NOTES ON THE ART TREASURES
AT PENICUIK
HOUSE MIDLOTHIAN
BY JOHN M. GRAY F.S.A. SCOT.
CURATOR SCOTTISH NATIONAL
PORTRAIT GALLERY.

_REPRINTED, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS,
FROM “THE SCOTTISH LEADER.”_

[Illustration]

FIFTY COPIES
FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION.
1889.




THE ART TREASURES OF SCOTLAND.


III. PENICUIK HOUSE.


I.

There are few Scottish families that, during the last two hundred
years, have been more closely connected with the progress of culture in
their native country than the Clerks of Penicuik.

Claiming descent from the Drummonds of Hawthornden, through Elizabeth
Henderson, grand-daughter of the poet and first wife of the first
Baronet of Penicuik, they have produced, both in the main line and in
its younger branches, a goodly proportion of men of intellect and mark.
At present we need only name Sir John Clerk, the second Baronet, one of
the Commissioners for the Union, and a Baron of the Exchequer, a man
of varied attainments and the strongest individuality, and known as
an enthusiastic antiquary; his son, Sir James, who was the architect
of the present mansion of the family; whose brother, Sir George Clerk
Maxwell, the fourth Baronet, distinguished himself by his efforts to
promote the commercial interests of his country, establishing a linen
manufactory at Dumfries, engaging in mining schemes for copper and
lead, and writing much upon agricultural and industrial subjects;
John Clerk of Eldin, younger brother of the last-named, author of
the celebrated “Essay on Naval Tactics,” and known as an artist by
his series of etchings which preserve in a manner so interesting
to the antiquary the aspect of many of the historical edifices of
Scotland; his well-known son John Clerk, “the Coryphæus of the Scottish
Bar,” afterwards Lord Eldin; and the Right Hon. Sir George Clerk,
sixth Baronet, the friend of Sir Robert Peel, one of the prominent
politicians of his time, and especially versed in all matters of
statistics. William Aikman, the portrait-painter, too, was descended
from the house of Penicuik, his mother having been the eldest sister
of Sir John Clerk, the first Baronet; and, in our own time, Professor
James Clerk Maxwell, whose father was grandson of the fourth Baronet
and brother of the sixth, has by his eminence in science added new
lustre to his parental name.

But not only have the Clerks been themselves witty—using the word in
its best, its old English, sense—they have been the cause of wit in
others; by their loyal friendships with the best Scottish painters and
poets of their time, and their open-handed patronage of these men’s
work, they have identified themselves with the history of art and
literature in Scotland. One can hardly pronounce the name of Allan
Ramsay without thinking of Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, or the name of
Alexander Runciman, without recalling that of Sir James, his son and
successor.

The mansion of the family is situated about a mile and a half from
the village of Penicuik, on a commanding situation, overlooking the
wooded valley of the Esk, a “classic stream” which, at this point,
is still uncontaminated by the chemicals of the paper-makers, whose
manufactories begin to appear a little lower, at the village itself.
Manifestly great care and the finest taste have been expended by the
successive owners of the place in laying out the grounds, which are
a triumph of landscape-gardening, so filled are they with pleasant
combinations of woodland, lawn, and flowers; and we shall hardly forget
their gorgeous aspect on that summer day when we first saw them, with
their wealth of purple rhododendron blossoms, and, here and there,
a touch of particularly vivid crimson of beech-leaves diversifying
the “greenery” of June. Especially noticeable is the skill which has
arranged that spaces of shadowed and closely enclosed foliage shall
lead, with all the force of sharp and grateful contrast, to amplest
breadth of outlook and extended view; and so aptly does the peak of the
Black Hill top the belt of trees that bounds the Upper Pond, and with
such a perfect sense of definitely calculated balance, of satisfying
composition, does the blue outline of Mendick complete the view as we
look up the stream from near the south front of the house, that, in a
fanciful mood, we could well believe the whole to have been the result
of something more than a mere happy chance,—could almost imagine
that he who designed the place had been gifted with a wizard’s power,
greater than that of the Prophet himself, that the mountains had indeed
been at his beck and call, that they had come at his bidding, and taken
their stations, each in the precise spot best fitted to give to the
prospect its last, its crowning perfection.

Nay, Nature herself, even in her moments of wildest storm, seems to
have been working in harmony with the designer of the place, and
making for its beauty. When you have surveyed the last-named prospect,
and turned a little towards the left to follow the depressions of
the ground which mark the position of the unseen bed of the Esk, you
note the greensward that borders the stream; and this leads the eye
beyond to the further bank, where an open space of clearing among the
trees diversifies the succession of their rounded tops, this break
and point of pause being again repeated further up to the left among
the trees that crest the hill. The last opening was the work of the
tempest, which, by overturning a trunk or two, disclosed a glimpse of
the distant Peeblesshire moor behind, giving just that final touch,
that hint of the beyond “over the hills and far away,” which perfects
the view,—not only to the painter, as completing the lines of its
composition, but to the poet as well, by adding that sense of extended
outlook, as of a vista piercing into the breadth of the world, which is
needful, for finest imaginative effect, in every landscape.

Then, too, there are the Penicuik Gardens to be seen,—the old garden,
lying on a sheltered slope to the south, with its glass-houses,
the first, or all but the very first, of the kind in Scotland; the
extensive modern garden, bounded by brick walls, the soft mellow
colouring of which tells so pleasantly through the green of the trees;
and especially the “American Garden,” with its wealth of many-coloured
azaleas springing from the midmost space of softest turf, “a garden
inclosed” like the garden of the Canticles, cloistered and protected,
like some princess of romance, by thick-set hedges and a circle of
sheltering wood, lest any eager and nipping air of our northern clime
should visit its cheek too roughly, and blanch the beauty of its ardent
face of flowers.


II.

The house, which fronts us as we approach the termination of the
drive, is a modern edifice, built by Sir James, the third Baronet,
in 1761, after he had returned from a residence in Italy, saturated
with classical ideas. It was erected entirely from the Baronet’s own
designs; but, doubtless, these were produced under the influence of
Robert Adam, the celebrated architect, whose sister had been married
in 1753 to John Clerk, author of the “Naval Tactics,” Sir James’s
younger brother. Consequently the present house does not possess the
interest of having been the meeting-place of Allan Ramsay, who died in
1758, and his friends and patrons of the Clerk family; an association
erroneously assigned to the present structure by Dr. Daniel Wilson
in his “Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh,” a work which contains many
curious particulars regarding the Clerks, and especially of the Baron,
the second Baronet. The house in which the poet and the antiquary spent
together many a genial evening of “honest talk and wholesome wine” no
longer exists. It occupied a site close behind the present mansion, on
whose completion it was removed. Some of the old cellars remain under
the earthen mound to the south, and are still in use. We may sigh a
little over the memories and associations of old Penicuik House, over
the vanished picturesqueness of its “crowstep” gables and its circular
corkscrew turrets, of which a shadow still survives in the sketch by
John Clerk, reproduced in the Bannatyne Club issue of his etchings; but
doubtless the present mansion is vastly more commodious and in better
harmony with modern ideas of comfort than was its predecessor, and it
takes its place excellently in the landscape; its effect not greatly
marred by the more recent wings added by Bryce in 1857-8; its straight
perpendicular and horizontal lines contrasting excellently with the
flowing curves of ground and trees, in that fashion which Turner
recognised and loved, and emphasised so delightfully in his early
drawings of four-square English mansions set amid the rounded forms of
wood and hill and stream.

As we turn our eye towards the offices of Penicuik House, which
are situated a little to our right, two objects of rather singular
aspect arrest our attention. Regarding one of them—a tall, very
ecclesiastical-looking steeple garnished with the usual large gilded
clock-face, which in the oddest fashion surmounts the stables—a
curious bit of tradition lingers in the neighbourhood. It seems that
Sir James designed not only his own mansion, but also the parish church
of Penicuik. When the plan of the latter, however, was submitted to the
heritors or kirk-session, it appears that they would have none of the
steeple,—for what reason is not recorded, whether it was that their
architectural tastes did not chime in with those of the Baronet, or
that they considered it as too decorative a feature to be in accordance
with severe Presbyterian principles, or whether, finally, the expense
was too great for their pockets. Declined, at any rate, the steeple
was, so local tradition affirms. But Sir James was by no means willing
that the structure which his brain had devised should only be dimly
visible upon paper, and never take substantial embodiment in stone and
lime; so he reared it, at his own proper cost, in his stable-yard,
where it still forms so imposing and unusual a feature.

The other curious erection is a rounded dome on the opposite side
of the court, raising its height above the stable buildings. This
is nothing less than an accurate reproduction of “Arthur’s O’on,”
which formerly existed on the north bank of the Carron, a mile and a
half from Falkirk, believed by “Sandy Gordon,” the great antiquarian
friend of the second Baronet of Penicuik, to be a Roman _Sacellum_, or
chapel in which military standards and insignia were deposited, and
fully described and discussed in his “Itinerarium Septentrionale,”
that precious folio which Oldbuck had captured and was beginning to
examine when we make his acquaintance in the opening chapters of “The
Antiquary.”

Turning, however, to the house itself, we may remark, as we enter, that
the ornaments of the front—the stone vases that break the sky-line,
and the graceful “Chippendale” shield of arms, furnished with the
decorative, not heraldic, adjunct of wings—were designed by John
Clerk of Eldin, author of the “Naval Tactics,” a cadet of the family.
Also that the _grisaille_ painting on the lower side of the roof of
the raised portico was executed—so James Jackson’s “Account of the
Parish of Penicuik” informs us—by Alexander Runciman, when he was
an apprentice with John Norie, the well-known decorative painter and
landscapist of Edinburgh, and that it was the ability displayed in
this work that induced Sir James to assist in sending the youth for
four or five years to Rome, whence he returned to execute the mural
paintings of the St. Margaret Staircase and the Ossian Hall of Penicuik
House. The motto, from Cicero’s _De Officiis_ with which the portal is
inscribed, was chosen by the Earl of Perth, grandson of John Drummond,
the attainted Earl of Melfort, a close friend of Sir James’s; and a
letter regarding it may be transcribed, as a quaint example of the
stately epistles of our ancestors.

    “SIR,—Upon considering the manner of your House of Pennicueik,
    where I had the pleasure of beeing some days in November last,
    and admiring the Architecture of it, after 40 years ponderating
    (_sic_) in my mind a Precept of Cicero’s,

        _Non Domo Dominus, sed Domino Domus honestanda est,_

    found for the first time that it was obtemperate, and should
    wish for leave to inscribe it on Pennicueik House as the real
    sentiment of

        Your most obedient
            Servant and Cousin
                PERTH.

    “_LUNDIN HOUSE, Ap. 22, 1771._”


III.

In the Entrance Hall various antiquarian and artistic treasures
decorate the walls or are preserved in glass cases,—the colours of
the local volunteer regiment that was raised at the time of the French
Invasion scare, full-sized marble copies of various antique statues,
excellent old china, several fine missals, the fan and necklace of
Mary Queen of Scots, said to have come into the Clerk family from Mary
Gray, wife of the first John Clerk of Penicuik, through her mother,
Mary Gillies, to whom it was given before the execution at Fotheringay,
and the gold snuff-box presented by the Scottish Widows’ Fund to Lord
Eldin, in 1825, in recognition of his services at the time of the
foundation of the company.


IV.

Turning to the right from the Hall we enter the Dining-room, where
the most important of the portraits are hung. But here the places of
honour on the walls, above the fireplaces and fronting the long line of
windows which light the apartment, are occupied by no family portraits,
by no effigies of distinguished heads of the house. Even the portrait
of the second Baronet, the potent Baron of Exchequer himself, even the
great Raeburn group of the fifth Baronet and his comely wife, Mary
Dacre, have been waived to less important positions; and the pictures
which hold the chief places represent a poet and a painter who were
loved and honoured by this family of Penicuik.

Over the fireplace to the right is an excellent portrait, by William
Aikman, of Allan Ramsay the elder, a man who, though his verses may
seem a little artificial and a little dull to the readers of our own
day, is worthy of all honour, not only for having aided in turning
Scottish poetry into a freer and more natural channel, but also for
having established a theatre and the first circulating library in
Edinburgh, and so distinctly served the cause of culture in Scotland.
He was the sworn friend of the house of Penicuik, the chosen associate
of the second Baronet, and of his son, afterwards Sir James, whom he
addresses in that homely and vigorous “Epistle,” beginning—

    “Blythe may he be who o’er the haugh,
    All free from care, may sing and laugh,”

which is dated “Pennycuick, May 9, 1755.”

The present picture, very similar to that which was excellently
mezzotinted by George White, shows the poet nearly to the waist, clad
in a brown coat, the shirt open at the throat and without a cravat. No
wig is worn, but the head is wound round tightly, cap-fashion, with
a low-toned orange handkerchief, beneath which appears the bright,
alert, intelligent face, with its bushy eyebrows and very black eyes,
its wide-nostrilled, humorous, slightly _retroussé_ nose, and its
large-lipped mouth, full and rippling over with good-nature and
sensitiveness. We are enabled to fix the exact date of the picture by
means of the following interesting inscription on the back, in the
autograph of Sir John, the second Baronet:—


“A Roundlet in Mr. Ramsay’s own Way.

    Here painted on this canvass clout,
    By Aikman’s hand is Ramsay’s snout,
    The picture’s value none might doubt,
        For ten to one I’ll venture,
    The greatest criticks could not tell
    Which of the two does most excell,
    Or in his way should bear the bell,
        The Poet or the Painter.

            J. C. Pennicuik, 5 May 1723.”

The picture accordingly represents the poet in his thirty-seventh
year, and was painted when the artist was about to leave Scotland to
settle in London, an occasion on which Ramsay inscribed to him his
“Pastoral Farewell,”—not his only poetical tribute to his friend,
for previously, in 1721, he had penned another “Epistle,” in which he
thanks the portraitist because

    “By your assistance unconstrain’d,
      To courts I can repair,
    And by your art my way I’ve gained
      To closets of the fair.”

