[Illustration: STRINGS AND COTTON AND CHICKEN FEATHERS FOR THE
    BIRDS’ NESTINGS (_See page 56_)]




                       HOW TO HAVE BIRD NEIGHBORS


                                   BY
                           S. LOUISE PATTESON
           AUTHOR OF “PUSSY MEOW, THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A CAT”
                  AND “KITTY-KAT KIMMIE, A CAT’S TALE”

                       PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR
                COVER BY HELEN BABBITT AND ETHEL BLOSSOM

                        D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY
                     BOSTON    NEW YORK    CHICAGO

                          COPYRIGHT, 1917, BY
                           S. LOUISE PATTESON
                                  118

                              DEDICATED TO
                             BOYS AND GIRLS




                                FOREWORD


This narrative of neighborship with birds is suggestive rather than
exhaustive. It aims not so much to inform the reader, as to instill in
him the desire to learn from the outdoors itself, to know _at first
hand_ about the charms and the benefactions of birdlife. The observing
reader will supply what has been left unsaid, and so experience the zest
of initiative, the joy of discovery, in our mysterious and manifold
bird-world.

                                                                S. L. P.

  Waldheim,
  East Cleveland, Ohio,
  October, 1917.

    [Illustration: SUET AND DOUGHNUTS FOR DOWNY, CORN FOR THE CARDINAL,
    CEREAL FOR THE SONG SPARROW]




                                CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE
  List of Illustrations                                              vii
  I. My First Bird Neighbors                                           1
  II. New Adventures in Birdland                                      11
  III. Real Troubles in Birdland                                      21
  IV. The Bluebirds’ Bungalow                                         28
  V. The Wrens’ Apartment House                                       36
  VI. The Boy                                                         44
  VII. The Chimney Swifts                                             62
  VIII. Birds Not of a Feather                                        68
  IX. The Martins’ Aircastle                                          78
  X. More about the Boy                                               92
  XI. The Cardinals                                                  102
  XII. My Bird Family                                                110
  Glossary                                                           123
  Directions for Making Bird Houses                                  127
  Index                                                              130

    [Illustration: GOLDFINCH FEEDING BABIES]




                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


  Strings and cotton and chicken feathers for the birds’
          nestings                                             _Frontis_
                                                                    PAGE
  Suet and doughnuts for downy, corn for the cardinal, cereal for
          the song sparrow                                             v
  Goldfinch feeding babies                                            vi
  “Oh, where is Mother?”                                            viii
  The basin on the porch railing                                       1
  They were making that can into a bird home                           4
  The baby robins                                                      9
  One winter day a pigeon came in at an open window                   10
  Vacant lots attract birds                                           11
  The winter birds like peanuts and suet                              13
  When I did not have peanuts I gave the nuthatch doughnuts           14
  The dear happy chickadee                                            17
  The selfish nuthatch                                                20
  Cats belong on their own premises                                   21
  The basin was Bunny’s looking glass                                 22
  The genial gray squirrel                                            27
  The return of the bluebird                                          28
  Sometimes she was just gliding through the entrance as he alighted
          on the housetop with a choice morsel for her                31
  Bluebird babies to feed and care for                                33
  The bluebirds moved into the pretty double house                    34
  Rented for the summer                                               36
  The small wren house in the pear tree                               39
  A baby wren on the window sill                                      43
  Bluebirds are great helpers in a garden                             44
  Baby flicker peeps at the outside world                             49
  Mrs. Wood Thrush on her nest                                        51
  A killdeer’s nest in a potato field                                 53
  The bluebirds in their primitive home                               55
  Every little while a goldfinch came to the “store” tree and got
          some string                                                 57
  The chimney swifts’ temporary home                                  60
  The flicker is also called golden-winged woodpecker                 61
  Chimney swifts’ nest                                                62
  One of these Swift babies was put to rest in the nest, but he did
          not stay there long                                         63
  A robin’s nest                                                      68
  Near the nest tree was a big stone which the redheaded woodpecker
          used as a perch                                             74
  Each little goldfinch called as loud as he could                    76
  A young goldfinch alighted on the clothes line                      77
  This martin scout brought a lady with him                           78
  The martins’ aircastle                                              81
  The home-coming of the martins                                      87
  A great gathering in mid-air                                        91
  A bath for birds and a lunch beside it                              92
  The crested flycatcher and a Berlepsch house                        95
  Kitty watching for mice                                             98
  The new food house was visited by bluejays                         100
  A feedery much liked by downy                                      101
  A tree trimmed with peanuts for the birds                          102
  The cardinal’s favorite feedery                                    105
  Always Mr. Cardinal came first and ate a while; then she would
          follow                                                     109
  Song sparrow                                                       110
  Mother Oriole in the bath                                          113
  So made that they can be easily opened after use and cleaned       116
  Food house, made out of waste materials                            118
  Maybe they will fly to us, instead of away from us                 121
  The birdies’ policeman                                             122
  The finished martin house                                          128
  Raising the martin house                                           128

    [Illustration: “OH, WHERE IS MOTHER?”]




                       HOW TO HAVE BIRD NEIGHBORS


    [Illustration: THE BASIN ON THE PORCH RAILING]




                       HOW TO HAVE BIRD NEIGHBORS




                                   I
                        MY FIRST BIRD NEIGHBORS


The birds that live in my yard are the loveliest of all my neighbors.
During the springtime and summer they awaken me every morning with their
sweet songs. Then all the day long their pretty ways make me wish I had
nothing to do but to watch them.

Now I can imagine someone saying, “If I had a yard, I, too, would try to
have bird neighbors.” Listen! Before I had a yard I had bird neighbors
on my porch.

How did I get them?

In summer, a basin of water on the porch railing, and in winter, the
basin filled with table scraps—this is what did it. On the porch of that
apartment house I learned how to neighbor with birds.

A kind lady in the next house tied suet and strings of peanuts to one of
her trees. During winter and spring the woodpeckers enjoyed the treat,
while we enjoyed the woodpeckers! Pigeons and bluejays came too, and,
yes, English sparrows, those birds that are nowhere welcome. But they
didn’t have it all their own way there, as they do where nothing is done
to attract other birds.

One winter day a beautiful blue and white pigeon with rose-colored neck
came in at an open window. The streets were covered with snow. It was
hard for birds to find anything to eat. This pigeon ate some rolled oats
that I scattered before it, drank some water, and walked into a corner.
After a nap it ate some more; then took another nap. When it awoke again
I set it in a waste-paper basket by the open window, so it could go away
when it pleased. It took several more helpings of oats. Toward evening
it flew away.

Among the pigeons that used to come often to my porch was my little
guest of a day. As the pigeons ate they always cooed. Perhaps they were
remarking how good it tasted.

In early spring the robins came. They liked little scraps of meat.
Chopped raw beef was to them the greatest treat. At the basin they not
only drank, but spread their wings over it and splashed the water all
around, trying to bathe in that shallow dish. It was only a big
flower-pot saucer. While the weather was still cold, they began to sing
mornings before daylight. It was like listening to Christmas carols to
hear them.

On mild and thawing days they could be seen hopping over my neighbor’s
lawn. Most cunningly they would turn their heads to one side, then to
the other. It is said that they do this so they can hear the worms and
insects move about in the ground. I believe it; for often I have seen a
robin, after listening intently at some spot, stop to scratch and dig,
then pull out a worm.

The robins often pulled and jerked at the morning-glory vines on our
porch. Whenever they got one loose they would gather it up in loops with
the bill and carry it away. They also tore strings off our mop and flew
away with them.

On a pillar of our porch there hung a can in which we sometimes put
flowers. One rainy April day a little wren alighted on the edge of that
can and looked in. The can was empty at the time, so the bird went
inside, but came out again quickly and flew away.

Pretty soon two wrens came, and both went inside. Then for several days
they made frequent visits to that can, and there was almost constant
trilling of the merriest bubbling songs. Sometimes there was just a
chatter back and forth, as if they were talking or arguing. These wrens
were so much together that I concluded they were mates.

    [Illustration: THEY WERE MAKING THAT CAN INTO A BIRD HOME]

They fetched little twigs of all kinds and dropped them into that can.
They also fetched bits of cloth and chicken feathers, as if they
actually intended to make a feather bed. Mr. Wren could carry things in
his bill and sing at the same time. Once in a while, when he brought
something, Mrs. Wren chattered louder than usual. It sounded as though
she wasn’t pleased with what he had brought. Sometimes she wouldn’t even
let him in, and, after carrying his burden around for a while, he would
drop it. But he sang on just as happily, and entertained her while she
did most of the work. This went on for several days. At last they
fetched grasses, too. It was a joy to see how happy they were at their
work. They were making that can into a bird home.

When the little home was finished, Mrs. Wren loved it so well that for
about two weeks she stayed in it nearly all the time. Mr. Wren brought
her many kinds of bugs and worms to eat, and sang to her all the day
long.

Soon there were some baby wrens in that little home. Again Father and
Mother Wren worked hard from daylight until dark, fetching worms and
bugs for their babies to eat. Whenever one came home with a bill full,
he glided right in among those thorny twigs. How they could do it
without getting pricked was a wonder!

One day all this was changed. Instead of going into their little home
with provisions, both Father and Mother Wren stayed out on the edge, and
held a worm or a bug where the little ones could see it. After a while,
one of the baby birds came up a little way to receive a helping of the
food. But the big outdoors must have frightened him; for he ducked right
down again. The next one that came out had more courage, or else he was
more hungry. He received a helping; then gazed about him a little.
Evidently the world looked pleasant to him. He shook his feathers,
flapped his wings, and didn’t go back into the little home at all. This
was just what Father and Mother wanted him to do, and each gave him a
whole worm, although the birdies inside were calling for some too.

The day was fine. It was still early. The babies would have all day in
which to get used to the outdoors if they would come out now. To-morrow
it might rain, and the next day, and the next. The babies were quite old
enough to live outside of that stuffy can. They must come out to-day,—so
Father and Mother Wren had decided.

After the little venturer had received several helpings, another
birdling came scrambling up. He got all of the next helping. Mother Wren
was among the porch vines, chirping. Every little while she flew to the
little ones, fluttered her wings before them, and then flew back to the
vines. In this way she was coaxing them to follow her.

Before Number Three came out, the mother had Numbers One and Two safely
among the vines. Number Four came close behind Number Three. It wasn’t
very pleasant to stay down in the can all alone. The mother kept up her
coaxing until she managed to get them all in nice, shady places.

It was now about nine o’clock. The rest of the day was spent quietly
among the vines. After they had rested a little from the excitement of
their first flight, Mother tried to keep them moving from vine to vine.
One was more clever than the others. He learned everything quickly.

The Wren family lived in the vines all the next day. On the third day
Mother Wren began to coax them farther away. Back and forth she flew
between the porch and my neighbor’s tree, and around in circles, to show
the babies how to do it. Father Wren coaxed them on with a white worm in
his bill. He was not singing much now, because these growing birds
needed more and more food. Also, father-wisdom bade him keep quiet lest
his babies be discovered and come to harm.

The cleverest of the four was also the biggest; so it was easy to tell
him from the rest. Again, he was always the first to venture. But as he
neared the tree, when he had almost reached his goal, he began to drop;
and he fell to the ground. Fearing some harm might come to him, I went
down quickly with the long-handled dust mop. It was fuzzy, and soft for
him to rest on. With it I hoisted him to a low branch. Mother and Father
Wren scolded, but went to the young bird as soon as my back was turned.
Birds do not like to have people meddle with their affairs; but
sometimes when they are in trouble we can help them.

Maybe this little mishap showed Mother Wren that her babies were not yet
strong enough to fly so far. Anyway, she waited until the next day
before she urged the others to go. Even then she was not quite decided.
At dinner time the three were still on the porch. They had reached the
highest rung of the trellis. In the afternoon, when I returned from
school, they were gone. Father Wren was again singing his cheery songs.
He had kept pretty quiet while the little ones were learning to fly.
Why? Because he did not want anyone to find out where they were.

My robins, meanwhile, had made themselves a nest on a high window sill
at the far end of the porch; but not until the wrens began nesting did I
discover it. Already there were three blue eggs in it. The robins seemed
so distressed at being found out that we kept away from that end of the
porch until they got well used to us. The wrens didn’t fear us at all.
They came to their nest no matter how many people were on the porch.

I had now learned what the wrens and the robins like for their nestings;
so I fastened strings, shreds of cloth, some cotton, and small chicken
feathers to the low branches of my neighbor’s trees, and also on my
porch. I had read somewhere that some birds will pull feathers out of
their own bodies, if they can find none elsewhere, with which to line
their nests. After the wrens had cleaned out the can, they helped
themselves to cotton and feathers, and made ready for their second
nesting.

Father and Mother Robin were such devoted parents, it seemed as if they
couldn’t do enough. Their babies always craned their necks and opened
their bills wide as soon as they heard anyone near. As they grew older
they also chattered and flapped their wings. Sometimes they fluttered
over the sides of the nest so far that I feared they would fall off the
high window sill.

    [Illustration: THE BABY ROBINS]

One morning the robins’ nest was empty, and the young were over on my
neighbor’s lawn. For convenience I will call this neighbor Mrs. Daily.
She lived on our right. The neighbor to our left was Mrs. Cotton.

A birds’ bath at Mrs. Daily’s and the tree with nesting materials on it
showed the birds that they were welcome there. So the parents coaxed
their young in that direction.

Mrs. Cotton also tried to attract birds. But her basin sometimes went
dry for days. Also, she had a big, beautiful cat that was usually
somewhere in the yard. It was not so inviting there, according to birds’
ways of thinking, nor so safe for their young, as over at Mrs. Daily’s,
where the cat was kept in.

I kept our kitty locked up night and day, and asked my neighbors to keep
their cats in, too, until these young robins could fly up into trees. At
first they could only fly sideways. It is more than just a kind act to
save young robins from harm: it is saving birds who will be useful and
pleasing all their lives, and who will spread happiness wherever they
go.

When I saw how my birds left me as soon as their young could fly, I
began to wish that I, too, had a yard and trees, like my neighbors. I
longed to have more birds, and birds of different kinds.

    [Illustration: ONE WINTER DAY A PIGEON CAME IN AT AN OPEN WINDOW]

    [Illustration: VACANT LOTS ATTRACT BIRDS]




                                   II
                       NEW ADVENTURES IN BIRDLAND


I got my wish: Our present home is a whole house, with a yard. We have
big trees and little ones, and on one side there is a grape arbor. All
around us are vacant lots, where thornapple bushes, dogwood trees, and
tall sunflowers grow. These attract birds. Behind the vacant lots there
is a ravine with wild cherry trees, elder bushes, wild grape tangles,
and other attractions for birds.

The wrens and the robins had gone to their winter homes when we moved,
and the woodpeckers had come. I had bought a bird guide with colored
pictures, and a pair of field glasses which brought those black and
white birds very near to me. Some had red on the back of the head. They
were the downy woodpeckers. A bird very much like the downy, but larger,
was the hairy woodpecker. And there were birds just like the downy and
hairy but without the red patch on the head. They were the mates of the
downy and the hairy.

