1884 ***




[Illustration: CHAMBERS’S JOURNAL

OF

POPULAR

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART

Fifth Series

ESTABLISHED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS, 1832

CONDUCTED BY R. CHAMBERS (SECUNDUS)

NO. 4.—VOL. I.      SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1884.      PRICE 1½_d._]




ANOTHER WORD TO LITERARY BEGINNERS.


Within these few years past we have from time to time given a word of
warning and of encouragement to Literary Aspirants. We do not use the
latter word in any disparaging sense; but simply as the only one which
fully embraces the great and constantly increasing class of persons,
who, as writers of matter good, bad, and indifferent, are now weekly
and daily knocking for admission at the doors of Literature. We have
always been favourable to giving encouragement to young writers of
ability, and never a year passes but we are able to introduce a few
fresh contributors to the world of periodical literature. But this
encouragement must necessarily be within certain lines, otherwise evil
and not good would accrue to many. We are from time to time reminded by
correspondents of what a popular novelist, possibly in a half-jocular
mood, advised in this matter. His advice to parents amounted to this,
that if they had an educated son or daughter with no particular calling
in life, but in need of one, they had only to supply him or her with
pens, ink, and paper, and a literary calling might at once be entered
upon. We fear too many have laid, and daily lay, this flattering
unction to their souls. In the majority of cases, disappointment and
heart-sickness can alone be derived from the experiment.

In order to give those outside the circle of editorial cognisance some
idea of the amount of literary matter sent in by outsiders, and which
falls to be adjudicated upon on its merits, we subjoin an abstract of
the number of manuscripts received by us during the twelve months from
August 1882 to August 1883. During that period we have had offered to
us in all 3225 manuscripts, of which 2065 were contributions in prose,
and 1160 in verse. These offerings varied from each other to the utmost
extent both as to size and subject, from a few stanzas of verse to the
bulk of a three-volume novel, and came to us from all quarters of the
English-speaking world, England, Scotland, Ireland, the Continent,
America, India, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and elsewhere. Of the
2065 prose manuscripts, 300 were accepted by us for publication, or
fourteen per cent. of the whole. Of the 1160 pieces of verse, only
30 were accepted, or less than three per cent. of the total. Taking
the two classes of contributions together, of the 3225 manuscripts
received, 330 were accepted—that is, of every hundred manuscripts
received, ten were retained by us and ninety returned to their authors.
If we estimate this pile of contributions according to its bulk, and
allowing a very moderate average length to each manuscript, the whole,
if printed, would have filled 9125 pages of this _Journal_, or as much
as would have sufficed for eleven of our yearly volumes.

The lesson to be derived from this by literary beginners is, not to be
over-sanguine as to the acceptance of any article offered to magazines,
knowing the great competition that is constantly going on for a place
in their pages. It is true that those who possess the literary faculty
in a sufficient degree will, though not perhaps without suffering many
rejections and disappointments, ultimately assert their claims and
obtain the coveted place; but even in such cases, the early struggle
may sometimes be severe and long-continued. Nor must contributors go
away under the impression that all rejected offerings are necessarily
of an inferior quality. This is far from being the case. Great
numbers of the prose articles in the above enumeration of rejected
contributions, were articles with which no fault might be found in a
literary sense. But it must be borne in mind that a magazine is limited
in its space; and that when a definite part of that space has been
allotted to articles or tales which have been supplied under previous
arrangements made between author and editor, the remaining space may
afford but small room for the number of claimants thereto. An article,
therefore, which is perfectly equal to the literary standard of a
magazine, may have to be returned by the editor on various grounds,
such as that the subject of the paper does not come within the scope of
his present requirements, or that an article has already appeared or
been accepted on the same subject, or that some one has been already
engaged to write upon it; or, in short, a dozen reasons might be found,
any one of which would be sufficient to cause the rejection of a given
article. But what one magazine rejects another may be in need of; so
that a really good article is almost certain of finding its billet
somewhere.

In these circumstances, while there is nothing that need eventually
discourage a capable or promising writer, there is much to make parents
and guardians take warning before they set a young man or woman adrift
on the sea of life with only his or her pen as a rudder. Literature,
like painting, affords to persons of inferior or only mediocre powers a
very precarious means of livelihood. Besides, places are not to be got
in the literary any more than in the artistic world without evidence of
genuine capacity being given by the claimant. The number of aspirants
is no doubt from year to year being winnowed, until the grain shall
be finally selected from the chaff; but the process, we admit, is not
pleasant to those who do not come within the metaphorical category of
grain. Scarcely a week passes but we receive letters requesting us,
from the specimens of work inclosed, to say whether the contributor
might hope to become a successful writer for magazines, as he or she
is presently a clerk or a governess, and would wish to attain a better
position, which position, ‘kind friends’—often in this same matter, if
they knew it, very unkind—think, might be reached through the channel
of literature. It is not difficult, as a rule, to advise in such cases.
It is, stick to your present occupation, if it is only respectable, and
on no account throw it up in the hope of having your name engrossed in
the higher rolls of literary achievement. Even in the case of what may
be called successful minor contributors to periodical literature, it
can hardly be possible, we should think, for them to rely _wholly_ upon
the results for a livelihood. Nor is it necessary to do so. The kind of
literary work to which we allude can, in general, be carried on side by
side with the work of an ordinary occupation or profession, as it is
rarely that the articles of a writer of this class are in such constant
demand as to make it necessary to give his or her whole time to their
production. When this combination can be maintained, a useful source of
income is added, without in all cases necessarily detracting from one’s
professional industry otherwise.

What we have said is not with the object of repressing literary
ambition, but of preventing literary aspirants from setting out under
false ideas, or quitting the successful pursuit of their ordinary
occupations in the too frequently unrealised hope of rising to literary
distinction. It must not be forgot that the desire to write does not
necessarily comprehend the power to write well; or that, even with
those who succeed in demonstrating their literary capabilities, such
success is obtained without hard work and long practice. As we have
said on former occasions, writers must not start, as is too often done,
on the assumption that their possession of _genius_ is to be taken
for granted; genius only comes once in a while—once or twice in a
generation perhaps. It is always safer to begin upon the supposition
that your faculties are of the kind which, like granite, will only
shine by polishing; and if genius should be evoked in the process, the
polishing will not harm it. We would not wish to dim the roseate hues
which the future has for those who are young; but neither would we wish
to be responsible for encouraging within them hopes that are not likely
to be realised, or only realised under special powers of application,
or by the operation of special natural faculties.




BY MEAD AND STREAM.


CHAPTER VI.—ALONE.

It was a strange life that of Mr Lloyd Hadleigh. A solitary life,
notwithstanding the consciousness of success, the possession of a
considerable fortune, and the knowledge that it had been earned by
his own ability. He was still young enough to have the capacity for
enjoyment, if age were numbered by years; still young enough to have
been the companion of his children and to have made new friendships.
But there was something so cold and reserved in his bearing, that
although he had many acquaintances, he had no friends or companions;
and the good fortune he possessed made many people resent his
ungracious manner.

With everything apparently that man could desire to secure happiness,
he lived absolutely alone. His nearest approach to companionship was
with his eldest son Coutts Hadleigh. But even with him there was
constraint, and their companionship appeared to be due more to their
close association in business than to affection.

This Coutts Hadleigh was a tall, wiry man, who entered into the
pleasures of the world with discretion, and a cynical smile always on
his face, as if he were laughing at the pleasures rather than in them.
He was a captain of Volunteers, and as punctual in his attendance
upon drill as in attendance at his office. For he was a strict man of
business, and was now the practical manager as well as leading partner
in the house of Hadleigh and Co., shipbrokers and bankers. He neither
laughed at his brother Philip’s indifference to the affairs of the
office, nor attempted to advise him. Sometimes, however, he would say,
with one of his dry, cynical smiles: ‘You are doing everything you can,
Phil, to keep yourself out of a partnership, and you will be sorry for
it some day—especially if you mean to marry that young lady over the
way in a hurry. Playing the gentleman at ease is not the way to make
sure of the ease. However’—— Then he would shrug his shoulders, as if
washing his hands of the whole matter with the mental exclamation: ‘But
just as you like; there will be the more for me.’ Only he never uttered
that exclamation aloud.

‘All right,’ Philip would say with a laugh; ‘my time is coming; and I
prefer happiness to a banking account.’

There the subject would drop, and Coutts would turn away with a pitying
smile.

As for the three daughters, they accepted their position with as much
content as is permitted to young ladies who have nothing whatever
to do but go through the routine of paying formal visits in their
carriage, attending garden parties in summer and dining out in winter.
Miss Hadleigh (Beatrice) had been lately engaged to a thriving young
merchant, and in consequence assumed a dignified primness. The other
two, Caroline and Bertha, were looking forward to that happy state;
and, meanwhile, having just been released from boarding-school,
found their chief delights in fiction and lawn-tennis. They had
every opportunity to enjoy themselves in their own ways, for their
father interfered little with them, whilst he never stinted them in
pocket-money.

Ringsford Manor was a large old-fashioned building of red brick, with
a wing added by Mr Hadleigh, when he came into possession, for a new
dining-room and a billiard-room. The house stood in about twenty acres
of ground, on the borders of the Forest. The gardens were under the
care of a Scotchman, named Sam Culver, whose pride it was to produce
the finest pansies, roses, and geraniums in the neighbourhood or at
the local flower-shows. He had also obtained a prize at the Crystal
Palace rose-show, which made him more eager than ever to maintain his
reputation. The result of this honourable ambition was that the grounds
of Ringsford were the admiration of the whole county; and as the
proprietor on certain days of the year threw them open to the public
and invited bands of school-children to an annual fête, his character
as a benefactor spread far and wide.

Much, however, as Sam Culver’s skill as a gardener was admired, there
were many gallants, old as well as young, who declared that the finest
flower he had ever reared was his daughter, Pansy.

As Mr Hadleigh was returning from his visit to Willowmere, he got
out of the carriage about half a mile from his own gate and bade the
coachman drive home. Then he proceeded to walk slowly into the Forest
in the direction of the King’s Oak.