There are many other portraits which enable us to gather what was the
personal appearance of the author of “The Gentle Shepherd.” There is
the print in which the poet appears in all the bright bravery of youth,
clad in a kind of fanciful Scottish costume,—a coat slashed at the
sleeves, a plaid laid over his right shoulder, a broad Highland bonnet,
with a St. Andrew badge, set on the head. This is the frontispiece to
the first quarto edition of his works, published by Ruddiman in 1721:
it is engraved by T. Vereruysse, and bears the initials J. S. P.,
which, as we learn from the engraving by Vertue, evidently from the
same picture, in Ramsay’s “Poems and Songs,” 1728, stands for “John
Smibert, Pinxit.” This painter, born in Edinburgh in 1684, was a friend
and correspondent of Ramsay’s, and it was to him, while studying art in
Italy, that the poet addressed that “Epistle to a Friend in Florence”
which is included in his works. He accompanied Bishop Berkeley to Rhode
Island in 1727, and afterwards settled in Boston, where he resided till
his death in 1751. In Britain his works are scarce, but a portrait of
Berkeley by his hand is in the National Portrait Gallery, London, and
there is at Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, along with minor examples of his
art, an important group of Lord Cullen and his family, including twelve
life-sized figures, which he painted in 1720. Smibert is believed to
have executed a second portrait of Allan Ramsay, that kit-cat likeness
with the head turned nearly in profile to the left, which formed
the frontispiece to “The Gentle Shepherd, with Illustrations of the
Scenery,” Edinburgh 1814, engraved by A. Wilson, from a drawing made
by A. Carse from the picture (now at New Hall, Mid-Lothian), which
had belonged to the poet himself, and afterwards to Janet Ramsay, a
daughter who survived him.

Again there is a singularly heavy-looking and spiritless portrait
engraved in the second volume of Ruddiman’s 1728 edition of Ramsay’s
works, marked as by Strange’s master, “R. Cooper, ad vivum sculpsit,
Edin^r,” showing the figure to the waist, the right hand holding a
volume of the Poems; and the smaller print, without name of painter or
engraver, which seems to be an improved adaptation of this portrait,
the face become refined and delicate, a fitting face for a poet.

There is, further, that interesting and characteristic chalk drawing,
by the poet’s artist son, preserved at Woodhouselee, and inscribed
“His first attempt of that kind from the life ... 1729,” done
when the youth—who in the words of his father in a letter to the
above-mentioned Smibert, had “been pursuing his science since he was
a dozen years auld”—was just sixteen, seven years before he started
for Italy, to study art in Rome; and there is a print in which the
same portrait is treated as a bust on a pedestal, drawn by the younger
Ramsay and engraved by Cooper. There is also the well-known portrait,
done by the same filial hand, that was engraved by David Allan in
the 1788 quarto edition of “The Gentle Shepherd,” a bust likeness,
with the strong-featured, firmly modelled face turned in profile to
the right, appearing from behind a parapet on which lie the various
symbols of the pastoral muse, a mask, a staff, a crook, and a rustic
pipe. In interest, however, and in all life-like qualities, the picture
at Penicuik is fully equal to the best of those we have named as
portraying the shrewd and cheerful countenance of the homely poet.

The portrait which hangs to the left, over the other fireplace of the
Penicuik Dining-room is also by Aikman, and its subject is the painter
himself. Here again an additional interest is given to the picture, in
this case a most pathetic interest, by its inscription. On its back
is a note, also in the hand of the second Baronet of Penicuik, the
painter’s cousin:—“Mr. Aikman, painted by himself when dying, and left
as a legacy to me, J. C., anno 1733.”

This artist was born in 1682, the son of William Aikman of Cairnie,
Forfarshire, by his second wife, Margaret, sister of the first Sir
John Clerk. In his youth he was possessed, as Douglas of the Baronage
says, with even more than his customary solemnity, of a “mighty genius
for portrait-painting.” His father, like so many of the Scottish
gentry, was a member of the Scottish Bar, and desired that his son
should enter upon the studies that would qualify him for the same
profession—studies which would reasonably occupy his time, put him
in the way of intellectual effort, and give him enough law to enable
him to manage his estates profitably, and to sit with dignity and
propriety upon the bench of county magistrates. But the parental wishes
were in vain; the “mighty genius for portrait-painting” was not to be
controlled. Aikman studied art for three years in Edinburgh, under Sir
John de Medina, of whose portraiture there is a representative series
in Penicuik House; and, when he came into possession of his ancestral
acres, which were valuable then, and have become doubly valuable since,
he promptly parted with them, sold all that he had for the sake of
art; and having rid himself of the burden of ponderable and engrossing
material things, started a free man to study painting in Rome. During
the five years that he spent abroad he even visited Constantinople and
Smyrna, a “far cry” indeed for a Scottish laird of the beginning of the
seventeenth century. Returning to his native country in 1712, he was
in time patronised by John, Duke of Argyll, and in 1723 he established
himself in London, where he moved in the best and most cultured
circles, numbering among his friends Sir Robert Walpole, Pope, Swift,
Arbuthnot, and Gay, several of whom still live upon his canvases.
At the age of forty-nine he was prosperous and happy, in excellent
practice as a portrait-painter, busied upon a great group of the
Royal Family, commissioned by the Earl of Burlington, and now in the
possession of the Duke of Devonshire. But this work was destined never
to be completed. His only son, one of those “bonnie bairns” to whom
Allan Ramsay refers in his “Pastoral Farewell to Mr. Aikman,” a youth
of great artistic promise—several etched studies after Van Dyck by his
hand still exist to prove his talent[1]—sickened and died at the age
of eighteen, and the father never recovered the blow. He pined away,
died six months afterwards, 1731, and was buried in the same grave
in the Greyfriars’ Churchyard, Edinburgh. Mallet wrote his epitaph;
Ramsay, Thomson, and Somerville have recorded his virtues and the charm
of his presence.

    [1] A three-quarters length portrait of the younger Aikman,
    with a grave earnest face, clad in a long-skirted grey coat,
    and holding a sketch in his hand, is in the possession of the
    representative of the family at The Ross, Hamilton. It is an
    excellent example of the elder Aikman’s portraiture.

At Penicuik we are enabled to trace the development of Aikman’s art
from first to final phase. His portrait of “Dame Christina Kilpatrick,”
second wife of the first Baronet, is marked on the back by the
painter’s cousin, “painted 1706 by Mr. Aikman when he was learning to
paint, but very like.” The portrait of the second Baronet himself,
similarly inscribed, “painted by Mr. Aikman, about the year 1706, when
he was beginning to paint,” is identical in style with the work of his
master Medina. In the Red Bedroom are hung his school copies after
classical subjects by Maratti, done at Rome; and we have seen that the
portrait of himself was one of the very last canvases that his brush
touched.

This portrait of Aikman showing the figure nearly to the waist within
a painted oval, is practically identical with that in the National
Gallery of Scotland, formerly in the possession of Mrs. Forbes, the
artist’s eldest daughter, and engraved in “The Bee,” vol. xviii. 1793.
The only difference is that here the draperies consist of a coat and
vest of a cool yellowish-brown velvet, passing into definite yellow in
the high lights, while in the National Gallery version a golden-brown
gown and a flowered vest of the same colour is substituted. The
well-balanced, handsome, oval face, with its ripe mouth, rippling in
its lines and dimpled at the corners, fine dark-blue eyes, and rounded,
slightly cleft chin, is turned in three-quarters towards the right, and
surmounted by a voluminous powdered wig. Another portrait of Aikman
by himself is preserved at Florence in the Painters’ Gallery of the
Uffizi. Here the pose of the figure is similar to that in the two other
pictures; but the coat is of crimson, the lower part of the body is
wrapped in a dark mantle, and no wig is worn, its place being taken by
a white handkerchief which is wound round the head. Among the portraits
of Aikman at The Ross is another from his own hand, showing him as he
appeared on his travels, bearded, and wearing a turban and a ruddy
Eastern gown.

We may now turn to the family portraits with which the walls of the
Dining-room are covered. The earliest of them is a portrait of John
Clerk, father of the first Baronet, and the founder of the family,
known for centuries in the familiar traditions of the Penicuik nursery
under the playful title of “Musso,” from his prolonged residence in
France. He was born in 1610, the son of a merchant-burgess of Montrose,
and baptized at Fettercairn by the Bishop of Caithness, on the 22d
December of that year. Bred a merchant, he settled in Paris in 1634,
where he acquired “a fortune of at least £10,000,” as his grandson
informs us. In 1647 he returned to Scotland, married, acquired the
lands of Penicuik and of Wrightshouses, near Edinburgh, and died in
1674, at the age of sixty-three.

His portrait, which hangs in the Dining-room, is not a contemporary
work, but a copy executed by Aikman—to range with the other family
pictures—from a miniature, done in Paris by an unknown painter, and
still preserved in the Charter-room. This original, inscribed on its
gold case “John Clerk of Pennicuik, 1644,” is a bust portrait painted
in oils on a small oval slab of bloodstone, the polished green surface
of which, with its red markings, serves for background. The face shows
a delicate, prominently aquiline nose, a forehead broad rather than
high, sharply pencilled black eyebrows above the dark blue eyes, a
full, brightly red lower lip, a small moustache of darkest brown,
turned up at the ends, and a tiny tuft on the chin. The bust is clad in
that pseudo-Roman costume so much affected in the portraiture of the
period, similar to that in which Charles II. appears in the equestrian
statue in the Parliament Square, Edinburgh, and very closely resembling
the dress worn by George Lauder, author of “The Scottish Souldier,” in
the scarce portrait engraved by J. Hermanni after J. Reyners. The tunic
is of a bright blue colour, cut square at the neck, and edged with
gold lace, decorated on the breast and shoulders with gold ornaments
worked into the shape of satyr and lion heads, and a bright red mantle
falls in graceful folds on either side. The little picture is of
excellent workmanship and is delicately finished, much of its precision
of detail having been lost in Aikman’s not very refined life-sized copy.

Above the fireplace in the Drawing-room is another portrait of this
same John Clerk, a large, dark, gallery full-length, stated to have
been executed, like the miniature, in Paris. Here the founder of the
family is depicted standing, in a black dress, his right hand resting
on the stone ball which surmounts and decorates the parapet of garden
walk, his left hand sustaining his sword. The countenance is manifestly
the same as that in the miniature. This picture is stated by family
tradition to have been painted by “De Wit,” a portrait-painter we have
not as yet been able to identify. It bears no resemblance in style to
the portraits executed by James de Witt at Holyrood in 1684-5, and at
Glamis Castle in 1686-8; and it could hardly have been the same artist
who was working at Paris before the year 1647. Nor, of course, is it by
Jacob de Wit, the painter of a subject in the Library to be afterwards
described, who was not born till 1695.

The portrait of the wife of John Clerk, Mary, daughter of Sir William
Gray of Pittendrum, is also a copy, and of this a delicate and spirited
contemporary miniature is preserved at Penicuik. It was executed about
the end of the last century by Miss Ann Forbes, a grand-daughter
of William Aikman’s, and consequently a connection of the Clerks,
whose work, chiefly in crayons, though this is an oil picture, is
to be found in many Scottish houses, as, for instance, at The Ross,
Hamilton, the seat of the present head of Aikman’s family. A few other
examples of her brush are preserved in the present collection; and
her own portrait, painted by David Allan, a carefully handled cabinet
picture, very clear and silvery in tone, showing her standing in
three-quarters length, holding a portcrayon and a portfolio, is in the
Scottish National Portrait Gallery. The portrait of Mrs. Mary Clerk,
like that of her husband, shows the figure to the waist; the face is in
three-quarters to the right. She has light hazel eyes, neutral brown
eyebrows and hair, the latter elaborately curled, fastened with bows
of black ribbon, and decorated in front with a small plume of white
ostrich feathers, and she wears pearl ear-rings and a double string of
large pearls round the neck. The costume is a black flowered dress,
worn low at the breast, with a tall white lace collar standing up
behind the neck.


V.

We come now to examine the portraits of Sir John Clerk, the first
Baronet of Penicuik, who was born in 1649; served repeatedly in
Parliament, after the Revolution of 1688, as member for the county of
Edinburgh; was Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment commanded by the Earl
of Lauderdale; was created a Baronet by Charles II. in 1679; acquired
the lands of Lasswade in 1700; and died in 1722. He is described by his
son as “one of the strongest men of his time, but not full in stature,
being scarce 5 feet 6 inches,” “finely made, had proportionate breadth,
and a Hercules shoulders,” “a man of knowledge and application,” “a
pretty good scholar, and exceedingly knowing in Divinity.”

No fewer than five portraits—pictures and miniatures—at Penicuik
are stated to represent this first Baronet. The earliest is that
preserved in the glass case beside the entrance to the Library. It is
a miniature, executed on paper with the brush and Indian ink, showing
a small head, turned in three-quarters to the left, and garnished with
a long wig. On the back is inscribed, in the handwriting of the Chief
Baron, the first Baronet’s son, “Sir John Clerk then in those days
in London a counselar at Law great wigs were in fashion 1689.” In
the same case is a second miniature of similar general character, but
drawn upon vellum, accompanied by a companion miniature of the first
Baronet’s second wife, Christian, daughter of the Rev. Mr. Kilpatrick.
Another portrait of this lady, an oil-portrait, showing the figure to
the waist, is in the Dining-room. Here she wears a claret-coloured
dress and an amber-brown mantle. The hair is yellowish brown, the
eyes of a dark rich brown, and the face, which is a little out of
drawing, though curiously individual and life-like, has peculiarly
raised eyebrows. This work is inscribed in the handwriting of her
son-in-law—“Dame Christian Kilpatrick, my father’s second wife,
painted 1706 by Mr. Aikman, when he was learning to paint, but very
like”—an early example of the artist, done when he was studying under
Medina, the year before he left for Italy.

