for whenever the muscular
action is established, nothing, I believe, can check the process. As
this is often the case before we are called, or, as in many instances it
depends on the action of gestation being stopped by causes, whose action
could not be ascertained until the effect be produced, we shall oftener
fail than succeed in preventing expulsion.

This is greatly owing to our not being called until abortion has begun;
whereas, had we been applied to upon the first unusual feeling, it might
have been prevented. What I wish then particularly to inculcate is, that
no time be lost in giving notice of any ground of alarm, and that the
most prompt measures be had recourse to in the very beginning, for when
uterine contraction has commenced, then all that we can do is to conduct
the patient safely thro’ a confinement, which the power of medicine
cannot prevent.

The case of threatened abortion, in which we most frequently succeed, is
that arising from slipping of the foot, or similar causes, producing a
slight separation, because here the hemorrhage immediately gives alarm,
and we are called before the action of gestation be much affected.

Could we impress upon our patients the necessity of equal attention to
other preceding symptoms and circumstances, we might succeed in many
cases where we fail from a delay, occasioned by their not understanding
that an abortion can only be prevented by interfering before it begins,
but that, when sensible signs of it appear, the mischief has proceeded
too far to be checked.


             _Of the Prevention and Treatment of Abortion._

In considering the treatment, I shall first of all notice the most
likely method of preventing abortion in those who are subject to it;
next, the best means of checking it, when it is immediately threatened;
and, lastly, the proper method of conducting the woman through it, when
it cannot be avoided.

The means to be followed in preventing what may be called habitual
miscarriage, must depend on the cause supposed to give rise to it. It
will, therefore, be necessary to attend to the history of former
abortions; to the usual habitudes and constitution of the woman; and to
her condition when she becomes pregnant.

In many instances a plethoric disposition, indicated by a pretty full
habit, and copious menstruation, will be found to give rise to it. In
these cases; we shall find it of advantage to restrict the patient
almost entirely to a vegetable diet, and, at the same time, make her use
considerable and regular exercise.

The sleep should be abridged in quantity, and taken not on a bed of
down, but on a firm mattress, at the same time that we prevent the
accumulation of too much heat about the body. The bowels ought to be
kept open, or rather loose, which may be effected by drinking Cheltenham
water: and this can be artificially prepared, if necessary.

There is, in plethoric habits, a weakness of many, if not all, of the
functions; but this is not to be cured by tonics, but by continued and
very gradually increased exercise, with light diet, consisting chiefly
of vegetables.

This plan, however, must not be carried to an imprudent length, nor
established too suddenly; but regard is to be had to the previous
habits. It is a general rule, that exercise should not be carried the
length of fatigue, and that it should be taken, if possible, in the
country, whilst late hours, and many of the modes of fashionable life,
must be departed from. We may also derive so considerable advantage from
conjoining with this plan, the shower bath, or sea bathing, that they
ought not to be omitted.

After conception, the exercise must be taken with circumspection; but
the diet should still be sparing, and the use of the cold bath
continued. If the pulse be at any time full, or inclined to throb, a
little blood should be taken away; and much advantage will be derived in
all these cases, by using the digitalis, so as to affect the pulse. Half
a grain may be given, so often as may be found necessary, to bridle the
circulation. It may be continued for two days, and then omitted for a
day; and in this way it may be continued for a length of time; but it is
seldom necessary to give it regularly, beyond the beginning of the
fourth month, unless a change of circumstances afterwards require it.

The dose must be occasionally increased, so as to produce the desired
effect; and I can vouch for the safety of the plan.

Injecting cold water into the vagina, twice or thrice a day, has often a
good effect, at the same time that we continue the shower bath every
morning. When there is much aching pain in the back, it is of service to
apply cloths to it, dipped in cold water, or gently to dash cold water
on it.

In this, and all other cases of habitual abortion, we must advise that
impregnation shall not take place until we have corrected the system;
and after the woman has conceived, it is requisite that she live absque
marito, at least until gestation be far advanced. I need scarcely add,
that when consulted respecting habitual abortion, the strictest prudence
is required on our part, and that the situation of the patient, and many
of our advices, should be concealed from the most intimate friends of
the patient.

In other cases, we find that the cause of abortion is connected with
sparing menstruation. This is often the case with women whose appearance
indicates good health, and who have a robust look. This is not often to
be rectified by medicine, but it may by regimen, &c. Here, as in the
former case, we find it useful to make the greatest part of the diet
consist of vegetables; but it is not necessary to restrict the quantity.

When, on the other hand, the patient has a weakly delicate appearance,
it will be proper to give a greater proportion of animal food, and two
or three glasses of wine, in the afternoon, with some bitter laxative,
twice a day, so as to strengthen the stomach, and at the same time keep
the bowels open.

We also derive, in both cases, advantage from the daily use of the warm
bath, made of a pleasant temperature; but this is to be omitted after
conception. The internal use of the Bath waters is often of service; or
where the circumstances of the patient will not permit this, we may
desire her to drink, morning and evening, a pint of tepid water, which
may be continued during gestation. Throwing up into the vagina tepid
salt water twice or thrice a day, seems also to have a good effect.

