Transcribed from the 1870 Macmillan and Co. edition by David Price.

                                DARWINISM.

                                * * * * *





                           THE NOACHIAN FLOOD.


                                A LECTURE

                             DELIVERED BEFORE

                   THE TORQUAY NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY,

                             JAN. 31ST, 1870,

                                * * * * *

                                    BY

                       THOMAS R. R. STEBBING, M.A.,

         _Late Fellow and Tutor of Worcester College_, _Oxford_.

                                * * * * *

                                  London
                            MACMILLAN AND CO.
                                  1870.

                                * * * * *

                                 OXFORD:

    BY T. COMBE, M.A., E. B. GARDNER, E. P. HALL, AND H. LATHAM, M.A.,
                       PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.




THE NOACHIAN FLOOD.


DARWINISM implies almost throughout that no universal Deluge has drowned
our globe, either within the last ten thousand years, or even within a
period indefinitely longer.  Let us speak with due respect of the
contrary belief.  It _seems_ to rest upon the testimony of a Volume the
most precious in the world.  It was taken for granted till a few years
back as much in science as in religion.  For a while, the arguments that
began to be raised against it were met by counter-arguments so plausible,
and the objectors differed so widely among themselves, that unscientific
opinion had a kind of right and prudence in adhering to that which had
been taught for centuries, and was still taught without deviation in
nursery, and school, and pulpit.

We should have asserted a better right and shown a higher prudence, had
we waited, in a matter which concerned science full as much as it
concerned religion, till, by learning facts and weighing arguments, we
had become able to form an opinion no longer unscientific, or, at the
very least, to appreciate the difficulties involved in the ancient
belief.

We are forced to take a controversy of this kind as it stands; otherwise,
there is a simple principle which ought to make all controversy on the
subject needless.  All authors endowed with common sense, let alone
divine inspiration, use language which their intended readers may be
expected to understand, and language appropriate to the scope and design
of their writings.  Unless, therefore, we suppose that the Old Testament
writers proposed to teach natural science to the Hebrew nation, we ought
to expect from them what we actually find: as to natural phenomena, past
and present, they use the language not of far-advanced knowledge and
minute particular research, but simply the language current in their own
day and nation.

But, setting aside the general principle, in the present instance there
is a second possibility of quashing the controversy, if it can be shown
or made probable that the author, whose narrative is in question, never
meant to imply that which for thousands of years has been held to be his
meaning.

The whole point at issue is the _universality_ of the Noachian Deluge,
and the narrative has been thought to be uncompromising in its
declarations that all the earth, to the very mountain-tops, was indeed
enveloped in water, and, excepting the handful rescued in the ark, that
all men and cattle and creeping things and fowls of the air were
inexorably destroyed.  But to this view of the narrative there is more
than one objection upon the very surface of the narrative itself.  And,
by way of preface, let it be remarked how vague and indefinite is the use
in ordinary language of such terms as ‘all’ and ‘every’ and ‘universal.’
For instance, if a popular lady gives a kettledrum, we say, ‘all the
world was at it,’ although 500 persons could not have been squeezed into
the rooms without being suffocated; or we say, ‘so and so is a thing
which every school-boy knows,’ when we only mean that a good many lads of
a particular age, in a particular rank of life, and belonging to one
particular country, have most probably been taught it.  And again we say,
‘smoking is universal with the Dutch,’ without implying that every baby
in Holland has a pipe instead of a rattle.  You are not to suppose that
this is a view of language invented for the occasion, frivolously
explaining grave and sacred composition by the trivialities of common
speech.  On the contrary, it is precisely to the unquestioned prevalence
of such phraseology, in all but the most exact scientific writing, that
the late Dr. M‘Caul appealed, and appealed successfully, against more
than one of the objections to the authority of the Pentateuch, which were
raised some time ago by the well-known and ingenious arithmetician who
presides over the see of Natal.  When we read that ‘there went out a
decree from Cæsar Augustus that _all the world_ should be taxed: and
_all_ went to be taxed, _every one_ into his own city,’ are we to infer
either that the clever practical Roman decreed the taxation of barbarians
over whom he had not the faintest shadow of control, or that every
Israelite, without exception, found and visited his ancestral home in
Palestine—merchants from Gades and Ophir and Tarshish, slaves and
prisoners, sucking children, bed-ridden old men, dying sufferers?  We
shall not, if we are wise, shut up either Cæsar Augustus or the
Evangelist St. Luke to so preposterous a meaning.