In the Dining-room are three other works, all life-sized oil-portraits,
stated to be likenesses of the first Baronet. One of them, showing Sir
John clad in a brown gown lined with red, is manifestly a companion
portrait done at the same time as the last-named portrait of his wife.
It also bears a similar note by the Baron—“My father Sir John Clerk,
painted by Mr. Aikman about the year 1706, when he was beginning to
paint.” In its style of handling, as well as in its combinations of
colour, it recalls most strongly the works of Sir John Medina, its
painter’s master.

A second portrait is also by Aikman, a later and more accomplished
work. Here the figure is seen nearly to the waist, turned to the right,
with the face slightly in the same direction. A curled wig is worn, and
a single-breasted coat of pale blue velvet. The eyes are of a clear
blue colour; and the face is of that firm, powerful, large-featured
type which for generations was habitual in the house of Penicuik. This
picture, again, is inscribed in the son’s handwriting—“Sir John Clerk
of Pennicuik, my Father, painted by Mr. Aikman. He was born in April
1649, and died in March 1722, aged 73.”

Very considerable difficulty attaches to the remaining portrait,
which is believed to represent the first Sir John Clerk, and to the
manifestly companion portrait beside it, which has been held to portray
his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Henderson of Elvington,
and grand-daughter of William Drummond of Hawthornden, a poet “of an
excellent Fancy for the times he lived in,” as the Baron remarks,
rather patronisingly, in the family history with which he begins his
account of his own life.

It has been stated (Catalogue of National Gallery of Scotland, 1887)
that these portraits “are dated 1674.” This, however, is inaccurate,
as no inscription appears upon either work. It has also been asserted
(Catalogue of Royal Scottish Academy Loan Exhibition of 1863) that “the
original Scougal accounts for the price paid for them” are preserved
at Penicuik; but a search which we have made through the old receipts
of the period has failed to disclose such a document. Probably this
second reference is not to the painter’s receipt, but simply to an
entry of the payment which is to be found in an interesting old
account-book preserved in the Charter-room at Penicuik, one of that
“great many journals and writings” which the Chief Baron records that
his father left “under his hand, which will, I hope, bear testimony
to the regard he always had for virtue and Honesty.” This volume the
Chief Baron—partly in filial piety, more perhaps with the instinct
of the accurate and omnivorous antiquary—has docketed as follows:
“Book of Accompts by my Grandfather Mr. Jo. Clerk, and Father Sir John
Clerk, Whereon are several things remarkable. 1º, their methodes of
accompting. 2º, their methodes of management. 3º, the different
prices of things. John Clerk, 1733.” Here on a page _headed June 1674_,
but under date of “Nov^r 1675,” the following entry appears—“To John
Scougall for 2 pictures £36”; and it is curious, as illustrating “the
different prices of things,” and also as showing how a love of all the
various fine arts prevailed then among the Clerks, as it has prevailed
among them ever since, to note another entry, which appears a few lines
beneath: “To Mr. Chambers for Teaching G. and me to play y^e violl
£150,” both sums being in Scots currency.

There can be no doubt that the portraits above referred to are the “2
pictures” by Scougall mentioned in the account-book, for a comparison
with other works by that painter proves them to be excellent and most
typical examples of his brush, and there are no other pictures in the
house painted in a style recalling that artist, except the portrait of
Lord Justice-Clerk Sir Archibald Primrose, which will be afterwards
referred to. It has been assumed, but on less sufficient evidence, that
they represent the first Sir John Clerk (by whom they were certainly
commissioned) and his first wife, and that they were painted to
celebrate the wedding of the pair, which occurred in 1674. It is to
be noted, however, that the account-book gives no information as to
who the personages are that appear in the pictures; that there is no
contemporary inscriptions on the works themselves to prove that it is
the first Baronet and his wife that are portrayed and not merely two
of their friends; that in the male portrait the face is delicate in
its curves and contours, with a long thin nose, drooping at the point,
quite unlike the countenance which appears in the pictures certified in
the handwriting of the son as representing the first Baronet; and that
the present picture seems to portray a man of more than twenty-five or
twenty-six, the age of the first Sir John when the work was executed.

But, whomever they portray, the pictures are excellent and interesting
examples of a little-known Scottish artist, by far the finest works
by John Scougall with which we are acquainted; and they afford
most interesting representations of the costume of the end of the
seventeenth century.

Each of them shows its subject to the waist. The male figure is turned
to the right, clad in a black doublet, with richly wrought silver
buttons, partly open in front and disclosing the shirt, which also
appears at the arms, beneath the short sleeves of the coat; and the
short embroidered cravat is drawn through a loop and spread out, in
fan-like folds, on either side. The thin, nervous-looking face wears
a very peculiar expression; the eyes dark blue, the long yellowish
hair curling down to the shoulders: it is a face eminently individual,
utterly unforgetable.

The lady’s portrait is even a more beautiful and fascinating old
picture. Here the figure is turned to the left; the face, seen in
three-quarters, is rather pallid in its flesh-tints, as was usual with
the painter, a characteristic which appears also in the male portrait.
The eyes are of a neutral grey-blue; the yellow-brown hair is worn flat
on the top, and bound with a string of pearls, from beneath which it
flows in carefully arranged ringlets. The dress, of plain white satin,
with voluminous sleeves, is cleverly handled and excellently expressive
of the texture and sheen of the material; and a brooch of pearls and
dark stones is set at the breast, clasping a scarf of faint blending
blue and yellow tints, which floats over the lady’s right shoulder, and
flows freely behind.

Of James Clerk of Wrightshouses, the second son of the first John Clerk
of Penicuik, and brother of the first Baronet, we have an imposing
three-quarters length painted by Sir Peter Lely. He appears standing,
robed in a rich crimson gown, which shows its orange-tinted lining,
with an elaborate lace cravat, and ruffles appearing at the hands, one
of which is laid gracefully against his side, while his right arm rests
on a stone parapet to the left. The face is of a man of between thirty
and forty, with handsome regular features and the rounded, oval cheeks
and small, ripe, red-lipped mouth which the painter loved to depict,
and with much individuality and character in the firm clear-cut line of
the nose. A dark curtain appears behind the figure, and a low-toned,
wintry-looking distance of landscape.

The companion picture of Mary Ricard, “a French lady,” wife of
James Clerk of Wrightshouses, also shows the figure standing and in
three-quarters length. She is clad in a low-breasted, short-sleeved
dress, richly brocaded with crimson, yellow, and green flowers, and
with a simple string of large pearls round the neck. She has brown
eyes, light brown eyebrows, moderately arched, and dark brown curling
hair, one curl lying isolated on her white shoulder. She is arranging
flowers in a yellow brown pot decorated with Cupids’ heads, which
stands on a table to the left, and behind the figure is a wall with a
pilaster, a red curtain, and a glimpse of landscape with blue mountain
peaks, which may very well be the southern slope of the familiar
Pentlands as seen from Penicuik House.


VI.

Of the first Baronet’s eldest son, Sir John Clerk, second Baronet, and
one of the Barons of Exchequer, several portraits are preserved at
Penicuik; but even a more complete picture of this stout old gentleman,
perhaps the most potent and memorable figure that appears in this
family history, may be gathered from the voluminous diaries in his
hand that are preserved in the Charter-room, and from that “History of
my Life,” which he himself compiled from these, and which the present
Baronet has placed at the disposal of the Scottish History Society for
publication; a manuscript affording a clear narrative of the events of
the Baron’s life, and throwing curious and valuable side-lights upon
the manners and public occurrences of the time, while, in almost every
line of its pages, it gives a vivid, if unconscious, picture of the
quaint, masterful personality of its writer.

He was born, as he tells us, on the 8th of February 1676—not in
1684, as stated by his biographers; studied at Penicuik School and
Glasgow University; and, at the age of nineteen, went to Leyden to
be instructed in law by “a very learned man, Philippus Bernardus
Vitrianus.” Here he boarded with a German who taught mathematics,
philosophy, and music, and he applied himself to all of these studies
as well as to law, having previously, as he remarks with proper pride,
“played tolerably on the harpsicord, and since I was 7 I touched the
violin a little.” Nor do these exhaust the list of his pursuits, for
“among other things I learned to draw from Francis Miers, a very great
painter; this proceeded partly from inclination, and partly from the
advice I had from some of my Dutch friends, for all their young Folks
learn to draw from their being 7 years of Age, and find it vastly
useful in most Stations of Life.” His great friend at Leyden was Herman
Boerhaave, then a man of twenty-six, afterwards world-famous as a
physician, and he gives a curious account of his being treated by the
young doctor with a “chymecal medicine he had discovered which would
carry off the smallpox before they came any length,” and which was
successful at the time, though the malady returned in full force three
months afterwards, when Clerk had gone to Rome. “We not only lived like
brothers while I studied in Leyden, but continued a correspondence
together while he lived”; and forty-four years afterwards Boerhaave
bequeathed to the Baron a collection of his books, which still forms
part of the Library at Penicuik House.

After leaving Leyden Clerk visited Germany, Italy, France, and
Flanders, and the two large MS. volumes of his “Travels” during this
period—not only descriptive of the various places that he saw, and
very particularly of the antiquities of Rome, but also giving an
account of the laws manners, and customs of the several countries that
he visited—prove how diligent and observant the youth had been during
the whole time. At the end of these volumes he sums up the results of
his residence abroad, as follows:—

“_N.B._—My improvements abroad were these:

“I had studied the civil Law for three Winters at Leyden, and did not
neglect it at home, by which means I passed Advocate, by a privat and
publick examination some months after my return, with great ease and
some credite.

“I spoke French and Italian very well, but particularly Dutch,
having come very young into Holland, and kept more in the Company of
Hollanders than those of my own country.

“I had applied much to classical learning, and had more than ordinary
inclination for Greek and Roman Antiquities.

“I understood pictures better than became my Purse, and as to Musick
I ... performed better, especially on the Herpsicord, than became a
gentleman.

“This, to the best of my knowledge, is a faithful account of myself.”

The volumes are illustrated with over fifty drawings of the landscapes,
buildings, statues, etc., which he had seen during his travels, “a few
of many hundreds executed while I was abroad.”

In 1702 he was elected member for Whithorn in Galloway, which he
represented till 1707; and his “History” contains curious particulars
of the last sittings of the Scottish Parliament, and personal
references to the prominent political figures of the period,—to the
Duke of Queensberry, the Duke of Argyll, the Marquis of Tweeddale, the
Earl of Stair, Robert Dundas, second Lord Arniston, and Fletcher of
Salton—“a man of republican principles,” “a little untoward in temper,
and much inclined to Eloquence.” In 1706-7, through the influence of
the Duke of Queensberry, his first wife’s cousin, and the Duke of
Argyll, he was appointed a Commissioner for the Union; and in the
following year he became one of the Barons of the newly constituted
Court of Exchequer in Scotland.

From this period till his death on the 4th of October 1755, his life
was occupied with his official duties; with planting and improving
his various estates; with the classical studies to which he continued
faithful all his days; with the composition of various learned
pamphlets, several of which have been published—his “Historical
View of the Forms and Powers of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland,”
written in conjunction with Baron Scrope, having been edited by Sir
Henry Jardine in 1820; in the enjoyment of the society of his friend
Allan Ramsay, the poet; and in correspondence with Roger Gale, and
with Alexander Gordon, in the subscription list of whose “Itinerarium
Septentrionale” he is entered for “five books,” in company with such
well-known names as “Mr. Adams, Architect”; “The Right Hon. Duncan
Forbes, Lord Advocate of Scotland”; “James Gibbs, Esq., Architect”;
“The Right Hon. The Lord Lovat”; “Richard Mead, M.D.”; “The Hon. Sir
Hans Sloane, Bart.”; and “Mr. John Smibert,” the portrait-painter.
Gordon styles him “not only a treasure of learning and good taste, but
now one of its chief supports in that country,” and pronounces that
“among all the collections of Roman antiquities in Scotland, that of
Baron Clerk claims the preference, both as to number and curiosity.”
It was one of the Baron’s antiquarian experiences at a supposed Roman
camp on his property of Dumcrieff, in Dumfriesshire, which, narrated
to Scott by his son, John Clerk of Eldin, suggested the episode of the
“Prætorium” in “The Antiquary.”

Occasionally across the quiet and characteristic pages that narrate
his daily doings there falls the shadow of larger national events: of
the Rebellion of 1715,—“The Earl of Mar was not only my acquaintance
but my particular friend”; of the South Sea Scheme, in connection with
which Clerk held stock, and was a consequent sufferer; and of the
Rebellion of 1745, when the Highlanders in occupation of Edinburgh
visited Penicuik House, demanding food and drink.

As a poet—or, at least, a rhymester—the Baron is known by the really
vigorous verses which he added to the single surviving stanza of the
old Scotch song

    “O merry may the maid be
    That marries the miller,”

which will be found in Johnston’s “Musical Museum,” but were first
published anonymously, in 1751, in “The Charmer”; and by the lines
beginning

    “Harmonious pipe, how I envye thy bliss
    When pressed to Sylphia’s lips with gentle kiss,”

which he sent, screwed up in a flute to Susanna Kennedy, afterwards the
celebrated Countess of Eglintoune, to whom Allan Ramsay dedicated his
“Gentle Shepherd,” and of whom Clerk was a lover in his youth, at the
time when, as he tells us, he suffered from his father’s “attempts” to
find him a wife, and especially to wed him to a lady—whose name he
honourably suppresses—“not to my taste, and indeed it was happy for me
to have stopt short in this amour, for she proved the most disagreeable
woman I ever knew, tho’ otherways a wise enough country woman.” There
also exist in MS. “Some Poetical Ejeculations on the Death of my dear
wife, Lady Margaret Stuart,” that “choice of my own,” who became his
first wife, “a very handsome woman, for the most part bred up in
Galloway, a stranger to the follies of Edinburgh,” “the best Woman that
ever breathed Life.”