The rich foliage, the dense clumps of bracken and furze, with their
changing colours and varying lights and shades looking their best in
the bright sunshine, did not attract his eyes. His head was bowed and
his hands tightly clasped behind him, as if his thoughts were bitter
ones and far away from the lovely scene around him. At times he would
lift his head with a sudden jerk and look into space, seeing nothing.

But as he approached the broad spreading King’s Oak—so called from some
legendary association with King Charles—the loud laughter of children
roused him from his reverie.

Pansy Culver was seated on the ground, threading necklets and
bracelets of buttercups and daisies for a group of little children
who were capering and laughing round her. She was herself a child
still in thought, but verging on womanhood in years; and the soft,
bright features, brown with the sun, and lit by two dark, merry eyes,
suggested that her father in his fancy for his favourite flowers had
given her an appropriate name.

She rose respectfully as Mr Hadleigh approached; and he halted, looking
for an instant as if he ought to know her and did not. Then his eyes
took in the whole scene—the bright face, the happy children, and the
buttercups and daisies. Something in the appearance of the group
brought a curiously sad expression to his face. He was contrasting
their condition with his own: the little that made them so joyful, and
the much that gave him no content.

‘Ah, Pansy,’ he said, ‘what a fortunate girl you are. I wish I could
change places with you—and yet no; that is an evil wish. Do you not
think so?’

‘I don’t know, sir; and I don’t know how you should wish to change
places with me. I do not think many people like you would want to do
it.’

A slow nodding movement of his head expressed his pity for her
ignorance of how little is required for real happiness, and how
the contented ploughman is richer than he who possesses the mines
of Golconda without content. It was that sort of movement which
accompanies the low sibilating sound of tst-tst-tst.

‘I hope you will never know, child, why a person like me can wish to
change places with one like you.’

He passed on slowly, leaving the girl looking after him in wonderment.
When she told her father of this singular encounter, he only said:
‘I’m doubtin’ the poor man has something on his mind. But it’s none of
our business; and you ken there is only one kind o’ riches that brings
happiness.’

Mr Hadleigh spent the rest of that day in his library. He was writing,
but not letters. At intervals he would rise and pace the floor, as if
agitated by what he wrote. Then he seemed to force himself to sit down
again at the desk and continue writing, and would presently repeat the
former movement.

By the time that Philip returned, several sheets of closely written
manuscript had been carefully locked away in a deed-box, and the box
was locked away in a safe which stood in the darkest corner of the room.

After dinner he desired Philip to come into the library as soon as he
had finished his cigar. Although he did not smoke himself, he did not
object to the habit in others.

‘Something queer about the governor to-night,’ said Coutts, sipping his
wine and smoking leisurely. ‘I have noticed him several times lately
looking as if he had got a fit of the blues or dyspepsia at least,
yet I don’t know how that can be with a man who is so careful of his
digestion. He ought to come into town oftener.’

‘Anything wrong in town?’ inquired Philip, and in his tone there was a
note of consideration for his father: in that of Coutts there was none.

‘Things never were better since I have known the business. That is not
the cause of his queer humour, whatever it may be. Might be first touch
of gout.’

Philip rose and threw away his cigar. He did not like his brother’s
manner when he spoke in this manner of their parent.

On entering the library, he found it almost in darkness; for the
curtains were partly drawn and the lamps were not lit. For a moment
he could not see his father; but presently discovered him standing on
the hearth, his arms crossed on the broad mantel-shelf, and his brow
resting on them. He turned slowly, and his face was in deep shadow, so
that its expression could not be distinguished.

‘I told them I did not want lights yet,’ he said, and there was a
huskiness in his voice which was very unusual, as it was rather
metallic in its clearness. ‘Will you excuse it, and sit down?’

‘Certainly, sir; but I hope there is nothing seriously wrong. I trust
you are not unwell?’

There was no answer for a moment, and the dark outline of the figure
was like a mysterious silhouette. Then: ‘I am not particularly well at
present. The matter which I wish to speak to you about is serious; but
I believe there is nothing wrong in it, and that we can easily come to
an agreement about it. Will you sit down?’

Philip obeyed, marvelling greatly as to what this mysterious business
could be which seemed to disturb his father so much, making him speak
and act so unlike himself.

(_To be continued._)




THE FIRE OF FRENDRAUGHT.


About six miles from the thriving market-town of Huntly, in
Aberdeenshire, stands the mansion-house of Frendraught, built on the
site and incorporating the ruins of the old castle of that name. In
the seventeenth century it was the scene of a strange and inexplicable
event—an event which, on the supposition that it was not accidental,
might well be regarded as tragic.

The lands of Frendraught, towards the beginning of the seventeenth
century, were in the possession of James Crichton, a laird or minor
baron of the period, sufficiently proud of that designation to slight
and reject the title of viscount which his son accepted in his father’s
lifetime. His wife was Lady Elizabeth Gordon, a woman of a proud
and resolute character, daughter of the Earl of Sutherland, and a
‘near cousin,’ as Spalding expresses it, of the Marquis of Huntly, a
connection which should be remembered in the course of the narrative.
On the crest of a knoll that overlooks the river Deveron, stood and
still stands the Tower of Kinnairdy, another baronial residence of
Crichton, at the distance of a few miles from Frendraught. Four miles
above Kinnairdy, on the same river, stood Rothiemay, the home of the
Gordons of Rothiemay, a sept of that numerous and powerful clan of
which the Marquis of Huntly was chief. The lairds of Frendraught and
of Rothiemay were thus neighbours, at a period when neighbourhood as
surely engendered strife as friction develops heat. It chanced that
Gordon of Rothiemay sold a portion of his lands adjoining the Deveron
to the laird of Frendraught.

At the present day, there is perhaps no river in Scotland which at
certain seasons of the year furnishes better sport to the angler for
salmon than the Deveron, and its excellence in this respect must
equally have characterised it two centuries ago; for the right to the
valuable salmon-fishing appertaining to the land which had been sold
became the subject of bitter strife between the two lairds. Frendraught
appealed to the law; but while the cause was winding its way slowly
through the courts, he managed, by persecution and provocation, to
hurry Rothiemay into acts of exasperation and illegality, which made
it easy to procure a decree of outlawry against him. After this,
as a contemporary historian has it, ‘Rothiemay would hearken to no
conditions of peace, neither would he follow the advice of his wisest
friends.’ He made a raid upon the lands of Crichton, who thereupon
obtained from the Privy-council a commission to apprehend him.

On the 1st of January 1630, the laird of Frendraught, accompanied
by Sir George Ogilvie of Banff, and, among others of less note, by
young Leslie of Pitcaple and John Meldrum of Reidhill, set out to
seize Rothiemay in his own domain. Rothiemay, having learned their
intention, mustered what forces he could, and marched to meet them. A
desperate encounter took place. Rothiemay’s horse was killed under him.
He continued to fight on foot till his followers were driven from the
field, leaving his son and himself still maintaining a struggle against
outnumbering foes. At length he fell, whereupon young Rothiemay sought
safety in flight. His father, covered with wounds, was left for dead on
the ground; but having been carried home by his friends, survived for
three days. On Frendraught’s side, one gentleman was slain, and John
Meldrum—of whom more will be heard—was wounded.

The feud between the two houses, rancorous enough before, was
prosecuted with the deadliest animosity now that blood had been shed on
both sides. Deeds of savage reprisal ensued; and as each party sought
to strengthen itself by enlisting new adherents, the area of strife
grew wider, and assumed proportions so menacing to the public peace,
that the Privy-council made earnest but fruitless endeavours to effect
a reconciliation between the hostile houses.

Young Gordon of Rothiemay feeling himself the weaker in the struggle,
called to his aid the notorious Highland cateran, James Grant, and
his band. It is singular that we have neither ballad nor legend
commemorating the career of this person—a career which, in its
extraordinary feats of daring insolence, its marvellous escapes,
and dark deeds of blood, outrivals all that is recorded of Rob Roy.
At this juncture, while Grant and his followers were mustering at
Rothiemay House for a raid against Frendraught, and when the Earl of
Moray, Lieutenant of the North, had confessed himself utterly unable
to suppress the commotion, a commission, sent by the Privy-council,
associating itself with the Marquis of Huntly, succeeded in effecting
an arrangement between the hostile parties. Grant was dismissed to his
mountain fortresses; Crichton and Rothiemay were persuaded to meet at
Strathbogie, the residence of the Marquis, where, after much earnest
intercession, the commissioners succeeded in settling terms of peace
and reconciliation. The deeds of blood were mutually forgiven, and, as
a concession to the greatest sufferer, Crichton agreed to pay fifty
thousand merks to the widow of the slain laird of Rothiemay. Over this
arrangement all parties shook hands in the orchard of Strathbogie.

Little did they suspect, while congratulating themselves on the
termination of the quarrel, that one spark had been left smouldering,
which was soon to blaze into a more destructive conflagration than
that which had just been extinguished. Among those who had fought on
Crichton’s side against the laird of Rothiemay we have mentioned one
John Meldrum as having been wounded. This Meldrum was one of those
ruffianly retainers, half-gentleman half-groom, who hung on the skirts
of the more powerful barons, ready for any task assigned them without a
question or a scruple. At this time he was an outlaw. Conceiving that
Frendraught had too lightly estimated his service and his sufferings,
he persecuted the laird with appeals for ampler remuneration, and
finding them disregarded, took satisfaction in his own way by stealing
two of the laird’s best horses from a meadow adjoining the castle.

Crichton at first appealed to the law; but Meldrum failed to appear in
answer to the charge, and was outlawed. Crichton therefore received
a commission to arrest him; and learning that he had taken refuge
with the Leslies of Pitcaple, relatives by marriage, set out with a
small party in quest of him; but the encounter only resulted in one of
Crichton’s friends wounding a son of Pitcaple.

Afraid of the consequences of this new feud, and remembering the
good offices of the Marquis of Huntly on a former occasion, Crichton
solicited his intercession with the laird of Pitcaple. The Marquis
invited both lairds to the Bog of Gicht, now Gordon Castle; but old
Leslie remained obdurate, declaring that he would entertain no terms
of reconciliation until he saw the issue of his son’s wound; and
departed with unabated resentment. The Marquis detained Crichton two
days longer, having also as his guest young Gordon of Rothiemay; and on
Crichton’s departure, fearing that he might be attacked by the Leslies,
he sent as an escort his second son, Viscount Melgum (who was also
frequently called Aboyne), and young Rothiemay, with their attendants.
The party reached Frendraught Castle in the evening (October 8, 1630);
and the Viscount, with his friend Rothiemay, was induced by the
entreaties of Crichton and his lady, to remain for the night.

