Writings of Harriet Beecher Stowe.
                                  ────

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------------------------------------------------------------------------


                             HOUSE AND HOME

                                PAPERS.


                       BY CHRISTOPHER CROWFIELD.


                            SEVENTH EDITION.


                            Publisher’s Logo


                                BOSTON:
                     HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY.
                    The Riverside Press, Cambridge.
                                 1887.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




       Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, by

                         HARRIET BEECHER STOWE,

     in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the District of
                             Massachusetts.




------------------------------------------------------------------------




                               CONTENTS.


                                                    PAGE

                  I. THE RAVAGES OF A CARPET           1

                 II. HOME-KEEPING _vs._               23
                       HOUSE-KEEPING

                III. WHAT IS A HOME?                  48

                 IV. THE ECONOMY OF THE BEAUTIFUL     79

                  V. RAKING UP THE FIRE              101

                 VI. THE LADY WHO DOES HER OWN WORK  125

                VII. WHAT CAN BE GOT IN AMERICA      148

               VIII. ECONOMY                         164

                 IX. SERVANTS                        195

                  X. COOKERY                         225

                 XI. OUR HOUSE                       266

                XII. HOME RELIGION                   309


------------------------------------------------------------------------


                         HOUSE AND HOME PAPERS.

                                 ─────




                                   I.

                        THE RAVAGES OF A CARPET.


“MY dear, it’s so cheap!”

These words were spoken by my wife, as she sat gracefully on a roll of
Brussels carpet which was spread out in flowery lengths on the floor of
Messrs. Ketchem & Co.

“It’s _so_ cheap!”

Milton says that the love of fame is the last infirmity of noble minds.
I think he had not rightly considered the subject. I believe that last
infirmity is the love of getting things cheap! Understand me, now. I
don’t mean the love of getting cheap things, by which one understands
showy, trashy, ill-made, spurious articles, bearing certain apparent
resemblances to better things. All really sensible people are quite
superior to that sort of cheapness. But those fortunate accidents which
put within the power of a man things really good and valuable for half
or a third of their value what mortal virtue and resolution can
withstand? My friend Brown has a genuine Murillo, the joy of his heart
and the light of his eyes, but he never fails to tell you, as its
crowning merit, how he bought it in South America for just nothing,—how
it hung smoky and deserted in the back of a counting-room, and was
thrown in as a makeweight to bind a bargain, and, upon being cleaned,
turned out a genuine Murillo; and then he takes out his cigar, and calls
your attention to the points in it; he adjusts the curtain to let the
sunlight fall just in the right spot; he takes you to this and the other
point of view; and all this time you must confess, that, in your mind as
well as his, the consideration that he got all this beauty for ten
dollars adds lustre to the painting. Brown has paintings there for which
he paid his thousands, and, being well advised, they are worth the
thousands he paid; but this ewe-lamb that he got for nothing always
gives him a secret exaltation in his own eyes. He seems to have credited
to himself personally merit to the amount of what he should have paid
for the picture. Then there is Mrs. Crœsus, at the party yesterday
evening, expatiating to my wife on the surprising cheapness of her
point-lace set,—“Got for just nothing at all, my dear!” and a circle of
admiring listeners echoes the sound. “Did you ever _hear_ anything like
it? I never heard of such a thing in my life”; and away sails Mrs.
Crœsus as if she had a collar composed of all the cardinal virtues. In
fact, she is buoyed up with a secret sense of merit, so that her satin
slippers scarcely touch the carpet. Even I myself am fond of showing a
first edition of “Paradise Lost,” for which I gave a shilling in a
London book-stall, and stating that I would not take a hundred dollars
for it. Even I must confess there are points on which I am mortal.

But all this while my wife sits on her roll of carpet, looking into my
face for approbation, and Marianne and Jenny are pouring into my ear a
running-fire of “How sweet! How lovely! Just like that one of Mrs.
Tweedleum’s!”

“And she gave two dollars and seventy-five cents a yard for hers, and
this is—”

My wife here put her hand to her mouth, and pronounced the incredible
sum in a whisper, with a species of sacred awe, common, as I have
observed, to females in such interesting crises. In fact, Mr. Ketchem,
standing smiling and amiable by, remarked to me that really he hoped
Mrs. Crowfield would not name generally what she gave for the article,
for positively it was so far below the usual rate of prices that he
might give offence to other customers; but this was the very last of the
pattern, and they were anxious to close off the old stock, and we had
always traded with them, and he had a great respect for my wife’s
father, who had always traded with their firm, and so, when there were
any little bargains to be thrown in any one’s way, why, he naturally, of
course—And here Mr. Ketchem bowed gracefully over the yardstick to my
wife, and I consented.

Yes, I consented; but whenever I think of myself at that moment, I
always am reminded, in a small way, of Adam taking the apple; and my
wife, seated on that roll of carpet, has more than once suggested to my
mind the classic image of Pandora opening her unlucky box. In fact, from
the moment I had blandly assented to Mr. Ketchem’s remarks, and said to
my wife, with a gentle air of dignity, “Well, my dear, since it suits
you, I think you had better take it,” there came a load on my prophetic
soul, which not all the fluttering and chattering of my delighted girls
and the more placid complacency of my wife could entirely dissipate. I
presaged, I know not what, of coming woe; and all I presaged came to
pass.

In order to know just _what_ came to pass, I must give you a view of the
house and home into which this carpet was introduced.

My wife and I were somewhat advanced housekeepers, and our dwelling was
first furnished by her father, in the old-fashioned jog-trot days, when
furniture was made with a view to its lasting from generation to
generation. Everything was strong and comfortable,—heavy mahogany,
guiltless of the modern device of veneering, and hewed out with a square
solidity which had not an idea of change. It was, so to speak, a sort of
granite foundation of the household structure. Then, we commenced
housekeeping with the full idea that our house was a thing to be lived
in, and that furniture was made to be used. That most sensible of women,
Mrs. Crowfield, agreed fully with me, that in our house there was to be
nothing too good for ourselves,—no rooms shut up in holiday attire to be
enjoyed by strangers for three or four days in the year, while we lived
in holes and corners,—no best parlor from which we were to be
excluded,—no silver plate to be kept in the safe in the bank, and
brought home only in case of a grand festival, while our daily meals
were served with dingy Britannia. “Strike a broad, plain average,” I
said to my wife; “have everything abundant, serviceable; and give all
our friends exactly what we have ourselves, no better and no worse”;—and
my wife smiled approval on my sentiment.

Smile! she did more than smile. My wife resembles one of those convex
mirrors I have sometimes seen. Every idea I threw out, plain and simple,
she reflected back upon me in a thousand little glitters and twinkles of
her own; she made my crude conceptions come back to me in such perfectly
dazzling performances that I hardly recognized them. My mind warms up,
when I think what a home that woman made of our house from the very
first day she moved into it. The great, large, airy parlor, with its
ample bow-window, when she had arranged it, seemed a perfect trap to
catch sunbeams. There was none of that discouraging trimness and newness
that often repel a man’s bachelor-friends after the first call, and make
them feel,—“O, well, one cannot go in at Crowfield’s now, unless one is
dressed; one might put them out.” The first thing our parlor said to any
one was, that we were not people to be put out, that we were
wide-spread, easy-going, and jolly folk. Even if Tom Brown brought in
Ponto and his shooting-bag, there was nothing in that parlor to strike
terror into man and dog; for it was written on the face of things, that
everybody there was to do just as he or she pleased. There were my books
and my writing-table spread out with all its miscellaneous confusion of
papers on one side of the fireplace, and there were my wife’s great,
ample sofa and work-table on the other; there I wrote my articles for
the “North American,” and there she turned and ripped and altered her
dresses, and there lay crochet and knitting and embroidery side by side
with a weekly basket of family-mending, and in neighborly contiguity
with the last book of the season, which my wife turned over as she took
her after-dinner lounge on the sofa. And in the bow-window were canaries
always singing, and a great stand of plants always fresh and blooming,
and ivy which grew and clambered and twined about the pictures. Best of
all, there was in our parlor that household altar, the blazing
wood-fire, whose wholesome, hearty crackle is the truest household
inspiration. I quite agree with one celebrated American author who holds
that an open fireplace is an altar of patriotism. Would our
Revolutionary fathers have gone barefooted and bleeding over snows to
defend air-tight stoves and cooking-ranges? I trow not. It was the
memory of the great open kitchen-fire, with its back-log and fore-stick
of cord-wood, its roaring, hilarious voice of invitation, its dancing
tongues of flame, that called to them through the snows of that dreadful
winter to keep up their courage, that made their hearts warm and bright
with a thousand reflected memories. Our neighbors said that it was
delightful to sit by our fire,—but then, for their part, they could not
afford it, wood was so ruinously dear, and all that. Most of these
people could not, for the simple reason that they felt compelled, in
order to maintain the family-dignity, to keep up a parlor with great
pomp and circumstance of upholstery, where they sat only on
dress-occasions, and of course the wood-fire was out of the question.