The earliest of the portraits of the Baron preserved at Penicuik House
hangs in the dressing-room of the present Baronet. It is a small,
carefully finished pencil-drawing; an interesting memorial of Sir
John’s student days at Leyden. The figure is portrayed to the waist,
clad in a loose gown, and with a voluminous cravat wrapped round the
neck. The hands are not shown. The hair is long and curling. The face
full, beardless, and youthful, set in three-quarters to the right,
is modelled with excellent thoroughness, and very crisp and incisive
in the touches that express the lips and the dimple at the corner
of the mouth. The background is dark to the left, and to the right
appears a wall decorated with pilasters. The drawing is inscribed on
the background “Ætatis 19,” and beneath “My picture done at Leyden,
Jo. Clerk”; while on the back is written “My picture done at Leyden by
Francis Miris,” the two latter inscriptions being in the handwriting of
the Baron himself.

A comparison of the dates leads to some dubiety as to who was the
actual draughtsman of this portrait. There were three well-known Dutch
painters of the name of Mieris—Frans Van Mieris, the pupil of Gerard
Dow, born at Delft in 1635, died at Leyden 1681; Willem Van Mieris, his
son, born at Leyden 1662, and died there, 1747; and his son, Frans Van
Mieris, the younger, born at Leyden 1689, died there in 1763. The year
in which the drawing was executed must have been 1695, consequently it
cannot be the work of the elder Frans; nor can it have been done by
his grandson, the younger Frans, who was then only six years of age.
A solution of the difficulty seems to be afforded by a comparison of
the “Travels” and the “History” of the Baron. In the former, a journal
written at the time, he states that he was instructed in art at Leyden,
by “Miris,” but in the latter, compiled from the former many years
afterwards, he states that “Francis Miers, a very great painter,”
was his teacher, the Christian name being apparently added from
memory, which, in the present case, seems to have played him false.
There can be little doubt that the portrait was drawn by Willem Van
Mieris, who at the time of Clerk’s residence at Leyden was forty-one
years of age, and in full practice as an artist. As corroborating
this supposition, we may notice that in the account of the Clerks of
Penicuik contributed by Miss Isabella Clerk to the “Life of Professor
James Clerk Maxwell,” and “chiefly derived from a book of autograph
letters which was long kept at Glenlair, and is now in the possession
of Mrs. Maxwell,” it is stated that the Baron was a pupil of _William_
Mieris in drawing; and further, that a drawing of two men’s heads
similar in style to the present portrait, preserved in the Penicuik
Drawing-room, is inscribed in the Baron’s hand, “Originall by William
Van Miris, 1696,” indicating that about the date he must have been in
communication with this artist.

Three oil portraits, showing the Baron in later life, hang in the
Dining-room. In the first, by Sir John Medina, he appears still as
a young man, seen to the waist, clad in a bright blue coat and a
crimson cloak—a combination of primary colours in which the painter
frequently indulged. His right hand is laid on a book, which rests on
an unseen table in front to the right. He wears a long yellowish wig,
with powdered curls, and the blue eyes and the alert mouth are full
of activity and energy. Probably this portrait was executed at the
time of his marriage, in 1700, for there is a companion picture of his
first wife, Margaret Stewart, daughter of the third Earl of Galloway,
and grand-daughter of James, Earl of Queensberry, painted by Aikman.
As was to be expected in so early a work of the artist’s—he must have
been under twenty when he painted it, for the lady died in 1701—this
latter is full of faults, stiff in pose, with little suggestion of the
figure under the draperies of white and blue: still it conveys the idea
of a charming and attractive personality, fitting as that of the lady
for whom the Baron—as shown in the “History of his Life,”—mourned so
truly.

There is a second bust-portrait of the Baron by Sir John Medina, a
low-toned picture, executed with care if with considerable hardness.
Here the costume is a lilac gown, with a long curled wig, and a
white cravat; the body seen turned to the right, and the face in
three-quarters to the left.

The finest, however, of the portraits of the second Baronet, is
the three-quarters length by his cousin, William Aikman. Here he
appears robed in his black gown as Baron of the Exchequer, worn over
a yellow-brown coat. Long white hanging bands appear at the breast,
and lace ruffles at the wrists; and the grave face, with its strongly
marked features, is surmounted by a long curled wig. His left hand
hangs down in front fingering among the folds of his gown, and the
right rests upon a red-covered table. The whole is relieved against a
plain brown background, with a low-toned space of crimson curtain to
the left. It is an excellent example by the painter, well arranged,
dignified, firmly handled, and manifestly faithful to the personality
portrayed. A bust-portrait similar in costume and wig to this one, but
with some difference in the features, was engraved, in line, by D.
Lizars, “from a portrait in the possession of John Clerk of Eldin, Esq.”

Of Sir James, the third Baronet, the architect of the present house of
Penicuik, we, unfortunately find no adequate portrait. The only effigy
of him that is here preserved is a small silhouette in white paper,
relieved against a black background, marked as cut two years after his
death by Barbara Clerk, his fifth sister, and as being considered very
like by those who knew him. It shows a small face, looking a little
downwards, with a high forehead, beneath the wig, impending over the
delicate features. (_See_ Note at page 69.)

In the Dining-room there hangs another picture by Aikman, marked in the
Baron’s writing, “My eldest son, John Clerk, by Lady Margaret Stuart,
born 1701, died 1722, painted by Mr. Aikman.” The figure is seen nearly
to the waist; the costume, a long curled grey wig, and a lilac-grey
gown, lined with blue. The small eyes are of a blue colour; the face
pale, refined, and delicate-looking. This was “the most accomplish’d
Son,” of “bright aspiring mind,” whose birth cost the life of the
Baron’s first wife, and whose own death, some twenty-one years later,
was mourned by Ramsay in the verses addressed to the bereaved father,
which may be read in his works. On another wall hang three pictures,
portraying, in pairs, the Baron’s six daughters by his second wife.

Near the portrait of his son is a half-length by Aikman, rather hard
in execution, showing a gentleman, with face turned to the left, in
a purple-grey coat, the end of his white cravat being thrust through
one of its button-holes. This is Dr. John Clerk, grandson of the first
Baronet of Penicuik, whose father, Robert Clerk, was a physician in
Edinburgh, and a close friend of Dr. Pitcairn. The son, born 1689,
died 1757, was a personage of greater mark. For above thirty years
he was the most eminent physician in Scotland; on the institution
of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh in 1739, he was elected a
Vice-President, an office which he held till his death; and from 1740
to 1744, he was President of the Royal College of Physicians, in whose
Hall in Edinburgh another smaller portrait of him is preserved. He
purchased the lands of Listonshiels and Spittal in Mid-Lothian, and
founded the family of the Clerks of Listonshiels. His name appears in
the list of subscribers to the collection of Ramsay’s poems, published
in 1721, and he is believed to have contributed songs to the “Tea-table
Miscellany.” The portrait of his second son, Colonel Robert Clerk, in a
red military uniform, is also preserved in the Penicuik Dining-room.

Two other works by Aikman may here be mentioned, two drawings in red
chalk upon blue paper, which hang in a passage near the Library door.
They evince more of an ideal aim than any other of the productions of
this painter with which we are acquainted. Evidently they are companion
works, and the female portrait is dated 1730, the year before the
artist’s death. This shows a girl’s head in profile to the left, a
young attractive little face, with the faintest half-smile playing
round the tiny mouth, and the short hair decorated with a chaplet of
leaves, or of leaf-like ribbons. It is a portrait of Jean Clerk, the
Baron’s third daughter, who married James Smollet of Bonhill, one of
the Commissaries of Edinburgh.

The other drawing shows a male face in three-quarters to the right,
with flowing hair over the shoulders, and a heroic expression on the
high-arched brows, the raised eyes, and the rippling lips; the dress
thrown carelessly open at the throat. This is Patrick Clerk, the
Baron’s third son. His life-record is a brief one, as given in the
Baronage along with that of three of his brothers: “Patrick, Henry,
Matthew, and Adam, died abroad, in the service of their country.” We
learn from the Baron’s MS. that he died at Carthagena in 1744.


VII.

We now come to consider the prime artistic treasure in Penicuik
House, the largest and finest of the three Raeburns that hang in
the dining-room, that admirable group of Sir John Clerk, the fifth
Baronet, and his wife Rosemary (so she signed her name) Dacre. It is
an oblong picture, showing the two life-sized figures almost to the
knees, and turned towards our right. Nearly one-half of the picture,
that to the left, is occupied with a landscape of undulating country,
diversified by darker passages afforded by tree-masses, with flashes
of light playing over the grass in points where it is quickened by
the radiance of the setting sun, and with still sharper flashings
which mark the course of the “classic Esk.” To our extreme right an
elm-tree raises its great forked stem, and throws out a slenderer
branch, bearing embrowned leafage. This is carried over the upper edge
of the picture, across nearly its whole extent, repeating, by its mass
of dark against the sky, the arm of the male figure standing beneath,
which is extended, dark against the distant expanse of dimly-lighted
landscape background. The sky, against which the heads of the figures
are set, is filled with the soft mellow light of a sunset after rain,
struggling with films of fluctuating misty clouds,—a sky in the
treatment of which Raeburn has used a portrait-painter’s licence,
making it lower in tone than would have been the case in such a natural
effect. The figure furthest to our right is that of the lady, clad in
white muslin, a dress utterly without ornament, but “adorned the most”
in the absolute simplicity of its soft overlapping folds, delicate and
full of subtlest gradation as a pile of faintly yellow rose-leaves. The
waist is girt with a ribbon of a more definite yellow, though this too
is subdued, taking grey tones in shadow. The light comes from behind
the figures, and the edges of the dress, catching its brightness, are
the highest tones of the picture. The lady’s face is one of mature
comeliness and dignity, the hair brown and slightly powdered, the light
touching and outlining sharply the rounded contours of cheek and chin,
and the edge of the throat, which rises from the masses of pure soft
muslin—itself still purer and more delicate in tone and texture. Her
left hand hangs down by her side, fingering a little among the folds
of the dress and compressing its filmy fabric; and her right hand
rests on her companion’s left shoulder, its hand, an admirable piece
of draughtsmanship and foreshortening, hanging over, loose from the
wrist, which is circled by a sharply struck band of black ribbon. The
Baronet stands by her side, with his left arm—on whose shoulder the
lady’s hand rests—circling her waist, and his right relieved against
the background as it stretches across the canvas, pointing, over the
river, to the mansion of Penicuik,—which is manifestly visible to the
pair in the distance, though unseen to the spectator of the picture. He
wears a soft felt hat, broad-brimmed, low-crowned, and Quaker-like in
fashion, with an oval metal clasp set in front in its band. His coat
is low-toned greyish yellow in its lights, and low-toned olive green
in shadow, the vest and breeches showing a lighter tone of the same;
and a white cravat and ruffles appear at throat and wrists. His face
is a well-conditioned face of middle life, small-mouthed, with cheeks
plumply rounded, and a nose delicately aquiline. He stands, quietly
expectant, looking into the lady’s face, which is gazing right onward
into the background.

There is in this group none of the strong, positive, insufficiently
gradated colour, which is sometimes rather distressing in Raeburn’s
work. It is far quieter and more delicate than is altogether usual in
his art, full of tenderness and subtlety; the faces exquisitely lit
by reflected light, their half-shadows softly luminous and delicate
exceedingly, never sinking with a crash into blackness and opacity. The
artist has seldom produced a finer or more artistic group, has seldom
given us a more fascinating portrayal of well-born manhood and of
female loveliness.

It is not at all in originality of general conception that the
greatness of Raeburn’s portraiture usually lies, in the novel groupings
of its figures, or in any suggestion of story in their combinations.
Some other painters have contrived to throw a hint of narrative into
works which, in first and main aim, were mere likenesses; but Raeburn
was a portraitist in the strictest and most exclusive sense; and he
simply adopted the accepted poses of the figure that were current in
the Scottish portraiture of his day, though to these his original
genius gave a finer grace, catching from Nature an added ease. But
in the grouping of this picture, and in its lighting—so abnormal in
arrangement—we certainly have as definite a departure as could well
be imagined, from the stock traditions that have guided the art of
portraiture from time immemorial; and some other reason than a purely
technical one is suggested by the marked originality of the work,
in both conception and treatment. Was this strange and most unusual
distribution of light in the picture a mere artistic experiment in
chiaroscuro? Did the painter devote half of his canvas to an extended
landscape vista, merely in honour of the Baronet’s ancestral acres; and
was that pose of regardant countenance and interlacing arms selected
only because it made for a graceful flow of changeful line? Hardly was
all this the case, one fancies.

May it not, then, be conceivable that when the portrait had been
commissioned, and while its details and way of treatment were being
discussed by the pair—painter and baronet—as they sat together, in
quiet after-dinner hour over their wine, in this very room where the
completed picture now holds its place,—is it not just conceivable that
Sir John, in some such time of genial heart-expansion, as he poised
his glass to catch the last warm gleam of summer evening light that
streamed across the darkening woods,—that the childless man, beginning
now to verge gently towards age, may have been stirred by ancient
memories, and have told the artist of some bygone scene to which these
ancestral woods were once the witness? Is it a walk of plighted lovers
that the painter hints at on his canvas, and has the bride just caught
first sight of her future home? Or, can the scene be one tenderer
still? The middle-aged lover looks—calmly, earnestly expectant,
waiting for an answer that will not come from the lady’s lips, that
will certainly not be given by their _words_—at the noble face of the
mature and stately beauty by his side, into her dear grey eyes that
never meet his, but gaze right on into the distance—into the future
is it? Has the painter then meant to show us one of those strenuous,
delicately-poised moments that come in mortal lives, when “words are
mere mistake,” when

                        “A lip’s mere tremble,
    Looks half hesitation, cheeks just change of colour,”

at once crystallise intensest emotion and afford its fullest
expression, and sign and seal a human soul with final impress of
success or failure? Is—in briefest English—the man waiting for the
sign that will make him accepted or rejected lover?

This portrait, the chief treasure of Penicuik House, would surely
possess enough of interest from the power of its artistry, and the
romantic associations with which our fancy may possibly invest it; but
its interest is deepened, and it gathers a yet more intimate charm when
we have heard the beautiful old-world story connected with the lady’s
birth.