I have already mentioned, that abortion is sometimes the consequence of
too firm action, the different organs refusing to yield to the uterus,
which is thus prevented from enjoying the due quantity of energy and
action. These women have none of the diseases of pregnancy, or they have
them in a slight degree. They have good health at all times, but they
either miscarry, or have labour in the seventh or eighth month, the
child being dead; or, if they go to the full time, I have often observed
the child to be sickly, and of a constitution unfitting it for
living[11].

We may sometimes cure this state by giving half a grain of digitalis,
and the eighth part of a grain of the tartris antimonii, every night at
bed-time, which diminishes the stomachic action. Bleeding is also
useful, by making the organs more irritable. Exercise, so as to prove
tonic, is hurtful in this species of abortion; instead of wishing to
increase the action of any organ, our object is to diminish it, and make
the different parts more easily acted on.

The accidental accession of an hysteric condition of the system,
sometimes spontaneously cures this state: and if the patient have gone
to the full time, but bear an unhealthy child from this cause; if she
meet with any accident in her confinement, inducing a nervous condition,
she is less apt afterwards to miscarry, or have dead children.

There is another case in which all the functions are healthy and firm,
except the circulation, which is accelerated by the uterine irritation.
This is more or less the case in every pregnancy, but here it is a
prominent symptom. The woman is very restless, and even feverish, and
apt to miscarry, especially if she be of a full habit. Immediate relief
is given by venesection, and afterwards we may, for some time, give
every night half a grain or a grain of digitalis, with two grains of the
extract of hyocyamus.

When, on the contrary, abortion arises, from too easy yielding of some
organ, we must keep down uterine action, by avoiding venery, and
injecting cold water often into the vagina. Clysters of cold water are
also useful; at the same time we must attend to the organ sympathizing
with the uterus.

Sometimes it is the stomach which is irritable, and the person is often
very sick, takes little food, and digests ill. A small blister, applied
to the pit of the stomach, often relieves this; a little of the compound
tincture of bark, taken three or four times a day, is serviceable; or a
few drops of the tincture of muriated iron in a tumbler glassful of
aerated water; at other times the bowels yield, and the patient is
obstinately costive. This is best cured by manna, with the tartarite of
potash. When the muscular system yields, producing a feeling of languor
and general weakness, the use of the cold bath, with a grain of opium,
at bed time will be of most service.

It is evident that it is only by attending minutely to the history of
former miscarriages, that we can detect these causes; and we shall
generally find, that in each individual case it is the same organ in
every pregnancy which has yielded or suffered. Previous to future
conception, we may, with propriety, endeavour to render it less easily
affected.

General weakness is another condition giving rise to abortion; and upon
this I have already made some remarks. I have here only to add, that the
use of the cold bath, the exhibition of the Peruvian bark, and wearing
flannel next the skin, constitutes the most successful practice.

Syphilis is likewise a cause of abortion. When it occurs in the mother,
it often unfits the uterus for going on with its actions. At other
times, more especially when the father labours under venereal hectic,
the child is evidently affected, and often dies before the process of
gestation can be completed.

In these cases a course of mercury alone can effect a cure. But we are
not to suppose that every child, born without the cuticle in an early
stage of pregnancy, has suffered from this cause; on the contrary, as
the majority of these instances depend on causes already mentioned, and
which cannot be cured by mercury, I wish to caution the student against
too hastily concluding that one of the parents has been diseased,
because the child is born dead or putrid in the seventh month.

It is not always easy to form a correct judgment; but we may be assisted
by finding that the other causes which I have mentioned are absent; that
we have appearances of ulceration on the child, and that there are some
suspicious circumstances in the former history and present health of the
parents.

Advancement in life, before marriage, is another cause of frequent
abortion, the uterus being then somewhat imperfect in its action. In
general, we cannot do much in this case, except avoiding carefully the
exciting causes of abortion, and by attending minutely to the condition
of other organs during menstruation or pregnancy, we may, from the
principles formerly laid down, do some good.

It is satisfactory to know that, by great care, although we may fail
once or twice, yet the uterus comes at last to act more perfectly, and
the woman bears children at the full time.

After these observations, it is only necessary to add, that in every
instance of habitual abortion, whatever the condition may be which gives
rise to it, we find that it is essential that the greatest attention be
paid to the avoiding of the more evident and immediate exciting causes
of miscarriage, such as fatigue, dancing, &c. In some cases, it may even
be necessary to confine the patient to her room, until the period at
which she usually aborts is past.

When abortion is threatened, we come to consider whether and by what
means it can be stopped. I have already stated my opinion, that when the
action of gestation ceases, it cannot be renewed, and that general
contraction of the uterine fibres is a criterion of this cessation.

Still, as some of the means which may be supposed useful in preventing a
threatened abortion are also useful in moderating the symptoms attending
its progress, we may very properly have recourse to them. Some causes
giving rise to abortion, do not immediately produce it, but give warning
of their operation, producing uneasiness in the vicinity of the uterus,
before the action of that organ be materially affected.

The detraction of a little blood at this time, if the pulse be in any
measure full or frequent, and the subsequent exhibition of an anodyne
clyster, or a full dose of digitalis and opium, together with a state of
absolute rest for some days, will often be sufficient to prevent farther
mischief, and constitute the most efficacious practice.