When children began to make their appearance in our establishment, my
wife, like a well-conducted housekeeper, had the best of
nursery-arrangements,—a room all warmed, lighted, and ventilated, and
abounding in every proper resource of amusement to the rising race; but
it was astonishing to see how, notwithstanding this, the centripetal
attraction drew every pair of little pattering feet to our parlor.

“My dear, why don’t you take your blocks up-stairs?”

“I want to be where oo are,” said with a piteous under-lip, was
generally a most convincing answer.

Then the small people could not be disabused of the idea that certain
chief treasures of their own would be safer under papa’s writing-table
or mamma’s sofa than in the safest closet of their own domains. My
writing-table was dock-yard for Arthur’s new ship, and stable for little
Tom’s pepper-and-salt-colored pony, and carriage-house for Charley’s new
wagon, while whole armies of paper-dolls kept house in the recess behind
mamma’s sofa.

And then, in due time, came the tribe of pets who followed the little
ones and rejoiced in the blaze of the firelight. The boys had a splendid
Newfoundland, which, knowing our weakness, we warned them with awful
gravity was never to be a parlor dog; but, somehow, what with little
beggings and pleadings on the part of Arthur and Tom, and the piteous
melancholy with which Rover would look through the window-panes, when
shut out from the blazing warmth into the dark, cold, veranda, it at
last came to pass that Rover gained a regular corner at the hearth, a
regular _status_ in every family-convocation. And then came a little
black-and-tan English terrier for the girls; and then a fleecy poodle,
who established himself on the corner of my wife’s sofa; and for each of
these some little voices pleaded, and some little heart would be so near
broken at any slight, that my wife and I resigned ourselves to live in
menagerie, the more so as we were obliged to confess a lurking weakness
towards these four-footed children ourselves.

So we grew and flourished together,—children, dogs, birds, flowers, and
all; and although my wife often, in paroxysms of housewifeliness to
which the best of women are subject, would declare that we never were
fit to be seen, yet I comforted her with the reflection that there were
few people whose friends seemed to consider them better worth seeing,
judging by the stream of visitors and loungers which was always setting
towards our parlor. People seemed to find it good to be there; they said
it was somehow home-like and pleasant, and that there was a kind of
charm about it that made it easy to talk and easy to live; and as my
girls and boys grew up, there seemed always to be some merry doing or
other going on there. Arty and Tom brought home their college friends,
who straightway took root there and seemed to fancy themselves a part of
us. We had no reception-rooms apart, where the girls were to receive
young gentlemen; all the courting and flirting that were to be done had
for their arena the ample variety of surface presented by our parlor,
which, with sofas and screens and lounges and recesses and writing-and
work-tables, disposed here and there, and the genuine _laisser aller_ of
the whole _menage_, seemed, on the whole, to have offered ample
advantages enough; for, at the time I write of, two daughters were
already established in marriage, while my youngest was busy, as yet, in
performing that little domestic ballet of the cat with the mouse, in the
case of a most submissive youth of the neighborhood.

All this time our parlor-furniture, though of that granitic formation I
have indicated, began to show marks of that decay to which things
sublunary are liable. I cannot say that I dislike this look in a room.
Take a fine, ample, hospitable apartment, where all things, freely and
generously used, softly and indefinably grow old together, there is a
sort of mellow tone and keeping which pleases my eye. What if the seams
of the great inviting arm-chair, where so many friends have sat and
lounged, do grow white? What, in fact, if some easy couch has an
undeniable hole worn in its friendly cover? I regard with tenderness
even these mortal weaknesses of these servants and witnesses of our good
times and social fellowship. No vulgar touch wore them; they may be
called, rather, the marks and indentations which the glittering in and
out of the tide of social happiness has worn in the rocks of our strand.
I would no more disturb the gradual toning-down and aging of a well-used
set of furniture by smart improvements than I would have a modern dauber
paint in emendations in a fine old picture.

So we men reason; but women do not always think as we do. There is a
virulent demon of housekeeping, not wholly cast out in the best of them,
and which often breaks out in unguarded moments. In fact, Miss Marianne,
being on the lookout for furniture wherewith to begin a new
establishment, and Jenny, who had accompanied her in her peregrinations,
had more than once thrown out little disparaging remarks on the
time-worn appearance of our establishment, suggesting comparison with
those of more modern-furnished rooms.

“It is positively scandalous, the way our furniture looks,” I one day
heard one of them declaring to her mother; “and this old rag of a
carpet!”

My feelings were hurt, not the less so that I knew that the large cloth
which covered the middle of the floor, and which the women call a
bocking, had been bought and nailed down there, after a solemn
family-counsel, as the best means of concealing the too evident darns
which years of good cheer had made needful in our stanch old household
friend, the three-ply carpet, made in those days when to be a three-ply
was a pledge of continuance and service.

Well, it was a joyous and bustling day, when, after one of those
domestic whirlwinds which the women are fond of denominating
house-cleaning, the new Brussels carpet was at length brought in and
nailed down, and its beauty praised from mouth to mouth. Our old friends
called in and admired, and all seemed to be well, except that I had that
light and delicate presage of changes to come which indefinitely brooded
over me.

The first premonitory symptom was the look of apprehensive suspicion
with which the female senate regarded the genial sunbeams that had
always glorified our bow-window.

“This house ought to have inside blinds,” said Marianne, with all the
confident decision of youth, “this carpet will be ruined, if the sun is
allowed to come in like that.”

“And that dirty little canary must really be hung in the kitchen,” said
Jenny; “he always did make such a litter, scattering his seed-chippings
about; and he never takes his bath without flirting out some water. And,
mamma, it appears to me it will never do to have the plants here. Plants
are always either leaking through the pots upon the carpet, or
scattering bits of blossoms and dead leaves, or some accident upsets or
breaks a pot. It was no matter, you know, when we had the old carpet;
but this we really want to have kept nice.”

Mamma stood her ground for the plants,—darlings of her heart for many a
year,—but temporized, and showed that disposition towards compromise
which is most inviting to aggression.

I confess I trembled; for, of all radicals on earth, none are to be
compared to females that have once in hand a course of domestic
innovation and reform. The sacred fire, the divine _furor_, burns in
their bosoms, they become perfect Pythonesses, and every chair they sit
on assumes the magic properties of the tripod. Hence the dismay that
lodges in the bosoms of us males at the fateful spring and autumn
seasons, denominated house-cleaning. Who can say whither the awful gods,
the prophetic fates, may drive our fair household divinities; what sins
of ours may be brought to light; what indulgences and compliances, which
uninspired woman has granted in her ordinary mortal hours, may be torn
from us? He who has been allowed to keep a pair of pet slippers in a
concealed corner, and by the fireside indulged with a chair which he
might, _ad libitum_, fill with all sorts of pamphlets and miscellaneous
literature, suddenly finds himself reformed out of knowledge, his
pamphlets tucked away into pigeon-holes and corners, and his slippers
put in their place in the hall, with, perhaps, a brisk insinuation about
the shocking dust and disorder that men will tolerate.