Of this curious episode there are varying versions extant, which
are given and fully discussed by Ellen K. Goodwin, in a pamphlet
(Kendal, 1886) reprinted from the “Transactions of the Cumberland
and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archæological Society.” There is a
puzzling difference between the date of 15th November 1745, given by
Lady Clerk as the day of her birth, and that of 3d November which
appears in the register of Kirkliston parish as the day of her baptism;
but this discrepancy—we may suggest—would be lessened to within a
single day, if her Ladyship has calculated according to New Style,
introduced in Scotland in 1600, and the register has estimated by
Old Style, current in England till 1752; while the presence of the
Highlanders at Carlisle at the time would be accounted for if they
crossed the border on “the 7th or 8th of November,” New Style.

The following is the interesting version of the story, communicated by
Lady Clerk herself to the Editor of “Blackwood’s Magazine”:—

    “... The incident occurred November 15th, 1745. My father, Mr.
    Dacre, then an officer of His Majesty’s Militia, was a prisoner
    in the Castle of Carlisle, at that time in the hands of Prince
    Charles. My mother (a daughter of Sir George le Fleming, Bart.,
    Bishop of Carlisle) was living at Rose Castle, six miles from
    Carlisle, when she was delivered of me. She had given orders
    that I should immediately be privately baptized by the Bishop’s
    chaplain (his Lordship not being at home) by name of Rosemary
    Dacre. At that moment a company of Highlanders approached
    headed by a Captain Macdonald, who having heard there was much
    plate and valuables in the Castle came to plunder it. Upon the
    approach of the Highlanders, an old grey-headed servant ran out
    and entreated Captain Macdonald not to proceed, as any noise or
    alarm might cause the death of both lady and child. The Captain
    enquired where the lady had been confined. ‘Within this house,’
    the servant answered. Captain Macdonald stopped. The servant
    added, ‘They are just going to christen the infant.’ Macdonald,
    taking off his cockade, said, ‘Let her be christened with this
    cockade in her cap, it will be her protection now and after if
    any of our stragglers should come this way: we will wait the
    ceremony in silence,’ which they accordingly did, and they went
    into the coachyard, and were regaled with beef, cheese, and
    ale, then went off without the smallest disturbance. My white
    cockade was safely preserved and shown me from time to time,
    always reminding me to respect the Scotch, and Highlanders in
    particular. I think I have obeyed the injunction by spending my
    life in Scotland, and also by hoping to die there.

            ROSEMARY CLERK.

           *       *       *       *       *

    “_EDINBURGH, April 21, 1817._”


In memory of the event, Lady Clerk always wore the cockade, along with
a white rose, upon her birthday. It has been said that she presented
it to George IV. on the occasion of his visit to Scotland, and its
existence, unfortunately, cannot now be traced: but a still living
connection of the family informs us that she had seen the relic in the
possession of Lady Clerk, at a more recent date than that of the royal
progress.

It will be remembered that Scott, to whom in his youth Sir John and
Lady Clerk had been kind, with his keen and appreciative eye for the
picturesque, has seized upon this incident and turned it to excellent
account in the opening chapter of “The Monastery.”

That white cockade, the symbol of a cause so full of poetry and
romance, seems to have brought a benison with it to the babe Rosemary
Dacre, to have dowered her with beauty, and gifted her with an
unusually magnetic attractiveness. As she grew into fairest womanhood
she had many lovers, declared and undeclared, and in the hearts of
those who failed to win the lady her memory seems to have lingered
tenderly with no touch of bitterness; to have been, to some of them, a
kind of lifelong inspiration, evoking gentle wistful feelings, such as
Dante Rossetti has so exquisitely recorded in one of the finest of his
earlier poems, his “First Love Remembered.”

Some curious records, some strange hints of the potent part which
the lady of the white cockade, and the memory of her, played in the
lives of certain men whom she never wedded are preserved at Penicuik,
casketed in the dainty little Chippendale workbox that once was hers,
among other personal relics,—her long black gloves, with a space of
black lace inlet from palm to top; her cap edged with delicate lace;
a long tress of her dark brown hair, marked “June the 6th, 1794, aged
48”; and her silhouette, cut in black paper, showing a strong dignified
profile, beneath a tall hat, wound round with a veil.

Two of the interesting letters preserved in this quaint old workbox
are from Lord Chancellor Eldon, who in his youth, as they clearly
indicate, had been a lover of Rosemary Dacre; though the impression can
hardly have been overwhelmingly deep or very permanent, for he was only
twenty-one when he eloped with Bessy Surtees, a step which entailed the
loss of his Oxford fellowship, closed his hopes of preferment in the
Church, and obliged him with “a most kind Providence for my guide,” as
he says, to take to the study of law, one of his earliest legal efforts
being the delivery, as Deputy-Vinerian Professor for Sir Robert
Chambers, of a lecture on “the statute of young men running away with
maidens.” But in his youth the future Lord Chancellor was, as he used
to confess, “very susceptible.” “Oh,” he would say, “these were happy
days; we were always in love then.”

The first letter of the old man of nearly eighty runs as follows:—

        “_14 April 1829._

    “DEAR MARY DACRE,—Pardon my use of a name, which belonged to
    you when I first knew you. I can sincerely assure you that I
    have often, often thought of the person who bore that name
    when I knew her, with, may I say, sentiments of most sincere
    affection? If I had been Lord Stowell, her name now might
    neither have been Molly Dacre, nor Mary, Lady Clarke.

    “Thank you a thousand Times, thank you for your Letter, which I
    have this moment received. I would thank you more at large if
    I could delay in an hour, in which I am much engaged, to thank
    you, but that I cannot persuade myself to do.

    “I have done my best to defeat this disastrous measure. If I am
    wrong God forgive me! if I am right God forgive others, if He
    can! Lady Eldon, Bessy Surtees, sends her Love to you with that
    of,

        Yr obliged and affectionate Friend,
                ELDON.

    Mary Lady Clarke,
      100 Princess Street,
        Edinburgh.”


The second letter is written, on the 29th of June in the same year “as
Lady Eldon’s Secretary” to thank Lady Clerk for a present of jewellery.

    “... After the Lapse of so many years to be remembered by one
    whom we remember, I can most sincerely say, with Respect and
    affection, is perhaps the most gratifying circumstance that
    could have happened to either of us. I feel the Value of your
    kindness to her ten thousand Times more than any that could
    have been shown to myself. She will wear the Ornaments from
    you and the Grampians as in Truth the most valuable she has,
    as long as she lives, and we shall both take some Pains to
    secure its being, in the possession of those who follow after
    us, an heir Loom. I know not why we search the World over for
    Diamonds, when the Grampians can furnish what equals, if it
    does not surpass them, in beauty and brilliancy.

    “How often have Lady Eldon and I—distant as we are from your
    Habitation—fancied that we have been looking at Molly Dacre,
    and listening to ‘Auld Robin Gray’ sung exquisitely by her?
    eyes and ears alike highly gratified. Excuse this—remember
    that it comes from one, who, in his last Letter, expressed a
    wish that he had been THE ELDER BROTHER.

    “With Lady E’s Thanks and affectionate Regards,

        Yr
            Dear Madam,
                Eldon.
                    ELIZ: ELDON.”


The allusion at the close of the first letter is to the Catholic Relief
Bill which Lord Eldon so strenuously opposed. Only four days before the
date of the note his name had headed the protest of the Peers against
the measure.

The Lord Stowell referred to is the Chancellor’s elder brother, Judge
of the High Court of Admiralty. He was born in the same year as Mary
Dacre, and, curiously enough, his birth also was associated with the
presence of the Pretender’s army. As in the other case there are
varying versions of the story. One tradition asserts that the town of
Newcastle being fortified and closed in anticipation of the approach
of the Jacobites, who were then in possession of Edinburgh, it was
thought that his mother should be removed to a quieter place, in
anticipation of her confinement; and that this was effected by her
being lowered in a large basket into a boat in the river and conveyed
to Heworth, a village four miles distant. The other version assigns the
perilous descent to Dr. Hallowel, her medical attendant, who was let
down from the top of the town wall of Newcastle in order to be present
at Heworth at the critical moment.

The remaining letters afford even a more curious glimpse of the
fascination which Rosemary Dacre exercised upon those who came within
the circle of her influence. The first is addressed to her husband’s
nephew and successor the Right Hon. Sir George Clerk, and is dated—

        “CHITTON LODGE,
            _3 June 1830._

    “MY DEAR SIR GEORGE,—Enclosed I send you Capt. Morris’s verses
    which I mentioned to you. The circumstances which occasioned
    them were the following. Lord Stowell, Lord Sidmouth, and
    Capt. Morris, with some other Friends, were dining with me
    last Spring, when Lord Stowell remarked that although Capt.
    Morris was the same age as himself he was much more active
    and elastic. Capt. Morris attributed this to his having been
    ardently in Love for the whole of his Life; and on being
    pressed to disclose the object of his passion confessed that it
    was Lady Clarke, who at the age of sixteen won his affection,
    and that although he had been since married she had never
    ceased to exercise an influence on his heart, and be a source
    of animation. Lord Stowell immediately acknowledged that by
    a remarkable coincidence he also had been enamoured of Lady
    Clarke, and at the same age of sixteen, and that although twice
    married, the recollection of her charms had not been effaced
    from his mind. This of course gave rise to much mirth among the
    company, Lord Sidmouth particularly laughing at the Lovers,
    who at the age of eighty-four declared that their passion was
    undiminished towards a Lady who had attained the same age,

        I am,
            My dear Sir George,
                Yours truly,
                    JOHN PEARSE.”


Then follows a copy of the enclosure from Captain Morris of the Life
Guards, who, it may be remarked, was a well-known politician and
popular song-writer, and a boon companion of the wits at Brooks.
His portrait, engraved by Greatbach, is given in an early volume
of “Bentley’s Miscellany,” and another portrait, painted by James
Lonsdale, was recently acquired by the National Portrait Gallery,
London.

        “NO. 1 THORNHAUGH ST.
             BEDFORD SQ.
            _May 29, 1829._

    MY DEAR SIR,—Looking in my Scrap Book to-day, I find a few
    Stanzas, on my _deathless Passion_ for my _first love_,
    written in my latter days, and as such an extraordinary and
    singular coincidence on that subject occurred at your table on
    Wednesday, I take the liberty of enclosing them to you, the
    more so as Lady Sidmouth is a correspondent, and perhaps might
    have no objection to honour them with a perusal; if you think
    so, and will let her Ladyship see them, I beg permission to
    commit them to your care, and I remain,

            My dear Sir,
        Most gratefully and faithfully
                Yours,
                    CHAS. MORRIS.”

    “I beg leave to add that it is sixty-eight years since I lived
    in Carlisle with my Father and mother. Lady Clark will of
    course have no recollection of my _Boyish adoration_, but to
    recall it, if possible, to her memory, I would wish her to
    know that it is Chas. Morris, son of Col. Morris, of the 17th
    Regt., who lived with my mother at Carlisle, and with whom Lady
    Clark and the Dacre Family were acquainted.”

Then follows the brave old jingle of rhyme which the ever-faithful
lover had made in praise of his lady:—

    “Though years have spread around my Head
      The sober Veil of Reason,
    To close in Night sweet Fancy’s light,
      My Heart rejects as Treason;
    A spark there lies, still fann’d by Sighs,
      Ordained by Beauty’s maker,
    And fix’d by Fate, burns yet, tho’ late,
      For lovely Molly Dacre.

    Oh! while I miss the days of Bliss
      I pass’d in rapture gazing,
    The Dream impress’d still charms my breast
      Which Fancy ever raising.
    Tho’ much I meet in Life is sweet,
      My Soul can ne’er forsake her,
    And all I feel, still bears the Seal
      Of lovely Molly Dacre!

    Whene’er her course in chaise or horse
      Conveyed her to our city,
    How did I gaze, in bliss’d amaze
      To catch her smile of pity;
    And round her door the night I wore,
      Still mute as any Quaker,
    With hope-fed Zeal, one glance to steal
      From lovely Molly Dacre.

    When rumour dear proclaimed her near,
      Her charms a crowd amazing,
    How would I start with panting Heart
      To catch her eye when passing.
    When home she turned, I ran, I burned
      O’er many a distant Acre,
    To hope by chance one parting glance
      From lovely Molly Dacre.

    I’ve often thought the happy lot
      Of Health and Spirits lent me,
    Is deem’d as due to faith so true,
      And thus by Fate is sent me.
    While here she be there’s life for me,
      And when high Heaven shall take her,
    Alike last breath, I’ll ask of Death
      To follow Molly Dacre.

            M.”

Surely it was with true significance that Rosemary Dacre’s seal—the
seal which always descends to her name-child in the house of
Penicuik—was engraved with the sign of a single star, shedding a
benign and steadfast light over a pathless vastitude of air and a
fluctuating waste of sea; for the Lady’s memory seems to have shone
with an ideal light through many human lives.


VIII.

The next portrait by Raeburn represents John Clerk of Eldin, the
seventh son of Baron Clerk, second Baronet of Penicuik, and author of
the celebrated “Enquiry into Naval Tactics.” He was educated at the
Grammar School of Dalkeith and the University of Edinburgh, and in
that city he engaged in business as a merchant till about 1772, when
he purchased the property of Eldin, in the parish of Lasswade, and
obtained a post in connection with the Exchequer, the secretaryship to
the Commissioners on the Annexed Estates in Scotland. He was a man of a
vigorous and active mind, and seems to have possessed equal aptitudes
for art and science. Some of his sketches are dated as early as 1758,
but it was in 1770 that he began to etch upon copper, and in the next
twelve years he produced a series of over a hundred plates. These are
founded upon a careful study of the old Dutch masters of the art. In
their topographical aspect they are of great interest as portraying
many ancient buildings which have since been removed or altered; and as
examples of etching, in spite of certain amateurish defects, they form
a curious connecting-link between the period of Rembrandt and the early
days of our own century, when the process was taken up and carried to
such fine artistic issues by two other Scotsmen, Geddes and Wilkie. A
large collection of Mr. Clerk’s etchings and drawings is preserved in
the Library at Penicuik. A series of the former, tinted by Robert Adam,
the celebrated architect, whose sister, Susannah, Mr. Clerk had married
in 1753, was presented to George III. in 1786, at the suggestion of
the Earl of Buchan. Twenty-eight of them were issued to members of the
Bannatyne Club in 1825, and other of the coppers having been recovered,
a series of fifty-five etchings and reproductions of sketches were
issued to the same Club in 1855 with an admirable memoir by David Laing.