Whenever I heard a brisk “chsip,” I could see downy approach in
graceful, curving flight toward some tree. Usually he perched near the
bottom and climbed up, pecking and scratching as he went. Sometimes he
alighted higher up and came down cat-fashion, but always busily pecking
at the bark. The hairy did the same. This must be why these birds are
called woodpeckers.

Knowing how well the winter birds like peanuts and suet, I fastened
strings of peanuts across a bird table that I had made, and in the tray
below I kept suet. I also scattered chickfeed on the ground beside a
tree, and added to it buckwheat and sunflower seeds. But I soon learned
better than to put anything for birds near a tree behind which a cat
could hide!

It was great fun to watch the different birds select their favorite
food. The woodpeckers liked the suet so well that, while it was on hand,
they hardly ever touched the peanuts. Downy also liked the chickfeed;
but he did not like to step down to the ground. In trying to get it, he
would back down the tree until his tail touched the ground. Then,
without leaving the tree and while propped on his tail, he reached over
to the right or left and picked up kernels. In this way he could eat
without stepping on the ground.

    [Illustration: THE WINTER BIRDS LIKE PEANUTS AND SUET]

And downy had good eating manners. He never hurried, never fidgeted.
Sometimes he stayed twenty minutes at a meal and ate slowly and quietly,
like a well-bred person.

    [Illustration: WHEN I DID NOT HAVE PEANUTS I GAVE THE NUTHATCH
    DOUGHNUTS]

Another bird that came to my place in winter had a light blue back and a
white front. His wings and tail were dark blue, and so was the top of
his head. I always knew he was near when I heard a sound like “gack” or
“yack.” He liked the peanuts better than anything else. With his sharp
bill he would punch a nut, then hold down the shell while he pulled out
the kernel. Maybe this is why he is called the nuthatch. Sometimes, when
I did not have peanuts, I gave him doughnuts. He liked them just as
well. He would nibble at a doughnut until it dropped from the nail, then
go to the ground and forage there. He liked cheese also.

I soon found that somebody else, too, liked suet and peanuts. This was
the red squirrel, and when he was on the table the birds would not come
near. However, it was birds I wanted and not squirrels,—especially not
the red squirrel, who is said to bother birds in many ways. To keep him
away I nailed tin sheeting around the post of the bird table.

I am sorry to say that the nuthatch was not at all polite to other
birds. He always wanted all the food himself, no matter how much there
was on hand. He would flit from one feeding place to another and chase
the other birds away. I stopped putting peanuts on the table, so that he
would have no excuse to go there and the birds who liked the suet might
eat in peace. I put all the peanuts on the tree farthest back in the
vacant lot and made the selfish nuthatch eat there by himself.

Another thing that was not nice about the nuthatch was his way of
eating. He was always in a hurry. He would take the kernel out of a nut,
walk up the tree with it, and fly away. Then he would come back quickly
and do the same thing again, as if afraid another bird might get
something. Sometimes he kept this up for an hour or more. Even after all
the peanuts were moved to his tree, he would bluster around at the other
feeding places and try to drive those peaceable birds away.

The dearest of all my winter birds were some that came singing in all
sorts of weather. I called them my little minstrels.

“Chicaday, chicaday, chicaday-day-day-day,” was their song. Somebody has
named them chickadees, and the name just fits. If you should see a
little gray bird with a black cap and bib, who comes singing that song,
you may know that you have seen a chickadee.

The chickadees were not at all particular what they ate. They sang just
as cheerily when they had only breadcrumbs as they did when they found
suet and peanuts and sunflower seeds. They never wasted their food. If
any fell to the ground they picked it up. They were the politest of
birds and, like the downy and the hairy, they worked at the trees most
of the time.

These winter birds are some of nature’s best house-cleaners. They work
all through the cold and stormy season when the other birds are away in
their sunny winter homes. Should we not remember to give them a treat
once in a while, and so brighten the cold days with good cheer?

From the very first, I heard many bird voices coming from the ravine. So
one morning I took a walk out that way. Scattered all along were tall
sunflowers, now gone to seed. Foraging on some were the noisy bluejays,
on others the dear happy chickadees. The trees were bare, so that I
could see as well as hear the birds. Woodpeckers were tapping, pecking,
delving. All along I heard this pleasing, friendly music, as if the
birds were following me. So pleasant was my walk that I did not realize
how far I was going until I was at the end of the city, where the
country begins.

    [Illustration: THE DEAR HAPPY CHICKADEE]

A good way off were some widely scattered houses. On a tall pole near
the first house was a very large bird house. As I drew nearer, three
small bird houses came in sight.

I made up my mind to get acquainted with the people in that home. A
pleasant lady opened the door and invited me in.

“Who put up those bird houses?” I asked, the first thing.

“That’s my boy,” said the lady. “He just loves to tinker with his
tools.” She pointed with pride to a clock shelf which she said he had
made for her birthday.

“And he made that big bird house, too?” I asked.

“He made every one,” answered the lady, “and he is making more. He is
learning it in the manual training school.”

I told her I wanted to make some bird houses, but didn’t know just how
to go about it.

Then she led me into a tiny room off the kitchen. There by the window
stood an old dry goods box that had been fitted up as a work bench, with
a vise and a rack for small tools. Larger tools were hanging on the
wall. On some shelves were wooden boxes and boards. On the work bench
lay a bird house. I picked it up and looked at it.

“He says that’s to be for wrens,” explained the lady. From a chest she
produced another bird house which she said was for bluebirds.

“He makes them out of these boxes that he gets from our grocer,” she
added, “and I save the starch boxes for him.”

The lady had much to do, so I made ready to go. But she went on talking:

“At first, I couldn’t bear to give up this little storeroom. But since I
have seen how happy it makes Laddie to have this little ‘shop,’ as he
calls it, I am glad I gave in to him. Would you believe it: from the
time he begins to work with these tools until he lays them down again he
whistles and sings like a bird himself! I think anything that makes a
boy so contented must be good for him.”

The lady then went about her work, telling me not to hurry. So I stayed
to take some measurements of the bird houses. Both were made so that
they could be opened in front.

“He makes them that way so they can be easily cleaned,” explained the
lady.

On the way home I stopped at our grocer’s and got some small wooden
boxes. Two were yeast foam boxes, and one was a cocoa box. I, too, had
learned in manual training school how to use simple tools, so I bought
also a saw, plane, shaving knife, brace and set of bits, and a small
vise. Then out of an old sewing machine stand I made a work bench, and a
light corner of the basement became my “shop.” I made those yeast foam
boxes into wren houses, and out of the cocoa box I made a bluebird
house. The boy’s mother had told me that his manual training teacher was
a lady, and that she was “just as good as a man,” so I felt quite proud
of my new fancy work.

The house for bluebirds and one for wrens were put up in trees. The
other wren house was mounted on a post above the grape arbor. But it did
not stay there long, for I soon found that a grape arbor is no place for
a bird house. Can you guess why not?

It was while waiting for the wrens and the bluebirds to come that I had
such delightful times with the woodpeckers, the nuthatches and the
chickadees.

    [Illustration: THE SELFISH NUTHATCH]

    [Illustration: CATS BELONG ON THEIR OWN PREMISES]




                                  III
                       REAL TROUBLES IN BIRDLAND


I said that birds were lovely neighbors. So are some other animals. At
my new home I soon became acquainted with a wild rabbit. Two dogs roamed
around in the vacant lots and in the ravine a great deal. Often when I
heard them barking, the next thing I saw would be Bunny, running as fast
as he could toward our place, with the dogs after him. Bunny could glide
through under the garden fence, and that was lucky for him. The dogs
were too big and couldn’t.

I was glad when Bunny came to our place for safety. He liked slices of
apple so well that he would come nearer and nearer to get them, until
finally he ate out of my hand.

    [Illustration: THE BASIN WAS BUNNY’S LOOKING-GLASS]

One hot day while Bunny was in our yard, he saw the birds’ basin, and
went there to drink. He had been accustomed to drink at the brook in the
ravine, where the water always runs, if there is any. But the brook was
dried up at this time of year. The clear, still water in the basin was a
new thing to Bunny. He took a long look at it. Seeing himself pictured
in the water was another new thing to him, and he looked again and
again. Evidently he thought himself quite handsome, for even after it
rained and the brook filled up again, he still kept coming. The basin
was his looking-glass.

I am sorry for what I have to tell about some other animals. One day our
neighbor’s cat lay crouching near the tree under which the chickfeed was
scattered. A downy woodpecker was just coming down the tree. Kitty’s
eyes glared. Her teeth chattered. But evidently the downy did not see
her. I scolded Kitty and drove her away. This disturbed the downy, and
he flew away too. But that was better than to let him come down where
Kitty could jump on him. She could easily have done so while he was
reaching over to the ground for a kernel.

After this experience I covered up all the chickfeed beside the tree,
and scattered some in more exposed places, away from any trees and from
bushes. I also laid suet on low branches of trees and tied it on firmly,
and poked some into small holes of old trees, and under the bark.

Soon afterward I saw the same cat again. This time she was on a branch,
eating suet. That set me to thinking: “If the cat can get to the suet in
the tree, she will also be able to get to the bird houses. Some day she
might find some baby birds in there, not yet able to fly.”

I did not take away the suet which the birds liked so well. I got some
tin sheeting and tacked it around the tree. The cat could not climb over
the smooth sheeting.

Imagine my surprise when I saw her up there at the suet again! “How did
she get there?” I wondered to myself. Day after day I watched Kitty
before I found her out.

One morning, who should go climbing up that tree but a red squirrel?
When he reached the tin, he looked around and made a loud chatter.
Seeing no one, he took one big jump over the sheeting and went to the
suet. After tasting it, he wiped his mouth on the bark as if he did not
like it. Then he went over to the bluebird house. The entrance to this
little house had been nicked by somebody with sharp little teeth. Now I
found out who that somebody was. This squirrel was even now nibbling at
the entrance, trying to make it still bigger. At the wren house somebody
had broken off the little porch, which was probably the squirrel’s doing
also.

I wondered what I should do to keep this squirrel from spoiling my bird
houses. Some more tin sheeting, I thought, would fix it so he could not
jump over. I put another sheet just above the first one. That made the
tin protection thirty-six inches deep. When the squirrel came the next
time, he climbed as far as he could, then looked up at the tin. That was
too high a jump. He turned, jumped to the ground, and scampered away.

The pilfering red squirrel is not to be confounded with the genial gray
squirrel of our parks, who loves to take peanuts out of our hands.

I still wondered how Kitty had made her way to the suet, with the tin
around that tree. Surely she could not jump over the tin! As a jumper
the squirrel can beat Kitty any time. One day I heard a scratching
noise. Kitty was sharpening her claws on the bark of the next tree.
Every little while she climbed a few steps up that tree; then sharpened
her claws again. There was nothing in that tree that she could harm, so
I let her go on. She walked along on one of the branches, and jumped
across to a branch on the other tree, the one that held the bluebird
house, and smelled around there. It was early spring. There were no
young birds in the house yet; so I let her go on, just to see what she
would do. Some English sparrows had started to nest in the little house.
Kitty pulled out grasses and feathers, and spoiled the nest.

Now just think how wise she was to plan that all out so nicely! And all
she gets for it is scolding! Why should we blame Kitty for liking birds?
We like our chicken dinners. We praise Kitty when she catches a mouse or
a rat. Some people even entice her to catch English sparrows. How can
she know it is good to clean out a mouse nest and naughty to clean out a
bird nest?

Two things can be done to lessen the loss of birds by cats. First, to
safeguard in every possible way every bird house, feeding place, and
bath. Second, to compel the owners of cats to keep them on their own
premises, and to lock them up nights. It is at night, when there is no
one to interfere, that cats do the most damage to birds.

I knew that if Kitty could jump from that tree to the next one, the
squirrel could do it, too; so I put double tin sheeting on that tree
also.

But such a clever cat and such a nimble squirrel would also know how to
climb the grape arbor, I thought; so I took the wren house off the
arbor. This house also had been nibbled and the entrance made much
larger. I concluded that the worst of all places for a bird house is a
grape arbor, a pergola, or a garden arch.

A friend had sent me a beautiful wren house. It was shaped like a small
barrel, and had four rooms. I called it the apartment house.
Fortunately, it was made of such hard wood that no squirrel could bite
through. I had this house put on a tin-sheathed post on the north side
of the house where it would be in shade.

For the bluebirds I put up two new houses. The one that had been up all
winter was so smelly of squirrels and English sparrows that I knew the
dainty bluebirds would not like it. The time was near for the birds to
return from their winter homes. I wanted everything clean and safe for
them.

    [Illustration: THE GENIAL GRAY SQUIRREL]

    [Illustration: THE RETURN OF THE BLUEBIRD]




                                   IV
                        THE BLUEBIRDS’ BUNGALOW


I love the springtime because it brings my birds back from their winter
homes.

One cold March day I saw something blue flash across the sky.

“Can that be the bluebird I have been waiting for?” I thought.

It flew into a tree; then alighted on a clothesline post. I could
plainly see the blue on its back and the red on its front. Yes, it was
the bluebird. His song was as beautiful as his plumage, but in a minor
tone:

                         “De-_ary!    De-_ary!”

Next he flew to the top of the wren house, tripped along the roof,
leaned over and looked at the little porches. Then he went down on one
of them and looked into the room. That was as far as he could go. The
entrances to these apartments had been made for the tiny wrens and not
for bluebirds. When he saw the bluebird house in the tree, he flew to a
branch just in front of it and looked at it a while. Then he flew back
to the wren house and tried that again; he liked it so well, he couldn’t
bear to give it up.

After a week or so another bird came, of much paler hue, but with the
reddish breast. The song of my bluebird now became long and pleading:
“Deary! dear, dear, deary!” But it still remained subdued and minor.
Together he and his newly arrived companion visited the bird houses, so
I concluded that they were mates. They could hardly make up their minds
which house to take, so pleased were they with all of them. Mrs.
Bluebird tried the wren house, too. But when she saw she could not get
inside she did not go there any more.

My prettiest bluebird house was on our hammock post, well shaded by our
biggest tree. I had read somewhere that bluebirds like to have one house
for spring and another for summer. So this house was made with two
rooms, one above the other. I thought the bluebirds would surely like
this double house better than the single one, for they went inside it
many times, and always stayed there long.

The other house, which was mounted on a young maple, was not nearly so
pretty. It was made out of cigar boxes and I had forgotten to take off
the labels. After the bluebirds had visited it I did not dare touch it
because, if their houses are interfered with, birds are liable to go
away. Both the maple and the hammock post were well protected with tin
sheeting.

One day Mrs. Bluebird fetched some grasses in her bill. To my great joy
she alighted on the perch in front of the double house. Twice she poised
to fly, but did not. At last she flew—and where do you think she went?
Why, to that ugly little house with the labels on it!