This is the time at which we can interfere with the most certain
prospect of success; and the greatest attention should be paid to the
state of the rest of the system, removing uneasiness, wherever it is
present, and preventing any organ from continuing in a state of undue
action. It is difficult to persuade the patient to comply with that
strict attention which is necessary at this period; but being persuaded
that if this period be allowed to pass over with neglect, nothing can
afterwards prevent abortion. I wish particularly to impress the mind of
the student with a due sense of its importance; and I must add, that as
after every appearance of morbid uterine action is over, the slightest
cause will renew our alarm, it is necessary that great attention be paid
for some time to the patient.

Often, instead of an uneasy feeling about the loins, or lower belly, we
have, before the action of gestation stops, a discharge of blood,
generally in a moderate, sometimes in a trifling degree. This is more
especially the case when abortion is threatened, owing to an external
cause, and, if immediately checked, we may prevent contraction from
beginning.

Even in those cases where we do not expect to keep off abortion, it is
useful to prevent, as far as we can, the loss of blood, for as I cannot
see that the hemorrhage is necessary for its accomplishment, although it
always attend it, I conclude that our attempts to prevent bleeding can
never do harm, for if they succeed in checking abortion, we gain our
object; if they fail, they do not increase, but diminish the danger.

It should be carefully remembered, that the more we can save blood, the
more do we serve our patient. As the means for checking the discharge
will be immediately pointed out, it is unnecessary here to enter into
any detail.

Sometimes the vessels which furnish the cervical efflorescence in the
beginning of gestation, do not assume that action, but yield blood,
which passes for the menses, and makes the woman mistake her condition.
As the uterine vessels increase in size, the discharge becomes greater
and more frequent. It is now apt to pass for menorrhagia.

If it be allowed to continue, it tends to injure the action of the
uterus, and produce expulsion, which sometimes is the first thing which
shews the woman her situation. This discharge is best managed by rest,
and the frequent injection of saturated solution of the sulphat of
alumine, or decoction of oak bark.

When a slight discharge takes place, in consequence of a slip of the
foot, or some other external cause, we may also derive advantage from
the use of the injection, but not so certainly as in the former case;
and if the discharge be considerable, the injection will fail. It is
better, in this case, to trust to the formation of a coagulum.

In those cases, where uterine pain precedes or accompanies the
discharge, abortion cannot be prevented; but when the discharge precedes
the pain, it sometimes may. Rest is absolutely necessary, if we wish the
person to go to the full time: and it is occasionally necessary to
confine her to bed for several weeks, at the same time that we put her
upon an effective course of digitalis, and give an anodyne at bed-time,
taking care also to keep the bowels in a proper state by gentle
medicine.

When we cannot prevent abortion, the next thing is to conduct the
patient safely through the process; and the first point which naturally
claims our attention is the hemorrhage. Many practitioners, upon a
general principle, bleed, in order to check this, and prevent
miscarriage: but miscarriage cannot be prevented, if the uterine
contraction have commenced; and the discharge cannot be prudently
moderated by venesection, unless there be undue or strong action in the
vessels.

This is not always the case, and therefore, unless the vessels be at or
above the natural force or strength of action, the lancet is not at this
stage necessary. The fulness and strength of the pulse are lost much
sooner in abortion than can be explained, by the mere loss of blood.

It depends on an affection of the stomach, which has much influence on
the pulse; and the proper time for bleeding is before this has taken
place. When abortion has made so much progress before we are called, as
to have rendered the pulse small and feeble; or when this is the case
from the first, bleeding evidently can do no good.

Instead of this, we may use the digitalis, which I have already highly
recommended as a preventative; but I do not say that, in ordinary cases,
where the contraction is brisk, and the process quick, it is at this
stage absolutely necessary; and I shall afterwards mention that, when
the stomachic affection is urgent, and the pulse much affected by it,
the use of this medicine is improper. When, however, the case is
tedious, and the discharge long continued, at the same time that the
sickness is not considerable, the digitalis will be of essential
service.

Nauseating doses of emetic medicines act in the same way with the
digitalis, but are much less effectual, and more disagreeable, as well
as uncertain in their operation.

Internal astringents have been proposed, but they have no effect, unless
they excite sickness, which is a different operation from that which is
expected from them.

The application of cloths dipped in cold water to the back and external
parts will have a much better effect than internal astringents, and
ought always to be had recourse to. If the digitalis have been
exhibited, it assists that medicine in moderating the circulation.

Even when trusted to alone, it lessens the action of the sanguiferous
system, particularly of the uterine vessels. The introduction of a small
piece of smooth ice into the vagina has been recommended, and has often
a very speedy effect in retarding the hemorrhage, whilst it never, if
properly managed, does any harm. A small snow-ball, wrapped in a bit of
linen, will have the same effect; but neither of these must be continued
so long as to produce pain, or much and prolonged shivering. The heat of
the surface is also to be moderated, by having few bed clothes, and a
free circulation of cool air.

But the most effectual local method of stopping the hemorrhage, is by
plugging the vagina. This is best done by taking a pretty large piece of
soft cloth, and dipping it in oil, and then wringing it gently.

It is to be introduced with the finger, portion after portion, until the
lower part of the vagina be well filled. The remainder is then to be
pressed firmly on the orifice, and held there for some time. This acts
by giving the effused blood time to coagulate. It gives no pain; it
produces no irritation, and those who condemn it, surely must either not
have tried it, or have misapplied it.