Thus far the course of events is clear and intelligible; what followed
is involved in doubt and obscurity. Spalding, in his _Memorials_,
says: ‘They [the guests] were well entertained, supped merrily, and
to bed went joyfully. The Viscount was laid in a bed in the old tower
(going off of the hall), and standing upon a vault, wherein there was
a round hole, devised of old just under Aboyne’s bed. Robert Gordon,
born in Sutherland, his servitor, and English Will, his page, were
both laid beside him in the same chamber. The laird of Rothiemay, with
some servants beside him, was laid in an upper chamber just above
Aboyne’s chamber; and in another room above that chamber were laid
George Chalmer of Noth, and George Gordon, another of the Viscount’s
servants, with whom also was laid Captain Rollok, then in Frendraught’s
own company. Thus all being at rest, about midnight that dolorous
tower took fire in so sudden and furious a manner, yea, and in a clap,
that this noble Viscount, the laird of Rothiemay, English Will, Colin
Eviot, another of Aboyne’s servitors, and other two, being six in
number, were cruelly burnt and tormented to the death but [without]
help or relief; the laird of Frendraught, his lady [both of whom had
slept in a separate wing of the building], and his whole household
looking on without moving or stirring to deliver them from the fury of
this fearful fire, as was reported. Robert Gordon, called Sutherland
Gordon, being in the Viscount’s chamber, escaped this fire with his
life. George Chalmer and Captain Rollok, being in the third room,
escaped also this fire; and, as was said, Aboyne might have saved
himself also, if he had gone out of doors, which he would not do,
but suddenly ran up-stairs to Rothiemay’s chamber and wakened him to
rise; and as he is wakening him, the timber passage and lofting of
the chamber hastily takes fire, so that none of them could win down
stairs again; so they turned to a window looking to the close, where
they piteously cried Help, help, many times, for God’s cause. The laird
and the lady, with their servants, all seeing and hearing this woful
crying, but made no help nor manner of helping; which they perceiving,
they cried oftentimes mercy at God’s hand for their sins, then clasped
in other’s arms, and cheerfully suffered this cruel martyrdom....
It is reported that upon the morn after this woful fire, the lady
Frendraught, daughter to the Earl of Sutherland, and near cousin to the
Marquis, busked in a white plaid, and riding on a small nag, having a
boy leading her horse, without any more in her company, in this pitiful
manner came weeping and mourning to the Bog [Gordon Castle], desiring
entry to speak with my lord; but this was refused; so she returned back
to her own house the same gate [way] she came, comfortless.’

It is clear from this extract that Spalding’s opinion was that which
the Marquis of Huntly adopted after consultation with his friends,
namely, that the fire was not accidental, but the result of a plot,
in which Frendraught and his lady were accomplices. This belief takes
forcible expression in the ballad which was composed on the occasion,
and is still popular in the neighbourhood of Frendraught. It is
sufficient to cite a few verses:

    When steeds were saddled and well bridled,
      And ready for to ride,
    Then out came her and false Frendraught
      Inviting them to bide.
       .    .    .    .    .
    When they were dressëd in their cloaths,
      And ready for to boun,
    The doors and windows was all secured,
      The roof-tree burning down.
       .    .    .    .    .
    ‘O mercy, mercy, Lady Frendraught!
      Will ye not sink with sin?
    For first your husband killed my father,
      And now you burn his son.’
       .    .    .    .    .
    Oh, then outspoke her Lady Frendraught,
      And loudly did she cry—
    ‘It were great pity for good Lord John,
      But none for Rothiemay;
    But the keys are casten in the deep draw-well;
      Ye cannot get away.’

That the laird of Frendraught and his lady either contrived the deed or
acquiesced in it, is difficult of belief. The presumptions generally
are against such a conclusion. There is no reason for supposing that
the laird of Frendraught was not honest in reconciling himself to
Rothiemay; but even allowing him to be wicked enough to plan the
destruction by fire of the son of the man whom he had slain, while a
guest under his roof, how is it possible to believe that he chose a
plan which must involve the death of Viscount Melgum, a son of the
Marquis of Huntly, and hitherto his friend?

Crichton was perfectly aware of the popular suspicion; and the
fruitless visit of his wife to Gordon Castle sufficiently disclosed
the sentiments of the Marquis. Shortly after the fire, therefore, he
placed himself under the protection of the Lord Chancellor, offering
to undergo any trial, and to assist in every way in discovering the
perpetrators of the crime.

The Privy-council made the most strenuous efforts to pierce the
mystery. Before the end of the year, John Meldrum and three of his
servants, and about thirty of the servants or dependents of Crichton,
had been apprehended, and about as many more summoned to Edinburgh to
give evidence; but not the slightest clue was obtained as to the origin
of the fire.

In the following April, a commission, consisting of the Earl Marischal,
the bishops of Aberdeen and Moray, with three others, was sent to
investigate the occurrence on the spot. They cautiously reported thus:
‘We find by all likelihood that the fire whereby the house was burned
was first raised in a vault, wherein we find evidences of fire in
three sundry parts; one at the furthest end thereof, another towards
the middle, and the third on that gable which is hard by the hole that
is under the bed which was in the chamber above. Your good lordships
will excuse us if we determine not concerning the fire whether it was
accidental or of set purpose by the hand of man; only this much it
seemeth probable unto us, after consideration of the frame of the house
and other circumstances, that no hand from without could have raised
the fire without aid from within.’

For a year the Council did nothing, being utterly at a loss as to
what they should do; but public indignation, and the desire to bring
home the guilt to the criminals—if guilt there were—had not abated,
and, stimulated by a message on the subject from the king, the
Council actually resolved to devote one day every week to further
investigation. At the same time, John Meldrum was ordered to be tried
by torture.

In August 1632, John Tosh, master of the household at Frendraught, was
brought to the bar of the Court of Justiciary on the charge of setting
fire to the vault from within. It was pleaded for him that, having
endured the torture of the ‘boots,’ and thereafter of the ‘pilniewinks’
or thumbikins, and having on oath declared his innocence, he could not
be put to further trial; and this plea was sustained.

In August 1633—nearly three years after the fire—John Meldrum of
Reidhill was put upon his trial, charged with having set fire to
the vault from the outside. It was urged against him, that he had
associated himself with James Grant, the notorious robber, in order
to wreak his vengeance on Frendraught; that he had threatened to do
Frendraught an evil turn some day; and being asked how, had said that
the laird would be burned; and that he had been seen riding towards
Frendraught Castle on the evening before the fire. It was suggested
that he had set fire to the vault by throwing combustibles, such as
powder, brimstone, and pitch, through the narrow slits that served as
windows. On such evidence as was offered against him, no jury at the
present day would convict. The assumption that fire had been introduced
from the outside was directly against the conclusion of the Council’s
commission; and Meldrum’s counsel insisted on the impossibility of
kindling a fire in a vault to which the only access from the outside
was by narrow slits piercing a wall ten feet thick. Nevertheless,
Meldrum was convicted, and hanged.

The jury seem to have thought some victim should be offered for the
public satisfaction, and that no injustice would be done to John
Meldrum in assigning him as a sacrifice, seeing that he had done quite
enough to deserve hanging, even if he had no hand in the burning
of Frendraught Castle. With the execution of Meldrum, all further
proceedings in the case ceased; but suspicion and animosity rankled
long in the House of Huntly against Frendraught. The origin of the fire
still remains a mystery.




TWO DAYS IN A LIFETIME.

A STORY IN EIGHT CHAPTERS.


CHAPTER IV.

Captain Bowood had spoken truly. Lady Dimsdale and Mr Boyd were
sauntering slowly in the direction of the house, deep in conversation,
and quite unaware that they were being watched from a little distance
by the woman in black whom Mrs Bowood had taken to be an applicant for
the post of French governess.

Oscar Boyd was a tall, well-built man, verging towards his fortieth
year. His complexion was deeply imbrowned by years of tropical
sunshine. He had a silky chestnut beard and moustache, and hair of the
same colour, which, however, was no longer so plentiful as it once had
been. He had clear, frank-looking eyes, a firm-set mouth, and a face
which gave you the impression of a man who was at once both thoughtful
and shrewd. It was one of those kindly yet resolute faces which seem to
invite confidence, but would never betray it.

Lady Dimsdale brought quite a heap of flowers into the room. There was
a large shallow vase on the centre table, which it was her intention to
fill with her floral spoils. ‘You look as cool as if this were December
instead of June,’ she said.

‘I have been used to much hotter suns than that of England.’

‘I hardly knew you again at first—not till I heard you speak.’

‘Fifteen years are a long time.’

‘Yet already it seems to me as if I should have known you anywhere. You
are different, and yet the same.’

‘When I arrived last evening, I did not know that you were here. I
heard your voice before I saw you, and the fifteen years seemed to
vanish like a dream.’

‘It seems to me like a dream when I go back in memory to those old days
at the vicarage, and call to mind all that happened there.’

‘Do you ever think of that evening when you and I parted?’

‘I have not forgotten it,’ answered Lady Dimsdale in a low voice.

‘How little we thought that we should not meet again for so long a
time!’

‘How little we foresaw all that would happen to us in the interval!’

‘If that telegram had arrived ten minutes later, how different our lots
in life might have been!’

‘Life seems made up of Ifs and Buts,’ she answered with a little sigh.

‘That evening! The scent of new-mown hay was in the air.’

‘The clock in the old church tower had just struck seven.’

‘Under the hill, a nightingale was singing.’

‘Far off, we heard the murmur of the tide.’

‘Fido lay basking among fallen rose-leaves on the terrace.’

‘Wagging his tail lazily, as if beating time to some tune that was
running in his head.’

‘We stood by the wicket, watching the last load of hay winding slowly
through the lanes. I seized the moment’——

‘You seized something else.’

