The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Issue 200.

For the following list of the English, Irish, and Scotch knights of the Order of St. John, who are mentioned in the records of this island when under its rule, I am in a great measure indebted to Dr. Vella, who, after having made at my request a diligent search through very many old volumes and manuscripts, has kindly favoured me with the result of his labours. The names of the knights and places mentioned in this Note are written, in every instance, as Dr. Vella and myself have seen them recorded. Before commencing with the list, I have a few remarks to offer, that the terms peculiar to the Order which I shall make use of may be understood by those of your readers who are unacquainted with its history.

The English tongue comprised the priories of England, Ireland, and Scotland, and thirty-two different commanderies. Its property, which was seized by Henry VIII. in 1534, was afterwards restored by Queen Mary, and finally and effectually confiscated by Elizabeth in the first year of her reign. Her Majesty's order for the seizure of the Irish estates was dated on the 3rd of June, 1559, and addressed to William Fitzwilliam. Vide the "Diplomatic Code of the Order," and Rymer, vol. xv. p. 527.

Although Dr. Vella and myself had every wish to classify the knights of the English tongue under their different languages, still we have failed in our first attempt, and to enable us to succeed we must ask for assistance from your correspondents in England. They must be known by their names; thus, for instance, the Dundas's of 1524 and 1538 were as evidently of Scotch, as the Russells of 1536, 1537, and 1554 were of English descent. We might apply the same remark to many other knights whose names will be found recorded in the following list.

Whenever a vacancy occurred by the death of a grand master, who was always a sovereign prince, the election for his successor could only take place in the convent. It was not necessary that the person elected should be present. Villiers De{190} L'Isle Adam was residing in France in 1521, when his brethren at Rhodes made him their chief. The grand priors, commanders, and knights, who were absent from Malta, whether employed in the service of the Order or not, had neither voice nor ballot in the election; and the more effectually to prevent their interference, as also that of the Roman pontiff, only three days were allowed to transpire before a successor was chosen, and proclaimed as the head of the convent.

Henry VIII. addressed L'Isle Adam as follows: "Reverendissimo in Christo Patri Domini, F. de Villers L. Isleadam, Magno Hierosolymitani Ordinis Magistro, et consanguineo, et amico nostro carissimo." George II., as the king of a Protestant country, sent a letter to Emmanuel Pinto, bearing the following superscription: "Eminentissimo Principi Domino Emanueli Pinto, Magno Ordinis Melitensis Magistro, Consanguineo, et Amico Nostro Carissimo."

Boisgelin has stated in the first volume of his History of Malta, p. 194., that the—

That this note may not occupy too much space in your interesting, publication, I would now merely remark that the "convent" was known as the place where the grand master, or his lieutenant, resided, and the "tongue," according to the code of the Order, was the term applied to a nation. A grand prior was the chief of his language, who resided in his native country. A "Turcopolier" was the title of the conventual bailiff of the venerable language of England, "and it took its name from the Turcopoles, a sort of light horse mentioned in the history of the wars carried on by the Christians in Palestine." The English knights won for themselves this high honour by their gallantry in the Holy Land, and in remembrance it ever after remained with their tongue. A Turcopolier was the third dignity in the convent, and the last knight who enjoyed it was Sir Richard Shelley, Prior of England. At his decease the grand master assumed the title for himself. The two interesting letters addressed by Sir Richard Shelley to Henry VIII., in which he complained of his majesty's treatment to the Order of St. John, and pleaded in its favour, were published in the English language, and five years ago were to be seen in the government library of this island. But, on my asking a short time ago to refer to them, I regretted to find that they had been taken from the library by a gentleman who was well introduced to the librarian, and whose conduct in this, and some other transactions where valuable books are concerned, cannot be too strongly condemned. Before returning from this brief digression to the subject of my Note, might I ask if these letters are known in England, and whether copies could be easily procured for a friend who is desirous of having them inserted in a forthcoming publication?

The Knights of St. John being members of a masonic institution, termed each other brothers, is customary with members of the craft at the present time. And it may not be out of place to remark that several of the chapels, churches, and fortifications of Malta are ornamented with masonic signs and emblems, which have been several times referred to, and cleverly explained within the last three years in different numbers of the Masonic Quarterly Review. Those of your readers who take an interest in masonry may peruse these papers of a distinguished mason, now stationed in the West Indies, with instruction and pleasure.

Boisgelin has recorded in the first volume of his History of Malta, p. 182., that the Order of St. John of Jerusalem "might with propriety be considered as being at the same time hospitaller, religious, military, republican, aristocratical, monarchical," and lastly, as if these different terms, which, without his explanation, would appear to be incorrect as applying to one institution, were not sufficient, he has added in a note, that in the last days of its existence it might also have been called democratical. He has stated that it was—

Before taking leave of Boisgelin, it should be recorded that he was a Knight of Malta; and his history, one of the best now extant, appeared in{191} those troubled times, when he hoped by conciliating all governments, to see his Order again restored. Influenced in all things by this hope, vain as it was, his statements should be received with some grains of allowance.

Before calling attention to the following list, I have to state that a knight could not become commander before he had made four cruises in the galleys, or served five years in the convent. He had also to remain three years a commander before he could claim a pension. Those knights who are known to have been at Malta will be distinguished by a †.

In looking through the records of the "English tongue," I have met with the name of only one lady, Catherine Burchier, who was prioress of Buckland in 1524. Any information respecting her history, or that of the knights whose names are recorded in the above list, will be most acceptable.

DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON.

Sometime since I met with the following epigrams of the learned scholar, divine, and loyalist James Duport, written on the fly-leaf of a copy of his Musæ Subsecivæ, seu Poetica Stromata, presented by him to Izaak Walton. I presume that they have never been printed, and that they were written in Duport's own hand. If so, they may be thought worthy of a place in the columns of "N. & Q." They will be read with some interest by those who respect Duport, and love the memory of good old Izaak Walton. I may add, that the autograph of I. W. is in the book, thus:

"Ad virum optimum mihique amicissimum Isaacum Waltonum, de libris a se editis, mihique dono missis, nec non de vita Hookeri, Herberti, et aliorum:

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Zachariah Jackson.—"N. & Q." will not, I am sure, refuse to give his due to Zachariah Jackson, the author of Shakspeare's Genius Justified, by showing to how great an extent the conjectures of Jackson had, by thirty-four years, anticipated the Notes and Emendations. I subjoin a list of the old corrector's emendations, which are also found in Jackson's work:

Besides these nine verbatim coincidences, the following four are very approximate.

Besides these four emendations, which at any rate are very suggestive of those in Mr. Collier's folio, I beg to call attention to Jackson's defence of Theobald's (and his own) proposition to read untread for unthread, in King John, Act V. Sc. 4., which is strikingly like Mr. Collier's defence of the same reading in the margin of the Folio 1632.{194} The whole of Jackson's notes on King John are well worth reading. I beg to mention two of these, as illustrations of old Jackson's acuteness, when not under the warping influence of the cacoëthes emendandi. His defence of untrimmed bride, in Act II. Sc. 1., is most convincing. He says,—

I have elsewhere stated my opinion that "all Jackson's emendations are bad." I should have added that some few are very plausible and specious, and worthy of consideration. I will mention one in King John, Act IV. Sc. 2. Pembroke says,—

Now, rest and right are no antithesis, nor are they allied in meaning. Jackson inserts a t' between in and rest—

which he supports by admirable parallels from the same play. I will cite one more example of Jackson's sagacity, from his notes on 1 Henry IV., Act I. Sc. 3. Hotspur says,—

Mr. Collier never once refers to Jackson. Mr. Singer, however, talks familiarly about Jackson, in his Shakspeare Vindicated, as if he had him at his fingers' ends; and yet, at page 239., he favours the world with an original emendation (viz. "He did behood his anger," Timon, Act III. Sc. 1.), which, however, will be found at page 389. of Jackson's book. I may be in error, but I cannot but think such ignorance, on the part of professional Shakspearians, very culpable.

On Three Passages in "Measure for Measure."—I have to crave a small space in your columns, which have already done much good service for the text of Shakspeare, to make a very few remarks on three passages in the play of Measure for Measure. It is no sweeping change of reading that I am about to advocate, nor, as I think, anything over ingenious; inasmuch as, in two of the passages in question, I propose to defend the reading of the first folio, which, I contend, has been departed from unnecessarily; while, in the third, I suggest the simple change of an f into an s.

In Act II. Sc. 4., these lines occur in Angelo's soliloquy, in my folio of 1623:

Mr. Knight, and other editors, read feard, as in the original, but give no explanation; though such a strange epithet would seem to require one. I propose to read seared, i.e. dry, the opposite of fresh. This, as the saying is, "requires," I think, "only to be pointed out to be admitted."