In his scientific pursuits Clerk was the intimate associate of Dr.
James Hutton, whose geological papers his pencil was ever ready to
illustrate, and it is believed that the Professor’s “Theory of the
Earth” owed something to his friend’s suggestions. The first part of
Clerk’s celebrated “Enquiry into Naval Tactics” was published in 1782,
and the second, third, and fourth parts were added in 1797. Though a
work of great interest and value, the assertion that it was the means
of Rodney’s adopting that mode of breaking the enemy’s line which led
to the celebrated victory off Dominique on 12th April 1782, seems to be
one incapable of absolute proof. We have a pleasant characterisation
of him, _à propos_ of his death, May 1812, in Lord Cockburn’s
“Memorials”:—

“An interesting and delightful old man; full of the peculiarities that
distinguished the whole family—talent, caprice, obstinacy, worth,
kindliness, and oddity, ... he was looked up to with deference by
all the philosophers of his day, who were in the habit of constantly
receiving hints and views from him, which they deemed of great value.
He was a striking-looking old gentleman, with his grizzly hair,
vigorous features, and Scotch speech. It would be difficult to say
whether jokes or disputation pleased him most.”

“A striking-looking old gentleman” he certainly shows in Raeburn’s
portrait—which, technically, is an excellent example of the ‘square
touch’ and vigorous modelling of that painter—with the strong face,
clear light yellowish eyes, broad forehead, and white hair, rising
from the high-collared old-fashioned coat. The picture has been
lithographed by A. Hahnisch in the 1855 Bannatyne Club issue of the
etchings, and the personality of its subject may be gathered from
two other portraits;—a crayon likeness by Skirving, showing less of
dignity and more of shrewdness, which passed by bequest to the Blair
Adam family, and was admirably mezzotinted by S. W. Reynolds in 1800;
and a three-quarters length portrait in oils by James Saxon, now in
the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, where he is represented seated
at a table holding a plan which depicts his naval manœuvre of breaking
the line. The latter belonged to the father of W. H. Carpenter of the
British Museum, who caused the ships in the distance to be painted in
by William Anderson.

The remaining example of Raeburn at Penicuik House is a portrait of
Mr. Clerk’s eldest son, John Clerk, Lord Eldin. Lord Cockburn tells a
pretty story of the relation between the two. “‘I remember,’ the father
used to say, ‘the time when people seeing John limping on the street,
used to ask what lame lad that was; and the answer would be, That’s the
son of Clerk of Eldin. But now, when I myself am passing, I hear them
saying, What auld grey-headed man is that? And the answer is, That’s
the father of John Clerk.’ He was much prouder of the last mark than
the first.”

From his earliest years the future judge possessed all that love for
art which has been constant in the family of Clerk; his own drawings
possess considerable vigour and character. He was an enthusiastic
collector, and the crowd that was gathered in his house in Picardy
Place, Edinburgh, at the sale of his collection after his death in 1832
was so excessive that the floor gave way, causing the death of one
person, and the serious injury of several others. Vigorous and lifelike
sketches of his vehemence and wit and curiously eccentric and powerful
personality will be found in the pages of Lord Cockburn and in “Peter’s
Letters to his Kinsfolk.” From their student days Raeburn and he were
chosen friends, and it must have been about the date of the present
portrait that the whimsical episode occurred which Allan Cunningham
records in his account of the painter, an account that has left little
to be gleaned by later biographers. “Raeburn received an invitation to
dine with Clerk, and hastening to his lodgings, he found the landlady
spreading a cloth on the table, and setting down two dishes, one
containing three herrings and the other three potatoes. ‘And is this
all?’ said John. ‘All,’ said the landlady. ‘All! Did I not tell ye,
woman,’ he exclaimed, ‘that a gentleman was to dine with me, and that
ye were to get six herrings and six potatoes?’ The tables of both were
better furnished before the lapse of many years; and they loved, it is
said, when the wine was flowing, to recall those early days, when hope
was high and the spirit unrebuked by intercourse with the world.”

The present portrait shows Clerk in the character of a budding
barrister. The figure is life-sized, seated, seen in three-quarters to
the left, the wigged head turned nearly in pure profile to the left.
The figure, clad in black coat, black satin vest, and knee-breeches
of the same, and with ruffs at breast and wrists, lies back easily in
the chair, the right hand extending over its arm, and holding a law
paper, the left placed, with outspread fingers, on the table in front,
which is covered with a richly tinted cloth, on which lie “Stair’s
Institutes,” the “Regiam Magista,” and other volumes in “law-calf,”
while on the other side, as though to hint at the advocate’s artistic
tastes, appears a cast of a classical head, just as in the later
Raeburn portrait a little bronze version of the Crouching Venus nestles
among the bundles of briefs. The face, wearing an expression of great
earnestness and intentness, is as yet beardless, unformed, and rather
heavy-looking; different indeed from the emphatic furrowed countenance
that appears in the later portraits which show him when age had
developed his full individuality. The eyes are pale bluish grey, and
the eyebrows very light in colour.

There are no other early portraits of Lord Eldin, by which we can
judge of his appearance at the time that this one was executed. The
admirable three-quarter seated portrait by Raeburn, where he appears
holding his spectacles in his right hand, and with the other supporting
a folio which rests on a table, shows him in later life. It passed by
bequest to the house of Riccarton, and has been powerfully mezzotinted
by Charles Turner, the plate appearing, after it had been reduced in
size, in the Bannatyne volume of Mr. Clerk’s Etchings, 1855. A somewhat
similarly arranged portrait, of cabinet size, painted by Andrew Geddes,
another of Lord Eldin’s artistic friends, was in the possession of
the late Mr. James Gibson Craig; and there is the lithograph by B. W.
Crombie, a bust-portrait, in ordinary dress, executed in June 1837,
showing in the shrewd profile face much of that “thoroughbred shaggy
terrier” aspect upon which Lord Cockburn remarks in his “Life of
Jeffrey”; and also the bust by Joseph, engraved in line by Robert Bell,
of which a cast is in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

In addition to these there are several caricatures which doubtless
preserve much that was characteristic of the man. There is the etching
by Kay, in the plate of “Twelve Advocates who Plead with Wigs on,”
showing an eager countenance, with opened mouth and protruding under
lip; and the four very vivid and lifelike sketches by Robert Scott
Moncrieff, reproduced in “The Scottish Bar Fifty Years Ago.” The first
of these latter shows him in suppressed—but most belligerent—mood
seated as an advocate listening to the pleadings of the council on the
opposite side, with mouth compressed, and lips drawn down at the ends,
his left hand grasping his spectacle-case, the other cast over the arm
of his chair and grasping his papers. Another shows him pacing the
floor of the Parliament House, briefs in hand, his gown trailing behind
him, his wig perched knowingly in front, his spectacles pushed far up
his forehead,—much as Carlyle, in his “Reminiscences,” records that he
saw him, when he visited the Parliament House in 1809, on his arrival
in Edinburgh to begin his student-life. “The only figure I distinctly
recollect, and got printed on my brain that night, was John Clerk,
then veritably hitching about, whose grim, strong countenance, with
its black far-projecting brows and look of great sagacity, fixed him
in my memory.” The third of Mr. Moncrieff’s drawings shows him in the
full fury of his vehement eloquence as a pleader, his gown flying about
him in mighty folds, his right fist clenched and raised in excited
action. A fourth sketch, a rather terrible one, depicts him in latest
age, seated on the bench, his hands laid in front and muffled in his
judge’s gown, his great mouth with its prominent under lip firmly set,
and his small eyes keenly observant through his spectacles. One other
caricature remains to be noticed, the little etching marked “X. Y. Z.,”
which is often to be found bound up along with copies of his sale
catalogue, showing him in full-length ascending a flight of stairs,
snuffbox in hand.

In the Business-room there hangs a small portrait of Lord Eldin’s
younger brother, William Clerk, advocate—“only less witty and odd than
his great Swiftian brother,” as Dr. John Brown has truly remarked—who
figures so prominently in the biography and correspondence of Sir
Walter Scott. At college they were contemporaries and bosom friends,
they passed their Civil Law and their Scots Law examinations on the
same day, and together assumed the advocate’s gown. It was in his
company that the young Scott, after a fishing expedition to Howgate,
visited Penicuik House, when he “was overwhelmed with kindness by the
late Sir John Clerk and his lady”—the pair who figure in the great
Raeburn group, and when “the pleasure of looking at fine pictures,
the beauty of the place, and the flattering hospitality of the owners
drowned the recollection of home for a day or two.” The friendship
thus begun was continued through life; and in his latest years Scott
dwells, in his Diary, with especial gusto upon the snug little dinners
in Rose Court, Edinburgh, when a few chosen spirits gathered round
Clerk’s bachelor board.

The present picture, a cabinet-sized bust, is somewhat amateurish in
its execution, but still full of character and individuality; the
features of the shrewd, wrinkled face, its definitely curved nose,
sharply-cut mouth, thin compressed lips, and dark, brilliantly blue
eyes beneath the bushy white eyebrows, combine into what is doubtless
a faithful rendering of that friend of whom Scott wrote in his Diary,
in 1825, “I have known him intimately since our college days; and
to my thinking I never met a man of greater powers or more complete
information on all desirable subjects.” It is the work of Mrs. Hugh
Blackburn, a lady so well known for her excellent renderings of birds
and animals; but another oil-portrait of William Clerk, a cabinet-sized
bust, turned to the right and dated 1843, the work of Miss Isabella
Clerk, sister of the seventh Baronet, is also preserved at Penicuik.

Among the portraits of more recent members of the Clerk family are
various works representing their eminent politician and statistical
authority, the Right Hon. Sir George Clerk, D.C.L., the sixth Baronet,
who repeatedly represented the county of Mid-Lothian in Parliament;
who was a Lord of the Admiralty under the Liverpool Administration;
succeeded Mr. Gladstone as Master of the Mint in 1845, and in the
same year was appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade, and
a member of the Privy Council. Several miniatures representing him
are preserved in the Drawing-room, and there are also two life-sized
three-quarter-length portraits in oil. That hung in the smaller
Drawing-room is an excellent example by William Dyce, R.A., a distant
connection of the family’s, and was painted in 1830. It is executed
with great delicacy, quietude, and reticence, and does full justice
to the Baronet’s refined and handsome face, then in its prime. This
picture has been excellently mezzotinted by Thomas Lupton. That in the
Dining-room, painted by the vigorous hand of Sir John Watson Gordon,
portrays Sir George in later life, seated in an easy chair, and holding
one of the statistical blue-books which his soul loved. Of his wife,
Maria, second daughter of Ewan Law of Horsted Place, Sussex, there is
also an oil portrait in the Dining-room, showing a refined face, with
a delicate complexion, bearing the trace of suffering in the firmly
compressed yet pathetic mouth, and the straight dark eyebrows, which
are knit a little and contracted over the pale grey wistful eyes. The
picture has a rather slight and unfinished appearance, and is somewhat
chalky in its whites. Its painter, the late J. R. Swinton, worked
comparatively little in oils, and examples of his better-known crayon
drawings may be studied in the portraits of the Dowager Lady Clerk and
her sister-in-law, the Hon. Mrs. Elphinstone, which hang in the smaller
Drawing-room.

It should also be noticed that many characteristic likenesses of the
sixth Baronet are included in an interesting volume of sketches,
done in old days by his niece Mrs. Hugh Blackburn, and now preserved
at Penicuik, a series portraying familiar scenes there, and at Sir
George’s London residence in Park Street, Westminster,—card-parties
and musical evenings in which Piatti and other eminent performers took
part, days spent on the ice, or picnicking among the Pentlands, rides
in the Park or over lonely stretches of moorland—drawings highly
humorous, plentifully touched with caricature, yet including not a
little substantial truth of portraiture.

There is also in the Dining-room an interesting cabinet-sized portrait
of Sir George’s younger brother, John Clerk Maxwell of Middleby, that
genial, practical, individual Scotsman of whom a most interesting
account is given in the life of his distinguished son, Professor James
Clerk Maxwell. The picture is the work of his niece, Miss Isabella
Clerk, and shows some traces of the amateur, especially in the size and
uncouthness of the hands, but a comparison with the engraving from the
portrait by Watson Gordon, given in the above-mentioned volume, proves
it to be a substantially faithful likeness of the good old man.


IX.

We now come to glance at the portraits at Penicuik House which do
not represent members of the Clerk family. Among the earliest of
these, hung in the Dining-room, is a three-quarter-length seated
portrait of Sir Archibald Primrose, Lord Carrington, that ancestor of
the Rosebery family who played an important part in politics during
the Restoration period, who fought under Montrose, was captured at
Philiphaugh, and barely escaped being executed for treason; who was
appointed Lord Clerk Register in 1660, and Lord Justice-General in
1676, presiding, in that office, at the trial in 1678, of Mitchell
for the attempted assassination of Archbishop Sharp; and whose later
years were spent in steady opposition to the administration of the
Duke of Lauderdale. He is styled by Burnet “the subtelist of all Lord
Middletoun’s friends, a man of long and great practice in affairs ...;
a dextrous man of business, he had always expedients ready at every
difficulty.” In the picture he appears in his black, gold-laced robes
as Lord Clerk Register, his right hand resting on the arm of his chair,
the left raised, and his face seen in three-quarters to the right,
with its thin prominent nose drooping at the point, small chin, and
lips rising towards the ends and pursed and dimpled a little at the
corners. A similar picture, but only bust-sized, stated (Catalogue of
Royal Scottish Academy Loan Exhibition, 1863) to be dated 1670, has
been long at Dalmeny, and a copy of it was presented by Lord Rosebery
to the Faculty of Advocates in 1883, and now hangs in the Parliament
House. His Lordship has recently acquired, from the Rothes Collection,
another, a three-quarter length, version of the picture; and we are
informed that there is also a similar-sized version in the possession
of Lord Elphinstone. A portrait of Sir Archibald Primrose appears in
Mr. A. H. Millar’s list of the portraits at Kinnaird Castle, but we
have not examined this work, and cannot say whether it is a repetition
of the present portrait.

