The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853 Author: Various Release date: September 1, 2021 [eBook #66198] Language: English Credits: Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Library of Early Journals.) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 200, AUGUST 27, 1853 *** {189} NOTES AND QUERIES: A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC. * * * * * ="When found, make a note of."=--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. * * * * * No. 200.] SATURDAY, AUGUST 27. 1853. [Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition, 5_d._ CONTENTS. NOTES:-- Page The English, Irish, and Scotch Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, by William Winthrop 189 Duport's Lines to Izaak Walton 193 Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, James Cornish, &c. 193 MINOR NOTES:--Sir Francis Drake--Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal--Sincere--Epitaph in Appleby Churchyard, Leicestershire 195 QUERIES:-- The Crescent, by W. Robson 196 MINOR QUERIES:--The Hebrew Testament--Dr. Franklin--Flemish Refugees--"Sad are the rose leaves"--References wanted--Tea-marks--William the Conqueror's Surname--Old Saying--To pluck a Crow with One--"Well's a fret"--Pay the Piper--Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor--Acharis--Attainment of Majority--Hartman's Account of Waterloo--Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury--Translation of Athenæus--Passages from Euripides--Anderson's Royal Genealogies 196 MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--Louis le Hutin 199 REPLIES:-- Bee-Park--Bee-Hall 199 Milton's Widow, by J. F. Marsh and T. Hughes 200 Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church 200 Curious Mistranslations, by Henry H. Breen 201 "To speak in lutestring" by the Rev. W. Fraser 202 Burial in Unconsecrated Places, by Wm. T. Hesleden and R. W. Elliot 202 PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE:--Mr. Muller's Process--Detail on Negative Paper--Ammonio-nitrate of Silver 203 REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--"Up, guards, and at them!"--German Heraldry--The Eye--Canute's Point, Southampton--Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely: Durham: Weston--Battle of Villers en Couché--Curious Posthumous Occurrence--Passage in Job--St. Paul and Seneca--Haulf-naked--Books chained to Desks in Churches--Scheltrum--Quarrel--Wild Plants, and their Names--Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton--Burial on the North Side of Churches--Rubrical Query--Stone Pillar Worship--Bad--Porc-pisee--Lowbell--Praying to the West--Old Dog--Contested Elections--"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"--Chip in Porridge--"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"--Gibbon's Library: West's Portrait of Franklin--Derivation of "Island"--Spur--On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits--Selling a Wife--Impossibilities of History--Lad and Lass--Enough 204 MISCELLANEOUS:-- Books and Odd Volumes wanted 210 Notices to Correspondents 210 Advertisements 210 * * * * * Notes. THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM. For the following list of the English, Irish, and Scotch knights of the Order of St. John, who are mentioned in the records of this island when under its rule, I am in a great measure indebted to Dr. Vella, who, after having made at my request a diligent search through very many old volumes and manuscripts, has kindly favoured me with the result of his labours. The names of the knights and places mentioned in this Note are written, in every instance, as Dr. Vella and myself have seen them recorded. Before commencing with the list, I have a few remarks to offer, that the terms peculiar to the Order which I shall make use of may be understood by those of your readers who are unacquainted with its history. The English tongue comprised the priories of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and thirty-two different commanderies. Its property, which was seized by Henry VIII. in 1534, was afterwards restored by Queen Mary, and finally and effectually confiscated by Elizabeth in the first year of her reign. Her Majesty's order for the seizure of the Irish estates was dated on the 3rd of June, 1559, and addressed to William Fitzwilliam. Vide the "Diplomatic Code of the Order," and Rymer, vol. xv. p. 527. Although Dr. Vella and myself had every wish to classify the knights of the English tongue under their different languages, still we have failed in our first attempt, and to enable us to succeed we must ask for assistance from your correspondents in England. They must be known by their names; thus, for instance, the Dundas's of 1524 and 1538 were as evidently of Scotch, as the Russells of 1536, 1537, and 1554 were of English descent. We might apply the same remark to many other knights whose names will be found recorded in the following list. Whenever a vacancy occurred by the death of a grand master, who was always a sovereign prince, the election for his successor could only take place in the convent. It was not necessary that the person elected should be present. Villiers De {190} L'Isle Adam was residing in France in 1521, when his brethren at Rhodes made him their chief. The grand priors, commanders, and knights, who were absent from Malta, whether employed in the service of the Order or not, had neither voice nor ballot in the election; and the more effectually to prevent their interference, as also that of the Roman pontiff, only three days were allowed to transpire before a successor was chosen, and proclaimed as the head of the convent. Henry VIII. addressed L'Isle Adam as follows: "Reverendissimo in Christo Patri Domini, F. de Villers L. Isleadam, Magno Hierosolymitani Ordinis Magistro, et consanguineo, et amico nostro carissimo." George II., as the king of a Protestant country, sent a letter to Emmanuel Pinto, bearing the following superscription: "Eminentissimo Principi Domino Emanueli Pinto, Magno Ordinis Melitensis Magistro, Consanguineo, et Amico Nostro Carissimo." Boisgelin has stated in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p. 194., that the-- "King of England addressed the grand master by the following titles: 'Eminentissime princeps consanguinea et amice noster carissime.' The King of France gave the Order the title of 'Très chers et bons amis;' and the grand master that of 'Très cher et très aimé cousin," in the same style as he addressed the Dukes of Tuscany." That this note may not occupy too much space in your interesting, publication, I would now merely remark that the "convent" was known as the place where the grand master, or his lieutenant, resided, and the "tongue," according to the code of the Order, was the term applied to a nation. A grand prior was the chief of his language, who resided in his native country. A "Turcopolier" was the title of the conventual bailiff of the venerable language of England, "and it took its name from the Turcopoles, a sort of light horse mentioned in the history of the wars carried on by the Christians in Palestine." The English knights won for themselves this high honour by their gallantry in the Holy Land, and in remembrance it ever after remained with their tongue. A Turcopolier was the third dignity in the convent, and the last knight who enjoyed it was Sir Richard Shelley, Prior of England. At his decease the grand master assumed the title for himself. The two interesting letters addressed by Sir Richard Shelley to Henry VIII., in which he complained of his majesty's treatment to the Order of St. John, and pleaded in its favour, were published in the English language, and five years ago were to be seen in the government library of this island. But, on my asking a short time ago to refer to them, I regretted to find that they had been taken from the library by a _gentleman_ who was well introduced to the librarian, and whose conduct in this, and some other transactions where valuable books are concerned, cannot be too strongly condemned. Before returning from this brief digression to the subject of my Note, might I ask if these letters are known in England, and whether copies could be easily procured for a friend who is desirous of having them inserted in a forthcoming publication? The Knights of St. John being members of a masonic institution, termed each other brothers, is customary with members of the craft at the present time. And it may not be out of place to remark that several of the chapels, churches, and fortifications of Malta are ornamented with masonic signs and emblems, which have been several times referred to, and cleverly explained within the last three years in different numbers of the _Masonic Quarterly Review_. Those of your readers who take an interest in masonry may peruse these papers of a distinguished mason, now stationed in the West Indies, with instruction and pleasure. Boisgelin has recorded in the first volume of his _History of Malta_, p. 182., that the Order of St. John of Jerusalem "might with propriety be considered as being at the same time hospitaller, religious, military, republican, aristocratical, monarchical," and lastly, as if these different terms, which, without his explanation, would appear to be incorrect as applying to one institution, were not sufficient, he has added in a note, that in the last days of its existence it might also have been called democratical. He has stated that it was-- "Hospitaller, from having hospitals constantly open for the reception of the sick of all countries and religions, whom the knights attended in person. Religious, because the members took the three vows of chastity, obedience, and poverty, which last consisted in having no property independent of the Order at large, and on that account the Pope was their superior. Military, from being constantly armed, and always at war with the infidels. Republican, as their chief was chosen from among themselves, and could not enact laws, or carry them into execution, without their consent. Aristocratical, since none but the knights and grand master had any share in the legislative and executive power. Monarchical, from having a superior who could not be dispossessed of his dignity, and was invested with the right of sovereignty over the subjects of the order, together with those of Malta and its dependencies. And lastly, Democratical, from the introduction of a language which did not require any proofs of nobility."[1] Before taking leave of Boisgelin, it should be recorded that he was a Knight of Malta; and his history, one of the best now extant, appeared in {191} those troubled times, when he hoped by conciliating all governments, to see his Order again restored. Influenced in all things by this hope, vain as it was, his statements should be received with some grains of allowance. Before calling attention to the following list, I have to state that a knight could not become commander before he had made four cruises in the galleys, or served five years in the convent. He had also to remain three years a commander before he could claim a pension. Those knights who are known to have been at Malta will be distinguished by a †. A. †Aylmer, Sir George 1521 Commander of Holstone. Adfil, George 1524 Albrit, Oliver 1527 B. Bouth, John 1522 Turcopolier, killed at the siege of Rhodes. Blasly, Robert 1526 Boydel, Edward 1529 †Babington, John 1531 Bailiff of Aguila, Commander of Dalby. †Babington, Philip 1531 †Belingham, Edward 1531 Commander of Dynmore. †Balfard, Richard 1531 †Brown, Edward 1531 †Broke, Richard 1531 Commander of Mount St. John. Boydel, George 1532 Boydel, Roger 1533 Turcopolier. †Bentham, Anthony 1536 Boyse, Andrew 1588 C. Corbet, William 1522 Commander of Templebruer. Cane, Sir Ambrose 1525 Chanure, John 1525 Campledik, Thomas 1529 Commander of Corbroke. Chambers, Sir James 1533 D. Deston, Claude 1522 Docray, Thomas 1523 Prior of the English tongue. Dundas, George 1524 Commander of Turfichin in Scotland. †Dingley, Thomas 1531 †Dundas, Alexander 1538 †Dudley, George 1545 Received in the Order at Malta in 1545. E. Edward, George 1525 †Eluyn, Edmund 1545 Received in the Order at Malta in 1545. F. Fairfax, Nicholas 1522 Commander of Temple Combe. Fitzmorth, Robert 1527 Fortescue, Adrian 1532 This brave knight perished on the scaffold in England at the time of the Reformation (vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 628.); was enrolled among the Saints; and his portrait, with a sprig of palm in the hand, as an emblem of his martyrdom, is now to be seen in one of the chapels of St. John's Church at this island. The 8th of July is the day now observed in commemoration of his sufferings, and of those who suffered with him. Fortescue, Nicholas 1638 This nobleman, of the same family as the preceding, was received in the Order on his own urgent application; and with the hope that, by his assistance, the English language would be restored. G. Golings, Thomas 1520 Commander of Bodisford. †Gonson, Sir