Lower down in the same scene we find the following passage, in one of Angelo's addresses to Isabel:

The word building has always been a stumbling-block to editors. Johnson first proposed to read binding, and his successors have adopted it, and such is now the generally received reading. Mr. Collier's old corrector is also in favour of the same change. I have always felt convinced, however, that building was the word which Shakspeare wrote. That which answers to it in the A.-S. is bytling, bytleing, a building; bytlian, to build; which are inflected from byth, biotul, a hammer or mallet (whence our beetle); so that the strict meaning of the verb is firmare, confirmare, to fasten, close, or bind together. This will give much the same meaning to building as that implied in the proposed substitute binding.

Not having met with the word used in this peculiar sense by any old writer, I could not venture to maintain the reading of the folio on these grounds, which I have just mentioned, alone. At length, however, I have been successful, and I am now able to quote a passage from a work published very shortly before this play, entitled:

in which this word building is used in precisely the same sense as that which I defend. In "the Preface of the Author," the following passage occurs:

I apprehend that this parallel instance is all that is wanting to preserve, for the future, the reading of the first folio unimpaired.

The third passage on which I have a remark to offer, is that much tormented one in Act III. Sc. 1., which stands in my first folio thus:

I need not say a word about the various suggestions of primzie, priestly, princely, precise, &c., which have appeared from time to time; my business is solely with the original word in the first folio. I have always felt sure that this is none other than the poet's own word, and no error of the printer; for how could it be possible to make a gross mistake in a word which occurs twice within four lines, and one, moreover, so unusual; the printer must surely have been able to decipher the letters from one of the two written specimens. It will be observed that there is a comma after prenzie in the original, indicating that the word is a substantive, not an adjective. Now what is the Italian for a prince? Not only principe, but also prenze; and in like manner we find principessa and prenzessa. I have no doubt that what Shakspeare did write was—

It is obvious to remark that this meaning of prenzie exactly fits the sense: Angelo was a prince, and he was clad in robes of office, adorned with princely "gardes," or trappings. Shakspeare, no doubt, was very well acquainted with Italian tales and poems; the word may have become quite familiar to him. His intention here, in putting the term in question into Claudio's mouth, may have been to give an Italian character to the scene, introducing thus the local term of dignity of the deputy; thus recalling the audience, by the occurrence of a single word, to the scene of the plot; for though this is said to be in Vienna, yet it is to be observed that not a name throughout the play is German, everything is Italian. And let it not be objected that the use of this word involves an obscurity which Shakspeare would have avoided; we are hardly able to judge, now-a-days, whether a particular word was obscure or not in his time: at all events, there would be no difficulty in adducing instances of what we should call more obscure allusions, and I think there can be little doubt that the well-educated in those days well understood the Italian prenze to mean a prince.

"Hamlet" and G. Steevens.—In Act I. Sc. 4., Horatio asks Hamlet "What does this mean, my Lord?" (The noise of music within). Hamlet replies:

G. Steevens, in a note of this passage, says: "The swaggering up-spring was a German dance." Is not the allusion directed to the king, whom Hamlet describes as "a swaggering up-spring," or "upstart?" Should not the line—

Minor Notes.

Sir Francis Drake.—Having traversed the globe within three years, his travels were thus noticed by a poet of his day:

Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal.—Examples of identity of expression existing between the Scriptures and ancient heathen writers have already appeared in "N. & Q." Permit me to add the following passages, which appear to me to afford an instance of similarity of idea:

The satirist would seem to say (taking the sceptic's view), that even if Jupiter existed only in brass and marble, the very statues would "cry out" against the impious perjury.

Is not this derivation erroneous? Sincere does not mean "pure, like virgin-honey;" but it expresses the absence of deception. I doubt not that it is derived from—

So says Bushnell (God in Christ, p. 17.). The derivation is no novelty. I reproduce it merely to correct an error which is obtaining currency under the name of Mr. French. I should be obliged to any of your correspondents who would refer me to, or still better cite, any passages in the Latin classics relating to the practice I have mentioned.

Queries.

THE CRESCENT.

I shall be obliged to any correspondent of "N. & Q." who will point out the period at which the crescent became the standard of Mahometanism. Poets and romancers freely bestow it upon any time or scene in which Mussulmans are introduced; Sir Walter Scott mentions it in the Talisman, but after the strange liberties he has taken with Saladin and Richard, he becomes, on such a question, no higher authority than writers of meaner name. I cannot find it in the history of Mahomet, or in that of his immediate successors. The first time Michaud, in his fine Histoire des Croisades, speaks of it is in the reign of Mahomet II., which is many centuries after periods at which modern poets, and even historians, have named it as the antagonistic standard to the cross. The crescent is common upon the reverses of coins of the Eastern empire long before the Turkish conquest, and was, I have reason to believe, in some degree peculiar to the Sclave nations. Was it the standard of the Turks, as contradistinguished from other Saracens? or, was it adopted by Mahomet II. after his conquests of Constantinople and the eastern countries of Europe? I am aware that if this last idea be substantiated, it will make it much more modern than it is generally supposed to be, but our ideas of everything, Turkish were for so long a time mixed with the wonderful and the romantic, that we must not expect much correctness on such points. The Turks came into fearful contiguity with the West in the fifteenth century; Europe had as much to dread from them then as from the Russians now. This event and the art of printing were almost cotemporary, and the crescent has been presented to us as the symbol of Mahometanism ever since; but I much doubt it can be proved to have been so at a far remoter period.

Minor Queries.

The Hebrew Testament.—Having lately completed the above work, so as to be "ready for the press" without much delay, I should be glad before I resign the MS. to the hands of the printer, to have the advantage of the suggestions of those of your erudite readers who have made sacred criticism their study.

Dr. Franklin.—I possess the following lines in the handwriting of Dr. Franklin, written in the year 1780. Can any of your readers tell me who was the author of them, and when and where they were first printed?

"When Orpheus went down to the Regions below,

Which men are forbidden to see;

He tun'd up his Lyre, as historians show,

To set his Euridice free.

All Hell was astonish'd, a person so wise

Should so rashly endanger his life,

And venture so far! But how vast their surprise

When they heard that he came for his wife.

"To find out a punishment due to the fault

Old Pluto had puzzled his brain;

But Hell had not torments sufficient he thought,

So he gave him his wife back again.

But pity succeeding, soon mov'd his hard heart,

And, pleas'd with his playing so well,

He took her again, in reward of his Art;

Such power had Music in Hell!"

Flemish Refugees.—In the troubled times of the Reformation, England was not seldom the refuge for Flemings who, for the sake of religion, abandoned their country. Among these was Mr. Joos Tuck, who, according to a consistorial decision of Dec. 14, 1582, was proposed by G. Van Den Haute, then pastor at Sluis, to the brethren of the Flemish Class, since "they had taken knowledge of the sound and good gifts of their brother." He left Sluis soon after, probably in July, 1583, and withdrew to England. I should be glad to learn what befell him there.

Peter Lambert was a student of the University of Ghent: though, as far as I am aware, he is not{197} mentioned in Te Water's History of the Reformed Church and University in Ghent. On July 21, 1583, a student made known his wish to propose himself as candidate for the ministry; and on August 4 appeared Peter Lambert, student of the University of Ghent, before the consistory, requesting the brethren to grant him the twenty-five guilders which had been promised; because, on account of the troubled state of the country, he wished to flee to England, on which request was decided: "Since a well-known and pious brother, who is compelled to flee, is in need of help, let the deacons and pensionary of the town be addressed thereon." Very probably, therefore, he also took refuge in England. Can any one give me farther information?—From the Navorscher.

"Sad are the rose leaves," &c.—Can you or any of your correspondents tell me whence come the following lines?—

4. "Exiguum est ad legem bonum esse." Wetstein assigns this last to Seneca, Epist. 17.; but there is some error. It very likely is in Seneca.

5. "Verbum audimus, motum sentimus, præsentiam credimus, modum nescimus." Durandus is the author.

6. "En rem indignam! nos qui jam tot annos sumus doctores S. Theologiæ, denuo cogimur adire ludos literarios." Spoken by the adversaries of Erasmus.

Will Mr. Bolton Corney be kind enough to explain the occasion of Porson's notable speech recorded on the last page of his Curiosities Illustrated?

His sagacity was not at fault in suspecting a French origin for D'Israeli's story, p. 89. See Bassompière, in Retrospective Review, xiii. 346.

Tea-marks.—Accident threw in my way lately a catalogue of a large sale of teas in Mincing Lane; and my attention was drawn to certain marks against the several lots, which appeared to indicate particular qualities, but to me, as uninitiated, perfectly incomprehensible. In this dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this, and I was informed that teas are sampled and tasted by the brokers, and divided in the main into seven classes, distinguished as follows:

Can any of your correspondents tell us when this classification was first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters? Can they be Chinese, and the names given from some fancied resemblance to the gallows, or the letter T turned sideways? My friend the broker, though a very intelligent man, could give me no information whatever on these points.

William the Conqueror's Surname.—Had William a surname? If so, what was it? By surname I mean such as is transmitted from father to son, not the epithets he used to bestow on himself in documents, as "I, William the Bastard," "I, William the Conqueror," &c.