In this and ten thousand other instances, our general knowledge of the
attendant circumstances, or what we call ‘the nature of the case,’
supplies the necessary exceptions.  To have them all drawn out in detail
would be tedious and troublesome.  Suppose a glorious comet is about to
make its appearance, and some astronomer publicly advises every one to be
on the look-out for it on a certain night, how ridiculous would he appear
if he made express exception of persons on the other side of the globe,
of persons immured in dungeons, of persons not yet born, of persons who
were blind, of persons who were dead!  Yet an author, writing some three
or four thousand years back, and borrowing perhaps from picture-records,
certainly from the traditions, however delivered, of an age long anterior
to his own, when language was far less ample and precise than it has
since become, is treated as though every word must bear the full and
exact force which it would have in a carefully-written treatise upon
logic in the present day.  We may assume that the author either had sound
and accurate information in the ordinary course of human tradition, or
else that he was endowed with a superhuman knowledge of the historical
events in question.  But, on either assumption, what conceivable warrant
have we for imagining that he was deprived of common sense?  Either he
knew the contradictions which natural science offers to the belief in a
recent universal deluge, or he did not know them.  If he knew them, we
may infer from his silence that his narrative was not open to those
contradictions; in other words, that the deluge of which he speaks was
not universal.  If he did not know them, his ignorance points to the same
conclusion: otherwise, we shall have a divine miracle, intended for the
warning and the benefit of the human race, yet so contrived that all its
most surprising circumstances should be absolutely unknown to one half of
mankind, and as absolutely incredible to the other half.

The historical account informs us that ‘the waters prevailed exceedingly
upon the earth; and all the high hills that were under the whole heaven
were covered.  Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the
mountains were covered.’  But Europe possesses mountains rising to a
height of more than 10,000 cubits or 15,000 feet—one peak in Asia is
29,000 feet above the level of the sea—so that, on the common
interpretation, the waters of the flood must have risen to a thickness
above the ordinary sea-level of nearly 30,000 feet over the whole of the
globe.  But, on this supposition, the narrative is not only bewildering
and morally impossible, but positively untruthful, for it declares the
physical means employed in the production of the flood to be the
fountains of the great deep and the rain from heaven—means entirely
sufficient to produce a partial flood over a limited area, but utterly
and ludicrously inadequate to produce a total deluge enveloping ‘all the
high hills under the whole heaven.’  The notion is self-contradictory
that the ocean can be employed to raise its own level, or that its
general height can be increased by the rain which it is its own part to
supply.  Nor is there any indication afforded that a supernatural supply
of water was added to our planet, to the extent of several hundred
millions of cubic miles of liquid, which would have been required for the
purpose of drowning the Caucasus and the Alps and Teneriffe and
Popocatapetl and Chimilari.  We must consider also the difficulty of
breathing, and the intense cold that would have been experienced at that
stupendous altitude.  There is the old question of space in the ark;
there is the old question of the food-supply, sufficient and appropriate,
to be stored and sorted for its various occupants, carnivorous and
herbivorous, beasts of prey, carrion-birds, and amphibious monsters.  But
what are these compared with the question how life could be sustained in
the bitter freezing atmosphere, thousands of feet above the line of
perpetual snow, by creatures accustomed to the lowlands of the tropics?
Supposing, however, the atmosphere to have been completely warmed by the
rise of the ocean, or even if the air within the ark was kept warm by its
enormous crowd of denizens, we are confronted by a new difficulty, one
that might seem laughable and improper to mention but for its vast and
pressing importance in our own days, thwarting the physician, perplexing
the statesman, baffling the chemist and the engineer.  To this supposed
epitome of the world’s inhabitants, shut up for months within the ark,
who were the scavengers?

But suppose every one of these problems to be solved by a miracle,
although of such miracles not a hint is given, there still remains the
statement to be dealt with, that ‘God made a wind to pass over the earth,
and the waters assuaged.’  Surely this, if nothing else, is conclusive
that the writer had all along been describing a local and partial deluge
upon which a wind could have some sensible effect, not an universal flood
wrapping all the mountains of the globe in water, in which case the
mightiest wind that ever was, or could be dreamed of, could only have
laid bare the surface of the land by piling up great hills and precipices
of water upon the ocean.

When we wish to expose the miracles of a false religion or of a
superstitious aberrant creed, we point out, as the case may be, that they
are frivolous, useless, unmeaning, devoid of adequate motive, the end
achieved and the means employed bearing no reasonable proportion; or we
show that the testimony in their favour is inconsistent with itself, or
that the consequences which should have flowed from the miracle, had it
been genuine, are certainly wanting, unless, to bolster up one extreme
improbability, a hundred others are invented and swallowed.  To every one
of these imputations the common theory of the Noachian Deluge lies open.
But concede a few grains of common sense to the narrator; read his
narrative in the spirit in which such a person must have written it;
remember that he is not writing a scientific treatise, nor using the
phraseology of modern Europe; bear in mind that he is speaking in an
idiom no longer or now but seldom used, yet a just and noble idiom, which
ascribes to God all that is done upon earth, whether good or evil, the
works of man and the common processes of nature, as well as things
superhuman and miraculous; and, with these considerations before us, we
shall save the venerable record from every imputation, either of folly or
of falsehood.

