THE SPANISH SERIES


                                SEVILLE




                          THE SPANISH SERIES

                      Edited by ALBERT F. CALVERT


                          MURILLO
                          SPANISH ARMS AND ARMOUR
                          THE ESCORIAL
                          CORDOVA
                          SEVILLE
                          THE PRADO


                           _In Preparation_

                          GOYA
                          GRANADA AND ALHAMBRA
                          VELAZQUEZ
                          TOLEDO
                          ROYAL PALACES OF SPAIN
                          MADRID
                          LEON, BURGOS AND SALAMANCA
                          VALLADOLID, OVIEDO, SEGOVIA,
                             ZAMORA, AVILA & ZARAGOZA




                                SEVILLE

                     AN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE
                              ACCOUNT OF
                       “THE PEARL OF ANDALUSIA”
                         BY ALBERT F. CALVERT
                        WITH 300 ILLUSTRATIONS


                  LONDON: JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD
                  NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MCMVII

               TURNBULL AND SPEARS. PRINTERS, EDINBURGH




PREFACE


There is a charm and compelling fascination about Seville which
produces in the traveller visiting the city for the first time a
sensation of physical ecstasy. The spell of the Pearl of Andalusia is
instant and enduring; I have not met a man or woman proof against its
witchery. George Borrow shed tears of rapture as he beheld Seville from
the Cristina Promenade, and “listened to the thrush and the nightingale
piping forth their melodious songs in the woods, and inhaled the breeze
laden with the perfume of its thousand orange gardens.” The Moors left
their beloved capital at the height of its prosperity, in the full
flower of its beauty; change has not affected its material importance,
and time has not staled its infinite variety. A Christian Cathedral now
stands on the foundation of the great mosque of Abu Yakub Yusuf; but
the Moorish Giralda, the most expressive monument of the Mohammedan
occupation, still beckons the distant traveller onwards to the promised
land; the Alcazar breathes the spirit of its Oriental masters; and the
shimmering Torre del Oro still reflects the light of the setting sun
upon the broad bosom of the rose-coloured river.

The history of Seville from the time of its subjugation by Musa is
a volume of romance; its pages are illumined by the cold light of
flashing steel and stained with the blood of tyrants, traitors, and
innocent men; but it forms a chronicle which the reader will follow
with absorbing interest. The more exacting student will satisfy his
thirst for knowledge in Dr Dozy’s “History of the Mohammedans of
Spain,” in Gayangos’ translation of El Makkari’s “History of the
Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain,” in Coppee’s “History of the Conquest
of Spain,” and Pedro de Madrazo’s “Sevilla”--to refer to only a few of
the many learned works that have been published on the subject. Many
will continue to be content with the few pages of Notes which appear in
the various Spanish Guides; but a certain section, it is hoped, of the
English travelling public, will find in this book an album, a handbook,
and a history which will supply a long-felt want.

In my attempt to produce a volume which will appeal both to the artist
and the tourist, to the archæologist as well as the least imaginative
sightseer, I have reproduced a number of illustrations which may
incline some persons to accuse me of a superabundant regard for detail.
It is true that many pages are devoted to intricacies of decoration
which the general reader may find of small interest, but my object in
multiplying this detail is to satisfy the requirements of those who
would fathom the mystery of Moslem art. When I was first in Granada I
inquired for pictures of the minutiæ of many choice examples of design,
and, failing to obtain anything of the kind, I had to employ a local
artist to make sketches of the detail of the mosaics. That experience
determined me, in treating of these Mohammedan cities of Spain, to
include those reproductions for which I had searched in vain, and to
make my illustrations, as far as possible, the last word on the subject
of Arabian architecture and ornament.

For the historical portion of the letterpress I have laid under tribute
the authorities already mentioned, and I have also to acknowledge the
assistance received in the compilation from Mr E. B. d’Auvergne.

A large number of the photographs included here were supplied by Messrs
Rafael Garzon and Senan & Gonzalez of Granada, Hauser & Menet of
Madrid, Ernst Wasmuth of Berlin, publisher of Uhde’s “Baudenkmaeler in
Spanien und Portugal,” and Eugen Twietmayer of Leipzig, publisher of
Junghandel’s “Die Baukunst Spaniens,” and my thanks are due to them for
the courteous permission to reproduce their work in this volume.

Some of the illustrations are reproductions of pictures which were
at one time in the San Telmo Collection. As that collection has been
distributed I have been unable to trace the originals, but as they were
so closely identified with Seville I make no apology for including them.

A. F. C.

“ROYSTON,”

  SWISS COTTAGE,

    N.W.




CONTENTS


                                                                    PAGE

SEVILLE                                                                1

MOORISH SEVILLE                                                        5

SEVILLE UNDER THE CASTILIAN KINGS                                     35

THE ALCAZAR                                                           45

THE CATHEDRAL                                                         69

OTHER BUILDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH AND
SIXTEENTH CENTURIES                                                   89

BUILDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH
CENTURIES                                                            101

THE PAINTERS OF SEVILLE                                              107

THE OLD ROMAN CITY                                                   135




ILLUSTRATIONS


      TITLE                                  PLATE

General view of Seville from the Giralda Tower, West
side of the City.    First view                                        1

General view of Seville from the Giralda Tower, West
side of the City.    Second view                                       2

General view of Seville from the Giralda Tower, East
side                                                                   3

General view of Seville from the Giralda Tower, Central
part of the City                                                       4

General view of Seville from the Giralda Tower, North
side                                                                   5

Procession of the Conception of the Virgin passing
through the Plaza de San Francisco                                     6

View of Seville                                                        7

View of Seville                                                        8

View of Seville                                                        9

View of Seville                                                       10

View of Seville                                                       11

View of Seville                                                       12

View of Seville                                                       13

View of Seville                                                       14

Bridge over the Guadalquivir                                          15

Hercules Avenue                                                       16

The Plaza Nueva                                                       17

View of Triana from the Tower of Gold                                 18

View of Seville from Triana                                           19

View of Seville from Triana                                           20

The Tower of Gold from San Telmo                                      21

A street in Seville                                                   22

The Tower of Gold                                                     23

Church of San Marcos, from the Palace of the Dueñas                   24

Church of San Marcos                                                  25

Court of the Hotel de Madrid                                          26

Hospital, with the Mosaics painted by Murillo                         27

Portal of the Convent of Santa Paula                                  28

Church of Santa Catalina                                              29

Church of Todos Santos                                                30

The Provincial Museum, with Murillo’s statue                          31

Statue of Murillo                                                     32

General view of the Town Hall                                         33

The Town Hall, left side                                              34

The Town Hall, left side, detail of the interior angle                35

Door of the Town Hall                                                 36

The Town Hall, detail of the principal part                           37

General view of the Town Hall                                         38

The Town Hall, detail of the façade                                   39

The Town Hall, detail of the principal door                           40

Window in the Town Hall                                               41

Principal facade of the Tobacco Factory                               42

The Tobacco Factory                                                   43

Cigar makers, Seville                                                 44

The “Sevillanas” Dance                                                45

Sevillian Costumes--A Courtyard                                       46

General view of the Exchange                                          47

Court in the Exchange                                                 48

The Aceite Postern and ancient ramparts                               49

The Roman walls near the gate of the Macarena                         50

The Roman Amphitheatre of Italica                                     51

General view of the Palace of San Telmo from the River                52

Principal Portal of the San Telmo Palace                              53

Interior of the Hall of Columns in the San Telmo
Palace                                                                54

Interior view of the Duke of Montpensier’s study in
San Telmo                                                             55

Various objects found in the sepulchres at San Telmo.
(In the Palace of San Telmo)                                          56

Palms in the Gardens of San Telmo                                     57

The sepulchres of the victims of Don Juan Tenorio in
the Gardens of San Telmo                                              58

The Roman Sepulchres in the Gardens of San Telmo                      59

View in the Gardens of San Telmo                                      60

The Aviary in the Gardens of San Telmo                                61

The River in the Gardens of San Telmo                                 62

The Cocoa Tree and east side of San Telmo                             63

The Zapote, a tree in the Gardens of San Telmo                        64

The Island and River in the Gardens of San Telmo                      65

The Yucca, a rare tree in the Gardens of San Telmo                    66

General view of the Hospital de la Sangre                             67

Church of the Sagrario, north side                                    68

Principal façade of the Hospital de la Sangre                         69

Porch of the Church of the Hospital de la Sangre                      70

Bas-relief, Hospital de la Sangre, the work of
Torregiano                                                            71

General view of the exterior of the Cathedral                         72

The Giralda, from the Patio de los Naranjos                           73

The top of the Giralda                                                74

The Dancing Choir-boys, Seville Cathedral                             75

Dancing-boys, Seville Cathedral                                       76

The Gate of the Archbishop                                            77

Plaza de San Francisco, with the Giralda and
Cathedral                                                             78

Plaza del Triunfo, the Cathedral, and the Exchange,
from the Gate of the Lion                                             79

The Fête                                                              80

Gate of San Miguel in the Cathedral                                   81

Gate of the Cathedral called de las Campanillas                       82

Gate of the Baptist in the Cathedral                                  83

The Gate of the Lizard in the Cathedral                               84

General view of the Cathedral from the Tribune of the
principal door                                                        85

Principal Sacristy in the Cathedral                                   86

Principal Entrance to the Cathedral                                   87

Interior view of the Principal Sacristy in the Cathedral              88

The Gamba Chapel                                                      89

The Cathedral, the Gamba Chapel, and entrance to that
of the Antigua                                                        90

Chapels of the Conception and the Annunciation in the
Cathedral                                                             91

The Cathedral. The Chapel of the Conception                           92

The Cathedral. Detail of the High Altar                               93

The Cathedral. Retablo, or altar-piece of the High Altar              94

Iron railings of the lateral part of the High Altar                   95

The Cathedral. Wrought-iron screen in the Choir                       96

The Cathedral. Wrought-iron screen of the High Altar                  97

St Christopher carrying the Child Jesus, by Mateo
Perez Alesio, in the Cathedral                                        98

San Fernando Square                                                   99

Gardens of the Alcazar                                               100

General view of the Gardens of the Alcazar                           101

View of the Gardens of the Alcazar                                   102

General view of the Gardens of the Alcazar                           103

The Gardens of the Alcazar. Lake and Gallery of Don
Pedro I., the Cruel                                                  104

The Gardens of the Alcazar. View of the Gallery of
Don Pedro I., the Cruel                                              105

The Hothouses in the Gardens of the Alcazar                          106

Calle de las Vedras in the Gardens of the Alcazar                    107

The Gardens of the Alcazar. Parterre of Doña Maria
de Padilla                                                           108

The Alcazar. Baths of Doña Maria de Padilla                          109

Magnificent altar in faience, painted in the fifteenth
century. (In the Oratory of the Catholic Sovereigns
in the Alcazar.)                                                     110

Town Hall of Seville. Details of doors and balconies                 111

Town Hall of Seville. Details                                        112

Parish Church of San Marcos                                          113

Various Towers of Seville                                            114

Details of the Mosaic commonly called El Grande                      115

Sculpture and details of ancient churches                            116

Architectural parts, bas-reliefs, and ceramic objects                117

Façade of the Consistorial houses                                    118

Entrance to the Alcazar, Seville                                     119

Principal Façade of the Alcazar                                      120

Gate of the principal entrance, Alcazar                              121

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                         122

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                                         123

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                         124

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                         125

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                                         126

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar                                         127

Hall of Ambassadors. Alcazar                                         128

Upper part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                        129

Court of the Dolls from the Room of the Prince, Alcazar              130

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          131

Angle in the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                             132

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          133

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          134

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          135

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          136

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          137

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                                          138

Gallery on the second storey of the Court of the Dolls,
Alcazar                                                              139

Upper part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                        140

Upper part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar                        141

Entrance to the Dormitory of the Moorish Kings,
Alcazar                                                              142

Dormitory of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar                              143

Front of the sleeping-saloon of the Moorish Kings,
Alcazar                                                              144

Sleeping-saloon of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar                        145

Intercolumniation, where Don Fadrique was assassinated,
Alcazar                                                              146

Sultana’s Quarters, Alcazar                                          146

Room in which King St Ferdinand died, Alcazar                        147

Interior of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar                        148

Front of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar                           149

Gate of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar                            150

Gallery of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar                         151

Throne of Justice, Alcazar                                           152

Court of the Hundred Virgins, Alcazar                                153

Court of the Virgins, Alcazar                                        154

General view of the Court of the Hundred Virgins,
Alcazar                                                              155

Court of the Virgins, Alcazar                                        156

Front of the Dormitory of the Moorish Kings and the
Court of the Virgins, Alcazar                                        157

Gallery in the Court of the Virgins, Alcazar                         158

The Court of the Virgins, Capital of the door of the Hall
of Ambassadors, Alcazar                                              159

The Alcazar. Court of the Virgins. Capital of the
gate of the Hall of Charles V.                                       160

Palace of the Dueñas, Door of the Chapel                             161

Palace of the Dukes of Alcalá, commonly called Casa
de Pilatos                                                           162

The Court in the House of Pilate                                     163

Court of the House of Pilate                                         164

Gallery in the Court of the House of Pilate                          165

House of Pilate                                                      166

Gallery in the Court of the House of Pilate                          167

Angle and statue in the House of Pilate                              168

House of Pilate. Entrance to the ante-room of the
Chapel                                                               169

The staircase in the House of Pilate, by Barrera                     170

House of Pilate. Entrance door of the Oratory                        171

House of Pilate. Way out to the flat roofs in the High
Gallery                                                              172

Staircase in the House of Pilate                                     173

House of Pilate. Doors of the officers in the High
Gallery                                                              174

House of Pilate. Window of the Prætor’s Hall leading
to the Garden                                                        175

House of Pilate. Barred window in the Prætor’s
Garden                                                               176

House of Pilate. Bolt on the Prætor’s Gate                           177

House of Pilate. Window in the Ante-room of the
Chapel                                                               178

House of Pilate. Section of the ceiling in the Prætor’s
Hall                                                                 179

Palace of the Dueñas in Seville                                      180

House of Pilate. Mosaics in the Hall of the Fountain                 181

Palace of the Dueñas in Seville. Glazed tiles in the
socles of the Chapel and arches                                      182

Mosaic of the Peristyle in the Palace                                183

House of Pilate. Mosaic in the Hall of the Fountain                  184

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate                           185

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate                           186

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate                           187

House of Pilate. Mosaic in the Chapel                                188

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Born in Seville, 1617                     189

Altar-screen of the La Gamba, by Luis de Vargas.
Seville Cathedral                                                    190

“Descent from the Cross,” by Pedro Campaña,
Seville Cathedral                                                    191

“St Anthony of Padua visited by the Infant Saviour
while kneeling at his prayers,” by   Murillo.
Seville Cathedral                                                    192

“Our Lord baptized by St John Baptist,” by Murillo.
Seville Cathedral                                                    193

“The Guardian Angel,” by Murillo. Seville Cathedral                  194

“St Leander,” by Murillo. Seville Cathedral                          195

“St Isidore,” by Murillo. Seville Cathedral                          196

“St Ferdinand, crowned and robed,” by Murillo.
Seville Cathedral                                                    197

“Madre Francisca Dorotea Villalda,” by Murillo.
Seville Cathedral                                                    198

“St Anthony with the Infant Saviour,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       199

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              200

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              201

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              202

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              203

“St Justa and St Rufina, Patron Saints of Seville,
holding between them the Giralda Tower,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              204

“St Bonaventure and St Leander,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       205

“St Thomas of Villanueva, giving alms at the door of
his Cathedral,” by Murillo. Seville Museum                           206

“The Annunciation of Our Lady,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       207

“St Felix of Cantalisi, restoring to Our Lady the
Infant Saviour, whom she had placed in his arms,”
by Murillo. Seville Museum                                           208

“Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem,” by
Murillo. Seville Museum                                              209

“St Peter Nolasco kneeling before Our Lady of
Mercy,” by Murillo. Seville Museum                                   210

“The Deposition,--St Francis of Assisi supporting
the body of Our Lord nailed by the left hand to the
Cross,” by Murillo. Seville Museum                                   211

“St Joseph and the Infant Saviour,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       212

“St John the Baptist in the Desert leaning against a
rock,” by Murillo. Seville Museum                                    213

“St Augustine and the Flaming Heart,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       214

“St Felix of Cantalisi and the Infant Jesus,” known
as “San Felix de las Arrugas,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       215

“St Anthony with the Infant Saviour,” by Murillo.
Seville Museum                                                       216

“Deposition from the Cross,” by Murillo. Seville
Museum                                                               217

“Our Lady with the Infant Saviour in her Arms,” by
Murillo. (An early picture.) Seville Museum                          218

“Our Lady and the Infant Saviour,” known as “La
Virgen de la Servilleta,” by Murillo. Seville
Museum                                                               219

“Our Lady seated, with the Infant Saviour in her lap,”
by Murillo. (An early picture.) Seville Museum                       220

“St Thomas of Aquin,” by Zurbarán. Seville Museum                    221

“The Virgin of the Grotto,” by Zurbarán. Seville
Museum                                                               222

“St Bruno talking to the Pope,” by Zurbarán. Seville
Museum                                                               223

“The Day of Judgment,” by Martin de Vos. Seville
Museum                                                               224

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” by J.
Valdes Leal. Seville Museum                                          225

“Jesus crowning St Joseph,” by Zurbarán. Seville
Museum                                                               226

“The Devout Punyon,” by Zurbarán. Seville
Museum                                                               227

“Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception,” the
Virgin surrounded by Cherubim, by Fr. Pacheco.
Seville Museum                                                       228

“Our Lord’s Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes,” by
Murillo. Seville Hospital                                            229

“Moses striking the Rock in Horeb,” by Murillo. La
Caridad, Seville                                                     230

“St John of God, sinking under the weight of a sick
man, assisted by an Angel,” by Murillo. La
Caridad, Seville                                                     231

“The Death of St Hermenigild” by J. de las Roelas.
Hospital de la Sangre, Seville                                       232

“The Apostleship,” by Juan de las Roelas. Hospital
de la Sangre, Seville                                                233

“The End of this World’s Glories,” by Valdes Leal.
La Caridad, Seville                                                  234

“Pietà, or the Virgin supporting the dead body of
her Divine Son,” altar-screen, by Luis de Vargas.
Santa Maria la Blanca, Seville                                       235

“St Joseph, holding the Infant Saviour in his arms,”
by Murillo. San Telmo, Seville                                       236

“Our Lady of the Girdle,” by Murillo, San Telmo,
Seville                                                              237

“Portrait of Ferdinand VII.,” by Goya. San Telmo,
Seville                                                              238

“Portrait of Charles IV.,” by Goya. San Telmo,
Seville                                                              239

“The Annunciation,” by F. Zurbarán. San Telmo,
Seville                                                              240

“The Death of Laocoon and his Sons at the Siege of
Troy,” by El Greco. San Telmo, Seville                               241

“Caton of Utique tearing open his wounds,” by Josef
Ribera. San Telmo, Seville                                           242

“Pietà. The Virgin holding the dead Saviour in her
arms,” by Morales. San Telmo, Seville                                243

“Portrait of El Greco,” by himself. Gallery of San
Telmo, Seville                                                       244

“The Miracle of St Vœu. St Hugo in the refectory
with several Chartreux,” by Zurbarán. Seville
Museum                                                               245

“The Martyrdom of St Andrew,” by J. de las Roelas.
Seville Museum                                                       246

“The Last Supper,” by P. de Cespedes. Seville
Museum                                                               247

“Christ on the Cross,” by Zurbarán. Seville Museum                   248

Portrait of the figure in Pacheco’s picture at Seville,
supposed to represent Cervantes                                      249

“The Virgin and the Child Jesus,” by Alonso Cano.
Seville Cathedral                                                    250

“The Descent from the Cross,” by Alego Fernandez.
Seville Cathedral                                                    251

The Cathedral                                                        252

The Giralda                                                          253

The Giralda                                                          254

Cathedral. The Gate of Pardon                                        255

Cathedral. Puerta de los Palos                                       256

Plan of the Cathedral                                                257

Cathedral. View of an organ                                          258

Cathedral. Monument to Columbus                                      259

Cathedral. Silver Tabernacle (weighing forty-five
arrobas)                                                             260

Alcazar Gardens                                                      261

Alcazar Gardens                                                      262

Alcazar Gardens                                                      263

House of Pilate. The Goddess Ceres                                   264

House of Pilate. The Goddess Pallas Pacifer                          265

Italica                                                              266

Roman Walls                                                          267

Patio de Banderas and the Giralda                                    268

Plaza de San Francisco                                               269

St Mark’s Church                                                     270

Plaza de San Fernando                                                271

The Town Hall. Details of the old part                               272

Façade of the Palace of San Telmo                                    273

Statue of Velazquez                                                  274

Plaza de la Constitución                                             275

Plaza de la Constitución                                             276

Calle de Sierpes                                                     277

Calle de Sierpes                                                     278

A street in Seville                                                  279

Hercules Avenue                                                      280

The Pasadera                                                         281

Courtyard of La Caridad                                              282

Plaza de San Fernando                                                283

Plaza de Gavidia                                                     284

View from the Pasadera                                               285

The Drive                                                            286

Paseo de las Delicias                                                287

The Quay                                                             288

Partial view of Seville                                              289

Plaza de Toros                                                       290

Fields of San Sebastian                                              291

Park of Maria Luisa                                                  292

Railway Station of M.Z.A. Principal Façade                           293

Railway Station of M.Z.A. General View                               294

Triana Bridge                                                        295

View from Triana Bridge                                              296

View from Triana                                                     297

San Telmo from Triana                                                298

The Cathedral. Our Lord Crucified. Sculpture in the
Sacristy                                                             299

Plan of Seville                                                      300




SEVILLE


Seville is the most Spanish of the cities of Spain. On her white walls
the sunlight plays perpetually, the air is laden with the scent of the
orange, the sound of the guitar and castanets is heard continually in
the narrow streets. This is the South of romance, the South of which
northerners dream and towards which so many of them are drawn by an
irresistible fascination. The cities of Leon and Castile are grim and
Gothic. Cordova is Moorish; but Seville is not essentially one nor
the other, but presents that blending of both styles which makes her
typical, which stands for all that Spain means to the average foreigner.

Seville lives. Cordova is dead, and Granada broods over her past. These
are cemeteries of a vanished civilisation. Alone among the ancient
seats of Moorish dominion, Seville has maintained her prosperity. Her
wharves, as in the days of Al Mansûr, are still the resort of sailors
from many lands. There is still wealth in her palaces and genius in her
schools. To-day she holds the first place in native art, and Garcia
y Ramos, Sanchez Perrier, Jimenez Aranda, and Bilbao not unworthily
continue the traditions of Murillo and Zurbarán.

The city is Moorish, but informed throughout with the spirit of Spain.
In Cordova the Spaniard seems a stranger; in Seville he has assimilated
and adapted all that was bequeathed by his onetime rulers till you
might think the place had always been his. It is as though the glowing
metal of Andalusian life and temper had been poured into a mould made
expressly by other hands to receive it. Thus Seville has not died nor
decayed like her rivals. Her vitality intoxicates the northerner.
Valdés says, “Seville has ever been for me the symbol of light, the
city of love and joy.”