David 1533 The last lieutenant of the Turcopolier at Malta. †Gerard, Sir Henry 1541 Glene, Lewis 1555 H. Hyerton, George 1523 Hall, Thomas 1526 †Halison, James 1526 Hussey, Edmund 1528 Hussey, Nicholas 1531 Hill, Edward 1531 †Hornebill, Thomas 1536 I. Irving, James 1569 Solely by the strenuous exertions of this knight it was decided, in a general chapter held in 1569, that the Scotch should enjoy the same dignities and emoluments which had been previously granted to the English and Irish knights. J. Jones, William 1522 L. Layton, Ambrose 1527 Commander of Beverly. {192} Layton, Cuthbert 1528 Lyndesey, Walter 1532 Lambert, Nicholas 1538 M. Mobysteyn, John 1526 Capellano, and Chancellor, of the Provincial Chapter of the English Language. Massinbert, Oswaldus 1527 N. Newport, Thomas 1528 Bailiff of Aquila, and Commander of Newland. Nevil, Richard 1528 Commander of Willington. Newton, Thomas 1529 Newdegatt, Donston 1536 O. Ozis, John. On the 16th of March, 1533, this knight obtained permission to return to England. Vide fol. 168. P. Pole, Alban 1520 Commander of Mount St. John. Philip, Thomas 1521 Plunket, Nicholas 1527 Pool, George 1531 Pool, Henry 1531 Pemperton, Thomas 1533 Commander of Mount St. John. R. Ransom, John (Senior) 1521 Prior of Ireland. Roberts, Nicholas 1522 Roche, Edward 1527 Ransom, William 1527 †Roger, Anthony 1533 †Ransom, John (Junior) 1533 Turcopolier. †Russell, Philip 1536 †Russell, Anthony 1537 †Russell, Egidius 1554 Governor of the city, and Captain of the forces. S. Sheffield, Thomas 1521 Commander of Beverly. Sand, George 1528 †Sandiland, James 1530 Sutton, John 1530 Salisbury, William 1537 †Starkey, Oliver 1555 Confidential secretary of La Valetta, and buried in St. John's Church, at the foot of his tomb. †Shelley, Sir Richard 1566 Prior of England, and last Turcopolier of his language. On the 25th of June, 1567, Sir Richard obtained permission to dispose of his property as he wished. †Shelley, James 1566 †Shelley, John 1582 †Stuart, Fitzjames 1689 A natural son of James II. A letter is now existing in which this monarch requested the Grand Master to receive his son as Grand Prior of the English language, if it should be agreeable to the will of the Pope. It may be noted that the Germans were the only knights in the Convent who would never admit a natural son of a noble or monarch among them. T. Theril, William 1533 Tyrell, William 1535 U. Urton, George 1523 Upton, Nicholas 1536 Turcopolier, and greatly distinguished in July, 1551, when, at the head of thirty knights and four hundred mounted volunteers, he very gallantly repulsed Dragut's attack on the island. Returning to the convent he died of his wounds. On the 20th of June, 1565, Dragut fell mortally wounded in the famous siege of Malta, and the point where he was killed still bears his name. His scimetar is now to be seen in the Maltese armoury. W. Wagor, John 1523 Weston, Sir William 1525 A brief historical description of Sir William Weston's sufferings, decease, and burial will be found in the second volume of Sutherland's Knights of Malta, p. 115., which appears to be a correct translation from Vertot's History of the Order.--Vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 629.; and Vertot, lib. 10. Wyhtt, Sir Rowland 1528 West, Clement 1532 This knight was a Turcopolier, and never placed his signature to a document without writing immediately above it "As God wills." Wise, Andrew 1593 Nominally Prior of England in 1598. Being reduced to the greatest extremity, the Roman Pontiff decreed that the language of Castile and Leon should allow him out of its revenue a thousand ducats a-year. The Spanish knights objecting to pay this sum, there was a trial before the Grand Master to enforce it; a report of which is now in the Record Office. The Pope's decree was confirmed. {193} In looking through the records of the "English tongue," I have met with the name of only one lady, Catherine Burchier, who was prioress of Buckland in 1524. Any information respecting her history, or that of the knights whose names are recorded in the above list, will be most acceptable. WILLIAM WINTHROP. La Valetta, Malta. [Footnote 1: The language to which Boisgelin refers, was that of England. A few years after the Reformation, and in 1545, the council decreed that it was no longer required for those who joined the English tongue to be noblemen. Vide fol. 35.] * * * * * DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON. Sometime since I met with the following epigrams of the learned scholar, divine, and loyalist James Duport, written on the fly-leaf of a copy of his _Musæ Subsecivæ, seu Poetica Stromata_, presented by him to Izaak Walton. I presume that they have never been printed, and that they were written in Duport's own hand. If so, they may be thought worthy of a place in the columns of "N. & Q." They will be read with some interest by those who respect Duport, and love the memory of good old Izaak Walton. I may add, that the autograph of I. W. is in the book, thus: "IZAAK WALTON, Given by the Author, 3ᴰ May, 1679." W. H. G. Winchester. "Ad virum optimum mihique amicissimum Isaacum Waltonum, de libris a se editis, mihique dono missis, nec non de vita Hookeri, Herberti, et aliorum: Munera magna mihi mittis; nec mittis in hamo Rex Piscatorum sis licet, atque Pater. Mutus ego ut piscis semper! nunquamne reponam? Piscibus immo tuis et tibi mitto Sales: Sed quid pro vitis Sanctorum? mitto Salutem; Vita etenim non est vita, Salutis inops. Tuissimus, J. D." "Ad eundem de suâ Episcopi Sandersoni Vitâ. Quem Juvenis quondam didici, Tutore magistro, Nunc Sandersonum, te duce, disco Senex. Macte nove o Plutarche Biographe; dans aliorum Qui vitas, vitam das simul ipse tibi: Nempe eris æternum in Scriptis, Waltone, superstes, Non etenim nôrunt hæc monumenta mori. J. DUPORT." * * * * * SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE. _Zachariah Jackson._--"N. & Q." will not, I am sure, refuse to give his due to Zachariah Jackson, the author of _Shakspeare's Genius Justified_, by showing to how great an extent the conjectures of Jackson had, by _thirty-four_ years, anticipated the _Notes and Emendations_. I subjoin a list of the old corrector's emendations, which are also found in Jackson's work: +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ | | | |Page in | | Play. | Text. | Emendation. |Collier. | | | | | Page in | | | | | Jackson.| +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ |Two Gentlemen of Verona,|"In telling |"In telling you | 18. | 9. | | Act II. Sc. 1. | her mind." | her mind." | | | | | | | | | |Merry Wives of Windsor, |"She _carves_." |"She _craves_." | 30. | 17. | | Act I. Sc. 3. | | | | | | | | | | | |Measure for Measure, |"_Propagation_ |"_Procuration_ | 43. | 39. | | Act I. Sc. 3 | of a dower." | of a dower." | | | | | | | | | |Ditto Ditto |"What say'st |"What say'st | 49. | 44. | | Act III. Sc. 2. | thou, _trot_?"| thou, _troth_?"| | | | | | | | | |Taming of the Shrew, |"Except they |"Except _while_ | 152.| 127.| | Act IV. Sc. 4. | are busied." | they are | | | | | | busied." | | | | | | | | | |All's Well that |"Happiness _and_|"Happiness _in_ | 159.| 89. | | Ends Well, | prime." | prime." | | | | Act III. Sc. 1. | | | | | | | | | | | |Twelfth Night, |"_Then_ cam'st |"_Thou_ cam'st | 181.| 31. | | Act V. Sc. 1. | in smiling." | in smiling." | | | | | | | | | |Winter's Tale, |"So attir'd, |"So attir'd, | 192.| 142.| | Act IV. Sc. 3. | _sworn_." | _so worn_." | | | | | | | | | |Henry V., |"_Untempering_ |"_Untempting_ | 264.| 229.| | Act V. Sc. 2. | effect." | effect." | | | +------------------------+----------------+-----------------+-----+-----+ Besides these nine verbatim coincidences, the following four are very approximate. _Taming of the Shrew_, Induction, Sc. 2: Folios.--"And when he says he is, say that he dreams." Collier MS.--"When he says _what_ he is, say that he dreams."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 142. Jackson.--"And what he says he is, say that he dreams."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 114. _Taming of the Shrew_, Act II. Sc. 1.: Folios.--"No such jade, _Sir_, as you, if me you mean." Collier MS.--"No such jade _to bear_ you, if me you mean."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 147. Jackson.--"No such jade as you,--_bear!_ if me you mean."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 119. _1 Henry VI._, Act V. Sc. 3.: Folios.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses _rough_." Collier MS.--"Confounds the tongue, and _mocks_ the _sense of touch_."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 276. Jackson.--"Confounds the tongue, and makes the senses _touch_."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 233. _Cymbeline_, Act III. Sc. 4.: Folios.-- ... "Some jay of Italy, _Whose mother was her_ painting, hath betray'd him." Collier MS.--"Who _smothers her with painting_, hath betray'd him."--_Notes and Emendations_, p. 495. Jackson.--"Who _smoother_ was: her painting hath betray'd him."--_Restorations and Illustrations_, p. 375. Besides these four emendations, which at any rate are very suggestive of those in Mr. Collier's folio, I beg to call attention to Jackson's defence of Theobald's (and his own) proposition to read _untread_ for _unthread_, in _King John_, Act V. Sc. 4., which is strikingly like Mr. Collier's defence of the same reading in the margin of the Folio 1632. {194} The whole of Jackson's notes on _King John_ are well worth reading. I beg to mention two of these, as illustrations of old Jackson's acuteness, when not under the warping influence of the _cacoëthes emendandi_. His defence of _untrimmed bride_, in Act II. Sc. 1., is most convincing. He says,-- "Constance stimulates [Lewis] to stand fast to his purpose, and not to let the devil tempt him, in the likeness of an _untrimmed_ bride, to waver in his determination; for that the influence of the Holy See would strip King John of his present royalty. Where then would be the great dowry Lewis was to receive with his wife? At present he has only the _promise_ of five provinces, and 30,000 marks of English coin; therefore as the dowry has not been paid, Blanche is still an _untrimmed_ bride."--_Recollections and Illustrations_, p. 179. His note on the use of _invisible_, in Act V. Sc. 7., is also excellent: "Death having prayed upon the reduced body of the king, quits it, and now _invisible_, has laid siege to the mind." I have elsewhere stated my opinion that "all Jackson's emendations are bad." I should have added that some few are very plausible and specious, and worthy of consideration. I will mention one in _King John_, Act IV. Sc. 2. Pembroke says,-- "If, what _in rest_ you have, in right you hold," &c. Now, _rest_ and _right_ are no antithesis, nor are they allied in meaning. Jackson inserts a _t'_ between _in_ and _rest_-- "If, what _int'rest_ you have in right you hold," &c.-- which he supports by admirable parallels from the same play. I will cite one more example of Jackson's sagacity, from his notes on _1 Henry IV._, Act I. Sc. 3. Hotspur says,-- "Never did _bare and_ rotten policy," &c. Jackson reads,-- "Never did _barren_ rotten policy," &c. Mr. Collier never once refers to Jackson. Mr. Singer, however, talks familiarly about Jackson, in his _Shakspeare Vindicated_, as if he had him at his fingers' ends; and yet, at page 239., he favours the world with an _original_ emendation (viz. "He did _behood_ his anger," _Timon_, Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found at page 389. of Jackson's book. I may be in error, but I cannot but think such ignorance, on the part of professional Shakspearians, very culpable. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. Birmingham. _On Three Passages in "Measure for Measure."_--I have to crave a small space in your columns, which have already done much good service for the text of Shakspeare, to make a very few remarks on three passages in the play of _Measure for Measure_. It is no sweeping change of reading that I am about to advocate, nor, as I think, anything over ingenious; inasmuch as, in two of the passages in question, I propose to defend the reading of the first folio, which, I contend, has been departed from unnecessarily; while, in the third, I suggest the simple change of an _f_ into an _s_. In Act II. Sc. 4., these lines occur in Angelo's soliloquy, in my folio of 1623: "The state whereon I studied Is like a good thing, being often read, Growne feard and tedious." Mr. Knight, and other editors, read _feard_, as in the original, but give no explanation; though such a strange epithet would seem to require one. I propose to read _seared_, _i.e._ dry, the opposite of fresh. This, as the saying is, "requires," I think, "only to be pointed out to be admitted." Lower down in the same scene we find the following passage, in one of Angelo's addresses to Isabel: "Such a person, Whose creadit with the judge, or owne great place, Could fetch your brother from the manacles Of the all-building law." The word _building_ has always been a stumbling-block to editors. Johnson first proposed to read _binding_, and his successors have adopted it, and such is now the generally received reading. Mr. Collier's old corrector is also in favour of the same change. I have always felt convinced, however, that _building_ was the word which Shakspeare wrote. That which answers to it in the A.