    [Illustration: SOMETIMES SHE WAS JUST GLIDING THROUGH THE ENTRANCE
    AS HE ALIGHTED ON THE HOUSETOP WITH A CHOICE MORSEL FOR HER]

While she was in the house, Mr. Bluebird alighted on the porch, looked
in, and sang a little song. Mrs. Bluebird flew out past him and almost
brushed him off. Then he went inside, and just as Mrs. Bluebird returned
with some more grasses he came out with a chip in his bill. Some chips
had fallen inside when I made the entrance, and he did not like that.
The little house must be clean, since Mrs. Bluebird was going to make
her nest in it. Sometimes he brought a grass or two; she brought whole
wads of grasses. But he made up in attentions to her. Wherever she might
be working, he perched near by, on a fence post or a low branch, and
kept his eyes on her. As she went from place to place to find the right
kind of grasses, or to the little house to throw them in, he always
followed her. Sometimes she was just gliding through the entrance with a
load as he alighted on the housetop with a choice morsel for her to eat.

One day our neighbor’s cat was hiding behind an evergreen near where
Mrs. Bluebird was hunting grasses. Mr. Bluebird’s bright eyes saw her
just in time.

“Dear-dear-dear!” he cried, quickly and jerkily.

Mrs. Bluebird knew that that meant, “Danger! Fly quick!!” Up she flew,
and away.

The cat jumped high and almost caught her.

After that I chased the cat away every time I saw her. There certainly
should be a law to make people keep their cats at home.

When Mrs. Bluebird had her house all furnished she stayed at home about
two weeks and took a good rest. Mr. Bluebird continued to bring her
meals and to entertain her. When he was not hunting bugs and worms, or
chasing English sparrows, he was sure to be somewhere near home, singing
his sweetest songs.

When Mrs. Bluebird was able to be out again she and Mr. Bluebird were
busier than ever. Both were carrying food to the little house. I knew
then that they had babies in there, so I called him Father, and her
Mother.

    [Illustration: BLUEBIRD BABIES TO FEED AND CARE FOR]

The bluebirds caught some of their food in the air, but a good deal of
it they picked up in my garden. I had some low stakes there expressly
for them. They perched on these and on the bean-poles, and from there
pounced on many a luckless worm or bug that their sharp eyes espied. I
am sure the bluebirds are great helpers in a garden.

After two busy weeks of baby-tending, Father and Mother Bluebird did
just what the little wrens had done. They made the babies come outside
for their food, or go hungry.

I think the first little bird to leave a nest must be very courageous.
The others usually follow close after him. It was so with these
bluebirds. And as they came out, one after another, Mother coaxed them
over to the thornapple bushes. She did it by calling, “Dear dear,” and
flying back and forth between the little house and the bushes.

    [Illustration: THE BLUEBIRDS MOVED INTO THE PRETTY DOUBLE HOUSE]

Some of the baby bluebirds were quite obedient and flew after the
mother. Two liked it so well on a branch in front of their house that
they stayed there a while; then flew to other branches in the same tree.
Father looked after these, and Mother stayed with the other three. What
a chatter they always made when food was brought to them! It seemed as
if each one said: “Come to me! Come to me!”

While Father and Mother Bluebird had those babies to feed and to care
for, they started another housekeeping. This time they moved into the
pretty double house and took the lower story. In the second coming-out
party there were four more little bluebirds.

All through this second housekeeping the English sparrows tried
repeatedly to get into the upper story, and Father Bluebird had to spend
much time chasing them away. In the one-story house he had that much
more time to get food, or to sing.

I did not clean the bungalow house after their first nesting, because I
did not want the bluebirds to nest in it again. After the double house
was vacated, I cleaned both houses, and found that the bluebirds had
used only grasses and a few feathers for their nesting. In each case
they had covered the entire floor with grasses, but the cup-like nest
was back against the rear wall, as far from the entrance as it could
possibly be.

What could this mean but that the bluebird likes a house with depth so
she can bed her young as far back from meddling paws as possible? This
much I learned from examining the deserted bluebird nests.

    [Illustration: RENTED FOR THE SUMMER]




                                   V
                       THE WRENS’ APARTMENT HOUSE


A four-room house which had been sent to me was very much liked by a
pair of wrens. Again their lively, rippling notes filled the air, as
these wrens went from room to room of this “apartment house,” as I
called it. It was three days before they made up their minds which room
they liked best.

Then they brought little twigs and bits of rag, and leaves, and other
things, and poked them into one of the rooms. It was as good as saying,
“We will take this apartment for the summer.”

Some English sparrows wanted that same room. We always shooed them away,
of course, if we could without frightening the other birds. The wrens
jabbered and hissed at the sparrows, and stayed, pecking them and being
pecked by them. There were four sparrows and only the two wrens; so the
poor little wrens finally gave up and went away.

But, try as they would, the sparrows could not get inside of the house.
After a while, they, too, went away. Then the wrens returned. It seemed
as if they had been watching for the chance.

The wrens soon fetched more twigs, some of them several inches long.
They poked them in as far as they would go; then went inside and pulled
them in as well as they could. But some of the longest ones remained
partly outside and so blocked the entrance to any birds except the tiny
wrens.

Again the English sparrows came and, although they couldn’t even get
their heads in now, still they bothered the wrens. They couldn’t have
that room themselves, and they didn’t want anybody else to have it.

With such a mean spirit is it any wonder that nobody likes these birds?
I cannot bear to call them sparrows any more, because so many good birds
go by that name, and are therefore in danger of being disliked. Or, I
wish that all the good sparrows could have a different name, and let the
English sparrow alone keep the name he has dishonored.

The boy has told me that, to keep English sparrows from increasing
around his place, he destroys their eggs wherever he can find them. He
said that one pair of sparrows seemed to blame the bluebirds for it, and
in revenge destroyed the bluebirds’ nest.

We kept up the shooing and handclapping whenever English sparrows
visited the wren house. After a while the wrens began to understand that
we were trying to help them, and went on with their nesting. They put
tiny sticks and twigs into other rooms of their house also,—and now
there was a perfect concert of wren music all the time. Before night two
more entrances were blocked. Some of the twigs that these wrens brought
had such long thorns on them that they would not go inside at all. But
this did not discourage the plucky wrens. They just dropped them to the
ground and fetched others.

The next day another pair of wrens came. It seemed as if wrens had a way
of letting their friends know where some nice apartments could be had. I
was so eager to accommodate as many wrens as would come that I had made
some one-room houses for them. One was mounted in a pear tree; another
under the overhang of the garage roof.

    [Illustration: THE SMALL WREN HOUSE IN THE PEAR TREE]

This last wren pair seemed quite bewildered with so many houses to
choose from, and all of them different. Whenever Mrs. Wren showed
preference for one house, Mr. Wren would go to another one and with his
singing try to coax her there. She was seen oftener about the house
under the garage roof, than the others. Mr. Wren seemed to like the
apartment house best. He was such a jolly little fellow, it is no wonder
he liked to have company. But Mrs. Wren did not care for that at all. A
small cottage was her choice. After making us believe that she liked the
one under the garage roof, she came with a stick about three inches long
and flitted about with it.

Mr. Wren had already put some nesting material into the apartment house.
But hard as he tried, by singing and by soft chatter, which I suppose
was coaxing, and by frequent visits to the apartment house, he could not
win her over. Her mind was made up, and it must be—what? Well, it was
the small house in the pear tree. When Mr. Wren saw that he couldn’t
have his way, why, of course, that small house became his choice too.

Each of these pairs of wrens raised some babies. But with all their work
and family cares, and the English sparrows to bother them at times, they
were always a happy company. They could sing just as beautifully when
carrying twigs or worms or bugs as at any other time. Their happy music
made a continuous open-air concert. And their manners, whether at work
or at play, were so entertaining that I could not bear to take my eyes
off them.

This went on through late April and part of May. One morning the wrens
were all excited. Two of their little ones were on the ground. Our kitty
had been tethered to a hitching weight; but now, fearing one of the
little wrens might fly near her, I locked her up. The parents were
coaxing their little birds over toward the vacant lot where the
thornapple bushes are. These bushes start even with the ground and are
so dense, and have such long, sharp needles, that a cat would get her
eyes scratched out if she tried to go in. I shall always plant
thornapple bushes wherever I may live, especially for the protection of
young birds. And I shall plant several close together, so as to make a
dense thicket. These bushes will provide food for birds, as well as
protection.

The way these wrens coaxed their little ones to follow was very clever.
They would go near them; then walk away trailing their wings. This made
a soft, rustling, coaxing sound. But it was over an hour before they
succeeded in getting the little ones where they wanted them. They had to
come back to them again and again and keep up the coaxing. I was glad
when they finally had them safe under those thorny branches, where I
could not see them any more for the leaves.

By this time two more young were ready to leave the house. One was
already on the little porch, the other peered out of the entrance. These
were wiser than the first two. Instead of going to the ground, one flew
to the kitchen roof which was near and almost even with the wren house.
It was a flat roof covered with gravel. Pretty soon the second baby also
flew to the roof.

It must indeed be a wonderful event in the life of a bird when first he
steps out of the crowded little home and looks around him at the big
outdoors. Then what courage it must take to venture on his wings! He has
fluttered them a few times over the nest, of course, but that is not to
be compared with just bouncing out into the air and trusting to his
wings to bear him up.

The two stayed on the kitchen roof all the rest of the day. I put a
potted plant out there for them to perch on. In the morning one of the
baby wrens perched for a little while on a window sill, but Father Wren
coaxed him back to the roof. I put several more plants out on the roof
in order that the fledglings might exercise their wings and strengthen
them for the long flight they would have to make to the nearest tree.
After a while they did fly from plant to plant. In this way they spent
the rest of the day and they liked it so well that they stayed another
day, and perhaps longer.

I was absent from home a few days. On my return the apartment house was
empty of baby birds; so also was the small house in the pear tree. The
wrens were pulling out the feathers and grasses of the first nestings,
and getting ready to nest again. One pair had already begun nesting in
an unoccupied apartment. Can anyone imagine the hustle and bustle of
those busy wrens, cleaning house and nesting at the same time, and the
joy with which they did it?

The one-room house in the pear tree was so made that the front could be
raised after turning a small screw-eye on the side. This made cleaning
it easy.

Now, aside from furnishing their rooms all over again, these wrens had
their babies to care for. But they seemed the happier the more work they
had to do. They were just bubbling over with happiness all the time; and
they made everyone about them happy, too.

I should think everybody would put out wren houses and get these jolly
little fellows to live near them. Wrens are not particular whether they
live on a porch, in a city yard, or on a farm. They are just as happy in
one place as another, as long as they have a safe little home; and they
will rid a place of bugs and flies and other unpleasant things.

So cheery was that summer with those wrens around me, that I hope always
to have them as my neighbors.

    [Illustration: A BABY WREN ON THE WINDOW SILL]

    [Illustration: BLUEBIRDS ARE GREAT HELPERS IN A GARDEN (_See page 33
    _)]




                                   VI
                                THE BOY


One day in early April I was in the ravine getting hepaticas. Before I
knew it I was near the boy’s house again. His mother called to me from
her garden.

“The boy is at home now,” she said; “maybe you would like to see him at
work.”

I thanked her, and went with her to the little shop. There beside his
work bench stood a boy about twelve or thirteen years old. He was
painting the wren house a dark green. The bluebird house was finished,
ready to put up.

I told him I had put up my bird houses long ago, and that the bluebirds
had been house hunting for some weeks. He said that there were so many
English sparrows around his place that he feared they would nest in his
houses if he put them out early. But he had just learned of a way to
keep the sparrows from nesting in bluebird houses. He said his manual
training teacher had advised him to mount his houses for wrens and
bluebirds only about eight feet from the ground, since the English
sparrows seldom nest lower than ten feet from the ground, and will not
be likely to take a house that is lower.

The boy put up the bluebird house while I was there, on a young maple
that afforded plenty of shade. His bluebirds were house hunting too, and
visited the house right away.

I told him about the tin sheeting to keep cats and squirrels down. He
said he had been using tangle-foot, the sticky stuff that is sometimes
put on trees to keep bugs down. But he said that cats and squirrels
didn’t mind climbing over it, and he was going to try the tin.

I fear that the boy was not wise in delaying so long to put up his bird
houses. When I saw him again, in mid-April, he said that one pair of
bluebirds had nested in a house that he had intended for chickadees;
that another pair were in an old hollow tree; and that a pair of wrens
were visiting the new bluebird house.

Two of his other houses were for woodpeckers, and a beautiful new one
for purple martins already had some tenants.

“It is two years now that the first martin house has been up, and yet I
have never had any martins to stay!” said the boy. “They would come, go
into the house and twitter, and then fly away.”

He began talking again about his manual training teacher: how she called
one day, and told him that the martin house was mounted too low, and too
near trees; that martins want to be fifty feet away from a tree or
building, and sixteen feet up from the ground; also, that it pleases
martins to have openings near the ceiling of their rooms so they can
have a change of air.

I remarked that this ventilation would make their rooms more
comfortable.

“Yes,” said the boy; “and this new martin house is made according to
teacher’s directions.”

As we stood there, martins were flying about, twittering, singing,
perching on the telephone wires near by and on the roof and the porches
of their house. The pole had hinges so that the house could be brought
down and cleaned, when necessary, or closed.

One lovely June day found me again at the boy’s home. I remarked the
large number of young robins on the lawn.

“The young have just left their nests in that tree,” answered the boy,
pointing into a big cherry tree. “Robins have nested in that tree every
year since I can remember.”

I guessed that perhaps the cherries were the attraction.

“Well,” he said, “we think birds earn all the cherries they eat; we
never pick those on the top branches at all, but leave them for the
birds.”

During that visit the boy showed me several bird homes. First he
apologized for doing it. “Every bird home is a secret between mother and
me,” he said; then added, “but I know I can trust you.”

One of these little homes belonged to bluebirds. The others belonged to
the flicker, the wood thrush, and the killdeer.

We walked slowly and talked low, as we went from one place to another.
Loud talk and running frighten birds. And to go very near to a bird nest
is harmful because, every time the mother is frightened away, the eggs
or young are liable to get chilled if the weather is cool. If hot, and
the nest is exposed to the sun, the eggs or young are liable to get
overheated.

The boy told me of a marsh hawk’s nest which a gentleman came to
photograph. He said that this gentleman brought a lad along to hold his
hat over the young to shield them from the sun, during the mother’s
absence. The two were there only about ten minutes. But evidently that
boy told other boys; for soon the nest was being visited at all times of
day. At every visit, the mother flew away, and in a few days all the
young were dead.

I remarked that photographing nests should be done with the greatest
care; that if any screening foliage was pushed aside, it should be
replaced, and the nest left just as the mother bird had planned it. It
is indeed fortunate that bird photography is so difficult that only few
people attempt it. Exposing a nest to the camera is very apt to result
in disaster unless it is done by one who has the highest interests of
birds at heart.

The flickers had their home in a stump of a tree. The entrance was so
low I had to stoop in order to look in; but the nest was down deep, out
of sight. Whenever Father or Mother Flicker came with food they called
softly, “Ye quit! ye quit!” Then the babies could be heard making a
hissing sound. Sometimes when the parents were gone longer than usual, a
baby flicker could be seen taking a peep at the outside world.