Having frequently heard this old saying, I take the liberty of asking, through your much valued paper, it any of your readers are able to tell me its origin?

To pluck a Crow with One.—It is a common expression in all ranks, I believe, of this country, to speak of "plucking a crow" with such a one; meaning to call him to account for some delinquency. Can any of your correspondents inform me of the origin of the phrase?

"Well's a fret."—When, after a short pause in conversation, any one utters the interjection, "Well!" it is a very common practice in Nottingham to say:

I have asked a great number of persons for an explanation, but they all use the phrase without any meaning. Can you, or any of your readers, tell me if it have any; or if it be only nonsensical doggrel?

Pay the Piper.—This expression surely has a firm foundation. Can any of your correspondents trace it?

Can any reader of "N. & Q." state the bishop's authority for this ingenious device?

What is the meaning of the term Acharis, and of the passage? It is an extract from the Rentale spiritualium Possessionum atque temporalium Prioratus Sancti Martini juxta Richmund in agro Eboracensi.

Attainment of Majority.—Professor De Morgan will, I am sure, permit me to put this question to him:

In a short treatise "On Ancient and Modern Usage in Reckoning," written by him for the Companion to the Almanac of 1850, he explains, at page 9., the usage of attainment of majority in these words:

I want to have this statement reconciled with the opening scene of Ben Jonson's Staple of News, where Pennyboy jun. counts, as his watch strikes—"one, two, three, four, five, six!"—

Then "the fashioner" comes in to fit on the heir's new clothes; he had "waited below 'till the clock struck," and gives, as an excuse, "your worship might have pleaded nonage, if you had got 'em on ere I could make just affidavit of the time."

All these particulars are too verbatim to admit of doubt as to the peculiar usage of that time; and from other sources I know that Ben Jonson was right: but it is not alluded to in the treatise first mentioned, nor is it stated when the usage was altered to "a minute after midnight."

Hartman's Account of Waterloo.—In the note to the 3rd Canto of Childe Harold, Stanza 29, Lord Byron says:

The position of Hartman, and his apparent familiarity with Major Howard, seem to take him out of the herd of writers on Waterloo; but I cannot learn who he was, or what he wrote. Can any of your readers tell me? The note may have been made in mere wantonness, but it looks genuine.

Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury.—When was Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury, born; who, Camden tells us, was the "greatest ornament" of Higham Ferrers? I have seen his birth somewhere stated to have taken place in the year 1360; but no day or month was given. I should also be glad to know to what extent he was a contributor towards the restoration of Croydon Church, the tower and porch of which bear his arms?

Translation of Athenæus.—I find, in the Classical Journal, xxxviii. 11., published in 1828, that an English translation of Athenæus had been completed before his death by R. Fenton, Esq., F.R.S., author of the History of Pembrokeshire. The writer farther says: "We have reason to believe that the MS. is now in possession of his son, the Rev. S. Fenton, Vicar of Fishguard in Pembrokeshire." Has this version, or any part of it, ever been published?

Passages from Euripides.—Rogers translates two fine passages from Euripides:

Anderson's Royal Genealogies.—Is there any memoir or biographical account extant of James Anderson, D.D., the learned compiler of that most excellent and valuable work bearing the above title, and published in London, 1732, fol.?

Minor Queries with Answers.

Louis le Hutin.—When or for what reason was the sobriquet "Hutin" attached to Louis X. of France? And what is the meaning of "Hutin?"

Replies.

BEE-PARK—BEE-HALL.

Enjoying as we do the advantages of the extension of scientific knowledge, and its application to our routine of daily wants, we are apt to forget that our forefathers were without many things we deem essentials. Your correspondents C. W. G. and B. B. have touched upon a curious feature of antiquity, which science and commerce have rendered obsolete. Yet, before the introduction of sugar, bees were important ministers to the luxuries of the great, as mentioned at the above-cited pages. I was struck with the following passage in the first forest charter of King Henry III.:

This, in a charter second only in importance, perhaps, to Magna Charta itself, sounds strange to our ideas; moderns would not think it a very royal boon. But the note with which Mr. R. Thomson (Historical Essay on the Magna Charta of King John, p. 352.) illustrates this passage is interesting, and, though rather long, may be worth insertion in your columns:

Perhaps you will allow a few words more in illustration of B. B.'s Query (Vol. v., p. 498.). A recent correspondent, writing of some modern experiments on the venom of toads, suggests the propriety of contributing to a list of "vulgar errors" which have proved to be "vulgar truths." It would not much surprise me to learn that, after all, the popular belief in the efficacy of the rough music of the key and warming-pan might be added to his list. At all events the reason stated by B. B. to prove its uselessness, viz. that bees have no sense of hearing, must, I think, be abandoned, as a Query of Mr. Sydney Smirke (Vol. vii., p. 499.), and an answer (Vol. vii., p. 633.), will show. That all insects are possessed of hearing, naturalists seem now as well convinced of as that they have eyes; though some naturalists formerly considered they were not, as Linnæus and Bonnet; while Huber (his interesting observations on bees notwithstanding) seems to have been quite undecided on the point. Bees, as well as all other insects, hear through the medium of their antennæ, which in a subordinate degree are used as feelers; observing which, perhaps, Huber and others were indisposed to ascribe to them the sense in question.

In reference to Mr. Sydney Smirke's Query, so far from other naturalists confirming Huber's observations as to the effect produced by the sound emitted by the Sphynx atropos on the bees, besides Dr. Bevan (quoted Vol. vii., p. 633.), the intelligent entomologist, Mr. Duncan, author of the entomological portion of The Naturalist's Library (vol. xxxiv. pp. 53-55.), completely disproves them. He tells us that he has closely watched bees, and has seen the queen attack the larva cells; but the sentinels, notwithstanding the reiteration of the queenly sound, so far from remaining motionless,{200} held their sovereign in check, and stubbornly persisted in the defence of their charge against the attacks of their queen and mother. Besides this disproval of the incapacitation of bees by the emission of a sound, another from the experiments of Huber himself may be mentioned. He introduced a Sphynx atropos into a hive in the daytime, and it was immediately attacked and killed by the workers. Query, Might not the explanation of the robbery of hives by this moth be, that the darkness of night incapacitates the bees, while it is the time nature has provided for the wanderings of the Sphynx?

MILTON'S WIDOW.

A contribution of mine to the miscellaneous vol. of the Chetham Society's publications having been introduced to your readers by the handsome notice of Mr. Hughes, I feel bound to notice the objection raised by your correspondent Garlichithe (Vol. viii., p. 134.), who has confounded Randle the grandfather and Randle the son of the writer of these letters quoted by Mr. Hunter. Richard Minshull, who was the writer of these letters in 1656, and died in the following year, had several sons, of whom the eldest, Randle, correctly described by Mr. Hughes as the great-great-grandson of the Minshull who first settled at Wistaston, had seven children, of whom Elizabeth, the widow of Milton, was one. She was baptized at Wistaston on the 30th Dec. 1638. In 1680 (about six years after her husband's death), by means of a family arrangement with Richard Minshull of Wistaston, frame-work knitter, who, there can be little doubt, was her brother, evidenced by a bond in my possession, she acquired a leasehold interest in a farm at Brindley, near Nantwich. On the 20th July, 1720, by her name and description of Elizabeth Milton, of Nantwich, widow, she administered to the effects of her brother, John Minshull, in the Consistory Court of Chester; and her will, the probate of which is also in my possession, is dated 22nd August, and proved 10th October, 1727. Mr. Hughes having given a reference to the volume where this information will be found in detail, a reference to it might have saved Garlichithe the trouble of starting an objection, and shown him that, so far from the facts stated being irreconcilable with Mr. Hunter's tract, that gentleman's reference to Randle Holme's Correspondence was suggested by a communication of my own to The Athenæum, and in its turn furnished me with the clue from which I eventually ascertained the particulars of Mrs. Milton's birth and parentage. I am sorry to say that I have wholly failed in finding the register of her marriage: it is not in the register-book of her native place. It might be worth while to search the register of the parishes in which Milton's residence in Jewin Street, and Dr. Paget's in Coleman Street, are situate. There is no uncertainty as to the date, which Aubrey tells us was in "the yeare before the sicknesse."

Though Cranmore (Vol. v., p. 327.) is said to be a deserter from the ranks of "N. & Q.," I hope he is known to some of your readers, and that they will convey to him a hint that he is under something like a promise to furnish information, which, as regards Dr. Paget's connexion with the poet's widow, will still be welcome.

Despite his acknowledged infidelity, I must tender my thanks to Garlichithe for his obliging reference to Mr. Hunter's tract; albeit there is, I may be permitted to suggest, no position assumed in any note upon Milton's widow which that tract in any way contravenes or sets aside. The fact is, Garlichithe, in the outset, entirely misapprehends the nature of my argument; and so leads himself, by a sort of literary "Will-o-the-wisp," unconsciously astray.