The fact was, that the very first night after the advent of the new
carpet I had a prophetic dream. Among our treasures of art was a little
etching, by an English artist-friend, the subject of which was the
gambols of the household fairies in a baronial library after the
household were in bed. The little people are represented in every
attitude of frolic enjoyment. Some escalade the great arm-chair, and
look down from its top as from a domestic Mont Blanc; some climb about
the bellows; some scale the shaft of the shovel; while some, forming in
magic ring, dance festively on the yet glowing hearth. Tiny troops
promenade the writing-table. One perches himself quaintly on the top of
the inkstand, and holds colloquy with another who sits cross-legged on a
paper-weight, while a companion looks down on them from the top of the
sand-box. It was an ingenious little device, and gave me the idea, which
I often expressed to my wife, that much of the peculiar feeling of
security, composure, and enjoyment which seems to be the atmosphere of
some rooms and houses came from the unsuspected presence of these little
people, the household fairies, so that the belief in their existence
became a solemn article of faith with me.

Accordingly, that evening, after the installation of the carpet, when my
wife and daughters had gone to bed, as I sat with my slippered feet
before the last coals of the fire, I fell asleep in my chair, and, lo!
my own parlor presented to my eye a scene of busy life. The little
people in green were tripping to and fro, but in great confusion.
Evidently something was wrong among them; for they were fussing and
chattering with each other, as if preparatory to a general movement. In
the region of the bow-window I observed a tribe of them standing with
tiny valises and carpet-bags in their hands, as though about to depart
on a journey. On my writing-table another set stood around my inkstand
and pen-rack, who, pointing to those on the floor, seemed to debate some
question among themselves; while others of them appeared to be
collecting and packing away in tiny trunks certain fairy treasures,
preparatory to a general departure. When I looked at the social hearth,
at my wife’s sofa and work-basket, I saw similar appearances of
dissatisfaction and confusion. It was evident that the household fairies
were discussing the question of a general and simultaneous removal. I
groaned in spirit, and, stretching out my hand, began a conciliatory
address, when whisk went the whole scene from before my eyes, and I
awaked to behold the form of my wife asking me if I were ill or had had
the nightmare that I groaned so. I told her my dream, and we laughed at
it together.

“We must give way to the girls a little,” she said. “It is natural, you
know, that they should wish us to appear a little as other people do.
The fact is, our parlor is somewhat dilapidated; think how many years we
have lived in it without an article of new furniture.”

“I hate new furniture,” I remarked, in the bitterness of my soul. “I
hate anything new.”

My wife answered me discreetly, according to approved principles of
diplomacy. I was right. She sympathized with me. At the same time, it
was not necessary, she remarked, that we should keep a hole in our
sofa-cover and arm-chair; there would certainly be no harm in sending
them to the upholsterer’s to be new-covered; she didn’t much mind, for
her part, moving her plants to the south back-room, and the bird would
do well enough in the kitchen: I had often complained of him for singing
vociferously when I was reading aloud.

So our sofa went to the upholsterer’s; but the upholsterer was struck
with such horror at its clumsy, antiquated, unfashionable appearance,
that he felt bound to make representations to my wife and daughters:
positively, it would be better for them to get a new one, of a tempting
pattern, which he showed them, than to try to do anything with that.
With a stitch or so here and there it might do for a basement
dining-room; but, for a parlor, he gave it as his disinterested
opinion,—he must say, if the case were his own, he should get, etc.,
etc. In short, we had a new sofa and new chairs, and the plants and the
birds were banished, and some dark green blinds were put up to exclude
the sun from the parlor, and the blessed luminary was allowed there only
at rare intervals, when my wife and daughters were out shopping, and I
acted out my uncivilized male instincts by pulling up every shade and
vivifying the apartment as in days of old.

But this was not the worst of it. The new furniture and new carpet
formed an opposition party in the room. I believe in my heart that for
every little household fairy that went out with the dear old things
there came in a tribe of discontented brownies with the new ones. These
little wretches were always twitching at the gowns of my wife and
daughters, jogging their elbows, and suggesting odious comparisons
between the smart new articles and what remained of the old ones. They
disparaged my writing-table in the corner; they disparaged the
old-fashioned lounge in the other corner, which had been the maternal
throne for years; they disparaged the work-table, the work-basket, with
constant suggestions of how such things as these would look in certain
well-kept parlors where new-fashioned furniture of the same sort as ours
existed.

“We don’t have any parlor,” said Jenny, one day. “Our parlor has always
been a sort of log-cabin,—library, study, nursery, greenhouse, all
combined. We never have had things like other people.”

“Yes, and this open fire makes such a dust; and this carpet is one that
shows every speck of dust; it keeps one always on the watch.”

“I wonder why papa never had a study to himself; I’m sure I should think
he would like it better than sitting here among us all. Now there’s the
great south-room off the dining-room; if he would only move his things
there, and have his open fire, we could then close up the fireplace, and
put lounges in the recesses, and mamma could have her things in the
nursery,—and then we should have a parlor fit to be seen.”

I overheard all this, though I pretended not to,—the little busy chits
supposing me entirely buried in the recesses of a German book over which
I was poring.

There are certain crises in a man’s life when the female element in his
household asserts itself in dominant forms that seem to threaten to
overwhelm him. The fair creatures, who in most matters have depended on
his judgment, evidently look upon him at these seasons as only a
forlorn, incapable male creature, to be cajoled and flattered and
persuaded out of his native blindness and absurdity into the fairy-land
of their wishes.

“Of course, mamma,” said the busy voices, “men can’t understand such
things. What _can_ men know of housekeeping, and how things ought to
look? Papa never goes into company; he don’t know and don’t care how the
world is doing, and don’t see that nobody now is living as we do.”

“Aha, my little mistresses, are you there?” I thought; and I mentally
resolved on opposing a great force of what our politicians call
_backbone_ to this pretty domestic conspiracy.

“When you get my writing-table out of this corner, my pretty dears, I’d
thank you to let me know it.”

Thus spake I in my blindness, fool that I was. Jupiter might as soon
keep awake, when Juno came in best bib and tucker, and with the _cestus_
of Venus, to get him to sleep. Poor Slender might as well hope to get
the better of pretty Mistress Anne Page, as one of us clumsy-footed men
might endeavor to escape from the tangled labyrinth of female wiles.

In short, in less than a year it was all done, without any quarrel, any
noise, any violence,—done, I scarce knew when or how, but with the
utmost deference to my wishes, the most amiable hopes that I would not
put myself out, the most sincere protestations that, if I liked it
better as it was, my goddesses would give up and acquiesce. In fact, I
seemed to do it of myself, constrained thereto by what the Emperor
Napoleon has so happily called the logic of events,—that old, well-known
logic by which the man who has once said A must say B, and he who has
said B must say the whole alphabet. In a year, we had a parlor with two
lounges in decorous recesses, a fashionable sofa, and six chairs and a
looking-glass, and a grate always shut up, and a hole in the floor which
kept the parlor warm, and great, heavy curtains that kept out all the
light that was not already excluded by the green shades.