If we believe that abortion requires for its completion a continued flow
of blood, we ought not, in those cases where the process must go on, to
have recourse to cold or other means of restraining hemorrhage.

If we do not believe this, then surely the most effectual method of
moderating it is the best. Plugging can never retard the process, nor
prevent the expulsion of the ovum; for when the uterus contracts, it
sends it down into the clotted blood in the upper part of the vagina,
and the flooding ceases.

In obstinate cases we may, before introducing the plug, insert a little
powdered ice, when it can be procured, tied up in a rag.

Faintness operates in the same way, in many cases, by allowing coagula
to form in consequence of the blood flowing more slowly; and, when the
faintness goes off, the coagula still restrain the hemorrhage in the
same way as when the plug has been used. This naturally points out the
advantage of using the plug, together with the digitalis, as we thus
produce coagulation at the mouths of the vessels, and also diminish the
vascular action. It will likewise shew the impropriety of using
injections at this time, for, by washing out the coagula, we do more
harm than can be compensated by any astringent effect produced on the
vessels.

The principal means, then, which we employ for restraining the
hemorrhage, are bleeding, if the pulse be full and sharp; if not, we
trust to the digitalis, stuffing the vagina, the application of cold to
the external parts, keeping the heat of the body in general at a low
temperature, and enforcing a state of absolute rest, which must be
continued during the whole process, however long it may in some cases
be. The drink should be cold, and the food, if the patient desires any,
light, and taken in small portions.

Opiates have been advised, in order to abate the discharge, and are, by
many, used in every case of abortion, and in every stage. But as we
cannot finish the process without muscular contraction, and as they tend
to suspend that, I do not see that their exhibition can be defended on
rational principles.

If given in small quantity, they do no good in the present point of
view; if in larger doses, they only postpone the evil, for they cannot
check abortion, after it has begun. Nothing can do this, for it proceeds
from the cessation of the action of gestation, which we cannot restore.

But I will not argue against the use of opiates from their abuse. They
are very useful in cases of threatened abortion, more especially in
accidental separation of the membranes and consequent discharge. They do
not directly preserve the action of gestation, but they prevent the
tendency to muscular contraction, and thus do good; for we find in the
animal economy, that when two actions oppose each other, or alternately,
preventing a tendency to the one has an effect in preserving the other.

Opiates are likewise useful for allaying those sympathetic pains about
the bowels, and many of the nervous affections which precede or
accompany abortion. They are also, especially if conjoined with
digitalis, of much benefit in cases where we have considerable and
protracted discharge, with trifling pains, as the uterus is not
contracting sufficiently to expel the ovum, but merely to separate
vessels.

By suspending, for a time, its action, it returns afterwards with more
vigour and perfection, and finishes the process. But when the process is
going on regularly, opiates will only tend to interfere with it, and
prolong the complaint.

It was at one time the practice to endeavour to extract the fœtus and
placenta, in order to stop the discharge; but this is now very properly
abandoned. If the whole ovum come away at once, the discharge stops; if
only the fœtus come away, it continues until the placenta and decidua
are expelled; and where this process is tedious, we may derive advantage
from gently irritating the os uteri with the finger, or using pretty
strong saline clysters, or throwing cold water into the uterus by means
of a female catheter, fitted to the elastic gum bottle used for
injecting hydrocele. These means are much safer than the attempts to
pull out the placenta with the finger or pincers, which were formerly so
often made, and which are very apt to injure the womb.

In cases where the discharge is protracted and profuse, with little or
no pain, and the ovum is still entire, we may, if the pregnancy be
considerably advanced, excite the expulsive action, by rupturing the
membranes.

The stomach very soon suffers, and becomes debilitated, producing a
general languor and feebleness, with a disposition to faint, which
seems, in abortion, to depend more upon this cause than directly upon
loss of blood. Indeed, the hemorrhage produces both slighter and less
permanent effects in abortion than at the full time, although less blood
may have been lost in the latter than in the former case, for the
vessels are smaller, and the discharge is not so sudden.

There is still another cause for this; namely, that the action of the
uterus is less in the early than in the late months. Now, we know that
the effect of hemorrhage from any organ is, _cæteris paribus_, in
proportion to its degree of action. Hence the discharge is less
dangerous than at the full time, and still less in menorrhagia than in
abortion.

It is likewise less in cases where hydatids are contained in the uterus,
than when a child is present, very astonishing discharges being
sometimes sustained in that case with impunity.

The effect of abortion on the stomach seems to be in proportion to the
period at which that takes place, being greater when it occurs before
the fourth month than after it.

The effect, though distressing, and often productive of alarm, is
nevertheless beneficial, lessening the action of the vessels in the same
way with digitalis, the use of which is improper when this condition is
present.

The strength of the pulse is much abated; sometimes it becomes slower;
but in general it remains much as formerly in point of frequency; we are
therefore not to be too anxious in removing this condition, which
restrains hemorrhage; yet as it may go beyond due bounds, and produce
dangerous syncope, we must check it in time.

We must likewise be very attentive to the state of the discharge when
this affection is considerable, for if, notwithstanding this, the
hemorrhage should continue, it will produce greater and more immediately
hurtful effects than if this were absent.