It was not Randle the grandfather of Richard Minshull, writer of the two letters transcribed by Mr. Hunter, but Randle the eldest son of this Richard Minshull to whom I referred as the father of Elizabeth Milton. Nor is it possible that this Elizabeth could have "died in infancy," seeing that I possess a copy of a bond (the original is also extant) from her brother Richard, then of Wistaston, where he was baptized April 7, 1641, secured to her as Elizabeth Milton, dated June 4, 1680.

As to the marriage itself, it may have taken place in London, where the poet resided; or, which is more probable, at or near the residence of their mutual friend, Dr. Paget. Milton was certainly not over-careful about ritual observances, and it is not therefore unlikely that the rigid Puritan preferred a private, or what is termed a civil marriage, to one religiously and properly conducted in the church of his forefathers.

PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH.

It is probable that these circles with eight radiations are the original dedication-crosses of the church. Such crosses are still to be seen painted on the piers of the nave in Roman Catholic churches. Durandus, describing the consecration of a church, says:

Dedication-crosses occur at Salisbury Cathedral, and at Uffington Church, Berks, and in both cases on the exterior of the buildings.

The crosses at Salisbury are seven in number, viz. one over each side-door at the west end, two on the buttresses of the north and south transepts, two on the buttresses of the east end, and one in the centre of the east wall. The number at Uffington is twelve, disposed as follows: Three under the east window, three under the west window, one under the south window of the south transept, one under the north window of the north transept, one on the south wall of the nave, one on the north wall of the nave, one on the south wall of the chancel, and one in the east wall of the south transept. In each case the crosses have been of brass inlaid in the wall, with the exception of one, which is of stone, and of more elaborate design. The rationale of dedication-crosses, according to Durandus, is,—

Under these aspects the exterior would seem the more fitting, and may have been the original position of them. Perhaps Mr. Elliot will inform us what is the number of crosses at Crosthwaite?

CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS.

I have found, in D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature, two or three instances in which he mistranslates from the French. The first occurs in the following passage in the article headed "Inquisition:"

From the words which I have marked for Italics, it is clear that D'Israeli translated the passage from some French author; but not being aware of the idiomatic expression "passer au fil de l'épée," and that it means "to put to the sword," he translated the words in their literal sense, which in English is no sense at all.

The second example will be found in the article headed "Mysteries, Moralities," &c. D'Israeli quotes some extracts from the Mystery of St. Dennis, and concludes with the following on the subject of baptism:

The error of "out of" for "into" is unimportant; but not so where he renders "partants" by "when they depart." The word "partant," in the original, is an adverb, and means "thereupon," "forthwith." This D'Israeli has mistaken for "partant," the participle of "partir:" and hence the erroneous construction given to the passage.

A third sample occurs in the same article, where the author quotes from one of the dramas called Sotties, a passage in which are these lines:

Here we have "jouer le leur," to gamble, rendered by "to mind their own interests;" a rather equivocal method, it must be confessed, of accomplishing that object.

These are among the very few instances in which D'Israeli, by quoting from the original authorities, enables us to form an opinion as to the correctness of his anecdotes; and when we consider that by far the greater proportion of these are drawn from French sources, there is reason to apprehend that they may not have always been given with sufficient fidelity. I am confirmed in this view by another quotation which D'Israeli seems to have misunderstood. He is speaking of the feudal custom of the French barons, according to which they were allowed to cohabit with the new bride during the first three nights after marriage. Upon this he remarks:

I have never been able to conceive what meaning D'Israeli could have attached to this quotation from Montesquieu, so as to torture it into a bon mot. Not only is there nothing of the kind in the words he quotes, but there is not even an attempt at it. The writer merely suggests a reason for the preference given to the first three nights; and in doing so he expresses the sentiments of the barons, and not his own. And yet, it is upon this strange misapprehension of Montesquieu's meaning, that D'Israeli lays at the door of that illustrious man the imputation of being "infinitely French," and of forgetting, for the sake of a bon mot, the feelings of his heart!

"TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING."

The Query on the meaning of the phrase "to speak in lutestring," used by Philo-Junius, has remained so long without an answer, that to attempt to give one now seems almost to require an apology. I will however do so. In Letter XLVII., dated May 28, 1771, Philo-Junius says:

Now we know, that if two lutes, or other stringed instruments, be placed near each other, when a chord of one of them is struck, the corresponding chord of the other will vibrate in unison, and give a similar note; one lutestring will echo the other. The story of the maiden who believed that the spirit of her dead lover was near her, because his harp sounded responsive notes to hers, and who died heart-broken when she was undeceived, is sufficiently well known. "To speak in lutestring" is then to speak as another man's echo; and Philo-Junius here was the echo of the Duke of Grafton, and used this affected phrase derisively, as being a favourite, or at least well-known expression of his. In a letter which is appended as a note to Letter XX., and which is dated six days previous to the one just quoted, viz. May 22, 1771, he says:

I have not found the phrase "to speak in lutestring" anywhere else; but I think, from a comparison of these two quotations, that it must mean what I have supposed it to mean—to speak as the echo or exact repeater of another man's words. Where can instances be found of the Duke of Grafton's using this expression, which Philo-Junius ridicules?

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

So many interesting notices have been made by your correspondents on the subject of peculiar interments,—skipping about from one part of the country to another, and dropping down from the south into Lincolnshire, as if in search of farther instances,—that I am induced to add to the number of records, by stating the fact as to the late Mr. Dent, of Winterton, whose body, at his particular request, was deposited after his death in his own garden, on the south of the house in Winterton, where he not only lived but died.

Friend Jonathan, as he was familiarly called, was a man of shrewd understanding, and possessing strong common sense; yet, like others, he had his failings, and amongst them the amor nummi was not the least obtrusive. As a very wealthy man he was looked up to by a little aspiring community of Quakers in the neighbourhood; and his own dress, when in a better suit, exhibited an appearance of his connexion with that fraternity.

The Quakers had a small burial-ground at Thealby, in the parish of Burton-upon-Stother, which I some years ago had the curiosity to inspect, but such a forlorn lost place for such a sober and serious purpose I never in my life before looked upon; it is posited at a little distance from the public road entering Thealby from Winterton, where no doubt at one time stood a lot of cottages and crofts, surrounded by common stone walls, made from the flat stone of the neighbourhood. But so small and so neglected was this burial place, that I could compare it to nothing better than an old parish pinfold; it had been so little attended to when I visited it, that the whole area was under a most luxuriant crop of flourishing nettles, six or seven feet high. And as to graves, or the purport of its occupation, we could see nothing; and yet its position was such that with ordinary attention it might have been even a picturesque spot, having three or four large trees overlooking it.

Upon an after inquiry I was told that a funeral had lately taken place here, at which Friend Jonathan was the presiding attendant. But in preparation for this ceremony they had found so much difficulty in stubbing up the strong nettles, and digging the roots to form a decent grave; and it was after all so difficult to find comfortable standing-room about the grave, that I have ever{203} since concluded that Mr. Dent must have been disgusted with it, as, upon depositing their lost friend in the earth, he, as spokesman, thought it unnecessary to make any observations, and he recommended that they should at once cover the body up; and so it was done.

That Mr. Dent had any antipathy to the church I do not know, but that he had a great dislike to paying unnecessary fees I have a good recollection of. Before his death he requested that his body should be deposited in his own garden; and his request was attended to by his nephew.

After the old gentleman's death, the present Mr. Dent, with a praiseworthy attention, repaired and restored in the Elizabethan style the old dilapidated dwelling-house and homestead where his uncle lived. And I one day paid a visit to the grave, which is an unpretending ridge on a well-mown grass-plat, and which, with the house and ground, appeared to be properly attended to; and so, I presume, it continues to be.

J. H. M., in bringing forward Baskerville as an example of this unusual occurrence, says, that "he directed he should be buried under a windmill near his garden." In a volume of Epitaphs, printed at Ipswich in 1806, once the property of Archdeacon Nares, and containing several MS. notes by him, Baskerville's is given, with a note by the editor, in which he is stated to have been "inurned according to his own desire in a conical building near his late widow's house." The epitaph, written by Baskerville himself, commences with these lines—

"Stranger,
Beneath this cone, in unconsecrated ground,
A friend to the liberties of mankind directed
His body to be inurned."