‘Your hand. If you had only known how nervous I was! I pressed your
fingers to my lips. “Laura, I love you,” I stammered out.’

‘“Darling Laura,” was what he said,’ murmured Lady Dimsdale to herself.

‘Before I had time for another word, Hannah came hurrying down the
steps.’

‘Dear old Hannah, with her mob-cap and prim white apron. I seem to see
her now.’

‘She had an open paper in her hand. Your aunt had been taken ill, and
you were instructed to go to her by the first train. You gave me one
look—a look that haunted me for years—and went into the house without a
word. An hour later, I saw you at the train; but your father was there,
and he kept you by his side till the last moment.’

‘That miserable journey! For the first twenty miles I was alone; then
an old lady got in. “Dear me, how damp this carriage feels,” she said.
I rather fancy I had been crying.’

‘And we never met after that, till last evening.’

‘Never!’ murmured Lady Dimsdale almost inaudibly.

‘Two days after our parting, I was ordered abroad; but I wrote to you,
not once or twice only, but many times.’

‘Not one line from you did I ever receive.’

‘Then my letters must have been intercepted. I addressed them to your
aunt’s house in Scotland, where you were staying at the time.’

‘Aunt Judith had set her heart on my marrying Sir Thomas Dimsdale.’

‘And would not let my letters reach you. Week after week and month
after month, I waited for an answer, hoping against hope; but none ever
came.’

‘Week after week and month after month, I waited for a letter from you;
but none ever came.’

‘And your Aunt Judith—she who intercepted my letters—was accounted a
good woman.’

‘An excellent woman. Even on wet Sundays, she always went to church
twice.’

‘So excellent, that at length she persuaded you to marry Sir Thomas.’

‘It was not her persuasion that induced me to marry. It was to save my
father from ruin.’

‘What a sacrifice!’

‘You must not say that. How could anything I might do for my father’s
sake be accounted a sacrifice?’

Oscar Boyd did not answer. Lady Dimsdale’s white slender fingers were
busy with the arrangement of her flowers, and he seemed absorbed in
watching them.

‘And you too married?’ she said at length in a low voice.

‘I did—but not till more than a year after I read the notice of your
marriage in the newspapers. Life seemed no longer worth living. I cared
not what became of me. I fell into the toils of an adventuress, who
after a time inveigled me into marrying her.’

‘Your marriage was an unhappy one?’

‘Most unhappy. After a few months, we separated, and I never saw my
wife again. Her fate was a sad one. A year or two later, a steamer she
was on board of was lost at sea; and so far as is known, not a soul
survived to tell the tale.’

‘A sad fate indeed.’

The subject was a painful one to Oscar Boyd. He crossed to the window,
and stood gazing out for a few moments in silence.

Lady Dimsdale’s thoughts were busy. ‘What is there to hinder him from
saying again to-day the words he said to me fifteen years ago?’ she
asked herself. ‘If he only knew!’

‘How strange it seems, Laura, to be alone with you again after all
these years!’ He spoke from the window.

A beautiful flush spread swiftly over Lady Dimsdale’s face. Her heart
beat quickly. In a moment she had grown fifteen years younger. ‘He
calls me Laura!’ she murmured softly to herself. ‘Surely he will say
the words now.’

‘I could fancy this was the dear never-to-be-forgotten room in the old
vicarage—that that was the garden outside. In another moment, Fido will
come bounding in. Hannah will open the door and tell us tea is waiting.
We shall hear your father whistling softly to himself, while he counts
the ripening peaches on the wall.’

‘Oscar, don’t!’ cried Lady Dimsdale in a voice that was broken with
emotion.

Oscar Boyd came slowly back from the window, and stood for a few
moments watching her in silence. Then he laid a hand gently on one
of hers, took possession of it, looked at it for a moment, and then
pressed it to his lips. Then with a lingering pressure, he let it drop,
and walked away again to the window.

Lady Dimsdale’s eyes followed him; she could have laughed or she could
have cried; she was on the verge of both. ‘Oh, my dear one, if you only
knew what stupid creatures you men are!’ she said to herself. ‘Why
isn’t this leap-year?’

Presently Mr Boyd paced back again to the table; he seemed possessed
by some demon of restlessness. ‘With your permission, I will relate a
little apologue to you,’ he said; and then he drew up a chair near to
the table and sat down. ‘I once had a friend who was a poor man, and
was in love with a woman who was very rich. He had made up his mind
to ask her to be his wife, when one day he chanced to hear himself
stigmatised as a fortune-hunter, as an adventurer who sought to marry
a rich wife in order that he might live on her money. Then, although
he loved this woman very dearly, he went away without saying a word of
that which was in his heart.’

‘Must not your friend have been a weak-minded man, to let the idle talk
of an empty busybody come between himself and happiness? He deserved
to lose his prize. But I too have a little apologue to tell to you.
Once on a time there was a woman whom circumstances compelled against
her wishes to marry a rich old man. When he died, he left her all his
wealth, but on one condition—that she should never marry again. Any one
taking her for his wife must take her—for herself alone.’

Oscar rose and pushed back his chair. His face flushed; a great flame
of love leaped suddenly into his eyes. Lady Dimsdale was bending over
her flowers. Neither of them saw the black-robed figure that was
standing motionless by the open window.

‘Laura!’ said Oscar in a voice that was scarcely raised above a whisper.

She turned her head and looked at him. Their eyes met. For a moment
each seemed to be gazing into the other’s heart. Then Oscar went a step
nearer and held out both his hands. An instant later he had his arms
round her and his lips were pressed to hers. ‘My own at last, after all
these weary years!’ he murmured.

The figure in black had come a step or two nearer. She flung back her
veil with a sudden passionate gesture.

‘Oscar Boyd!’ The words were spoken with a sort of slow, deliberate
emphasis.

The lovers fell apart as though a thunderbolt had dropped between them.
Oscar’s face changed on the instant to a ghastly pallor. With one hand,
he clutched the back of a chair; the other went up to his throat, as
though there were something there which stopped his breathing. For the
space of a few seconds the ticking of the clock on the chimney-piece
was the only sound that broke the silence.

Then came the question: ‘Who are you?’ breathed rather than spoken.

In clear incisive tones came the answer: ‘Your wife!’

       *       *       *       *       *

The day was three hours older.

The news that Mr Boyd’s wife, who was supposed to have been drowned
several years before, had unexpectedly proved that she was still in
existence, was not long before it reached the ears of everybody at
Rosemount, from Captain Bowood himself to the boy in the stables.
As soon as he had recovered in some degree from the first shock of
surprise, Oscar had gone in search of Mrs Bowood; and having explained
to her in as few words as possible what had happened, had asked her to
grant him the use of one of her parlours for a few hours. Mrs Bowood,
who was the soul of hospitality, would fain have gone on the instant
and welcomed Mrs Boyd, as she welcomed all her guests at Rosemount,
and it may be with even more _empressement_ than usual, considering
the remarkable circumstances of the case. Mr Boyd, however, vetoed
her proposition in a way which caused her to suspect that there must
be something more under the surface than she was aware of; so, with
ready tact, she forbore to question him further, and at once placed a
sitting-room at his disposal.

In this room the husband and his newly found wife were shut up
together. Mr Boyd looked five years older than he had looked a few
hours previously. He was very pale. A certain hardness in the lines of
his mouth, unnoticed before, now made itself plainly observable. His
brows were contracted; all the gladness, all the softness had died out
of his dark eyes as completely as if they had never had an existence
there. He was sitting at a table, poring over some railway maps and
time-tables. On a sofa, separated from him by half the length of the
room, sat his wife. She was a tall, dark, shapely woman, who had left
her thirtieth birthday behind her some years ago. She had a profusion
of black hair, and very bright black eyes, with a certain cold, clear
directness of gaze in them, which for some men seemed to have a sort of
special charm. Certainly, they looked like eyes that could never melt
with sympathy or be softened by tears. She had a long Grecian nose, and
full red lips; but her chin was too heavy and rounded for the rest of
her face. Her clear youthful complexion owed probably as much to art
as it did to nature; but it was art so skilfully applied as sometimes
to excite the envy of those of her own sex to whom such secrets were
secrets no longer. In any case, most men conceded that she was still a
very handsome woman, and it was not likely that she was unaware of the
fact.

She sat for a little while tapping impatiently with one foot on the
carpet, and glancing furtively at the impassive face bent over its
books and maps, which seemed for the time to have forgotten that there
was any such person as she in existence. At length she could keep
silent no longer. ‘You do not seem particularly delighted by the return
of your long-lost wife, who was saved from shipwreck by a miracle. Many
men would be beside themselves with joy; but you are a philosopher, and
know how to hide your feelings. _Eh bien!_ if you are not overjoyed to
see me, I am overjoyed to see you; and I love you so very dearly, that
I will never leave you again.’ Only a slight foreign accent betrayed
the fact that she was not an Englishwoman.

Oscar Boyd took no more notice of her than if she had been addressing
herself to the empty air.

She rose and crossed the room to the fireplace, and glanced at herself
in the glass. There was a dangerous light in her eyes. ‘If he does not
speak to me, I shall strike him!’ she said to herself. Then aloud: ‘I
have travelled six thousand miles in search of you, and now that I have
found you, you have not even one kiss to greet me with! What a heart of
marble yours must be!’

Still the impassive figure at the table made no more sign than if it
had been carved in stone.

There was a pretty Venetian glass ornament on the chimney-piece.
Mrs Boyd took it up and dashed it savagely on the hearth, where it
was shattered to a hundred fragments. Then with white face and
passion-charged eyes, she turned and faced her husband. ‘Oscar Boyd,
why don’t you speak to your wife?’

‘Because I have nothing to say to her.’ He spoke as coldly and quietly
as he might have spoken to the veriest stranger.

She controlled her passion with an effort. ‘Nothing to say to me! You
can at least tell me something of your plans. Are we going to remain
here, or are we going away, or what are we going to do?’

He began deliberately to fold the map he had been studying. ‘We shall
start for London by the five o’clock train,’ he said. ‘At the terminus,
we shall separate, to meet again to-morrow at my lawyer’s office. It
will not take long to draw up a deed of settlement, by which a certain
portion of my income will for the future be paid over to you. After
that, we shall say farewell, and I shall never see you again.’