In my book, “Moorish Remains in Spain,” I have sketched the history
of the city and briefly referred to its importance under the Roman
sway. With the few monuments remaining from that time I do not purpose
dealing separately--incorporated as they have been, for the most part,
with works of more recent construction. Nor has Roman influence left
very profound traces in Seville, any more than in the rest of Spain.
Señor Rafael Contreras justly remarks that Roman civilisation made
no deep impression on the country or the people. “We have in Spain,”
he continues, “aqueducts, bridges, circuses, baths, roads, vases,
urns, milliaria, statues, and jewellery. Specimens are still found,
but, strictly speaking, art with us has never been either Roman or
Greek.” And Seville, in particular, even during the Roman occupation,
was rather a Punic than a Latin town. As to the successors of the
Cæsars--the Visigoths--to them can only be ascribed a few capitals and
stone ornaments, roughly executed in the Byzantine style. These, like
the Roman remains, were used by the Moors in the construction of those
buildings that have determined the physiognomy of Seville.




MOORISH SEVILLE


Seville was not among the spoils of Tarik, conqueror at the Guadalete.
That general having directed his march upon Toledo, it was reserved to
his superior officer, Musa Ben Nosseyr, to subdue the proudest city
of Bætica. The citizens held out for a month and then retired upon
Beja in Alemtejo. The Arabian commander left a garrison in the city,
henceforward to be known for five hundred and thirty-six years as
Ishbiliyah, and pushed forward to Merida. The Sevillians took advantage
of his absence to shake off his yoke, assisted by the people of Beja
and Niebla. Their triumph was short lived. Abdelasis, son of Musa, fell
upon them like a thunderbolt, extinguished the rising in blood, and
made the city the seat of government of the newly acquired provinces.

The interesting personality and tragic fate of Seville’s first Viceroy
have made the site of his residence a question of some importance.
It was formerly believed that he occupied the Acropolis or Citadel,
supposed then to be covered by the Alcazar. The researches of Señores
Gayangos and Madrazo have made it plain, however, that he established
his headquarters in a church which had been dedicated by the sister of
St Isidore to the martyrs Rufina and Justa, now amalgamated with the
convent of La Trinidad. Adjacent to this building Abdelasis erected a
mosque; and it was within its walls, while reciting the first surah of
the Koran, that he was assassinated by the emissaries of the Khalif of
Damascus--death being a not uncommon reward in the Middle Ages for too
brilliant military services rendered to one’s sovereign.

The seat of government was transferred, soon after the murder of the
son of Musa, to Cordova, and Seville sank for a time to a subsidiary
rank. The various cities of Andalusia were allotted by the governor
Abdelmelic among the different Syrian peoples who had flocked over
on the news of the conquest; and Ishbiliyah, according to Señor de
Madrazo, was assigned to the citizens of Horns, the classic Emesa.
Owing to intermarriage between the conquerors and the natives, the
distinction between the Moslems according to the places of origin
of these early settlers was soon lost in that drawn between the
pure-blooded Arabs and the Muwallads or half-breeds. In the meantime
the germs of Arabian culture had fallen upon a kindly soil, and a
new school of art and letters was in process of formation in Spain.
The imposing monuments of Roman, Greek, and Byzantine civilisation,
which the victorious hosts of Islam found ever in their path, were not
without influence upon their conceptions of the beautiful in form.
The fusion of the Hispano-Goths and Arabs likewise tended to produce
a commingling of spirit, and ultimately to give birth to an art and
a culture racy of the soil. “According to all contemporary writers,”
says Señor Rafael Contreras, “it is beyond all doubt that the style
which the artists of the Renaissance called Moorish (in the sense of
originating in Northern Africa) was never anything of the sort. The
details so much admired on account of their richness, the vaultings and
the arched hollows practised in the walls, the festoons of the arches,
the _commarajias_ and _alicates_, were Spanish works finer and more
delicate than those of the East. The root was originally in Arabia, but
it was happily transplanted to Spain, where blossomed that beautiful
flower which diffuses its perfume after a lapse of seven centuries.”

Under the Western Khalifate, Seville flourished in spite of the
assaults and internecine warfare of which it was frequently the
theatre. When in 888 Andalusia became temporarily split up into several
nominally independent states, the city acknowledged the sway of Ibrahim
Ibn Hajjaj. The chronicler Ben Hayán, often quoted by Señor de Madrazo,
describes this prince as keeping up imperial state and riding forth
attended by five hundred horsemen. He ventured to assume the _tiraz_,
the official garb of the Amirs of Cordova. To his court flocked the
poets, the singers, and the wise men of Islam. Of him it was written,
“In all the West I find no right noble man save Ibrahim, but he is
nobility itself. When one has known the delight of living with him,
to dwell in any other land is misery.” Flattery did not blind the
sagacious Ibn Hajjaj to the insecurity of his position, and he bowed
before the rising star of the new Khalifa, Abd-er-Rahman III. In 913
Ishbiliyah opened her gates to that powerful ruler and again became
subject to Cordova. The city lost nothing by its timely submission. The
generous and beneficent Khalifa narrowed and deepened the channel of
the Guadalquivir, thus rendering it navigable. He introduced the palm
tree from Africa, planted gardens, and adorned the city with splendid
edifices. Much of the splendour of the Court of Cordova was reflected
on Seville, which certainly rivalled the capital as a seat of learning.
Among its citizens was Abu Omar Ahmed Ben Abdallah, surnamed _El Begi_
or “the Sage,” the author of an encyclopædia of sciences, which was
long esteemed as a work of marvellous erudition. According to Condé,
Abdallah was frequently consulted by the magistrates, even in his early
youth, in affairs of the gravest import.

The public edifices of the Pearl of Andalusia were no doubt worthy of
its fame as a home of wisdom and culture. In addition to the mosque
built by Abdelasis, near or on the spot where the convent of La
Trinidad now stands, a notable ornament of the city was the mosque
raised on the site of the basilica of St Vincent--immortalised by
several memorable Councils. “But who,” asks Señor de Madrazo, “would
be capable to-day of describing this edifice? Nothing of it remains
except the memory of the place where it stood. Other structures,
ampler and more majestic, replaced it when, under the Almoravides and
Almohades, Seville recovered its rank as an independent kingdom. Let
us content ourselves with recording that the principal mosque, built
at the same time as and on the model of that of Cordova, although on
a smaller and less sumptuous scale, was situated on the site of the
existing Cathedral, and that in the ninth century it was burnt by the
Normans. In consequence it is impossible to say if the great horseshoe
arches which occur in the cloister of the Cathedral are works earlier
or later than that event. It does not appear probable that in the time
of the Khalifs the mosque of Seville could have had the considerable
dimensions suggested by the northern boundary of the _patio de los
naranjos_. That line is 330 Castilian feet, which would give the
mosque, extending from north to south, a length about double, the
breadth of the atrium included--unlikely dimensions for a temple which,
compared with the Jama of Cordova, was unquestionably of the second
class. No one knows who ordered the construction of the primitive
mosque of Seville.”

The irruption of the Normans, one of the results of which was the
demolition of this edifice, took place in 859. The pirates were
afterwards defeated off the coast of Murcia by the Moorish squadron,
and made sail for Catalonia. A serious descent had taken place in
844. Lisbon was the first city to fall a victim to the Northmen, whom
we next hear of at Cadiz and at Sidonia, where they defeated the
Khalifa’s troops in a pitched battle. Fierce fighting took place before
the walls of Ishbiliyah, the invaders being uniformly victorious. Laden
with the richest booty, they at length retired overland to Lisbon,
where they took to their ships. They not only destroyed the mosque of
Seville, but threw down the city walls, which dated from Roman times.
These were repaired by Abd-er-Rahman II., to be partially demolished
again by Abd-er-Rahman III. on his triumphal entry into the amirate of
Ibrahim Ibn Hajjaj.

The subjection of Seville to the yoke of the Khalifs of Cordova was,
unhappily for the city and for Islam generally, not of long duration.
The mighty Wizir, Al Mansûr, restored the waning power of the Crescent
and drove back the Christians into the mountain fastnesses of the
North. But the collapse of the Western Khalifate had been postponed,
not averted. This Al Mansûr well knew. On his deathbed he reproached
his son for yielding to unmanly tears, saying, “This is to me a
signal of the approaching decay of this empire.” His prediction did
not long await fulfilment. In 1009, seven years after his death, his
second son, Abd-er-Rahman Sanjul, had the audacity to proclaim himself
the Khalif Hisham’s heir. The empire became at once resolved into
its component parts. On all sides the kadis and governors revolted.
Independent amirates were set up in all the considerable towns. At
Ishbiliyah the shrewd and powerful kadi, Mohammed Ben Abbad, perceived
his opportunity, but contrived to excuse his ambition by a specious
pretence of legality. An impostor, impersonating the legitimate
Khalifa, Hisham, appeared on the troubled scene. Ben Abbad espoused his
cause and pretended to govern the city in his name. His power firmly
established, the kadi announced that the Khalifa was dead and had
designated him as his lawful successor. For the second time, Seville
rose to the dignity of an independent state.

The Abbadites were a splendour-loving race. Their Court was extolled by
Arabian writers as rivalling that of the Abbasside sultans. Under their
rule the city waxed every year more beautiful, more prosperous. Patrons
of art and letters, the amirs were vigorous and capable sovereigns, and
in all Musulman Spain no state was more powerful than theirs, except
Toledo. The second monarch of the dynasty, Abu Amru Abbad, better known
as Mo’temid, was a mighty warrior. He reduced Algarve and took Cordova.
When not engaged in martial exploits he took delight in composing
verses, in the society of talented men, and in the contemplation of
the garden of his enemies’ heads, which he had laid out at the door of
his palace. He was succeeded in 1069 by his son Abul-Kasim Mohammed, a
native of Beja.

The Crescent was waning. All Al Mansûr’s conquests had been recovered
by the Christians. Toledo fell before the arms of Alfonso III. The
Castilians overran Portugal and penetrated into Andalusia. The Amir
of Ishbiliyah took the only course open to him at the moment, and
cultivated the friendship of the Castilian king. He consented to the
removal of the body of St Isidore from Italica to Leon, and gave his
daughter Zayda in a sort of left-handed marriage to Alfonso III. As the
Christian king was already the husband of Queen Constancia, and Zayda’s
dowry consisted of the most valuable conquests of the Amir Mut’adid,
this transaction did not reflect much credit on either party. But it
purchased for Seville a period of peace and security, during which its
inhabitants became hopelessly enervated by luxury and ease.

The Abbadite sovereigns have left but few traces on the city which
they did so much to embellish and improve. To them, however, may be
ascribed the foundation of the Alcazar. Such at least is the opinion
of Señor de Madrazo. In the horseshoe arches of the Salón de los
Embajadores with their rich Corinthian capitals--on which the names of
different Khalifas are inscribed--we detect a resemblance to the mosque
of Cordova, and recognise the early Saracenic style, unaffected by
African, or properly Moorish, influence. To the same period and school
of architecture, Señor de Madrazo attributes the ornate arcading of the
narrow staircase leading from the entrance court to near the balcony
of the chapel; and the three arches with capitals in the abandoned
apartment adjoining the Salón de los Principes. The ultra-semicircular
curve of the arch occurs very rarely in later or true Moorish
architecture.

The Moslem conquerors had, in the majority of cases, converted to their
use the Christian churches in the cities they occupied. Many of the
mosques that adorned Ishbiliyah during the reign of the race of Abbad
had been adapted in this way, the lines of pillars being readjusted in
most cases to give the structure that south-easterly direction that the
law of Islam required. Traces of these Abbadite mosques remain in the
churches of San Juan Bautista and San Salvador. On the wall of the
former was found an inscription which has been thus translated by Don
Pascual de Gayangos: “In the name of the clement and merciful Allah.
May the blessing of Allah be on Mohammed, the seal of the Prophets. The
Princess and august mother of Er-Rashid Abu-l-hosaya Obayd’ allah, son
of Mut’amid Abu-l-Kasim Mohammed Ben Abbad (may Allah make his empire
and power lasting, as well as the glory of both!), ordered this minaret
to be raised in her mosque (which may Allah preserve!), awaiting the
abundance of His rewards; and the work was finished, with the help of
Allah, by the hand of the Wizir and Katib, the Amir Abu-l-Kasim Ben
Battah (may Allah be propitious to me!), in the moon of Shaaban, in the
year 478.”

The site of the present collegiate church of San Salvador was occupied
by a mosque, which was used by the Moors for a considerable time after
the Christian conquest, and preserved its form down to the year 1669.
An inscription on white marble relates that a minaret was constructed
in the year 1080, by Mut’amid Ben Abbad, that “the calling to prayer
might not be interrupted.”

The reign of the Abbadites was brought to a close by the advent of the
Almoravides (a word allied to _Marabut_), who, at the invitation of
the Andalusian amirs, invaded Spain in the last quarter of the eleventh
century. It was a story common enough in history. The Africans came at
first as the friends and allies of the Spanish Arabs, and effectually
stemmed the tide of Christian successes; but in 1091, Yusuf, the
Almoravide leader, annexed Ishbiliyah and all Andalusia to his vast
empire. The city became a mere provincial centre, the appanage of
the Berber monarch. Mo’temid, loaded with chains, was transported to
Africa, where he died in 1095, having reigned as amir twenty-seven
years.

The Almoravides lived by the sword and perished by the sword.
Perpetually engaged in warfare, among themselves or with the
Christians, they left no deep impress on the character of Seville or
of Andalusia generally. With them the student of the arts in Spain has
little concern. They burst like a tornado over the land, destroying
much, creating nothing. Little more than half-a-century had passed
since the downfall of the Abbadites, when the star of the Almoravides
paled before the rising crescent of the Almohades or Al Muwahedun. The
new sectaries, as fierce as their predecessors, but more indomitable
and austere, wrested all Barbary from the descendants of Tashrin and
annexed Ishbiliyah to their empire in 1146.

The reign of the Almohades is the most interesting period in the
history of the city. It was marked by the foundation of Seville’s most
important existing edifices, and by the introduction of a new style
of architecture. Hitherto, what is loosely called Moorish art, had
been native Andalusian art, following Saracenic or Syrian ideals. Of
this first period, the Mezquita at Cordova is the finest monument.
Seville is peculiarly the city of the second, or true, Moorish period.
Byzantine and Oriental influences disappeared and were supplanted by
the African or, more properly, Berber, character. The new conquerors
of Andalusia were a rude, hardy race, and we find something virile
and coarse in their architecture. “Beside the Giralda of Seville,”
remarks Herr Karl Eugen Schmidt, “the columns of the mosque of Cordova
seem small; the pretty halls of the Alhambra have something weak and
feminine.” The weakness of the Almohade builders, as is usually the
case with imperfectly civilised peoples, lay in an excessive fondness
for ornamentation. Señor de Madrazo’s criticism, though severe, is,
on the whole, just. While admitting the beauty of certain of their
innovations, such as the stalactited dome (afterwards carried out
with so much effect at Granada) and the pointed arch, he goes on to
say, “The Almohade architecture displays that debased taste which
is imitative rather than instinctive, and which creates only by
exaggerating forms to a degree inconsistent with the design--differing
from the Mudejar work of the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries,
which reveals an instinctive feeling for the beautiful in ornament,
which never loses sight of the graceful, the elegant, and the bold, and
which consequently never betrays any aberration. The Almohade style,
in short, at once manifests the vigour of the barbarian civilised
by conquest; the Mudejar style has the enduring character of the
works of a man of taste, wise in good and evil fortune; both are the
faithful expression of the culture of peoples of different origins and
aptitudes.” Elsewhere the same authority observes, “It is certain that
the innovation characteristic of Musulman architecture in Spain in
the eleventh and twelfth centuries, cannot be explained as a natural
mutation from the Arabic art of the Khalifate, or as a prelude to
the art of Granada, because there is very little similarity between
the style called secondary or Moorish and the Arab-Byzantine and
Andalusian; while, on the other hand, it is evident that the Saracenic
monuments of Fez and Morocco, of the reigns of Yusuf Ben Tashfin,
Abdul Ben Ali, Al Mansûr, and Nasr, partake of the character of the
ornamentation introduced by the Almohades into Spain.”

The most important example of this style is the Giralda, now adjacent
to the magnificent Christian cathedral which was reared in later
days on the foundations of the great mosque. Señor de Madrazo has
reconstructed for us the general form and aspect of the finest monument
of Almohade piety. The mosque replaced that which had been destroyed
by the Normans, and appears to have embodied some part of the original
structure, to judge from the horseshoe arches still to be seen in the
Claustro de la Granada. The work was begun by order of Yusuf, the son
of Abd-er-Rahman, the founder of the dynasty. The mosque formed a
rectangle, extending from north to south, and surrounded by cloisters
and courtyards. The interior was divided into longitudinal naves by a
series of marble columns, which supported an adorned ceiling of carved
and painted wood. The _mihrab_, or sanctuary, would have been at the
southern extremity, after the Syrian custom, it taking the Spanish
Muslims some time to realise that Mecca lay east rather than south
of Andalusia. The mosque would also have contained a _maksurrah_, or
vestibule, for the imam and his officials, the _nimbar_, or pulpit, for
the sovereign, and the tribune for the preacher. In the northern court
was the existing fountain for ablutions, surmounted by a cupola, and
surrounded by orange and palm-trees. The eastern court was known as the
Court of the Elms. In all probability, attached to the sacred edifice,
was the _turbeh_, or tomb of the founder.

The Giralda is not only the most important and famous of minarets, but
is among the three or four most remarkable towers in the world. It is
more to Seville than Giotto’s campanile to Florence; it rivals in fame
the now vanished campanile of St Mark’s. Unlike similar edifices in
Egypt and Syria, minarets among the western Moslems were built strong
and massive, rather than slender and elegant. The Giralda,” says Herr
Schmidt, “is one of the strongest buildings in the world, and few of
our Christian church towers could have withstood so successfully the
lightning and the earthquake.”

The Giralda is quadrangular in section, and covers a space of 13.60
square metres. The architect--whose name is variously spelt Gever,
Hever, and Djabir--is said to have used quantities of Roman remains
and statuary as a base for the foundations. The thickness of the
wall at the base is nine feet, but it increases with the height, the
interior space narrowing accordingly. The lower part of the tower is of
stone, the upper part of brick. At a height of about 15 metres above
the ground begin those decorations in stone which lend such elegance
and beauty to this stout structure. They consist in vertical series of
windows--mostly _ajimeces_ or twin-windows--some with the horseshoe,
others the pointed arch, flanked on either side by broad vertical bands
of beautiful stone tracery, resembling trellis-work. The windows are
enclosed in arches which exhibit considerable diversity of design. The
decoration as a whole is harmonious and beautiful.

The Moorish tower only reaches to a height of 70 metres. The remaining
portion, reaching upwards for another 25 metres, is of Christian
workmanship. Before this was added, the tower appears to have been
crowned, like most West African minarets, by a small pinnacle or
turret. This supported four balls or apples of gilded copper, one of
which was so large that the gates of Seville had to be widened that it
might be brought into the city. The iron bar which supported the balls
weighed about ten hundredweights, and the whole was cast by a Sicilian
Arab named Abu Leyth, at a cost of £50,000 sterling. We owe these
particulars to a Mohammedan writer of the period, and his accuracy was
confirmed in 1395, when the balls, having been thrown to the ground by
an earthquake, were carefully weighed and examined.

The upper or newer part of the Giralda was built by Fernando Ruiz
in 1568. Despite its Doric and Ionic columns and Renaissance style,
it does not mar the beauty and harmony of the whole building, and
is itself a remarkably graceful work. The entablature of the second
stage or storey bears the words _Turris fortissima Nomen Domini_. The
whole fabric is surmounted by the bronze statue of Faith, executed
by Bartolomé Morel in 1568. It stands fourteen feet high, and weighs
twenty-five hundredweights, yet so wonderful is the workmanship that
it turns with every breath of the wind. Hence the name applied to the
whole tower--Giralda--from _que gira_, “which turns.” The figure wears
a Roman helmet. The right hand clasps the labarum of Constantine, and
the left a palm branch symbolical of victory.

The Giralda is ascended by means of thirty-five inclined planes, up
which a horse might be ridden with ease to the very top. The various
_cuerpos_ or stages of the ascent are all named. The Cuerpo de Campanas
is named after its fine peal of bells. The bell named Santa Maria was
hung in 1588 by order of the Archbishop Gonzalo de Mena. It cost ten
thousand ducats, and weighs eighteen tons. The Cuerpo de Azucenas (or
of the lilies) is so named after its urns with floral decorations in
ironwork. El Cuerpo del Reloj (clock tower) contains a clock partly
constructed in 1765 by the monk José Cordero, with pieces of another
placed here in 1400 in the presence of Don Enrique III.--the first
tower-clock set up in Spain. The Cuerpos de Estrellas (stars) and de
las Corambolas (billiard-balls) are named after the predominant devices
in their schemes of decoration.

The highest platform of the Giralda affords, as might be expected,
a very extensive view. On the whole, the prospect is disappointing.
The neighbourhood of Seville is not beautiful, nor are there any
very notable sites or natural features included within the panorama.
Standing below Morel’s great statue, however, and gazing down upon the
city, interesting considerations naturally present themselves. That
the figure of Christian faith should thus be reared on the summit of a
building specially intended to stimulate the zeal and to excite the
devotion of the followers of Islam is a reflection calculated to give
profound satisfaction to the devout Spaniard. The whimsical philosopher
may also find an appropriateness in the handiwork of the men of the
simpler, cruder faith conducting one upwards to the more refined and
complicated creed. I do not know if Mohammedans ever visit Seville.
If so, they doubtless console themselves for the desecration of their
sacred edifices by thoughts of Hagia Sophia and the onetime Christian
churches of the East. And the Giralda has fared better at the hands of
the Christians than many a church of their own has done. I may instance
the chapel at Mayence, which with practically no alteration in its
architecture and internal arrangements now serves the purpose of a
beer-shop.

As the Giralda attests the size and beauty of the great mosque, so
several smaller towers exist in Seville to mark the sites of the lesser
Mohammedan temples. The most important of these is the tower or minaret
of San Marcos. It is seventy-five feet high and ten feet broad--the
highest edifice in the city except the Giralda. It is built according
to the pure Almohade style, “without any admixture,” points out Señor
de Madrazo, “of the features taken from the Christian architecture of
the West.” According to Mr Walter M. Gallichan there is a tradition
that Cervantes used to ascend this tower to scan the vicinity in
search of a Sevillian beauty of whom he was enamoured. The church is
Gothic, and dates from 1478, but the beautiful portal exhibits Mudejar
workmanship, and may be ascribed to the days of St Ferdinand or of his
immediate successors.

The parish churches of San Juan Bautista, Santa Marina, San Esteban,
Santiago, Santa Catalina, San Julián, San Ildefonso, San Andrés, San
Vicente, San Lorenzo, San Bartolomé, Santa Cruz, and Santa Maria de las
Nieves (some of which no longer exist), were all mosques during the
Almohade era. A few continue to preserve their minarets and _mihrabs_,
generally restored and modified almost beyond recognition.