The expression in each case, respecting the place of his interment, seems scarcely strong enough for us to conclude it was a windmill. Perhaps J. H. M. will kindly favour me with the authority for his statement. Nares has made the following note on the epitaph at the bottom of the page:

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Mr. Muller's Process.—"The following photographic process has been communicated to us by Mr. C. J. Muller, from Patna in the East Indies. We have submitted it to an experienced photographer; and he informs us that it offers many advantages over the Talbotype or the Catalissotype of Dr. Woods, which it somewhat resembles; that it is easy in all its manipulatory details, and certain in its results. We give Mr. Muller's own words—

"'A solution of hydriodate of iron is made in the proportion of eight or ten grains of iodide of iron to one ounce of water. This solution I prepare in the ordinary way with iodine, iron-turnings, and water.—The ordinary paper employed in photography is dressed on one side with a solution of nitrate of lead (fifteen grains of the salt to an ounce of water). When dry, this paper is iodized either by immersing it completely in the solution of the hydriodate of iron, or by floating the leaded surface on the solution. It is removed after the lapse of a minute or two, and lightly dried with blotting-paper. This paper now contains iodide of lead and protonitrate of iron. While still moist, it is rendered sensitive by a solution of nitrate of silver (one hundred grains to the ounce) and placed in the camera. After an exposure of the duration generally required for Talbot's paper, it may be removed to a dark room. If the image is not already out, it will be found speedily to appear in great strength and with beautiful sharpness without any farther application. The yellow tinge of the lights may be removed by a little hyposulphite of soda, though simple washing in water seems to be sufficient to fix the picture. The nitrate of lead nay be omitted; and plain paper only, treated with the solution of the hydriodate of iron, and acetic acid may be used with the nitrate of silver, which renders it more sensitive. The lead, however, imparts a peculiar colorific effect. The red tinge brought about by the lead may be changed to a black one by the use of a dilute solution of sulphate of iron:—by which, indeed, the latent image may be very quickly developed. The papers however will not keep after being iodized.'

"Mr. Muller suggests, that as iodide of lead is completely soluble in nitrate of silver, it might furnish a valuable photographic fluid, which could be applied at any moment when required.

"No small degree of interest attaches to this process, originating in experiments carried on in Central India. It appears perfectly applicable to the albumenized glass and collodion processes."

Detail on Negative Paper.—I have not observed before this, that any photographic operator has "noted" the burnishing of the iodised paper previous to adding the exciting solution, though I know it is usual to burnish before taking a proof. This is a very useful adjunct to obtaining minuteness, and it is a plan I have sometimes adopted. I at first thought it would injure or knock off the iodized surface, but no injury whatever arises from the rubbing. I use a small piece of glass rod, polished flat at one end, so that it may present{204} a facet about half an inch square; but I should imagine a better instrument might be manufactured with a proper handle, and some mode of obtaining pressure; not obtaining sufficient is the cause of a little after-disarrangement if the nitrate of silver is laid on with a brush, but if floated the polish remains.

It cannot be doubted but paper is adequate to any detail; and when a paper shall be manufactured of a perfect kind, there is no reason to suppose but paper generally will rival collodion for most purposes.

Nothing prevents it at present but the uneven surface of paper. It is very nearly perfect in the French negative paper; but that has so many other drawbacks to its use that it cannot be safely depended upon. Our manufacturers have still some improvements to make; for if Canson Frères had left out the blackening chemical in the paper, it would have been better than any of ours in my estimation.

Ammonio-nitrate of Silver.—Will any of your scientific correspondents explain the chemical cause of my inability to form the ammonio-nitrate of silver from a solution of nitrate of silver upon which albumenized paper has been previously floated? Having excited some albumenized paper on a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, I kept the solution which had not been consumed for the purpose of converting it into the ammonio-nitrate. But on dropping in the ammonia, not only did no precipitate take place, but the ammoniacal smell which usually gives place to the tarry odour remained. No albumen appeared to be dissolved from the paper, and the solution had lost none of its silver, which I subsequently collected by means of having formed a chloride. This has occurred to me more than once, and I call attention to it, as the investigation of it may lead to some new results.

Replies to Minor Queries.

"Up, Guards, and at them!" (Vol. v., p. 426.; Vol. viii., pp. 111. 184.).—It will, I hope, close all debate on this anecdote, to state that the account I gave of it in Vol. v., p. 426., was from the Duke himself. I thought it very unlike him to have given his order in such a phrase, and I asked him how the fact was, and he answered me to the effect I have already stated.

German Heraldry (Vol. viii., p. 150.).—Your Querist will probably find what he inquires for in Fursten's German Arms, published at Nurenberg in folio, 1696. The plates are sometimes divided and bound in three or four oblong volumes. The work known as Fursten's German Arms was commenced by Siebmacker, continued by Furst and Helman, and, in 1714, by Weigel. It is often quoted under these respective names; but of later years, more frequently under that of Weigel's Book of German Arms (Weigel Wapenbuch). It consists of six Parts, and professes to give the arms of the principal nobility of the Roman kingdom: dukes, princes, princely counts; lords and persons of position, foregone and existing, in all the provinces and states of the German empire. The Preface is by John David Köhler.

In the year 1698 a book was published by J. A. Rudolphi, at Nurenberg, entitled Heraldica Curiosa. It is in German, a thin folio, with an innumerable quantity of engravings of the arms of German families.

The Eye (Vol. viii., p. 25.).—I hope that interesting question raised by your correspondent H. C. K., respecting the term "apple of the eye," will meet with attention from some philologist. It might help to solve it, if it could be discovered when the phrase first came into use in our language. Is it possible that the word "apple" is a corruption of the Latin "pupilla?" or is it, according to H. C. K.'s suggestion, that the iris, and not the pupil, is taken to represent an apple? Doubtless your learned correspondent is aware that in Zech. ii. 12. the Hebrew phrase is varied, the word‎ ‏בָּבָה‎‏ being used, and occurring only in this passage. If Gesenius's derivation of this word be correct, which makes it to signify "the gate of the eye," we have this idea put into a fresh shape. Have not the Arabs a phrase, "He is dearer to me than the pupil of mine eye," as well as the other one, "The man of the eye?" Curiously enough, the Greeks express this idea by another word than κόρη, viz. γλήνη (i. e. κόρης αὐγή, the splendour of the pupil (kin. αἴγλη), or the pupil itself, οφθαλμου κόρη), in which the change of signification is exactly the converse of what it is in κόρη; viz., 1st, pupil; 2nd, a little girl; whence, as a term of reproach, ἔῤῥε κακὴ γλήνη.

Canute's Point, Southampton (Vol. vii., p. 380.).—A correspondent having noticed the inscription on the Canute Castle Inn, Southampton, inquires for proof to authenticate the locality of the tradition referred to. I submit the following extract from a local history:

These piles were, I believe, in existence in the year 1836, when the act for the construction of the docks was obtained.

Battle of Villers en Couché (Vol. viii., pp. 8. 127.).—An authoritative record of this action may be found in—

The list of subscribers contains about a hundred names. There is a copy of it in the British Museum. The one now before me is rendered more valuable by copious marginal notes, evidently written by the author, which are at the service of your correspondents. They furnish the following extraordinary instance of personal bravery:

The Duke of York's address to the army, published on the 28th of April, thus concludes:

Curious Posthumous Occurrence (Vol. viii., p. 5.).—Though the worthy grave-digger's account, reported by A. B. C., may be chargeable with some exaggeration as to the generality of body-turning, and though the decomposing reason assigned may not be true, yet, that many dead human bodies are found with their faces downwards, is nevertheless quite correct.

Works are now in progress, at the east end of this metropolis, under my own immediate observation, where this fact has been incontestably verified. How long since, or on what occasion, these remains of mortality were placed there, I know not; but, in the course of excavation required for the foundations, they are frequently met with, and, in many instances, in this strange position.

I had come to the conclusion, that, during some raging pestilence (and which may indeed again occur, unless an acceleration takes place in our wounded-snake-like motion in the way of sanitary improvement), I say, it had been my impression, that during some such awful calamity, the anxiety of the uncontaminated to avoid infection had induced them to remove their less fortunate fellow-creatures out of the way with so much haste as actually to bury them alive! and in some convulsive struggle between life and death, they had turned themselves over!

In reply to this Note, I would remark that I have consulted a grave-digger "grown old in the service" here, and he tells me he never remembers a case where, after interment, in process of time the occiput takes the place of the facial bones; but, he says, very frequently the head drops either on one side or the other—a circumstance which any one conversant with the human skeleton and the connexion of the cranium with the vertebræ would deem most natural.

Passage in Job (Vol. vii., p. 14.).—This question is answered, as far as it seems possible, by Barnes, in his Notes on Job, which Mr. Edwin Jones may easily consult. The fact appears to be that we have no information respecting the passage in question beyond what is furnished by itself.

St. Paul and Seneca (Vol. viii., p. 88.).—There is an account of the work referred to in the July number of the Journal of Sacred Literature, edited by Dr. Kitto. It will be found among the "Foreign Intelligence."

Haulf-naked (Vol. vii., pp. 432. 558.).—As my Query in reference to this place has drawn forth a{206} Note or two from some correspondents of yours, allow me to thank them, and at the same time to inform them that "A general Collection of all the Offices of England, with the Fees, in the Queene's guifte," a manuscript temp. Elizabeth, contains the following reference. Under the head "Castles," &c. occurs,—

Books chained to Desks in Churches (Vol. viii. p. 94.).—An engraving of a very fine perpendicular lettern, having a book fastened to it by a chain, is given in the Proceedings of the Arch. Inst. for 1846, as existing at that time in the church of St. Crux, York. In 1851 I noticed the upper part of one in Chesterton Church near Cambridge, placed on the sill of the east window of the south aisle with a book lying upon it, very much torn and wanting the title-page. I ascertained the subject of it at the time; but omitted to make a note of it, and I am sorry to say it has now slipped my memory.