    [Illustration: BABY FLICKER PEEPS AT THE OUTSIDE WORLD]

One day during the previous spring while walking along the ravine I had
seen three of these large brown birds, and had learned their name from
hearing them sing, “Flicka flicka flicka.” It is easy to get acquainted
with birds who are named after their song. One of these birds on that
spring day was constantly spreading his wings and his tail before the
others, as if he wanted to show the beautiful yellow feathers
underneath. Because of these yellow feathers the flicker is also called
golden-winged woodpecker. Nearly all birds have a scolding word. When
the flicker wants to scold he says, “Queer,” as plainly as a person can
say it.

Of course, we never went near enough to any bird’s nest to frighten the
brooding birds, nor did we stay long enough to keep the parents from
feeding their young. We always found a convenient place fifty feet or
more away, and through our field glasses watched the birds without
annoying them.

I had long known the wood thrush by his yodeling song. It usually came
out of the thickets and tangles in the ravine back of our place, so the
singer could not easily be seen. At sunrise and sunset, the music of the
thrushes, singing and answering one another, was like bells calling to
prayer. From early May until mid-July I always wanted to be out mornings
and evenings to attend the matins and the vespers of the wood thrushes.

Mrs. Wood Thrush tried hard to hide her nest; it was completely
surrounded by thornbushes. “Wit-a-wit-a-wit,” said her mate as we went
near; then he came out of his hiding place. He had a brown back and a
white and brown speckled front just like Mrs. Wood Thrush, who sat
serene on her nest all this time. She was trusting in something to
protect her fully; whether it was her brave companion, or those bushes
bristling with thorns that surrounded her nest, I do not know. Maybe she
thought we didn’t see her at all. We pretended not to see her.

    [Illustration: MRS. WOOD THRUSH ON HER NEST]

Always, when I find a nest, I turn away and try to keep the birds from
knowing they have been discovered. I look out of the corners of my eyes,
and go away humming a tune. After a while I return and walk near by,
again singing the same tune. I do this as many times as I can during a
day or two. Before long the birds seem to know that the person who comes
singing that tune has never harmed them. They remain quiet when I am
near, and this affords opportunity to observe them more closely.

Some bluejays were flitting about. Bluejays are everywhere, and at all
times of the year. The bluejay is that big blue and white bird with
handsome crest. In early spring he sings some pleasing notes, but in
autumn and winter he is just noisy. Now he was very still. I could just
see Mrs. Bluejay’s head between two branches of a poplar tree. She had a
nest there, for there were tell-tale twigs hanging over on both sides.
Mr. Bluejay did not want anybody to find her, nor the nest. This was why
he kept so still.

The boy had scattered some peanuts on a bald spot in the yard. I asked
why he did this during the summer time.

“It keeps the chickadees and woodpeckers coming here all summer,” said
he.

As we sat there a bluejay came for a peanut and went under a tree with
it. There he punched a hole in the ground with his bill and poked in the
nut. Then he went to a currant bush and got a leaf. Returning to the
spot where he had buried the peanut, he patted the leaf neatly over it.

A brown and white bird about as big as a robin flew overhead singing,
“Killdeer killdeer” as loud and as fast as he could.

    [Illustration: A KILLDEER’S NEST IN A POTATO FIELD]

“There goes a killdeer,” said the boy.

So the killdeer is another bird that is named after his song! How easy
it would be to know birds if all were named after their song, like the
chickadees and the killdeers and the flickers, or after their colors,
like the bluebirds, or after their actions, like the woodpeckers!

The boy’s father had found a killdeer’s nest in a potato field when he
was plowing. We went to see that, too. It was in a patch of ground
overgrown with weeds because the man had kindly plowed around it. Mother
Killdeer sat dutifully on the nest while Father Killdeer guarded the
premises and told us by his various shrieks and somersaults that he
wished we would not go near enough to disturb her.

On the farm that day I saw the golden-throated meadowlark. He is another
yodeler. His favorite tune is:

                        “Le-_o-    ^lee-o-_loo”

His songs ring so clear and flute-like that I can hear him away over at
our place. He is a brown bob-tailed bird. Over a beautiful yellow front
he has a black band, pointing down in the middle, V-shaped. A large
company of these birds were in the meadow, happy as larks; so they are
well named meadowlarks.

But think of a dear little bird and such a sweet singer as the song
sparrow, bearing the same name as the odious English sparrow! It seems
unjust, and in this the boy agreed with me. We got to talking about the
song sparrow because one was on a fence post near by, singing over and
over this lively ditty:

    “Twee twee twee^/^twe-e^\twe-e\_\_jeje^je^je^jeje_jeje^je jay.”

    [Illustration: THE BLUEBIRDS IN THEIR PRIMITIVE HOME]

The bluebirds’ home that the boy had mentioned at the beginning of my
visit was in a hole of an apple tree. By standing on tiptoe I could look
in and see four light-blue eggs lying on a nest of grasses that looked
like a cunning little basket. It was a hot day, too hot for Mother
Bluebird to stay in that hollow tree all the time. She was out playing
tag with Mr. Bluebird. Perhaps she thought the hot air would keep her
eggs warm. After she went in again he visited her often with food.
Before going after more he usually perched on a little knob just above
the entrance and sang. Sometimes she came out on the ledge to listen. It
was a winsome sight to see the bluebirds in their primitive home.

This was the bluebirds’ second nesting on the farm. Their first one had
been destroyed by the English sparrows. The boy said he had tried in
every way to help the bluebirds, and that, whenever he saw any sparrows
near, he gave a sharp whistle—his confidential whistle, he called it—and
that Mrs. Bluebird got so she understood what it meant; that as soon as
she heard it she would come up on the ledge and call, “Dear, dear-dear.”
Immediately Mr. Bluebird would appear and drive the intruders away.

These bluebirds were also annoyed by a red squirrel who climbed the
trees in the orchard and peered into the nest holes. Mr. Bluebird dashed
for him whenever he saw him, especially if he found him near the home
tree. Sometimes both the bluebirds chased the red squirrel, who would
run off barking like a little dog.

The boy had seen how I put out strings and cotton and chicken feathers,
for the birds’ nestings, and he had fixed up a “store”—as he called
it—on a tree, where they could “buy without money.” Every little while a
goldfinch came and got some string. Always on coming he sang out,
“Perchikatee,” as if to say, “By your leave.” Downy woodpeckers,
chickadees, and nuthatches were there at this time of the year, although
ordinarily they are seen only in winter and early spring.

    [Illustration: EVERY LITTLE WHILE A GOLDFINCH CAME TO THE “STORE”
    TREE AND GOT SOME STRING]

The boy said it was the ravine, with its trees and thickets and tangles,
that attracted so many birds. He was always praising that ravine. He
thought so much of it that he had asked the neighbors not to throw
rubbish down there, and not to disturb the underbrush, which shelters so
many birds. He had also asked them please to keep their cats indoors at
night, because so many birds had nests and helpless little ones on the
ground, or in low bushes.

“Mother put me up to that,” he said; and added, “we are trying to keep
that ravine as a sanctuary for birds, where they and their little ones
can be safe.”

Another thing that attracted birds to that place was a mulberry tree.
Though only two years old, it was bearing fruit and was visited by
robins, orioles, thrashers, and redheaded woodpeckers.

The boy had so many kinds of birds never seen near our place that I
began to wish I, too, could live on a farm and have so many more of
these charming neighbors.

A storm came up. Soon the shallow places in a cornfield near by were
turned into puddles. The baby martins that had been lounging on the
porch went inside. The old ones came flying home in a hurry. We went to
the garden house, which the boy had fitted up as a workshop because he
didn’t like to deprive his mother any longer of her little storeroom.
When it stopped raining the sun came out and the clean earth fairly
glistened. A flock of robins came to hunt for worms in the drenched
field. Some bathed in the puddles. It was amusing to watch them chase
one away if he stayed in long.

As we were enjoying the robins, the boy’s mother called out: “Come here,
you bird people, and see what has happened.” She took us to the living
room and told us to listen at the chimney. A rasping twitter came from
within.

“It must be those chimney swallows,” guessed the boy.

He stepped upon a chair and took off the chimney cap. There, scrambling
around in soot, were some black looking birds.

“One, two, three, four,” he counted, as he reached in and handed them
out on a newspaper.

Three were young birds, and one was an adult bird with long wings. Their
nest was also there. The heavy rain had loosened it and made it fall.

The little ones screeched in chorus, and tried constantly to get hold of
something with their claws. The older bird gave no sound at all. She
seemed to be hurt. We called her the mother.

The lady looked at their little nest. Then she went and fetched a
basket, and, as soon as the birds were removed to it, they began to
clamber up the sides. When they got to the top, where they could hang at
full length, they stopped their screeching. Only now and then they still
gave a rasping sound. Perhaps they were hungry, and scolded because
nobody brought them any food. Some crossed over the rim of the basket
and tried the other side.

I stayed there the rest of the afternoon. Every ten or fifteen minutes
the little birds gave a call, like, “Gitse gitse.” Thinking that they
must be almost choked with the soot, I tried to give them water, but
they would not open their bills. I forced them open with a manicure
stick, and gave them a drop at a time. They swallowed it when it was
dropped far down in their throats; otherwise they would jerk their heads
and throw it out.

I also moistened a cracker with some egg yolk, and mixed into it about
fifty flies out of the flytrap; then tried to feed the birds with the
little stick. By prying up their upper mandible I got some flies down
each bird’s throat. The lower mandible was very soft and would not bear
handling.

    [Illustration: THE CHIMNEY SWIFTS’ TEMPORARY HOME]

I became so attached to these birds, I hated to leave them, but the time
came for me to go home. The boy and his mother seemed distressed at the
prospect of having birds as boarders. There was canning to do, besides
cooking for extra farm hands; and Laddie had to help his father with the
haying,—so his mother said.

I offered to take the birds and do the best I could with them, if the
lad was willing. He was; so I took the birds and the nest with me in the
little basket, which was their temporary home.

    [Illustration: THE FLICKER IS ALSO CALLED GOLDEN-WINGED WOODPECKER]

    [Illustration: CHIMNEY SWIFTS’ NEST]




                                  VII
                           THE CHIMNEY SWIFTS


The correct name of these birds whose home life was so rudely broken up
is chimney swift. According to the bird books, they have been known to
fly a thousand miles in a day, and they live in chimneys. Could any name
fit them better? Chimney swifts are sometimes called swallows, probably
because they resemble them somewhat, and twitter like swallows. But they
are not swallows at all.

I thought if the birds could have their nest near them, it would seem
more like home to them. It was a tiny nest, a bracket made of twigs
which were woven together basket fashion and tightly glued. I have
preserved it as an art treasure. On each side is a flat, gluey
extension. Wetting this extension made it sticky; but it would not stick
to the rough surface of the small basket. I laid it on the smooth
surface inside a peach basket and put weights on it. When it became dry,
the nest was stuck fast.

    [Illustration: ONE OF THESE SWIFT BABIES WAS PUT TO REST IN THE
    NEST, BUT HE DID NOT STAY THERE LONG]

Then I transferred the swifts from the small basket, which had been
their temporary home, to the peach basket. They perched around the nest.
One of these babies was put to rest in the nest, but he did not stay
there long. They all clambered up to the edge and from time to time they
changed places, sometimes crossing over the edge of the basket from one
side to the other.

It was fortunate that this happened during my vacation, because the care
of a baby bird demands much time. He has to be fed regularly and often.
Having several birds to feed is about enough to take up all one’s time.

If they only had opened their bills when they were hungry, it would have
been much easier to feed these swifts. Their very short but wide bills
had to be pried open every time and the food poked down their throats. I
tried to feed them every fifteen or twenty minutes. It took so long to
feed each one, that usually, by the time I had finished with number
four, it was necessary to begin feeding number one again.

The food I gave them was bread soaked in warm milk, with plenty of flies
mixed in. For a change I mixed the bread with a raw yolk. I gave them
warm water occasionally. It seemed to me they needed it after having
come through that mass of soot.

At the end of the first day the young were as chipper and bright as any
young birds. Instead of screeching they began to twitter, “Gitse gitse.”
The mother was very still. She did not seem to care for her babies at
all, and did not go near to keep them warm. She just hung in the one
position. Several times she tried to fly, but she could only fly a few
feet; then she fell to the floor.

During the second day the young seemed to be doing well. They preened
themselves, and their blackish breasts were changed to gray. It was a
cool day, and I set the basket where the sun would shine on the birds.
They fluffed their feathers as if they enjoyed the warmth. Once in a
while one tried to fly, but he always fluttered to the ground and had to
be brought back. The mother tried her wings again and again. She got so
she could fly a little farther at every attempt, before she went to the
ground. At about five o’clock she flew far enough to get out of sight.

All the next day I kept the peach basket with these swifts in it
outdoors, hoping the mother would return and feed them. But she did not
return.

On the following day these birds began to look feeble. I went to the
telephone and called up a gentleman[1] who is an authority on birds, and
asked him what I should do. He said the main thing was to keep the birds
evenly warm; that more young birds die from chill than from hunger. To
revive them he said I should put a few drops of whiskey in a glass of
water and give them each a few drops; then I should try to get them some
gnats, or a grub from the garden, mince it well, and feed it to them.
Flies, he said, had not much nourishment in them.

On returning I found that two of the little birds had died. I determined
to try hard to save the remaining one. It was impossible to get whiskey
because I live in a temperance town. I gave the little bird a weak
solution of baking soda because he had a big lump in his craw. Then I
wrapped him in a silken scarf, and warmed him beside the cook stove as I
have seen baby chicks revived when they have been chilled by a sudden
rain. The lump disappeared. He brightened up. I could find no grubs; but
a few grasshoppers, some ant larvæ, and several juicy green cabbage
worms were food enough for the rest of that day. I kept the bird in his
wrappings all day, but fixed it so he could clamber on to the basket. At
night I put him away warm and snug, and seemingly happy. The first sound
I heard the next morning was “Gitse gitse.”

The little bird was ready for a meal. From an ant hill near by I got
more ant larvæ, something which all young birds like. For the first time
now he swallowed food just as soon as it got inside his bill. Up to this
time he had jerked it out unless it was poked down. But he still refused
to open his bill.

He did not care for the nest and never would stay on it. So I fixed him
again in the little basket where he would be more snug. I had lined it
with cotton batting and woolen cloth so his breast would be against a
soft, warm surface. I also kept him at an even temperature, and fed him
regularly. The little basket was on my work table. He seemed to enjoy
being near me and being talked to. Sometimes he flew over on my
shoulder. I fed him more cabbage worms and grasshoppers, and also gave
him water occasionally.

I could not forgive myself to think I hadn’t asked for advice sooner. I
felt sure that, had I done so the first day I took charge of these
birds, and then followed instructions, the two would not have died.

Again at the close of the day Baby Swift was put away in his warm
wrappings. In the morning I did not hear the usual, “Gitse gitse.” Baby
Swift had gone to the bird heaven.

It had been a big undertaking to adopt those homeless birds; but I am
glad for several reasons that I did it.

_First_, I am glad that I helped them in their trouble.

_Second_, I am glad I relieved the boy and his busy mother of caring for
them.