While attending by the construction of these numerous places of worship
to the spiritual needs of their subjects, the Almohade rulers neglected
no means of strengthening Ishbiliyah and of promoting its general
prosperity. The city became the most important seat of Mohammedan power
in the West. Trade rapidly increased, and the town became the principal
resort of the weavers, metal-workers, and other prominent Moorish
craftsmen. Abu Yakub Yusuf was the first to throw a bridge of boats
across the Guadalquivir, over which troops first passed on October
11th, 1171. This bridge immensely added to the strength of the city as
a fortified place, as it established permanent communication between
it and its principal source of supplies, the fertile district called
the Ajarafa on the right bank of the river. The charms of this expanse,
otherwise known as the Orchard of Hercules, are rapturously described
by Arab historians. These are the words of the poet Ibn Saffar: “The
Ajarafa surpasseth in beauty and fertility all the lands of the world.
The oil of its olives goeth even to far Alexandria; its farms and
orchards exceed those of other countries in size and convenience; so
white and clean are they, that they appear like so many stars in a
sky of olive gardens.” The Ajarafa is an Arabia Felix without wild
beasts, the Guadalquivir a Nile without crocodiles. El Makkari says it
measured about forty miles in each direction and contained a numerous
population. Those who know the rather dreary country extending westward
of the modern city will realise the melancholy change brought about by
time.

The city then, as now, was girdled by strong walls. The gates
were twelve in number. Those not turned towards the river were
strongly fortified with towers and bastions. The farther bank of the
Guadalquivir was defended by castles and redoubts. Upwards of a hundred
keeps and watch-towers studded the adjacent country.

One of the most vital points in the defensive works was the
poetically-named Torre del Oro (tower of gold), which still exists, and
is familiar to every visitor to the city. The tower is a twelve-sided
polygon of three storeys. It is surmounted by a smaller tower, also
of twelve sides, which in turn supports a small round cupola. This
superstructure was added in the eighteenth century, whereas the main
building was erected by the Almohade governor Abu-l-Ala in the year
1220. The tower was in those days connected with the walls of the city
by what is called in military parlance a curtain, which was pulled
down as late as in 1821. The outwork faced another watch-tower on the
opposite bank of the river, and a great iron chain was drawn from the
one to the other, effectually closing the harbour against hostile
vessels. The assaults of the foeman and the deadlier ravages of time
have stripped this strong and graceful monument of the beautiful tiles
or _azulejos_ with which it was once adorned, and which seemed to have
earned for it its present name. No Danaë, alas! waits in this tower of
gold to-day for tyrant or deliverer. The place is occupied by clerks,
whose pens are ever busy recording the shipments of coal brought by
incoming steamers; and the immediate vicinity is infested by “tramp”
sailors of all nationalities, mostly British, for whose benefit,
presumably, rum, “Old Tom,” and other stimulating but unromantic
beverages are dispensed at kiosks and bars.

The spot appears to have been the scene of a picturesque episode
recounted by Contreras. It is worth repeating as revealing the polished
character of the dusky amirs who ruled in Ishbiliyah three hundred
years before Charles of Orleans devoted his declining years, in his
palace by the Loire, to the making of ballads, triolets, and rondeaux.

The Abbadite amir, Mut’adid-billah, was walking one day in the field
of Marchab Afida, on the banks of the Guadalquivir, and observed the
breeze ruffling the surface of the water. He improvised the line--

    “The breeze makes of the water a cuirass”--

and turning to the poet Aben Amr, called upon him to complete
the verse. While the laureate was still in the throes of poetical
parturition, a young girl of the people who happened to be standing by,
anticipated him, and gave utterance to these original lines--

    “A cuirass strong, magnificent for combat,
     As if the water had been frozen truly.”

The prince was astonished at this display of the lyrical gift by a
woman of her condition, and ordered one of his eunuchs to conduct her
to the palace. On being questioned, she informed him that she was
called Romikiwa, because she was the slave of Romiya, and was a driver
of mules.

“Are you married?” asked the prince.

“No, sire.”

“It is well, for I shall buy you and marry you.”

It is to be hoped that Romikiwa’s merits as a wife exceeded her
abilities as a poetess.

The Alcazar, the palace inhabited by this dilettante amir and his
successors of the race of Abbad, continued to be the principal
residence of the subsequent rulers of Ishbiliyah, both Almoravides
and Almohades. There can be no doubt that the latter restored and
reconstructed the building to an extent that almost effaced the work
of the founders. But the impress of the Berber architects was in its
turn almost entirely lost when the fabric came into the possession of
the Christians. Thus the Alcazar cannot be rightly classed among the
monuments of the Almohade period. It is certain that its extent at this
time was greater than it is now. Its enclosure was bounded by the city
wall, which ran down to the river, and occupied the whole angle formed
by the two. The Alcazar was then primarily a fortress, and its walls
were flanked on every side by watch-towers such as those with which its
front is still furnished. The principal entrance seems to have been at
the Torre de la Plata (silver tower), which was standing as late as
1821. Finally, among the works of the last Musulman rulers of Seville,
we must not omit to mention the great aqueduct of four hundred and
ten arches, called the Caños de Carmona, constructed in 1172, which
ensured the city an abundant supply of water from the reservoir of
Alcalá de Guadaira. The Almohades had other palaces in the city. The
old residence of Abdelasis yet remained, and we hear of the palaces of
St Hermenegildo and of the Bib Ragel (or northern gate).

The Almohades kinged it nobly in Andalusia; but these successive
revivals of fervour and activity in Western Islam may be compared to
the last strong spasms of a dying man. Despite these furious inrushes
of Almoravides and Al-Muwahedun, the Christians were slowly but surely
gaining ground. The lieutenants of Abd-ul-Mumin subjugated Granada and
Almeria in the east, Badajoz and Evora in the west. The Moorish amir
of Valencia did homage to Yusuf, Abd-ul-Mumin’s son and successor, at
Ishbiliyah. The third sovereign of the dynasty, Yakub Al Mansûr, dealt
what seemed a crushing blow to the allied Spaniards at Alarcos in 1195.
Had that victory been properly followed up, perhaps to this day a
Mohammedan power might have been seated firmly in the south of Spain,
and the Strait of Gibraltar might have been a western Dardanelles.

But the Christians rallied. In 1212 was fought the decisive battle
of Las Navas de Tolosa, between the Moorish Khalif An-Nasr and the
Castilian King, Alfonso VIII. The Musulmans were totally defeated. “Six
hundred thousand combatants,” says El Makkari, with perhaps a trace of
Oriental hyperbole, “were led by An-Nasr to the field of battle; all
perished, except a few that did not amount to a thousand. This battle
was a malediction, not only on Andalus but on all the West.”

Yet the downfall of the Islamite power did not immediately follow.
An-Nasr survived his defeat seven years, and his son, Abu Yusuf Yakub
Al-Mustanser, reigned four more inglorious years. His dying (1223)
without children was the signal for dissensions and disturbances
throughout his still vast empire. While Abd-ul-Wahed was proclaimed
Khalifa in Morocco, Al Adil took up the reins of sovereignty in Murcia.
Both pretenders soon disappeared from the troubled scene, Abd-ul-Wahed
being assassinated, and his rival, after having been defeated in Spain
by the Christians, being forced to take refuge in Morocco, there to
abdicate in favour of An-Nasr’s son, Yahya. Abu-l-Ala, Al Adil’s
brother, who had been left as governor in Ishbiliyah, declared himself
Khalifa on learning the accession of Yahya. He was the last of the race
of Abd-ul-Mumin to rule in the city. He was driven from Spain--to found
a wider empire in Africa--by Mohammed Ben Yusuf, variously styled Ben
Hud and Al Jodhami.

The storm-clouds were gathering fast over the beautiful city by the
Guadalquivir. Spain’s great national hero, St Ferdinand, now wore the
crown of Castile. He routed the Moors at Jerez, and in 1235 wrested
from them their most ancient and glorious metropolis, Cordova. The
discord and sedition which history shows are the usual prelude to the
extinction of a state, were not wanting at Seville. Ben Hud died in
1238, and his subjects turned once more in their despair to the African
Almohades. But no new army of Ghazis crossed the strait to do battle
with the Unbeliever. Despite their protestations of allegiance to the
Khalifa of Barbary, the Moors of Seville were left to fight their last
fight unassisted. When the Castilian army appeared before the walls,
the defence was directed, strangely enough for a Mohammedan community,
by a junta of six persons. Their names are worthy of being recorded:
Abu Faris, called by the Spaniards Axataf, Sakkáf, Shoayb, Ben Khaldûn,
Ben Khiyar, and Abu Bekr Ben Sharih.

The siege of Ishbiliyah lasted fifteen months. Material assistance
was lent to the Spaniards by Musulman auxiliaries, among them the
Amirs of Jaën and Granada. The Castilian fleet under Admiral Ramon
Bonifaz dispersed the Moorish ships, while the Sevillian land forces
were driven to take refuge within the walls. The Admiral succeeded
in breaking the chain stretched across the river, and thus cut off
the garrison from their principal magazines in the suburb of Triana.
Only when in the clutches of famine did the defenders ask for terms.
They offered to give up the city, on the condition that they should
be allowed to demolish the mosque. The Infante Alfonso replied that
if a single brick were displaced, the whole population would be put
to the sword. The garrison finally surrendered on the promise that
all inhabitants who desired to do so should be free to leave the city
with their families and property, and that those who elected to remain
should pay the Castilian king the same tribute they had hitherto paid
to the native ruler. The brave Abu Faris was invited to accept an
honourable post under the conqueror, but he magnanimously declined and
retired to Africa. Thither thousands of his countrymen followed him.
Indeed, probably only a few thousand Moors remained behind in Seville.

Ferdinand took possession on December 22nd, 1248. He took up his
residence in the Alcazar and allotted houses and territory to his
officers. It is worthy of remark that the first Christian soldier to
ascend the Giralda was a Scotsman named Lawrence Poore. Among the first
duties of the saintly king was the purification of the mosque and its
conversion into a Christian church.

Seville, after having remained in the hands of the Musulmans five
hundred and thirty-six years, had passed from them for ever.




SEVILLE UNDER THE CASTILIAN KINGS


The outward transformation of the Moorish Ishbiliyah into Seville,
the Christian capital, proceeded slowly and gradually. The
personal devotion and profound religious fervour of King Ferdinand
notwithstanding, even the war which resulted in the taking of the
city cannot be regarded as a crusade. As we have seen, Mohammedan
troops fought under the banners of the Christian king and contributed
to his victory; and in the division of the spoils these allies were
not forgotten. Satisfied with their triumph, the Castilians showed
moderation in their treatment of their Muslim subjects. The fall of
Ishbiliyah was attended by no outburst of iconoclastic fury. The
conquerors were delighted with the beauty and richness of their prize,
and had no desire to impair the handiwork of their predecessors.

The transition from the pure Arabic and Almohade styles of architecture
to what is called the Mudejar style was therefore almost imperceptible.
The physiognomy of the city altered but slowly. But the alteration was
from the first inevitable. Houses and lands were bestowed on knights
from all parts of Spain on the condition of their residing permanently
in Seville. Catalans, Galicians, Castilians of all trades and ranks
flocked in, and their influence was bound sooner or later to assert
itself. But the builders and artisan class remained for many years
composed of Moors--sometimes Christianised, but thoroughly imbued
with the artistic traditions of their forebears. Thus came about that
peculiar and graceful blending of the Moorish and Gothic and earlier
Renaissance styles known to Spanish writers as the Mudejar. Its
differentiation from the Arabic naturally became more marked as the
centuries rolled by.

Moorish architecture was thus accepted by the conquerors of Seville
both from choice and necessity. But certain important modifications
in the structure of buildings became immediately necessary, owing to
the difference of faith and customs. The mosque and the dwelling-house
alike had to undergo some alteration. No _mihrab_ was required, nor
minaret, nor the south-easterly position; in the dwelling-house there
was no need for harem, for retired praying-place, for the baths so dear
to the Andalusian Muslim.

Probably the first building of importance to be affected by the change
of rulers was the mosque. The outermost naves were divided into
chapels, the names and order of which have been preserved for us by
Zuñiga (quoted by Madrazo).

The royal chapel occupied the centre of the eastern wall; the other
chapels were: San Pedro, Santiago, Santa Barbara, San Bernardo, San
Sebastian (in this chapel were buried some Moors of the blood royal who
had been baptised and had served King Ferdinand, among them being Don
Fernando Abdelmon, son of Abu Seyt, Amir of Baeza), San Ildefonso, San
Francisco, San Andrés, San Clemente, San Felipe, San Mateo (containing
the sepulchre of the Admiral of Castile, Don Juan de Luna), Don Alonso
Perez de Guzman, San Miguel, San Marcos, San Lucas, San Bernabe, San
Simon, and San Judas, and the Magdalena. In the last-named chapel were
buried the knights who had taken part in the capture of the city.
Attached to it was the altar of Nuestra Señora de Pilar, a reputedly
miraculous shrine which became the objective of pilgrims in after years.

Chapels were also constructed in the four cloisters of the Patio de
los Naranjos. The cloister of the Caballeros contained eight--one of
which, Santa Lucia, was the place of sepulchre of the Haro family; the
cloister of the Granada contained three; the cloister of San Esteban,
three; the cloister of San Jorge or Del Lagarto, four--in one of
which, San Jorge, reposed that doughty warrior, Garci Perez de Vargas,
who distinguished himself before all his compeers at the assault of
Seville. This cloister was named Del Lagarto from the remains of an
enormous crocodile, a present from the Sultan of Egypt to King Alfonso
el Sabio, which are still suspended from the roof.

The cathedral--for so we must now call the mosque--was endowed and
richly embellished by St Ferdinand’s son and successor, the bookish
monarch Alfonso el Sabio. He also bestowed upon Seville its existing
coat-of-arms, consisting of the device NO8DO, which frequently appears,
to the bewilderment of strangers, on public buildings, uniforms, and
documents. The knot is in the vernacular _madeja_; the device thus
reads _no madeja do_, or, with an excusable pun, _no me ha dejado_--“it
has not deserted me.” This honourable motto the city won by its loyalty
to Alfonso during the civil wars which distracted the kingdom during
his reign. Seville bears the splendid title of “Most noble, most loyal,
most heroic, and unconquered city” (_muy noble_, _muy leal_, _muy
heroica_, _y invicta_). The surname “most noble” was bestowed upon it
by St Ferdinand; the style “most faithful” it received from Juan II. in
remembrance of its resistance to the Infante Don Enrique; “most heroic”
from Fernando VII. in recognition of its devotion to the national cause
during the War of Independence; and “unconquered” from Isabel II. to
commemorate its defence against the army of Espartero in July 1843.

The successors of the sainted king made their home in the Alcazar, and
adapted themselves to an environment created by their traditional foes.
The personality which looms largest in the history of the city is that
of Don Pedro I., surnamed the Cruel, or, by his few admirers, ‘the
Justiciary.’ What Harun-al-Rashid is in the story of Bagdad is this
ferocious monarch in the annals of Seville. Countless are the tales,
the ballads, and traditions of which he is the subject. Curiously
enough, Pedro enjoyed a certain measure of popularity in the country
he misgoverned. He was undoubtedly a vigilant protector of the humbler
classes of his subjects against the tyranny of the aristocracy, and
officials, and appears to have combined a grim humour and a strain of
what we should now call Bohemianism, with a tiger-like ferocity. He was
fond of rambling _incognito_ through the poorer quarters of the city;
and no account of Seville can be considered complete without a relation
of one of his most notable adventures in the street called Calle de la
Cabeza de Don Pedro.

The king had promulgated a decree holding the municipal authorities
answerable with their lives for the preservation of peace and public
order within their jurisdiction. A few nights later, wandering, heavily
cloaked as we may suppose, through a dark alley, a gentleman brushed
rudely against him. A brawl ensued, swords were drawn, and Pedro ran
his subject through the body. Flattering himself that there had been no
witness to the encounter, he stalked away. In the morning the hidalgo’s
body was found, but there appeared to be no clue as to the assassin.
The king summoned the Alcalde and reminded him of the edict. If the
miscreant were not discovered within two days the luckless magistrate
must himself pay the penalty on the scaffold. It was a situation with
precisely the humorous aspect that Pedro relished.

But presently to the Alcalde came an old lady with a strange but
welcome story. She told how she had seen a fight between two gentlemen,
the previous night, from her bed-chamber window. She witnessed the
fatal termination, and lo! the light of her candle fell full on the
face of the murderer; and as he bent forward, she heard his knee crack.
By his features and by this well-known physical peculiarity, she
recognised, beyond all possibility of a mistake, the king.

Next day the Alcalde invited his sovereign to attend the execution of
the criminal. Greatly wondering, no doubt, Pedro came. Dangling from a
rope he beheld his own effigy. “It is well,” he said, after an ominous
pause. “Justice has been done. I am satisfied.”

We may be inclined to disagree with the king’s conception of justice
as evinced on this occasion. More equitable and humorous was his
action when a priest, for murdering a shoemaker, was condemned by his
ecclesiastical superiors to suspension from his sacerdotal functions
for twelve months. Pedro thereupon decreed that any tradesman who slew
a priest should be punished by being restrained from exercising his
trade for the like period!

The catalogue of this Castilian monarch’s crimes proves interesting
if gloomy reading. He left his wife, Blanche de Bourbon, to perish
in a dungeon; he married Juana de Castro and insultingly repudiated
her within forty-eight hours; he put to death his father’s mistress,
Leonor de Guzman. He threw the young daughter of his brother, Enrique
de Trastamara, naked to the lions, like some Christian virgin-martyr.
But the good-humoured (and possibly well-fed) brutes refused to touch
the proffered prey. Not wishing to be outdone in generosity by a wild
beast, Pedro ever afterwards treated the maiden kindly. She was known,
in remembrance of her terrible experience, as Leonor de los Leones.

The Jew, Don Simuel Ben Levi, had served Pedro long and only too
faithfully as treasurer and tax-gatherer. It was whispered in his
master’s ear that half the wealth that should fill the royal coffers
was diverted into his own. Ben Levi was seized without warning and
placed on the rack, where the noble Israelite is said to have died,
not of pain, but of pure indignation. Under his house--so the story
has it--was a cavern filled with three piles of gold and silver so
high that a man standing behind any one of them was completely hidden.
“Had Don Simuel given me the third of the least of these three piles,”
exclaimed the king, “I would not have had him tortured. Why would he
rather die than speak?”

Somewhat more excusable was the treatment meted out to the Red King
of Granada, Abu Saïd; for this prince was himself a usurper, and had
behaved traitorously towards his own sovereign and his suzerain, the
King of Castile. Fearing Pedro’s resentment, he appeared at his court
at Seville with a retinue of three hundred, loaded with presents, among
which was the enormous ruby that now decorates the Crown of England.
He was received in audience by the Spanish king, whom he begged to
arbitrate between him and the deposed King of Granada. Pedro returned
a gracious reply, and entertained the Red King in the Alcazar. Before
many hours had passed the Moors were seized in their apartments and
stripped of their raiment and valuables. Abu Saïd, mounted on a donkey
and ridiculously attired, was taken, with thirty-six of his courtiers,
to a field outside the town. There they were bound to posts. A train of
horsemen appeared, Don Pedro among them, and transfixed the helpless
men with darts, the king shouting as he hurled his missiles at the
luckless Abu Saïd, “This for the treaty you made me conclude with
Aragon!” “This for the castle you lost me!” The Moors met their death
with the stoical resignation of their race.

That atrocities committed against Jews and infidels, against even
members of the royal family, should be regarded with indifference by
the public of that day need not surprise us. But the people of Seville
tamely suffered the most cruel wrongs to be inflicted by the tyrant on
their own fellow-citizens. After his (or rather the Black Prince’s)
victory over Don Enrique at Najera (1367), the Admiral Bocanegra and
Don Juan Ponce de Leon were beheaded on the Plaza San Francisco. Garci
Jufre Tenorio, the mayor of the city, also suffered death. The property
of Doña Teresa Jufre was confiscated because she had spoken ill of
his Majesty. Doña Urraca Osorio, because her son had taken part with
Don Enrique in the revolt, was burned at the stake on the Alameda.
Her servant, Leonor Dávalos, threw herself into the flames and shared
the fate of her mistress. In consequence of this persecution, Seville
lost several of her most illustrious families, which either became
extinguished or removed themselves to other parts of Spain.

So much for the picturesque if repugnant personality of Pedro I. With
his sinister memory the Alcazar is so intimately associated, and the
part he took in its reconstruction was so conspicuous that this may be
deemed the proper place to deal with that famous building--one of the
two most important in Seville.




THE ALCAZAR


“The Alcazar,” says Señor Rafaél Contreras, “is not a classic work, nor
does it present to-day that stamp of originality and that ineffaceable
character which distinguish ancient works like the Parthenon and modern
works like the Escorial. In the Alcazar of Yakub Yusuf the influence
of the heroic generation has faded away, and it portrays instead
the daily life of our Christian kings who have enriched it with a
thousand pages of glorious history. The Almohades, who impressed on
the building their African characteristics in 1181, and Jalubi, who
had been a follower of Al-Mehdi in the conquest of Africa, left on its
walls traces of the Roman influences met with in the course of their
movements. St Ferdinand, who conquered it, Don Pedro I., who restored
it, Don Juan II., who reconstructed the most elegant apartments,
the Catholic sovereigns, who built within its precincts chapels and
oratories, Charles V., who added more than a half in the modified
style of that epoch of the Renaissance, Philip III. and Philip V., who
enlarged it still more by building in the adjacent gardens--these,
and other princes who inhabited it during six centuries, have changed
the original structure to such an extent that to-day it is far from
being a monument of oriental art, though we find it covered with fine
arabesques and embellished with mosaics and gilding.”

Though not a monument of oriental art, the Alcazar seems to us to have
claims to rank as a specimen of Moorish architecture; for the general
character of the structure was determined by the restorations effected
by order of Pedro I., and these were, probably exclusively, the work
of Moorish artisans, not only of Seville, but from Granada, then a
Moorish city. This accounts for the resemblance of this palace to the
more famous Alhambra. But the Alcazar is not to be dismissed as a mere
pseudo-Moorish palace. It remains, to a great extent, the work of
Moorish hands and the conception of Moorish architects.

In spite of the severe strictures of fastidious observers, the Alcazar
produces a very pleasing impression on northern visitors. Mr W. M.
Gallichan writes: “It is a palace of dreams, encircled by lovely
perfumed gardens. Its courts and salons are redolent of Moorish
days and haunted by the spirits of turbaned sheiks, philosophers,
minstrels, and dark-eyed beauties of the harem.... The nightingales
still sing among the odorous orange bloom, and in the tangles of roses
birds still build their nests. Fountains tinkle beneath gently moving
palms; the savour of orientalism clings to the spot. Here wise men
discussed in the cool of summer nights, when the moon stood high over
the Giralda and white beams fell through the spreading boughs of the
lemon trees, and shivered upon the tiled pavements.

“In this garden the musicians played and the tawny dancers writhed and
curved their lissome bodies, in dramatic Eastern dances. _Ichabod!_ The
moody potentate, bowed down with the cares of high office, no longer
treads the dim corridor or lingers in the shade of the palm trees, lost
in cogitation. No sound of gaiety reverberates in the deserted courts;
no voice of orator is heard in the Hall of Justice. The green lizards
bask on the deserted benches of the gardens. Rose petals strew the
paved paths. One’s footsteps echo in the gorgeous _patios_, whose walls
have witnessed many a scene of pomp, tragedy, and pathos. The spell of
the past holds one; and before the imagination troops a long procession
of illustrious sovereigns, courtiers, counsellors, and menials.”