The best method of abating this sinking and feebleness, is to keep the
body perfectly at rest, and the head low. If necessary, we give small
quantities of stomachic cordials, such as a little tincture of cinnamon,
or a few drops of ether in a glass of aerated water; or we may give a
little peppermint water, with fifteen drops of tincture of opium. In
urgent cases, Madeira or undiluted brandy may be given; but these are
not to be frequently repeated, and are very rarely necessary.

Sometimes, instead of a feeling of sinking and faintness, the fibres of
the stomach are thrown into a spasmodic contraction, producing sudden
and violent pain. This is a most alarming symptom, and may kill the
patient very unexpectedly. It is to be instantly attacked by a mixture
of sulphuric ether and tincture of opium, in a full dose, whilst a
senapism is applied to the epigastric region.

Spasms about the intestines are more frequent, and much less dangerous.
They are very readily relieved by thirty drops of tincture of opium, in
a dessert spoonful of aromatic tincture, or forty drops of the tincture
of hyocyamus in two tea-spoonfuls of the compound tincture of lavender.

The brain may also be affected, producing epilepsy, which is a very
dangerous symptom. This is sometimes preceded by headach, flushing of
the face, and feeling of fulness about the head and neck; but at other
times it attacks without any precursory symptom, and sometimes seems to
arise directly from copious hemorrhage.

Nothing can be done to the uterus in the way of manual assistance, or
extracting the ovum; but our chief attention should be directed to the
brain. It will, indeed, be proper to attend to the state of the pains
and discharge. If the latter be profuse, we must take measures to check
it; if the former be absent, or seem to alternate with the convulsions,
we may derive advantage from the use of a saline clyster, which will
excite the contraction of the uterus, and confine the action more to
itself.

The same effect may sometimes be obtained by injecting cold water into
the os uteri. Whilst we thus endeavour to excite the regular action of
the uterus, we must likewise act directly on the brain, by shaving the
head, and applying a senapism to the scalp. We also detract blood, if
the pulse indicate an evacuation. If, on the other hand, the disease
seem to have arisen from the profusion of the discharge, it will be
proper to give volatiles, or a full dose of laudanum, in a little warm
brandy.

This state is to be distinguished from a combination of hysteria and
syncope, which occasionally occurs during labour, whether natural or
premature, and which is by no means equally dangerous.

This is known by the smallness of the pulse, the paleness of the face,
the slightness of the convulsions, the absence of foam at the mouth, and
an appearance of struggling about the throat. It attacks suddenly,
generally on getting into an erect posture.

It is at first little different from syncope, and during the whole time
the muscles of the face are not much affected, the countenance having
rather a deadly aspect. This is removed by an horizontal posture,
sprinkling the face smartly with cold water, and the use of volatiles.
The patient, in this case, as in epilepsy, is often unconscious of
having been ill.

Regular hysteric paroxysms also sometimes accompany abortion, and are
more dangerous than at other times, more especially if they seem to have
been excited by the profusion of the discharge. If they last long, they
either end in mortal syncope, or in stupor. If they have been brought on
by some agitation of mind, they are less to be feared, though not even
then void of danger.

Besides attending to the state of the discharge, the best practice is to
keep the person very cool, and exhibit thirty or forty drops of tincture
of opium, and two drams of tinctura valerianæ ammoniata in a little
peppermint water. A clyster, composed of a pound of cold water and two
drams of tincture of asafœtida, is also sometimes of service.

Those disagreeable symptoms which I have described, fortunately do not
often attend abortion; but the process goes on safely, and without
disturbance. In this case, after it is over, we only find it necessary
to confine the person to bed for a few days, as getting up too soon is
apt to produce debilitating discharge.

We must also, by proper treatment, remove any morbid symptoms which may
be present, but which depending on the peculiarities of individuals, or
their previous state of health, cannot here be specified. When the
patient continues weakly, the use of the cold bath, and sometimes of the
bark, will be of much service in restoring the strength; and, in future
pregnancies, great care must be taken that abortion may not happen again
at the same period.

Unfortunately we meet with some cases where the recovery does not take
place with that promptitude and regularity which could be wished. This
sometimes depends upon a continuance of the hemorrhage after the ovum is
expelled, by which the patient is greatly weakened, and even her life
put into danger.

The hemorrhage may either continue from the time of expulsion, or it may
come on a week, or even longer, after it. It seems to proceed from the
uterus not going on in the process of restoration to the unimpregnated
state, but remaining too long enlarged, the consequence of which is,
that very soon the vessels pour out blood, and fill the cavity, forming
a coagulum, which presently is expelled with a considerable flow of
fluid blood; and this process may be very frequently repeated.

This, which is often connected with an hysterical condition, is more
especially apt to occur in those who are subject to flooding after the
expulsion of the child, as this marks a natural feebleness in the womb,
and a disposition to flag in its actions after delivery.

In such patients it is often preceded by ill-smelled lochial discharge,
which proceeds sometimes from the original state of the secretion, but
more frequently from its being retained for some time, and acquiring
this smell.

This has given rise sometimes to an idea that the complaint proceeded
from the retention of part of the placenta or membranes; but this
retention often takes place without any such discharge succeeding; and,
on the other hand, in several instances of this complaint we have
certain knowledge that no part of the placenta has remained, whilst in
almost every case we have a coagulum expelled, possessing exactly the
shape of the uterine cavity, shewing that nothing else has been
contained within it.