It was as proper and orderly a parlor as those of our most fashionable
neighbors; and when our friends called, we took them stumbling into its
darkened solitude, and opened a faint crack in one of the window-shades,
and came down in our best clothes, and talked with them there. Our old
friends rebelled at this, and asked what they had done to be treated so,
and complained so bitterly that gradually we let them into the secret
that there was a great south-room which I had taken for my study, where
we all sat, where the old carpet was down, where the sun shone in at the
great window, where my wife’s plants flourished and the canary-bird
sang, and my wife had her sofa in the corner, and the old brass andirons
glistened and the wood-fire crackled,—in short, a room to which all the
household fairies had emigrated.

When they once had found _that_ out, it was difficult to get any of them
to sit in our parlor. I had purposely christened the new room _my
study_, that I might stand on my rights as master of ceremonies there,
though I opened wide arms of welcome to any who chose to come. So, then,
it would often come to pass, that, when we were sitting round the fire
in my study of an evening, the girls would say,—

“Come, what do we always stay here for? Why don’t we ever sit in the
parlor?”

And then there would be manifested among guests and family-friends a
general unwillingness to move.

“O, hang it, girls!” would Arthur say; “the parlor is well enough, all
right; let it stay as it is, and let a fellow stay where he can do as he
pleases and feels at home”; and to this view of the matter would respond
divers of the nice young bachelors who were Arthur’s and Tom’s sworn
friends.

In fact, nobody wanted to stay in our parlor now. It was a cold,
correct, accomplished fact; the household fairies had left it,—and when
the fairies leave a room, nobody ever feels at home in it. No pictures,
curtains, no wealth of mirrors, no elegance of lounges, can in the least
make up for their absence. They are a capricious little set; there are
rooms where they will _not_ stay, and rooms where they _will_; but no
one can ever have a good time without them.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  II.

                   HOME-KEEPING _vs._ HOUSE-KEEPING.


I AM a frank, open-hearted man, as, perhaps, you have by this time
perceived, and you will not, therefore, be surprised to know that I read
my last article on the carpet to my wife and the girls before I sent it
to the “Atlantic,” and we had a hearty laugh over it together. My wife
and the girls, in fact, felt that they could afford to laugh, for they
had carried their point, their reproach among women was taken away, they
had become like other folks. Like other folks they had a parlor, an
undeniable best parlor, shut up and darkened, with all proper carpets,
curtains, lounges, and marble-topped tables, too good for human nature’s
daily food; and being sustained by this consciousness, they cheerfully
went on receiving their friends in the study, and having good times in
the old free-and-easy way; for did not everybody know that this room was
not their best? and if the furniture was old-fashioned and a little the
worse for antiquity, was it not certain that they had better, which they
could use, if they would?

“And supposing we wanted to give a party,” said Jenny, “how nicely our
parlor would light up! Not that we ever do give parties, but if we
should,—and for a wedding-reception, you know.”

I felt the force of the necessity; it was evident that the four or five
hundred extra which we had expended was no more than such solemn
possibilities required.

“Now, papa thinks we have been foolish,” said Marianne, “and he has his
own way of making a good story of it; but, after all, I desire to know
if people are never to get a new carpet. Must we keep the old one till
it actually wears to tatters?”

This is a specimen of the _reductio ad absurdum_ which our fair
antagonists of the other sex are fond of employing. They strip what we
say of all delicate shadings and illusory phrases, and reduce it to some
bare question of fact, with which they make a home-thrust at us.

“Yes, that’s it; are people _never_ to get a new carpet?” echoed Jenny.

“My dears,” I replied, “it is a fact that to introduce anything new into
an apartment hallowed by many home-associations, where all things have
grown old together, requires as much care and adroitness as for an
architect to restore an arch or niche in a fine old ruin. The fault of
our carpet was that it was in another style from everything in our room,
and made everything in it look dilapidated. Its colors, material, and
air belonged to another manner of life, and were a constant plea for
alterations; and you see it actually drove out and expelled the whole
furniture of the room, and I am not sure yet that it may not entail on
us the necessity of refurnishing the whole house.”

“My dear!” said my wife, in a tone of remonstrance; but Jane and
Marianne laughed and colored.

“Confess, now,” said I, looking at them, “have you not had secret
designs on the hall- and stair-carpet?”

“Now, papa, how could you know it? I only said to Marianne that to have
Brussels in the parlor and that old mean-looking ingrain carpet in the
hall did not seem exactly the thing; and, in fact, you know, mamma,
Messrs. Ketchem & Co. showed us such a lovely pattern, designed to
harmonize with our parlor-carpet.”

“I know it, girls,” said my wife; “but you know I said at once that such
an expense was not to be thought of.”

“Now, girls,” said I, “let me tell you a story I heard once of a very
sensible old New-England minister, who lived, as our country ministers
generally do, rather near to the bone, but still quite contentedly. It
was in the days when knee-breeches and long stockings were worn, and
this good man was offered a present of a very nice pair of black silk
hose. He declined, saying, he ‘could not afford to wear them.’

“‘Not afford it?’ said the friend; ‘why, I _give_ them to you.’

“‘Exactly; but it will cost me not less than two hundred dollars to take
them, and I cannot do it.’

“‘How is that?’

“‘Why, in the first place, I shall no sooner put them on than my wife
will say, “My dear, you must have a new pair of knee-breeches,” and I
shall get them. Then my wife will say, “My dear, how shabby your coat
is! You must have a new one,” and I shall get a new coat. Then she will
say, “Now, my dear, that hat will never do,” and then I shall have a new
hat; and then I shall say, “My dear, it will never do for me to be so
fine and you to wear your old gown,” and so my wife will get a new gown;
and then the new gown will require a new shawl and a new bonnet; all of
which we shall not feel the need of, if I don’t take this pair of silk
stockings, for, as long as we don’t see them, our old things seem very
well suited to each other.’”

The girls laughed at this story, and I then added, in my most determined
manner,—

“But I must warn you, girls, that I have compromised to the utmost
extent of my power, and that I intend to plant myself on the old
stair-carpet in determined resistance. I have no mind to be forbidden
the use of the front-stairs, or condemned to get up into my bedroom by a
private ladder, as I should be immediately, if there were a new carpet
down.”

“Why, papa!”

“Would it not be so? Can the sun shine in the parlor now for fear of
fading the carpet? Can we keep a fire there for fear of making dust, or
use the lounges and sofas for fear of wearing them out? If you got a new
entry- and stair-carpet, as I said, I should have to be at the expense
of another staircase to get up to our bedroom.”

“O no, papa,” said Jane, innocently; “there are very pretty druggets,
now, for covering stair-carpets, so that they can be used without
hurting them.”

“Put one over the old carpet, then,” said I, “and our acquaintance will
never know but it is a new one.”

All the female senate laughed at this proposal, and said it sounded just
like a man.

“Well,” said I, standing up resolutely for my sex, “a man’s ideas on
woman’s matters may be worth some attention. I flatter myself that an
intelligent, educated man doesn’t think upon and observe with interest
any particular subject for years of his life without gaining some ideas
respecting it that are good for something; at all events, I have written
another article for the ‘Atlantic,’ which I will read to you.”

“Well, wait one minute, papa, till we get our work,” said the girls,
who, to say the truth, always exhibit a flattering interest in anything
their papa writes, and who have the good taste never to interrupt his
readings with any conversations in an undertone on cross-stitch and
floss-silks, as the manner of some is. Hence the little feminine bustle
of arranging all these matters beforehand. Jane, or Jenny, as I call her
in my good-natured moods, put on a fresh clear stick of hickory, of that
species denominated shagbark, which is full of most charming slivers,
burning with such a clear flame, and emitting such a delicious perfume
in burning, that I would not change it with the millionnaire who kept up
his fire with cinnamon.

You must know, my dear Mr. Atlantic, and you, my confidential friends of
the reading public, that there is a certain magic or spiritualism which
I have the knack of in regard to these mine articles, in virtue of which
my wife and daughters never hear or see the little personalities
respecting _them_ which form parts of my papers. By a peculiar
arrangement which I have made with the elves of the inkstand and the
familiar spirits of the quill, a sort of glamour falls on their eyes and
ears when I am reading, or when they read the parts personal to
themselves; otherwise their sense of feminine propriety would be shocked
at the free way in which they and their most internal affairs are
confidentially spoken of between me and you, O loving readers.