The Alcazar, as we have said, at the time of the reconquest covered a
much larger space than at present; and its area was even greater in
the days of Pedro I. Its strength as a fortress may be gauged by a
glance at the remaining walls, adjacent to the principal entrance. In
the Plaza de Santo Tomas is an octagonal, one-storeyed tower, called
the Torre de Abdalasis, which once formed part of the building, and is
said to have been the spot on which St Ferdinand hoisted his flag on
the fall of Seville. To enter the palace we pass across the Plaza del
Triunfo and enter the Patio de las Banderas, so called either because
a flag was hoisted here when the royal family were in residence or on
account of the trophy displayed over one of the arches, composed of
the Arms of Spain with supporting flags. From this court a colonnade
called the Apeadero leads to the Patio de la Monteria. It was built,
as an inscription over the portal records, by Philip III. in 1607,
and restored and devoted to the purposes of an armoury by the fifth
sovereign of that name in 1729. The Patio de la Monteria derives its
name from the Royal Lifeguards, the Monteros de Espinosa, having their
quarters here. These courts, with the commonplace private houses
which surround them, occupy the site of the old Moorish palace of
the Almohades. Some of the houses exhibit vestiges of fine Musulman
work. The house No. 3 of the Patio de las Banderas formed part, in the
opinion of Gestoso y Perez, of the Stucco Palace (Palacio del Yeso)
mentioned by Ayala as having been built by Pedro I. That potentate, it
is worthy of remark, was accustomed to administer justice, tempered
with ferocity, after the oriental fashion, seated on a stone bench in
a corner of this _patio_. The room in which the Almohade governors
presided over their tribunals still exists. It is surrounded by houses,
and is entered from the Patio de la Monteria. Contreras sees in this
hall (the Sala de Justicia) the traces of a work anterior to the
ninth century. It was, however, restored by Pedro. It is square, and
measures nine metres across. The ceiling is of stucco and adorned with
stars, wreaths, and a painted frieze. Inscriptions in beautiful Cufic
characters constitute the principal decoration of the apartment. Round
the four walls runs a tastefully worked stucco frieze, interrupted
by several right-angled apertures. These were once covered, in the
opinion of Herr Schmidt, by screens of plaster, which kept out the
sun’s heat but admitted the light; or, according to Gestoso y Perez, by
tapestries “which must have made the hall appear a miracle of wealth
and splendour.” Thanks to its isolation, the Sala de Justicia escaped
the “restoration” effected in the middle of the nineteenth century by
order of the Duc de Montpensier.

It was in this hall (often overlooked by visitors) that Don Pedro
overheard four judges discussing the division of a bribe they had
received. They were beheaded on the spot, and their skulls are still to
be seen in the walls of the king’s bed-chamber.

From the Patio de la Monteria we pass into the Patio del Leon. In the
fifteenth century, we read, tournaments were often held here. Our
attention is at once directed to the superb façade of the main building
or Alcazar proper--the palace of Don Pedro. It is a splendid work of
art. The columns are of rare marble with elegant Moorish capitals. The
portal is imposing, and was rebuilt by Don Pedro, as the legend in
curious Gothic characters informs us: ‘The most high, the most noble,
the most powerful, and most victorious Don Pedro, King of Castile and
Leon, commanded these palaces, these alcazares, and these entrances
to be made in the year [of Cæsar] one thousand four hundred and two”
(1364). Elsewhere on the façade are the oft-repeated inscriptions in
Cufic characters: “There is no conqueror but Allah,” “Glory to our
lord, the Sultan,” “Eternal glory to Allah,” “Eternal is the dominion
of Allah,” etc.

This gate, in the opinion of Contreras, is of Arabic origin and in the
Persian style, after which were built most of the entrances to mosques
of the first period. The square opening is often seen in Egypt, and
supplanted the more graceful horse-shoe arch. The pilasters are Arabic
throughout; but the arch balconies, the Byzantine columns, and Roman
capitals are works of Don Pedro’s time.

The palace of the Alcazar forms an irregular oblong. The Patio de las
Doncellas or Patio Principal occupies the centre, roughly speaking,
and upon it open the various halls and chambers according to the
usual Moorish plan. This _patio_ is absurdly named from its being the
supposed place in which were collected the hundred damsels said to
have been sent by way of annual tribute by Mauregato to the Moors. It
is hardly necessary to say that the damsels would have been sent to
Cordova, which was the capital of the Khalifate, not to Seville, and
that this court was among the restorations of the fourteenth century.

The court is rectangular, and surrounded by a gallery composed of white
marble columns in pairs, supporting pointed arches. The soffite (or
inner side) of the arch is scalloped or serrated. The central arch
in each side is higher and larger than its fellows, and springs from
square imposts resting on the twin columns. At each angle of the impost
is a graceful little pillar--“a characteristic,” observes Madrazo,
“of the Arabic-Grenadine architecture, such as may often be noticed
in the magnificent Alhambra of the Alhamares.” Over the arches runs a
flowing scroll with Arabic inscriptions, among them being “Glory to
our lord the Sultan Don Pedro; may God lend him His aid and render him
victorious”, and this very remarkable text, “There is but one God;
He is eternal. He was not begotten and does not beget, and He has no
equal.” This is evidently an inscription remaining from Musulman days,
and spared in their ignorance by the Christian owners of the palace.
On the frieze will also be noticed the escutcheons of Don Pedro and
the Catholic sovereigns, and the favourite devices of Charles V.--the
Pillars of Hercules and motto “Plus Oultre.” Behind the central arches
are as many doors with elaborately ornamented arches. On either side of
each door is a double window, framed with broad, ornamental bands, with
conventional floral designs. Round the inner walls of the arcade runs a
high dado of glazed tile mosaic (_azulejo_), brilliantly coloured and
cut with exquisite skill. The combinations and variations of the design
repay examination, and will be seen to extend all round the gallery.
This decoration was probably executed by Moorish workmen in the time
of Pedro I. Finally, above the doors run wide friezes with shuttered
windows, through which the light falls on the gleaming mosaic. The
ceiling of the gallery dates from the time of Ferdinand and Isabella,
but was restored in 1856.

Three recesses in the _patio_ are pointed out as the spots where Don
Pedro held his audiences; but Contreras is of opinion that they are the
walled-up entrances to former corridors which communicated with the
Harem. That apartment probably faced the Salón de los Embajadores.

A wide cornice separates the lower part of the court from the upper
gallery. This is composed of balustrades, arches, and columns in
white marble of the Ionic order, and was the work of Don Luis de Vega
(sixteenth century).

One of the doors opening on to the Patio de las Doncellas gives
access to the Salón de los Embajadores (Hall of the Ambassadors), the
finest apartment in the Alcazar. Its dazzling splendour is produced
by the blending of five distinct styles, the Arabic, Almohade or
true Moorish, Gothic, Grenadine or late Moorish, and Renaissance.
Measuring about thirty-three feet square, it has four entrances, of
which that giving on to the Patio de las Doncellas may be considered
the principal. Here we find folding-doors in the Arabic style of
extraordinary size and beauty. Each wing is 5.30 metres high by
1.97 broad, and adorned with painted inlaid work, varied by Arabic
inscriptions. One of these latter is of great interest. It runs as
follows: “Our Lord and Sultan, the exalted and high Don Pedro, King of
Castile and Leon (may Allah prosper him and his architect), ordered
these doors of carved wood to be made for this apartment (in honour
of the noble and fortunate ambassadors), which is a source of joy
to the happy city, in which the palaces, the alcazares, and these
mansions for my Lord and Master were built, who only showed forth his
splendour. The pious and generous Sultan ordered this to be done in the
city of Seville with the aid of his intercessor [Saint Peter?] with
God. Joy shone in their delightful construction and embellishment.
Artificers from Toledo were employed in the work; and this took place
in the fortunate year 1404 [1364 A.D.]. Like the evening twilight and
the refulgence of the twilight of the aurora is this work. A throne
resplendent in brilliant colours and eminence. Praise be to Allah!”

The three remaining portals present graceful round arches, enclosing
three lesser arches (forming the actual entrances) of the horse-shoe
type. These last are believed, as we have said elsewhere, to be of
Abbadite origin. The capitals of their supporting columns are fine
examples of the Arab-Byzantine style. Above the horse-shoe arches, and
comprised within the outer arch, are three lattices. The whole space
within the arch is covered with delicate filigree work.

This hall was once known as the Salón de la Media Naranja (Hall of the
Half Orange) from the elegant shaping of its carved wooden ceiling.
This rests upon a frieze decorated with the Tower and Lion, and
supporting this again are beautiful carved and gilded stalactites or
pendants. On the intervening wall spaces are Cufic inscriptions on a
blue ground, and female heads painted by sixteenth-century vandals.
Then follows another frieze with the devices of Castile and Leon, below
which is a row of fifty-six niches, containing the portraits of the
kings of Spain from Receswinto the Goth to Philip III. The earliest of
these seem to have been painted in the sixteenth century, while the
little columns and trefoil windows that separate them may be ascribed
to the end of the fourteenth. The series is interrupted by four
rectangular spaces, formerly occupied by windows, but now taken up by
elegant balconies in wrought iron, the work of Francisco López (1592).
The decoration of this magnificent chamber is completed by a high dado
of white, blue, and green glazed tiles. It was probably in this hall
that Abu Saïd, “the Red King,” was received by Don Pedro prior to his
murder.

In an apartment to the right of the Ambassadors’ Hall, a plaster frieze
of Arabic origin, showing figures in silhouette, may be noticed; and
in a room to the left, other silhouettes, apparently referring to the
qualities attributed by his admirers to Pedro I.

On the north side of the Patio de las Doncellas lies the so-called
Dormitorio de los Reyes Moros (Bed-chamber of the Moorish Kings). The
entrance arch is semicircular, and includes three graceful lattice
windows, richly ornamented. On either side of the door is a beautiful
double-window with columns dating from the Khalifate. The doors
themselves are richly inlaid, and painted with geometrical patterns.
The interior of the chamber is adorned, like all other apartments
in the Alcazar, with plaster friezes, and is so richly decorated
that scarcely a hand’s-breadth (remarks Herr Schmidt) is without
ornamentation. To the right of the entrance lies a small apartment
known as the Sultan’s Alcove. Opposite the entrance from the _patio_
are three horse-shoe arches belonging to the earliest period of
Spanish-Arabic art, leading to an _Al-Hami_ or alcove.

From the Dormitorio we may pass into the quaintly named Patio de las
Muñecas, or Puppet’s Court. It is a spot with tragical associations,
for here took place the murder of the Master of Santiago, Don Fadrique
de Trastamara, by his brother, Don Pedro--a fratricide to be avenged
years after by another fratricide at Montiel. The Master, after a
campaign in Murcia, had been graciously received by the king, and
went to pay his respects to the lovely Maria de Padilla in another
part of the palace. It is said that she warned him of his impending
fate; perhaps her manner, if not her words, should have aroused him to
a sense of his danger; but the soldier prince returned to the royal
presence. “Kill the Master of Santiago!” Pedro shouted, so the story
goes. The Master’s sword was entangled in his scarf; he was separated
from his retinue. He fled to this court, where he was struck down. One
of his retainers took refuge in Maria de Padilla’s apartment, where he
tried to screen himself by holding the king’s daughter, Doña Beatriz,
before his breast. Pedro tore the child away, and despatched the
unfortunate man with his own hand.

The Patio de las Muñecas is in the Grenadine style. It has suffered
severely at the hands of the restorers of 1833 and 1843. The arches
are semicircular and spring from brick pillars, which are supported by
marble columns with rich capitals. The arches, which form an arcade
round the court, are decorated with fine mosaic and trellis (_ajaraca_)
work. The whole is tastefully painted. The arches vary in size, that
looking towards the Ambassadors’ Hall being almost pear-shaped. The
columns are of different colours, and the pillars they uphold are
inscribed with Cufic characters. The upper part of the _patio_ reveals
a not very skilful attempt to imitate the lower.

“The Ambassadors’ Hall as well as the Puppet’s Court,” says Pedro
de Madrazo, “are surrounded by elegant saloons, commencing at the
principal façade of the Alcazar, running round the north-west angle of
the building, adjoining the galleries of the gardens del Principe, de
la Gruta, and de la Danza, and terminating at the south-eastern angle
of the Patio de las Doncellas. Here is now the chapel, and there it
is believed that the luxurious apartment of the Caracol (inhabited
by Maria de Padilla) stood. This part was, without doubt, that which
was called the Palacio del Yeso, or Stucco Palace, on account of the
plaster decorations in the fashion of Granada; but in which of these
rooms Don Pedro was playing draughts when the Master of Santiago
appeared before him, it is impossible to say with certainty.”

The Salón del Principe occupies the upper floor of the chief façade,
and receives light through the beautiful _ajimices_ or twin-windows
so noticeable from without. This spacious hall is divided into three
compartments, each of which has a fine ceiling. Two have been restored,
but the third was the work of Juan de Simancas in the year 1543. The
scheme of decoration is Moorish. The columns in this hall and the
adjoinng apartments are of marble, with rich capitals. According to
Zurita (quoted by Madrazo), these columns came from the royal palace at
Valencia, after the defeat of Pedro of Aragon by the King of Castile.

The oratory was built by order of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1504. It
contains an admirable retablo in blue glazed tiles--probably the finest
work of the kind in Spain--designed by an Italian, Francesco Niculoso.
The centre-piece represents the Visitation. It is believed that some
parts of the work were drawn by Pedro Millán, a sculptor of Seville.

The oratory is on the upper floor of the palace. On the same storey
is the Comedor, or dining-hall, a long, narrow room with a fine
fifteenth-century ceiling, and good tapestries on the walls. A more
interesting apartment is the bed-chamber of Don Pedro, which has a good
carved roof and dados of _azulejos_ and stucco. Over the door four
heads may be seen painted. They represent the skulls of the corrupt
judges on whom the unjust king executed summary justice. The decoration
of this chamber is of the sixteenth century.

The royal apartments on this floor contain several important works
of art. In the room of the Infantes is a portrait of Maria Luisa by
Goya. The Salón Azul (Blue Room), so-called from the colour of its
tapestries, contains some fine pastel paintings by Muraton, and some
notable miniatures on ivory. The portraits of the family of Isabel II.
by Bartolomé López are worthy of inspection.

Returning to the ground floor, we enter the spacious Salón de Carlos
V., occupying one side of the Patio de las Doncellas. Here, it is
asserted, St Ferdinand died; but it is more probable that he expired
in the old Moorish Alcazar. The fine ceiling, decorated with the heads
of warriors and ladies, was built by the Emperor after whom the hall is
named. The stucco and the work are very beautiful.

An uninteresting apartment was erected by Ferdinand VI. over the famous
Baths of Maria de Padilla, which are approached through an arched
entrance, and, surrounded by thick walls, have more the appearance
of a dungeon than of a resort of Love and Beauty. The pool still
remains where the lovely favourite bathed her fair limbs. In her time
it had no other roof than the blue sky of Andalusia, and no further
protection from prying eyes than that afforded by the orange and
lemon trees. At Pedro’s court it was esteemed a mark of gallantry and
loyalty to drink the waters of the bath, after Maria had performed her
ablutions. Observing that one of his knights refrained from this act
of homage, the king questioned him and elicited the reply, “I dare not
drink of the water, lest, having tasted the sauce, I should covet the
partridge.” These baths were no doubt used by the ladies of the harem
in Moorish days.

The gardens of the Alcazar form a delicious pleasaunce, where the
orange and the citron diffuse their fragrance, and fairy-like fountains
spring up suddenly beneath the unwary passenger’s feet, sprinkling him
with a cooling and perhaps not unwelcome dew. But this paradise has its
serpent, and that is the truculent shade of the cruel king, which for
ever seems to haunt the Alcazar. Here Pedro prowled one day, when four
candidates for the office of judge presented themselves before him. To
test their fitness for the post, the king pointed to an orange floating
on the surface of a pool close by. He asked each of the lawyers in
succession what the floating object was. The three first replied
without consideration, “An orange, sire.” But the fourth drew the fruit
from the water with his staff, glanced at it, and replied with absolute
accuracy, “_Half_ an orange, sire.” He was appointed to the vacant
magistracy.

Before leaving the Alcazar, we will briefly summarise the history of
its transformations and reconstructions. As we have seen, the palace
generally may be considered the work of Don Pedro. In the reign of Juan
II., the Salón de los Embajadores was enriched with its fine cupola. A
tablet, discovered in 1843, testifies that the architect was Don Diego
Roiz, and that the artisans employed in the work were made freemen of
the city.

Various parts of the building were built or reconstructed by order
of Ferdinand and Isabella. The architects were for the most part
Christianised Moors, among whom are mentioned Maestre Mohammed Agudo
(1479), Juan Fernandez (1479), Diego Fernandez (1496), and Francisco
Fernandez. The latter was appointed Master of the Alcazar in 1502,
and previous to his adoption of Catholicism was named Hamet Kubeji.
According to Gestoso y Perez, a surprising number of artificers and
craftsmen were engaged about the Alcazar at this time, a powerful
inducement being exemption from taxes and military service. The names
of Juan and Francisco de Limpias (1479-1540) have been preserved among
the carpenters; and Diego Sanchez (1437), Alfonso Ruiz (1479), and the
two Sanchez de Castro (1500), among the painters.

Several improvements were carried out under Charles V. and Philip II.,
and a great deal of restoration was unfortunately necessitated by
the fires which seemed to break out with increasing frequency during
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Still more disastrous was
the effect of the great earthquake of 1755. Then began the reign of
the vandal, which did more damage to the palace than time, fire, and
earthquake combined.

In 1762, the minister Wall ordered the Alcazar to be repaired in
“the modern manner.” The ceilings which had been destroyed by fire
were replaced by others much too low, and valuable arabesques were
recklessly sacrificed. In 1805, some director with a genius for
transmogrification whitewashed the fine stucco work in the Salon del
Principe, and altered the main entrance. He also substituted a plaster
ceiling for the bowl-shaped Arab roofing, and made strenuous efforts
to impair the beauty of the Ambassadors’ Hall. In 1833 a reaction took
place. Don Joaquin Cortes and Señor Raso effected an artistic and
sympathetic restoration both of the Prince’s Hall and the Patio de las
Muñecas. A more serious restoration was begun in 1842, at the instance
of the administrator, Don Domingo de Alcega. The artist Becquer
contributed materially to the success of the work. In the ’fifties, the
task of replacing and restoring the stucco ornamentation was completed;
and under Isabel II. the thirty-six arches of the Patio de las
Doncellas were restored. Since that date the reconstructions have not
always displayed good taste; but the revival of interest in her ancient
monuments which has taken place in Spain of late years encourages us
to hope, at least, that the appalling blunders of the early nineteenth
century will never be repeated.

After the Alcazar, the most noteworthy monument in Seville, dating
from the reign of Don Pedro, is the church of Omnium Sanctorum. This
edifice occupies the site of a Roman temple, and was built by the Cruel
King in 1356. It exhibits a very happy combination of the Moorish and
Gothic styles. It is entered by three ogival doors, and is divided
into three naves. To the left of the façade is a graceful tower, the
first storey of which is Moorish, ornamented somewhat after the style
of the Giralda. On one of the doors is a shield bearing the arms of
Portugal, which, tradition says, commemorates the pious generosity of
Diniz, king of that country, when he visited Alfonso the Wise. If the
Sevillians have writ their annals true, this goes to prove that an
earlier structure than the present must have existed here. This, by the
way, was the parish church of Rioja the poet.

San Lorenzo exhibits the fusion of the contending styles in an
interesting fashion. It has five naves; and the horseshoe windows in
its tower were converted into ogives at the time of its adaptation to
the Christian cult. The arcades of the naves are ogival in the middle,
and become by degrees semi-circular towards the extremities as the roof
becomes lower. This church contains the miraculous picture of Nuestra
Señora de Rocamadour. Rocamadour, in southern France, was a celebrated
shrine of pilgrims in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Several other churches in Seville date from this epoch, and present, to
a greater or less extent, evidences of the conflict between the Moorish
and Gothic styles. In addition to those mentioned, Madrazo names the
following: Santa Marina, San Ildefonso, San Vicente, San Julián, San
Esteban, Santa Catalina, San Andrés, San Miguel, San Nicolas, San
Martin, San Gil, Santa Lucia, San Pedro, and San Isidoro. When a mosque
was converted into a Christian church, the same authority remarks, the
horseshoe arch was pointed, bells were placed in the minaret, and the
orientation was altered from north to south, to east to west. The five
last-named churches were erected in the thirteenth century. Santa Maria
de las Nieves was, until the year 1391, a synagogue. The decoration is
in the plateresco style, and the doors are Gothic. The church contains
a painting by Luis de Vargas, and a picture attributed to Murillo.

Nearly in the centre of the city is the Convent of Santa Inés, with a
beautiful and tastefully restored chapel. The façade is ancient and
graceful. This church contains the remains (said to be uncorrupted) of
the foundress, Doña Maria Coronel, one of Don Pedro’s numerous victims.
That monarch had conceived a violent passion for her, in the hopes of
gratifying which he put her husband to death in the Torre del Oro. The
widow, far from yielding to his solicitations, took the veil, and at
last, to secure herself from his persecutions, destroyed her beauty
by means of vitriol--a species of self-immolation much applauded by
the devout in the ages of faith. Her sister, Doña Aldonza, was less
successful in resisting the ardent monarch, but died, in the odour of
sanctity, Abbess of Santa Inés.

Among the secular buildings erected under the Castilian _régime_ was
the existing Tower of Don Fadrique, standing in the gardens of the
Convent of the Poor Clares. It was named after the son of St Ferdinand
and Beatriz of Swabia, who was put to death by Alfonso el Sabio in
1276. The tower is a fine square structure of Roman workmanship,
seemingly, in its lowest floor, and showing a mixture of Moorish and
Gothic architecture in its upper half. It formed part of a sumptuous
palace erected in 1252, and bestowed in 1289 on the Poor Clares by King
Sancho the Brave.

In the Calle Guzman el Bueno is a mansion called the Casa Olea. It
contains a fine hall, 8½ metres square, the work of Moorish artisans
of the time of Don Pedro. The beautiful inlaid and gilded _artesonado_
ceiling was removed about a century ago; light is admitted through
windows of the horseshoe pattern, and the decorations consist of the
characteristic stucco-work, latticing, and _ajaraca_ or trellis-work,
as fine as any to be seen at the Lindaraja of Granada. The dado of
coloured tiles has almost completely disappeared. The Palacio de
Montijo, near the church of Omnium Sanctorum, reveals many traces of
Mudejar workmanship, as also does a hall in the _Casa morisca_ of
the Calle de Abades--not to be confounded with the Casa de Abades,
belonging to the Renaissance.

Seville in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries possessed no doubt
many palaces and private dwellings of magnificence; but it was in
ecclesiastical architecture that the spirit of the age found its truest
expression and noblest monuments.




THE CATHEDRAL


On the eighth day of July in the year 1401, the Dean and Chapter of
Seville assembled in the Court of the Elms, and solemnly resolved that,
the Cathedral having been practically ruined by recent earthquakes,
a new one should be built so splendid that it should have no equal;
and that, if the revenue of the See should not prove sufficient for
the cost of the undertaking, each one present should contribute from
his own stipend as much as might be necessary. Then uprose a zealous
prebendary, and cried, “Let us build a church so great that those who
come after us may think us mad to have attempted it!”

Such was the greatness of spirit in which the foundation of the
existing Cathedral of Seville was undertaken. And the result is worthy
of the deep and fervid zeal of those old Catholics of Spain.