That which we have described to us is a vast penal catastrophe sweeping
away some great centre of civilization by means of a terrible inundation.
Along some ocean-border the far-stretching plains were dotted thickly
with towns and villages.  There were fields waving with corn; the vine
and the olive, the orange and the palm abounded; there were cattle
feeding in green pastures beside the still waters; there were populous
tribes and nations carrying on all the business and revelry of life; they
bought, they sold, they builded, they planted, they were marrying and
giving in marriage, when suddenly the fountains of the great deep were
broken up, and the earthquake wave rolled in upon them, and swept all the
beauty and the glory and the sin remorselessly away.  At the same time,
the angry heavens were overcast, and the floodgates of the clouds poured
down their volumes of ceaselessly-descending rain.  The distant mountains
were torn from the sight; nay, every high hill under the whole heaven was
itself covered and enfolded in a liquid veil, for every rill was now a
torrent, every tiny silver thread of a cascade now a dark unbroken
avalanche of waters.  One family alone, alone obedient to the warning
which all had received, were saved amidst this universal ruin, and took
with them into the ark of their refuge specimens of every bird and beast
and creeping thing that their own country produced, and that was in any
way serviceable to man.  When cloud and mist had rolled away from the
mountain-tops, when the face of the ground was once more dry—with these
creatures they stocked their new settlement.  The well-watered plain was
speedily replenished; the vine flourished; the cattle brought forth
abundantly; the children of the patriarch multiplied rapidly and spread
far and wide over their rich and undisputed inheritance.

Such is the narrative as it glimmers through the haze of forty centuries,
only told in the original with unrivalled simplicity and force, grander
than any description by forbearing to describe, told as one would tell
it, who in that convulsion of nature had lost kindred, friends and
countrymen, as one who had seen the whole world, so far as he knew it or
cared for it, foundering in the waves, and yet had lived on through all
the unutterable calamity to see himself once more surrounded by fruitful
fields and smiling homesteads, and all that might make what was to him
emphatically a new world the counterpart of the old.

Some may permit themselves for a moment to set aside the limitation we
have suggested to the number of animals in the ark as fanciful and
unwarranted.  It will be proper therefore to draw out the consequences
attaching to the old opinion.  We find from the words of the narrative,
that the patriarch Noah was intrusted with the task of collection.  To
achieve it, then, he must have gone in person, or sent expeditions, to
Australia for the kangaroo and the wombat, to the frozen North for the
Polar bear, to Africa for the gorilla and the chimpanzee; the
hippopotamus of the Nile, the elk, the bison, the dodo, the apteryx, the
emeu and the cassowary must have been brought together by vast efforts
from distant quarters.  The patriarch or his agents must have been
endowed with a supernatural knowledge of natural history far surpassing
Solomon’s or that of our own times, that they might properly distinguish
varieties and species, so that no species might be omitted and none
represented by more than one variety.  To accomplish this with the
minutest insects, they must have been provided with powerful microscopes.
Every portion of the dry land of the globe must have been accessible to
them; every jungle, cavern, and ravine.  The little islands that lose
themselves in mid-ocean must all have been ransacked; the search, too,
that might not neglect any acre of ground in all the continents of the
world, would be distracted with the most varied and incongruous pursuits.
Sheep, game, caterpillars, beasts of prey, snails, eagles, fleas and
titmice, must all have their share of attention.  Unusual pains must be
employed to secure them uninjured.  They must be fed and cared for during
a journey, perhaps, of thousands of miles, till they reach the ark; they
must be hindered from devouring one another while the search is continued
for rats and bats and vipers and toads and scorpions, and other animals
which a patriarch, specially singled out as just and upright and a lover
of peace, would naturally wish and naturally be selected to transmit as a
boon to his favoured descendants.