Rutter, in his Somersetshire, speaks of some old reading desks, which were still remaining in 1829 in Wrington Church, fastened to the walls of the chancel, on which were several books, "especially Fox's Martyrs, and the Clavis Bibliorum of F. Roberts, who was rector of the parish in 1675." There was one also about the same time at Chew Magna Church, Somersetshire; with a copy of Bishop Jewel's Defence of the Church chained to it. In Redcliff Church, Bristol, there is a small mahogany one supported by a bracket, with a brass chain attached, near the vestry on the north side of the choir. Until within a very few years, a desk, with Fox's Martyrs lying upon it, was in the Holy Trinity Church, Hull, affixed to one of the pillars in the nave.

A fine old Bible and chain is shown amongst the relics at Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon.

It would appear that theological works were not the only ones secured in this manner; for I find (Rutter's Somersetshire, p. 258.) that one Captain S. Sturmy of Easton in Gordano published a folio, entitled The Mariner's or Artisan's Magazine, a copy of which he gave to the parish to be chained and locked in the desk, until any ingenious person should borrow it, leaving 3l. as a security in the hands of the trustees against damage, &c.

It is somewhat strange that I should have omitted the following passage whilst writing on this subject in a recent Number, as the work to which it refers, Bishop Jewel's Defence of his Apology for the Church of England, is so well known:

This extract is taken from the Life of Bishop Jewel, prefixed to the English translation of the Apology, edited by Dr. Jelf for the Society for promoting Christian Knowledge (8vo. Lond. 1849), p. xx.

An order for the setting up of "the Paraphrases of Erasmus in English upon the gospels" in some convenient place within all churches and chapels in the province of York, will be found in Archbishop Grindal's Injunctions for the Laity, § 4. (Remains, &c., Parker Society, p. 134.) See also the Articles to be enquired of within the Province of Canterburie, § 2. (Ibid. p. 158.)

In Malvern Abbey Church is a stand to which two books are chained. The one is a commentary on the Book of Common Prayer; the other is a treatise on Church Unity. In Kinver Church (Worcestershire) are three books placed in a desk (not chained) in the south aisle: being The Whole Duty of Man (1703); A Sermon made in Latine in the Reigne of Edward the Sixte, by John Jevvel, Bishop of Sarisburie; and The Actes and Monumentes of Christian Martyrs (1583).

At Bowness Church, on Windermere Lake, there is (or at least was, in 1842) a copy of Erasmus's Paraphrase chained. If I am not mistaken, some of Jewel's works will also be found there.

Scheltrum (Vol. vi., p. 364.).—Karl will find scheltrum, variously written "scheltrun, sheltrun, shiltroun, schetrome," of very common occurrence in the translation of the Old Testament by Wicliff and his followers; it is there rendered from the Lat. aeies. The instances quoted by Jamieson, from the Latin testudo, come nearer to the origin, shield.

Quarrel (Vol. vi., p. 172.).—Balliolensis will be pleased with Mr. Trench's ingenious account of our conversion of a complaint into a quarrel.

This, I say, is very ingenious, but did this nation make quarrel out of querela? Did they not take it ready made from their neighbours, the French, Italian, Spanish, who have all performed, and, I presume, led the way in performing, the same exploit; showing that they must all have had the same disposition inhering in them to set about righting and redressing themselves, though not always, perhaps, with so prompt and active a vigour as that ascribed to the English by Mr. Trench.

Wild Plants, and their Names (Vol. vii., p. 233.).—A preparation from St. John's Wort, called red oil, is used in the United States for the cure of bruises and cuts. It may have been formerly used in England. St. John's Wort is one of the commonest weeds in the Middle States.

Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton (Vol. vii., p. 305.).—Bishop Taylor uses the word relative in the sense of a dependent or humble friend in several places in his works; a fact which his editor, Bishop Heber, missed observing, as appears from a passage in the Preface to Taylor's Works.

Burial on the North Side of Churches (Vol. vi., p. 112. &c.).—The opinion of your correspondent Seleucus, that the avoidance of burial on the north side of a churchyard is to be attributed to its being generally the unfrequented side of the church, is borne out by the fact, that in the rare cases where the entrance to the church is only on the north side, the graves are also to be found there in preference to being on the south, which in such a case would of course be "the back of the church." Seleucus mentions one instance of a church entered only from the north. To this example may be added the little village church of Martin Hussingtree, between Worcester and Droitwich, where the sole entrance is on the north, and where all the burials are on the same side of the church.

Rubrical Query (Vol. vii., p. 247.).—The contradiction of the two rubrics is purely imaginary. Both are to be closely construed. The first enjoins notice to be given of Communion as of any other festival; the second provides that in the same service (notice having been so given) the Exhortation shall be the last impression on the thoughts of the congregation.

Stone Pillar Worship (Vol. vii., p. 383.).—The Rowley Hills near Dudley, twelve in number, and each bearing a distinctive name, make up what may be called a mountain of basaltic rock, which extends for several miles in the direction of Hales Owen. From the face of a precipitous termination of the southern extremity of these hills rises a pillar of rock, known as the "The Hail Stone." I conjecture that the word hail may be a corruption of the archaic word haly, holy; and that this pillar of rock may have been the object of religious worship in ancient times. The name may have been derived directly front the Anglo-Saxon Haleg stan, holy stone. It is about three quarters of a mile distant from an ancient highway called "The Portway," which is supposed to be of British origin, and to have led to the salt springs at Droitwich. I have no knowledge of any other place bearing the name of Hail Stone, except a farm in the parish of West Fetton in Shropshire, which is called "The Hail Stones." No stone pillars are now to be found upon it: there is a quarry in it which shows that the sand rock lies there very near the surface. Dr. Plot, in his History of Staffordshire (p. 170.), describes the rock on the Rowley Hills as being "as big and as high on one side as many church steeples are." He relates that he visited the spot in the year 1680, accompanied by a land-surveyor, who, ten years before that time, had noticed that at this place the needle of the compass was turned six degrees from its due position. The influence which the iron in basaltic rocks has on the needle was not known at that period, and the Doctor makes two conjectures in explanation of the phenomenon observed. First, he says, "there must be in these lands that miracle of Nature we call a loadstone;" and he adds, "unless it come to pass by some old armour buried hereabout in the late civil war." The sonorous property of the rock led him to conjecture "that there might be here a vault in which some great person of ancient times might be buried under this natural monument; but digging down by it as near as I could where the sound directed, I could find no such matter."

Plot does not mention the name by which this rock was known. It is not mentioned at all by either Erdeswick, Shaw, or Pitt, in their Histories of Staffordshire.

Bad (Vol. vi. p. 509.).—Horne Tooke's etymology may, perhaps, satisfy B. H. Cowper's inquiry, or at least gratify his curiosity. He assumes the bay or bark of a dog to be excited by what it abhors, hates, defies; and farther, that our epithet of bad is applied by us to that, which, for reasons which we may call moral (æsthetic, I believe{208} I ought to say) reasons or feelings, we hate, or abhor. And he forms it thus, bay-ed, bay'd, ba'd, bad.

Porc-pisee (Vol. vi., p. 579.).—Mr. Warde will find that this is the old English way of writing porpoise, more nearly to the French and Italian. Spenser writes porcpisces, and Ray porpesse, i.e. porc-pesee. Both are quoted in Richardson.

"Wheal instead of milk," is whey or whig. "To flesh in sin," is to indulge in, to accustom to, to inure to, the gratification of the sinful lusts of the flesh. Johnson has from Hales the same expression "fleshed in sin" which he interprets "hardened."

Lowbell (Vol. vii., pp. 181. 272.).—Your correspondents H. T. W. and M. H. will find sufficient reasons from Nares' quotations to convince them that lowbell is so called from its sound; and the usage by Hammond (in Johnson) that the verb, to lowbell, was used consequentially to signify to frighten into a snare, and thus, to ensnare. And the noun, a snare, allurement, temptation.

Praying to the West (Vol. viii., p. 102.).—The isles of the West, by which is understood what we term the British Isles, in the ancient Hindoo writings are described as the Sacred Isles, or the abode of religion. The Celtic tribes used the practice of turning to the West in their religious rites, having adopted it in a very early age from a reason similar to that which led the Turks in a later age to turn towards Mecca, and other nations towards the East; that is, the superior sanctity attached by each to these several points. This practice the Celtic tribes brought with them in their migration from the East to those parts in which we now find it in the West; where it has been retained by their descendants after the circumstances which gave rise to it had been long forgotten.

Old Dog (Vol. iv., p. 21.).—See The Observer (Cumberland's), No. 131.:—"Uncle Antony was an old dog at a dispute."

Contested Elections (Vol. vii., p. 208.).—An account of many of the English contested elections may be found in Oldfield's Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland, 6 vols.: London, 1816. I hope that X. Y. Z. does not rank this among the "wretched compilations." Oldfield was a man of much experience as a parliamentary agent, and his book is entertaining—at least, to us Americans.