The church took one hundred and twenty years to build. Pity it was that
the noble-hearted priests who decreed the raising of the fane should
never have gazed upon much more than its skeleton! First of all, the
mosque-cathedral of Yakub was demolished, only the Giralda and the
_Patio de los Naranjos_, with the northern, eastern, and western gates,
being spared. The Royal Chapel was pulled down in 1432, by permission
of Juan II. The first stone had been laid in 1402; but, strangely
and sadly enough, the name of the architect who traced the plan has
not been preserved. Some believe him to have been Alonso Martinez;
others, Pero García. Fame, we may well believe, was a prize which the
pious builder esteemed but lightly. His reward lay in the greater
glorification of his faith.

In 1462, we find Juan Normán directing the works; in 1488, he had
passed from the scene and was succeeded by Juan de Hoz. Then came
Alonso Ruiz and Alonso Rodriguez. The building was practically finished
when, in 1511, the cupola collapsed. In 1519, Juan Gil de Hontañon,
the architect of Salamanca Cathedral, completed the reconstruction,
and the cathedral may be considered as having been finished, though
restorations and remodelling of various parts of the edifice have been
going on ever since, and masons are to this day engaged upon the dome.

This magnificent church is pre-eminent for size among the cathedrals
of Spain, and ranks third in this respect among the sacred edifices
of the world. St Peter’s covers 230,000 square feet, the Mezquita at
Cordova 160,000, and the Cathedral of Seville 125,000. Our St Paul’s
covers only 84,000 square feet. It follows that this cathedral is the
largest of Gothic temples.

So stupendous a monument has naturally attracted comment from
distinguished travellers and critics. All have come under the spell of
its majesty and massive nobility. Théophile Gautier expressed himself
as follows: “The most extravagant and most monstrously prodigious
Hindoo pagodas are not to be mentioned in the same century as the
Cathedral of Seville. It is a mountain scooped out, a valley turned
topsy-turvy; Notre Dame de Paris might walk erect in the middle nave,
which is of frightful height; pillars with the girth of towers, and
which appear so slender that they make you shudder, rise out of the
ground or descend from the vaulted roof, like stalactites in a giant’s
grotto.”

The Italian, De Amicis, is less fantastical in his rhapsodies. “At your
first entrance, you are bewildered, you feel as if you are wandering in
an abyss, and for several moments you can only glance around in this
vast spaciousness, to assure yourself that your eyes do not deceive
you, that your fancy is playing you no trick; you approach one of the
pillars, measure it, and look at those in the distance; though large as
towers, they appear so slender that you tremble to think the building
is resting upon them. You traverse them with a glance from floor to
ceiling, and it seems that you could almost count the moments it would
take for the eye to climb them.... In the central aisle, another
cathedral, with its cupola and bell-tower, could easily stand.”

Lomas, who is no great admirer of the building, admits that “the first
view of the interior is one of the supreme moments of a lifetime. The
glory and majesty of it are almost terrible. No other building, surely,
is so fortunate as this in what may be called its presence.”

The Cathedral is oblong in shape, and is 414 feet long by 271 feet
wide. The nave is 100 feet and the dome 121 feet high.

The principal façade looks west. Here is the principal entrance (Puerta
Mayor), and two side doors, the Puertas de San Miguel and del Bautismo.
Over the central door is a fine relief, representing the Assumption,
by Ricardo Bellver, placed here in 1885. This entrance is elaborately
decorated, and adorned with thirty-two statues in niches.

The Puertas San Miguel and del Bautismo are decorated with
terra-cotta statues of saints and prelates, the work of Pedro Millan,
a fifteenth-century sculptor. Herr Schmidt thinks very highly of these
fine performances. Each figure has life and distinct personality, and
the treatment of the drapery harmonises wonderfully with the gestures
and physiognomy of the wearers. The upper part of the façade is poor,
and dates only from 1827.

The southern façade is flanked by sacristies, offices, and courts,
above which appear the graceful flying buttresses, gargoyles, and
windows, and the majestic dome of the main building. In the middle of
this side is a modern entrance, the Puerta de San Cristóbal, added by
Casanova in 1887. In the eastern façade are two entrances--the Puertas
de las Campanillas and de los Palos--both enriched with fine sculpture
by Pedro Millan; the Puerta de los Palos has also a fine Adoration of
the Magi by Miguel Florentin (1520).

On the northern side of the Cathedral we find the most important
remains of the pre-existing mosque, the Giralda, already described,
and the _Patio de los Naranjos_, with the original fountain at which
the Muslims performed their ablutions. The _patio_ is entered from the
street by the Puerta del Perdón, a richly decorated horseshoe arch
erected by Moorish hands by order of Alfonso XI., to commemorate the
victory of the Salado in the year 1340. In the sixteenth century this
door was restored and adorned with sculptures. The colossal statues
of Saints Peter and Paul, in terra-cotta, are the work of Miguel
Florentin. He was among the earliest of the Renaissance sculptors
to settle in Spain. By him also is the relief of the Expulsion of
the Money-Changers from the Temple, celebrating the substitution of
the Lonja or Bourse for this gate as a rendezvous for merchants. The
plateresco work was executed by Bartolomé López in 1522. The doors date
from Alfonso’s reign, and are faced with bronze plates, on which are
Arabic inscriptions.

Close to the Puerta del Perdón is a shrine built in the wall with a
Christ on the Cross by Luis de Vargas.

Entering the _patio_, to the right we find the Sagrario, or parish
church, and to the left (reached by a staircase) the Biblioteca
Colombina or Chapter Library, founded by Fernando Colon, son of
Christopher Columbus. Among the treasures it contains are a manuscript
of the great discoverer’s travels, with notes in his own hand; a
manuscript tract, written by him in prison, to prove that the existence
of America was not contrary to Scripture; the sword of Garcia Perez
de Vargas, the great hero of the conquest of Seville, and a very
interesting thirteenth-century translation of the Bible.

The northern façade of the Cathedral is entered through three portals,
the westernmost of which, the Puerta del Sagrario, is unfinished.
The Puerta de los Naranjos and the Puerta del Lagarto lead from the
_patio_. The Puerta del Lagarto retains some traces of its Moorish
origin. It is named after the patched and painted stuffed alligator,
which has hung here since about the thirteenth century. Here may also
be seen a huge elephant’s tusk, and a bridle said to have belonged to
the Cid.

Referring more particularly to the exterior of the Cathedral, Caveda
says: “The general effect is truly majestic. The open-work parapets
which crown the roofs, the graceful lanterns of the eight winding
stairs that ascend in the corners to the vaults and galleries, the
flying buttresses that spring lightly from aisle to nave, as the jets
of a cascade from cliff to cliff, the slender pinnacles that cap them,
the proportions of the arms of the transept and of the buttresses
supporting the side walls, the large pointed windows that open, one
above another, just as the aisles and chapels to which they belong
rise over each other, the pointed portals and entrances--all these
combine in an almost miraculous manner, although lacking the wealth of
detail, the airy grace, and the delicate elegance that characterise the
cathedrals of Léon and Burgos.”

Entering the church, the gloom renders it difficult for a time to
distinguish its exact configuration. We find it is divided into a
nave and four aisles, the former being fifty feet in width. The fine
marble floor was laid in the years 1787 to 1795. There is little
ornamentation, the interior displaying a noble simplicity, the
beautiful effect being produced mainly by the grandeur and symmetry
of the vaultings, archings, and pillars. The seventy-four exquisite
stained-glass windows, however, form a decorative series of the richest
kind. They are, for the most part, the work of northern artists. Micer
Cristóbal Aleman (Master Christoph the German) began the first--the
first stained-glass window seen in Seville--in 1504, the work being
carried on by the German Heinrich, the Flemings Bernardino of Zeeland
and Juan Bernardino, Carlos of Bruges, and the great master Arnao of
Flanders. The two latter designers are said to have received ninety
thousand ducats for their work. The last window was completed in 1662
by a Spaniard named Juan Bautista de Léon. The finest windows are
generally considered to be those representing the Ascension, St Mary
Magdalen, Lazarus, and the Entry into Jerusalem, by Arnao the Fleming
and his brother (1525), and the Resurrection, by Carlos of Bruges
(1558).

Passing up the nave, from the Puerta Mayor, we find midway between that
entrance and the choir the Tomb of Fernando Colon, son of the great
Columbus--“who would have been considered a great man,” says Ford, “had
he been the son of a less great father.” The slab is engraved with
pictures of the discoverer’s vessels, and the inscription, _À Castilla
y á León Mundo nuevo dio Colon_. At this spot, during Holy Week, is set
up the _Monumento_, an enormous wooden temple in the shape of a Greek
cross, in which the Sacrament is enshrined. The structure was made by
Antonio Florentin in 1544.

Extending to the middle of the nave is the Coro or Choir, open towards
the east or High Altar. The _trascoro_ or choir-screen is faced with
marbles, eight columns of red _breccia_ being especially fine. The
marble reliefs are fine examples of Genoese work. Over the altar is a
fourteenth-century painting of the Madonna, and there is also a picture
by Pacheco, the inquisitor, representing St Ferdinand receiving the
keys of Seville from “Axataf.” The side walls of the choir accommodate
four little chapels, exhibiting a harmonious combination of the Gothic
and plateresco styles in translucent alabaster. The Capilla de la
Concepcion contains one of the finest examples of statuary in the
Cathedral--the Virgin, by Juan Martinez Montañez. Ford says, “This
sweet and dignified model was the favourite of his great pupil, Alonso
Cano.” The choir was severely injured by the collapse of the dome
in 1888. The pillars and baldachino are richly adorned with Gothic
figures and stonework. The fine gilt railing is the work of Sancho
Muñoz (1519). But the chief glory of the choir is its exquisitely
carved stalls, 117 in number, executed between 1475 and 1548, by Nufro
Sanchez, Dancart, and Guillen. Moorish influence may be traced in the
patterns and the coloured inlaid work of the chairbacks. The handsome
lectern bespeaks the skill of Bartolomé Morel. Till the collapse of the
dome, the choir was the repository of a number of priceless missals,
illuminated in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.
The organs are huge but inartistic. As instruments, they are beyond
all praise. The older, dating from 1777, was built by Jorge Bosch, the
other by Valentin Verdalonga in 1817.

“Between the choir and High Altar is put up during Holy Week the
exquisite bronze candlestick, 25 feet high, called El Tenebrario,
one of the finest specimens of bronze work of the sixteenth century
that exists (it may be seen in the Sacristy), and wrought, in 1562,
by Morel; when the _Miserere_ is sung, it is lighted with thirteen
candles, twelve of which are put out one after another, indicating that
the Apostles deserted Christ; one alone of white wax is left burning,
and is a symbol of the Virgin, true to the last. At Easter, also, the
Ciro Pascual or fount candle, equal to a large marble pillar, 24 feet
high, and weighing seven or eight hundredweight of wax, is placed to
the left of the High Altar” (Ford).

Facing the choir stands the isolated Capilla Mayor, containing the
High Altar. It is enclosed on three sides by a railing of wrought
iron, and on the fourth by a superb Gothic retablo. Schmidt considers
this work the quintessence of late Gothic sculpture. The middle parts
date from the fifteenth, the outer from the sixteenth century. The
ornamentation is of extraordinary delicacy and richness. It is divided
into forty-five compartments, each containing subjects from the
Scriptures and the lives of the saints in sculpture painted and gilded.
It is crowned by a crucifix and the statues of the Virgin and St John.
This fine altar-piece was begun by the Fleming Dancart in 1479, and was
completed by Spanish artists in 1526.

Behind the altar is the Sacristy, adorned with terra-cotta statues by
Miguel Florentin, Juan Marin, and others. Here is kept a reliquary
shaped like a triptych, presented to the church by Alfonso the Wise,
and called the Alphonsine Tables.

Behind the Capilla Mayor, at the eastern extremity of the nave, is the
Capilla Real (Royal Chapel). The building--which, as Ford remarks, is
almost a church by itself--was begun by Gainza in 1514, and finished
in 1566 by his successors, Fernan Ruiz, Diaz de Palacios, and Maeda.
The chapel is of the Renaissance style, and has a lofty dome. There is
a handsome frieze showing the figures of children carrying shields and
lances. The chapel is divided by light pillars into seven compartments,
of which the midmost is occupied by the altar of the Virgin de los
Reyes. This image was the gift of St Louis of France to St Ferdinand.
“It is of great archæological interest,” says Ford; “it is made like a
movable lay-figure; the hair is of spun gold, and the shoes are like
those used in the thirteenth century, ornamented with the lilies of
France and the word “Amor.” In 1873, the fine gold crown belonging to
this image [a sixteenth-century work] was stolen. This image is seated
on a silver throne, thirteenth-century work, embossed with the arms of
Castile and Leon.” The body of St Ferdinand, remarkably well preserved,
is contained in a silver urn, placed on the original sepulchre, which
is engraved with epitaphs in Latin, Spanish, Hebrew, and Arabic. In
the vault beneath is the ivory figure of the Virgin de las Batallas,
which the king always carried with him on his campaigns. It is a fine
piece of Gothic statuary. Ferdinand’s sword is also preserved in this
chapel. Here are the tombs of Alfonso el Sabio, of Beatriz of Swabia,
his mother, of Pedro I., Maria de Padilla, and various Infantes. An
interesting trophy is the flag of the Polish Legion of the French army,
taken by the Spaniards at Bailen. The twelve statues in the entrance
to the Capilla Real are after the designs of Peter Kempener; there is
a Mater Dolorosa by Murillo in the sacristy. Some of the later work
in this chapel exhibits those fantastic and grotesque features which
became common, under the name of _Estilo Monstruoso_, in Seville.

The entrance to this chapel is flanked by the Capillas de San Pedro
and de la Concepcion Grande. In the south aisle is the chapel of the
Purification or of the Marshal, containing a remarkable altar-piece by
Peter Kempener--exhibiting the portraits of the founder, Marshal Pedro
Caballero, and his family. Adjacent is the Sala Capitular, in fine
Renaissance style, the work of Gainza and Diego de Riaño (1531). The
roof is formed by a fine cupola, supported by Ionic columns, beneath
which is some admirable plateresco work, with escutcheons, triglyphs,
etc. The hall contains a portrait of St Ferdinand by Francisco Pacheco,
the “Conception” and ovals by Murillo, and the “Four Virtues” by Pablo
de Céspedes. Beneath the windows are seen reliefs by Velasco, Cabrera,
and Vazquez.

The sacristy (Sacristia Mayor) is in the Renaissance style, and lies
south of the Sala Capitular. It was built by Gainza in 1535, after
designs by Riaño, who had died two years earlier. One of the three
altars against the southern wall is adorned by the beautiful “Descent
from the Cross” by Peter Kempener (a native of Brussels, called by the
Spaniards Campaña), before which Murillo used to stand for hours in
rapt contemplation. This priceless work of art was cut in five pieces
by the French, with a view to its removal, and has not been very well
restored. The sacristy contains also three interesting paintings,
dating from the early sixteenth century, by Alejo Fernandez; and the
“San Leandro” and “San Isidore” of Murillo.

In this chamber is kept the treasury of the Cathedral. In it might be
included the superb silver monstrance by Juan de Arfe (1580-87). It
is twelve feet high, and richly adorned with columns, reliefs, and
statuettes. The treasury likewise contains another monstrance, studded
with 1200 jewels; a rock-crystal cup, said to have belonged to St
Ferdinand; and the keys presented to that sovereign on the surrender
of the city. That given by the Jews is of iron gilt, with the words,
_Melech hammelakim giphthohh Melek kolhaaretz gabo_ (the King of kings
will open, the King of all the earth will enter); the other key is of
silver gilt and was surrendered by Sakkáf. The inscription upon it is
in Arabic, and reads, _May Allah render eternal the dominion of Islam
in this city_.

Proceeding along the south aisle, towards the main entrance, we first
reach the Capilla de San Andrés, the burying-place of the ancient
family of Guzman. Behind the chapel of Nuestra Señora de las Dolores is
the fine Sacristia de los Calices. It is the work of those who built
the Sacristia Mayor. It contains several fine paintings--the Saints
Justa and Rufina (patrons of Seville) by Goya (among his finest works),
the “Angel de la Guarda” and the “St Dorothy” of Murillo, the “Death
of a Saint” by Zurbarán, the “Trinity of Theotocopuli” (El Greco),
a triptych by Morales, and “The Death of the Virgin”--an old German
picture. This crucifix over the altar is one of the most admirable
productions of Montañez.

The next chapel (de la Santa Cruz) is adorned by a fine “Descent from
the Cross” by Fernandez de Guadelupe (1527). The Puerta de la Lonja
has a fresco, painted in 1584, of “St Christopher carrying the Infant
Jesus across a River.” A representation of this saint is to be found in
nearly all Spanish cathedrals, owing to a curious superstition that to
look upon it secures the beholder for the rest of that day from an evil
death. This fresco, which measures thirty-two feet high, is opposite
the “Capilla de la Gamba” (or, of the leg--of Adam). Here we find “La
Generacion”--Luis de Vargas’s masterpiece. “The picture,” says Herr
Schmidt, “is wholly in the Italian style, and one of the best examples
of this phase of the Spanish Renaissance.”

The large chapel of the Antigua contains the fine tomb of Archbishop
Mendoza, by Miguel Florentin, erected in 1509. Here is also a very
ancient mural painting, after the Byzantine style, of the “Madonna and
Child,” which was placed here in 1578, and is of unknown and rather
mysterious origin. The retablo is distinguished by marble statues in
the baroque style by Pedro Duque Cornejo. The small sacristy behind
this chapel contains pictures by Zurbarán, Morales, and others.

The Capilla de San Hermenegildo has a good statue of the saint by
Montañez, and a fine sepulchral monument to Archbishop Juan de
Cervantes (1453), by Lorenzo Mercadante de Bretaña, the master of Nufro
Sanchez. The Capilla de San José contains “The Espousals of the Virgin”
by Valdés Leal, a “Nativity of Christ” by Antolinez, and an inferior
retablo (“The Massacre of the Innocents”). The Capilla de Santa Ana
possesses a Gothic retablo, dating from about 1450, and divided into
fourteen sections. It comes from the old Mosque-Cathedral. The lower
part of the work, illustrating the life of St Anne, dates from 1504,
the artists having been Hernandez and Barbara Marmolejo. From beneath
the tribune a staircase leads to the Archives, which escaped demolition
at the hands of the French, through having been sent to Cadiz. The
last chapel in the south aisle (San Laureano) is dedicated to a saint,
who, like St Denis of France, having been decapitated, performed the
unusual feat of walking away with his head under his arm. Here is the
tomb of Archbishop de Ejea, who died in 1417.

On the west side of the Cathedral are five small chapels. The
Nacimiento chapel contains an admirable “Nativity with the Four
Evangelists” by Luis de Vargas, and a “Virgin and St Anne” by Morales.
To the right of the Puerta Mayor is the altar of Nuestra Señora del
Consuelo, with a “Holy Family,” the masterpiece of Alonso Miguel de
Tobar (1678-1738), esteemed the ablest of Murillo’s pupils. Facing this
is the little altar of Santo Angel, with a “Guardian Angel” by Murillo.
The altar of the Visitation has a good retablo by Pedro Villegas de
Marmolejo (1502-1569), and a statue of St Jerome by his namesake,
Geronimo Hernandez.

Near the north-western corner of the church the Puerta del Sagrario
leads into the Sagrario or Parish Church. This was built between 1618
and 1662 in the Baroque style by Miguel Zumarraga and Fernandez de
Iglesias. The width of the single arch of which the roof consists is
believed to endanger the safety of the edifice. The rich statues that
adorn the interior are by Dayne and Jose de Arce. There is a notable
retablo by Pedro Roldan which came from a Franciscan convent now
suppressed. The wall of the sacristy is faced with beautiful _azulejos_
of the Arabian period, and in one of the side-chapels is a noteworthy
statue of the Virgin by Montañez. In the vault beneath this impressive
church the Archbishops of Seville are buried.

Returning to the Cathedral, we find on the left the Capilla del
Bautisterio or of San Antonio. It is famous for one of Murillo’s finest
works, “St Anthony of Padua’s Vision of the Child Jesus.” This is the
picture which was stolen in 1874, conveyed to New York, sold to a Mr
Schaus for £50, and by him returned to the ecclesiastical authorities.
This chapel is also remarkable for its _pila_ or font, the work of
Antonio Florentin, and Giralda windows. Next to it is the Capilla de
las Escalas, with two pictures by Luca Giordano, “strong in character,
drawing, and colour,” and the sepulchre of Bishop Baltasar del Rio
(about 1500); then comes the Capilla de Santiago, with paintings by
Valdés Leal and Juan de las Roelas, a stained-glass window with the
richest tones, and the tomb of Archbishop Gonzalo de Mena (1401);
and the Capilla de San Francisco, with another fine window, and an
ambitious “Apotheosis of St Francis” by Herrera el Mozo.

Separated from this chapel by the Puerta de los Naranjos is the
Capilla de la Visitacion (or Doncellas). The Puerta is furnished with
two altars, one, the Altar de la Asunción, the other, the Virgen
de Belén. The former has a painting by Carlo Maratta, the latter a
“Virgin and Child” by Alonso Cano. The Capilla de los Evangelistas
has an altar-piece in nine parts by Hernando de Sturmio (1555), which
shows us the Giralda as it was before the present upper part had been
added. Crossing before the Puerta Lagarto we reach the little chapel
of Nuestra Señora del Pilar, with a notable “Madonna and Child” by
Pedro Millan. The altar-piece of the Capilla de San Pedro, between
this chapel and the Capilla Real, has paintings by Zurbarán, hardly
distinguishable in the dim light. On the other side of the Capilla Real
is the Chapel of la Concepcion Grande, containing pictures relating to
the Immaculate Conception, and a crucifix attributed to Alonso Cano.
Here is also a fine modern monument to Cardinal Cienfuegos.




OTHER BUILDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES


Close to the Church of San Marcos is the Convent of Santa Paula with a
chapel dating from about 1475. The house, which is of the religious of
St Augustine, was founded by Doña Ana de Santillan and the Portuguese
Donha Isabel Henriquez, Marqueza de Montemayor. This illustrious lady
and her consort, Dom João, Constable of Portugal, are entombed in the
Capilla Mayor in separate niches. The portal of this church is one of
the richest in Europe. It is magnificently decorated with white and
blue _azulejos_, over the arch being seven medallions representing
the birth of Christ and the life of St Paul, encircled with garlands
of flowers and fruit, and the figures white on a blue ground. In the
tympanum of the arch are displayed the Arms of Spain in white marble
on a field of blue tiles, supported by an eagle, and flanked by the
escutcheons of the Catholic sovereigns. The _azulejo_ work was jointly
executed by Francesco Niculoso of Pisa and Pedro Millan. The interior
of the church is in the sixteenth-century style, and, except for the
tombs of the Marqueses de Montemayor, not specially interesting.

In 1472 Maese Rodrigo founded a college, which afterwards became the
seat of the University of Seville, and is now a seminary. Attached
to it is a chapel built in the first years of the sixteenth century.
It is a fine example of the late Gothic style. The retablo exhibits
good painting and carving by unknown artists. The front of the altar
displays fine specimens of Andalusian ceramic art. “The students of the
seminary,” says Ford, “wear a scarf of brilliant scarlet upon a black
gown.”

The most important monument of this period in Seville is the Casa
Pilatos. It illustrates the fusion of the Moorish and Renaissance
styles, almost to the effacement of the former. In the architecture
of this period we usually find an Arabic groundwork nearly obscured
by ornamentation of the newer style. In the schemes of decoration the
conventional floral designs and geometrical patterns remain, while the
inscriptions, which figured so largely in earlier work, disappear. The
stucco and _azulejos_ no longer cover the whole walls, and the windows
and doors become larger and less graceful. As Herr Schmidt remarks,
effect was no longer sought for in the innately elegant but in bold,
monumental compositions.