It might be asked how, with the supernatural knowledge requisite for
collecting all the terrestrial animals of the globe, and the unique
opportunity for observation afforded by a residence of some months with
them in the ark, no more scientific classification was arrived at than
that into birds and beasts and creeping things?  But letting this pass,
or scattering it and other objections to the winds by inventing a miracle
to explain the gathering together of the animals, we shall then have to
give some account of their re-distribution.  Instead of worrying
ourselves with the problem, shall we at once solve it by asserting that
they were miraculously re-transferred to the habitations from which they
came?  This will be a highly satisfactory plan, if only it will stop the
mouths of those inquisitive persons who never know when they are beaten
in an argument.  But one cavil may easily be foreseen, requiring a new
miracle to satisfy it; for many of the animals must either have been
miraculously supplied with provisions, or miraculously enabled to do
without them; or else, to take a single instance, two spiders would have
been limited to a couple of flies, and when the flies had become extinct,
because devoured by the spiders, the spiders also would have become
extinct through having no more flies to devour; and thus their
preservation in the ark, at the expense of a great many unrecorded and
highly improbable miracles, would have been utterly useless.

Suppose, however, that they were spread over the earth again by the slow
process of natural distribution.  Certain perplexities, indeed, may have
arisen when they first issued from the ark, when the cobra and the
rattlesnake, the hungry wolf and the relentless tiger were let loose upon
the impoverished world and its defenceless inhabitants.  For at that
conjuncture to have destroyed even one cruel and venomous beast might
have blotted out a whole species.  It is surely a little remarkable that
ravenous beasts and birds of prey should have been limited, even while in
the ark, to feeding upon animals in a ceremonial or ecclesiastical sense
clean; but if, after they had left the ark, and had once more to provide
for themselves, the wily panther and the treacherous hyena must be
imagined debating before every meal whether their victim belonged to the
sevens of the clean or the couples of the unclean animals, shall we not
turn in pity and vexation from any view that involves and admits so
monstrous a supposition?

But we will concede that every creature bore a charmed life, that it
might not perish by famine or violence till it had propagated its kind.
We should then expect to observe that species had distributed themselves
over the globe in lines either tortuous or direct, single or branching,
broad or narrow, but all diverging from a common centre.  Yet nothing of
the kind is found.  On the contrary, the species of the new world differ
from those of the old, the species of one continent from those of
another. {16}  The marsupials of Australia and Polynesia are generically
distinct from all other animals on the globe except the opossum.  The
elephant of Africa is not the same species as the elephant of India: so
with the lion, so with the rhinoceros.  The apes and baboons of the old
world are nowhere to be found in America, nor the American monkeys
anywhere in the old world.  In Madagascar, separated from Africa by less
than the breadth of England, all the species except one, and nearly all
the genera, are peculiar. {17}  Everywhere species are found limited in
their range by natural barriers, such as climate, rivers, mountains,
oceans.  Are we to suppose that the prisoners could scramble into their
prisons, and then suddenly became incapable of scrambling out again?
Everywhere, as a rule, this range is consistent with the hypothesis of an
origin central to the range, inconsistent with that of an origin distant
from it.  Where, as on mountain ranges, we find, contrary to the general
rule, the same species in different localities, the migration from the
door of the ark loses all semblance of probability, unless we are pleased
to imagine that creatures, now without the instinct of migration, for a
long time possessed it, and roamed about the world through many a sultry
plain to pick out a hill-side here and there with a temperature suited to
their constitutions.  But the exceptional phenomenon, otherwise so hard
to account for, Darwin has admirably explained, by pointing out that
species adapted to a low temperature would naturally have occupied
lowlands in the Glacial Period, from which, as the cold gradually grew
less and less intense, they would as naturally have retired, some of them
northwards, others to the cool heights of various mountains.

That there was a Glacial Period, when great icebergs travelled over
England, a period geologically as but of yesterday, though enormously
more remote than any historical dates, is now beyond all question.
Equally beyond question is it that countless ages and generations of
living beings on the earth preceded that Glacial Period.  And, added to
this, we find that there are forms of life just where they would have
been left by the effect of that period, had there been an unbroken
succession from that time to this, and just where it is most unlikely
they should be found, had they been forced to travel to those habitations
from the door of the ark within the practically insignificant period of
4300 years.

But still further, we may compare the world of life before the Flood with
the world of life since.  And here surely it needs not the genius of
Darwin or Lyell or Owen to perceive the conclusiveness of the argument
which their genius has pointed out and enforced.  For instance, where the
marsupials now live, there lived marsupials in ages long before Noah, as
the fossil remains testify.  The fossils are fossil marsupials, but
marsupials of species now extinct.  So that the ‘door of the ark’ theory
requires us to believe that the marsupials found their way to Australia,
leaving no traces of their route on land, crossing seas which they never
subsequently re-crossed, and planting themselves precisely in that region
which other marsupials, generically the same but specifically different,
had occupied before them.