-S. is _bytling_, _bytleing_, a building; _bytlian_, to build; which are inflected from _byth_, _biotul_, a hammer or mallet (whence our _beetle_); so that the strict meaning of the verb is _firmare_, _confirmare_, to fasten, close, or bind together. This will give much the same meaning to _building_ as that implied in the proposed substitute _binding_. Not having met with the word used in this peculiar sense by any old writer, I could not venture to maintain the reading of the folio on these grounds, which I have just mentioned, alone. At length, however, I have been successful, and I am now able to quote a passage from a work published very shortly before this play, entitled: "The Jewel House of Art and Nature", &c., "faithfully and familiarly set downe according to the Author's owne experience, by Hugh Platte, of Lincoln's Inne, gentleman. London, 1594." in which this word _building_ is used in precisely the same sense as that which I defend. In "the Preface of the Author," the following passage occurs: "I made a condicionall promise of some farther discouerie in arteficiall conceipts, then either my health {195} or leisure would then permit: I am now resolued (notwithstanding the vnkind acceptation of my first fruits, which then I feared and hath since falne out, is a sufficient release in law of the condition) to make the same in some sort absolute (though not altogether according to the fulnesse of my first purpose), and to become a _building_ word unto me." I apprehend that this parallel instance is all that is wanting to preserve, for the future, the reading of the first folio unimpaired. The third passage on which I have a remark to offer, is that much tormented one in Act III. Sc. 1., which stands in my first folio thus: "_Cla._ The prenzie, Angelo? _Isa._ Oh, 'tis the cunning liuerie of hell, The damnest bodie to inuest, and couer In prenzie gardes." I need not say a word about the various suggestions of _primzie_, _priestly_, _princely_, _precise_, &c., which have appeared from time to time; my business is solely with the original word in the first folio. I have always felt sure that this is none other than the poet's own word, and no error of the printer; for how could it be possible to make a gross mistake in a word which occurs twice within four lines, and one, moreover, so unusual; the printer must surely have been able to decipher the letters from _one_ of the two written specimens. It will be observed that there is a comma after _prenzie_ in the original, indicating that the word is a substantive, not an adjective. Now what is the Italian for a prince? Not only _principe_, but also _prenze_; and in like manner we find _principessa_ and _prenzessa_. I have no doubt that what Shakspeare _did_ write was-- "The prenzie, Angelo?" while a little lower down he converted the word into an adjective: "To inuest and couer In prenzie gardes." It is obvious to remark that this meaning of _prenzie_ exactly fits the sense: Angelo was a prince, and he was clad in robes of office, adorned with princely "gardes," or trappings. Shakspeare, no doubt, was very well acquainted with Italian tales and poems; the word may have become quite familiar to him. His intention here, in putting the term in question into Claudio's mouth, may have been to give an Italian character to the scene, introducing thus the _local term of dignity_ of the deputy; thus recalling the audience, by the occurrence of a single word, to the scene of the plot; for though this is said to be in Vienna, yet it is to be observed that not a name throughout the play is German, _everything is Italian_. And let it not be objected that the use of this word involves an obscurity which Shakspeare would have avoided; we are hardly able to judge, now-a-days, whether a particular word was obscure or not in his time: at all events, there would be no difficulty in adducing instances of what we should call more obscure allusions, and I think there can be little doubt that the well-educated in those days well understood the Italian _prenze_ to mean a prince. H. C. K. ---- Rectory, Hereford. _"Hamlet" and G. Steevens._--In Act I. Sc. 4., Horatio asks Hamlet "_What does this_ mean, my Lord?" (The noise of music within). Hamlet replies: "The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse, Keeps wassel, and _the swaggering up-spring reels_." G. Steevens, in a note of this passage, says: "The _swaggering up-spring_ was _a German dance_." Is not the allusion directed to the king, whom Hamlet describes as "a swaggering _up-spring_," or "_upstart_?" Should not the line-- _"O horrible, O horrible, most horrible!"_ in the Ghost's narrative in the _fifth scene_, be given to Hamlet? JAMES CORNISH. Falmouth. * * * * * Minor Notes. _Sir Francis Drake._--Having traversed the globe within three years, his travels were thus noticed by a poet of his day: "Drake, pererrati novit quem terminus orbis, Quemque semel mundi vidit uterque Polus. Si taceant homines, faciant te sidera notum, Sol nescit comitis non memor esse sui." CLERICUS (D.) _Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal._--Examples of identity of expression existing between the Scriptures and ancient heathen writers have already appeared in "N. & Q." Permit me to add the following passages, which appear to me to afford an instance of similarity of idea: "Λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι ἐὰν οὗτοι σιωπήσωσῖν, οἱ λίθοι κεκρὰξονται."--_Luc._ cap xix. v. 40. "Audis, Jupiter, hæc, nec labra moves, quum mittere vocem Debueras, vel marmoreus, vel aëneus?" Juven. _Sat._ xiii. v. 113. The satirist would seem to say (taking the sceptic's view), that even if Jupiter existed only in brass and marble, the very statues would "cry out" against the impious perjury. I drop my initials, and beg to subscribe myself ARCH. WEIR. _Sincere._--Trench, _On the Study of Words_, 4th ed., p. 197., says: "They would be pleased to learn that 'sincere' may be, I will not say that it is, without wax (sine cerâ), as the best and finest honey should be." {196} Is not this derivation erroneous? _Sincere_ does not mean "pure, like virgin-honey;" but it expresses the absence of deception. I doubt not that it is derived from-- "The practice of Roman potters to rub wax into the flaws of their unsound vessels when they sent them to market. A sincere [without wax] vessel was the same as a sound vessel, one that had no disguised flaw." So says Bushnell (_God in Christ_, p. 17.). The derivation is no novelty. I reproduce it merely to correct an error which is obtaining currency under the name of Mr. French. I should be obliged to any of your correspondents who would refer me to, or still better cite, any passages in the Latin classics relating to the practice I have mentioned. C. MANSFIELD INGLEBY. Birmingham. _Epitaph in Appleby Church-yard, Leicestershire._-- "I was a fine young man, As you would see in ten. And when I thought of this, I took in hand my pen, And wrote it down so plain That every one might see; How I was cut down, Like blossoms from a tree." J. G. L. * * * * * Queries. THE CRESCENT. I shall be obliged to any correspondent of "N. & Q." who will point out the period at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism. Poets and romancers freely bestow it upon any time or scene in which Mussulmans are introduced; Sir Walter Scott mentions it in the _Talisman_, but after the strange liberties he has taken with Saladin and Richard, he becomes, on such a question, no higher authority than writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in the history of Mahomet, or in that of his immediate successors. The first time Michaud, in his fine _Histoire des Croisades_, speaks of it is in the reign of Mahomet II., which is many centuries after periods at which modern poets, and even historians, have named it as the antagonistic standard to the cross. The crescent is common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire long before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have reason to believe, in some degree peculiar to the Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks, as contradistinguished from other Saracens? or, was it adopted by Mahomet II. after his conquests of Constantinople and the eastern countries of Europe? I am aware that if this last idea be substantiated, it will make it much more modern than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas of everything, Turkish were for so long a time mixed with the wonderful and the romantic, that we must not expect much correctness on such points. The Turks came into fearful contiguity with the West in the fifteenth century; Europe had as much to dread from them then as from the Russians now. This event and the art of printing were almost cotemporary, and the crescent has been presented to us as the symbol of Mahometanism ever since; but I much doubt it can be proved to have been so at a far remoter period. W. ROBSON. Stockwell. * * * * * Minor Queries. _The Hebrew Testament._--Having lately completed the above work, so as to be "ready for the press" without much delay, I should be glad before I resign the MS. to the hands of the printer, to have the advantage of the suggestions of those of your erudite readers who have made sacred criticism their study. MOSES MARGOLIOUTH. _Dr. Franklin._--I possess the following lines in the handwriting of Dr. Franklin, written in the year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who was the author of them, and when and where they were first printed? "When Orpheus went down to the Regions below, Which men are forbidden to see; He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show, To set his Euridice free. All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise Should so rashly endanger his life, And venture so far! But how vast their surprise When they heard that he came for his wife. "To find out a punishment due to the fault Old Pluto had puzzled his brain; But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought, So he gave him his _wife_ back again. But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart, And, pleas'd with his playing so well, _He took her again_, in reward of his Art; Such power had Music in Hell!" G. M. B. _Flemish Refugees._--In the troubled times of the Reformation, England was not seldom the refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion, abandoned their country. Among these was Mr. Joos Tuck, who, according to a consistorial decision of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van Den Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren of the Flemish Class, since "they had taken knowledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother." He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583, and withdrew to England. I should be glad to learn what befell him there. Peter Lambert was a student of the University of Ghent: though, as far as I am aware, he is not {197} mentioned in Te Water's _History of the Reformed Church and University in Ghent_. On July 21, 1583, a student made known his wish to propose himself as candidate for the ministry; and on August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of the University of Ghent, before the consistory, requesting the brethren to grant him the twenty-five guilders which had been promised; because, on account of the troubled state of the country, he wished to flee to England, on which request was decided: "Since a well-known and pious brother, who is compelled to flee, is in need of help, let the deacons and _pensionary_ of the town be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore, he also took refuge in England. Can any one give me farther information?--From the _Navorscher_. J. H. VAN DALE. _"Sad are the rose leaves," &c._--Can you or any of your correspondents tell me whence come the following lines?-- "Sad are the rose leaves which betoken That there the dead lie buried low; But sadder, when the heart is broken, Are smiles upon the lips of woe." They are quoted from memory from the album of a lady friend. ISELDUNENSIS. _Wanted, the original_ habitat _of the following Sentences_: 1. "Ministeriun circa, non magisterium supra, Scriptures." 2. "Virtus rectorem ducemque desiderat, vitia sine magistro discuntur." 3. "In necessariis unitas, in non-necessariis libertas, in omnibus charitas." 4. "Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wetstein assigns this last to Seneca, _Epist._ 17.; but there is some error. It very likely is in Seneca. 5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentimus, præsentiam credimus, modum nescimus." Durandus is the author. 