"Rathe" in the Sense of "early" (Vol. vii., p. 634. et alibi.).—See The Antiquary, cap. xxxix. (vol. i. p. 468. People's Edition), where Maggie Mucklebacket says:

Chip in Porridge (Vol. i., p. 382).—Though a long time has elapsed, I see nothing more on the subject of this phrase than Q. D.'s application for information regarding it.

I take it to mean a nonentity, a thing of no importance, and to have no more distinctive origin than the innumerable other cant sayings in daily use.

In a book recently published, Personal Adventures of our own Correspondent, by M. B. Honan, vol. i. p. 151., occurs this passage:

"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn" (Vol. viii., p. 102.).—See Pope's Moral Essays, Ep. 1. l. 136.

Gibbon's Library (Vol. vii., p. 407.)—West's Portrait of Franklin (Vol. vii., p. 409.).—Gibbon's library was sold at Lausanne in 1833. I have a copy of Le Théâtre de Marivaux, four volumes 12mo. (Amst. et à Leipzig, 1756), which contains the following MS. note on the fly-leaf of the first volume: "Gibbon's copy, bought at the sale of his library at Lausanne, Sept. 1833.—John Wordsworth." You will find a reference to this gentleman, "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 604. About four hundred of Gibbon's books were in the library of the late Rev. Samuel Farmar Jarvis, of Connecticut, who bought them at Lausanne. Among them was Casiri, Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispania. Some of these books had his name, E. Gibbon, printed in them in Roman letters; others had his coat of arms. Dr. Jarvis's library was sold by Lyman and Rawdon in New York on the 14th of October, 1851, for very good prices. I possess Gibbon's copy of Herrera's America, in English, 6 vols. 8vo.

I think there must be some mistake about the portrait of Dr. Franklin by West, mentioned by{209} your correspondent H. G. D. I have never heard of but one portrait by West of Dr. Franklin, and that was painted for my grandfather, Mr. Edward Duffield, one of the executors of the Doctor's will, and sent to him by the Doctor himself. It is now in my possession, in excellent preservation. A short notice of it will be found in the ninth volume of Franklin's Writings (Sparks's ed.), p. 493.

Derivation of "Island" (Vol. viii., p. 49.).—H. C. K.'s derivation of island from eye, the visual orb, because each are surrounded by water, seems to me so like a banter on etymologists, that I am doubtful whether I ought to notice it; but as our Editor seems, by the space he has given it, to take it as serious, I shall venture to say two or three words upon it. H. C. K. begins by begging the question: he says that "the etymon from the Fr. isle, It. isola, Lat. insula, is manifestly erroneous." Now I think I can prove—and that by a single word—that it is "manifestly" the true one. I only reverse his order of placing these words; they should stand, the mother first, the children after; insula Lat., isola It., isle Fr., and to them I add my single word, which H. C. K. has chosen to ignore altogether, isle English; as, Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, Isle of Thanet, Isles of Arran, &c. This single word, thus supplied, is to my mind a sufficient answer to H. C. K.'s theory, but I may add, as a corroboration, the peculiarity of retaining in spelling, and dropping in pronunciation, the s in the English isle and island, just as it is in the French isle and islot. Indeed the relation between the French and English words is, in this case, not derivation but identity. I may also observe that the Scotch and Irish names for an island, inch, innis, ennis—as, Inch-keith, Innis-fallen, Ennis-killen—are "manifestly" derived from insula, the common parent of all. I half suspect that H. C. K. is a wag, and meant to try whether we should take seriously what he meant as all my eye!

Spur (Vol. vi., pp. 242. 329.).—To spur is to spere, by Gower written sper, to search or seek, to inquire into; and your correspondents might have found the word fully treated and illustrated by Jamieson, and more briefly by Richardson. To ask at church is a common expression, and Spur Sunday is merely Asking Sunday.

On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits (Vol. vii., p. 489. Vol. viii., p. 82.).—The complete iron framework of an hour-glass remained affixed to the pulpit of Shelsley Beauchamp Church, Worcestershire, until the restoration of the church, about eight years ago, by the present rector, the Rev. D. Melville, who carefully preserved the hour-glass relic. In order to show how much had been done for the church, I drew interior and exterior views of the old building, with its great dilapidations and unusually monstrous disfigurements, which drawings were hung in the vestry, at the suggestion of the rector, as parish memorials; a proceeding which I think might be copied with advantage in all cases of church restoration. In the one drawing mentioned the hour-glass stand is a conspicuous object.

The following extract is from a tract published by the Cambridge Camden Society, entitled A few hints on the Practical Study of Ecclesiastical Antiquities:

I saw, a few weeks ago, an iron hour-glass stand affixed to the pulpit in Odell Church, Beds.

Selling a Wife (Vol. vii., pp. 429. 602.).—There can be no question that this offence is an indictable misdemeanor. I made, at the time, a memorandum of the following case:

Impossibilities of History (Vol. viii., p. 72.).—St. Bernard, according to Gibbon, lived from 1091 to 1153. Henry I., who did rebel against his father, was twelve years older than the Saint, and ascended the throne at the age of twenty-one in the year 1100, when the Saint was nine years old. The descent from the devil alludes, I should think, to Robert le Diable, the father of the Conqueror. The historian of The Tablet found the authority most probably in some theatrical review or fly-leaf of the libretto.

Lad and Lass (Vol. vii., p. 56.).—Lass, Hickes (quoted by Lye in Junius) says, was originally written, and is a corruption of laddess; thus, we may suppose laddess, ladse, lass: and lad may correlate with the Gr. ἀγωγὸς, a leader, so familiar to us in the sneered at pæd-agogue, i. e. the boy-leader. The lad, from the Anglo-Saxon lædian, to lead (says Junius), is the leăd—"One who, on account of his tender years, is under a leader, a guide, a director."

We apply the common expression "He is yet in leading strings" to him who has not strength or courage to go alone, to act independently for himself.

Enough (Vol. vii., p. 455.).—Enough was not, and is not always, nor was it originally, pronounced enuf. The old way of writing was "ynou, inouh, ynowgh;" and in Gower, enough is made to rhyme with slough, i. e. slow or slew, the past tense of slay. Mr. Wright will find this to be so by looking into Richardson's quotations. The word, he will see also, was from very early times written, as still not unfrequently pronounced, enew or enow.

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Notes:—	Page
The English, Irish, and Scotch Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, by William Winthrop	189
Duport's Lines to Izaak Walton	193
Shakspeare Correspondence, by C. Mansfield Ingleby, James Cornish, &c.	193
Minor Notes:—Sir Francis Drake—Similarity of Idea in St. Luke and Juvenal—Sincere—Epitaph in Appleby Churchyard, Leicestershire	195
Queries:—
The Crescent, by W. Robson	196
Minor Queries:—The Hebrew Testament—Dr. Franklin—Flemish Refugees—"Sad are the rose leaves"—References wanted—Tea-marks—William the Conqueror's Surname—Old Saying—To pluck a Crow with One—"Well's a fret"—Pay the Piper—Greek Inscription upon a Font, mentioned by Jeremy Taylor—Acharis—Attainment of Majority—Hartman's Account of Waterloo—Henry Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury—Translation of Athenæus—Passages from Euripides—Anderson's Royal Genealogies	196
Minor Queries with Answers:—Louis le Hutin	199
Replies:—
Bee-Park—Bee-Hall	199
Milton's Widow, by J. F. Marsh and T. Hughes	200
Peculiar Ornament in Crosthwaite Church	200
Curious Mistranslations, by Henry H. Breen	201
"To speak in lutestring" by the Rev. W. Fraser	202
Burial in Unconsecrated Places, by Wm. T. Hesleden and R. W. Elliot	202
Photographic Correspondence:—Mr. Muller's Process—Detail on Negative Paper—Ammonio-nitrate of Silver	203
Replies to Minor Queries:—"Up, guards, and at them!"—German Heraldry—The Eye—Canute's Point, Southampton—Symon Patrick, Bishop of Ely: Durham: Weston—Battle of Villers en Couché—Curious Posthumous Occurrence—Passage in Job—St. Paul and Seneca—Haulf-naked—Books chained to Desks in Churches—Scheltrum—Quarrel—Wild Plants, and their Names—Jeremy Taylor and Christopher Lord Hatton—Burial on the North Side of Churches—Rubrical Query—Stone Pillar Worship—Bad—Porc-pisee—Lowbell—Praying to the West—Old Dog—Contested Elections—"Rathe" in the Sense of "early"—Chip in Porridge—"A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn"—Gibbon's Library: West's Portrait of Franklin—Derivation of "Island"—Spur—On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits—Selling a Wife—Impossibilities of History—Lad and Lass—Enough	204
Miscellaneous:—
Books and Odd Volumes wanted	210
Notices to Correspondents	210
Advertisements	210