We are to believe this of countless other species in all parts of the
world.  We are to believe that they slowly and in many generations worked
their way back to these quasi-ancestral homes, and yet neglected to
occupy vast tracts equally or even better adapted to their wants.  We
must believe also that some of the fleetest, strongest, and most
sagacious animals, as the horse and the elephant, failed to trace out the
abodes of their ancient representatives, since America, when discovered a
few years ago, possessed these quadrupeds only in fossil and in no living
species. {19}

There is indeed one animal, whose powers of contrivance would account for
its distribution over the globe, even supposing it to have begun with a
single family, not more than 4300 years ago, and to have ranged from a
single centre.  Man is that animal.  Yet, if all the other facts that
bear on the universality of the Noachian Deluge were in an agreement with
it as entire as their irreconcileability is utter and complete, still the
circumstances of the human race alone would disable us from believing
that the Flood of Noah’s epoch extended over all the globe.  With other
animals it might be advanced that the different species and main
varieties had been represented in the ark and were thence disseminated;
but in the case of man we are precluded from such an explanatory device
by the express terms of the diluvian record.  If the Noachian Flood was
universal, then from Noah alone must be descended all the races of man
now upon the earth: all the great and curious variations they display
must have been evolved, not in countless generations as Darwinism
supposes, but in some two or three hundred or less.  From Noah alone must
have sprung within a mere handful of centuries races so widely unlike one
another as Greeks and Negroes, Jews and Egyptians, Saxons and Ojibbeways,
Caffirs and Hottentots, Fuegians and Patagonians, Californians and
Chinese, Arabs and Esquimaux.  In the same archipelago we have the Malay,
the Papuan, and the dwarf snub-nosed Negrito. {20}  To give the contrast
between the two former in the words of Mr. Wallace:—‘The Malay is of
short stature, brown-skinned, straight-haired, beardless, and
smooth-bodied.  The Papuan is taller, is black-skinned, frizzly-haired,
bearded, and hairy-bodied.  The former is broad-faced, has a small nose
and flat eyebrows; the latter is long-faced, has a large and prominent
nose, and projecting eyebrows.  The Malay is bashful, cold,
undemonstrative and quiet; the Papuan is bold, impetuous, excitable and
noisy.  The former is grave and seldom laughs; the latter is joyous and
laughter-loving,—the one conceals his emotions, the other displays them.’
Such is the description and contrast of two types of mankind
geographically separated from one another by an interval of not more than
300 miles; yet the line which separates these two races of the human
family is almost exactly coincident with that deep-sea line which forms
the boundary between two great zoological provinces.  Either, then, in
these two distinct but neighbouring localities, the whole multitude of
species, man included, must have been undergoing variation simultaneously
for tens of thousands of years, or else the differences in the whole
multitude, man included, must have been already established, or nearly
so, when first they stepped forth in singular procession from the door of
the ark.  But the former alternative, which is the Darwinian, is
consistent with the record of the Noachian Flood in implying that the
inundation was only partial; while the latter alternative contradicts the
record in an essential point on which it is perfectly explicit, by
necessitating the presence in the ark of more than one human family.

As long as we are content to speak of 4000 years or so, some one might be
tempted to fancy, however erroneously, that such a period would be
adequate to produce the existing varieties of mankind, because there is
some evidence of comparatively rapid changes of colour having taken place
under the influence of climate, and because new types of features appears
to be forming with a noticeable progress under the absolutely unique
circumstances which have governed the recent colonization of North
America.  Unique those circumstances are, because never before has there
been so much mingling of the blood of different nations and races in a
new and unoccupied field, with much to stimulate and nothing to curb or
repress variation.  Never before have men’s minds and bodies in every
faculty been so taxed and strained to activity by the very superabundance
of their resources, the virgin soil of a new country, an inherited
civilization, enormous and ever-enlarging facilities for doing, for
living, moving, and learning—facilities sometimes that cannot be declined
or escaped from, though they ‘fret the pigmy body to decay, and
o’er-inform the tenement of clay.’

But, in truth, there is no question of 4000 years in the matter; for
there were black people in the time of Herodotus and in the time of
Solomon.  Already in the time of Moses there existed a race in Palestine
so different from the Israelites, that the first Hebrew explorers were
daunted by the sight of them, although, in fact, they were looking on a
race no longer in its prime, but one that was dying out.  Egyptian
monuments, dating back to the same period and earlier, give
representations of Africans, Asiatics and Europeans, with their physical
characteristics then as now unmistakeably distinct; they portray the
Negro as the Negro still is both in colour and in features. {23}