Thus, in an undertone, I tell you that my little Jenny, as she is
zealously and systematically arranging the fire, and trimly whisking
every untidy particle of ashes from the hearth, shows in every movement
of her little hands, in the cock of her head, in the knowing, observing
glance of her eye, and in all her energetic movements, that her small
person is endued and made up of the very expressed essence of
house-wifeliness,—she is the very attar, not of roses, but of
housekeeping. Care-taking and thrift and neatness are a nature to her;
she is as dainty and delicate in her person as a white cat, as
everlastingly busy as a bee; and all the most needful faculties of time,
weight, measure, and proportion ought to be fully developed in her
skull, if there is any truth in phrenology. Besides all this, she has a
sort of hard-grained little vein of common sense, against which my
fanciful conceptions and poetical notions are apt to hit with just a
little sharp grating, if they are not well put. In fact, this kind of
woman needs carefully to be idealized in the process of education, or
she will stiffen and dry, as she grows old, into a veritable household
Pharisee, a sort of domestic tyrant. She needs to be trained in artistic
values and artistic weights and measures, to study all the arts and
sciences of the beautiful, and then she is charming. Most useful, most
needful, these little women: they have the centripetal force which keeps
all the domestic planets from gyrating and frisking in unseemly
orbits,—and properly trained, they fill a house with the beauty of
order, the harmony and consistency of proportion, the melody of things
moving in time and tune, without violating the graceful appearance of
ease which Art requires.

So I had an eye to Jenny’s education in my article which I unfolded and
read, and which was entitled,


                   HOME-KEEPING _vs._ HOUSE-KEEPING.

    There are many women who know how to keep a house, but there are
    but few that know how to keep a _home_. To keep a house may seem
    a complicated affair, but it is a thing that may be learned; it
    lies in the region of the material, in the region of weight,
    measure, color, and the positive forces of life. To keep a home
    lies not merely in the sphere of all these, but it takes in the
    intellectual, the social, the spiritual, the immortal.

Here the hickory-stick broke in two, and the two brands fell
controversially out and apart on the hearth, scattering the ashes and
coals, and calling for Jenny and the hearth-brush. Your wood-fire has
this foible, that it needs something to be done to it every five
minutes; but, after all, these little interruptions of our bright-faced
genius are like the piquant sallies of a clever friend,—they do not
strike us as unreasonable.

When Jenny had laid down her brush, she said,—

“Seems to me, papa, you are beginning to soar into metaphysics.”

“Everything in creation is metaphysical in its abstract terms,” said I,
with a look calculated to reduce her to a respectful condition.
“Everything has a subjective and an objective mode of presentation.”

“There papa goes with subjective and objective!” said Marianne. “For my
part, I never can remember which is which.”

“I remember,” said Jenny; “it’s what our old nurse used to call internal
and _out_-ternal,—I always remember by that.”

“Come, my dears,” said my wife, “let your father read”; so I went on as
follows:—

                  *       *       *       *       *

I remember in my bachelor days going with my boon companion, Bill
Carberry, to look at the house to which he was in a few weeks to
introduce his bride. Bill was a gallant, free-hearted, open-handed
fellow, the life of our whole set, and we felt that natural aversion to
losing him that bachelor friends would. How could we tell under what
strange aspects he might look forth upon us, when once he had passed
into “that undiscovered country” of matrimony? But Bill laughed to scorn
our apprehensions.

“I’ll tell you what, Chris,” he said, as he sprang cheerily up the steps
and unlocked the door of his future dwelling, “do you know what I chose
this house for? Because it’s a social-looking house. Look there, now,”
he said, as he ushered me into a pair of parlors,—“look at those long
south windows, the sun lies there nearly all day long; see what a
capital corner there is for a lounging-chair; fancy us, Chris, with our
books or our paper, spread out loose and easy, and Sophie gliding in and
out like a sunbeam. I’m getting poetical, you see. Then, did you ever
see a better, wider, airier dining-room? What capital suppers and things
we’ll have there! the nicest times,—everything free and easy, you
know,—just what I’ve always wanted a house for. I tell you, Chris, you
and Tom Innis shall have latch-keys just like mine, and there is a
capital chamber there at the head of the stairs, so that you can be free
to come and go. And here now’s the library,—fancy this full of books and
engravings from the ceiling to the floor; here you shall come just as
you please and ask no questions,—all the same as if it were your own,
you know.”

“And Sophie, what will she say to all this?”

“Why, you know Sophie is a prime friend to both of you, and a capital
girl to keep things going. O, Sophie ’ll make a house of this, you may
depend!”

A day or two after, Bill dragged me stumbling over boxes and through
straw and wrappings to show me the glories of the parlor-furniture,—with
which he seemed pleased as a child with a new toy.

“Look here,” he said; “see these chairs, garnet-colored satin, with a
pattern on each; well, the sofa’s just like them, and the curtains to
match, and the carpets made for the floor with centre-pieces and
borders. I never saw anything more magnificent in my life. Sophie’s
governor furnishes the house, and everything is to be A No. 1, and all
that, you see. Messrs. Curtain and Collamore are coming to make the
rooms up, and her mother is busy as a bee getting us in order.”

“Why, Bill,” said I, “you are going to be lodged like a prince. I hope
you’ll be able to keep it up; but law-business comes in rather slowly at
first, old fellow.”

“Well, you know it isn’t the way I should furnish, if my capital was the
one to cash the bills; but then, you see, Sophie’s people do it, and let
them,—a girl doesn’t want to come down out of the style she has always
lived in.”

I said nothing, but had an oppressive presentiment that social freedom
would expire in that house, crushed under a weight of upholstery.

But there came in due time the wedding and the wedding-reception, and we
all went to see Bill in his new house splendidly lighted up and complete
from top to toe, and everybody said what a lucky fellow he was; but that
was about the end of it, so far as our visiting was concerned. The
running in, and dropping in, and keeping latch-keys, and making informal
calls, that had been forespoken, seemed about as likely as if Bill had
lodged in the Tuileries.

Sophie, who had always been one of your snapping, sparkling, busy sort
of girls, began at once to develop her womanhood, and show her
principles, and was as different from her former self as your careworn,
mousing old cat is from your rollicking, frisky kitten. Not but that
Sophie was a good girl. She had a capital heart, a good, true womanly
one, and was loving and obliging; but still she was one of the
desperately painstaking, conscientious sort of women whose very blood,
as they grow older, is devoured with anxiety, and she came of a race of
women in whom housekeeping was more than an art or a science,—it was, so
to speak, a religion. Sophie’s mother, aunts, and grandmothers, for
nameless generations back, were known and celebrated housekeepers. They
might have been genuine descendants of the inhabitants of that Hollandic
town of Broeck, celebrated by Washington Irving, where the cows’ tails
are kept tied up with unsullied blue ribbons, and the ends of the
firewood are painted white. He relates how a celebrated preacher,
visiting this town, found it impossible to draw these housewives from
their earthly views and employments, until he took to preaching on the
_neatness_ of the celestial city, the unsullied crystal of its walls and
the polish of its golden pavement, when the faces of all the housewives
were set Zionward at once.

Now this solemn and earnest view of housekeeping is onerous enough when
a poor girl first enters on the care of a moderately furnished house,
where the articles are not too expensive to be reasonably renewed as
time and use wear them; but it is infinitely worse when a cataract of
splendid furniture is heaped upon her care,—when splendid crystals cut
into her conscience, and mirrors reflect her duties, and moth and rust
stand ever ready to devour and sully in every room and passage-way.