Indeed, the opinion is not very tenable, for a small part of the
placenta or decidua would, if the uterus were contracting, be soon
expelled, and would then surely cease to have any farther influence;
whilst, on the other hand, if the uterus do not regularly contract in
size, or recover itself, the hemorrhage will take place from this cause
alone, independently of all considerations relating to the placenta.

By attending to this fact, we shall not only refrain from blaming
midwives unjustly, but also from adding to the danger, by endeavouring
to remove a substance which has no existence in the uterus, and which,
even were it to a certainty within, it is there not as a cause of the
hemorrhage, but as an effect of the cause which produces that.

This disease may take place at any period of gestation. It may follow
abortion in the second month, or expulsion at the full time; but it is
dangerous in proportion as we approach to the term of natural labour. It
may attack only once or twice, or it may make many attacks for several
weeks; and it is wonderful how the system can be supported under these
continued and repeated discharges: but we find that an incredible
quantity of blood may be lost, if it be discharged at intervals.

We read in a foreign journal of a woman who, in the space of nineteen
years, was bled no less than one thousand and twenty times without
material injury. Each paroxysm is accompanied by slight pain in the back
and belly, with considerable languor and feeling of depression. The
discharge continues until the clot escapes out of the uterus, and for
some time after that until a new one forms; and during this last process
we have a considerable oozing of serous fluid.

The old clot drops out of the vagina the first time that the patient is
raised, or, if retained, it breaks down by putrefaction. On examining
these clots, they will be found to be pretty firm, and often contain,
intermixed, a quantity of whitish matter, proceeding from the morbid
condition of the lochia, for the vessels, after bleeding often, throw
out a secretion, and bleed no more until the next paroxysm, which may
not take place for one or two days.

This complaint either terminates fatally by a convulsion or syncope, or
the uterus diminishes in size, and, instead of expelling the contained
clot with hemorrhage, the coagulum seems to break down and come away
gradually in a fluid form.

In abortion, during the early stages of gestation, we cannot take any
other precaution to prevent this than keeping the patient for some time
very quiet, as motion, or even any agitation of mind, might interfere
with the process of recovery.

In more advanced gestation, as, for instance, in the seventh month, and
afterwards, if we should be obliged, on account of flooding, after the
birth of the child, to introduce the hand, and extract the placenta, we
must be careful not to withdraw it, until we find the uterus contracting
round it, which will be a mean, though not an infallible one, of making
it go regularly on in the process of restoration to the unimpregnated
state.

The best method of treating this complaint is on the very first
appearance of hemorrhage, to introduce a firm plug into the vagina,
which will prevent it from going to an excessive degree. Afterwards we
must take measures to prevent a return.

This is best done by keeping the circulation slow, by means of the
digitalis, and putting the patient on a mild vegetable diet. We cannot
assist the process of restoration otherwise than by endeavouring to
excite the contraction of the uterus. This may be done by injecting an
astringent fluid two or three times a day, and by ordering saline
clysters, which have also the effect of keeping the bowels open, an
object of very great importance. We may also find it useful to excite
gentle vomiting by small doses of ipecacuanha.

This has an excellent effect in making the uterus contract, and often is
the method which nature takes to bring about recovery.

This complaint is different from the menorrhagia lochialis, or copious
discharge of blood brought on by exertion after abortion or delivery. In
this case we have no large clot discharged, but just the usual
appearances of menorrhagia. This sometimes seems to become associated
with other morbid conditions of the system: and in those cases is more
or less obstinate as they are intractable. It is generally cured by
rest, the application of cold, and the use of the digitalis. The
consequent weakness is removed by bark, or preparation of iron, with the
cold bath.

Either of these discharges are very apt to produce painful headachs,
vertigo, and often slight paralytic symptoms, which, however, soon go
off. Any considerable increase of the hemorrhage gives relief to the
headach, but it returns afterwards with greater violence.

It is frequently relieved by the use of small doses of the saline
laxatives. In protracted cases, especially when the headach puts on an
intermittent form, observing pretty regular periods, the bark combined
with valerian will be of service.

Sometimes the mind is affected after abortion, although we may have had
little discharge; and the person becomes either melancholy, or, which is
much oftener the case, mad, with great volubility of tongue. This mania
is, in general, sudden in its attack, and is often preceded by a violent
fit of palpitation, or some other nervous affection.

It occasionally alternates with external pain or swelling of some of the
joints; and, though frequently a tedious complaint, is oftener got the
better of than any other species of mania. The head, upon a general
principle, ought to be shaved and blistered, and a free discharge kept
up from it. The bowels are to be carefully attended to, and no indurated
faces should be allowed to remain in them. The camphorated emulsion may
be given through the day in its usual quantity; and a full dose of
extract of hyosciamus exhibited at night. The patient is to be kept, in
every respect, as quiet and easy as possible.

Another distressing consequence of abortion, as well as of labour at the
full time, is hysteria appearing in various forms, but more especially
under that of palpitation of the heart. This attacks suddenly, often in
consequence of a fright.