If it took only 800 years, then, which is the interval between the Flood
and the birth of Moses, to originate and establish types so distinct as
Jews, Egyptians, Negroes, and Anakim, all gathered together in a little
corner of the world, might not Nature, having done so much in so short a
time for the highest animal, do a little more in a longer time for lower
animals, and so supply that origin of species by variation for which Mr.
Darwin contends?  Would not the obvious inference be that Nature had done
so, if it were not fancied that such an origin of species was still more
repugnant to the Book of Genesis than even a limitation of the area
covered by the Flood?  But the Darwinian theory, happily for itself, is
not dependent upon any supposition so incredible as one which would
warrant us in expecting among the descendants, for example, of William
the Conqueror, people as little like one another as John Bull and John
Chinaman, Uncle Sambo and the last of the Mohicans.  There are
circumstances of immense weight to convince us that certain marked
divisions of mankind originated in the regions which they are now
occupying.  There are other circumstances preponderating for the common
origin of mankind.  Darwinism has at length shown how these phenomena can
be reconciled, by simply connecting the history of man with that vast
duration of life upon the globe which geological science has unveiled.
The likenesses among races of men demand a common parentage for all those
races; the unlikenesses can only be accounted for on the view of an
isolation immensely protracted of one race from another.  Thus the
primary origin is common to all; the secondary origin is peculiar to
each: but now that the primary origin has been proved to be so vastly
more remote than was once supposed, the secondary origin recedes of
itself into a far distant past, to give time for differences to arise and
develope, since, if the actually existing unlikenesses were only skin
deep, instead of affecting, as they do, the bones of the skeleton and the
whole fibre of the mind, they would still be too great to admit a common
derivation of the whole human family from the patriarch Noah.

What Geology teaches to demonstration is, that all parts of the dry land
have been not once only but many times under the waters of the ocean; but
it teaches likewise to demonstration that at least for many and many an
age, almost beyond our powers of conceiving duration of time, there has
been no total submergence of the land.  That interchange of lake and sea
with isle and continent which is now going on under our eyes, has been
going on for ages innumerable.  By this and kindred means human beings,
like all kinds of animals and all kinds of plants, have at intervals
experienced severance into groups and isolation.  Thus has mankind been
broken up into distinct families, at first with no line of demarcation
except the geographical, but gradually in successive generations becoming
more and more unlike in manners, morals, language, features,
intelligence, and civilization.  But since the era of the Noachian Deluge
neither has there been time for Nature, with her slow though certain
processes, to effect so great a reconstruction of barriers as to break up
the human family, if till then continuous and united; nor, if there had
been time for the geographical severance, would there have been time for
the constitutional changes.

Among the ancients some believed that the sun, moon, and stars were in
reality about the size which they appear to the unassisted eyesight;
others supposed the vault of the sky to be a revolving dome of solid
crystal pierced with little holes through which men saw in starry shapes
the fire of the ethereal region beyond it.  Persons with such ideas of
space and physical science might not readily have accepted on the moment
the Copernican system of astronomy.  In the same way persons with a
narrow and limited view of the duration of time may find a difficulty in
receiving arguments based on or implying the enormous extent of it, which
all sciences are now combining to demonstrate.  But this mental
incapacity, the result of false education and early prejudice, may be
defied to resist any real investigation of the facts or study of what has
been written upon them.  Let any man of mature mind and average intellect
read through Sir John Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ Mr. Darwin’s ‘Origin
of Species,’ and Sir Charles Lyell’s ‘Principles of Geology,’ and retain
if he can the opinion that our globe was first peopled about 6000 years
ago, and subsequently all but depopulated by an universal Flood.  Let him
see, indeed, whether he can read Sir Charles Lyell’s account of the
progress of opinion and controversy on these subjects and refrain from
blushing.  He will recognize in that account a turmoil and clamour of
fools and philosophers, of laymen and divines.  He will have to set to
the credit of intelligent humanity and enlightened Christendom a long
tissue of pious frauds, Jesuitical defences, arguments based on imaginary
facts, and facts perverted by imagination, till he comes down to the
present time and finds a great multitude of all classes at length agreed
in affirming that life has endured on the globe with unbroken continuity
through a past as yet unfathomable.  His own mind, he will perceive, has
actually reached maturity without having admitted the voice of this
multitude, although to apply almost literally the words of his great
Master, ‘If these should hold their peace, the stones would cry out.’
{26a}