_Third_, I am glad because I have since read in the bird books that the
chimney swift is a very useful bird; that he feeds wholly on troublesome
insects.

_Fourth_, I am glad because it gave me opportunity to get acquainted
with one more bird. I consider that something worth while.

    [Illustration: A ROBIN’S NEST]




                                  VIII
                         BIRDS NOT OF A FEATHER


One day, on looking up into a tree in the vacant lot, what should I see
there? A mother robin just dropping a worm into her baby’s open beak.

The nest was right in the crotch where the trunk forks into two main
branches. So many robins’ nests are blown off the branches by the wind,
or washed off by heavy rains, that I was glad to see this nest firmly
saddled on that strong trunk. But a second thought told me that it was
easy for cats and squirrels to get at, so I studied how to make it safe.

All the tin sheeting had been used up; but I knew where there was some
old stove pipe. A kind neighbor ripped it open. One piece was not wide
enough to go around the tree, so I had to use two. Mrs. Cotton, who had
again become my neighbor, having built a bungalow on one of the vacant
lots, came to help me. She said it wasn’t good for the tree to drive
nails into it, and fetched some wire. Meanwhile, I got the stepladder;
for the sheeting must be high enough so that cats and squirrels cannot
jump from the ground to the trunk above it. We used only two small
nails, to keep the wires from slipping.

Of course, the robins scolded while we were doing this. They never liked
to have anybody near their tree.

After a week the young ones were sitting on the edge of the nest. I knew
then that they would soon leave it, and I began to keep a close watch on
them, and on the cats of the neighborhood.

If all cats belonged to people, and had to be kept on their own
premises, little birds would be much safer. As it is, cats may roam
wherever they please. They can crouch in tall grasses, flower beds,
shrubs, and other places, ready to pounce on any bird that comes near
enough. Homeless cats who have to hunt their living are the greatest
menace to birds, especially to young birds who are not yet wise to the
dangers that surround them. Now who is to blame? Surely not the cats.
Instead of continually berating the cats, let the friends of birds
secure laws to license cats, to compel people to keep their cats on
their own premises, to punish people for putting cats astray, and to put
homeless cats out of their misery.

One June day, while walking along the ravine, I saw three robins on the
ground. I went to the tree to see if the young had all left the nest,
and found that one was still there. He looked down, as if he would like
to go to join his brothers; but he seemed to be afraid to leave the safe
little home. The parents brought food to him and also to those on the
ground. Whenever the parents went to the one on the nest, they urged him
to come over to some of the near branches; but he stayed on the nest as
if glued to it. Finally, one of the parents got behind him and just
politely pushed him off. He spread his wings to fly, but fluttered to
the ground. Instead of continuing my walk that morning I stayed with the
robins. About a hundred feet away I could see them well with my field
glasses. My neighbor, Mrs. Cotton, was just as much interested in these
birds as I was. They could not fly well yet. Between us we saw to it
that no harm befell them that day.

Towards evening the robins also sought the protection of those bristly
thornapple bushes. One by one they coaxed the young in that direction.

During that night a great storm came up of lightning and thunder and
rain. I was sorry for the young robins, but had no doubt that their
parents shielded them. I have seen a mother bird sit faithfully on the
nest when the rain was pelting her mercilessly. Mother love knows no
discomforts.

I think all birds enjoy a good shower; they always sing joyously as soon
as it clears again, and sometimes while it is still raining. Some also
enjoy a shower bath. Sometimes they finish it with a ducking in the
basin. Those that do not care for the shower usually know where to find
a comfortable place during a heavy downpour. On such occasions, I have
seen them take refuge in trees, close to the trunk where it is steady
and where the foliage is dense over them. And I have seen them go for
shelter under rail fences, such as there are in the country, where the
rails are broad enough to protect a little bird. I have also seen birds
come out from under a corn-crib after a rain, so I presume they had gone
under it for shelter.

After the robins had left their nest I took the sheeting off the tree.
It is said that the bark of a tree is its lungs through which it
breathes. I want all the trees around me to breathe deeply of the
precious air, so I try always to save the bark. It is much easier to
take off the wires than it is to take nails out of a tree. Already some
insects had made nests and cocoons under this sheeting.

My way of getting acquainted with birds was by keeping a notebook. In it
I wrote everything I saw any bird do: what he ate, how he sang, what he
looked like, where he was generally seen, etc. I always watched a bird
as long as it stayed in sight. When it left I observed its flight and
its shape. Then I looked at the colored pictures in my bird books, to
see if I could find a bird similar to mine. If I did find him, then I
read all about him to see whether that bird ate the kind of food, and
acted, and flew, and sang, in the way my strange bird did. If he did,
then I knew I had made the acquaintance of a new bird.

For instance, I had written about one bird:

“Rather plump, head pointed, bill long. Head and back olive. Front
yellow. Wings dark with white bars. Tail brown with dark marks. Is on
the fence getting strings. Also visits the basin. Never sings. Likes
bread crumbs. Nearly as large as robin.”

Sometimes there came with this bird a beautiful black and orange bird.
In a little pocket guide I found both these birds pictured as mates.
They were the Baltimore orioles. She was the bird I had described in my
notebook. While she was getting strings, her mate was usually up in a
tree somewhere near, singing:

                     “Hee_\ho/hee, hee_\ho ho/hee.”

It was no wonder that the orioles needed so many strings. They made a
baglike nest on the tip end of a branch in Mrs. Cotton’s elm. The wind
used to swing that nest like a hammock. I often thought how nice it must
be for those baby orioles to be rocked by the wind and to have such a
fine musician for their father.

Mrs. Cotton was keeping her cat housed during those days. Moreover, she
threw bread out on her lawn every day for any birds that might want it.
The orioles were among the birds that went there; they preferred graham
or entire wheat bread to white bread.

Other birds that came to my yard were the brown thrasher, the goldfinch,
and the redheaded woodpecker. They had their nests along the ravine.

The redheaded woodpeckers’ home was in a hole of an old tree near the
ravine. Their call was a guttural “Chr-r-r,” which was pleasant to hear.
Near the nest tree was a big stone which they used as a convenient
perch. The woodpecker babies did not have the showy red head and neck of
the parents; theirs were of a rusty color, and the white on their wings
was barred with black. During the summer, Father Woodpecker often
brought the babies to the food station. They could help themselves
pretty well to suet; but the peanuts were a puzzle to them. They just
pecked into the shell and tried to eat that. Usually, before the babies
arrived, the father came and perched on some high point and looked all
around. If all was to his liking, he sounded his rattling tattoo. The
babies always came so promptly that it was evident he had hidden them
somewhere near, probably with orders to await his signal before
venturing farther.

    [Illustration: NEAR THE NEST TREE WAS A BIG STONE WHICH THE
    REDHEADED WOODPECKER USED AS A PERCH]

I think the brown thrasher must have had a large family; he used to tear
off pieces of bread and carry them away from the bird table. Once he
carried off a piece of cheese that kept him trailing near the ground, it
was so heavy. A blackbird followed and tried to take it, but the
thrasher got away from him.

A queer thing about the brown thrasher is his song. It is made up of
real words and sentences, and he sings everything twice or more times.
If you should ever hear a big brown bird, with a long reddish tail and
speckled breast, sing, “Beverly Beverly,” “Peter Peter,” “Tell it to me!
Tell it to me!” “Come here! Come here!” and such things, then you have
heard the brown thrasher. If you will look high enough you can almost
surely see him too, in the top of a high tree. He loves to be seen as
well as heard.

Mrs. Brown Thrasher looked just like her mate. She had hidden her nest
so well that I did not find it until it was empty. It was in a dense
thicket. I knew it was hers because she was still near. “Io-it! io-it!”
she scolded, until I went away. One little baby thrasher was on a branch
of the thicket. The mother was guarding him.

The goldfinches were very late with their housekeeping. In July they
were still gathering strings and cotton for their nesting. They are just
as polite and gentle as the chickadees. Their name fits so well that
anybody who sees these yellow birds, just like canaries with black wings
and tail, ought to know them at once. Their song usually starts with
“Sweet sweet sweet,” and the rest is a regular canary song. They are
sometimes called wild canaries.

    [Illustration: EACH LITTLE GOLDFINCH CALLED AS LOUD AS HE COULD]

The young goldfinches loved to sit on the edge of their nest as soon as
they were old enough. As they sat there they chattered to each other,
“Ze bebe, ze bebe,” and fluttered their wings a great deal. When I found
their nest I was surprised that I hadn’t seen it before; it was low on a
buckeye.

When the young goldfinches left their nest it seemed as if they wanted
to get acquainted with people. They came down on the lowest branches,
and quite near the house. One alighted on the clothesline. Whenever
Father or Mother came with food there was the greatest fluttering of
wings. Each one called, “Ze bebe ze bebe,” as loud as he could, and
opened wide his bill to catch what the parents tossed or squirted out to
him. It was no living, squirming thing, but a pulpy mass.

The young were yellow in front, olive on the back, and they had black
wings with brown and white bars. The black tail was edged with white.

Goldfinches like sunflower seeds. But the main reason why they are so
useful and so well liked is that they eat large quantities of thistle
seeds and dandelion seeds.

When cold weather came the parent goldfinches were no longer so
beautifully yellow, for they had put on their gray autumn coats.

    [Illustration: A YOUNG GOLDFINCH ALIGHTED ON THE CLOTHESLINE]

    [Illustration: THIS MARTIN SCOUT BROUGHT A LADY WITH HIM]




                                   IX
                         THE MARTINS’ AIRCASTLE


The purple martins like a house with many rooms, so they can live
together in a large company. Since the martins belong to the swallow
family, to call them purple swallows would, it seems to me, be more
informing.

My friend who had sent me the wren apartment house was so pleased with
its success that he sent me also a martin house. It is four stories high
and has twenty-six rooms. Around each story are porches, some of them
several inches wide.

It pleases birds to have their houses look, before they occupy them, as
if they had been out in all sorts of weather. So, for several weeks
before this martin house was set up, it lay out in the yard to be rained
and snowed on.

One cold March day a purple bird came in at my window. He perched on
picture frames, twittered a little, and went out again. According to the
bird books, my little visitor was a purple martin. Maybe he had seen the
martin house on the lawn, and came to ask me to put it up. Anyway, the
next day it was mounted in the farthest corner of the garden. For,
according to the directions that came with the house, martins want their
houses to be fifty feet away from any building or tree, and on a pole at
least sixteen feet high.

In early April another martin came; or maybe it was the same one,
returning to see whether the house had been put up. Martins always send
one of their number ahead to look up a house for them. He is called a
scout. This martin scout perched on the wires nearby, and tried
repeatedly to alight on one of the porches of the martin house. But some
English sparrows were there; they also wanted that house. Every time the
scout went near, these sparrows flew at him and kept him from getting a
foothold on the house. Sometimes he managed to perch on the roof and
there wait for a chance to get inside. But the sparrows were too many
for him. Now and then he gave a sad note, as if he were discouraged and
calling for help. Then again it seemed as if something had encouraged
him, and he sang out clearly something like this:

              “Whew whew whew _tr-r-r-r _cho cho cho cho.”

After holding out against the sparrows for three days, he went away.
About a week later I heard a sweet and happy twitter. Several martins
were flying around the house. I had named it The Martins’ Aircastle. By
this time the English sparrows had begun nesting in some of the rooms.

The martins perched on the wires in front of the house and made a saucy
chatter, calling the sparrows all sorts of names, I suppose. The
sparrows jabbered back at them. In about an hour the martins left.

Early the next morning another flock of martins came. Some perched on
the wires, some on the roof, and some on the porches of the martin
house. Others flew around in big circles. All were twittering and
calling in their happiest manner.

    [Illustration: THE MARTINS’ AIRCASTLE]

I had driven the sparrows away the night before, and this is how I did
it: I put a few big nails into a tin can, then closed the can and tied
it to a long stick. With this stick I banged the can against the martin
house pole again and again. It frightened the sleeping sparrows. By the
moonlight I could see six come out and fly away; but I think there were
more.

Two pairs of sparrows came back in the morning. They had made their
nests side by side in the third story. Long grasses were hanging out
from the entrances. Perhaps the martins were sorry for them; anyway, it
looked as if they were willing to play fair. They did not chase them off
any more; and the sparrows, being now so few, no longer molested the
martins.

The martins now began to clean house. There were wads of chicken
feathers and some broken eggs among the rubbish which they threw out.
This was soon replaced by straws and sticks which they brought for their
own nesting. I could only count twelve pairs of martins, so that there
were plenty of rooms for them and the sparrows too. I suppose one reason
why the sparrows were unwelcome is because they are such untidy
housekeepers as to render close neighboring with them insanitary.

The more I see of martins, the better I like them. They are always
cheerful, always busy. Their shiny, purple plumage, broad shoulders, and
tapering body give them a distinguished air. These purple birds are the
father martins. The mother martins’ back feathers, when exposed to the
sunlight, have all the shades of violet. In front they are
cream-colored, and finely speckled.

These violet-colored ones stayed around home more than the others; this
is why I took them to be the mothers. The father martins flew around and
brought in the provisions, which they caught on the wing. On returning a
martin would sometimes sit on the porch and sing into the room to his
mate; or she would come out to him, and the two would coo to each other
in the most affectionate manner.

The martins were also friendly with all their bird neighbors. But they
were so high up that their housekeeping was for the most part a secret
which they wanted to keep to themselves. It was hard to tell what they
had to eat, except when one caught a dragonfly or a grasshopper. When
one got a big catch like that, he usually held it squirming in his bill
a while as if he was proud of it and wanted to show it off. Or maybe he
tried in this way to prolong the enjoyment of it. When it began to
disappear in his bill the body always went first and the wings last.

Martins are not strong on their feet. Even when walking around on the
porches of their house they just waddled, like ducks. But at flying they
are masters. They can soar high, almost out of sight, then shoot
straight down and skim along close to the ground.

Sometimes the martins visited the basin to get a drink or to bathe. One
of their favorite pastimes was to roll in the sand in our garden. When
around home they loved to perch on the wires or lounge on the porches.
They also visited a bald tree not far off, and there preened themselves.
I never saw them visit trees that had foliage on them.

Some more English sparrows tried from time to time to come back. It
seemed as if they watched for the martins to go away. Then they would
come and peer into the rooms, and even go in. The martins, however,
always left one of their number on guard, for usually the intruders were
soon chased away.

Once a martin caught an English sparrow in his room. He went in, but
kept one wing outside, and that wing flapped and fluttered just like a
flag in a high wind. No doubt the sparrow got a good beating with the
other wing. Sounds of “Kr-r-r! kr-r-r!” came from the room. “Kr-r-r!” is
the scolding word of the martins. It sounds as if someone, walking
beside a picket fence, were scraping it with a stick. I have often heard
the martins say it to the sparrows, but never have I heard them use it
among themselves. They are the most contented birds, always polite and
kind to one another. For good behavior I have put them on the honor roll
with the chickadees and the goldfinches.