Mr Digby Wyatt (“An Architect’s Note-Book in Spain”) indicates as
the two special points of architectural value possessed by the Casa
de Pilatos, “the entirely moresque character of the stucco-work at a
comparatively late date, and the profuse use of _azulejos_ or coloured
tiles. It is ... in and about the splendid staircase that this charming
tile lining, of the use of which we have here of very late years
commenced a very satisfactory revival, asserts its value as a beautiful
mode of introducing clean and permanent polychromatic decoration.”

The history of this beautiful building is of singular interest. Its
erection was begun in 1500 by the _adelantado_ (governor), Don Per
Enriquez, continued by his son, Don Fadrique Enriquez de Ribera, first
Marqués de Tarifa, after his return from a two years’ pilgrimage in
the Holy Land, and finished by Don Per Afan, first Duque de Alcalá,
and sometime Viceroy of Naples, in 1533. Authorities differ whether
it received its name from its having been modelled on the House of
Pilate, seen by Don Fadrique, or from the relics presented to the Duque
de Alcalá by Pope Pius V. The ex-Viceroy was a liberal patron of the
arts. He enriched his house with priceless works of art and a fine
library--since removed to Madrid. He played the part of Mæcenas to the
Varros of his generation. Here the wits, the savants, and the virtuosi
of Spain were made welcome, and here they met together in a noble
coterie. Among the frequenters of the house may be named Pacheco the
painter, Céspedes, the Herreras, Góngora the poet, Jauregui, Baltasar
de Alcazár, Rioja, Juan de Arguizo, and (probably) Cervantes. Herr
Schmidt tells us that Seville did not stand alone among the cities of
Spain in boasting such a rallying-point for genius: “In Guadalajara,
the palace of the Mendozas, in Alba de Tormes and Abadia, the castles
of the Duque de Alba, in Madrid, the arts were treasured by Antonio
Perez; in Zaragoza by the Duque de Villahermosa, in Plasencia by Don
Luis de Avila, in Burgos by the Velascos. These and other families in
Spain followed the example set by the Medici in Italy.”

The ground-plan of the Casa de Pilatos is Moorish, with an inner court,
two storeys, guest-chambers, and high outer walls surrounding a garden.
The exterior is plain and dignified. The portal is of marble, and
over the arch is the text, “Nisi Dominus ædificaverit domum, in vanum
laboraverunt qui ædificant eam,” etc. To the left of the door is a
jasper cross fixed in the wall. In October 1521, the Marqués de Tarifa
returned from the Holy Land, and having traversed the path trodden by
Christ on His way from Pilate’s house to Calvary, he placed this cross
on the wall and counted thence the fourteen stations of the cross. The
last fortuitously coincided with the Cruz del Campo, raised near the
Caños de Carmona, in the year 1482.

The central _patio_ is markedly Moorish in character, and is encircled
with arcades of extraordinary symmetry and beauty. Pedro de Madrazo
calls attention to the harmonious variety and irregularity of the
arches and windows, comparing the effect thus produced to the admired
disorder of the forest and plantation. The decoration of the walls
and arches bears a general resemblance to that of the Alcazar, but
on closer examination the influence of the plateresco, Late Gothic,
and Renaissance styles is revealed. The fountain in the middle of the
_patio_ is adorned with dolphins and four huge statues belonging to
the best period of Roman art. The chapel is in the mixed pointed and
Moorish styles. In the vestibule the _ajaraca_, or trellis-work, the
_azulejos_, and the _ajimeces_, or twin-windows (now converted into
ordinary windows) recall Moorish art; while the ceiling is in the
plateresco style. The arch of the chapel is Gothic, and its walls are
laid with _azulejos_ and stucco. In the middle of the floor stands a
short marble column, a copy of the pillar at which Christ is supposed
to have been scourged, preserved at Rome; it was the gift of Pius V.

The room called the Prætorium has a fine coffered ceiling and good
tiling. The staircase is magnificent. Its walls are faced with
_azulejos_, and its ceiling is in the cupola or half-orange style
of the Salón de los Embajadores. Another room on the upper floor is
adorned with paintings by Pacheco, the subject being Dædalus and
Icarus. The view from the roof is perhaps the finest in the city.

The Casa de Pilatos, as might be inferred from the character of its
founder, is a veritable cabinet of antiques and precious objects,
marbles and fragments from Italica figuring largely in the collection.

A notable private residence, dating probably in its foundations
from the beginning of the fifteenth century, is the Casa de Abades,
sometimes called the Casa de los Pinelos. It passed into the hands of
the Genoese family from which it derives its second name, and thence
to the Cathedral Chapter (composed of _abbés_ or _abades_). In the
sixteenth century it became the property of the Ribera family, the
owners of the Casa de Pilatos. It is described by Madrazo as presenting
a fine example of the Sevillian Renaissance style, which would appear
to be compounded of all pre-existing styles. Mr Digby Wyatt, on the
other hand, thinks the house more Italian than Spanish. But the
beautiful _patio_, the dados of _azulejos_, and the _ajimeces_ looking
on the courtyard are distinctly Andalusian features. There are also
traces of Moorish geometrical ornamentation, covered with repeated
coats of whitewash.

The Palacio de las Dueñas, more properly the Palace of the Dukes of
Alba, and sometimes called Palacio de las Pinedas, is a vast and once
splendid mansion, partaking of the mixed style of the two buildings
last described. It boasted at one time eleven _patios_, with nine
fountains, and over one hundred marble columns. A fine _patio_ remains,
surrounded by a gallery with graceful columns. The staircase, with its
vaulted roof, recalls that of the Casa de Pilatos. In the lower part is
a chapel of the fifteenth century, which has fared very badly at the
hands of restorers or rather demolishers. This palace was for a time
the residence of Lord Holland, an ardent admirer of Spanish literature,
and the author (1805) of a memoir on Lope de Vega and Guillen de
Castro.

Other notable residences of the nobility in Seville are the Casa de
Bustos Tavera, and the Palaces of the Dukes of Osuna and Palomares and
the Count of Peñaflor. These all date from what may be loosely called
Mudejar times.

The Church of the University of Seville is of interest. The university
itself was originally a college of the Society of Jesus, and was built
in the middle of the sixteenth century, after designs ascribed to
Herrera. Madrazo thinks it more likely that these were the work of
the Jesuit Bartolomé de Bustamante. The church forms a Latin cross, a
spacious half-orange dome covering the transept. The Renaissance style
is followed. Here repose the members of the illustrious Ribera family,
their remains having been transported hither on the suppression of the
Cartuja (Carthusian Monastery). The oldest of the tombs is also that
of the oldest Ribera, who died in 1423, aged 105 years. The finest is
that of Doña Catalina (died 1505), the work of a Genoese sculptor.
Other tombs are those of Don Pedro Henriquez, Diego Gomez de Ribera,
Don Perafan de Ribera (1455), and Beatriz Portocarrero (1458). Let into
the pavement is a magnificent bronze slab, to the memory of the Duque
de Alcalá, the owner of the Casa de Pilatos. Among the sepulchres are
those of the founder, Lorenzo Suarez de Figueroa, whose favourite dog
is sculptured at his feet, and Benito Arias Montano, a _savant_ who
died in 1598. Over the altar are three paintings: the “Holy Family,”
the “Adoration of the Magi,” and the “Nativity”; the first by Roelas,
the other two by his pupil, Juan de Varela. These, especially the
first, are among the finest pictures in the city. The statue of St
Ignatius Loyola by Montañez, coloured by Pacheco, is probably the only
faithful likeness of the Saint. In this church are also to be seen two
admirable works of Alonso Cano, “St John the Baptist” and “St John the
Divine.”

The Renaissance made itself felt in Spain during the reign of Charles
V., and was productive of the plateresco style. Seville contains two
imposing monuments of this type of architecture--the Ayuntamiento
(Town Hall) and Lonja (Exchange). The first-named was begun in 1527
by Diego de Riaño, and completed under Felipe II., about forty years
later. Madrazo considers the building “somewhat inharmonious through
the variety, a little excessive, of its lines, but admirable for the
richness of the decoration and for fine and delicate execution--a
merit of the first importance in structures of this style, where the
sculptor or stone-cutter ranked with the architect.”

The lower and older storey has three façades, all elaborately chased
and designed like silversmiths’ work. The central façade, facing the
Calle de Génova, bears the statues of Saints Ferdinand, Leandro,
and Isidoro--symbolical of the temporal and spiritual power. The
right façade is the purest and most regular of the three. The upper
storey, belonging to the reign of Felipe II., appears almost plain
in comparison with the tower. In the vestibule is a noble Latin
inscription relating to justice. The lower Sala Capitular is a
magnificent apartment worthy, as Madrazo remarks, of the Senate of a
great republic. It is adorned with the statues of the Castilian kings
down to Charles V., with a rich frieze designed with genii, masks, and
animals, and with appropriate legends. The upper Sala Capitular has a
magnificent _artesonado_ ceiling. Over the grand staircase are a fine
coffered ceiling and another in the form of a cupola. The archives of
the municipality contain several valuable historical documents, and the
embroidered banner of St Ferdinand.

The Lonja or Exchange dates from Felipe II.’s reign. The Patio de
los Naranjos was formerly frequented by the merchants and brokers of
Seville for the transaction of business, and this practice interfering
seriously with divine worship in the Cathedral, the Archbishop,
Cristobal de Rojas, petitioned Felipe II. to follow the precedent just
established by Sir Thomas Gresham and to build an Exchange or Casa de
Contratacion. The preparation of the plans was confided to Herrera, and
the building, under the direction of Juan de Minjares, was finished
in 1598--at precisely the time, as Ford remarks, that the commerce of
Seville began to decline. The Lonja in its stern simplicity reflects,
like the Escorial, the temper of Felipe II.--a sovereign, unpopular
though he may have been, in whom it is impossible not to recognise
the elements of greatness. The edifice forms a perfectly regular
quadrangle, and the sobriety of the decoration affords a striking
contrast to the gorgeous profusion of the Ayuntamiento. The inner
court is noble and severe with its gallery of Doric and Ionic columns.
The dignity of the whole has been impaired by later additions and
restorations. Here are deposited the archives of the Indies (_i.e._
South America), the documents being arranged in handsome mahogany
cases. They have never been thoroughly gone through and examined.
The business men of Seville soon abandoned their Exchange, and it is
chiefly to be remembered as the seat of Murillo’s Academy of Painters,
founded in 1660.

In connection with the American traffic of Seville it should be
mentioned that in the village of Castilleja la Cuesta, near the city,
is the house where Hernando Cortés died in 1547. The place has been
acquired by the Duc de Montpensier, by whom it has been converted into
a sort of museum. The Conquistador’s bones rest in the country which,
with such intrepidity, he won for the Spanish race.

The Civil Hospital of Seville, otherwise known by the ghastly
designation of the Hospital de las Cinco Llagas or del Sangre (of the
Five Wounds or of the Blood), was designed in 1540 by Martin Gainza.
It is a massive stone edifice of two storeys, the lower Doric and
the upper Ionic. In the central _patio_ is the chapel in the form of
a Greek cross, the façade exhibiting a tasteful combination of the
three Grecian styles. The altarpiece is by Maeda and Alonzo Vazquez.
The pictures of saints are by Zurbarán, and the “Apotheosis of St
Hermenegild” and the “Descent from the Cross” by Roelas.




BUILDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES


About the middle of the seventeenth century there lived at Seville
a young gallant, Don Miguel de Mañara by name, whose excesses and
escapades horrified even that lax generation. Marriage with the heiress
of the Mendozas did not sober him. Of him, at this period of his life,
this much good may be said, that he patronised and encouraged Murillo.
But one day something happened: quite suddenly the rake changed into
a devotee, an ascetic--a saint in the seventeenth-century acceptation
of the word. The wine-bibber forswore even chocolate as too tempting a
beverage.

What had happened to produce this startling reformation? Accounts vary.
Some say that Don Miguel, traversing the streets in insensate rage
against some custom-house officials, was suddenly and vividly made
conscious of the enormous wickedness of his life. A more picturesque
version is the following: Returning from a carousal one night,
the Don found himself absolutely unable to discover his house or
the way thither. Wandering desperately up and down distressed, and
in perplexity of mind, he perceived a funeral cortège approaching.
Impelled by irresistible curiosity, he stepped up to the bearers of
the bier and asked whose body they were carrying. Came the reply: “The
corpse of Don Miguel de Mañara.” The horror-stricken prodigal tore
aside the pall, and lo! the face of the dead man was his own. The
vision disappeared, and the same instant the Don found himself at the
door of his own house. He entered it a changed man.

The church and hospital of La Caridad are the existing fruits of
Don Miguel’s conversion. As far back as 1578, there had existed at
Seville a confraternity, the objects of which were to assist condemned
criminals at their last moments and to provide them with Christian
burial. To this association the reformed rake turned his attention.
He converted the chapel into a hospital for the sick, the poor, and
the pilgrims of all nations, and liberally endowed it out of his ample
resources.

The edifice is in the decadent Greco-Roman style, and was designed by
Bernardo Simón de Pereda. The Baroque façade is adorned with five
large blue faïence designs on a white ground, the subjects being Faith,
Hope, and Charity, St James, and St George. Tradition has it that these
were made after drawings by Murillo at the _azulejo_ factory of Triana.
The church hardly appears to us to warrant the description “one of the
most elegant in Seville,” applied to it by Sir W. Stirling-Maxwell.
Under the High Altar is buried the founder, Don Miguel. His own wish
was to be buried at the entrance to the church, with the epitaph: _Aqui
yacen los huesos y cenizas del peor hombre que ha habido en el mundo_
(Here lie the bones and ashes of the worst man that ever lived in
this world). His sword, and his portrait painted by Valdés Leal, are
preserved in the Hospital.

As a museum of Spanish art, La Caridad possesses great importance. The
altarpiece, “The Descent from the Cross,” is the masterpiece of Pedro
Roldan. The two paintings near the entrance by Juan de Valdés Leal
(1630-1691) are regarded by Herr Schmidt as entitling that artist to
rank as one of the greatest masters of realism of any age. This opinion
is not shared by a recent writer (C. Gasquoine Hartley), who considers
the pictures theatrical, though the execution exhibits a certain
power. “In one of them a hand holds a pair of scales, in which the
sins of the world--represented by bats, peacocks, serpents, and other
objects--are weighed against the emblems of Christ’s Passion; in the
other, which is the finer composition, Death, with a coffin under one
arm, is about to extinguish a taper, which lights a table spread with
crowns, jewels, and all the gewgaws of earthly pomp. The words ‘In Ictu
Oculi’ circle the gleaming light of the taper, while upon the ground
rests an open coffin, dimly revealing the corpse within.” Murillo said
this picture had to be looked at with the nostrils closed. For the two
paintings Valdés received 5740 reals.

Of the eleven pictures painted by Murillo for this church, only six
remain, the others having been carried off by the French. The subjects
are “Moses striking the Rock,” the “Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes,”
the “Charity of San Juan de Dios,” the “Annunciation,” the “Infant
Jesus,” and “St John.” The first picture, depicting, as it does, the
terrible thirst experienced by the Israelites, is known as _La Sed_
(Thirst). Some critics think this is one of the finest of the master’s
productions. As is usual in his compositions, the figures are all
those of ordinary Sevillian types. “The personality of Christ in
the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes,’” says C. Gasquoine Hartley,
“lacks the force of the ancient prophet, and the work as a whole
is inferior to its companion picture.” The “Charity of San Juan de
Dios”--representing the Saint carrying a beggar with the help of an
angel--is the best and most characteristic of the six paintings. The
“Infant Jesus” and the “St John” are also very fine. For the “San
Juan de Dios” and the “St Elizabeth of Hungary”--_El Tiñoso_--(now at
Madrid) together, Murillo was paid 18,840 reals; for the Moses, 13,300
reals; and for the “Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes,” 15,973 reals.

The last building which may be said to rank as an architectural
monument erected in Seville is the Palacio de San Telmo, now the
residence of the Duc de Montpensier. In the year 1682 the Naval School
of San Telmo was founded on the site of the former palace of the
Bishops of Morocco and the tribunal of the Holy Office. The present
edifice, begun, after plans by Antonio Rodriguez, in 1734, was not
completed till 1796. The palace adjoins the beautiful gardens of the
Delicias. The façade is exceedingly ornate, the decoration being in
the Plateresco style. The general effect is pleasing, but critics have
been unsparing in their denunciations of the structure. It certainly
reflects the debasing influence of the architect Jose Churriguera
(1665-1725), who has given his name (_Churrigueresque_) to one of the
most tawdry and tasteless styles of architecture.

The Archiepiscopal Palace, adjacent to the Cathedral, is also in the
bad style of the later seventeenth century. The interior, however, is
worth visiting for the sake of the noble marble staircase, one of the
finest in the city. Here are three paintings by Alejo Fernandez, an
early seventeenth-century artist, whom Lord Leighton considered “the
most conspicuous among the Gothic painters.”

The Fabrica de Tabacos is a vast building completed in 1757. Apart
from its size, it possesses no architectural interest, and though a
favourite showplace for tourists, does not come within the scope of a
work of this character.




THE PAINTERS OF SEVILLE

BY

ALBERT F. CALVERT AND C. GASQUOINE HARTLEY


In Seville, perhaps to a greater extent than in any city, even in
Spain, the country of passionate individualism, art is the reflection
of the life and temper of the people; and to understand Seville we
must know her painters. As we look at the pictures of the Spanish
primitives, at the emphatic canvases of Juan de las Roelas and
Herrera, for instance; at the realism of Zubarán, or, still more, at
the ecstatic visions of Murillo--as we see them in the old Convento
de la Merced, now the Museo Provincial, in the Cathedral, or in one
or another of the numerous churches in the city, we find the special
spirit of Andalusia.

There is one quality that, at a first glance, impresses us in these
pictures, so different, and yet all having one aim. It is their
profound seriousness. Rarely, indeed, shall we find a picture in which
the idea of beauty, whether it is the beauty of colour or the beauty
of form, has stood first in the painter’s mind; almost in vain shall
we search for any love of landscape, for any passage introduced just
for its own sake. For, let it be remembered, in Andalusia art was
devotional always. “The chief end of art,” says Pacheco, the master of
Velazquez, in his _Arte de la Pintura_, “is to persuade men to piety
and to incline them to God.” Pictures had other purposes to serve
than that of beauty. They were painted for the Church to enforce its
lessons, they were used as warnings, and as a means of recording the
lives of the Saints. In other countries, it is true, painters have
spent their strength in religious art, but almost always we can find as
well as the sacred, some outside motive, some human love of the subject
for itself--for its opportunities of beauty. The intense realism of
these Spanish pictures is a thing apart; these Assumptions, Martyrdoms,
and Saintly Legends were painted with a vivid sense of the reality of
these things by men who felt upon them the hand of God. We know that
Luis de Vargas daily humbled himself by scourging and by wearing a hair
shirt, and Juan Juanes prepared himself for a new picture by communion
and confession. These are two examples chosen out of many. A legend
we read of Don Miguel de Mañara, the founder of the Hospital of La
Caridad, illustrates this dramatic religious sense of Spain. One day
in church Don Miguel saw a beautiful nun, and, forgetful of her habit,
made amorous proposals. She did not speak; instead, she turned to look
at him; whereupon he saw the side of her face which had been hidden
from his eyes: it was eaten away, corrupted by a hideous disease,
so that it seemed more horrible than the face of death. It was such
scenes as this that the Spanish artists chose to paint. But, indeed, it
would be tedious to enumerate the examples which Spain offers of this
curious, often, it would seem to us, corrupted sense of the gloom of
life, carrying with it as one result the passionate responsibility of
art. Always, we feel certain that the Spanish painters felt all that
they express.

And this overpowering, if mistaken, understanding of the presence of
the divine life gave a profound seriousness to human life. The shadow
of earth was felt, not its light; and emotion expressed itself in
an intense seriousness, that is over-emphatic too often--always, in
fact, when the painter’s idea is not centred in reality. This is the
reason why a Spanish painter had to treat a vision as a real scene.
We have pictures horrible with the sense of human corruption--such,
for instance, are the two gruesome canvases of Valdés Leal, in La
Caridad. Again and again is enforced the Catholic lesson of humility,
expressing itself in acts of charity to the poor, so essential an idea
when this life is held as but a threshold to a divine life. We find a
sort of wild delight in martyrdom; a joy that is perfectly sincere in
the scourging of the body. All the Spanish pictures tell stories. Was
not their aim to translate life?--the life of earth and the, to them,
truer life of heaven--and life itself is a story? Their successes in
art are due to this, their failures to the sacrifice of all endeavours
to this aim; a danger from which, perhaps, no painter except Velazquez
quite escaped. He, faultless in balance, in his exquisite statement of
life, expresses perfectly the truth his predecessors had tried for,
but missed, except indeed now and again, in some unusual triumph over
themselves. We find hardly a painter able to free himself from the
traditions of his subject. Only Velazquez, controlled by the northern
strain that mingles with the passion of his Andalusian temper, was
saved quite from this danger of over-statement. And Velazquez does not
belong to Seville, though he was born in the southern city on June 5,
1599, in the house, No. 8, Calle de Gorgoja; though the first years
of his life were spent there, the time of childhood, the few months
of work with the violent Herrera, the five years in the studio of
Pacheco, his master; though--a fact of greater import--his temper was
Andalusian; and though his early pictures--the _bodégones_, so familiar
to us in England, whither so many have travelled through the fortune
of wars--are entirely Spanish in their direct realism. Velazquez
worked contemporaneously with the Realistic movement that quickened
the arts in Seville in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but he
worked outside it. This explains the silence of his art in Seville. Of
the pictures of his youth, painted while he was there, none remain,
except one in the Archiepiscopal Palace, “The Virgin delivering the
Chasuble to San Ildefonso”; and the authenticity of this picture has
been denied until very recently, a fact explained by the bad condition
of the canvas. To see the wonderful art of Velazquez you must leave
Seville and visit the Museo del Prado at Madrid. Seville is the home
of religious art. The habit of her painters was serious; in their
profound religious sense, in their adherence, almost brutal at times,
to facts, as well as in those interludes of sensuous sweetness that
now and again, as, for instance in the art of Murillo, burst out so
strangely like an exotic bloom, they reflect the temper of Spain. It
is contended sometimes that these pictures in Seville are wanting in
dignity, wanting in beauty. But are we not too apt to confine beauty to
certain forms of accepted expression? Surely any art that has life; has
dignity, has beauty; and no one can deny that life was the inspiration
of the Andalusian painters.

We must remember these things if we would understand the pictures in
Seville.

But first we find ourselves carried away from the reality and darkness
of life back to a happy childhood of art, as we look at the three
fourteenth-century frescoes of the Virgin--the “Antigua,” in the chapel
named after it in the Cathedral, “Nuestra Señora del Corral” in San
Ildefonso, and “Señora Maria de Rocamador” in San Lorenzo--an art
when the painter, less conscious of life and of himself, was content
to paint beautiful patterns. In these three pictures--all that are
left to us--we see the last of Byzantine art in Spain. The figures,
with long oval faces all of one type, are placed stiffly against a
background of Gothic gold. Look at “Señora Maria de Rocamador,” as she
sits holding the Child upon her knees; while two little angels kneel,
one upon the left, one on the right. She wears a blue robe, partly
covered with a mantle of deep purple, very beautiful with ornaments
of gold and bordered with gold braid. A bent coronet around her head
stands out against the glowing halo; the background is all of gold
woven into a delicate pattern. It is a picture of pure convention in
which is no effort to carry the mind beyond what is actually seen;
it makes its appeal just as so much decoration. This fresco, as well
as the “Antigua” and “Nuestra Señora del Corral,” have been much
repainted--the ill-fortune of so many early Spanish works.