A.
†Aylmer, Sir George	1521
Commander of Holstone.
Adfil, George	1524
Albrit, Oliver	1527
B.
Bouth, John	1522
Turcopolier, killed at the siege of Rhodes.
Blasly, Robert	1526
Boydel, Edward	1529
†Babington, John	1531
Bailiff of Aguila, Commander of Dalby.
†Babington, Philip	1531
†Belingham, Edward	1531
Commander of Dynmore.
†Balfard, Richard	1531
†Brown, Edward	1531
†Broke, Richard	1531
Commander of Mount St. John.
Boydel, George	1532
Boydel, Roger	1533
Turcopolier.
†Bentham, Anthony	1536
Boyse, Andrew	1588
C.
Corbet, William	1522
Commander of Templebruer.
Cane, Sir Ambrose	1525
Chanure, John	1525
Campledik, Thomas	1529
Commander of Corbroke.
Chambers, Sir James	1533
D.
Deston, Claude	1522
Docray, Thomas	1523
Prior of the English tongue.
Dundas, George	1524
Commander of Turfichin in Scotland.
†Dingley, Thomas	1531
†Dundas, Alexander	1538
†Dudley, George	1545
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.
E.
Edward, George	1525
†Eluyn, Edmund	1545
Received in the Order at Malta in 1545.
F.
Fairfax, Nicholas	1522
Commander of Temple Combe.
Fitzmorth, Robert	1527
Fortescue, Adrian	1532
This brave knight perished on the scaffold in England at the time of the Reformation (vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 628.); was enrolled among the Saints; and his portrait, with a sprig of palm in the hand, as an emblem of his martyrdom, is now to be seen in one of the chapels of St. John's Church at this island. The 8th of July is the day now observed in commemoration of his sufferings, and of those who suffered with him.
Fortescue, Nicholas	1638
This nobleman, of the same family as the preceding, was received in the Order on his own urgent application; and with the hope that, by his assistance, the English language would be restored.
G.
Golings, Thomas	1520
Commander of Bodisford.
†Gonson, Sir David	1533
The last lieutenant of the Turcopolier at Malta.
†Gerard, Sir Henry	1541
Glene, Lewis	1555
H.
Hyerton, George	1523
Hall, Thomas	1526
†Halison, James	1526
Hussey, Edmund	1528
Hussey, Nicholas	1531
Hill, Edward	1531
†Hornebill, Thomas	1536
I.
Irving, James	1569
Solely by the strenuous exertions of this knight it was decided, in a general chapter held in 1569, that the Scotch should enjoy the same dignities and emoluments which had been previously granted to the English and Irish knights.
J.
Jones, William	1522
L.
Layton, Ambrose	1527
Commander of Beverly.	{192}
Layton, Cuthbert	1528
Lyndesey, Walter	1532
Lambert, Nicholas	1538
M.
Mobysteyn, John	1526
Capellano, and Chancellor, of the Provincial Chapter of the English Language.
Massinbert, Oswaldus	1527
N.
Newport, Thomas	1528
Bailiff of Aquila, and Commander of Newland.
Nevil, Richard	1528
Commander of Willington.
Newton, Thomas	1529
Newdegatt, Donston	1536
O.
Ozis, John.
On the 16th of March, 1533, this knight obtained permission to return to England. Vide fol. 168.
P.
Pole, Alban	1520
Commander of Mount St. John.
Philip, Thomas	1521
Plunket, Nicholas	1527
Pool, George	1531
Pool, Henry	1531
Pemperton, Thomas	1533
Commander of Mount St. John.
R.
Ransom, John (Senior)	1521
Prior of Ireland.
Roberts, Nicholas	1522
Roche, Edward	1527
Ransom, William	1527
†Roger, Anthony	1533
†Ransom, John (Junior)	1533
Turcopolier.
†Russell, Philip	1536
†Russell, Anthony	1537
†Russell, Egidius	1554
Governor of the city, and Captain of the forces.
S.
Sheffield, Thomas	1521
Commander of Beverly.
Sand, George	1528
†Sandiland, James	1530
Sutton, John	1530
Salisbury, William	1537
†Starkey, Oliver	1555
Confidential secretary of La Valetta, and buried in St. John's Church, at the foot of his tomb.
†Shelley, Sir Richard	1566
Prior of England, and last Turcopolier of his language. On the 25th of June, 1567, Sir Richard obtained permission to dispose of his property as he wished.
†Shelley, James	1566
†Shelley, John	1582
†Stuart, Fitzjames	1689
A natural son of James II. A letter is now existing in which this monarch requested the Grand Master to receive his son as Grand Prior of the English language, if it should be agreeable to the will of the Pope. It may be noted that the Germans were the only knights in the Convent who would never admit a natural son of a noble or monarch among them.
T.
Theril, William	1533
Tyrell, William	1535
U.
Urton, George	1523
Upton, Nicholas	1536
Turcopolier, and greatly distinguished in July, 1551, when, at the head of thirty knights and four hundred mounted volunteers, he very gallantly repulsed Dragut's attack on the island. Returning to the convent he died of his wounds. On the 20th of June, 1565, Dragut fell mortally wounded in the famous siege of Malta, and the point where he was killed still bears his name. His scimetar is now to be seen in the Maltese armoury.
W.
Wagor, John	1523
Weston, Sir William	1525
A brief historical description of Sir William Weston's sufferings, decease, and burial will be found in the second volume of Sutherland's Knights of Malta, p. 115., which appears to be a correct translation from Vertot's History of the Order.—Vide "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 629.; and Vertot, lib. 10.
Wyhtt, Sir Rowland	1528
West, Clement	1532
This knight was a Turcopolier, and never placed his signature to a document without writing immediately above it "As God wills."
Wise, Andrew	1593
Nominally Prior of England in 1598. Being reduced to the greatest extremity, the Roman Pontiff decreed that the language of Castile and Leon should allow him out of its revenue a thousand ducats a-year. The Spanish knights objecting to pay this sum, there was a trial before the Grand Master to enforce it; a report of which is now in the Record Office. The Pope's decree was confirmed.

Play.	Text.	Emendation.	Page in Collier.	Page in Jackson.
Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act II. Sc. 1.	"In telling her mind."	"In telling you her mind."	18.	9.
Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I. Sc. 3.	"She carves."	"She craves."	30.	17.
Measure for Measure, Act I. Sc. 3.	"Propagation of a dower."	"Procuration of a dower."	43.	39.
Ditto Ditto Act III. Sc. 2.	"What say'st thou, trot?"	"What say'st thou, troth?"	49.	44.
Taming of the Shrew, Act IV. Sc. 4.	"Except they are busied."	"Except while they are busied."	152.	127.
All's Well that Ends Well, Act III. Sc. 1.	"Happiness and prime."	"Happiness in prime."	159.	89.
Twelfth Night, Act V. Sc. 1.	"Then cam'st in smiling."	"Thou cam'st in smiling."	181.	31.
Winter's Tale, Act IV. Sc. 3.	"So attir'd, sworn."	"So attir'd, so worn."	192.	142.
Henry V., Act V. Sc. 2.	"Untempering effect."	"Untempting effect."	264.	229.

		£	s.	d.
Walberton and Haulf-naked.	Keeper of the Manor of Half-naked and Goodwood	20	0	0
Walberton and Haulf-naked.	Keeper of the Wood and Chace of Walberton	3	0	10."

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM.

DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Minor Notes.

Queries.

THE CRESCENT.

Minor Queries.

Minor Queries with Answers.

Replies.

BEE-PARK—BEE-HALL.

MILTON'S WIDOW.

PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH.

CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS.

"TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING."

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Miscellaneous.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Notices to Correspondents.

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION,
NERVOUSNESS, &c.—BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING
FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,

MEDICAL, INVALID
AND
GENERAL LIFE OFFICE,

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

Age	£	s.	d.
17	1	14	4
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27	2	4	5
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 200, August 27, 1853

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

CONTENTS.

Notes.

THE ENGLISH, IRISH, AND SCOTCH KNIGHTS OF THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM.

DUPORT'S LINES TO IZAAK WALTON.

SHAKSPEARE CORRESPONDENCE.

Minor Notes.

Queries.

THE CRESCENT.

Minor Queries.

Minor Queries with Answers.

Replies.

BEE-PARK—BEE-HALL.

MILTON'S WIDOW.

PECULIAR ORNAMENT IN CROSTHWAITE CHURCH.

CURIOUS MISTRANSLATIONS.

"TO SPEAK IN LUTESTRING."

BURIAL IN UNCONSECRATED PLACES.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Miscellaneous.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Notices to Correspondents.

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION, NERVOUSNESS, &c.—BARRY, DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,

MEDICAL, INVALID AND GENERAL LIFE OFFICE,

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

INDIGESTION, CONSTIPATION,
NERVOUSNESS, &c.—BARRY,
DU BARRY & CO.'S HEALTH-RESTORING
FOOD for INVALIDS and INFANTS.

MEDICAL, INVALID
AND
GENERAL LIFE OFFICE,