The martins are also wonderful singers and whistlers. They sing all day
long, and often after dark. Their song is made up of three parts: a
sibilant or smacking twitter, a trill, and a whistle. To me it sounds
something like this:

           “Hee_\chut-chut-chut/^tr-r-r-r\_ho/^hee\ho-ho-ho.”

They keep this up in a sort of conversational fashion, and as they do so
are continually changing places on the housetop, the porches, or the
wires.

In June the baby martins began to lounge on the porches and to sun
themselves on the wires. After a while there were more babies. The
porches were covered with them. My! how busy those parents were! As
babies increased in numbers, evidently the parents felt that the older
ones ought to become self-supporting; but they preferred to spend their
days preening and twittering and being waited on. The parents pecked and
scolded them, and finally pushed them off their perches to make them go
and hunt food for themselves.

One day after the second batch of babies had appeared outside, two hawks
came and perched on the telephone wires near the martin home. My
attention was attracted to them by the guttural calls or scoldings of
the martins. As they called, they flew swiftly to and from the house,
and around in big circles. Soon the wires were lined with martins that
had come from other colonies, and the air was rent with their guttural
shriekings. Evidently they felt that these big birds were a great menace
to their young. To the credit of the English sparrows it must be said
that they also flew around with the martins, and tried to help them call
attention to the danger. The hawks stayed about fifteen minutes, looking
constantly in all directions; for they were completely surrounded by the
vigilant and frantic martins all that time. Then they flew into a bald
tree near by, and after looking on from there a while they flew away.
They returned a few times after that, but never again stayed long enough
to cause such a commotion.

After the young were all able to fly, the whole company was usually away
most of the day. Early in the morning when they were getting ready to
go, and at sunset time when they returned, there was always a great
demonstration, with trilling, and twittering, and whistling, about the
house and on the wires. The home-coming of the martins was a daily event
to which not only we, but our neighbors also, looked forward.

Then, as night set in, there was a steady chorus of cooing as if each
martin mother were singing a lullaby to her numerous babies. We used to
wonder how they all existed in those rooms, six inches square by six
inches high. For no matter how hot the night, they all went inside
before midnight.

One evening my former neighbor, Mrs. Daily, was present when the martins
returned. She also had put up a martin house, but so far it had not been
occupied.

    [Illustration: _Photo by Joseph H. Dodson_
    THE HOME-COMING OF THE MARTINS]

“Your house has such wide porches, and mine hasn’t any,” she remarked,
as she watched the returning birds sit on the porches and coo to each
other. “And,” she added, “I have been told that my house is too near the
garage.”

It is true that martins are not easily attracted; but when once they
have accepted a house they will be steady summer tenants for years. When
I think what a pleasure it is to have a flock of these lovely birds,
year after year, from April to September, I wonder that any good-sized
yard is without a martin house. Martins are content to live anywhere, in
town or country. All they want is the right kind of a house with plenty
of room around it, and they like some wires near by for perches.

It seems to me that a martin house, perched high in broad sunlight,
needs ventilation. But this must be provided without causing drafts. It
can be provided by making a half-inch horizontal slit on the inner walls
just below the ceiling, something like the ventilation in a steamer
cabin. Martins will not tolerate drafts. Then if the two topmost rooms
in the martin house are made to connect by means of a hole two and a
half inches in diameter, next to the ceiling, this will greatly assist
the visiting scout. When English sparrows see the scout enter the house,
they will lie in wait where he entered, expecting to molest him when he
comes out. But if he can leave at another exit and get his colony while
the sparrows still wait for him, they will have to surrender when he
returns. It is a question of numbers. This kind of house, even though it
have only six or eight rooms, will attract martins, and promise a good
beginning in martin lore.

My neighbor, Mrs. Cotton, has now a martin house also. It has ten rooms,
ventilated as described above and with the two upper rooms connecting.
There being no telephone wires near enough, a wire running over the
house on four uprights serves the same purpose.

The first martin that was seen to visit this house brought a lady martin
with him. Maybe he had been there before, alone, without being noticed.
The pair inspected the rooms, then perched on the wire overhead and
preened. Every little while Mr. Martin twittered:

          ^“Chow chow chow ^choochoo_choo_ho/_//^/heeho_ho_ho”

and

                         ^“Yo ^yo yo _yo _yo.”

This pair took possession of the upper east room. The next day four more
martins came. One pair took a lower east room, the other took the south
room. It looked as though the wire on top and the ventilation pleased
them. I was overjoyed that this house, which I had designed, proved
satisfactory to these notional birds.

The dimensions of the rooms in this house are six inches square by seven
inches high. The diameter of the entrances is two and a half inches; the
width of porch five inches. The pole extends through the center of the
house and is screwed to the roof. The rest of this house is held in
place by means of a bolt underneath, which can be taken out and the
house—without its roof—let down to be cleaned.[2]

Now listen to the good that martins do: A martin will eat mosquitoes by
the thousand every day, besides many insects that injure fruit trees and
spoil the fruit. To protect their young, martins will drive away hawks
and other big birds that come near. In this way they also protect any
poultry yard near by. On moonlight nights they hunt the moths and
millers until midnight.

In late August the martins began to assemble in ever increasing numbers,
getting ready for the journey to their winter home, which is said to be
in Central and South America.

During one of the days while those gatherings were going on, the boy was
here. The martins had, by this time, become so confiding that we could
go clear up to the pole on which their house was mounted,—and they would
stay on the wires and look down at us! I told the boy how I had driven
the sparrows away from the martin house, and showed him the stick with
the can tied to it. He tried it on the nearest telephone pole, and
instantly the martins flew from the wires. It looked like a great
gathering in midair.

The father martins were much darker at this time than in the Spring,—in
fact, almost black. Mother’s pretty violet hues had faded to gray. Baby
Martin was brownish-gray on the back, and light in front.

One day the whole colony departed, a jolly company, leaving us sad
indeed, but hopeful that they would return with the Spring flowers.

    [Illustration: _Photo by Joseph H. Dodson_
    A GREAT GATHERING IN MID-AIR]

    [Illustration: A BATH FOR BIRDS AND A LUNCH BESIDE IT]




                                   X
                           MORE ABOUT THE BOY


I am sure that the farm at the end of our street is like home to the
birds of the neighborhood, and that that good boy is big brother to them
all. He always has a bath for the birds set out on a table, and a lunch
beside it.

“You would be surprised to see how well the birds like oatmeal mush and
other cereals,” said he, the last time I was there. “Just watch that
song sparrow!”

The little brown bird was feeding on a shredded wheat biscuit. She
stayed long enough to eat a hearty meal; then took away as much as she
could carry in her bill. While I sat there she returned several times
for more.

We were out in the boy’s workshop. He had just finished making what he
called a food house. It was a tray roofed over, “to keep out the rain
and snow,” he said.

I remarked that it was early (it was in July) to talk about snow.

“Oh,” said he, “this is one of my vacation jobs. After school begins I
won’t have time for these things. I’ll be a freshman in High, you know.”

The tray was about a foot long and not quite so wide. On each side there
was a wire pocket to hold suet. Four neat, round sticks supported the
roof, which he said was made out of the sides of a soap box.

I asked where he got those fine round sticks and that pretty tray. He
said the sticks were scraps from his uncle’s cabinet shop, and that he
got the tray from the grocer. The name “Neufchâtel” was printed on the
sides of the tray in big letters.

I said, “Wouldn’t it be nice if all the Neufchâtel cheese boxes were
made into food trays for birds?”

“Yes,” he answered, “I know that our grocer would rather give his boxes
away for some useful purpose than to burn them.”

I admired the little food house so much that the boy gave me some sticks
so that I could make one, too.

Then he told me of a pair of cedar waxwings that had nested in the
orchard, and a pair of crested flycatchers in a woodpecker’s house. I
was very curious to see the waxwings, so we went to them first. The nest
was about ten feet up in an apple tree. With our field glasses we could
see it quite plainly from under the nearest tree. Mrs. Waxwing was
sitting up there; we could just see her head and her tail. Mr. Waxwing
visited her every few minutes with some food. They were the quietest
birds I have ever seen. What they did say or sing was in very soft
tones, as if they were telling each other secrets. I hummed parts of the
little song occasionally. When I explained to the boy why I did so, he
smiled, and looked as if he didn’t quite believe me.

We went from the waxwings to the flycatchers. They lived in what the boy
called a Berlepsch house. That means it was designed by a man named
Berlepsch who was a great friend of birds. The boy said his uncle in New
York had sent him the house as a birthday present. What could be a nicer
gift for a boy than a bird house? It would make him want to get birds in
it, of course. And I can think of nothing that would make a boy happier
than to have bird neighbors.

    [Illustration: THE CRESTED FLYCATCHER AND A BERLEPSCH HOUSE]

The Berlepsch house was made so one could raise the top, lid-fashion,
and clean it when necessary. It was mounted about twelve feet high on a
brook willow that stood aslant in the ravine; and it had been intended
for woodpeckers. The crested flycatchers are brown birds with gray upper
breast and yellow below. Their headfeathers are always ruffed, which
gives the appearance of a crest.

The flycatchers were flying back and forth continually with all sorts of
prey. The brown bugs called “Canadian soldiers” were numerous that day
and were easy to catch. These parent birds evidently had a large family,
judging from the amount of food they delivered.

Mr. Flycatcher had a loud, explosive whistle. It sounded as if he were
saying:

                             “Wha-^a-^at?”

The young could be heard giving the same whistle, but much more softly,
and somewhat long drawn out:

                            _“Wha-a-^a-^at?”

After our visit with the flycatchers we returned to the waxwings.
Waxwings are brown and about the size of bluebirds. On the back of the
head they have a tuft. A black line extends across the bill, and around
the side of the head. The front is yellowish-gray and the tail edged
with yellow. The name, waxwing, is due to a shiny red patch on their
wings. The fact that these waxwings are very fond of cedar berries must
be what has given them also the name of cedar bird. The nest was made of
twigs, strings, and various kinds of fiber. The boy said that a few
weeks ago he had cut his dog’s hair and left it lying on the lawn: that
these waxwings then came and carried every bit of it to their nest.

While near the birds I hummed the bird song again, to let them know that
the same persons were there that had visited them before. The mother
bird was looking straight at us and sitting perfectly still all the
while. The boy said he believed the song did help to keep her quiet.

On a cornice of the front porch a phœbe had made two nests, one last
year and one this. Both nests were now empty. I said I hoped that a
phœbe would come to live on our porch next year.

“You can have this one,” answered the boy; and added, “I have to wash
off the porch every day while Phœbe is nesting: she scatters so much
mud.”

    [Illustration: KITTY WATCHING FOR MICE]

As for me, I would gladly clean off our porch several times a day if a
phœbe would nest here and sing as sweetly, “Phœbe, phœbe,” as I heard
that one sing. Sometimes I noticed a slight trill in the second syllable
of her song, like “Phœbery.” She sang “Phœbe” with the inflection
generally downward; but when she trilled it, “Phœbery,” the inflection
was always upwards:

                             “Phœ-^be-^ry.”

                  ^“Pee-e- _a- _wee- _e- e- ^e- ^ ee”

came up from the ravine, clear as a strain from a flute. On my way home
I saw the pewee on a fence picket. Every little while he flew after an
insect, then back to a picket. As I walked slowly along, he flew from
picket to picket ahead of me, until I came to where the houses on the
street begin again. Then he flew back. I think that pewee and phœbe must
be some relation, they look so nearly alike. And both sing their own
names.

Another bird who sings his name is Bob White, the quail. “Bob _White_!”
came ringing across the meadow every little while. The boy could whistle
it exactly the same as the bird, and they answered each other back and
forth. Bob White was on a fence post,—a large brown bird with a stubby
tail.

On Thanksgiving Day I was up at the farm again, and I saw a shelter
which the boy had made for the winter comfort of Bob White, and other
birds who wished to share it. It was tent-like, made out of cornstalks,
the inside filled with pea vines, bean vines, morning-glory vines, and
several sheaves of oats. Kitty was watching beside the shelter,—for
mice, the boy explained!

The new food house was being visited by bluejays, who nibbled at the
suet. A smaller feedery on a tree had corn in a tray and suet in a wire
pocket. This feedery was much liked by downies, and small gray birds
with white on lower front and tail—juncos. Juncos came in flocks of a
dozen or more, and twittered, “Tut, tut, tut,” to each other and to us,
in sociable fashion. They preferred to pick up the scatterings of
chickfeed on the ground, rather than perch on the tray. Both of these
food stations were protected with tin sheeting to keep the squirrel from
eating the birds’ food. This visit at the boy’s home made me wish more
than ever that some day I, too, might live on a farm.

    [Illustration: THE NEW FOOD HOUSE WAS VISITED BY BLUEJAYS]

On that Thanksgiving Day I had quite a surprise. Some dogs came barking
from the ravine. Before them ran a rabbit just as fast as he could. They
were the dogs that had so often chased Bunny, and this rabbit looked so
much like Bunny, that I felt sure it was he.

“There’s my rabbit,” said the boy, as he went to chase the dogs away. I
was glad to know that Bunny had such a nice home, and that the boy was a
big brother to him also.

    [Illustration: A FEEDERY MUCH LIKED BY DOWNY]

    [Illustration: A TREE TRIMMED WITH PEANUTS FOR THE BIRDS]




                                   XI
                             THE CARDINALS


Having often seen cardinals feed in poultry yards with chickens, I again
started to scatter chickfeed, hoping to attract those beautiful birds to
my house. _Chickfeed_ is finer than _chickenfeed_, and I believe the
birds like it better.

Every winter I trimmed up an old tree with peanuts for the birds’
Christmas, and always after a snowstorm I tramped the snow down; then
scattered the feed on it, with buckwheat and sunflower seeds added.

At first only nuthatches, chickadees, and juncos came to my lunches on
the snow. One stormy day a cardinal ventured into our front yard; but he
did not go near the chickfeed. Several juncos were there, and maybe he
wanted to be generous and leave it all to the smaller birds.

He kept coming nearer to the house. At last he flew pell-mell into our
porch. It seemed as if the wind had blown him in. On a little shelf
behind the windshield he alighted and stayed.

After a while another bird flew to the little shelf. I hadn’t noticed
this bird before, my attention being taken up with the cardinal. This
second bird was reddish green. In my little bird guide I had seen
pictures of the two cardinals, so I knew that she was the red one’s
mate.

The cardinal pecked at her when she went to his side, and the meek
little bird just clung to the shelf. The next day I made a shelf for her
just below his.

At dusk the cardinals returned, silently, even stealthily, as though
they thought it unwise to publish their presence. Again he was a little
ahead of her, and he flew to the new shelf. She alighted on the edge of
the upper one. After a while she tripped a little farther in, to a more
comfortable place. When she was settled, he went to her shelf and
snuggled down beside her. Maybe he was sorry that he had acted so
selfishly the day before. I never saw him peck at her again.

Every stormy day that winter the cardinals came to our porch at evening.
They became so confiding after a week or so that he usually announced
their arrival with a few low hissing notes, something like “Tset, tset,
tset!” Sometimes he would perch on the upper shelf, sometimes on the
lower. Mrs. Cardinal was a peace-loving bird. She always came last, and
took the empty shelf. Usually he would change so as to sit beside her.
They were always gone in the morning, no matter how early I came out;
and when they came in the evening it was usually dusk. So I never got a
picture of my cardinals on the shelves.