Two interesting oil pictures showing Charles, third Duke of
Queensberry, and his celebrated Duchess, hang near the portrait of Lord
Carrington. The Duke, the correspondent of Swift, painted rather dryly
and hardly by Miss Ann Forbes, whose work we have already referred
to, is seen to below the waist, clad in peer’s robes, the figure
turned towards the right. The face, shown in three-quarters, closely
resembles that in the cabinet-sized bust in oils at Ballochmyle, and
in the mezzotint engraved in 1773, by Valentine Green after George
Willison, with the same high cheek-bones, and prominent high-bridged
nose, and the eyes are of a warm brown colour; but the face is older
than in either of the other portraits, grave and worn, and covered with
wrinkles.

The companion portrait of the Duchess, “Prior’s Kitty, ever young,”
the eccentric patroness of Gay, a work by Aikman, recalls in most of
its details her portrait by Charles Jervas, in the National Portrait
Gallery, London. She is shown in three-quarters length, slim, graceful,
and youthful, clad in a coquettish country costume, a dress of greyish
brown, of dainty proportions at the waist, low-breasted, and with short
sleeves that display the well-turned arms, with a small white apron,
and a little close cap set on the head and almost entirely concealing
the dark brown hair. The face, with its blue eyes and fresh delicate
complexion, is drooping a little, turned in three-quarters to the left;
her left hand rests on the edge of a milk-pail, and her right holds
what appears to be a broad round-brimmed hat. The background is a
landscape, with rocks and trees rising behind the lady to the left,
and with a stretch of green meadow to the right—in which, however, no
figures appear, as in the National Portrait Gallery picture,—and a
space of blue sky faintly tinged with red towards the horizon.

We are informed that these three last-named works were acquired at a
sale, about the end of the last century.

Near them hangs a three-quarter-length portrait which forms an
interesting memorial of one of the second Baronet’s most congenial
friendships. It represents that prominent statesman in the days
of Queen Anne and George I., Thomas, eighth Earl of Pembroke,
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland in 1707, a man of great refinement and
varied culture, President of the Royal Society, of which body Baron
Clerk was elected a member in 1728, “an honour”—as he states in
his “History”—“I value much.” Clerk first made his acquaintance
during his student-days at Leyden, when the Earl was acting as First
Plenipotentiary at the Treaty of Ryswick. In his account of that Treaty
in the “History of my Own Times,” Bishop Burnet remarks that “there
was something in his person and manner that created him an universal
respect; for we had no man among us whom all sides loved and honoured
as they did him.” In 1726 Clerk tells us that he corresponded with
Lord Pembroke upon classical and antiquarian subjects; it was then
that the Earl “sent me his Picture which is now among the Ornaments of
Mavisbank,” one of Sir John’s houses; and after he visited London in
the following year, and examined its chief artistic collections, he
records with delight his pilgrimage to his friend’s seat of Wilton, and
his appreciation of the princely gathering of statues, coins, medals,
etc., which he had brought together there, and especially of his great
ancestral treasure, the Van Dyck group of Earl Philip and his family.
The eighth Earl, it may be noticed, died in January 1732-3, not
1702-3, as given in Noble’s “Granger,” or 1722-3, as stated by Chaloner
Smith.

In the portrait he appears in three-quarters length, clad in armour,
with a lace cravat, and a long dark curling wig, the jewel of the
Garter being suspended by its blue ribbon under his right arm. The
figure is turned to the left, but the sallow, shaven face, with its
dark eyes appearing from beneath bushy black eyebrows, looks in
three-quarters to the right. His right hand is raised holding a baton,
behind which is placed a helmet, the left rests on a gold-hilted sword;
and there is a rocky background, disclosing a space of sky and sea with
a ship and boats.

The picture is evidently a version of the portrait of the Earl painted
by William Wissing, mezzotinted by John Smith in a plate to which the
date of 1709 has been assigned, though the painting must have been
executed much earlier, as Wissing died in 1687. The naval background
is stated to be from the brush of “Vandevelde,” having evidently been
introduced by that artist, after the death of the original painter of
the work, at the time when the Earl was appointed Lord High Admiral of
Great Britain and Ireland, a post which he held in 1701, and again in
1708. The younger William Vandevelde must be the artist indicated, as
the elder painter of the same name died in 1693.

Among the other portraits in the Dining-room may be mentioned a fine
three-quarters length of the Earl of Denbigh, by Lely; a vigorous
bust-portrait of the Duke of Norfolk, by Kneller,—the eighth Duke,
as is proved by the robe and collar of the Garter which appear in the
picture; and a copy from the well-known Janssen portrait of Drummond of
Hawthornden, in the possession of the Earl of Home: while the portraits
of Prince Charles Edward and of his wife the Princess Stolberg, known
as the Countess of Albany, though sufficiently indifferent works of
art, possess a certain interest as having been presented to Rosemary
Clerk by Miss Law of Princes Street, Edinburgh, after she had heard the
tale of the White Cockade, as recorded by Lady Clerk herself, in the
postscript to her letter to the Editor of “Blackwood’s Magazine,” which
we have already quoted.


X.

In the Corridor hangs an important and striking portrait of Lord
Godolphin, probably from the hand of William Aikman, a work doubtless
acquired by the Baron as representing an eminent English statesman with
whom he had been brought into contact about the time of the Union. The
figure is seen to below the waist, turned in three-quarters to the
right; and the face is more individual and characteristic, if less
dignified and well conditioned, than that which appears in Houbraken’s
line-engraving, or in Smith’s mezzotint after Kneller. The nose is
small and clear-cut, the mouth has a thin upper lip drawn inwards a
little, the eyebrows are straight, slight, and of a dark brown colour,
and there are strong lines on the cheeks curving downwards from the
nostrils. A long grey curling wig is worn, and a claret-coloured coat,
with a plain cravat falling in front; and a ruddy cloak is wrapped
round the waist, and passed over the left arm. His right hand rests
against his side, and his left is laid gracefully over a parapet.

In the same Corridor, hung over a door in an exceedingly bad light, is
a bust-portrait titled on the back, in an old hand, “Calderwood the
Historian by Jamesone.” The costume is a small black cap and a black
doublet with a round ruff. The face, seen in three-quarters to the
right, against a dark background, is full of intelligence; the features
small, the eyes grey, the moustache and beard of a moderate length,
yellowish-brown in colour. The flesh-tints are ruddy, inclining,
indeed, to an unduly hot tone, but the picture has evidently been much
repainted. It is undoubtedly a production of the period indicated
in the inscription, and resembles works that have been attributed
to Jamesone; but we are not acquainted with any duly authenticated
portrait of the historian of the Kirk of Scotland with which it might
be compared.

The excellent bust-portrait in the Drawing-room, attributed to Holbein,
is certainly incorrectly titled as representing Sir Thomas More. This
vigorous, ruddy, bearded countenance is quite unlike the worn, shaven,
student’s face which appears in the Chancellor’s authentic portraits by
Holbein,—in his two drawings in the Royal Collection at Windsor, and
in the pen sketch, for the lost oil picture of the Family of Sir Thomas
More, which he himself sent to his friend Erasmus, by the hand of the
painter, when Holbein returned to the Continent in 1529, a sketch still
preserved in the Museum of Basle.

Again, the curious, but much injured, panel picture in the smaller
Drawing-room, of a lady wearing a white pipe-frilled cap, with a bowed
veil over it, titled “Mary of Guise,” shows no resemblance to such
authentic portraits of the Queen as that at Hardwick, in which she
appears with her husband King James V.; and the impaled lozenge on the
background bears no trace of the arms of either Lorraine or Scotland.


XI.

We have now to examine the mural decorations of Penicuik House, which
include the celebrated Ossian ceiling of the room designed for a
picture-gallery, and now used as the Drawing-room. But first, two
smaller cupolas surmounting the staircases which give access to the
upper floor of the mansion are deserving of notice. One is decorated
in upright compartments, showing Jupiter in his car drawn by snakes,
wielding his thunderbolts, with a moonlit landscape beneath, and on
the other side a figure of Apollo, with yellow rays circling his
head, driving his team of fiery white steeds over a landscape which
is beginning to blush beneath the rosy light of dawn. Between these
are ranged a series of allegorical figures of the Months, each marked
with a sign of the Zodiac, and surrounded by scrolls, grotesque birds,
and beasts, and vases. The whole is relieved against a light green
background, and the compartments are divided by broad bands of ochre.

This curious example of the decorative art of the end of the last
century is the work of John Bonnar, then a decorative painter in
Edinburgh; and when, a hundred years after its execution, his grandson
and great-grandson, who were at the time pursuing the same business in
the same city, cleaned and restored the work, along with the Runciman
ceilings, their ancestor’s signature was disclosed upon a corner of its
surface.

The other cupola is decorated by the hand of Alexander Runciman,
with scenes from the life of St. Margaret of Scotland, whose history
furnished only the other year a subject for the brush of another of the
most imaginative of our Scottish painters, Sir Noel Paton. Curiously
enough we can find no single reference to this important St. Margaret
series in any of the biographies of Runciman, or in the anonymous
pamphlet, published in 1773, which so elaborately describes the ceiling
of the Ossian Hall. Both series are executed in oil colours upon the
plaster. Here the decorations consist of four oval compartments, each
occupied with a scene from the life of the Queen.

The first shows “The Landing of St. Margaret.” Its background is a
rich blue sky, and a distance of stormy sea. In the centre is King
Malcolm, clad in a broad Scottish bonnet with a little white plume, red
knee-breeches, white hose and white shoes with ample rosettes, and with
a red cloak flapping around him in voluminous folds. With one hand he
leads the lady, robed in a yellow mantle and a white dress, her long
yellow hair tossed by the wind, and with the other points energetically
towards the church before them, where white-robed monks, with clasped
hands, are awaiting their arrival.

The second subject is “The Royal Wedding.” The pair are being united
by a venerable and aged ecclesiastic with a grey beard, whose bronzed,
weather-beaten countenance tells splendidly against his elaborate white
vestments. To his right is the King, crowned and robed in red, placing
the ring on the hand of the Queen, who stands draped in gold-brocaded
white and green. An altar appears to our right, and beside it a
mail-clad knight, with head bowed in worship. The figures of women are
introduced to our left, and white flowers and a steaming censer lie on
the ruddy marble pavement beneath.

The third subject shows the manner of the saint’s queenship. She is
known to her people in the breaking of bread; clad in the same robes
that she wore at the marriage festival, she is feeding the poor, and
her husband, in his red mantle and wearing his royal crown, follows in
attendance upon her, bearing a heaped platter.

The fourth subject shows the final development of Queen Margaret’s
saintship. Having on earth filled herself with the life of heaven, she
is now seen, white-clad, and with a red robe falling from her shoulders
like the mortal life that she is done with, ascending inevitably into
skies, where the clouds dispart to disclose the benignant figure of
the Almighty Father and the white shape of the Holy Dove. Beneath is
outspread a familiar landscape which she is leaving for ever—the
Fifeshire hills appear on the right on the farther side of the Firth,
and beneath is the town of Edinburgh, with the Palace, and the
Castle rock crested with her chapel, and to the left the Pentlands
which overlook Penicuik, with a kindly ray streaming from above, and
irradiating their summit.

In spite of all deductions that may be made on account of occasional
crudities and defects, and of the glaring anachronisms of costume that
are apt to offend our more archæologically cultured eyes, the series is
a remarkable one, with great richness and variety of colouring, and
with a dramatic power which goes directly to the heart of the legendary
tale, and portrays its incidents in a vivid and impressive manner.
Dealing for the most part with definite history, the series is more
complete in its realisation than was possible in some of the visionary
subjects from Ossian which the painter afterwards essayed in the Hall
of Penicuik House.

The three last-named subjects are signed: the second bears the date of
“Sept. 7, 1772,” the third “Octr. 14, 1772,” and the fourth “Octr. 6,
1772.” The inscriptions are interesting as showing that the subjects
were executed immediately after the painter’s return from Italy, and as
illustrating the impetuous speed with which he must have worked.


XII.

Runciman next turned to the larger undertaking of which the St.
Margaret Cupola was but the prologue, and upon which he worked with
equal energy, for the ceiling of the Ossian Hall of Penicuik House can
hardly have been commenced before the end of 1772, and it was certainly
completed during the following year.

It was just ten years previously that “Fingal” (1762) and “Temora”
(1763) first appeared, and the controversy regarding their authenticity
still raged fiercely. Dr. Johnson and David Hume denied their claim
to be regarded as genuine Celtic poems, but they were defended by
Lord Kames, Dr. Gregory, and by Dr. Blair, who pointed out their
adaptability to the purposes of the painter, as presenting fitting
subjects for the exercise of his brush. It was probably upon this
suggestion that the Ossian ceiling was commissioned by Sir James Clerk,
and commenced by Alexander Runciman.

The centre of the ceiling is occupied by a large elliptical
compartment, depicting Ossian old and blind, singing, and accompanying
his songs on the harp. In front is seated the white-draped shape
of Malvina, and around are grouped a varied crowd of listeners. The
distance is a rocky coast, with ruined castles, and a fine expanse of
sea, across which white sails are speeding; and above, the clouds take
strange, fantastic, half-defined shapes as of spiritual presences, the
figures of the vanished heroes of whom the poet sings,—“The awful
faces of other times look from the clouds of Crona.” This compartment
is surrounded by an ornamental border of gold, which in its turn is
enclosed in a wreath of vine-leaves and fruit; and the four corners are
occupied by figures symbolical of the four great rivers of Scotland,
the Tay, the Spey, the Clyde, and the Tweed,—figures manifestly
reminiscent of the work of Michael Angelo in the Sistine Chapel.