The patient has a violent beating in the breast, and sometimes a sense
of suffocation. She feels also a knocking within the head, attended with
a sense of heat, and often a redness in the face. The pulse becomes
extremely rapid and irregular, and continues so until the fit goes off,
which sometimes is not for a considerable time.

During the paroxysm, the patient is much terrified, and impressed with a
belief that she is going to die. After it is over, the mind is left
timid, and the body in a state of languor. Sometimes the fit is
succeeded by a profuse perspiration, whilst betwixt the attacks the
temperature is very versatile.

This, like all other complaints of the same class, is very obstinate;
but it is not in general dangerous, unless when it proceeds from uterine
disease, marked by pain in the hypogastric region and tension of the
belly. In this case, the danger is great, and is only to be averted by
the early use of purgatives, followed by antispasmodics, whilst
fomentations are applied to the belly.

The other case, which is purely hysterical, is to be relieved by giving,
during the paroxysm, a liberal dose of tincture of opium and ether.
Small doses have no effect. During the intervals we may give a table
spoonful of the following mixture five or six times a day.

                     ℞ Tinc. digitalis ℥iss.
                     Extr. Hyociami ʒi.
                     Emuls. Camphorat. ℥iv. misce.

It is also an essential point, that the bowels be kept open, and the
patient put upon a light diet. As the attacks are very apt to come on at
night, when the person is about to fall asleep, we sometimes find it
useful to give a dose of tincture of hyocyamen and ether at bed-time,
and must take great care that the patient be not afterwards disturbed or
put off her rest.

When she is much troubled with flatulence, during the intervals the
tincture valeriana ammoniata is of considerable service. Tonics and the
cold bath are also proper. Hysteria either consists in or depends upon a
preternatural aptitude in the different organs, to have their actions
morbidly increased, or rendered irregular; and hence it may affect
secreting as well as muscular parts; and many of the discharges of
lying-in women will be found to be, in this sense, hysterical, and to
alternate with other symptoms, such as globus, palpitation, headach, &c.
and even the most troublesome of all the discharges, that proceeding
from the uterus not recovering or contracting properly, is, I believe,
properly speaking, an hysterical affection, connected with several
others, and alternating with them.

The next disease which I shall mention is also, I believe, altogether
hysterical. I mean that resemblance of fever which is often met with
after either abortion or delivery, at the full time, and which is, like
the rest of its tribe, abundantly obstinate.

This is not to be confounded with milk-fever, or other general diseases
arising from local injury. It is sometimes preceded by palpitation,
frightful dreams, and other nervous affection[12]. At other times it
attacks directly with a shivering fit; which is soon alternated with
heat; then the heat becomes steady and distressing, and continues until
a profuse perspiration carries it off.

The head is generally pained in the two first stages, and the pulse is
frequent in them all. The thirst is considerable, the stomach filled
with flatus, and the belly bound. Often we have irregular action of the
heart occurring in all the stages, whilst the mind is weakened, and the
patient is much afraid of dying. The paroxysm continues for several
hours, and, like ague, is apt to return regularly for a length of time.

In the cold stage, we give small quantities of warm fluid. In the hot
stage, we lessen the number of bed clothes; but must not do this
suddenly, as the shivering is very apt, in either this or the sweating
stage, to return, upon slight exposure to cold.

In the last stage, we are careful not to encourage the perspiration too
much, by refraining from warm drink, for much sweating only tends to
render the disease more obstinate. A repetition is to be prevented, by
keeping the bowels open, by the use of the bark, conjoined with
antispasmodics, and by carrying the patient, as soon as possible, to the
country.

The last disease, which I shall speak of, proceeds from the retention of
the whole, or a part of the secundines, for a length of time after the
expulsion of the fœtus. This circumstance, as I have formerly mentioned,
may sometimes occur in that state of the uterus, which gives rise to
hemorrhage, appearing as a joint effect with it. In this case, however,
we must not conclude that the one symptom is dependant on the other, for
both proceed from a common cause, the want of contraction of the uterine
fibres.

It occasionally happens, that no hemorrhage accompanies this retention,
but the remains of the ovum putrify, and after many days come away in a
very fœtid state. Until this expulsion takes place, we have very
offensive discharge from the vagina, and not unfrequently loss of
appetite, prostration of strength, frequent and small, but sharp pulse,
hot and parched state of the skin of the hands and feet, with other
febrile symptoms, even to an alarming degree, and generally accompanied
with hysterical affections.

When this disease proves fatal, there are often, but not always,
conjoined towards the termination symptoms of inflammatory action in the
uterus.

The practice, at one time, was to endeavour, with the fingers or
forceps, to extract the remains of the ovum; but this is not always
successful, and is productive of much irritation. We find it most useful
to keep the parts clean, by injecting infusion of camomile flowers with
a small quantity of oxygenated muriatic acid, to open the bowels with
gentle laxatives or clysters, to support the strength by light
nourishment with small portions of wine frequently repeated, if
agreeable to the patient, and plenty of subacid fruit, whilst, at the
same time, we, if necessary, procure rest, or allay irritation by
opiates.


                                 FINIS.




                                ERRATA.


   Page 24, line 9, for _ar every_, read _are very_.

        34,  — 8, for _expanding_, read _expending_.

        40,  — 16, for _takes_, read _take_.

        41,  — 5, for _in_, read _rise_.