Sophie was solemnly warned and instructed by all the mothers and
aunts,—she was warned of moths, warned of cockroaches, warned of flies,
warned of dust; all the articles of furniture had their covers, made of
cold Holland linen, in which they looked like bodies laid out,—even the
curtain-tassels had each its little shroud,—and bundles of receipts and
of rites and ceremonies necessary for the preservation and purification
and care of all these articles were stuffed into the poor girl’s head,
before guiltless of cares as the feathers that floated above it.

Poor Bill found very soon that his house and furniture were to be kept
at such an ideal point of perfection that he needed another house to
live in,—for, poor fellow, he found the difference between having a
house and a home. It was only a year or two after that my wife and I
started our _menage_ on very different principles, and Bill would often
drop in upon us, wistfully lingering in the cosey arm-chair between my
writing-table and my wife’s sofa, and saying with a sigh how
confoundedly pleasant things looked there,—so pleasant to have a bright,
open fire, and geraniums and roses and birds, and all that sort of
thing, and to dare to stretch out one’s legs and move without thinking
what one was going to hit. “Sophie is a good girl!” he would say, “and
wants to have everything right, but you see they won’t let her. They’ve
loaded her with so many things that have to be kept in lavender, that
the poor girl is actually getting thin and losing her health; and then,
you see, there’s Aunt Zeruah, she mounts guard at our house, and keeps
up such strict police-regulations that a fellow can’t do a thing. The
parlors are splendid, but so lonesome and dismal!—not a ray of sunshine,
in fact not a ray of light, except when a visitor is calling, and then
they open a crack. They’re afraid of flies, and yet, dear knows, they
keep every looking-glass and picture-frame muffled to its throat from
March to December. I’d like for curiosity to see what a fly would do in
our parlors!”

“Well,” said I, “can’t you have some little family sitting-room, where
you can make yourselves cosey?”

“Not a bit of it. Sophie and Aunt Zeruah have fixed their throne up in
our bedroom, and there they sit all day long, except at calling-hours,
and then Sophie dresses herself and comes down. Aunt Zeruah insists upon
it that the way is to put the whole house in order, and shut all the
blinds, and sit in your bedroom, and then, she says, nothing gets out of
place; and she tells poor Sophie the most hocus-pocus stories about her
grandmothers and aunts, who always kept everything in their houses so
that they could go and lay their hands on it in the darkest night. I’ll
bet they could in our house. From end to end it is kept looking as if we
had shut it up and gone to Europe,—not a book, not a paper, not a glove,
or any trace of a human being, in sight. The piano shut tight, the
bookcases shut and locked, the engravings locked up, all the drawers and
closets locked. Why, if I want to take a fellow into the library, in the
first place it smells like a vault, and I have to unbarricade windows,
and unlock and rummage for half an hour before I can get at anything;
and I know Aunt Zeruah is standing tiptoe at the door, ready to whip
everything back and lock up again. A fellow can’t be social, or take any
comfort in showing his books and pictures that way. Then there’s our
great, light dining-room, with its sunny south windows,—Aunt Zeruah got
us out of that early in April, because she said the flies would speck
the frescos and get into the china-closet, and we have been eating in a
little dingy den, with a window looking out on a back-alley, ever since;
and Aunt Zeruah says that now the dining-room is always in perfect
order, and that it is such a care off Sophie’s mind that I ought to be
willing to eat down-cellar to the end of the chapter. Now, you see,
Chris, my position is a delicate one, because Sophie’s folks all agree,
that, if there is anything in creation that is ignorant and dreadful and
mustn’t be allowed his way anywhere, it’s ‘a man.’ Why, you’d think, to
hear Aunt Zeruah talk, that we were all like bulls in a china-shop,
ready to toss and tear and rend, if we are not kept down-cellar and
chained; and she worries Sophie, and Sophie’s mother comes in and
worries, and if I try to get anything done differently, Sophie cries,
and says she don’t know what to do, and so I give it up. Now, if I want
to ask a few of our set in sociably to dinner, I can’t have them where
we eat down-cellar,—O, that would never do! Aunt Zeruah and Sophie’s
mother and the whole family would think the family honor was forever
ruined and undone. We mustn’t ask them, unless we open the dining-room,
and have out all the best china, and get the silver home from the bank;
and if we do that, Aunt Zeruah doesn’t sleep for a week beforehand,
getting ready for it, and for a week after, getting things put away; and
then she tells me, that, in Sophie’s delicate state, it really is
abominable for me to increase her cares, and so I invite fellows to dine
with me at Delmonico’s, and then Sophie cries, and Sophie’s mother says
it doesn’t look respectable for a family-man to be dining at public
places; but, hang it, a fellow wants a home somewhere!”

My wife soothed the chafed spirit, and spake comfortably unto him, and
told him that he knew there was the old lounging-chair always ready for
him at our fireside. “And you know,” she said, “our things are all so
plain that we are never tempted to mount any guard over them; our
carpets are nothing, and therefore we let the sun fade them, and live on
the sunshine and the flowers.”

“That’s it,” said Bill, bitterly. “Carpets fading—that’s Aunt Zeruah’s
monomania. These women think that the great object of houses is to keep
out sunshine. What a fool I was, when I gloated over the prospect of our
sunny south windows! Why, man, there are three distinct sets of
fortifications against the sunshine in those windows: first, outside
blinds; then, solid, folding, inside shutters; and, lastly, heavy,
thick, lined damask curtains, which loop quite down to the floor. What’s
the use of my pictures, I desire to know? They are hung in that room,
and it’s a regular campaign to get light enough to see what they are.”

“But, at all events, you can light them up with gas in the evening.”

“In the evening! Why, do you know my wife never wants to sit there in
the evening? She says she has so much sewing to do that she and Aunt
Zeruah must sit up in the bedroom, because it wouldn’t do to bring work
into the parlor. Didn’t you know that? Don’t you know there mustn’t be
such a thing as a bit of real work ever seen in a parlor? What if some
threads should drop on the carpet? Aunt Zeruah would have to open all
the fortifications next day, and search Jerusalem with candles to find
them. No; in the evening the gas is lighted at half-cock, you know; and
if I turn it up, and bring in my newspapers and spread about me, and
pull down some books to read, I can feel the nervousness through the
chamber-floor. Aunt Zeruah looks in at eight, and at a quarter past, and
at half-past, and at nine, and at ten, to see if I am done, so that she
may fold up the papers and put a book on them, and lock up the books in
their cases. Nobody ever comes in to spend an evening. They used to try
it when we were first married, but I believe the uninhabited appearance
of our parlors discouraged them. Everybody has stopped coming now, and
Aunt Zeruah says ‘it is such a comfort, for now the rooms are always in
order. How poor Mrs. Crowfield lives, with her house such a
thoroughfare, she is sure she can’t see. Sophie never would have
strength for it; but then, to be sure, some folks a’n’t as particular as
others. Sophie was brought up in a family of _very_ particular
housekeepers.’”

My wife smiled, with that calm, easy, amused smile that has brightened
up her sofa for so many years.

Bill added, bitterly,—

“Of course, I couldn’t say that I wished the whole set and system of
housekeeping women at the—what-’s-his-name? because Sophie would have
cried for a week, and been utterly forlorn and disconsolate. I know it’s
not the poor girl’s fault; I try sometimes to reason with her, but you
can’t reason with the whole of your wife’s family, to the third and
fourth generation backwards; but I’m sure it’s hurting her
health,—wearing her out. Why, you know Sophie used to be the life of our
set; and now she really seems eaten up with care from morning to night,
there are so many things in the house that something dreadful is
happening to all the while, and the servants we get are so clumsy. Why,
when I sit with Sophie and Aunt Zeruah, it’s nothing but a constant
string of complaints about the girls in the kitchen. We keep changing
our servants all the time, and they break and destroy so that now we are
turned out of the use of all our things. We not only eat in the
basement, but all our pretty table-things are put away, and we have all
the cracked plates and cracked tumblers and cracked teacups and old
buck-handled knives that can be raised out of chaos. I could use these
things and be merry, if I didn’t know we had better ones; and I can’t
help wondering whether there isn’t some way that our table could be set
to look like a gentleman’s table; but Aunt Zeruah says that ‘it would
cost thousands, and what difference does it make as long as nobody sees
it but us?’ You see, there is no medium in her mind between china and
crystal and cracked earthen-ware. Well, I’m wondering how all these laws
of the Medes and Persians are going to work when the children come
along. I’m in hopes the children will soften off the old folks, and make
the house more habitable.”