Mr. Cardinal finally got so he sometimes came to the lunch on the snow;
but his favorite feedery was a tray in my neighbor’s yard, which I kept
supplied with shelled peanuts and shelled corn. The English sparrows
could not manage these large kernels, so the cardinals had this feedery
to themselves. This may be the reason why they preferred it to the one
on the ground.

But the cardinals must have procured much of their food elsewhere, for
they came only about once in three or four hours to get a dainty at the
tray. Strange to say they never came together. Always he came first and
ate a while, then sometimes she would come, too. It seemed as if she let
him come first, then, seeing that he stayed, she took it for granted
that all was well.

    [Illustration: THE CARDINAL’S FAVORITE FEEDERY]

In March the cardinals stopped sleeping on the porch. About that time I
began to hear almost daily a new song. It sounded like,

                 ^“D e _a _r gilly gilly gilly gilly!”

Immediately after it there would be a loose twitter:
“Chuk-chuk-chuk-chuk,”—so soft and low, it seemed it must be very near.
Usually it brought another song from the cardinal, and presently he
would appear with a morsel for Mrs. Cardinal, who had a favorite perch
in our little pear tree. I soon learned that the twitter was her
response to his call. The winsome sight of seeing him feed her repaid me
for all the money I spent for peanuts at thirteen cents the pound.

The pair began now to frequent the ravine more than usual. On its edge
lay a log from which the outer bark had been removed. Here the cardinals
were often to be seen, peeling and tearing off strips of wood-fiber,
which they bore away in long flowing streamers.

One morning Mrs. Cotton came in. “Here is news for you,” she said. “The
red bird and a greenish bird are making a nest in my syringa bush.”

The birds went on with their nesting for several days. Then Mrs. Cotton
came over again, looking sad. The birds were carrying away all their
nesting material, she said. They had probably seen the cat, had become
alarmed for the safety of their home, and so changed its location.

The cardinal had several songs. One was:

          “Whit whit ^d ^e a _r ^d ^e a _r ^whoit whoit whoit”

Another was just plain:

                     _“W _h o ^i ^t _w _h o ^i ^t”

sung from three to ten times in succession. Sometimes, when Mrs.
Cardinal did not respond promptly, he “chuk”-ed, himself, in imitation
of her notes.

In late August I found the cardinals’ deserted nest in an evergreen on
the ravine’s edge. It was made almost entirely of this stringy
wood-fiber, lined with fine rootlets, and interwoven with many leaves.

I never saw but two baby cardinals of this brood. They were brownish
birds, and they had the red bill of the parents.

After August I saw nothing more of their mother. I have suspected that a
boy down the street was to blame; his favorite plaything was an air-gun,
and he had been caught shooting a brown thrasher shortly before. It
seems to me the laws protecting song-birds ought to be taught in every
school, and that children should be obliged to know that shooting
song-birds or their young, or spoiling or stealing their eggs or nest,
is a crime punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both.

Father Cardinal was seen tending the young faithfully until October.
Then he suddenly turned on them. Whenever they followed him after that
he drove them from him. The young found peanuts which I had chopped and
scattered on the ground for them. But whenever Father found the young
birds eating these nuts, he chased them away. Once a baby cardinal found
a whole peanut. He bravely ventured to eat it, and in the attempt got
the shell partly open. He was just picking a nut out, when his brother
tried to snatch it from him. A struggle followed, during which the shell
broke in two, and each contestant got a kernel. In November the young
cardinals disappeared.

Father Cardinal’s persecution of his motherless children seemed
unnatural, not to say cruel. Can it be that he tried thus to compel his
young to seek their natural food, rather than to subsist on dainties
furnished? Did he want to encourage them to become self-reliant and
useful? Only on this theory can I account for his conduct.

Our cardinal was a widower for some weeks longer. Only a few times
during that mild winter did he come to sleep on our porch, and on those
occasions he came alone. Then a lady cardinal appeared, and she followed
him persistently. But he wholly ignored her. Finally she began to carry
food to him and to feed him. Whether this be a last resort of wooing in
birddom, or not, I do not know. Anyhow, Mr. Cardinal relented. The next
thing, he was seen to feed her whom he had treated so coolly. This was a
pretty sure sign that the two had come to an understanding. Again the
old log by the ravine was being visited for nesting material. Again all
his songs rang out, and he added a new one. It seemed as if he were
singing over and over:

           “Come ^here come ^here Come ^here    here    here”

    [Illustration: ALWAYS MR. CARDINAL CAME FIRST AND ATE A WHILE; THEN
    SHE WOULD FOLLOW]

    [Illustration: SONG SPARROW]




                                  XII
                             MY BIRD FAMILY


A great big family—that’s what my bird neighbors are to me. This large
family is made up of smaller families. Let me set them all down in a
row: There are the bluebirds, meadowlarks, killdeers, song sparrows,
robins, purple martins, goldfinches, wrens, orioles, thrashers,
thrushes, waxwings, flycatchers, pewee, phœbe, and the redheaded
woodpecker. Oh, there is one more. I would by no means slight the humble
chimney swift. When I hear that “Gitse gitse” twitter, then I know that
they, too, have come. From early March when the first bluebird arrives,
until late May when pewee comes, I am like a mother who waits at
evening, unsatisfied until all her children are in for the night. When I
hear the call of the latest comer, the sweet-voiced pewee, then I know
that my absent ones have all returned.

Add to these the Bob Whites, the cardinals, bluejays, and flickers, who
stay the year round, and the chickadees, nuthatches, downy and hairy
woodpeckers, and juncos, who come in autumn to spend the winter, and you
have my bird family, a wonderful family, of musicians, of workmen, of
homemakers—fathers and mothers and children.

To me the ways of birds are more entertaining than the best play I have
ever attended. They enact real life, not make-believes. Then, too, what
music can be compared to the sunrise and sunset concerts of birds in
springtime and in early summer? To know each singer by name adds much to
the enjoyment.

The ways of birds are also wonderful, past finding out. Who can explain
how they make their nests so pretty, when the only tools they have are
beak and feet? Then, how gingerly they hide their nests, some with
dainty curtains of leaves, others by blending colors! To find a bird’s
nest always fills me with reverence. It is a little home, a sacred place
to its owners. It shall be sacred to me. The mother-wit and
father-wisdom that birds show in rearing their young and in protecting
them from harm makes me believe that they do think and plan and reason
out things much as we human beings do. The most wonderful thing about
birds is the long journey that so many of them make every year,
generally with several babies only a few months old in the family.

It has been proved that birds will return year after year to the same
orchard, garden, yard, or porch. I know my birds by their actions. I do
not need to tie bands on their legs to know them. When they return they
visit all their familiar haunts, not cautiously as a stranger would, but
boldly, and with the joyousness of those who have returned home after a
long absence. They call to me as if they would say: “Here we are again!
Are you still here, too?”

Then what curiosity they display when they find a new bath! How they fly
over and around it, trying to satisfy themselves that it is a safe place
to alight! What joy they express by their splashing!

It was while taking her bath that Mother Oriole was caught one day by
the camera. Most wonderful to tell, her own babies whom she often
brought with her took this picture. How did they do it? They tried to
perch on the thread leading from the camera over to the house, where I
sat waiting for Mrs. Oriole to come out of the water before taking her
picture. The thread was not strong enough to hold the young birds. They
went down with it, and in so doing snapped the spring which operated the
shutter. This took the picture of Mother Oriole in the bath.

Those of my bird family who inhabit houses are sure every spring to find
either some new houses, or their old ones cleaned and repaired.

I always keep two houses up for bluebirds, and several for wrens. It is
pleasant to watch them make their choice, and after a fledging they can
set up housekeeping again in the same house, or take another. My
experience has been that birds become attached to a house where they
have safely fledged a brood, and if it is promptly cleaned they will
return to it, rather than try a new one. But I have known instances
where a pair began a second nesting before the young of their first
brood were fledged. In such a case an extra house is convenient.

    [Illustration: MOTHER ORIOLE IN THE BATH]

My bluebird house is five by seven inches,[3] and is so shaped as to
afford depth. Sufficient height is secured by means of a gable roof; and
a half-inch hole immediately under the roof affords ventilation.

The bluebird covers the floor of her house with grasses to the depth of
about an inch and a half. Away back against the rear wall she makes the
little hollow in which she lays her eggs. I make her entrance one inch
and a half in diameter, and just below the middle front. While brooding
she can look outside, and this affords her some diversion during that
monotonous task. This certainly seemed to be what one bluebird aimed at
who nested in Mrs. Daily’s wren house. The wad of grasses in that house
reached clear up to the entrance, which was about four inches above the
floor. Apparently this bird had tried to build her nest high enough so
she could look outside.

Wrens always make a litter several inches high of twigs and other
materials. In this litter they embed their nest of fine grasses and
feathers. Hence I conclude that they want their entrance several inches
above the floor, so that, on going in, they can walk over the litter and
do not have to grope through it. Being small birds they need only a
small house. After years of experimenting I have settled on five inches
by seven for wrens also, but their house is so shaped as to afford
height. The sides run up at the back to twelve inches. A half-inch hole
high on each side affords ventilation. I make the entrance one inch and
an eighth in diameter, just too small for the English sparrow, but large
enough to serve some other small bird should no wrens come. A smaller
entrance makes it difficult for wrens to get in their bulky nesting
materials. My wrens raised three broods in their little house in the
pear tree last summer.

A friend of mine bought a wren house which has a low entrance. Some
wrens nested in it. One day Father Wren was very much excited, but no
one could understand what was the trouble. The next day, believing that
the wrens had fledged their young, my friend ordered the house to be
cleaned. To her horror she found Mother Wren wedged in among the
nesting, dead. The babies were dead in their nest. Evidently their
increasing weight had settled the nesting materials so the mother could
not get out any more and neither could Father Wren go in. Let this be a
warning to all who make wren houses, to make the entrance several inches
above the floor!

My houses for wrens and bluebirds are so made that they can be easily
opened after use, and cleaned. The front on the wren house can be
raised, that on the bluebird house lowered. By means of a screw eye, the
front is securely closed while the house is in use.

    [Illustration: SO MADE THAT THEY CAN BE EASILY OPENED AFTER USE AND
    CLEANED]

Of late I have also used an open shelter. It consists of a tray about
five inches square, roofed over, and serves two purposes. For winter use
I fasten a small wire pocket on it, into which I put beef suet. Then I
mount this shelter about five feet high on a tree. Around the trunk I
fasten strings of peanuts; in the tray I keep shelled corn, of which
cardinals are especially fond. The English sparrow does not care for the
suet, and as he cannot manage the corn nor the peanuts, this feedery
attracts only desirable birds. In March I remove the wire pocket, and
mount the shelter a few feet higher, to serve as a nest shelter for
robins. The roof will ward off heavy rains, which destroy so many
robin’s nests. A similar shelter, if fastened in the shade on a wall,
might attract phœbes.

When one starts out to make bird houses he should decide first of all
what birds he wishes to attract by means of them. Booklets containing
drawings and instructions for making houses for many kinds of
house-nesting birds can be had free by addressing a postcard to the
Biological Survey, Washington, D.C.

Whoever tries to attract birds should also protect them from storms,
from their natural enemies, and from meddlesome people. Birds will
sometimes reject a good house because it is not properly mounted, or
because the location is objectionable. The boy and I visited a park
lately where about a hundred bird houses had been put up, and but a few
were said to be occupied. These houses were so constructed that, by
turning a cleat underneath, the floor could be pulled down and out. If
occupied, opening them in this way might have disturbed the nest. We
visited twenty-five of these houses. All except two were mounted so low
that the boy could reach them, some with ease, and turn those cleats.
Only the two which he could not reach were occupied.

Some people have recommended tin cans as nest boxes for small birds. I
have tried the tin can, carefully painted and placed in the shade. But,
even with these precautions, I would discourage its use. People are so
apt to forget about placing it in the shade! I have seen birds’ nests in
tin cans with little skeletons embedded in them, the birds having been
smothered by the intense heat which metal will store.

Enough wooden boxes are discarded by grocers, druggists, and other
merchants to stock the country every year with bird houses. If our
fathers and mothers will encourage the making of these discards into
bird houses, shelters, and feederies, it will mark a step forward in
bird protection.

    [Illustration: FOOD HOUSE, MADE OUT OF WASTE MATERIALS]

Food houses should be protected so that other animals cannot mount and
monopolize them, keeping the birds at bay. The red squirrel will do this
unless the food tray is at least five feet above ground and the post
well sheathed in tin.

My newest food house has the lid of a cheese box as tray and the top of
a sugar barrel as roof. This flat surface is a handy place for a basin
of water. In each of the four pillars supporting the roof is a hole, to
be stuffed with suet, cheese, peanut butter, etc. My grocer saves the
drippings from his peanut grinder for my birds, so there is no
extravagance in giving them this dainty. Song sparrows and bluebirds
like it as well as the woodpeckers. On the side of the tray I tack
nesting material. So this food house, made out of waste materials,
serves several uses. The boy liked it so well he patterned one after it
for his birds.

Every autumn a lisping, whispered, dreamy bird song coming from some low
elevation has puzzled me. The bird looked like the song sparrow, but
this soft warble was so different from his spirited spring and summer
songs that I could not believe my eyes. After repeated autumn entries in
my notebook, “I see his heavy breastspot heave and swell, and his tail
quiver as the song sparrow’s always does when he sings,” I was gratified
to find my findings confirmed by another observer.[4] The singer was the
song sparrow.

But to return to my bird family.

From the time the first birds arrive in the spring until they leave
again, my notebook and my field glasses are my constant companions. Now
here are some little nature secrets. My notebook is a green one. I have
to buy the paper in large sheets of the wholesaler, and make the books
myself. A green notebook on my lap does not make such a striking patch
on the landscape as a white one would. The birds do not notice it so
readily. Then, whenever I am out “birding,” except in winter, I wear
green clothes. When taking pictures I use green focusing cloths instead
of the usual black ones. These things are great helps in bird study.

There now! For the first time in this book I have used the word “study”
in connection with birds. Some people think they must study volumes on
ornithology before they can enjoy birds. Nothing could be farther from
the truth.

Even the little tot in a family may have an interest in his bird
neighbors that will provide him wholesome pastime. I know one who, ever
since he could walk well, has faithfully kept the birds’ bath in the
yard supplied with fresh water, and who saves all the table scraps for
them. He wears an Audubon button and says he is “the birdies’
policeman.”

Love, look, listen, appreciate; let these be your watchwords. Just love
the birds. Look, as long as they remain in sight. Observe their ways and
their appearance. Listen to their songs. Try to know your immediate bird
neighbors by appearance, name, and song. Do them a kindness when
possible. This will lead up to recognition of birds, which creates a
desire for study of them. The rest will follow. You will begin to record
observations. You will _wish_ for field glasses and bird books. You will
_want_ to spend your holidays and your vacations where you can see
birds. Before you realize it you will be one of those happiest of
individuals, a nature lover, as all true bird lovers are. It cannot be
otherwise, because the birds will draw you out to nature at all times,
and make you see her in all her moods.