She stared at him with bewildered eyes. ‘Never see me again!’ she
gasped out. ‘Me—your wife!’

‘Estelle—you know the reasons which induced me to vow that I would
never regard you as my wife again. Those reasons have the same force
now that they had a dozen years ago. We meet, only to part again a few
hours hence.’

She had regained some portion of her _sang-froid_ by this time. A
shrill mocking laugh burst from her lips. It was not a pleasant laugh
to hear. ‘During my husband’s absence, I must try to console myself
with my husband’s money. You are a rich man, _caro mio_; you have made
a large fortune abroad; and I shall demand to be treated as a rich
man’s wife.’

‘You are mistaken,’ he answered, without the least trace of emotion
in his manner or voice. ‘I am a very poor man. Nearly the whole of my
fortune was lost by a bank failure a little while ago.’

His words seemed to strike her dumb.

‘In three days I start for Chili,’ continued Oscar. ‘My old appointment
has not been filled up; I shall apply to be reinstated.’

‘And I have come six thousand miles for this!’ muttered Estelle under
her breath. She needed a minute or two to recover her equanimity—to
decide what her next move should be.

Her husband was jotting down a few notes with a pencil. She turned
and faced him suddenly. ‘Oscar Boyd, I have a proposition to make to
you,’ she said. ‘If you are as poor a man as you say you are—and I do
not choose to doubt your word—I have no desire to be a drag on you for
ever. I have come a long way in search of you, and it will be equally
far to go back. Listen, then. Give me two thousand pounds—you can
easily raise that amount among your fine friends—and I will solemnly
promise to put six thousand miles of ocean between us, and never to
seek you out or trouble you in any way again.’

For a moment he looked up and gazed steadily into her face.
‘Impossible!’ he said drily, and with that he resumed his notations.

‘Why do you say that? The sum is not a large one. And think! You will
get rid of me for ever. What happiness! There will be nothing then
to hinder you from marrying that woman whom I saw in your arms. Oh!
I am not in the least jealous, although I love you so dearly, and
although’—here she glanced at herself in the chimney-glass—‘that woman
is not half so good-looking as I am. No one in this house but she
knows that I am your wife. You have only to swear to her that I am an
impostor, and she will believe you—we women are such easy fools where
we love!—and will marry you. Que dites vous, cher Oscar?’

‘Impossible.’

‘_Peste!_ I have no patience with you. You will never have such an
offer again. Mais je comprends. Although your words are so cruel,
you love me too well to let me go. As for that woman whom I saw you
kissing, I will think no more of her. You did not know I was so near,
and I forgive you.’ Here she turned to the glass again, gave the
strings of her bonnet a little twist, and smoothed her left eyebrow.
‘Make haste, then, my darling husband, and introduce your wife to your
fine friends, as a gentleman ought to do. I will ring the bell.’

Mr Boyd rose and pushed back his chair. ‘Pardon me—you will do nothing
of the kind,’ he said, more sternly than he had yet spoken. ‘It is not
my intention to introduce you to any one in this house. It would be
useless. We start for London in a couple of hours. I have some final
preparations to make, and will leave you for a few minutes. Meanwhile,
I must request that you will not quit this room.’

She clapped her gloved hands together and laughed a shrill discordant
laugh. ‘And do you really think, Oscar Boyd, that I am the kind of
woman to submit to all this? You ought to know me better—far better.’
Then with one of those sudden changes of mood which were characteristic
of her, she went on: ‘And yet, perhaps—as I have heard some people
say—a wife’s first duty is submission. Perhaps her second is, never to
leave her husband. _Eh bien!_ You shall have my submission, but—I will
never leave you. If you go to Chili, I will follow you there, as I have
followed you here. I will follow you to the ends of the earth! Do you
hear? I will haunt you wherever you go! I will dog your footsteps day
and night! Everywhere I will proclaim myself as your wife!’ She nodded
her head at him meaningly three times, when she had finished her tirade.

Standing with one hand resting on the back of his chair, while the
other toyed with his watch-guard, he listened to her attentively, but
without any visible emotion. ‘You will be good enough not to leave this
room till my return,’ he said; and without another word, he went out
and shut the door behind him.

Her straight black eyebrows came together, and a volcanic gleam shot
from her eyes as she gazed after him. ‘Why did he not lock me in?’ she
said to herself with a sneer. She began to pace the room as a man might
have paced it, with her hands behind her back and her fingers tightly
interlocked. ‘Will nothing move him? Is it for this I have crossed the
ocean? Is it for this I have tracked him? His fortune gone! I never
dreamt of that—and they told me he was so rich. What an unlucky wretch
I am! I should like to stab him—or myself—or some one. If I could but
set fire to the house at midnight, and’—— She was interrupted by the
opening of the door and the entrance of Sir Frederick Pinkerton. At the
sight of a man who was also a gentleman, her face changed in a moment.

(_To be concluded next month._)




LONDON BONDED WAREHOUSES.


The thought occurred to the writer the other day, when seated at his
desk, as an examining officer of Customs, in one of the extensive
bonded vaults which are within sight of that famous historic pile the
Tower, that a brief description of these warehouses—which possess in
some respects features that are unique—might prove interesting to
general readers. We do not know if any previous attempt has been made
in this direction; if so, it has not come within the scope of the
writer’s observation during an experience in London as a Civil servant
of twenty years.

In this brief sketch there are certain reflections that occur which may
perhaps be worthy of some consideration. One of these is, that even in
the most busy parts of the City there are extremely few persons—though
they may have daily passed along the leading thoroughfares for
years—who know anything about the interiors of the vast warehouses
and immense repositories for merchandise of all sorts, which abound
in the business area of London, east of Temple Bar, extending far
down both banks of the Thames. We do not refer especially to the
great docks, such as the London, St Katharine, East and West India,
Royal Albert, Surrey Commercial, and other similar emporiums of
commerce, which form so remarkable a feature of the Thames, and are
only rivalled by the huge docks on the Mersey. Those establishments,
it must be allowed, attract a large number of visitors, although
these are chiefly strangers from the country; the strictly commercial
classes of the City, unless intimately connected with the shipping
interest, but rarely extending their explorations thitherward. Some
favoured citizens and ‘country cousins,’ by the privilege of what is
called technically a ‘tasting order,’ may, however, traverse miles of
cellars, filled with the choicest vintages, and in the wine-vaults may
behold the most curious fungoid forms, white as snow, pendent from the
vaulted roofs. They may survey, as at the London Docks, thirty thousand
casks of brandy in a single vault; or traverse the famous ‘Spice’
warehouse, redolent with the aromatic odours of the East; or if they
have a penchant for Jamaica rum, by extending their visit to the West
India Dock, they can see the largest collection of rum-casks to be
found in any bonded warehouse on the habitable globe. But it is not to
these colossal establishments that we wish now to refer, interesting
and important as they may be, but rather to the less pretentious
and smaller warehouses, forming a group styled officially ‘Uptown
Warehouses.’

No one passing along Crutched Friars—the very name suggests that
strange blending of the past with modern commercial activity, which is
observable in London as in other large centres of population—would from
external signs surmise for a moment, that under his feet and around
him there were acres of vaults containing tens of thousands of casks
of port, sherry, and various descriptions of spirit. Yet such is the
fact; and as a matter of detail, it may be stated that the stock of
_port_ wine in one of these vaults comprises the finest brands imported
into the metropolis. The firm of B—— is well known throughout the
commercial world of London, and is believed to be upwards of a century
old. The original founder, who sprang from a very humble stock, died
worth, it is said, two million pounds sterling, amassed by the skilful
and honourable conduct of a bonding business, which had grown from
very modest conditions indeed, to rival the huge proportions of the
docks themselves. In fact, the tendency of the last few years has been
decidedly to withdraw the bonding trade from these formerly gigantic
establishments, and to concentrate it in the Uptown Warehouses. The
result of this has been to lower the shares of the Dock Companies to
the minimum level compatible with commercial solvency; while, owing
to the keen rivalry with the smaller and more progressive bonding
warehouses elsewhere, the charges have been reduced to a point that
would have surprised merchants of past days. One great reason for the
modern change which we have noted, is unquestionably the superior
accessibility of the Uptown Warehouses to the City proper, and their
comparative nearness to the various railway termini. Time and distance,
in these days of excessive speed, are prime factors, and must in the
end assert themselves. Besides, it is evident to all thinking men that
we have reached a crisis in the transport of merchandise, and that the
railway is becoming daily more omnipotent.

Though we have hitherto referred only to the casks of vinous liquors,
technically known as ‘wet goods,’ stored in the vaults, it must not
be inferred that they constitute the sole description of merchandise
contained within the walls of these warehouses. Tea, inclosed in
chests, piled tier upon tier, fills a large space, and yields a very
considerable amount of revenue to the Crown. Perhaps of all goods
now comprised in the tariff as ‘dutiable,’ the collection of the tea
duty, which is at present assessed at sixpence per pound, is the
simplest and least expensive. In B——’s premises, where the stock is
comparatively small, the annual yield of duty to the revenue is nearly
two hundred thousand pounds. It is, however, far otherwise with the
duty paid on ‘wet goods,’ wine, perhaps, excepted, the rates of which,
governed by strength, are, for wines containing less than twenty-six
degrees of alcoholic strength—being mainly of French production—at one
shilling per gallon; and for those of a greater degree of strength, but
below the limit of forty-two degrees—which is the usual standard of
Portuguese and Spanish wines—at two shillings and sixpence per gallon.
This difference in the assessment of duty on the basis of strength
between the vintages of France and Portugal, has been for some years
a sore point with the latter government. Various protests have been
made against its retention, which it must be admitted seems to press
somewhat hardly upon the trade of the Iberian peninsula with this
country; but as yet, while we write, no satisfactory solution has been
arrived at of what is a real _quæstio vexata_. The collection of the
spirit duties involves very considerable nicety and calculation—whisky
perhaps excepted, which is officially known as British Plain Spirits,
and the duty on which is assessed at ten shillings per gallon of proof
strength. In the case of all other descriptions of spirits, however,
the method is rendered more intricate, owing to a recent regulation
which requires the determination of the degree of what is styled
‘obscuration’ by distillation, the duty being charged at a uniform rate
of ten shillings and fourpence per proof gallon.