Well, children did come, a good many of them, in time. There was Tom, a
broad-shouldered, chubby-cheeked, active, hilarious son of mischief,
born in the very image of his father; and there was Charlie, and Jim,
and Louisa, and Sophie the second, and Frank,—and a better, brighter,
more joy-giving household, as far as temperament and nature were
concerned, never existed.

But their whole childhood was a long battle, children _versus_
furniture, and furniture always carried the day. The first step of the
housekeeping powers was to choose the least agreeable and least
available room in the house for the children’s nursery, and to fit it up
with all the old, cracked, rickety furniture a neighboring auction-shop
could afford, and then to keep them in it. Now everybody knows that to
bring up children to be upright, true, generous, and religious, needs so
much discipline, so much restraint and correction, and so many rules and
regulations, that it is all that the parents can carry out, and all the
children can bear. There is only a certain amount of the vital force for
parents or children to use in this business of education, and one must
choose what it shall be used for. The Aunt-Zeruah faction chose to use
it for keeping the house and furniture, and the children’s education
proceeded accordingly. The rules of right and wrong of which they heard
most frequently were all of this sort: Naughty children were those who
went up the front-stairs, or sat on the best sofa, or fingered any of
the books in the library, or got out one of the best teacups, or drank
out of the cut-glass goblets.

Why did they ever want to do it? If there ever is a forbidden fruit in
an Eden, will not our young Adams and Eves risk soul and body to find
out how it tastes? Little Tom, the oldest boy, had the courage and
enterprise and perseverance of a Captain Parry or Dr. Kane, and he used
them all in voyages of discovery to forbidden grounds. He stole Aunt
Zeruah’s keys, unlocked her cupboards and closets, saw, handled, and
tasted everything for himself, and gloried in his sins.

“Don’t you know, Tom,” said the nurse to him once, “if you are so noisy
and rude, you’ll disturb your dear mamma? She’s sick, and she may die,
if you’re not careful.”

“Will she die?” says Tom, gravely.

“Why, she _may_.”

“Then,” said Tom, turning on his heel,—“then I’ll go up the
front-stairs.”

As soon as ever the little rebel was old enough, he was sent away to
boarding-school, and then there was never found a time when it was
convenient to have him come home again. He could not come in the spring,
for then they were house-cleaning, nor in the autumn, because _then_
they were house-cleaning; and so he spent his vacations at school,
unless, by good luck, a companion who was so fortunate as to have a home
invited him there. His associations, associates, habits, principles,
were as little known to his mother as if she had sent him to China. Aunt
Zeruah used to congratulate herself on the rest there was at home, now
he was gone, and say she was only living in hopes of the time when
Charlie and Jim would be big enough to send away too; and meanwhile
Charlie and Jim, turned out of the charmed circle which should hold
growing boys to the father’s and mother’s side, detesting the dingy,
lonely play-room, used to run the city streets, and hang round the
railroad depots or docks. Parents may depend upon it, that, if they do
not make an attractive resort for their boys, Satan will. There are
places enough, kept warm and light and bright and merry, where boys can
go whose mothers’ parlors are too fine for them to sit in. There are
enough to be found to clap them on the back, and tell them stories that
their mothers must not hear, and laugh when they compass with their
little piping voices the dreadful litanies of sin and shame. In middle
life, our poor Sophie, who as a girl was so gay and frolicsome, so full
of spirits, had dried and sharpened into a hard-visaged, angular
woman,—careful and troubled about many things, and forgetful that one
thing is needful. One of the boys had run away to sea; I believe he has
never been heard of. As to Tom, the oldest, he ran a career wild and
hard enough for a time, first at school and then in college, and there
came a time when he came home, in the full might of six feet two, and
almost broke his mother’s heart with his assertions of his home rights
and privileges. Mothers who throw away the key of their children’s
hearts and childhood sometimes have a sad retribution. As the children
never were considered when they were little and helpless, so they do not
consider when they are strong and powerful. Tom spread wide desolation
among the household gods, lounging on the sofas, spitting tobacco-juice
on the carpets, scattering books and engravings hither and thither, and
throwing all the family traditions into wild disorder, as he would never
have done, had not all his childish remembrances of them been embittered
by the association of restraint and privation. He actually seemed to
hate any appearance of luxury or taste or order,—he was a perfect
Philistine.

As for my friend Bill, from being the pleasantest and most genial of
fellows, he became a morose, misanthropic man. Dr. Franklin has a
significant proverb,—“Silks and satins put out the kitchen-fire.” Silks
and satins—meaning by them the luxuries of housekeeping—often put out
not only the parlor-fire, but that more sacred flame, the fire of
domestic love. It is the greatest possible misery to a man and to his
children to be _homeless_; and many a man has a splendid house, but no
home.

“Papa,” said Jenny, “you ought to write and tell what are your ideas of
keeping a _home_.”

“Girls, you have only to think how your mother has brought you up.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

Nevertheless, I think, being so fortunate a husband, I might reduce my
wife’s system to an analysis, and my next paper shall be,—

_What is a Home, and how to keep it._


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  III.

                            WHAT IS A HOME?


IT is among the sibylline secrets which lie mysteriously between you and
me, O reader, that these papers, besides their public aspect, have a
private one proper to the bosom of mine own particular family.

They are not merely an _ex post facto_ protest in regard to that carpet
and parlor of celebrated memory, but they are forth-looking towards
other homes that may yet arise near us.

For, among my other confidences, you may recollect I stated to you that
our Marianne was busy in those interesting cares and details which
relate to the preparing and ordering of another dwelling.

Now, when any such matter is going on in a family, I have observed that
every feminine instinct is in a state of fluttering vitality,—every
woman, old or young, is alive with womanliness to the tips of her
fingers; and it becomes us of the other sex, however consciously
respected, to walk softly and put forth our sentiments discreetly and
with due reverence for the mysterious powers that reign in the feminine
breast.

I had been too well advised to offer one word of direct counsel on a
subject where there were such charming voices, so able to convict me of
absurdity at every turn. I had merely so arranged my affairs as to put
into the hands of my bankers, subject to my wife’s order, the very
modest marriage-portion which I could place at my girl’s disposal; and
Marianne and Jenny, unused to the handling of money, were incessant in
their discussions with ever-patient mamma as to what was to be done with
it. I say Marianne and Jenny, for, though the case undoubtedly is
Marianne’s, yet, like everything else in our domestic proceedings, it
seems to fall, somehow or other, into Jenny’s hands, through the
intensity and liveliness of her domesticity of nature. Little Jenny is
so bright and wide-awake, and with so many active plans and fancies
touching anything in the housekeeping world, that, though the youngest
sister, and second party in this affair, a stranger, hearkening to the
daily discussions, might listen a half-hour at a time without finding
out that it was not Jenny’s future establishment that was in question.
Marianne is a soft, thoughtful, quiet girl, not given to many words; and
though, when you come fairly at it, you will find, that, like most quiet
girls, she has a will five times as inflexible as one who talks more,
yet in all family counsels it is Jenny and mamma that do the discussion,
and her own little well-considered “Yes,” or “No,” that finally settles
each case.