But, in the fifteenth century, a new spirit came into art; and with
the work of Juan Sánchez de Castro the school of Seville may be said
to begin. No knowledge has come down to us of his life; we know only
that he was painting in Seville between 1454 and 1516. In his great
fresco of “San Cristóbal,” that covers the wall near to the main door
in the old Church of San Julian--alas! now spoiled by re-painting and
by the subsequent rotting away of the plaster--we find a different,
human, almost playful treatment of a sacred story. And for the first
time in Seville, we see the special Spanish quality, characteristic
of the whole school from this time to the time of Goya, of rendering a
scene just as the painter supposed it might have happened. “A child’s
dream of a picture,” Mr Arthur Symons has called it. San Cristóbal,
many times the size of life, stretching from floor to ceiling, fills
the whole picture; he leans upon a pine-staff as he supports the Child
Christ upon his shoulders, who holds in his hands a globe of the world
upon which the shadow of a cross has fallen. The other figures, the
hermit and two pilgrims with staves and cloaks, are quite small; they
reach just to the Saint’s knees. And this immense grotesque figure is
painted in all seriousness, as a child might picture such a scene. To
understand the sincerity of the Spanish painter, we must compare his
work with that other fresco of “San Cristóbal,” painted, much later,
by Perez de Alesio, which is in the Cathedral. The Italian picture is
an attempt to illustrate a popular miracle, perfectly unconvincing;
De Castro’s Saint compels us to accept and realise what the painter
himself believed in. This is the difference between them.

In the smaller pictures of Sánchez de Castro that remain to us, such,
for instance, as the panel of the “Madonna with St Peter and St
Jerome,” once in San Julian, but now in the Cathedral, we find him
more bound by convention, less himself. We see the immense debt Spanish
painting owed to Flemish art. And this influence, always so beneficial,
the Northern art being, for reasons of race not possible to state here,
the true affinity of Spain in art, remains, with different and more
certain knowledge, in the “Pietà” of Juan Nuñez, which still hangs
in the Cathedral where it was painted. It meets us again in the fine
and interesting “Entombment” by Pedro Sánchez, a painter of whom we
know nothing, except that his name is given by Cean Bermudez among the
illustrious artists of Spain. The picture may be seen in the collection
of Don José López Cepero, at No. 7 Plaza de Alfaro, the house in which
Murillo is said to have lived. In all three pictures, and in other
work of the same period not possible to mention here, we are face to
face with that special Spanish trait, the pre-occupation with grief,
that is quite absent from the early fourteenth-century Madonnas, as
from the simple child-art of De Castro’s “San Cristóbal.” The shadow
of the Inquisition had fallen; art, the handmaid of the Church, could
express itself no longer in quaint and beautiful symbols. Instead, it
had to force itself to be taken seriously, being occupied wholly with
emphatic statements, its aim an insistence on the relation of human
life to the divine life.

But the joy of life did not die easily.

Juan Nuñez, once, at least, in those pictures in the Cathedral in which
he has painted the archangels Michael and Gabriel quite gaily, their
wings bright with peacock’s feathers, returns to the child-humour of
De Castro. And Nuñez carries us forward to Alejo Fernandez, the most
important painter of this early period, much of whose work remains for
us in the Cathedral and in the old churches of Seville.

Go to the suburb of Triana, and in the Church of Santa Ana there is the
sweetest Madonna and Child, in which we find a new suggestion in the
joy of the Mother in her Babe, a human attitude, making the picture
something more than mere illustration. And we notice a delicate care
for beauty found very rarely in Seville, perhaps never as perfectly as
in the work of this painter. The “Virgen de la Rosa” is the name given
to the picture. The Mother sits enthroned under a canopy of gold, in
a beautiful robe of elaborate pattern, pale gold on brown. She holds
a white rose out to her Child. Typical of Fernandez is this fortunate
use of the flower; typical, too, of his new mood of invention is the
small landscape of rocky and wooded country that fills the distance.
The gracious pose of the Virgin, the beauty in the Child, show an
advance in ease upon earlier pictures. But the other figures, four
angels who guard the Mother, all posed a little awkwardly, suggest
a scheme on whose design the early Byzantine models may have had a
forming influence, though the result is different enough. For Fernandez
understood the very spirit of the Renaissance; he saw life beautifully
and strongly. The attraction of the picture is in its effect of joy, in
the charming way in which it forms a pattern of beautiful colour, and
in its new sense of humanity that carries us beyond the scene itself.

And there are other pictures of Fernandez in Seville: the great
altar-piece in eight sections--one is a copy--that tells the story of
Joseph, Mary, and the Child, in the old Church of San Julian; and there
is a large “Adoration of the Magi,” the “Birth and Purification of the
Virgin,” and the “Reconciliation of St Joachim and St Anne,” all in the
Cathedral--the first in the Sacristía de los Cálices, and three others
in unfortunate darkness, over the Sacristía altar. And if these larger
pictures have not quite the fresh charm of the “Madonna of Santa Ana,”
in each one we find a real understanding of beauty, and with it the
Spanish gift of presenting the sacred stories as drama, just as the
painter felt it all must have happened. Each figure in these scenes
has life, has character. No lover of Spanish painting can afford to
neglect any picture of Fernandez, and no estimate of the early art of
the country can be true that does not include his work. Of his life we
know nothing, merely that he came with his brother Juan from Cordova
in 1508, called by the Chapter to work in Seville Cathedral. But it
matters little that his life is unrecorded, for the work that he has
left is his best history.

In these first years of the Sevillian school, when art was sincere and
young, many pictures were painted, all strong work, all interesting,
in lesser or greater measure, to the student, even if not to the art
lover, as showing the growth of a national style. In many cases the
names of the artists are unknown; no painter has left much record of
himself. These pictures, which may be recognised very readily, are
found in the Museo de la Merced, in the Cathedral, and still more in
the churches, the true museums of Seville.

But fashion in art changes, and the sixteenth century witnessed the
manifestation of a new mood in painting, the advent to Spain of the
Italian influences of the Renaissance. This is not the place to speak
of the blight which fell upon art. The distinctively Italian schools
were only an influence of evil in Spain, and the inauguration of
the new manner was the birth of a period of great artistic poverty.
The main desire of the sixteenth-century painters was, as it were,
to wipe the artistic slate. All pictures painted in the old style
were repudiated as barbarous, cast aside as an out-of-date garment.
The country became overrun by third-rate imitators of the Italian
grand style, of Michael Angelo, of Raphael and his followers. The
decorations, as you can still see them, of the Escorial, may be taken
as typical of Italian art as it was transplanted into Spain. All
national art that was not Italian in its inspiration was looked upon as
worthless.

Yet, be it remembered, that the Spanish painters, more perhaps than
the painters of any other school, could imitate and absorb the art
of others without degenerating wholly into copyists. The temper of
the nation was strong. Even now it was not so much a _copying_ of
Italian art, rather it was an unfortunate blending of style which
took away for a time the dignity and strength which is the beauty
of Spanish painting. Thus, Peter van Kempeneer, a Flemish painter,
known better in Spain as Pedro Campaña, who, strangely enough, was
the first to bring the Italian influence to Seville, was inspired
alternately by the Northern and Italian styles; and in such a picture
as his famous “Descent from the Cross,” still in the Sacristía Mayor
of the Cathedral, with its crude colour and extravagant action, we
find him--in an effort, it is said, to imitate Michael Angelo--being
more Spanish than the Spaniards. Indeed, this picture, which made
such strong appeal to Murillo that he chose to rest beneath it in
death, gives us a very curious, left-handed fore-vision, as it were,
of the marvellous work of Ribera. In the large altar-piece, of many
compartments, of the Capilla del Mariscal in the Cathedral, the
first picture painted by Campaña, when, in 1548, he came to Seville,
we see him a realist in the portraits of the donors, painted with
admirable truth; but in the “Purification of the Virgin,” the scene
that fills the lower compartment of the altar, he is Italian and
demonstrative--spectacular movement, meaningless gestures, all done for
effect.

The Italian influence, the _buena manera_ it was called in Seville,
is more insistent in Luis de Vargas, whose painting was contemporary
with that of Campaña. He was the first painter of Seville to submit
himself wholly to Italy, and most often he was inspired by Raphael.
Much of his work has perished; of the once famous frescoes, “his
greatest gift to Seville,” nothing remains except a few colour traces
upon the Giralda Tower. De Vargas, the pupil probably of Perino del
Vagas, brought back as the reward of twenty-eight years of painting in
Italy much craft skill; and his work, as we see it in the “Pietà,” in
Santa Maria la Blanca, in the earlier “Nativity,” and, even more, in
his masterpiece, the popular “La Gamba,” both in the Cathedral, gives
us a borrowed art, academic and emotional. Only in portraiture does
he say what he has to say for himself. The portrait of Fernando de
Contreras, in the Sacristía de los Calices, is a portrait of sincerity
and character, in which is the Spanish insistence on detail, unpleasant
detail even, as in the ill-shaven cheeks rendered with such exact care.
Contrast this portrait with his other pictures, so extravagant, with
such futile gesticulation, to understand how a really capable painter
lost his sincerity, as just then it was lost in all Spanish painting.
In this effort to be Italian, De Vargas’ natural gift of reality, as we
see it, for instance, in the “Christ” of Santa Maria la Blanca, or in
the peasant boy of the Cathedral “Nativity,” was overclouded, mingled
curiously enough with a Raphaelesque sweetness. It was not that this
painter did not realise the scenes that he depicts--yes, and depicts
with passion--do we not know the sincere piety of his life?--but
he used to express them an art that was not his own, an art he was
temperamentally unfitted to understand.

Contemporary with Campaña and De Vargas, the leaders of the Andalusian
Mannerists, worked a band of painters of second, or even third-rate,
talent. Francisco Frutet, like Campaña a Flemish painter who had learnt
his art in Italy, and who came to Seville about 1548, is typical of
these “improvers,” as Pacheco calls them so mistakenly, of the native
art. His best work is his Triptych in the Museo, in which again we see
the same curious mingling of Flemish and Italian types; the Christ,
for instance, recalling the models of Italy, while Simon of Cyrene,
who bends beneath the Cross, is nearer to the Gothic figures. Pedro
Villegas Marmolejo has more interest. His quiet pleasing pictures--one
is in the Cathedral, one in San Pedro--interpret Italian art with more
charm, but still without originality.

And Marmolejo leads us quite naturally to Juan de las Roelas, and
in Roelas we have at last a Spanish painter who learnt from Italy
something more than mere technical imitation. And in spite of a
want of concentration--the accustomed insincerity, the result, it
would seem, of a too persistent effort to express his art in the art
of Venice, in which city he is thought to have painted, perhaps in
the studio of some follower of Titian, he does realise his scenes
with something of the old intensity. Roelas anticipates Murillo, not
altogether unworthily, giving us, with less originality, but with much
sweetness, an expression of that mood of religious sensuousness that is
one phase of Spanish painting. Seville is the single home of Roelas;[A]
here we may see his pictures in the Cathedral, in the Museum, and in
many of the churches. His art is unequal in its merit. In his large
compositions often there is confusion--“Santiago destroying the Moors
at the Battle of Clavijo,” his picture in the Cathedral, is one
instance--spaces are left uncared for, the composition is a little
awkward, the brush-work is careless, a fault that is common to much of
his work. The “Martyrdom of St Andrew,” in the Museum, is perhaps his
most original picture. Here Roelas is a realist. And how expressive of
life--Spanish life, are all the powerfully contrasted figures that so
truly take their part in the scene depicted. In some of his pictures
Roelas gives us the brightest visions. Such is “El Transito de San
Isidore,” in the parish church of the saint, a picture in which we see
in the treatment of Christ and Mary and the child-angels a manner that
seems, indeed, to forestall Murillo; such, too, are the “Apotheosis of
San Hermenegildo,” and the “Descent of the Holy Spirit,” both in the
church of the Hospital of La Sangre. All three pictures are difficult
to see: one is hidden behind the altar, the other two hang at a great
height in the church where the light is dim. There are good pictures
by Roelas in the University, a “Holy Child,” the “Adoration of the
Kings,” and the “Presentation of the Child Christ in the Temple”; and
in this last picture, with its soft colour and human gaiety, again we
are reminded of Murillo. But a work of perhaps more interest, certainly
of more strength, is “St Peter freed from Prison by the Angel,” which
is hidden in a side-chapel in the Church of San Pedro. Then, how quiet,
with a repose uncommon enough in Spain, is his “Virgin and Santa Ana,”
in the Museo de la Merced. The figures--the girl Virgin, her mother,
and the angels who crowd the space above them--all have the fairness
Roelas gives to women; the soft glow of their flesh is beautiful. Look
at the cat and dog that play so naturally in the foreground, beside a
work-basket, and what a happy “note” is given by the open drawer, which
shows the linen and lace within. Certainly this picture is more Italian
than Spanish.

As the years passed, and art in Seville grew older, many painters
trod in the steps worn by these others. It is not possible, nor is it
necessary, to wait to look at their pictures; too often they exaggerate
the faults of the masters they copied, and by a slavish repetition of
accepted ideas--the inevitable fault of the age--they weakened still
further native art. And, when we come to the next century, which
gives us Alonso Cano, sculptor, architect, and painter, described
admirably by Lord Leighton as “an eclectic with a Spanish accent,”
many of whose facile, meaningless pictures may be seen in Seville, to
the much inferior work of the younger Herrera, and to the exaggerated
over-statements of Juan de Valdés Leal, in whose art Sevillian painting
may be said to die, we realise into what degradation pseudo-Italianism
had dragged painting.

But there is a reverse side to the picture. The spirit of Spain was too
strong to sleep in an art that was borrowed. Already Luis de Morales,
a native of Estremadura, known as “the divine,” on account of the
exclusively religious character of the subjects he painted, and of
the strange intensity with which he impregnated them, had evolved for
himself a sincere expression of Spanish art; already Navarrete, the
mute painter of Navarre, had broken from conventions, and taken for
himself inspiration from the marvellous pictures of Titian which he
had seen at the Escorial; already, Theotócopuli, known better as El
Greco, was painting with wonderful genius in Toledo, pictures, so new,
so personal, that to-day they command the attention of the world. But
Seville does not represent these painters.[B]

It has been the fashion, since the tradition was started by Cean
Bermudez, to call Herrera _el viejo_ (1576-1656) “the anticipator of
the true Spanish school.” Herrera had a studio in Seville, in which
worked many painters, and among them Velazquez, Antonio Castillo y
Saavedra, and perhaps Alonso Cano; and it seems certain that he owes
his position to-day in large measure to this fact; had he not been for
a few months the master of Velazquez his impossible art would remain
unknown outside Seville. For the truth is Herrera said nothing that
Roelas had not already said better.

His temper was Spanish enough, but his work is without originality,
if emphatic and personal in a too vehemently Spanish way. Yet it is
worth while to see, yes, and to study, each one of his half-dozen
pictures. Even in Seville, Herrera’s work is rare; the “Apotheosis
of San Hermenegildo,” and the later, more violent “San Basil,” are
in the Museum, where, too, are the less known, but much better,
portrait-pictures of apostles and saints; while the “Final Judgment,”
his most personal work, is still where it was painted in the darkness
of the Parroquina of San Bernado. One quality we may grant to
Herrera; he did resist the popular Italian influence. These pictures,
sensational as they are, with their hot disagreeable colour--“macaroni
in tomato sauce” Mr Ricketts aptly terms it--their mannerism,
extravagant contortions and splash brush-work, have little apart from
this to recommend them. But you will understand better the esteem
Herrera has gained if you will compare his work with the paintings of
his contemporaries; the conscientious, academic Pacheco, for instance,
the last, and, in himself, the most interesting of the Mannerists,
or with Murillo’s master, Juan del Castillo, the worst painter of
Seville, whose pictures fill with formal tedium so many buildings in
the city. This is why Herrera’s pictures claim notice from the student
of Andalusian art to-day: they form a link in the unbroken chain of the
national pictures.

Now turn to Zurbarán.

You pass at once into a world of realism, a world in which facts,
obvious facts, are set forth with a downright passion of statement that
for a moment tricks us; we think we have found life, and, instead,
we have the outward form, too monotonously literal, and without
suggestion. Upon Zurbarán lies the weight of the sadness of Spain. It
is something of this that we realise as we see the thirty or forty of
his pictures that are in Seville, gathered together for the most part
in the Museo de la Merced, where the light is so much better than it
is in the Cathedral and in the churches, though there certainly his
pictures seem to be more fittingly at home. Each picture is so true to
life, and yet without life. Look at his Saints, all are portraits,
faces caught in a mirror that seems to sum up the old world of Spain.
Contrast these Saints with the Saints of Murillo. What honesty is
here; what singular striving to record the truth. Note the gravity and
simplicity of the Scriptural scenes; his conception of the Christ; the
intensity of the three renderings of the Crucifixion, in which for once
Zurbarán finds a subject suited exactly to his art; then mark how the
peasants[C] he depicts are almost startling in their outward nearness
to life.

Look especially at the Carthusian pictures in the Museum, “San Hugo
visiting the Monks in their Refectory,” the “Virgen de las Cuevas,”
and “St Bruno conversing with Pope Urban II.” They are typical of
Zurbarán’s special gift. In the first of these three pictures, which
is the best, the monks clad in the soft white robes of their order are
seated around a table at their mid-day meal. The aged Hugo stands in
the foreground, attended by a boy-page; he has come to reprove them
for dining upon flesh-meat. His purple vestments give a note of colour
in contrast with the white frocks of the brothers. But, as is customary
with Zurbarán, colour counts for very little, and atmosphere for less,
in this picture in which all care is given to formal outline and exact
expression. Once only in the “Apotheosis of St Thomas Aquinas,” also
in the Museo, does he give us some of that warm colour he should have
learnt from Roelas, whose pupil he is said to have been. This is one
reason why his figures, so true to the facts of life, do not live. But
no one has painted ecclesiastics and monks quite as Zurbarán has done.
His sincerity is annoying almost; for he tells us nothing that we could
not have seen for ourselves; we are no nearer than a photograph would
bring us to the character of these men. Zurbarán was hardly consciously
an artist; and with all his sincerity, his vision was ordinary. He was
a recorder and not an interpreter of life, and in gaining reality he
has just missed truth.

On coming to the work of Murillo it is quite another phase of the
religious sentiment of Spain that we see developed: we gain an
over-statement of sweetness, not an over-statement of facts. The spirit
in which he painted was happier, more trustful, more personal than was
that of Zurbarán; he is more Andalusian and less Spanish, and certainly
better equipped as a painter.

Murillo forms part of your life while you are in Seville, he is more
or less around you everywhere; and though to some of us, perhaps
not unjustly, he is a painter we have tried in vain to love, he
does express in a special way the very aspect of the southern city
he himself loved with such single devotion. This is why we like him
so much better in Seville than we are able to do anywhere else. His
pictures repeat the full life of Andalusia--its religious emotion, its
splendour, its poverty, its stark contrasts, its rich sense of life;
and his colours are the same colours that we see in the landscape, warm
and deep, the soft, hot light of southern Spain. You don’t visit the
Museum, La Caridad, the Cathedral, and the churches to see his pictures
as a change of amusement from the streets; you go because they renew
the same atmosphere, and offer a reproduction of so much that surrounds
you.

No one has ever painted ecstasy with quite the facility of Murillo. And
in the Museum, where the Capuchin Series and other famous pictures are
gathered, you can learn all that is essential to his art; his happy
Saints swim before you in mists of luscious colour; cherubs flutter
around as they minister to beggars clad in rags carefully draped;
Virgins, garbed in the conventional blue and white, their feet resting
upon the crescent moon, vanish into luminous vapour, their robes rustle
in the air, and their sun-lighted faces repeat the very complexion of
Seville. Murillo had neither the power nor the desire to idealise his
models. His Saints--St Francis of Assisi, St Felix of Cantalicio, St
Anthony, St Thomas of Villanueva--and how many more? are men such as
may be seen to-day in the streets of Seville; all are alike, the name
alone differs. His Madonnas are peasants whose emotions are purely
human. More perhaps than any painter Murillo’s work is personal--he
translated the divine life and made it his own common human life--the
fault is that his personality is not interesting. And seeing these
pictures, and, even more, his other work--pictures hanging still in the
churches for which they were painted, where they seem to share in the
pervading religious emotion and to take their part in the life of the
building--the “Vision of St Anthony of Padua” in the Baptistery of the
Cathedral, for instance, or the great pictures of La Caridad; you will
understand how Murillo came to be idolised in Spain; how his pictures
held, for a time, the admiration of Europe; and how to-day he has
ceased to interest a world that has grown older and seeks, above all,
the truth.

Murillo was impelled by a desire for realism. There is much of the
spirit and manner of Zurbarán in his early pictures: “San Leandro
and San Buenaventura,” two early “Virgins and the Child,” and the
“Adoration of the Shepherds,” all in the Museum, are examples. The same
careful characterisation meets us in the much later “Last Supper” of
Santa Maria la Blanca, his most truthful Scriptural scene. Then his
portraits, such as those of SS. Leandro and Isidore in the Sacristia
Mayor of the Cathedral, or that of St Dorothy in the Sacristia de
los Cálices, are serious studies after nature. Once or twice in his
landscapes we find a sincerity that surprises us. But a painter must
be judged by the main output of his art. And the truth is that, with
a natural gift that certainly was great, added to unusual facility,
Murillo’s personality was commonplace. His self-assurance amazes
us. His emotion, neither profound nor simple, but always perfectly
satisfied, perfectly happy, exactly fitted him to give voice to the
common sentiments of his age. He did create a sort of life, but his
compositions are the work of his hand rather than of his soul. All
his Saints, his Madonnas--pose unthinkingly in the subtly interwoven
light he knew so well how to paint, living only in the moment which
their conventionalised attitudes perpetuate. You do not realise them as
personalities greeting you from the canvas like the intense, painful
faces of El Greco, or the wonderful creations of Velazquez; if you
remember them at all it is part of a pleasing picture. This is the
reason why these religious idylls have lost so much of their meaning;
their over-statement of sweetness cloys. Murillo gives us one aspect
of Andalusia; it was left for El Greco, Ribera, Velazquez, and Goya to
interpret Spain to the world.




THE OLD ROMAN CITY.


Moor and Spaniard have, between them, effaced almost all traces of the
ancient Hispalis or Romula, the little Rome; but the sister-city of
Italica, early deserted by man, has been dealt not too harshly with by
time. Its remains--a Spanish league to the north-west of Seville--still
attract the artist and the archæologist. There, where the wretched
hamlet of Santi Ponce now stands, was in the dim past the Iberian
village of Sancios. Scipio the Elder, after his long and victorious
campaign, passed this way, and selected the spot as a place of rest and
refreshment for his war-worn veterans. “Relicto utpote pacata regione
valido præsidio, Scipio milites omnes vulneribus debiles in unam urbem
compulit, quam ab Italia Italicam nominavit,” says Appian. Señor de
Madrazo remarks that this must have been the first Latin-speaking town
founded outside Italy. It was not at first a municipium, but a place
for meeting and council of the Roman citizens. The municipal status it
owed to Augustus. Subsequently, its citizens petitioned to be classed
as a colony of Rome.