The laboratory tests are in the Customs establishment of a highly
scientific character, demanding on the part of the operators
considerable skill and knowledge of chemistry. The instruments used
in the various processes—of which Sikes’s hydrometer and Mr Keen’s
are best known—are of very ingenious construction, and require nice
handling and steadiness of eye.

The gauging of casks, which is performed by a large staff of, generally
speaking, skilful and highly meritorious officers, is quite a science
in itself, and requires years of constant practice to make the operator
thoroughly proficient. But in this, as in other arts, there are of
course various degrees of excellence. In the Customs service—and the
same thing will doubtless apply to the Excise—there are gaugers who
stand head and shoulders above their fellows, and who appear to have
the power by merely glancing at a cask, as if by intuition, to tell
its ‘content,’ as its holding capacity is officially styled. Although
it has been the usage in certain quarters to speak in contemptuous
terms of the functions of this deserving class of public servants, and
to apply to them the opprobrious epithet of ‘dip-sticks,’ we have no
sympathy with such detraction, which is quite unmerited.

It would be impossible within the brief limits of this paper to
describe minutely the various operations in bond which are daily going
on at these stations. Such comprise Vatting, Blending, Mixing, Racking,
Reducing, Fortifying, Bottling, Filtering, &c., and would in themselves
suffice for a separate article.

Having given a very meagre outline of the multifarious duties and
processes carried on at the various bonding vaults in London and
elsewhere, we may perhaps fitly conclude with a brief description of
certain antiquarian features of special interest, to be met with in
Messrs B——’s premises. As previously remarked, the monastic character
of one of the leading approaches is conveyed in the title of Crutched
Friars. But it is evident from other and various remains that its
site includes a most important portion of ancient _Londinum_. A
considerable extent of the old Roman wall, upwards of a hundred feet,
in an excellent state of preservation, ‘the squared stones and bonding
tiles’ being marvellously well defined, forms the boundary of what is
known as the ‘South’ Vault. On a higher level, styled the Vat Floor, in
the medieval portion of the City wall, is to be seen a fine specimen
of the Roman casement, which is said to be the only one now remaining
in the City. According to the best antiquarian authorities, these
remains form a part of the circumvallation of London begun in the reign
of Constantine and completed by Theodosius. As is only natural, these
relics are highly prized by the Antiquarian Society, which has in no
ordinary terms expressed its appreciation of the zealous care bestowed
by the proprietors in preserving these unique and priceless treasures
of the past.




THE MONTH:

SCIENCE AND ARTS.


Professor Janssen, the well-known astronomer of Meudon Observatory,
who has done more than any man living, perhaps, towards wedding the
photographic camera with the telescope, has lately published some
account of a marvellous picture which he obtained of ‘the old moon
in the new moon’s arms.’ At the time that the picture was taken, the
moon was only three days old, and an uncovering of the lens for one
minute only was sufficient to secure the image. This image is feeble,
but is full of detail, plainly showing the general configuration of
the lunar surface. Professor Janssen believes that this application of
photography points to a means of obtaining more precise measurements
of the light, and of studying the phenomena which are produced by
the double reflection of the solar light between our earth and
its satellite. To the uninitiated, in these days of marvellous
instantaneous pictures, an exposure of one minute may seem rather
a long period. But let us consider for a moment what a very small
proportion of the sun’s glory is reflected to us from the moon, even
on the finest nights. Professor Sir W. Thomson gives some interesting
information on this point. Comparing the full moon to a standard
candle, he tells us that the light it affords is equal to that given
by such a candle at a distance of seven feet and a half. As in the
above-mentioned photograph the light dealt with came from a moon not
full, but only three days old, it will be seen that Professor Janssen
had a very small amount of illumination for his picture, and the only
wonder is that he was able to obtain any result at all.

It will be remembered that in the autumn of 1882, a series of
observations were commenced in the polar regions, which had been
organised by an International Polar Committee. Fourteen expeditions
from various countries took up positions in that inhospitable area,
with the intention of carrying out observations for twelve months,
from which it was hoped that valuable knowledge would be gained. This
programme has been successfully carried out, ten of the expeditions
having returned home, many of them laden with rich stores of
observations. Three remain to continue their work for another year.
As to the return of the remaining band of observers—belonging to the
United States—there is as yet no definite information.

On Ailsa Craig, Firth of Clyde, there is being erected, by order of the
Commissioners of Northern Lights, a mineral-oil gas-work, to supply
gas for the lighthouse in course of construction there, as well as to
feed the gas-engines which will be used to drive the fog-signalling
apparatus. The works are being erected by the patentee of this
gas-system, Mr James Keith, and will cost three thousand pounds. They
will be capable of manufacturing two thousand cubic feet of oil-gas
per hour, of fifty-candle illuminating standard. It has long been the
opinion of many that the electric light is not the best illuminant for
lighthouse purposes, and this installation at Ailsa Craig, following
one on the same principle at the Isle of Man not long ago, would seem
to indicate that the authorities think so too.

North-east of Afghanistan there lies a piece of country called
Kafiristan, which, until April last, had never been traversed by the
foot of a European. In that month, however, Mr W. W. M‘Nair, of the
Indian medical service, crossed the British frontier, and travelled
through the little-known region for two months. An interesting account
of his wanderings formed the subject of a paper read by him at a recent
meeting of the Royal Geographical Society. The country is inhabited
by three main tribes—Ramgals, Vaigals, and Bashgals, answering to the
three chief valleys, and each having a distinctive dialect. The men
are warlike and brave, but, like many other semi-barbarous peoples,
leave the heavy work of agriculture to the women. The Mohammedans hem
them in on all sides; but as the tribes are at peace among themselves,
they are able to hold their own. Slavery exists to some extent. The
people acknowledge one supreme being, Imbra, and worship at temples
presided over by priests; but to neither priests nor idols is excessive
reverence paid. Bows and arrows form their chief arms; and although a
few matchlocks have found their way into the country from Cabul, no
attempt has been made to imitate them. Wealth is reckoned by heads
of cattle; the staple food is wheat; and the favourite drink pure
grape-juice, not rendered intoxicating by fermentation or distillation.

Although there is every reason to believe that cruelty to animals is
far less common than it was, still there are many men who are not so
merciful to their beasts as they might be. Many of these offend from
ignorance, and will leave poor creatures exposed to inclement weather
under the belief that they will not suffer. Professor Shelton, of
the Kansas State Agricultural College, has lately shown, by careful
experiment, that it _pays_ to be merciful in the matter of providing
shelter for pigs; and we have no doubt that if his researches had been
extended to other animals, a similar result would have been obtained.
For this experiment, ten pigs, as nearly as possible alike with regard
to breed, age, &c., were chosen, five being kept in a barn, and five in
the open, but provided with straw to lie upon. These two families were
fed twice a day with carefully weighed messes of Indian corn. In the
sequel, it was found that each bushel of corn produced in the barn-fed
pigs ten and three-tenths pounds of pork, whilst each bushel given to
the outsiders formed only nine and seven-tenths. This result of course
clearly shows that a large proportion of the food given went to keep
the outdoor pigs warm, instead of adding to their flesh. If the bucolic
mind will only grasp this fact, we feel sure that more attention will
be given to the question of shelter for animals.

Professor Cohn, writing from Breslau to _Nature_, calls attention to
the circumstance that just two hundred years ago there was made in the
Netherlands a scientific discovery of the greatest importance. In the
year 1683, Leeuwenhoek gave notice to our Royal Society that by the
aid of his microscope he had detected in the white substance adhering
to his teeth ‘very little animals moving in a very lively fashion.’
‘These,’ says Professor Cohn, ‘_were the first bacteria which the human
eye ever saw_.’ The descriptions and drawings given by this first
observer are so correct, that even in these days, when the Germ theory
of disease has brought forward so many workers in the same field, armed
with much improved appliances, the organisms drawn by the hand of
Leeuwenhoek can be easily recognised and compared with their fellows
of to-day. These drawings have indeed never been surpassed till within
the last ten years, a fact which speaks volumes for their accuracy and
value.

The buildings occupied by the International Fisheries Exhibition at
South Kensington are, in 1884, to be devoted to a no less important
object, albeit it is not likely to be so popular with the masses. This
Exhibition will deal with matters relating to Health and Education.
It will include the food-resources of the world; the best means of
cooking that food; the costumes of the world, and their bearing upon
health; the sanitary construction of dwellings; and many other things
that every one ought to know about, but which very few study. With the
Prince of Wales as President, assisted by a Council including the names
of Sir Cunliffe Owen and Mr Birkbeck, the success of the scheme ought
to be assured.

In Cannon Street, London, an experimental section of roadway of a
novel kind has lately been laid down. It is the invention of Mr H.
F. Williams, an engineer of San Francisco, where the system has been
most successfully employed for the past seven years. Indeed, the roads
so prepared are said to be as good as when first laid down, allowing
for a reasonable amount of wear and tear. The process is as follows.
First of all is provided a good dry concrete foundation; upon this
are laid blocks of wood, grain-end uppermost, measuring eight inches
by four, with a thickness of an inch and a half. Each block, before
being placed in position, is dipped halfway into a boiling mixture of
asphalt and Trinidad bitumen; this glues the blocks to the foundation
and to one another, at the same time leaving a narrow space all round
the upper half of each piece of wood. This space is afterwards filled
in with boiling asphalt. Above all is spread a half-inch coating of
asphalt mixed with coarse grit, the object of which is to prevent that
dangerous slipperiness that is common to asphalt roadways in moist
states of the atmosphere.

At Brooklyn, the sanitary authorities seem to have a very sensible
method of dealing with milk-dealers in the matter of adulteration. They
invited the dealers to meet in the Common Council Chamber, when it was
explained to them by an expert how they could determine by various
tests whether the milk purchased from the farms is of the required
standard. At the conclusion of this conference, it was hinted that the
licenses of such dealers as were thenceforward detected in selling
adulterated milk would be peremptorily revoked.