6. "En rem indignam! nos qui jam tot annos sumus doctores S. Theologiæ, denuo cogimur adire ludos literarios." Spoken by the adversaries of Erasmus. What is the earliest authority for the story of St. John and his partridge? Will MR. BOLTON CORNEY be kind enough to explain the occasion of Porson's notable speech recorded on the last page of his _Curiosities Illustrated_? His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a French origin for D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See Bassompière, in _Retrospective Review_, xiii. 346. S. Z. Z. S. _Tea-marks._--Accident threw in my way lately a catalogue of a large sale of teas in Mincing Lane; and my attention was drawn to certain marks against the several lots, which appeared to indicate particular qualities, but to me, as uninitiated, perfectly incomprehensible. In this dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this, and I was informed that teas are sampled and tasted by the brokers, and divided in the main into seven classes, distinguished as follows: [Illustration] Can any of your correspondents tell us when this classification was first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters? Can they be Chinese, and the names given from some fancied resemblance to the gallows, or the letter _T_ turned sideways? My friend the broker, though a very intelligent man, could give me no information whatever on these points. W. T. 42. Lowndes Square. _William the Conqueror's Surname._--Had William a surname? If so, what was it? By surname I mean such as is transmitted from father to son, not the epithets he used to bestow on himself in documents, as "I, William the Bastard," "I, William the Conqueror," &c. TEE BEE. _Old Saying._-- "Merry be the first And merry be the last, And merry be the first of August." Having frequently heard this old saying, I take the liberty of asking, through your much valued paper, it any of your readers are able to tell me its origin? EDM. L. BAGSHAWE. Bath Literary Institution. _To pluck a Crow with One._--It is a common expression in all ranks, I believe, of this country, to speak of "plucking a crow" with such a one; meaning to call him to account for some delinquency. Can any of your correspondents inform me of the origin of the phrase? W. W. _"Well's a fret."_--When, after a short pause in conversation, any one utters the interjection, "Well!" it is a very common practice in Nottingham to say: "... and _well's a fret_, He that dies for love will not be hang'd for debt." I have asked a great number of persons for an explanation, but they all use the phrase without any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers, tell me if it have any; or if it be only nonsensical doggrel? DEVONIENSIS. {198} _Pay the Piper._--This expression surely has a firm foundation. Can any of your correspondents trace it? W. T. M. Hong Kong. _Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor._-- "This was ingeniously signified by that Greek inscription upon a font, which is so prettily contrived, that the words may be read after the Greek or after the Hebrew manner, and be exactly the same: 'Νίψον ἀνόμημα, μὴ μόναν ὄψιν,' 'Lord, wash my sin, and not my face only.'"--_Life of Christ_, part i. sect. 9. disc. 6., "On Baptism," vol. ii. p. 235., Eden's edition. Can any reader of "N. & Q." state the bishop's authority for this ingenious device? A. TAYLOR. _Acharis._--The following is extracted from Dugdale's _Monasticon_: "Radulphus Wicliff armiger tenet in Wicliff duas partes decimarum de dominicis quondam _Acharis_, quondam ad 5. s. modò nihil quia ut dicit sunt inclusæ in parco suo, ideo ad consilium." What is the meaning of the term _Acharis_, and of the passage? It is an extract from the _Rentale spiritualium Possessionum atque temporalium Prioratus Sancti Martini juxta Richmund in agro Eboracensi_. A. W. H. _Attainment of Majority._--Professor DE MORGAN will, I am sure, permit me to put this question to him: In a short treatise "On Ancient and Modern Usage in Reckoning," written by him for the _Companion to the Almanac_ of 1850, he explains, at page 9., the usage of attainment of majority in these words: "Nevertheless in the law, which here preserves _the old reckoning_, he is of full age on the 9th: though he were born on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlement _a minute after midnight_ on the morning of the 9th." I want to have this statement reconciled with the opening scene of Ben Jonson's _Staple of News_, where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch strikes--"one, two, three, four, five, six!"-- "Enough, enough, dear watch, Thy pulse hath beat enough --The hour is come so long expected," &c. Then "the fashioner" comes in to fit on the heir's new clothes; he had "waited below 'till the clock struck," and gives, as an excuse, "your worship might have pleaded _nonage_, if you had got 'em on ere I could make just affidavit of the time." All these particulars are too _verbatim_ to admit of doubt as to the peculiar usage of that time; and from other sources I know that Ben Jonson was right: but it is not alluded to in the treatise first mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was altered to "a minute after midnight." A. E. B. Leeds. _Hartman's Account of Waterloo._--In the note to the 3rd Canto of _Childe Harold_, Stanza 29, Lord Byron says: "The place where Major Howard fell was not far from two tall and solitary trees, which stand a few yards from each other at a pathway's side. Beneath these he died and was buried. The body has since been removed to England." I have a copy on which one has written-- "Hartman's account is full and interesting. He was in conversation with Major Howard when he was killed; and afterwards gave directions for his burial. Though no poet, he could describe graphically what he saw and did." The position of Hartman, and his apparent familiarity with Major Howard, seem to take him out of the herd of writers on Waterloo; but I cannot learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can any of your readers tell me? The note may have been made in mere wantonness, but it looks genuine. G. D. _Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury._--When was Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury, born; who, Camden tells us, was the "greatest ornament" of Higham Ferrers? I have seen his birth somewhere stated to have taken place in the year 1360; but no day or month was given. I should also be glad to know to what extent he was a contributor towards the restoration of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which bear his arms? R. W. ELLIOT. _Translation of Athenæus._--I find, in the _Classical Journal_, xxxviii. 11., published in 1828, that an English translation of Athenæus had been completed before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S., author of the _History of Pembrokeshire_. The writer farther says: "We have reason to believe that the MS. is now in possession of his son, the Rev. S. Fenton, Vicar of Fishguard in Pembrokeshire." Has this version, or any part of it, ever been published? P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. _Passages from Euripides._--Rogers translates two fine passages from Euripides: "There is a streamlet issuing from a rock," &c. and "Dear is that valley to the murmuring bees," &c. Where is the original Greek to be found? F. _Anderson's Royal Genealogies._--Is there any memoir or biographical account extant of James Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most excellent and valuable work bearing the above title, and published in London, 1732, fol.? G. {199} Minor Queries with Answers. _Louis le Hutin._--When or for what reason was the _sobriquet_ "Hutin" attached to Louis X. of France? And what is the meaning of "Hutin?" F. S. A. [_Hutin_ is defined by Roquefort, _brusque_, _emporté_, _querelleur_, from the Low Latin _Hutinus_; and in illustrating the word he furnishes the following reply to our correspondent's Query: "Mezerai rapporte que Louis X. fut surnommé _Hutin_, parceque, dès son enfance, il aimait à quereller et à se battre, et que ce surnom fut lui donné par allusion à un petit maillet dont se servent les tonneliers, appelé _hutinet_, parce-qu'il fait beaucoup de bruit."] * * * * * Replies. BEE-PARK--BEE-HALL. (Vol. v., pp. 322. 498.) Enjoying as we do the advantages of the extension of scientific knowledge, and its application to our routine of daily wants, we are apt to forget that our forefathers were without many things we deem essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G. and B. B. have touched upon a curious feature of antiquity, which science and commerce have rendered obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of sugar, bees were important ministers to the luxuries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited pages. I was struck with the following passage in the first forest charter of King Henry III.: "Every freeman ... shall likewise have the honey which shall be found in his woods." This, in a charter second only in importance, perhaps, to Magna Charta itself, sounds strange to our ideas; moderns would not think it a very royal boon. But the note with which Mr. R. Thomson (_Historical Essay on the Magna Charta of King John_, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth insertion in your columns: "The second part of this chapter secures to the woodland proprietor all the honey found in his woods; which was certainly a much more important gift than it would at first appear, since the Hon. Daines Barrington remarks, that perhaps there has been no lawsuit or question concerning it for the last three hundred years. In the middle ages, however, the use of honey was very extensive in England, as sugar was not brought hither until the fifteenth century; and it was not only a general substitute for it in preserving, but many of the more luxurious beverages were principally composed of it, as mead, metheglin, pigment, and morat, and these were famous from the Saxon days, down even to the time of the present charter (1217). In the old Danish and Swedish laws bees form a principal subject; and honey was a considerable article of rent in Poland, in which it was a custom to bind any one who stole it to the tree whence it was taken. The Baron de Mayerberg also relates, that when he travelled in Muscovy in 1661, he saw trees there expressly adapted to receive bees, which even those who felled their own wood were enjoined to take down in such a manner that they who prepared them should have the benefit of the honey. Nor was the wax of less importance to the woodland proprietors of England, since candles of tallow are said to have been first used only in 1290, and those of wax were so great a luxury, that in some places they were unknown: but a statute concerning wax-chandlers, passed in 1433 (the 11th of Henry VI. chap. 12.), states that wax was then used in great quantities for the images of saints. Only referring, however, to the well-known use of large wax tapers by King Alfred in the close of the ninth century, it may be observed that in the laws of Hoel Dha, king of South Wales, which are acknowledged as authentic historical documents, made about A.D. 940, of much older materials, is mentioned the right of the king's chamberlain to as much wax as he could bite from the end of a taper."--_Coke_; _Manwood_; _Barrington_; _Statutes of the Realm_. Perhaps you will allow a few words more in illustration of B. B.'s Query (Vol. v., p. 498.). A recent correspondent, writing of some modern experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the propriety of contributing to a list of "vulgar errors" which have proved to be "vulgar truths." It would not much surprise me to learn that, after all, the popular belief in the efficacy of the rough music of the key and warming-pan might be added to his list. At all events the reason stated by B. B. to prove its uselessness, viz. that bees have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be abandoned, as a Query of MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE (Vol. vii., p. 499.), and an answer (Vol. vii., p. 633.), will show. That all insects are possessed of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced of as that they have eyes; though some naturalists formerly considered they were not, as Linnæus and Bonnet; while Huber (his interesting observations on bees notwithstanding) seems to have been quite undecided on the point. Bees, as well as all other insects, hear through the medium of their antennæ, which in a subordinate degree are used as feelers; observing which, perhaps, Huber and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the sense in question. In reference to MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE'S Query, so far from other naturalists confirming Huber's observations as to the effect produced by the sound emitted by the _Sphynx atropos_ on the bees, besides Dr. Bevan (quoted Vol. vii., p. 633.), the intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author of the entomological portion of _The Naturalist's Library_ (vol. xxxiv. pp. 53-55.), completely disproves them. He tells us that he has closely watched bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells; but the sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration of the queenly sound, so far from remaining motionless, {200} held their sovereign in check, and stubbornly persisted in the defence of their charge against the attacks of their queen and mother. Besides this disproval of the incapacitation of bees by the emission of a sound, another from the experiments of Huber himself may be mentioned. He introduced a _Sphynx atropos_ into a hive in the daytime, and it was immediately attacked and killed by the workers. Query, Might not the explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth be, that the darkness of night incapacitates the bees, while it is the time nature has provided for the wanderings of the _Sphynx_? TEE BEE. * * * * * MILTON'S WIDOW. (Vol. vii., p. 596.; Vol. viii., pp. 12. 