        64,  — 11, for _urerus_, read _uterus_.

        74.  — 12, dele the comma after _frequently_.

        94. The paragraph beginning with _I wish_, &c. ought to form a
              part of the preceding sentence.


             _Printed by C. Stower, 32, Pater-noster Row._

-----

Footnote 1:

  Both arteries and veins enlarge, but the latter increase more rapidly
  in size than the former, so much so, that even before the descent of
  the ovum into the uterus, and while the viscus is not itself
  materially enlarged, the venous system has assumed the appearance of
  sinews, each branch being larger than a goose quill.

Footnote 2:

  Vide Anatomy of the gravid uterus, with practical inferences relative
  to pregnancy and labour.

Footnote 3:

  The placenta, contrary to some plans, is not formed exactly at the
  fundus uteri, stretching equally down on the two faces of the uterus,
  with the membranes hanging perpendicularly from it. But it lies
  chiefly on one face of the uterus, whilst the membranes are turned to
  the other. The centre of the membranous bag, therefore, at this early
  period, is not directed to the os uteri, but either to the fore or
  back part of the uterus. In proportion, however, as the bag enlarges,
  it elongates, its centre, or apex, descends, and ultimately
  corresponds with the long axis of the uterus.

Footnote 4:

  In some instances, the uterus seems to have the power of forming a
  vascular substance from its inner surface, although impregnation have
  not taken place; and, in this case, we may have the symptom of early
  abortion attending its expulsion. But much oftener we find that this
  appears as a derangement of the menstrual action, the vessels
  secreting a semi-organized substance, instead of the usual quantity of
  bloody fluid; hence, as has been observed by that ingenious and
  excellent practitioner, Dr. Denman, we have sparing and painful
  menstruation.

Footnote 5:

  For a fuller explanation and defence of this doctrine, I beg leave to
  refer the reader to some observations on the animal economy, prefixed
  to the first volume of my Dissertation on Inflammation.

Footnote 6:

  Vide Dissertations on Inflammation, Vol. I.

Footnote 7:

  This contraction is sometimes so firm after the membranes have burst,
  as to produce the same effect upon the child, as the natural pains
  would have done had the pelvis been deformed; that is to say, the
  presentation becomes unshapely, and the part below the stricture is
  swelled and livid. This spasm, like that which sometimes retains the
  placenta, is very difficult to be relaxed, and, in general, requires
  artificial management. If it come on at the full time, before the
  membranes break, it may give such a feeling to the lower part of the
  ovum, as to make it resemble a preternatural presentation, although
  the head really present. In this case, the band is generally pretty
  broad, but its contraction is not violent. It has the effect, however,
  of retarding labour, until we break the membranes, which excites a
  more general and effective action in the uterine fibres.

Footnote 8:

  The same effect is observable in the stomach and other organs. If a
  delicate person, after a hearty meal, use exercise to the extent of
  fatigue, he feels that the food is not digested, the stomach having
  been weakened or injured in its actions.

Footnote 9:

  It has even been known, that, in consequence of the death of one
  child, the uterus has suffered partially, and expulsion takes place;
  but the other child continuing to live, has preserved the action of
  gestation in that part of the uterus, which, properly speaking,
  belonged to it, and pregnancy has still gone on. This, however, is an
  extremely rare occurrence; for, in almost every instance, the death of
  one child produces an affection of the action of gestation in the
  whole uterus, and the consequent expulsion of both children.

Footnote 10:

  It is an old observation, that these purgatives, which produce much
  tenesmus, will excite abortion; and this is certainly true, if their
  operation be carried to a considerable extent, and continue long
  violent. Hence dysentery is also apt to bring on a miscarriage. Those
  strong purges which are sometimes taken to promote premature
  expulsion, not only act by exciting tenesmus, but likewise by
  inflaming the stomach and bowels, and thus affect the uterus in two
  ways. It cannot be too generally known, that when these medicines do
  produce abortion, the mother can seldom survive their effects. It is a
  mistaken notion, that abortion can be most readily excited by drastic
  purges, frequent and copious bleeding, &c. immediately after the woman
  discovers herself to be pregnant; on the contrary, the action of the
  uterus is then more independent of that of other organs, and therefore
  not so easily injured by changes in their condition. I have already
  shewn, that abortion more frequently happens when the pregnancy is
  farther advanced, because then not only the uterus is more easily
  affected, but the fœtus seems to suffer more readily. It is apt,
  either from diseases directly affecting itself, or from changes in the
  uterine action, to die about the middle of the third month, in which
  case expulsion follows within a fortnight.

Footnote 11:

  In these circumstances I have sometimes found the children liable to a
  formidable disease, described by Dr. Heberden, in his little treatise
  on the diseases of children, “Cap. De Duritie Cutis.” I have met with
  this oftener than once in the same family, until the constitution of
  the mother was attended to, on the principle I have mentioned, after
  which the children were healthy.

Footnote 12:

  Hiccup sometimes accompanies this complaint: at other times it attacks
  the patient as a disease by itself, or alternates with palpitation. It
  is best treated by giving large doses of ether. It is also necessary
  to clear the bowels; afterwards the compound tincture of bark is
  useful.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES


 1. Items mentioned in the ERRATA were corrected.
 2. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in
      spelling.
 3. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.
 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.



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