The world and its wonders are of no mushroom growth, although even the
mushroom, which is commonly supposed to spring up in a single night,
requires a much longer period, often many weeks, for its production.
{26b}  The Book of Genesis itself most clearly warns any careful reader
against attempting to build a chronology upon the brief memoranda of
names and dates which for other reasons are inserted in it.  For, taking
them simply as they stand, Shem, the son of Noah, is represented as long
surviving the birth of Isaac, while Abraham, the father of Isaac, appears
as the contemporary of a vast number of different and strange tribes and
nations, Egyptians, Philistines, Canaanites, Syrians, and many more,
besides the Chaldeans, from among whom he came.  To find a parallel to
all this, we should imagine our own Edward III, instead of dying in 1377
as he did, living on and on to the present day, a forgotten old man, not
noticed in the page of history throughout 500 eventful years, during
which the whole of Europe was becoming peopled with descendants of
himself and his father, men speaking languages mutually unintelligible,
holding creeds mutually abhorrent, with strange diversities in dress,
manners and government, and some prevented by national custom from even
eating at the same table with guests of another neighbouring and kindred
tribe.  In vain should we search through history for any actual parallel,
for any instance of developments so extraordinary, and estrangements so
complete, occurring within a space of only 500 years.  If all the nations
spoken of as contemporary with Abraham were only 500 years distant from
the Flood, as the Book of Genesis shows them to have been, we may be
certain that they could trace back their lineage, independently of Noah
and his family, far beyond the era of the Deluge.  The monumental
evidence of Egyptian chronology carries us back to a Pharaoh reigning
some three or four hundred years before that date. {27a}  The Book of
Genesis introduces us to another Pharaoh reigning some 400 years after
it.  Are we to set aside the monumental evidence, and make this later
Pharaoh a descendant of Noah, reigning as a powerful monarch, while
Abraham, the rightful heir of a patriarchal monarchy over all the earth,
was nothing but a wandering shepherd?  Religion, morals, civilization, as
far as we know anything about them in those ages, whether we regard their
advancement in some quarters or their decay in others, all protest
against having their progress cramped into those four or five hundred
years.  They protest against being ascribed with all their conspicuous
diversities to the offspring of one man, whose son, grandson,
great-grandson and great-great-grandson, Shem, Arphaxad, Salah, and Eber,
were actually still living during all these supposed revolutions. {27b}

Indeed, if we go back from our 400 to our 4000 years, the protests on
these points are almost equally forcible.  In the matter of language,
estimate how many generations must have passed away before the children
of a common parent came to vary in speech as much as Chinese, Russians,
Englishmen, and clucking Hottentots.  Form some estimate of the time
required for the rise and growth of civilization, not only in the
old-world centres of Nineveh and Babylon and Egyptian Thebes, but in the
separate and independent centres of Mexico and Peru.  Explain, moreover,
what, on the hypothesis of a common Noachian descent, must be called the
rise and growth of barbarism.  Show, if it be possible, how, amidst the
rapid strides of civilization, side by side with the advancement of
taste, literature and science, the descendants of Noah in some cases
degenerated from all culture, sank away from all morality, lost all
religion, forgot all useful arts, even those most essential to the lowest
degree of comfort, the kindling of fire, the use of metals, the
construction of dwellings, while they learned the habits, and acquired
something more than the innocent shamelessness of brutes—learned to
prefer the flesh of their own species to any other, learned to make a
duty in some regions of putting their parents to death, in others, of
eating their dead bodies. {28}  Such customs we have on record four
centuries before Christ, such customs on record as existing nineteen
centuries after.  Will any one attempt to persuade us that the savages of
Andaman and the Feejee Islands are cousins, through an ancestor no more
remote than Noah, of Chatham and Wilberforce, and Lesseps and Brunel?

Traditions of a Deluge, it is true, are found almost everywhere.  The
reason doubtless is that almost everywhere some tremendous calamity of
this description has at one time or another occurred.  Inundations on a
small scale are common and frequent, but on a scale great enough to
surprise the imagination and become traditional in the memories of a
people, they would naturally be rare and infrequent in the extreme, so
that the fact of such an experience belonging to the history of so many
different races, is but another proof, or at least another indication, of
the antiquity of man.  If stress is to be laid on the points of
similarity between the traditions, as proving that every land has been
ravaged by the waters of a flood, equal stress may in fairness be laid on
the points of difference, as proving that not one common universal Deluge
is spoken of, but many separate and partial floods, distinct in time, in
place, and in results.  If stress again is to be laid on the tradition
because it is common to so many tribes, let equal importance be granted
to the traditions of time among the Chaldeans and the Egyptians, the
Chinese and the Hindus, who reckon the years of their uninterrupted
histories by tens of thousands. {29}

Finally, we may ask, where are the traces of so tremendous and
unparalleled a convulsion as one that could wrap the whole globe in
water, and hold all its dædal beauty for many months in that drowned
condition, till a tempest still more furious and unparalleled drave
heaven and earth, the clouds and ocean, once more asunder?  We know how
the little trilobite in the Devonian seas behaved in its hour of peril
millions of years back; we know what food men ate long ages before the
Flood, what weapons they used, what houses they built, what animals they
tamed; but what became of man and beast and bird and forest in the
supposed universal Deluge no one knows.  The signs and natural monuments
of the catastrophe, which should have been visible or discoverable on
every side, can nowhere be ascertained,—things that the waters should
have swept away or torn down they have left undisturbed, shell-mounds and
glacier moraines and boulderstones on the mountainside; while the great
museum of the dead which they should have formed, one would think, over
all the earth, to constitute one striking and indisputable geological
date, as well as a world-wide monument of religion, is nowhere to be
found.