134.) A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol. of the Chetham Society's publications having been introduced to your readers by the handsome notice of MR. HUGHES, I feel bound to notice the objection raised by your correspondent GARLICHITHE (Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded Randle the _grandfather_ and Randle the _son_ of the writer of these letters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Minshull, who was the writer of these letters in 1656, and died in the following year, had several sons, of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described by MR. HUGHES as the great-great-grandson of the Minshull who first settled at Wistaston, had seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow of Milton, was one. She was baptized at Wistaston on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six years after her husband's death), by means of a family arrangement with Richard Minshull of Wistaston, frame-work knitter, who, there can be little doubt, was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my possession, she acquired a leasehold interest in a farm at Brindley, near Nantwich. On the 20th July, 1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth Milton, of Nantwich, widow, she administered to the effects of her brother, John Minshull, in the Consistory Court of Chester; and her will, the probate of which is also in my possession, is dated 22nd August, and proved 10th October, 1727. MR. HUGHES having given a reference to the volume where this information will be found in detail, a reference to it might have saved GARLICHITHE the trouble of starting an objection, and shown him that, so far from the facts stated being irreconcilable with Mr. Hunter's tract, that gentleman's reference to Randle Holme's _Correspondence_ was suggested by a communication of my own to _The Athenæum_, and in its turn furnished me with the clue from which I eventually ascertained the particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage. I am sorry to say that I have wholly failed in finding the register of her marriage: it is not in the register-book of her native place. It might be worth while to search the register of the parishes in which Milton's residence in Jewin Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are situate. There is no uncertainty as to the date, which Aubrey tells us was in "the yeare before the sicknesse." Though CRANMORE (Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be a deserter from the ranks of "N. & Q.," I hope he is known to some of your readers, and that they will convey to him a hint that he is under something like a promise to furnish information, which, as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the poet's widow, will still be welcome. J. F. MARSH. Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must tender my thanks to GARLICHITHE for his obliging reference to Mr. Hunter's tract; albeit there is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position assumed in any note upon Milton's widow which that tract in any way contravenes or sets aside. The fact is, GARLICHITHE, in the outset, entirely misapprehends the nature of my argument; and so leads himself, by a sort of literary "Will-o-the-wisp," unconsciously astray. It was not Randle the _grandfather_ of Richard Minshull, writer of the two letters transcribed by Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldest _son_ of this Richard Minshull to whom I referred as the father of Elizabeth Milton. Nor is it _possible_ that this Elizabeth could have "died in infancy," seeing that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is also extant) from her brother Richard, then of Wistaston, where he was baptized April 7, 1641, secured to her as Elizabeth _Milton_, dated June 4, 1680. As to the marriage itself, it may have taken place in London, where the poet resided; or, which is more probable, at or near the residence of their mutual friend, Dr. Paget. Milton was certainly not over-careful about ritual observances, and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a civil marriage, to one religiously and properly conducted in the church of his forefathers. T. HUGHES. * * * * * PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH. (Vol. viii., p. 55.) It is probable that these circles with eight radiations are the original dedication-crosses of the church. Such crosses are still to be seen painted on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic churches. Durandus, describing the consecration of a church, says: "In the meanwhile within the building twelve lamps be burning before twelve crosses, which be depicted on the walls of the church.... Lastly, he [the bishop] anointeth with chrism the twelve crosses {201} depicted on the wall."--Durandus _On Symbolism_, ed. Neale and Webb, p. 115. In the Pontifical, _De Ecclesiæ Dedicatione_, the rubric directs,-- "Item, depingantur in parietibus Ecclesiæ intrinsecùs per circuitum duodecim cruces, circa decem palmos super terram, videlicet tres pro quolibet, ex quatuor parietibus. Et ad caput cujuslibet crucis figatur unus clavus, cui affigatur una candela unius unciæ." Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral, and at Uffington Church, Berks, and in both cases on the exterior of the buildings. The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number, viz. one over each side-door at the west end, two on the buttresses of the north and south transepts, two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in the centre of the east wall. The number at Uffington is twelve, disposed as follows: Three under the east window, three under the west window, one under the south window of the south transept, one under the north window of the north transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one on the north wall of the nave, one on the south wall of the chancel, and one in the east wall of the south transept. In each case the crosses have been of brass inlaid in the wall, with the exception of one, which is of stone, and of more elaborate design. The _rationale_ of dedication-crosses, according to Durandus, is,-- "First, as a terror to evil spirits, that they, having been driven forth thence, may be terrified when they see the sign of the cross, and may not presume to enter therein again. Secondly, as a mark of triumph; for crosses be the banners of CHRIST, and the signs of his triumph.... Thirdly, that such as look on them may call to mind the passion of CHRIST, by which he hath consecrated his Church, and their belief in his passion," &c.--Page 125. Under these aspects the exterior would seem the more fitting, and may have been the original position of them. Perhaps MR. ELLIOT will inform us what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite? CHEVERELLS. * * * * * CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS. (Vol. vi., p. 321.) I have found, in _D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature_, two or three instances in which he mistranslates from the French. The first occurs in the following passage in the article headed "Inquisition:" "Once all were Turks when they were not Romanists. Raymond, Count of Toulouse, was constrained to submit. _The inhabitants were passed on the edge of the sword_, without distinction of age or sex." From the words which I have marked for Italics, it is clear that D'Israeli translated the passage from some French author; but not being aware of the idiomatic expression "passer au fil de l'épée," and that it means "to put to the sword," he translated the words in their literal sense, which in English is no sense at all. The second example will be found in the article headed "Mysteries, Moralities," &c. D'Israeli quotes some extracts from the _Mystery of St. Dennis_, and concludes with the following on the subject of baptism: "Sire, oyez que fait ce fol prestre: Il prend de l'yaue _en_ une escuelle, Et gete aux gens sur le cervele, Et dit que _partants_ sont sauvés." which he translates thus: "Sir, hear what this mad priest does: He takes water _out of_ a ladle, And, throwing it at people's heads, He says that _when they depart_ they are saved!" The error of "out of" for "into" is unimportant; but not so where he renders "partants" by "when they depart." The word "partant," in the original, is an adverb, and means "thereupon," "forthwith." This D'Israeli has mistaken for "partant," the participle of "partir:" and hence the erroneous construction given to the passage. A third sample occurs in the same article, where the author quotes from one of the dramas called _Sotties_, a passage in which are these lines: "Tuer les gens pour leurs plaisirs, _Jouer le leur_, l'autrui saisir." These he translates as follows: "Killing people for their pleasures, _Minding their own interests_, and seizing on what belongs to another." Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, rendered by "to mind their own interests;" a rather equivocal method, it must be confessed, of accomplishing that object. These are among the very few instances in which D'Israeli, by quoting from the original authorities, enables us to form an opinion as to the correctness of his anecdotes; and when we consider that by far the greater proportion of these are drawn from French sources, there is reason to apprehend that they may not have always been given with sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in this view by another quotation which D'Israeli seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of the feudal custom of the French barons, according to which they were allowed to cohabit with the new bride during the first three nights after marriage. Upon this he remarks: "Montesquieu is infinitely French when he could turn this shameful species of tyranny into a bon mot; for he boldly observes on this: 'C'était bien ces trois nuits là qu'il fallait choisir; car pour les autres on {202} n'aurait pas donné beaucoup d'argent.' The legislator, in the wit, forgot the feelings of his heart." I have never been able to conceive what meaning D'Israeli could have attached to this quotation from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into a _bon mot_. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the words he quotes, but there is not even an attempt at it. The writer merely suggests a reason for the preference given to the first three nights; and in doing so he expresses the sentiments of the barons, and not his own. And yet, it is upon this strange misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man the imputation of being "infinitely French," and of forgetting, for the sake of a _bon mot_, the feelings of his heart! HENRY H. BREEN. St. Lucia. * * * * * "TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING." (Vol. iii., p. 188.) The Query on the meaning of the phrase "to speak in lutestring," used by Philo-Junius, has remained so long without an answer, that to attempt to give one now seems almost to require an apology. I will however do so. In Letter XLVII., dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says: "I was led to trouble you with these observations by a passage, which, _to speak in lutestring_, 'I met with this morning in the course of my reading,' and upon which I mean to put a question to the advocates for privilege." Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says: "But Junius has a great authority to support him, which, _to speak with the Duke of Grafton_, 'I accidentally met with this morning in the course of my reading.' It contains an admonition which cannot be repeated too often," &c. I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean what I have supposed it to mean--to speak as the echo or exact repeater of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules? W. FRASER. Tor-Mohun. * * * * * BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES. (Vol. vi. _passim._) So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the subject of peculiar interments,--skipping about from one part of the country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire, as if in search of farther instances,--that I am induced to add to the number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he not only lived but died. Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others, he had his failings, and amongst them the _amor nummi_ was not the least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress, when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that fraternity. The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect, but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it. Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable standing-room about the grave, that I have ever {203} since concluded that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover the body up; and so it was done. That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew. After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived. And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be. WM. T. HESLEDEN. J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under a _windmill_ near his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in a _conical building_ near his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by Baskerville himself, commences with these lines-- "Stranger, Beneath this _cone_, in _unconsecrated_ ground, A friend to the liberties of mankind directed His body to be inurned." The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was a _windmill_. Perhaps J. H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page: "I heard John Wilkes, after praising Baskerville, add, 'But he was a terrible infidel; he used to shock me!'" R. W. ELLIOT. Clifton. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE. [At the suggestion of several correspondents we have reprinted from _The Athenæum_ of the 22nd Nov. 1851, the article detailing the new process by Mr. Muller referred to by the Rev. MR. SISSON in our last Number.] _Mr. Muller's Process._--"The following photographic process has been communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies. We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's own words-- "'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.--The ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpness _without any farther application_. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron, and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect. The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:--by which, indeed, the latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not keep after being iodized.' "Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which could be applied at any moment when required. "No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable to the albumenized glass and collodion processes." _Detail on Negative Paper._--I have not observed before this, that any photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat at one end, so that it may present {204} a facet about half an inch square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains. It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes. Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been better than any of ours in my estimation. WELD TAYLOR. _Ammonio-nitrate of Silver._--Will any of your scientific correspondents explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the investigation of it may lead to some new results. PHILO-PHO. * * * * * Replies to Minor Queries. "_Up, Guards, and at them!_" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.).--It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself. I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase, and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have already stated. C. _German Heraldry_ (Vol. viii., p. 150.).--Your Querist will probably find what he inquires for in Fursten's _German Arms_, published at Nurenberg in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten's _German Arms_ was commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later years, more frequently under that of Weigel's _Book of German Arms_ (Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes, princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John David Köhler. G. In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, entitled _Heraldica Curiosa_. It is in German, a thin folio, with an innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families. J. B. _The Eye_ (Vol. viii., p. 25.).--I hope that interesting question raised by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye," will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase is varied, the word‎ ‏בָּבָה‎‏ being used, and occurring only in this passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than the _pupil_ of mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz. γλήνη (_i. e._ κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη. QUÆSTOR. _Canute's Point, Southampton_ (Vol. vii., p. 380.).--A correspondent having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred to. I submit the following extract from a local history: "Canute's Point was a projection of the shore near the mouth of the Itchen, where it is supposed the celebrated but much-embellished reproof to his courtiers was administered; and it was preserved by a line of piles driven into the beach, until the construction of the docks, which effaced the old beach line. Of Canute's Palace there are still a few remains, and the position fully justifies the presumption of its identity." These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act for the construction of the docks was obtained. WILLIAM SPOOR. {205} _Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely--Durham--Weston_ (Vol. viii., p. 103.).-- "Edward Weston, A. B. 1723, A. M. 1727, born at Eton, son of Steven Weston of 1682, Bishop of Exeter. He was secretary to Lord Townsend at Hanover, during the king's residence there in 1729. He continued several years in the office of Lord Harrington as secretary. He was also _transmitter_ (query, _translator_?) of the State Papers, and one of the clerks to the Signet. In 1741 he was appointed gazetteer, a place of considerable emolument. In 1746 he was secretary to Lord Harrington, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and became a privy councillor of that kingdom. He published, though a layman, a volume of sermons. His son is now [viz. 1797] a prebendary of Durham and St. Paul's, and rector of Therfield near Royston."--Harwood's _Alumni Etonenses_, p. 300., under 1719. Corkenhatch must be Cockenhatch, near Barkway. J. H. L. _Battle of Villers en Couché_ (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).--An authoritative record of this action may be found in-- "An Historical Journal of the British Campaign on the Continent, in the year 1794; with the Retreat through Holland, in the year 1795. By Captain L. T. Jones, of the 14th regiment. Dedicated, by permission, to his Royal Highness Field Marshal the Duke of York. Printed for the Author. Birmingham, 1797." The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author, which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the following extraordinary instance of personal bravery: "The same officer of this corps (3rd dragoon guards), who bore off the corpse of General Mansell, relates some particulars in the action of the 24th, under Gen. Otto:--that a man of the name of Barnes, who had been unfortunately reduced from a serjeant to the ranks, had bravely advanced, doing execution on the enemy, till his retreat was foreclosed, and he was seen engaged with five French dragoons at once; all of these he fairly cut down, when nine more came upon him, whom he faced and fairly kept at bay, till one of them got behind him, and shot the brave fellow in the head." In reference to the action of the 26th, Captain Jones observes: "It is not possible to describe the bravery of the army on that day, nearly the whole of the British cavalry were engaged, and gained immortal honour." The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April, thus concludes: "His Royal Highness has, at all times, had the highest confidence in the courage of the British troops in general, and he trusts that the cavalry will now be convinced that whenever they attack with the firmness, velocity, and order which they showed on this occasion, no number of the enemy (we have to deal with) can resist them." BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM. _Curious Posthumous Occurrence_ (Vol. viii., p. 5.).--Though the worthy grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with some exaggeration as to the _generality_ of body-turning, and though the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite correct. Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many instances, in this strange position. I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life and death, they had turned themselves over! R. M. In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the head drops either on one side or the other--a circumstance which any one conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with the vertebræ would deem most natural. BRISTOLIENSIS. _Passage in Job_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--This question is answered, as far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in his _Notes on Job_, which MR. EDWIN JONES may easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished by itself. B. H. C. _St. Paul and Seneca_ (Vol. viii., p. 88.).--There is an account of the work referred to in the July number of the _Journal of Sacred Literature_, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign Intelligence." B. H. C. _Haulf-naked_ (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).--As my Query in reference to this place has drawn forth a {206} Note or two from some correspondents of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees, in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,-- "_Com. Sussex._ { Keeper of the Manor of _£_ _s._ _d._ Walberton and { Half-naked and Goodwood 20 0 0 Haulf-naked. { Keeper of the Wood and { Chace of Walberton 3 0 10." CHARLES REED. _Books chained to Desks in Churches_ (Vol. viii. p. 94.).--An engraving of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by a chain, is given in the _Proceedings of the Arch. Inst._ for 1846, as existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it, very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say it has now slipped my memory. Rutter, in his _Somersetshire_, speaks of some old reading desks, which were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox's _Martyrs_, and the _Clavis Bibliorum_ of F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church, Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel's _Defence of the Church_ chained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk, with Fox's _Martyrs_ lying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, affixed to one of the pillars in the nave. A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon. It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured in this manner; for I find (Rutter's _Somersetshire_, p. 258.) that one Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitled _The Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine_, a copy of which he gave to the parish to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should borrow it, leaving 3_l._ as a security in the hands of the trustees against damage, &c. R. W. ELLIOTT. It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which it refers, Bishop Jewel's _Defence of his Apology for the Church of England_, is so well known: "At the desire of Archbishop Parker, a copy of the _Defence_ was set up soon after Jewel's death, in almost every parish church in England; and fragments of it are still to be seen in some churches, together with the chain by which it was attached to the reading-desk provided for it." This extract is taken from the _Life of Bishop Jewel_, prefixed to the English translation of the _Apology_, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx. An order for the setting up of "the _Paraphrases_ of Erasmus in English upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal's _Injunctions for the Laity_, § 4. (_Remains, &c._, Parker Society, p. 134.) See also the _Articles to be enquired of within the Province of Canterburie_, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.) W. SPARROW SIMPSON. In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed in a desk (_not_ chained) in the south aisle: being _The Whole Duty of Man_ (1703); _A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte_, by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; and _The Actes and Monumentes of Christian Martyrs_ (1583). CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in 1842) a copy of Erasmus's _Paraphrase_ chained. If I am not mistaken, some of Jewel's works will also be found there. E. H. A. _Scheltrum_ (Vol. vi., p. 364.).