At the end of December last, the first of four large silos on Lord
Tollemache’s estate in Cheshire was opened in the presence of a large
number of farmers and scientific agriculturists. It had been filled
with dry grass, chopped into inch-lengths by a chaff-cutter, and
pressed down with a weight equal to fifty-six pounds on the square
foot. The appearance of the ensilage was that of dark-brown moss,
having a pleasant aroma; but, as in other experiments of the kind,
the top layer was mouldy and spoiled. Lord Tollemache stated that he
found that animals did not seem to care for the fodder when first
offered them, but that they afterwards ate it with evident relish.
Several samples of ensilage were exhibited at the late Cattle-show
in London, and it is noteworthy that almost without exception the
pampered show-animals, when a handful was offered them by way of
experiment, took the food greedily. On Mr C. Mackenzie’s farm of
Portmore, in Peeblesshire, a silo was opened in December, the contents
of which—pressed down while in a moist condition—were found to be
excellently suited for feeding purposes.

It is worthy of notice that the past year brought with it the fiftieth
anniversary of the lucifer-match, which was first made in this kingdom
by John Walker of Stockton-on-Tees in 1833. The same year, a factory
was started at Vienna; and very soon works of a similar character
sprang up all over the world. In 1847, a most important improvement
was made in substituting the red amorphous phosphorus for the more
common variety. This modification put an end to that terrible disease,
phosphorus necrosis, which attacked the unfortunate matchmakers. The
strong agitation which this disease gave rise to against the employment
of phosphorus, naturally directed the attention of experimenters
to other means of striking a light; and although phosphorus in its
harmless amorphous form still holds its own, it is probable that its
presence in lucifer-matches will some day be dispensed with. We need
hardly remind our readers that the universal adoption of the electric
light would greatly curtail the use of matches, for that form of
illumination does not require an initial spark to set it aglow.

Some artillery officers in Switzerland have been putting their
snow-clad mountain flanks to a curious experimental use, for they have
been employing one of them as a gigantic target for their missiles.
A space on this snow-covered ground measuring two hundred and thirty
feet by ninety-eight feet—which would represent the area occupied by
a battalion of infantry in double column—was carefully marked out,
its centre being occupied by flags. At a distance of about a mile,
the artillery opened fire upon this mapped-out space until they had
expended three hundred shots. The ground was then examined; and the
pits in the snow when counted showed that seventy-eight per cent. of
the shots had entered the inclosure. Had a veritable battalion occupied
the ground, there would have been few, if any survivors.

In another experiment, snow was employed as a means of defence against
artillery. A wall sixteen and a half feet long, and five feet high,
was built of snow having various thicknesses, but backed by half-inch
wooden planking. This wall was divided into three sections, having
a thickness respectively of four and a half feet, three feet, and
twenty inches. Against the thickest section, twelve shots were fired
from various distances; but in no case was penetration effected.
In the three-foot section, shots pierced the snow as far as the
woodwork, where they were stopped. In the twenty-inch section, all
the shots fired went completely through the wall. It would seem from
these experiments that snow, when available, can be made a valuable
means of defence. But, unfortunately, in the published account of the
experiments, the calibre of the guns employed is not given; we should,
however, assume them to be field-artillery of a very light type.

A new use for the ubiquitous dynamo-electric machine is reported from
Saxony, and one which seems to fulfil a most useful purpose—namely, the
ventilation of mines. At the Carola pits, Messrs Siemens and Halske,
the German electricians, have inaugurated this new system. At the pit
bank, a dynamo is stationed, which is coupled up by shafting with the
engine. By means of copper conductors, this machine is connected with
another dynamo, two thousand five hundred feet away in the depths of
the mine. This latter is connected with a powerful centrifugal fan. The
cost of working these combined machines is six shillings and threepence
per day, which means threepence for every million cubic feet of air
delivered.

A new employment for the electric light has been found in Bavaria,
where a Committee has reported upon its use as a head-light for
locomotive engines. The colour and form of signals can be distinguished
by the engine-driver on a cloudy night at a distance of eight hundred
feet. The light burns steadily, and is not affected by the motion of
the engine; but a special form of arc-lamp is employed, the invention
of H. Sedlaczek of Vienna. The lamp is so constructed that it moves
automatically when the engine traverses a curve, so as to light the
track far in advance. The dynamo is placed just behind the funnel, and
is easily connected with the moving parts of the machinery by suitable
gearing.

The new patent law which came into operation on the first of January
will without doubt give a great impetus to invention in this country,
for many a man too poor to think of employing a patent agent, and
paying down nearly ten pounds for a few months’ protection, as he had
to do under the old conditions, can easily afford the one pound which
is now the sum fixed for the initial fee. Moreover, a would-be patentee
can obtain all necessary forms at the nearest post-office, and can send
in his specification through the same medium, without the intervention
of the ‘middle-man.’ Of course the law cannot be perfect enough to
please every one, and a few months’ practice will probably discover
many points in which it can be improved. One curious provision has put
certain manufacturers in a quandary, for it rules that no article must
bear the word ‘patent’ unless it is really the subject of a patent
specification.

A powerful antiseptic and deodoriser can be made by mixing together
carbolic acid and chloride of lime, which, when combined, contains
sufficiently active properties to correct fermentation. A weak solution
is used as a dressing in some gangrenous affections, as it does not
cause irritation. The smell, if objected to, can be disguised by oil of
lavender.

Fruit may be preserved in a fresh condition for many months by placing
it in very fine sand sufficiently thick to cover it, after it has been
well washed and dried and then moistened with brandy. A wooden box is
the best receptacle to use, and it should be kept well covered and in a
warm place.

According to some French gardeners, vines and other fruit-trees
infested with ‘mealy-bug’ should have their bark brushed over with oil
in November when the leaves are all off, and again in the spring when
vegetation commences. This mode of treatment is usually very successful
when it is applied to young and vigorous trees.

At a recent meeting of the Edinburgh Field Naturalists’ Club, a paper
was communicated by Mr John Turnbull, Galashiels, locally known as a
clever microscopist, in which he explained a new and simple method of
obtaining beautiful impressions of the leaves of plants on paper. The
materials necessary to take these impressions cost almost nothing. A
piece of carbonised paper plays the principal part in the process; but
it is of importance to have the carbonised paper fresh, and it should
be kept in a damp place, for when the paper dries, the pictures that
may be printed from it are not so effective. The leaf or plant to be
copied is first of all carefully spread out over the carbonised paper
on a table, or, better still, a blotting-pad. Next take a piece of thin
tough paper and lay it on the leaf. Then, with the tips of the fingers,
rub over the thin paper so as to get the plant thoroughly inked.
This done, place the leaf on the paper on which the impression is to
be taken. A smooth printing-paper gives the clearest copy. The thin
paper is now laid on the plant as before, and the rubbing continued.
Of course, care must be taken to keep the plant in position, for if
it moves, the impression will be faulty. However, the matter is so
very simple that anybody should succeed. Impressions taken in this
way have all the delicacy of steel engravings and the faithfulness of
photographs. His discovery is likely to come into favour for decorative
purposes. The headings of letters on the margins of books might be very
tastefully adorned with truly artistic representations of plants. The
wood-engraver also will find it will serve his purpose as well as, if
not better than, photography. Specimens that have been copied by Mr
Turnbull’s system, when examined with the microscope, are found to be
perfect, even to the delicate hairs that are scarcely visible on the
plant to the naked eye.




BOOK GOSSIP.


History is perhaps one of the most popular of modern studies. It
is more definite in its results than Philosophy, and it widens the
intellectual horizon more than does the pursuit of particular branches
of Science, while it has less tendency than either of these to congeal
into dogma. The methods of historians, also, have undergone a signal
change within the last fifty years. The historical writers of last
century, such as Robertson and Hume, were content to collate the
productions of previous authors, to give a new reading here and a fresh
deduction there, looking more to literary form than to the production
of new facts. Such writers troubled themselves little about the People,
but were intensely interested in the movements of kings, and in the
sinuosities of statecraft generally. Anything else was beneath ‘the
dignity of history.’ But this ‘dignity of history’ has long since been
pushed from its perch, and nobody now regards it. Carlyle, Freeman,
Froude, Macaulay, Green, and Gardiner, have each and all followed the
movements of events as they affected the people, and not alone as
they affected kings and statesmen. The result has been that history
is fuller of teaching than before, is infused with a truer and deeper
interest, appeals in stronger terms to our sense of justice, and lays a
firmer hold upon our sympathy. It has, in short, become more human.

Mr J. R. Seeley, Professor of Modern History in the University of
Cambridge, has just published a series of lectures under the title of
_The Expansion of England_ (London: Macmillan & Co.), which shows in
a striking manner the progress which has been made in our methods of
studying history and estimating its events. It has long, he says, been
a favourite maxim of his, that history, while it should be scientific
in its method, should pursue a practical object. ‘That is, it should
not merely gratify the reader’s curiosity about the past, but modify
his view of the present and his forecast of the future.’ The first
lecture is devoted to an able exposition of this theorem, into which,
however, we cannot here follow the author. He then proceeds to a study
of England in the eighteenth century, discusses its old colonial
system, points out in detail the effect of the New World on the Old,
reviews the history of our conquest of India, and the mutual influence
of India and England, and ends by an estimate of the internal and
external dangers which beset England as the mother of her colonies and
the mistress of her numerous conquests. The lecturer now and again
drives his theory to a false issue, and in general gives too great
weight to logical sequence in historic transactions. History is not
dominated by logic, but by events; and although we may see in these
events, from our distant and external standpoint, a distinct chain of
development and progress, the actors saw no more of the future of them
than we do to-day of the events presently transpiring. Apart, however,
from this tendency on the part of Professor Seeley, the lectures
are full of wise maxims and suggestive thoughts, and cannot fail to
interest and instruct the historical student.