What became of flower and herb, of creatures that live between the zones
of high and low water, of mollusk and coral and fish that require an
appropriate depth and a fitting temperature in their liquid homes, it
will be useless to speculate, if, after all that has been urged upon
other points, there are some who still think that the description in
Genesis is the description of a Flood that prevailed over all the world,
and intend still to believe in such a Flood, and to teach it as a part of
religious doctrine, notwithstanding any argument or scientific proof to
the contrary.  For them we can do no more than commend to their daily
reflection a few lines from the lives of two famous men:—‘In spite,’ says
Dr. Wilson,’ alike of the science and the devout religious spirit of
Columbus, the Salamanca divines pronounced the idea of the earth’s
spherical form heterodox, and a belief in antipodes incompatible with the
historical traditions of our faith: since to assert that there were
inhabited lands on the opposite side of the globe, would be to maintain
that there were nations not descended from Adam, it being impossible for
them to have passed the intervening ocean.  This would therefore be to
discredit the Bible, which expressly declares that all men are descended
from one common parent.’ {31a}  And thus another author describes a
well-known incident in the life of Galileo:—‘Clad in a penitent’s
sackcloth, the mighty, self-relying philosopher and genius fell upon his
knees, and, with his hands laid on the Holy Evangelists, declared that he
abjured, detested, and would never again teach the doctrine of the sun’s
stability and the earth’s motion.  Having confirmed his oath in writing,
and promised to perform the enjoined penance, he rose from his knees a
pardoned man; and turning about to one of his friends, stamped on the
ground and pronounced in an emphatic whisper, “Eppure si muove,”
{31b}—but still it _does_ move.’

As the antipodes exist, as the earth goes round the sun, and as the Bible
continues to be true, in spite of the theologians and inquisitors at
Salamanca and at Rome, so will it continue to be true and full of truth,
when at length it shall be acknowledged, as it will be, that there is
nothing universal about the Noachian Deluge except the disbelief in its
universality.

                                * * * * *




BY THE REV. T. R. R. STEBBING.


                               _DARWINISM_:

                 _A Lecture delivered before the Torquay_
                        _Natural History Society_,

                            _Feb. 1st_, 1869.

  _London_: _Simpkin_, _Marshall and Co._
  _Oxford_: _T. and G. Shrimpton_.
  _Torquay_: _E. Cockrem_, 10, _Strand_.

                                * * * * *

                        _LONGINUS ON THE SUBLIME_.

                             _A Translation_.

                    _With Illustrative Passages from_
                            _English Authors_.

  _Oxford_: _T and G. Shrimpton_.
  _London_: _Whittaker and Co._
  _Cambridge_: _Hall and Son_.

                               _Price_ 5s.

                                * * * * *

                               _EVENTIDE_:
                  _A Book of Prayer for the Schoolroom_.

                       _London_: _Bell and Daldy_.




FOOTNOTES.


{16}  Lyell, Principles of Geology, ii. 332.

{17}  Lyell, ii 344.

{19}  Lyell, ii. 336.

{20}  ‘The Malay Archipelago,’ vol. ii. p. 448.

{23}  ‘Genesis of the Earth and of Man,’ p. 117; quoted in Sir J.
Lubbock’s ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 314.

{26a}  A religious and supremely orthodox poet of the last century
enquires, ‘Where is the dust that has not been alive?’—Young, ‘Night
Thoughts,’ Night IX. l. 87.

{26b}  ‘Mushrooms and Toadstools.’—Worthington E. Smith, p. 17.

{27a}  ‘Genesis of the Earth and of Man,’ pp. 113, 114.

{27b}  Genesis, chap. xi.

{28}  Sir John Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ pp. 338, 346, 452;
Herodotus, iv. 26.

{29}  See Mill’s ‘History of British India,’ book ii. ch. i. and notes.

{31a}  ‘Prehistoric Man,’ Dr. Daniel Wilson, p. 101.

{31b}  ‘The Daughter of Galileo,’ by the author of ‘Mary Powell,’ p. 283.