Beneath, round the ample cove or _volto_ of the room, is ranged a
series of smaller subjects from Ossian—“The Valour of Oscar,” “The
Death of Oscar,” “The Death of Agandecca,” “The Hunting of Catholda,”
one of the finest of the subjects, very graceful in the figure of the
nymph drawing a bow; “The Finding of Corban Cargloss,” an attractive
moonlit scene; “Golchossa mourning over Lamderg,” “Oina Morval
serenading Ossian,” a vigorous subject of “Cormac attacking the Spirit
of the Waters,” “The Death of Cormac,” “Scandinavian Wizards at their
Incantations,” in which the grotesque is in excess of the terrible, and
“Fingal engaging the Spirit of Lodi.”

If we were to criticise the ceiling purely as an example of decorative
art, we might well object that the elaboration and wealth of detail in
the work is hardly suitable to its position, that designs so placed
should have been simpler and more salient in their component parts,
and executed in a lighter and more airy scheme of colouring, so as to
carry the eye freely upwards. But as an example of poetic art, in its
earnestness of aim and vigour of conception, it is deserving of all
praise, as one of the very few instances that Scotland has to show of
a serious effort to produce a monumental work, a pictorial epic,—an
effort honourable alike to the painter and his patron. The art of
Runciman, as here displayed, may be regarded as the precursor of the
art of David Scott, another of Scotland’s most imaginative painters,
who was also powerfully attracted by the Ossianic legends, choosing
“Fingal and the Spirit of Lodi” for the subject of one of his earliest
works, and in another depicting Ossian himself, not surrounded by
sympathetic listeners as in this central compartment by Runciman,
but seated alone by the sea-shore, amid the last dying radiance of a
sunset, with his harp lying idle by his side.

It is recorded that about 1720 John Alexander, the grandson of George
Jamesone of Aberdeen, executed a “Rape of Proserpina” on a staircase in
Gordon Castle. After the completion of his work at Penicuik Runciman
decorated a church in the Cowgate of Edinburgh (now St. Patrick’s
Catholic Chapel) with sacred subjects, of which a portion still remain;
and—presumably in humble imitation of the Ossian Hall—Alexander Carse
painted an oval subject on the ceiling of the “Pennecuik Parlor” of New
Hall, Mid-Lothian, depicting “The Troops of Tweedale in the Forest of
Selkirkshire, convened by Royal authority in May 1685, as described in
Dr. Pennecuik’s Poems.” This brief list may be said to include almost
all the mural art—excepting such as was simply decorative—executed in
Scotland during modern times.

The Ossian ceiling formed the subject of a learned and elaborate
descriptive pamphlet, published anonymously, in 1773, by A. Kinnaird
and W. Creech, Edinburgh; and the painter would appear to have intended
to preserve a record of his work—in the manner afterwards adopted by
Barry, in the case of the illustrations of “Human Progress,” with which
he decorated the walls of the Hall of the Society of Arts in London,
for etchings, executed by Runciman’s own hand in a free and somewhat
loose style, of the first two subjects of the St. Margaret Cupola, and
of “Cormac attacking a Spirit of the Waters,” and “The Finding of
Corban Cargloss,” from the Ossian ceiling, are frequently to be met
with.

We have not been able to discover in Penicuik House Alexander
Runciman’s easel Picture of “Nausicaa at Play with her Maidens,”
executed during his residence at Rome, and shown in London, in the
Free Society of Artists’ Exhibition of 1767, a work which Allan
Cunningham informs us was “painted for Pennycuik”: and, on account of
the delicacy and transparency of its colouring, we should be inclined
to attribute to John Runciman, who died at Naples at the early age of
twenty-four, that sketch of “David with the Head of Goliath,” which has
been commonly assigned to the elder of the two brothers. Certainly by
John Runciman is the excellent picture of “Belshazzar’s Feast,” hung
in the Billiard-room, a work so delicate in its handling, so mellow in
the golden and ruddy tones of its colouring, as to support the opinion
held by some discerning critics, that this artist’s brief life afforded
definite promise of his becoming a far subtler and more refined painter
than the better-known member of his family ever was.


XIII.

In the Drawing-room hang many admirable and interesting works, to
a few of which we may direct attention. Chief among them is the
noble three-quarter-length of Anthony Triest, Bishop of Ghent, by
Rubens, a portrait most characteristic in pose, vigorously lifelike
in expression, and accomplished in colour. Another portrait of this
prelate, a seated half-length turned to the right, was painted by Van
Dyck, Rubens’ great pupil, and etched by his own hand in a plate which
was afterwards completed with the graver by Peter de Jode. In the same
room is Van Dyck’s rendering of “A Lady of the Coningsby Family,” a
graceful full-length, draped in rose-colour, the gloved right hand
resting on a flower-pot which is relieved against a wooded background,
and the right foot raised as the figure stands on a flight of stone
garden-steps. A bust-sized male portrait of an unknown subject also
bears the name of Rubens, and, by whatever hand, it is certainly an
admirable example of Flemish art. The costume is black with a piped
ruff; the face worn, the brow furrowed, the hair yellowish, slightly
silvered with age, the thick beard and moustache of a ruddy colour,
and the flesh-tones most attractive in the quietude and cool grey
quality of their shadows. By Zeeman, an esteemed Dutch painter of naval
subjects, known, too, as an etcher of much directness and simplicity of
method, is a large sea-piece, with shipping and a great expanse of sky
in which the clouds are beginning to grow mellow towards the sunset;
and by Melchior Hondecoeter we have a vigorous picture of “Fighting
Cocks,” firmly painted, and effective in the contrast of the white
plumage of the nearer bird to the glowing brown and ruddy tones of the
rest of the picture.

The Library, a particularly sunny and spacious room on the upper
floor, contains in addition to its books—which, as we have already
said, include those bequeathed to the Baron by Boerhaave, his early
friend,—a fine and extensive collection of prints, duly catalogued and
arranged in volumes according to their various schools. Among the rest
are some rare Dürer items, and a set of John Clerk’s etchings in their
progressive states, along with many original sketches by his hand.

Over the fireplace is inlet in the wainscoting an attractive subject
representative of “Music,” executed in _grisaille_ on canvas, in clever
simulation of a marble bas-relief. It is signed by its painter, Jacob
de Wit, a native of Amsterdam, born 1695, died 1754, who “attained a
marvellous excellence in the imitation of sculpture of all kinds of
materials, bronze, wood, plaster, and particularly white marble, in
which he produced such complete illusion that even the practised eye
is deceived.” His most notable work of this kind was the decoration,
in 1736, of a hall in the Hôtel de Ville of Amsterdam; and it is
further stated by Kugler that “a favourite subject with the master was
the representation of pretty children in the taste of Fiammingo.” The
present picture, in the satisfying arrangement of its composition and
in the grace of its flowing lines, possesses a more legitimate artistic
value than could come from any merely imitative dexterity in rendering
the effect of sculpture by means of painting. The musicians are a party
of naked, chubby children. The figure of their leader is an especially
charming one, standing holding up a music-book in one hand, beating
time with a roll of papers held as a baton in the other, and singing
with open mouth; his raised face, with the soft hair clustering about
the rounded cheeks, wearing an entranced expression which embodies the
very spirit of melody. Beside him one of his infant musicians touches
the wires of a lyre, another bends over a great mandoline, of which a
third is tightening the strings, and a fourth breathes softly on the
flute.

At the entrance to the Library door are placed two large glass cases,
one filled with natural history specimens, the other containing the
valuable collection of Roman remains, in metal, pottery, coins, etc.,
accumulated by Baron Clerk, which it would require the skill of an
archæologist rightly to estimate. Among them is a curious and most
interesting ivory carving, inscribed, on a parchment label, in the
Baron’s handwriting, “An Antient piece of Sculpture on the Tooth of
a Whale,—it was found by John Adair, Geographer, in the North of
Scotland, Anno 1682, all the figures are remarkable.” In this year
Adair, the Geographer for Scotland, was appointed by the Privy Council
of Scotland to make a survey of the kingdom and maps of the shires, of
which only a portion was published. The carving represents a crowned
queen, seated holding a lapdog on her knees; with a knight, wearing a
surcoat over chain-armour, and bearing a sword and a shield blazoned
with a _chevron chequé_, standing on her left; and on her right a
musician playing on a crowde, an old instrument resembling a violin;
while between these, round the rest of the ivory, is a row of female
figures, wearing long flowing robes, standing with clasped hands, that
beside the musician holding a palm-branch. The carving is described and
figured in Dr. Daniel Wilson’s “Prehistoric Annals of Scotland.” Dr.
Wilson considers it to be a queen piece of a chess set, and assigns it
to the fourteenth century.


XIV.

In the Charter-room are preserved, in addition to documents, many
curious miscellaneous relics of an artistic and personal sort. The
MSS. include the account-books of the family, extending well into the
seventeenth century, kept with the minutest accuracy, and containing
many entries of great interest to the student of the social manners
of the past. There are also voluminous devotional compositions,
commonplace-books, etc., by the first Baronet; and the MS. “History
of my Life,” and the two volumes of the “Journal of my Travells for 5
years Through Holland, Germaine, Italy, France, and Flanders,” by the
second Baronet, Baron Clerk, along with the MSS. of several of his
published and unpublished historical and antiquarian pamphlets.

A somewhat grim development of portraiture is seen in a couple of
waxen death-masks—one of them shows the face of Lady Margaret Stuart,
the Baron’s much-loved first wife—each casketed in its little wooden
case or shrine. The habit of preserving such masks seems to have been
common in Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,—we
remember that the Abertarff sale included several representing various
members of the Lovat family: a survival, one may call it, of the
old Roman custom of preserving the waxen images of ancestors, which
prevailed, too, in France, in the days when Clouet was summoned to
Rambouillet, to cast the waxen effigy of the dead Francis I.

In the Charter-room are various interesting old miniatures and
drawings, among the latter one of a cupid and a griffin, attributed to
Raphael; one by Guido; a couple of designs by Inigo Jones—one marked
“given me by the Earl of Burlington in 1727” (the year of the Baron’s
visit to London), “I very much value this and the other drawing by
Inigo. John Clerk, 1744;” and the original sketch for the picture of
St. Cecilia, still preserved at Penicuik, by Francesco Imperiali, an
artist of repute in his day, who died at Rome in 1741, under whom the
Baron studied art when in Italy, and who was afterwards one of the
instructors of Allan Ramsay, the portrait-painter.

Another relic of the Baron’s days in Italy is the small marble bust of
Cicero—preserved in the Charter-room—which, as he tells us in his
“History,” was bequeathed to him by “Montignia Chapigni, a learned
antiquarian and philosopher.” Yet another is a little wooden casket,
fragrant still with a sweet old-world perfume, as we open the drawers
filled with neatly stoppered bottles. This is the “Box of Chymical
Medicines, still at Penicuik,” which was presented to the Baron on his
leaving Florence, along with “all the variety of wines and sweet meats
which his country produced,” by the Grand Duke Cosimo III., who had
previously honoured the young Scotsman by bestowing on him “a patent
under the privy seal signed by himself and his Secretary of State, the
Marquise de Ricardi, appointing me a Gentleman of his Bedchamber, which
patent lies now in the Charter-room.”

On one of the shelves is placed another curious family relic, a basket
filled with artist’s materials, marked “Oil colours brought from Rome
by Uncle Sandy,” a son of the first Baronet, that Alexander Clerk who
figures in the Baronage as “bred a painter,” and whose name appears,
in 1729, on the original indenture of the Edinburgh School of St.
Luke, as a member of that first academy founded in Scotland for the
study of art, in which, six years later, Strange the engraver received
instruction. In this old document, so significant in the history of
painting in our country, and now fittingly in the possession of the
Royal Scottish Academy, Richard Cooper, Strange’s master, appears
as Secretary. Among the other signatures are those of James Clerk,
Alexander’s elder brother, afterwards third Baronet of Penicuik; his
nephew Hugh Clerk, Junr., who “served with the allied army in Germany,
and died soon after the battle of Minden”; the two Ramsays; “Ja. Norie”
and “Jas. Norie, Junior”; John Patoun, whose portrait of Thomson the
poet is now in the National Portrait Gallery, London; John Alexander,
the portrait-painter, who engraved the family group of his grandfather,
George Jamesone of Aberdeen; and William Denune, known by his portraits
of Thomas and Mrs. Ruddiman, of Professor Robert Simson of Glasgow
(1746), and of the Rev. William Harper, Episcopal clergyman in Leith
(1745).

There is one other of the contents of the Charter-room to which we must
refer, a volume containing a complete set of Turner’s “Liber Studiorum”
prints, evidently an original subscriber’s copy; most of the plates are
in excellent impressions, and some are proofs.

For permission to examine these, and all the other Art Treasures at
Penicuik House—to many of which we have been unable even to refer—we
have to express our grateful thanks to Sir George Clerk, the owner of
the mansion, and to the Dowager Lady Clerk, its present occupant.


NOTE.

(_See_ page 30.)

We have just had an opportunity of examining the portraits of Sir James
Clerk, the third Baronet, and Elizabeth Cleghorn, his wife, in the
possession of Miss Eliott Lockhart, at 17 Rutland Street, Edinburgh.
In each the figure is seen to the waist, within a painted oval. The
Baronet is clad in a yellowish pink gown, worn over a red vest, with
the shirt unbuttoned at the throat. The face, turned slightly to the
right, has clear-cut features, full blue eyes, and dark eyebrows, the
hair being entirely concealed by a blue cap. The left hand is laid on
the top of a folio volume, resting on a table to the right, which is
covered with a brilliantly patterned cloth; and a green curtain appears
behind to the left. In the portrait of Lady Clerk the face is seen in
three-quarters to the left, and has pale yellow hair and eyebrows,
and blue eyes. The costume is a white dress worn low at the throat,
and a blue mantle. A tree-trunk appears behind the head, and a wooded
landscape to the right. Each picture is signed with the name of a
portrait-painter which we have not elsewhere met with—“_Gul: Mosman
pingebat 1739._” The handling of the works is hard and definite.


THE END.