Then some day, when everybody loves birds, perhaps they will no longer
hide their nests, and may even fly to us, instead of away from us.

    [Illustration: MAYBE THEY WILL FLY TO US, INSTEAD OF AWAY FROM US]

    [Illustration: THE BIRDIES’ POLICEMAN]




                                GLOSSARY


apartment, room, living quarters.

Audubon, John James Audubon, noted student of bird life.

authority, one who has commanding knowledge of a subject.


berating, scolding.

Berlepsch, family name of a nobleman who was noted for his kindness to
      birds.

bewildered, confused.

birdling, a baby bird.

blending, mixing.

bluster, play the bully.

bungalow, a one-story house.


chickfeed, a mixture of cracked grain.

clamber, climb awkwardly.

commotion, disturbance.

conjecture, guess, suppose.

convenient, suitable, handy.

cornice, the fancy topmost part of a wall, usually overhanging.

courageous, full of courage, brave.

craw, the crop; part of a bird’s throat through which his food passes.

crouching, lying flat or very close to the ground.


delving, making holes by digging; working hard.

demonstration, a show.

distinguished, notable, unusually fine.

distressed, troubled.

entice, coax, persuade.

evidently, plainly, clearly.


fetch, go and bring back.

fledge, (_a bird_) to reach the age when its feathers are grown, so that
      it can fly; to care for a bird until it reaches that age.

fledgling, young bird, just out of the nest.

forage, seek for food.

frantic, wild with fear or alarm, or even with joy.


genial, friendly, kindly.

gingerly, cautiously, carefully.

goal, the place one is going to.

guttural, throaty, hoarse.


hepatica, a spring flower, also called _liverwort_.


inflection, change in the pitch of the voice.

insanitary, unhealthful.

inspect, examine, look into.

intruder, a meddler, outsider, stranger.


larvæ, caterpillars, grubs.

lore, knowledge.


mandible, a jaw, upper or lower, especially of a beak or bill.

manicure stick, a small smooth stick of orange wood, used in caring for
      the finger nails.

matins, morning songs.

menace, danger.

minor tone, low, soft, sad tone.

minstrel, a traveling musician.

monopolize, to own, to possess alone.

monotonous, tiresome.

morsel, a mouthful, a bit of food.


Neufchâtel, a city in Switzerland famed for the manufacture of cheeses.

nimble, active.

notional, full of notions, whimsical, “cranky.”


obedient, willing to obey, dutiful.

odious, disagreeable, unpopular, offensive.

opportunity, chance.

ornithology, the scientific study of birds.


pastime, amusement, play.

pergola, garden house.

persecution, pursuit with the object of punishing or hurting.

pilfering, thieving.

pleading, begging.

plumage, feathers.

preen, smooth down feathers with the beak.

premises, piece of land belonging to somebody.

primitive, old-fashioned.

prospect, view, outlook, scene.

provisions, food.


rasping, harsh, grating.

ravine, small valley made by running water.

relent, yield, give in, forgive.

revenge, return of evil for evil.

revive, bring back to life.

rippling, moving up and down or back and forth, like water.

rung, step (_of a ladder_).


sanctuary, refuge, shelter, place of protection.

serene, quiet, calm.

sibilant, high, piercing, hissing notes.

soot, a fine black powder left by smoke on the inside of chimneys.

stealthily, secretly.

subdued, overcome, quieted.

subsist, live on.

suet, beef fat.

syringa bush, an ornamental shrub with very sweet white blossoms.


tapering, narrowing to a point.

temporary, for a short time.

tenants, dwellers, occupants.

tethered, tied, leashed, hitched to a post or weight.

tinker, work at anything in an unskilled way.

tin-sheathed, enclosed in tin sheeting.

tolerate, put up with, endure.

transfer, remove.

trellis, lattice work for vines to grow on.

trilling, quavering (_said of singing_).


underbrush, small trees and bushes growing under large trees in a wood.


ventilation, letting in fresh air.

venture, risk, attempt.

vespers, evening songs.

vigilant, watchful.

vise, clamp.


winsome, charming, pleasing.


yodeling, warbling, singing with frequent changes from high to low and
low to high.




                   DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING BIRD HOUSES


The figures given below are based on ½″ lumber, except the backs of wren
and bluebird houses and the base and roof of martin house, which should
be ⅞″ thick.

            _Back_  _Sides_ _Front_  _Floor_  _Roof_   _Entrance_  _Air Hole_

  Bluebird  4″×10″   5″×7″   4″×5″   4″×5½″    5″×8″    1½″ dia.   ½″ dia. in
  house                      and 7″           4½″×8″    in middle    peak of
                                               gable      front       gable
  Wren      4″×14″   5″×7″   4″×7″   3½″×4″    7″×8″    1⅛″ dia.   ½″ dia. in
  house             and 12″                   sloping   5″ above    each peak
                                                          floor

For picture of bluebird house, see inside back cover; for picture of
wren house, see page 39. The sides of both houses are nailed to the
edges of the back in such a way as to let the back project below, about
one inch.

In the bluebird house, the upper edges of the sides should be beveled to
fit the slope of the roof. The front of this house is hinged upon a
one-inch brad driven in, on each side, a half-inch above the lower
corner. To enable the front to swing downward, as shown on page 116, the
floor must be fastened in place three-fourths of an inch above the lower
edge of the sides. Before nailing on the roof, see that the front swings
easily. Bore half-inch holes in the projecting back below and above, for
wire to run through to strap the house in place. Add a perch of doweling
a half inch below the entrance. See figure on inside back cover.

The wren house is also provided with a swinging front, hinged like that
of the bluebird house, but with the brads placed one inch from the upper
corners so that it opens up instead of down. This is shown on page 116.
The upper part of the back of wren house is planed flush with the
sloping sides, and the roof is planed flush with the back. The air holes
on each side will also serve for wire to run through. Other holes for
this purpose should be bored in the projecting back at the bottom. Again
see figure on page 116. Add a perch of doweling a half inch below the
entrance.

    [Illustration: THE FINISHED MARTIN HOUSE]

    [Illustration: RAISING THE MARTIN HOUSE]

The holes in the backs should be about an inch apart on the surface and
should be bored at an angle, so as to lead the wire snugly around the
trunk. When the houses are put up for use, the front of each is securely
closed by means of a screw eye on the side, which can be easily removed
for the purpose of cleaning. Bluebird and wren houses should be in shade
or part shade, about ten feet above ground, and mounted so that the
upper part tilts slightly forward.

            _Base_   _Box for  _Rooms_  _Entrances_  _Pole_    _2 Posts_
                      lower
                      story_

  Martin    30″×30″ 7″×20″×20″ 6″×6″×7″  2½″ dia.   4″×6″×16′  4″×6″×11′
  house                                  1″ above
                                           floor

In the center of the base a hole 4″×6″ is cut to fit the pole upon which
the house is to be mounted. Two cleats are nailed underneath the base,
crosswise of the boards and plumb with either side of the 4″×6″ hole.
The box for the lower story is partitioned into nine compartments, each
6″ square and 7″ high. This gives eight outside rooms and a central
space through which the pole may go. In order to provide ventilation
near the ceiling, make the partitions only 6½″ high. They need not be
nailed, but may be dovetailed, like partitions in an egg box.

To make the house so it can be easily opened, for cleaning or to rout
the English sparrows, fasten the box for lower story in the center of
the base by means of screw eyes and hooks, two on a side. The projecting
part of the base will form a 5″-wide porch all around, a convenience
which martins greatly enjoy. The ceiling is allowed to project 2½″ at
the front and back to form porches for the upper rooms. Add a gable
ample enough to afford at each end a room 6″ wide and 7″ high. In the
upper end of the partition between these two rooms, cut a hole 2½″ in
diameter. The reason for this is stated on page 88, paragraph 2. The
slanting roof should project 2½″ all around. Finish it with a flat top
as shown in the first cut on page 128. Add posts 1″×1″×4″ on which to
staple wire or doweling as perches for the martins. Fasten these little
posts to the flat roof by screws from beneath, before nailing it to the
house.

Now fit the pole to the central space and screw it securely to the
cleats under the base, and the pole with the house on it is ready to be
set up. The martin house should be at least fifty feet away from a tree
or building, and fifteen feet above ground.

To mount the martin house so it can be easily let down to be cleaned or
to rout the English sparrows, place the two posts four inches apart and
have them at least six feet high. Set the pole holding the martin house
between them and secure it with two bolts about four feet apart, the
lower bolt being 1½ feet from the ground. To lower the house, remove the
lower bolt and tilt the pole, as shown in the second cut on page 128.
The posts should be creosoted and sunk five feet in cement.

This cut shows a block and tackle being used to tilt the pole. A further
precaution against having the house crash to the ground would be a
shears made of rough two by four scantling, which can be obtained in
twelve-foot lengths. In making the shears, bolt the scantlings two feet
from the top with an ordinary half-inch carriage bolt, and tie the
bottoms so the legs will not spread too much.




                                 INDEX


                                   B
  Bird Calls: Baltimore Oriole, 73.
      Bluebird, 29, 32, 34, 35, 56.
      Bluejay, 52.
      Bob White, 99.
      Brown Thrasher, 75.
      Cardinal, 104-107, 109.
      Cedar Waxwing, 94.
      Chickadee, 16.
      Chimney Swift, 59, 64, 66, 67, 110.
      Crested Flycatcher, 96.
      Downy Woodpecker, 12.
      Flicker, 48-50.
      Goldfinch, 56, 76, 77.
      Junco, 99.
      Killdeer, 52.
      Meadowlark, 54.
      Nuthatch, 14.
      Pewee, 98.
      Phœbe, 97, 98.
      Purple Martin, 80, 84, 85, 89.
      Redheaded Woodpecker, 73.
      Song Sparrow, 54, 119.
      Wood Thrush, 50.
      Wren, 4, 8, 38, 41.
  Blackbird, 75.
  Bluebird, 18-20, 24-35, 45, 46, 54-56, 110, 112-115, 119.
  Bluejay, 17, 52, 99, 100, 110.
  Bob White, 98, 99, 110.
  Boy, The, 18, 19, 38, 44-61, 67, 90, 92-101, 117.
  Bunny (_See_ Rabbit).


                                   C
  Canary, Wild (_See_ Goldfinch).
  Cardinal, 102-110.
  Cat, 9, 10, 23-26, 32, 40, 41, 45, 57, 69, 70, 99, 106.
  Chickadee, 16, 17, 20, 46, 52, 56, 103, 111.


                                   D
  Dog, 21, 22, 101.


                                   E
  Eggs, 8, 38, 47, 55, 60, 82, 107.


                                   F
  Flicker, 47-50, 111.
  Flycatcher, Crested, 94-96, 110.
  Food for Birds, 2, 3, 5-8, 12-17, 23, 24, 33, 34, 47, 52, 58, 60,
          64-67, 73-75, 83, 90, 92, 93, 99-104, 107, 108, 115-119.
  Foodhouses, 93, 94, 99, 100, 115-119.


                                   G
  Goldfinch, 56, 73, 75-77, 110.


                                   H
  Hawk, 85, 86, 90.
  Hawk, Marsh, 48.
  Helps in Bird Study, 11, 72, 119, 120.


                                   J
  Junco, 99, 103, 111.


                                   K
  Killdeer, 47, 52, 53, 110.
  Kitty (_See_ Cat).


                                   M
  Martin, Purple, 46, 47, 58, 78-91, 110.
  Meadowlark, 54, 110.


                                   N
  Nest and Nestings: Baltimore Oriole, 73.
      Bluebird, 30-32, 35, 38, 45, 54-56.
      Bluejay, 52.
      Brown Thrasher, 74, 75.
      Cardinal, 106, 107, 109.
      Cedar Waxwing, 94, 96, 97.
      Chimney Swift, 59, 61-63.
      Flicker, 48.
      Goldfinch, 56, 75, 76.
      Killdeer, 53, 54.
      Phœbe, 97.
      Purple Martin, 78, 82.
      Redheaded Woodpecker, 73.
      Robin, 3, 8, 9, 68, 69.
      Wood Thrush, 50, 51.
      Wren, 3-5, 8, 36-43, 45.
  Nesthouses, 17-20, 24-26, 29-31, 111-115, 117, 118.
      Berlepsch house, 94-96.
      Bluebird, 18, 19, 25-27, 29-32, 35, 46, 112-115.
      Chickadee, 46.
      Crested Flycatcher, 94-96.
      Purple Martin, 46, 78-91.
      Woodpecker, 46.
      Wren, 3-5, 18-20, 26, 29, 36-43, 45, 46, 112, 114, 115.
  Nest Shelter, 117.
  Nuthatch, 14-16, 103, 111.


                                   O
  Oriole, 58, 72, 73, 110, 112.


                                   P
  Pewee, 98, 99, 110.
  Phœbe, 97, 98, 110, 117.
  Pigeon, 2.
  Protection, 10, 15, 23-27, 30, 32, 38, 45, 48, 56, 69-71, 117.


                                   R
  Rabbit, 21-23, 101.
  Robin, 2, 3, 8-11, 47, 58, 68-71, 110, 117.


                                   S
  Sparrow, English, 2, 25-27, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40, 45, 54, 56, 79-82,
          84, 86, 88, 115, 116.
  Sparrow, Song, 54, 92, 93, 110, 119.
  Squirrel, Gray, 25.
  Squirrel, Red, 15, 24-27, 45, 69, 118.
  Swallow (_See_ Swift and Purple Martin).
  Swift, Chimney, 59-67, 110.


                                   T
  Thrasher, Brown, 58, 73-75, 110.
  Thrush, Wood, 47, 50, 51, 110.


                                   W
  Waxwing, Cedar, 94, 96, 97, 110.
  Woodpecker, 2, 11-14, 17, 20, 46, 52, 119.
  Woodpecker, Downy, 11-14, 23, 111.
  Woodpecker, Golden-winged (_See_ Flicker).
  Woodpecker, Hairy, 12, 111.
  Woodpecker, Redheaded, 58, 73, 74, 110.
  Wren, 3-8, 11, 18-20, 24, 26, 29, 33, 36-43, 45, 110, 112, 114,
          115.




                               FOOTNOTES


[1]Dr Francis H. Herrick, author of “The Home Life of Wild Birds.”

[2]A still better plan for lowering a martin house is described on page
    127.

[3]These dimensions have been accepted and approved not only by my own
    bluebird neighbors, but by a bluebird pair reported in _Bird Lore_
    for July-August, 1916, as having nested in a cemetery, in an earthen
    jar that lay upon its side on a grave. The report goes: “The jar
    measured five inches across the bottom and about seven inches in
    length.” There it is: five by seven!

[4]Chas. R. Wallace of Delaware, Ohio, in _Bird Lore_, March-April,
    1915, p. 128.


    [Illustration: Endpaper]

    [Illustration: Endpaper]




                          Transcriber’s Notes


—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
  is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
  _underscores_.