--KARL will find _scheltrum_, variously written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his followers; it is there rendered from the Lat. _aeies_. The instances quoted by Jamieson, from the Latin _testudo_, come nearer to the origin, _shield_. Q. Bloomsbury. _Quarrel_ (Vol. vi., p. 172.).--BALLIOLENSIS will be pleased with Mr. Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of a _complaint_ into a _quarrel_. "The Latin word (_querela_) means properly 'complaint,' and we have in 'querulous' this its proper meaning coming distinctly out. Not so, however, in 'quarrel,' for Englishmen, being wont not merely to 'complain,' but to set vigorously about righting and redressing themselves, their griefs being also grievances, out of this word, which might have given them only {207} 'querulous' and 'querulousness,' have gotten 'quarrel' as well."--_On the Study of Words_, p. 57. "We might safely conclude," Mr. Trench premises, "that a nation would not be likely tamely to submit to tyranny and wrong, which made 'quarrel' out of 'querela.'" This, I say, is very ingenious, but did _this_ nation make _quarrel_ out of _querela_? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours, the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume, led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench. Q. Bloomsbury. _Wild Plants, and their Names_ (Vol. vii., p. 233.).--A preparation from St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St. John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States. UNEDA. Philadelphia. _Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton_ (Vol. vii., p. 305.).--Bishop Taylor uses the word _relative_ in the sense of a dependent or humble friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to Taylor's _Works_. M. E. Philadelphia. _Burial on the North Side of Churches_ (Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).--The opinion of your correspondent SELEUCUS, that the avoidance of burial on the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in the rare cases where the entrance to the church is _only_ on the north side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the church." SELEUCUS mentions one instance of a church entered only from the north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is on the north, and where _all_ the burials are on the same side of the church. CUTHBERT BEDE, B. A. _Rubrical Query_ (Vol. vii., p. 247.).--The contradiction of the two rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. The _first_ enjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival; the _second_ provides that in the same service (notice having been so given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of the congregation. S. Z. Z. S. _Stone Pillar Worship_ (Vol. vii., p. 383.).--The Rowley Hills near Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the word _hail_ may be a corruption of the archaic word _haly_, holy; and that this pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-Saxon _Haleg stan_, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the surface. Dr. Plot, in his _History of Staffordshire_ (p. 170.), describes the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed. First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound directed, I could find no such matter." Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories of Staffordshire. N. W. S. _Bad_ (Vol. vi. p. 509.).--Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfy B. H. COWPER'S inquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes the _bay_ or bark of a dog to be excited by what it _abhors_, _hates_, _defies_; and farther, that our epithet of _bad_ is applied by us to that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (_æsthetic_, I believe {208} I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we _hate_, or _abhor_. And he forms it thus, _bay-ed_, bay'd, ba'd, _bad_. Q. Bloomsbury. _Porc-pisee_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--MR. WARDE will find that this is the old English way of writing _porpoise_, more nearly to the French and Italian. Spenser writes _porcpisces_, and Ray _porpesse_, i.e. _porc-pesee_. Both are quoted in Richardson. "_Wheal_ instead of milk," is _whey_ or _whig_. "To _flesh_ in sin," is to indulge in, to accustom to, to inure to, the gratification of the sinful lusts of the _flesh_. Johnson has from Hales the same expression "fleshed in sin" which he interprets "hardened." Q. Bloomsbury. _Lowbell_ (Vol. vii., pp. 181. 272.).--Your correspondents H. T. W. and M. H. will find sufficient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince them that _lowbell_ is so called from its sound; and the usage by Hammond (in Johnson) that the verb, to _lowbell_, was used consequentially to signify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare. And the noun, a snare, allurement, temptation. "Now commonly he who desires to be a minister looks not at the work, but at the wages; and by that _lure_ or _lowbell_ may be toll'd from parish to parish all the town over."--Milton, "Hirelings," &c., _Works_, vol. i. p. 529. Q. Bloomsbury. _Praying to the West_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--_The isles of the West_, by which is understood what we term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo writings are described as _the Sacred Isles_, or the abode of religion. The Celtic tribes used the practice of turning to the West in their religious rites, having adopted it in a very early age from a reason similar to that which led the _Turks_ in a later age to turn towards Mecca, and _other nations_ towards the East; that is, the superior sanctity attached by each to these several points. This practice the Celtic tribes brought with them in their migration from the East to those parts in which we now find it in the West; where it has been retained by their descendants after the circumstances which gave rise to it had been long forgotten. G. W. Stansted, Montfichet. _Old Dog_ (Vol. iv., p. 21.).--See _The Observer_ (Cumberland's), No. 131.:--"Uncle Antony was _an old dog_ at a dispute." P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. _Contested Elections_ (Vol. vii., p. 208.).--An account of many of the English contested elections may be found in Oldfield's _Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland_, 6 vols.: London, 1816. I hope that X. Y. Z. does not rank this among the "wretched compilations." Oldfield was a man of much experience as a parliamentary agent, and his book is entertaining--at least, to us Americans. M. E. Philadelphia. _"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"_ (Vol. vii., p. 634. _et alibi._).--See _The Antiquary_, cap. xxxix. (vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where Maggie Mucklebacket says: "I havena had the grace yet to come down to thank your honour for the credit ye did puir Steenie, wi' laying his head in a _rath_ grave." The Glossary explains the word as _ready_, _quick_, _early_. P. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A. _Chip in Porridge_ (Vol. i., p. 382).--Though a long time has elapsed, I see nothing more on the subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application for information regarding it. I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no importance, and to have no more distinctive origin than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily use. In a book recently published, _Personal Adventures of our own Correspondent_, by M. B. Honan, vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage: "It is very easy to stand well with all by being, what is vulgarly called, 'a chip in porridge.'" W. T. M. Hong Kong. _"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"_ (Vol. viii., p. 102.).--See Pope's _Moral Essays_, Ep. 1. l. 136. F. B--W. _Gibbon's Library_ (Vol. vii., p. 407.)--_West's Portrait of Franklin_ (Vol. vii., p. 409.).--Gibbon's library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I have a copy of _Le Théâtre de Marivaux_, four volumes 12mo. (Amst. et à Leipzig, 1756), which contains the following MS. note on the fly-leaf of the first volume: "Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his library at Lausanne, Sept. 1833.--JOHN WORDSWORTH." You will find a reference to this gentleman, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four hundred of Gibbon's books were in the library of the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, of Connecticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among them was Casiri, _Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania_. Some of these books had his name, E. GIBBON, printed in them in Roman letters; others had his coat of arms. Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the 14th of October, 1851, for very good prices. I possess Gibbon's copy of Herrera's _America_, in English, 6 vols. 8vo. I think there must be some mistake about the portrait of Dr. Franklin by West, mentioned by {209} your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard of but _one_ portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and that was painted for my grandfather, Mr. Edward Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's will, and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now in my possession, in excellent preservation. A short notice of it will be found in the ninth volume of Franklin's _Writings_ (Sparks's ed.), p. 493. EDWARD D. INGRAHAM. Walnut Street, Philadelphia. _Derivation of "Island"_ (Vol. viii., p. 49.).--H. C. K.'s derivation of _island_ from _eye_, the visual orb, because each are surrounded by water, seems to me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am doubtful whether I ought to notice it; but as our Editor seems, by the space he has given it, to take it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the question: he says that "the etymon from the Fr. _isle_, It. _isola_, Lat. _insula_, is _manifestly erroneous_." Now I think I can prove--and that by a single word--that it is "manifestly" the true one. I only reverse his order of placing these words; they should stand, the mother first, the children after; _insula_ Lat., _isola_ It., _isle_ Fr., and to them I add my _single word_, which H. C. K. has chosen to ignore altogether, _isle_ English; as, _Isle_ of Wight, _Isle_ of Man, _Isle_ of Thanet, _Isles_ of Arran, &c. This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a sufficient answer to H. C. K.'s theory, but I may add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity of retaining in _spelling_, and dropping in _pronunciation_, the _s_ in the English _isle_ and _island_, just as it is in the French _isle_ and _islot_. Indeed the relation between the French and English words is, in this case, not _derivation_ but _identity_. I may also observe that the Scotch and Irish names for an island, _inch_, _innis_, _ennis_--as, _Inch_-keith, _Innis_-fallen, _Ennis_-killen--are "manifestly" derived from _insula_, the common parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K. is a wag, and meant to try whether we should take seriously what he meant as _all my eye_! C. _Spur_ (Vol. vi., pp. 242. 329.).--To _spur_ is to _spere_, by Gower written _sper_, to search or seek, to inquire into; and your correspondents might have found the word fully treated and illustrated by Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson. To _ask_ at church is a common expression, and _Spur_ Sunday is merely _Asking_ Sunday. Q. Bloomsbury. _On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits_ (Vol. vii., p. 489. Vol. viii., p. 82.).--The complete iron framework of an hour-glass remained affixed to the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worcestershire, until the restoration of the church, about eight years ago, by the present rector, the Rev. D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-glass relic. In order to show how much had been done for the church, I drew interior and exterior views of the old building, with its great dilapidations and unusually monstrous disfigurements, which drawings were hung in the vestry, at the suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials; a proceeding which I think might be copied with advantage in all cases of church restoration. In the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand is a conspicuous object. CUTHBERT BEDE, B.A. The following extract is from a tract published by the Cambridge Camden Society, entitled _A few hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical Antiquities_: "_Hour-glass Stand._ A relick of Puritanick times. They are not very uncommon; they generally stand on the right-hand of the pulpit, and are made of iron. Examples Coton, Shepreth. A curious revolving one occurs at Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey, and in St. John Baptist, Bristol, where the hour-glass itself remains. Though a Puritanick innovation, it long kept its place: for Gay in his _Pastorals_ writes: 'He said that Heaven would take her soul no doubt, And spoke the _hour-glass_ in her praise quite out:' and it is depicted by the side of a pulpit in one of Hogarth's paintings." I saw, a few weeks ago, an iron hour-glass stand affixed to the pulpit in Odell Church, Beds. W. P. STORER. Olney, Bucks. "The inventorie of all such church goods, etc. ... which the church-wardens [of Great Staughton, co. Hunt.] are and stand charged with. May 31, 1640. [_Inter alia._] "Itm. A pulpit standinge in the church, having a cover over the same, and an houre-glasse adjoininge." JOSEPH RIX. St. Neots. _Selling a Wife_ (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 602.).