⁂

The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge has added to its series
called ‘The People’s Library’ a most instructive little volume entitled
_A Chapter of Science; or, What is the Law of Nature?_ It consists
of six lectures which were delivered to working-men by Mr J. Stuart,
Professor of Mechanics, Cambridge. The object of the lecturer was to
present an example of inductive reasoning, and to familiarise his
hearers to some extent with the principles of scientific inquiry;
and he has succeeded in his object in a remarkable degree. We do
not know any book of the same extent which so fully places before
the unscientific reader, or before the reader who has gathered many
facts of science without apprehending their bearing upon each other,
the principles which should guide him in the endeavour to estimate
and arrange these facts correctly. He reminds his hearers that what
science itself has to teach us consists not so much in facts, as in
those lessons and deductions which can be drawn from facts, and which
can be justly apprehended only by a knowledge of such facts. ‘Those,’
he aptly says, ‘whose knowledge of science has furnished them with
only an encyclopædia of facts, are like men who try to warm themselves
before coals which have not yet been lighted. Those who are furnished
only with the deductions of science are like men who may have a lighted
match, but have not the material to construct a fire. That match soon
burns away uselessly.’ We cannot conceive of any one reading this book,
even with only an average degree of attention and only a trifling
modicum of scientific knowledge, and not gleaning from it a clearer
apprehension of the facts of science and the inductions to be made from
these facts.

⁂

A beautiful volume comes to us from the pen of an occasional
contributor to this _Journal_, Dr Gordon Stables. It is entitled
_Aileen Aroon_ (London: S. W. Partridge & Co.), and consists of tales
of faithful friends and favourites among the lower animals. The chief
story of the book, and that which gives it its title, is concerning
a noble Newfoundland dog called ‘Aileen Aroon;’ but interwoven with
it are numerous stories of all kinds of domestic pets—dogs, monkeys,
sheep, squirrels, birds of various kinds, and even that much-abused
creature the donkey. Dr Stables, as our readers cannot fail to
have observed, possesses a very happy style of narration; and his
never-failing sympathy with animal-life gives to his several pictures a
depth and truth of colouring such as one but rarely meets with in this
department of anecdotal literature. A better present could not be put
into the hands of a boy or girl who loves animals, than this handsome
volume about _Aileen Aroon_ and her many friends.

⁂

_London Cries_ is the title of one of those unique volumes, with
beautiful and characteristic illustrations, which from time to time
emanate from the publishing-house of Messrs Field and Tuer, London.
The text of this volume is written by Mr Andrew W. Tuer, and gives an
amusing account of the cries, many and various, which have been heard,
or may still be heard, in the streets of London.—Another volume by the
same publishers is _Chap-book Chaplets_, containing a number of ballads
printed in a comically antique fashion, and illustrated by numerous
grotesque imitations of old ballad-woodcuts. These are cleverly drawn
by Mr Joseph Crawhall, and are all coloured by hand.—A third volume
comes from the same source. It is a large folio, entitled _Bygone
Beauties_, being a republication of ten portraits of ladies of rank and
fashion, from paintings by John Hoppner, R.A., and engraved by Charles
Wilkin.

⁂

_Whitaker’s Almanac_ for 1884 exhibits all its former features of
excellence as an annual, and any changes which have been made are in
the direction of further improvement. Besides the usual information
expected in almanacs, _Whitaker’s_ gives very full astronomical notes,
from month to month, as to the position of the planets in the heavens,
and other details which must be of interest to many. Its Supplement of
scientific and other general information contains much that is curious
and worth knowing.




OCCASIONAL NOTES.


AMBULANCE SOCIETIES.

We have this month, in the article ‘An Order of Mercy’ (p. 15
[Transcriber’s note: See https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64345.]),
described the operations of the St John Ambulance Association, London,
and are pleased to be able to notice that a similar organisation is
being set on foot in the Scottish metropolis. The subject was recently
brought before the public by Professor Chiene, of the Edinburgh
University, in a lecture delivered under the auspices of the Edinburgh
Health Society. The lecturer spoke of the importance of speedy aid to
those who are hurt, and to those who are taken suddenly ill in our
streets. At present, in such cases, he said, such persons came under
the care of kindly bystanders or the police, none of whom have received
any instruction whatever in what is now commonly known as ‘first aid
to the sick or wounded.’ The person was placed either in a cab or
on a police-stretcher, and the lecturer could imagine nothing worse
adapted for the conveyance of a patient with a fractured limb than a
cab. In the case of the police-stretcher, the only advantage it had
was the recumbent posture of the patient; in every other particular it
was a most inefficient means of conveyance. He asked if the time had
not come when they should try and find some remedy. In London, the St
John Ambulance Association had been in existence for seven years; in
Glasgow, the St Andrew’s Ambulance Association was now in full working
order; and surely Edinburgh, with all its charitable organisations,
with its important hospitals, with the largest medical school in Great
Britain, should not be behind in this important matter. During the last
three years an average of seven hundred and twenty cases of accident
each year had been treated as in-patients in the Royal Infirmary; many
other cases had been taken there, their wounds and injuries dressed,
and afterwards sent to their own homes. Many cases of accident were
conveyed directly to their own homes; many cases of sudden illness were
conveyed either to the hospital or their own homes, and he did not
think he was over-estimating it when he said that fifteen hundred cases
occurred every year in Edinburgh which would benefit from a speedy and
comfortable means of conveyance from the place of accident to the place
of treatment. In the formation and working of such a society, he would
give all the help he could. Mr Cunningham, the secretary of the Glasgow
Association, had the cause at heart; and he was sure Mr Miller, one of
the surgeons in the Edinburgh Infirmary, and Dr P. A. Young, both of
whom had already given ambulance lectures to Volunteers, would give
their hearty help. Many of the junior practitioners and senior students
would, he was sure, assist as lecturers; and they would soon have in
Edinburgh a ready band of certificated assistants, who would give
efficient first aid to any one who was injured, and would assist the
police in removing them to the hospital or their own homes.

We are glad to observe that as one result of Professor Chiene’s appeal,
a Committee of Employers in Edinburgh and Leith is being formed for
the purpose of having employees instructed in the manner proposed, so
that many of the latter may be able to give practical assistance in the
event of accidents happening where they are employed.


THE LAST OF THE OLD WESTMINSTER HOUSES.

All who take any interest in the topographical antiquities of the
ancient city of Westminster will learn—not perhaps without some feeling
akin to regret—that the last of the old original houses of that old
medieval city was taken down during the past summer to make room for
more convenient and spacious premises. The house has been thought
to be over five hundred years old, having been erected in or about
the reign of Edward III. It belonged to the Messrs Dent, well-known
provision-dealers, by whose predecessors the business was founded in
the year 1750. The shop floor was three steps _below_ the level of the
pavement outside, and the ceiling of the shop was so low that a small
man could touch it easily with his hand. The building contained several
large and commodious rooms up-stairs, the first floor projecting, as
usual in such houses, beyond the wall about a foot. The beams used
throughout were heavy, massive, and very hard old English oak; and the
roof was covered with old-fashioned red tiles. The house stood at the
western corner of Tothill Street, where that street joins the Broadway.
A few years ago, several such houses were to be seen on the north side
of Tothill Street, but as nearly the whole of that side was taken by
the new Aquarium, the quaint old houses were of course removed. Now
that the old one above referred to is down, they are all gone, and
nothing is left of old Westminster city but its grand and matchless
Abbey; and long may its majestic beauty continue to adorn a spot
celebrated for so many deeply historical memories.


THE RECENT MARVELLOUS SUNSETS.

The marvellous sunsets which have lately been common all over the world
have led to a mass of correspondence and conjectures upon the part of
scientific men. Perhaps the fullest and most interesting contribution
to the literature of the subject is the long article contributed to
the _Times_ by Mr Norman Lockyer, who, with many others, is disposed
to attribute the phenomena to the presence in the upper regions of the
atmosphere of a vast quantity of volcanic dust, the outcome of the
terrible eruption—one of the most terrible ever recorded—which took
place at Krakatoa in August last. In corroboration of this hypothesis,
another correspondent calls attention to the circumstance that similar
phenomena were observed in 1783, and are recorded in White’s _Selborne_
as follows: ‘The sun at noon looked as blank as a clouded moon, and
shed a rose-coloured ferruginous light on the ground and floors of
rooms, but was particularly lurid and blood-coloured at rising and
setting. The country-people began to look with superstitious awe at
the red lowering aspect of the sun; and indeed there was reason for
the most enlightened person to be apprehensive; for all the while
Calabria and part of the isle of Sicily were torn and convulsed with
earthquakes, and about that juncture a volcano sprang out of the sea on
the coast of Norway.’




NIGHT.


    O gentle Night! O thought-inspiring Night!
      Humbly I bow before thy sovereign power;
    Sadly I own thy all-unequalled might
      To calm weak mortal in his darkest hour:
    Spreading thy robe o’er all the mass of care,
    Thou bidd’st the sorrowful no more despair.

    When high in heaven thou bidd’st thy torches shine,
      Casting on earth a holy, peaceful light,
    My heart adores thee in thy calm divine,
      Is soothed by thee, O hope-inspiring Night!
    All anxious thoughts, all evil bodings fly;
    My soul doth rest, since thou, O Night! art nigh.

    When thou hast cast o’er all the sleeping land
      Thy darkened robe, the symbol of thy state,
    Alone beneath heaven’s mightiness I stand,
      Musing on life, eternity, and fate;
    Mayhap with concentrated thought I try
    To pierce the cloud of heaven’s great mystery.

    ’Tis then sweet music in the air I hear,
      Like rippling waters falling soft and low;
    With soul enraptured do I list, yet fear—
      ’Tis not such music as we mortals know;
    It wafts the soul from earthly things away,
    Leaving behind the senseless frame of clay.

    Friends, kindly faces crowd around me there,
      Friends loved the better since they passed away,
    Leaving a legacy of wild despair—
      And now I see them as in full orb’d day,
    The long-lamented once again descry,
    Bask in each smile, gaze in each speaking eye.

    O blest reunion, Night’s almighty gift,
      Lent for a time unto the thoughtful mind;
    When memory can o’er the clouds uplift
      The startled soul away from all mankind,
    Throw wide eternity’s majestic gate,
    And grant a view of the immortal state.

    And thou, O Night! who can’st these spirits raise,
      Giv’st immortality to mortal eyes,
    To thee I tune mine unadornèd praise,
      And chant thy glories to the list’ning skies:
    Waft, O ye winds! the floating notes along;
    Ye woods and mountains, echo back the song.

            ROBERT A. NEILSON.

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