The colony proved not unworthy of the great capital. Hence sprang the
illustrious line of the Ælii, and most of the eminent Roman Spaniards
who conferred such lustre on the early Empire are believed to have
been natives of the place. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at
that the citizens should have preferred a nominal dependence on the
Mother City to the quasi-independence of a provincial municipality.
But Italica never seems to have been a city in the modern sense of
the word. Excavations have revealed extremely few remains of private
habitations or bazaars. The only vestiges are those of great public
monuments--temples, palaces, amphitheatres, baths. The Emperors seem to
have delighted to embellish this small town with ornaments quite out of
proportion to its size and population, and it is clear that it never
was a serious rival to its older neighbour, Hispalis.

Its downfall, like its history, is mysterious. Leovigild occupied it
while besieging Seville, which was held by his son, Hermenigild. Later
on, the Arabs are said to have demolished it almost completely, and
to have carried off numerous statues, columns, and blocks of masonry
to serve in the construction and adornment of the neighbouring city.
Then Italica disappeared from history. Earthquakes finished the work
of ruin, and the scattered stones went to the making of the miserable
village of Santi Ponce--a name which some derive from that of San
Geroncio, a Bishop of Italica in early times.

The amphitheatre is now all that remains to attest the erstwhile
splendour of the darling colony of the Ælii. It is a melancholy and
yet a pretty spot, approached through olive plantations. Some of the
walls are still standing, and enable us to determine the dimensions,
which are stated at 291 feet length and 204 feet breadth. You may still
see the Podium or stone platform, whereon the civic dignitaries sate,
and the upper tiers appropriated to the populace. You may pass down
the vomitoria, through which the spectators streamed, glutted with
the sight of blood, and penetrate to the dens and chambers, wherein
gladiators and wild beasts were confined before the combat. Italica is
more a place to muse in than to explore. The place has long since been
rifled of all its treasures. Extensive ruins of what was believed to
have been the palace of Trajan existed down till the great earthquake
of 1755, and all that was spared were three statues preserved in the
Museo Provincial or Picture Gallery.

Close to the ruins is the convent of San Isidoro del Campo, founded in
1301 by Don Alonso Perez de Guzman, as a place of sepulture for him and
his family. The establishment was peopled first by the Cistercians,
later by the Hermits of St Jerome. The edifice presents the appearance
of a fortified abbey of the Middle Ages, though not without traces of
Mudejar influence. The church is Gothic, and divided into two naves,
united by a transept, and constituting each a distinct church. One of
these structures was built by the hero of Tarifa, Guzman the Good, and
contains his tomb and that of his wife, together with a fine retablo
by Montañes; the other, founded by the hero’s son, Don Juan Alonso
Perez de Guzman, contains his tomb, marked by a fine recumbent figure,
and that of Doña Urraca Osorio, burnt by order of Pedro the Cruel. In
the cloisters of the convent are some mural paintings of the fifteenth
century, which though much damaged repay inspection.

With the excursion to Italica the traveller should combine a visit
to the Cartuja, more properly called Santa Maria de las Cuevas. It
lies close to the suburb of Triana. The monastery was founded in the
first decade of the fifteenth century, at the instance of the great
Archbishop Gonzalo de Mena, and became the burying-place of the Ribera
family, whose magnificent tombs are now to be seen in the University
Church. Of the original structure only a little antique chapel remains.
The refectory, chapter-hall, and cloisters all date from a restoration
effected by the first Marqués de Tarifa in the sixteenth century. The
building became, in 1839, the seat of the pottery manufacture of the
(then) English firm of Pickman & Co. The establishment has produced
some fine porcelain, and is worth inspection by all those interested
in the ceramic art. Pottery has been associated from time immemorial
with this locality and the adjoining suburb of Triana, and it will be
remembered that the patron saints of Seville, Justa and Rufina, were,
according to tradition, potters by trade.

[Illustration: PLATE 1.

General View of Seville from the Giralda Tower, West Side of the City.

First View.]

[Illustration: PLATE 2.

General View of Seville from the Giralda Tower, West Side of the City.

Second View.]

[Illustration: PLATE 3.

General View of Seville from the Giralda Tower, East Side.]

[Illustration: PLATE 4.

General View of Seville from the Giralda Tower, Central Part of the
City.]

[Illustration: PLATE 5.

General View of Seville from the Giralda Tower, North Side.]

[Illustration: PLATE 6.

Procession of the Conception of the Virgin passing through the Plaza de
San Francisco.]

[Illustration: PLATE 7.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 8.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 9.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 10.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 11.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 12.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 13.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 14.

View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 15.

Bridge over the Guadalquivir.]

[Illustration: PLATE 16.

Hercules Avenue.]

[Illustration: PLATE 17.

The Plaza Nueva.]

[Illustration: PLATE 18.

View of Triana from the Tower of Gold.]

[Illustration: PLATE 19.

General View from Triana.]

[Illustration: PLATE 20.

General View from Triana.]

[Illustration: PLATE 21.

The Tower of Gold from San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 22.

A Street in Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 23.

The Tower of Gold.]

[Illustration: PLATE 24.

Church of San Marcos, from the Palace of the Dueñas.]

[Illustration: PLATE 25.

Church of San Marcos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 26.

Court of the Hotel de Madrid.]

[Illustration: PLATE 27.

Hospital, with the Mosaics painted by Murillo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 28.

Portal of the Convent of Santa Paula.]

[Illustration: PLATE 29.

Church of Santa Catalina.]

[Illustration: PLATE 30.

Church of Todos Santos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 31.

The Provincial Museum, with Murillo’s Statue.]

[Illustration: PLATE 32.

Statue of Murillo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 33.

General View of the Town Hall.]

[Illustration: PLATE 34.

The Town Hall, Left Side.]

[Illustration: PLATE 35.

The Town Hall, Left Side, Detail of the Interior Angle.]

[Illustration: PLATE 36.

Door of the Town Hall.]

[Illustration: PLATE 37.

The Town Hall, Detail of the Principal Part.]

[Illustration: PLATE 38.

General View of the Town Hall.]

[Illustration: PLATE 39.

The Town Hall, Detail of the Façade.]

[Illustration: PLATE 40.

The Town Hall, Detail of the Principal Door.]

[Illustration: PLATE 41.

Window in the Town Hall.]

[Illustration: PLATE 42.

Principal Façade of the Tobacco Factory.]

[Illustration: PLATE 43.

The Tobacco Factory.]

[Illustration: PLATE 44.

Cigar Makers, Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 45.

The “Sevillanas” Dance.]

[Illustration: PLATE 46.

Sevillian Costumes--A Courtyard.]

[Illustration: PLATE 47.

General View of the Exchange.]

[Illustration: PLATE 48.

Court in the Exchange.]

[Illustration: PLATE 49.

The Aceite Postern and Ancient Ramparts.]

[Illustration: PLATE 50.

The Roman Walls near the Gate of the Macarena.]

[Illustration: PLATE 51.

The Roman Amphitheatre of Italica.]

[Illustration: PLATE 52.

General View of the Palace of San Telmo from the River.]

[Illustration: PLATE 53.

Principal Portal of the San Telmo Palace.]

[Illustration: PLATE 54.

Interior of the Hall of Columns in the San Telmo Palace.]

[Illustration: PLATE 55.

Interior View of the Duke of Montpensier’s Study In San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 56.

Various Objects found in the Sepulchres at San Telmo.

(In the Palace of San Telmo.)]

[Illustration: PLATE 57.

Palms in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 58.

The Sepulchres of the Victims of Don Juan Tenorio in the Gardens of San
Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 59.

The Roman Sepulchres in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 60.

View in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 61.

The Aviary in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 62.

The River in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 63.

The Cocoa Tree and East Side of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 64.

The Zapote, a Tree in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 65.

The Island and River in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 66.

The Yucca, a rare Tree in the Gardens of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 67.

General View of the Hospital de la Sangre.]

[Illustration: PLATE 68.

Church of the Sagrario, North Side.]

[Illustration: PLATE 69.

Principal Façade of the Hospital de la Sangre.]

[Illustration: PLATE 70.

Porch of the Church of the Hospital de la Sangre.]

[Illustration: PLATE 71.

Bas-relief. Hospital de la Sangre, the Work of Torregiano.]

[Illustration: PLATE 72.

General View of the Exterior of the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 73.

The Giralda, from the Patio de los Naranjos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 74.

The Top of the Giralda.]

[Illustration: PLATE 75.

The Dancing Choir Boys, Seville Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 76.

Dancing Boys, Seville Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 77.

The Gate of the Archbishop.]

[Illustration: PLATE 78.

Plaza de San Francisco, with the Giralda and Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 79.

Plaza del Triunfo, the Cathedral, and the Exchange, from the Gate of
the Lion.]

[Illustration: PLATE 80.

The Fête.]

[Illustration: PLATE 81

Gate of San Miguel in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 82.

Gate of the Cathedral called de las Campanillas.]

[Illustration: PLATE 83.

Gate of the Baptist in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 84.

The Gate of the Lizard in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 85.

General View of the Cathedral From the Tribune of the Principal Door.]

[Illustration: PLATE 86.

Principal Sacristy in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 87.

Principal Entrance to the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 88.

Interior View of the Principal Sacristy in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 89.

The Gamba Chapel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 90.

The Cathedral.

The Gamba Chapel and Entrance to that of the Antigua.]

[Illustration: PLATE 91.

Chapels of the Conception and the Annunciation in the Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 92.

The Cathedral.

The Chapel of the Conception.]

[Illustration: PLATE 93.

The Cathedral.

Detail of the High Altar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 94.

The Cathedral.

Retablo, or Altar-piece of the High Altar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 95.

Iron Railings of the Lateral Part of the High Altar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 96.

The Cathedral.

Wrought Iron Screen in the Choir.]

[Illustration: PLATE 97.

The Cathedral.

Wrought Iron Screen of the High Altar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 98.

St Christopher carrying the Child Jesus, by Mateo Perez Alesio, in the
Cathedral.].

[Illustration: PLATE 99.

San Fernando Square.]

[Illustration: PLATE 100.

Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 101.

General View of the Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 102.

View of the Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 103.

General View of the Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 104.

The Gardens of the Alcazar. Lake and Gallery of Don Pedro I. the
Cruel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 105.

The Gardens of the Alcazar. View of the Gallery of Don Pedro I., the
Cruel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 106.

The Hothouses in the Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 107.

Calle de las Vedras in the Gardens of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 108.

The Gardens of the Alcazar.

Parterre of Doña Maria de Padilla.]

[Illustration: PLATE 109.

The Alcazar. Baths of Doña Maria de Padilla.]

[Illustration: PLATE 110.

Magnificent Altar in Faience painted in the 15th Century.

In the Oratory of the Catholic Sovereigns in the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 111.

Town Hall of Seville.

Details of Doors and Balconies.]

[Illustration: PLATE 112.

Town Hall of Seville. Details.]

[Illustration: PLATE 113.

Parish Church of San Marcos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 114.

Various Towers of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 115.

Details of the Mosaic commonly called El Grande.]

[Illustration: PLATE 116.

Sculpture and Details of Ancient Churches.]

[Illustration: PLATE 117.

Architectural Parts, Bas-reliefs, and Ceramic Objects.]

[Illustration: PLATE 118.

Façade of the Consistorial Houses.]

[Illustration: PLATE 119.

Entrance to the Alcazar, Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 120.

Principal Façade of the Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 121.

Gate of the Principal Entrance, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 122.

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 123.

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 124.

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 125.

Interior of the Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 126.

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 127.

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 128.

Hall of Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 129.

Upper Part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 130.

Court of the Dolls from the Room of the Prince, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 131.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 132.

Angle in the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 133.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 134.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 135.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 136.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 137.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 138.

Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 139.

Gallery on the Second Storey of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 140.

Upper Part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 141.

Upper Part of the Court of the Dolls, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 142.

Entrance to the Dormitory of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 143.

Dormitory of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 144.

Front of the Sleeping Saloon of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 145.

Sleeping Saloon of the Moorish Kings, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 146.

Intercolumniation, where Don Fadrique was Assassinated, Alcazar.

Sultana’s Quarters, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 147.

Room in which King St Ferdinand Died, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 148.

Interior of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 149.

Front of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 150.

Gate of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 151.

Gallery of the Hall of St Ferdinand, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 152.

Throne of Justice, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 153.

Court of the Hundred Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 154.

Court of the Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 155.

General View of the Court of the Hundred Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 156.

Court of the Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 157.

Front of the Dormitory of the Moorish Kings and the Court of the
Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 158.

Gallery in the Court of the Virgins, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: Plate 159.

The Court of the Virgins. Capital of the Door of the Hall of
Ambassadors, Alcazar.]

[Illustration: PLATE 160.

The Alcazar.

Court of the Virgins. Capital of the Gate of the Hall of Charles V.]

[Illustration: PLATE 161.

Palace of the Dueñas. Door of the Chapel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 162.

Palace of the Dukes of Alcala, Commonly called Casa de Pilatos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 163.

The Court in the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 164.

Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 165.

Gallery in the Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 166.

House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 167.

Gallery in the Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 168.

Angle and Statue in the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 169.

House of Pilate.

Entrance to the Ante-room of the Chapel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 170.

The Staircase in the House of Pilate, by Barrera.]

[Illustration: PLATE 171.

House of Pilate.

Entrance Door of the Oratory.]

[Illustration: PLATE 172.

House of Pilate.

Way out to the Flat Roofs in the High Gallery.]

[Illustration: PLATE 173.

Staircase in the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 174.

House of Pilate. Doors of the Offices in the High Gallery.]

[Illustration: PLATE 175.

House of Pilate.

Window of the Prætor’s Hall leading to the Garden.]

[Illustration: PLATE 176.

House of Pilate.

Barred Window in the Prætor’s Garden.]

[Illustration: PLATE 177.

House of Pilate. Bolt on the Prætor’s Gate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 178.

House of Pilate.

Window in the Ante-room of the Chapel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 179.

House of Pilate.

Section of the Ceiling in the Prætor’s Hall.]

[Illustration: PLATE 180.

Palace of the Dueñas in Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 181.

House of Pilate.

Mosaics in the Hall of the Fountain.]

[Illustration: PLATE 182.

Palace of the Dueñas in Seville.

Glazed Tiles in the Socles of the Chapel and Arches.]

[Illustration: PLATE 183.

Mosaic of the Peristyle in the Palace.]

[Illustration: PLATE 184.

House of Pilate.

Mosaic in the Hall of the Fountain.]

[Illustration: PLATE 185.

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 186.

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 187.

Mosaic in the Court of the House of Pilate.]

[Illustration: PLATE 188.

House of Pilate.

Mosaic in the Chapel.]

[Illustration: PLATE 189.

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

BORN IN SEVILLE, 1617.]

[Illustration: PLATE 190.

Altar-screen of the La Gamba, by Luis de Vargas.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 191.

Descent from the Cross, by Pedro Campaña.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 192.

St Anthony of Padua visited by the Infant Saviour while kneeling at his
Prayers, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 193.

Our Lord Baptized by St John Baptist, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 194.

The Guardian Angel, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 195.

St Leander, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 196.

St Isidore, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 197.

St Ferdinand, Crowned and Robed, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 198.

Madre Francisca Dorotea Villalda, by Murillo.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 199.

St Anthony with the Infant Saviour, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 200.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 201.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 202.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 203.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 204.

St Justa and St Rufina, Patron Saints of Seville, holding between them
the Giralda Tower, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 205.

St Bonaventure and St Leander, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 206.

St Thomas of Villanueva giving Alms at the Door of his Cathedral, by
Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 207.

The Annunciation of our Lady, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 208.

St Felix of Cantalisi restoring to Our Lady the Infant Saviour, whom
she had placed in his Arms, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 209.

Adoration of the Shepherds of Bethlehem, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 210.

St Peter Nolasco kneeling before Our Lady of Mercy, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 211.

The Deposition--St Francis of Assisi supporting the Body of Our Lord
nailed by the Left Hand to the Cross, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 212.

St Joseph and the Infant Saviour, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 213.

St John the Baptist in the Desert leaning against a Rock, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 214.

St Augustine and the Flaming Heart, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 215.

St Felix of Cantalisi and the Infant Jesus, known as, “San Felix de Las
Arrugas,” by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 216.

St Anthony with the Infant Saviour, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 217.

Deposition from the Cross, by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM..]

[Illustration: PLATE 218.

Our Lady with the Infant Saviour in her Arms, by Murillo.

(AN EARLY PICTURE.)

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 219.

Our Lady and the Infant Saviour, known as “La Virgen de la Servilleta,”
by Murillo.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 220.

Our Lady seated, with the Infant Saviour in her Lap, by Murillo.

(AN EARLY PICTURE.)

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 221.

St Thomas of Aquin, by, Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 222.

The Virgin of the Grotto, by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 223.

St Bruno talking to the Pope, by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 224.

The Day of Judgment, by Martin de Vos.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 225.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, by J. Valdes Leal.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 226.

Jesus crowning St Joseph, by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 227.

The Devout Punyon, by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 228.

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception. The Virgin surrounded by
Cherubim. By Fr. Pacheco.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 229.

Our Lord’s Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes, by Murillo.

SEVILLE HOSPITAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 230.

Moses striking the Rock in Horeb, by Murillo.

LA CARIDAD, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 231.

St John of God, sinking under the Weight of a Sick Man, assisted by an
Angel, by Murillo.

LA CARIDAD, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 232.

The Death of St Hermenigild, by J. de las Roelas.

HOSPITAL DE LA SANGRE, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 233.

The Apostleship, by Juan de las Roelas.

HOSPITAL DE LA SANGRE, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 234.

The End of this World’s Glories, by Valdes Leal.

LA CARIDAD, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 235.

The Pietà, or the Virgin supporting the Dead Body of her Divine Son,
Altar-screen, by Luis de Vargas.

SANTA MARIA DE LA BLANCA, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 236.

St Joseph holding the Infant Saviour in His Arms, by Murillo.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 237.

Our Lady of the Girdle, by Murillo.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 238.

Portrait of Ferdinand VII., by Goya.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 239.

Portrait of Charles IV., by Goya.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 240.

The Annunciation, by F. Zurbarán.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 241.

The Death of Laocoön and his Sons at the Siege of Troy, by El Greco.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 242.

Caton of Utique tearing open his wounds, by Josef Ribera.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 243.

Pietà. The Virgin holding the Dead Saviour in her Arms, by Morales.

SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 244.

Portrait of El Greco, by Himself.

GALLERY OF SAN TELMO, SEVILLE.]

[Illustration: PLATE 245.

The Miracle of St Vœu. St Hugo in the Refectory with several Chartreux,
by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 246.

The Martyrdom of St Andrew, by J. de las Roelas.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 247.

The Last Supper, by P. de Cespedes.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 248.

Christ on the Cross, by Zurbarán.

SEVILLE MUSEUM.]

[Illustration: PLATE 249.

Portrait of the Figure in Pacheco’s Picture at Seville, supposed to
represent Cervantes.]

[Illustration: PLATE 250.

The Virgin and the Child Jesus, by Alonso Cano.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 251.

The Descent from the Cross, by Alejo Fernandez.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL.]

[Illustration: PLATE 252.

The Cathedral.]

[Illustration: PLATE 253.

The Giralda.]

[Illustration: PLATE 254.

The Giralda.]

[Illustration: PLATE 255.

Cathedral. The Gate of Pardon.]

[Illustration: PLATE 256.

Cathedral. Puerta de los Palos.]

[Illustration: PLATE 257.

SEVILLE CATHEDRAL

_Specially drawn for The Spanish Series_]

[Illustration: PLATE 258.

Cathedral. View of an Organ.]

[Illustration: PLATE 259.

Cathedral. Monument to Columbus.]

[Illustration: PLATE 260.

Cathedral. Silver Tabernacle (weighing 45 arrobas).]

[Illustration: PLATE 261.

Alcazar Gardens.]

[Illustration: PLATE 262.

Alcazar Gardens.]

[Illustration: PLATE 263.

Alcazar Gardens.]

[Illustration: PLATE 264.

House of Pilate. The Goddess Ceres.]

[Illustration: PLATE 265.

House of Pilate. The Goddess Pallas Pacifer.]

[Illustration: PLATE 266.

Italica.]

[Illustration: PLATE 267.

Roman Walls.]

[Illustration: PLATE 268.

Patio de Banderas and the Giralda.]

[Illustration: PLATE 269.

Plaza de San Francisco.]

[Illustration: PLATE 270.

St Mark’s Church.]

[Illustration: PLATE 271.

Plaza de San Fernando.]

[Illustration: PLATE 272.

The Town Hall. Details of the Old Part.]

[Illustration: PLATE 273.

Façade of the Palace of San Telmo.]

[Illustration: PLATE 274.

Statue of Velaquez.]

[Illustration: PLATE 275.

Plaza de la Constitución.]

[Illustration: PLATE 276.

Plaza de la Constitución.]

[Illustration: PLATE 277.

Calle de Sierpes.]

[Illustration: PLATE 278.

Calle de Sierpes.]

[Illustration: PLATE 279.

A Street in Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 280.

Hercules Avenue.]

[Illustration: PLATE 281.

The Pasadera.]

[Illustration: PLATE 282.

Courtyard of La Caridad.]

[Illustration: PLATE 283.

Plaza de San Fernando.]

[Illustration: PLATE 284.

Plaza de Gavidia.]

[Illustration: PLATE 285.

View from the Pasadera.]

[Illustration: PLATE 286.

The Drive.]

[Illustration: PLATE 287.

Paseo de las Delicias.]

[Illustration: PLATE 288.

The Quay.]

[Illustration: PLATE 289.

Partial View of Seville.]

[Illustration: PLATE 290.

Plaza de Toros.]

[Illustration: PLATE 291.

Fields of San Sebastian.]

[Illustration: PLATE 292.

Park of Maria Luisa.]

[Illustration: PLATE 293.

Railway Station of M.Z.A. Principal Façade.]

[Illustration: PLATE 294.

Railway Station of M.Z.A. General View.]

[Illustration: PLATE 295.

Triana Bridge.]

[Illustration: PLATE 296.

View from Triana Bridge.]

[Illustration: PLATE 297.

View from Triana.]

[Illustration: PLATE 298.

San Telmo from Triana.]

[Illustration: PLATE 299.

The Cathedral. Our Lord Crucified. Sculpture in the Sacristy.]

[Illustration: PLATE 300.

SEVILLE

_Specially drawn for The Spanish Series_]


FOOTNOTES:

[A] There is one picture only by Roelas in the Prado. His work is
hardly known outside Seville. In England we have at least one of his
pictures, a fine example, in a private collection.

[B] There is a picture by El Greco, the wonderful portrait of himself,
in the Museum. It came quite recently from the Palace of San Telmo,
where also was once the really grand picture, “The Death of Laocoön
and his Sons at the Siege of Troy.” The remarkable and interesting
“Trinity” in the Cathedral, attributed to El Greco, is the work of
his pupil Luis Tristan, a painter neglected too long. Seville has
no picture by Navarrete; the one work of Morales, the triptych in
the Sacristiá de los Calices of the Cathedral, is not typical of his
strange power.

[C] The most important is the “Adoration of the Shepherds,” until
recently in the Palace of San Telmo; but this work has been removed
with other pictures in the collection of the Infanta Maria Luisa
Fernanda de Bourbon. The really fine picture on the same subject in our
National Gallery is now attributed to Zurbarán; probably to him, too,
belongs the “Dead Warrior,” now assigned to Velazquez.