--There can be no question that this offence is an indictable misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a memorandum of the following case: "West Riding Yorkshire Sessions, June 28, 1837. Joshua Jackson, convicted of selling his wife, imprisoned for one month with hard labour." S. R. Chiswick. _Impossibilities of History_ (Vol. viii., p. 72.).--St. Bernard, according to Gibbon, lived from 1091 to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel against his father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and ascended the throne at the age of twenty-one in the year 1100, when the Saint was nine years old. The descent from the devil alludes, I should think, to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror. The historian of _The Tablet_ found the authority most probably in some theatrical review or fly-leaf of the libretto. J. H. L. {210} _Lad and Lass_ (Vol. vii., p. 56.).--_Lass_, Hickes (quoted by Lye in Junius) says, was originally written, and is a corruption of _laddess_; thus, we may suppose _laddess_, _ladse_, _lass_: and _lad_ may correlate with the Gr. ἀγωγὸς, a leader, so familiar to us in the sneered at pæd-_agogue_, _i. e._ the boy-_leader_. The _lad_, from the Anglo-Saxon _lædian_, to lead (says Junius), is the _leăd_--"One who, on account of his tender years, is under a _leader_, a guide, a director." We apply the common expression "He is yet in _leading_ strings" to him who has not strength or courage to go alone, to act independently for himself. Q. Bloomsbury. _Enough_ (Vol. vii., p. 455.).--Enough was not, and is not always, nor was it originally, pronounced _enuf_. The old way of writing was "ynou, inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, _enough_ is made to rhyme with _slough_, i. e. _slow_ or _slew_, the past tense of _slay_. MR. WRIGHT will find this to be so by looking into Richardson's quotations. The word, he will see also, was from very early times written, as still not unfrequently pronounced, _enew_ or _enow_. Q. Bloomsbury. * * * * * Miscellaneous. BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF NEWBURY. 8vo. 1839. 340 pages. Two Copies. VANCOUVER'S SURVEY OF HAMPSHIRE. 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We have not inserted his Note respecting a certain learned Professor, who, we think we can assure_ C. M. I., _does not belong to the sect which he mentions._ J. N. R. _We cannot just now comply with this Correspondent's request, being away from our papers. It shall be attended to at the earliest opportunity._ S. L. P. _Clarke's_ Heraldry, _a small volume published by Routledge, and Porny's_ Heraldry, _which may be picked up for a few shillings, would probably furnish what our Correspondent desires._ R. W. E._'s offer of the MS. Notes on Shakspeare are declined with thanks, on the grounds stated by our Correspondent, viz. that "they are not calculated to afford much assistance towards the elucidation of difficult passages."_ J. C. E., _who writes respecting Milton's_ Lycidas, _is requested to favour us with a full communication on the subject._ F. A._'s Query respecting A. E. I. O. 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H. Goodhart, Esq. T. Grissell, Esq. J. Hunt, Esq. J. A. Lethbridge, Esq. E. Lucas, Esq. J. Lys Seager, Esq. J. B. White, Esq. J. Carter Wood, Esq. _Trustees._--W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.; T. Grissell, Esq. _Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D. _Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks. Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross. VALUABLE PRIVILEGE. POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus. Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100_l._, with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:-- Age _£_ _s._ _d._ 17 1 14 4 22 1 18 8 27 2 4 5 32 2 10 8 37 2 18 6 42 3 8 2 ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary. Now ready price 10_s._ 6_d._, Second Edition with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in all its Branches. Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope. ⁂ Catalogues may be had on application. BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS. OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its extreme Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits. Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c. may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington. New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings. * * * * * IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.--J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed. Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art. * * * * * ESTABLISHED 1841. MEDICAL, INVALID AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE, 25. PALL MALL. During the last Ten Years, this Society has issued more than _Four Thousand One Hundred and Fifty Policies_-- Covering Assurances to the extent of _One Million Six Hundred and Eighty-seven Thousand Pounds, and upwards_-- Yielding Annual Premiums Amounting to _Seventy-three Thousand Pounds_. This Society is the only one possessing Tables for the Assurance of Diseased Lives. Healthy Lives Assured at Home and Abroad at lower rates than at most other Offices. A Bonus of 50 per cent. on the premiums paid was added to the policies at last Division of Profits. Next Division in 1853--in which all Policies effected before 30th Junes, 1853, will participate. Agents wanted for vacant places. Prospectuses. Forms of Proposal, and every other information, may be obtained of the Secretary at the Chief Office, or on application to any of the Society's Agents in the country. F. G. P. NELSON, Actuary C. DOUGLAS SINGER, Secretary. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light. Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment. Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, Sanford's, and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography. Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13, Paternoster Row, London. * * * * * PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS. KNIGHT & SONS' illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps. Instructions given in every branch of the Art. An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens. GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London. * * * * * BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION. No. 1. Class X. in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY. 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2_l._, 3_l._, and 4_l._ Thermometers from 1_s._ each. BENNETT, Watch, Clock and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen, 65. CHEAPSIDE. * * * * * {212} 8vo., price 21_s._ SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the end of the thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER. "What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has done for oil-painting--elucidated its history and traced its progress in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the successive Sovereigns of the realm--Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries."--_Architect._ "The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general arrangement."--_Morning Chronicle._ "The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting subject in anything more than a superficial manner. "Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged. "The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the antiquary's library."--_Literary Gazette._ "It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to consist. "Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."--_Athenæum._ JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London. * * * * * Now ready, price 21_s._ uniform with the above, THE DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF THE MIDDLE AGES. Vol. II.--THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY. By the Editor of "The Glossary of Architecture." This volume is issued on the plan adopted by the late Mr. Hudson Turner in the previous volume: viz., collecting matter relating to Domestic buildings of the Period, from contemporary records, and applying the information so acquired to the existing remains. Not only does the volume contain much curious information both as to the buildings and manners and customs of the time, but it is also hoped that the large collection of careful Engravings of the finest examples will prove as serviceable to the profession and their employers in building mansions, as the Glossary was found to be in building churches. The Text is interspersed throughout with numerous woodcuts. JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377. Strand, London. * * * * * BANK OF DEPOSIT. 7. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, London. PARTIES desirous Of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the Plan of this Institution, by which a high rate of Interest may be obtained with perfect Security. Interest payable in January and July. PETER MORRISON, Managing Director. Prospectuses free on application. * * * * * PUBLISHED BY MR. JOHN HENRY PARKER. AN ARCHITECTURAL ACCOUNT OF EVERY CHURCH IN ENGLAND, its Dedication, supposed Date of Erection or Alteration, Objects of Interest in or near, Notices of Fonts, Glass, Furniture, and other details. Also Lists of Dated Examples, Works relating to the County, &c. Already published. BEDFORDSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._ BERKSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._ BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._ CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 4_s._ HUNTINGDONSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._ OXFORDSHIRE, 2_s._ 6_d._ SUFFOLK in the Press. N.B.--Each Church has been personally surveyed for the occasion by some competent antiquary. THE SCULPTURES OF WELLS CATHEDRAL, with an Appendix on the Sculptures of other Mediæval Churches in England. By C. R. COCKERELL, ESQ., Professor R.A., 4to. with numerous Illustrations. 21_s._ JOHN HENRY PARKER. Oxford; and 377. Strand, London. * * * * * THE GRIMALDI SHAKESPEARE. Now ready in 8vo., with fac-similes, 1_s._ NOTES and EMENDATIONS on the PLAYS of SHAKESPEARE, from a recently discovered annotated Copy by the late JOSEPH GRIMALDI, ESQ., Comedian. J. RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square. * * * * * Just published, price 10_s._ 6_d._ THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUM. Part IV. Containing Four Pictures:-- UMBERSLEY PARK. By Alfred Rosling. PENSHURST CASTLE. By Philip Delamotte. THE RUINED FARM. By Hugh Owen. THE VILLAGE ELM. By Joseph Cundall. Parts I. II. and III. are now reprinted. Part V. will shortly be ready. Just published, price 16_s._ PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES. Part II. By GEORGE SHAW, ESQ., of Queens College. Birmingham. THE FOREST AT NOON. "BALD WITH DRY ANTIQUITY." TANGLED BOUGHS. SOLITUDE. Part I. is now reprinted. Part III. is in preparation. Just published, fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._ THE PRACTICE OF PHOTOGRAPHY: A Manual for Students and Amateurs. By PHILIP H. DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Illustrated with a Picture taken by the Collodion Process. ⁂ This Manual contains much practical information. Now ready, price 10_s._ 6_d._ PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES. By HUGH OWEN, ESQ. IVY BRIDGE, DEVON. THE HARVEST FIELD. A RIVER BANK. WOODS IN SPRING. JOSEPH CUNDALL, 188. Near Bond Street. * * * * * BOHN'S STANDARD LIBRARY FOR SEPTEMBER. MISS BREMER'S WORKS, by MARY HOWITT, Vol. IV. containing A DIARY, THE H---- FAMILY, THE SOLITARY, THE COMFORTER, AXEL and ANNA, and A LETTER ABOUT SUPPERS. Post 8vo. cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._ HENRY G. BOHN, 4, 5, & 6 York Street, Covent Garden. * * * * * BOHN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOR SEPTEMBER. THE COMEDIES OF ARISTOPHANES, literally translated into English Prose, with Copious Notes, by W. J. HICKIE. In 2 vols. post 8vo., cloth. Vol. II. 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