I must add to this family _tableau_ the portrait of the excellent Bob
Stephens, who figured as future proprietor and householder in these
consultations. So far as the question of financial possibilities is
concerned, it is important to remark that Bob belongs to the class of
young Edmunds celebrated by the poet:—

                   “Wisdom and worth were all he had.”

He is, in fact, an excellent-hearted and clever fellow, with a world of
agreeable talents, a good tenor in a parlor-duet, a good actor at a
charade, a lively, off-hand conversationist, well up in all the current
literature of the day, and what is more, in my eyes, a well-read lawyer,
just admitted to the bar, and with as fair business prospects as usually
fall to the lot of young aspirants in that profession.

Of course, he and my girl are duly and truly in love, in all the proper
moods and tenses; but as to this work they have in hand of being
householders, managing fuel, rent, provision, taxes, gas- and
water-rates, they seem to my older eyes about as sagacious as a pair of
this year’s robins. Nevertheless, as the robins of each year do somehow
learn to build nests as well as their ancestors, there is reason to hope
as much for each new pair of human creatures. But it is one of the
fatalities of our ill-jointed life that houses are usually furnished for
future homes by young people in just this state of blissful ignorance of
what they are really wanted for, or what is likely to be done with the
things in them.

Now, to people of large incomes, with ready wealth for the rectification
of mistakes, it doesn’t much matter how the _menage_ is arranged at
first; they will, if they have good sense, soon rid themselves of the
little infelicities and absurdities of their first arrangements, and
bring their establishment to meet their more instructed tastes.

But to that greater class who have only a modest investment for this
first start in domestic life mistakes are far more serious. I have known
people go on for years groaning under the weight of domestic possessions
they did not want, and pining in vain for others which they did, simply
from the fact that all their first purchases were made in this time of
blissful ignorance.

I had been a quiet auditor to many animated discussions among the young
people as to what they wanted, and were to get, in which the subject of
prudence and economy was discussed, with quotations of advice thereon
given in serious good faith by various friends and relations who lived
easily on incomes four or five times larger than our own. Who can show
the ways of elegant economy more perfectly than people thus at ease in
their possessions? From what serene heights do they instruct the
inexperienced beginners! Ten thousand a year gives one leisure for
reflection, and elegant leisure enables one to view household economies
dispassionately; hence the unction with which these gifted daughters of
upper-air delight to exhort young neophytes.

“Depend upon it, my dear,” Aunt Sophia Easygo had said, “it’s always the
best economy to get the best things. They cost more in the beginning,
but see how they last! These velvet carpets on my floor have been in
constant wear for ten years, and look how they wear! I never have an
ingrain carpet in my house,—not even on the chambers. Velvet and
Brussels cost more to begin with, but then they last. Then I cannot
recommend the fashion that is creeping in, of having plate instead of
solid silver. Plate wears off, and has to be renewed, which comes to
about the same thing in the end as if you bought all solid at first. If
I were beginning as Marianne is, I should just set aside a thousand
dollars for my silver, and be content with a few plain articles. She
should buy all her furniture at Messrs. David and Saul’s. People call
them dear, but their work will prove cheapest in the end, and there is
an air and style about their things that can be told anywhere. Of
course, you won’t go to any extravagant lengths,—simplicity is a grace
of itself.”

The waters of the family council were troubled, when Jenny, flaming with
enthusiasm, brought home the report of this conversation. When my wife
proceeded, with her well-trained business knowledge, to compare the
prices of the simplest elegancies recommended by Aunt Easygo with the
sum-total to be drawn on, faces lengthened perceptibly.

“How _are_ people to go to housekeeping,” said Jenny, “if everything
costs so much?”

My wife quietly remarked, that we had had great comfort in our own
home,—had entertained unnumbered friends, and had only ingrain carpets
on our chambers and a three-ply on our parlor, and she doubted if any
guest had ever thought of it,—if the rooms had been a shade less
pleasant; and as to durability, Aunt Easygo had renewed her carpets
oftener than we. Such as ours were, they had worn longer than hers.

“But, mamma, you know everything has gone on since your day. Everybody
must at least approach a certain style now-a-days. One can’t furnish so
far behind other people.”

My wife answered in her quiet way, setting forth her doctrine of a plain
average to go through the whole establishment, placing parlors,
chambers, kitchen, pantries, and the unseen depths of linen-closets in
harmonious relations of just proportion, and showed by calm estimates
how far the sum given could go towards this result. _There_ the limits
were inexorable. There is nothing so damping to the ardor of youthful
economies as the hard, positive logic of figures. It is so delightful to
think in some airy way that the things we _like_ best are the cheapest,
and that a sort of rigorous duty compels us to get them at any
sacrifice. There is no remedy for this illusion but to show by the
multiplication and addition tables what things are and are not possible.
My wife’s figures met Aunt Easygo’s assertions, and there was a lull
among the high contracting parties for a season; nevertheless, I could
see Jenny was secretly uneasy. I began to hear of journeys made to far
places, here and there, where expensive articles of luxury were selling
at reduced prices. Now a gilded mirror was discussed, and now a velvet
carpet which chance had brought down temptingly near the sphere of
financial possibility. I thought of our parlor, and prayed the good
fairies to avert the advent of ill-assorted articles.

“Pray keep common sense uppermost in the girls’ heads, if you can,” said
I to Mrs. Crowfield, “and don’t let the poor little puss spend her money
for what she won’t care a button about by and by.”

“I shall try,” she said; “but you know Marianne is inexperienced, and
Jenny is so ardent and active, and so confident, too. Then they both, I
think, have the impression that we are a little behind the age. To say
the truth, my dear, I think your papers afford a good opportunity of
dropping a thought now and then in their minds. Jenny was asking last
night when you were going to write your next paper. The girl has a
bright, active mind, and thinks of what she hears.”

So flattered, by the best of flatterers, I sat down to write on my
theme; and that evening, at firelight time, I read to my little senate
as follows:—


                  WHAT IS A HOME, AND HOW TO KEEP IT.

I have shown that a dwelling, rented or owned by a man, in which his own
wife keeps house, is not always, or of course, a home. What is it, then,
that makes a home? All men and women have the indefinite knowledge of
what they want and long for when that word is spoken. “Home!” sighs the
disconsolate bachelor, tired of boarding-house fare and buttonless
shirts. “Home!” says the wanderer in foreign lands, and thinks of
mother’s love, of wife and sister and child. Nay, the word has in it a
higher meaning, hallowed by religion; and when the Christian would
express the highest of his hopes for a better life, he speaks of his
_home_ beyond the grave. The word home has in it the elements of love,
rest, permanency, and liberty; but besides these it has in it the idea
of an education by which all that is purest within us is developed into
nobler forms, fit for a higher life. The little child by the
home-fireside was taken on the Master’s knee when he would explain to
his disciples the mysteries of the kingdom.

Of so great dignity and worth is this holy and sacred thing, that the
power to create a HOME ought to be ranked above all creative faculties.
The sculptor who brings out the breathing statue from cold marble, the
painter who warms the canvas into a deathless glow of beauty, the
architect who built cathedrals and hung the world-like dome of St.
Peter’s in mid-air, is not to be compared, in sanctity and worthiness,
to the humblest artist, who, out of the poor materials afforded by this
shifting, changing, selfish world, creates the secure Eden of a _home_.

A true home should be called the noblest work of art possible to human
creatures, inasmuch as it is the very image chosen to represent the last
and highest rest of the soul, the consummation of man’s blessedness.

Not without reason does the oldest Christian church require of those
entering on marriage the most solemn review of all the past life, the
confession and repentance of every sin of thought, word, and deed, and
the reception of the holy sacrament; for thus the man and woman who
approach the august duty of creating a home are reminded of the sanctity
and beauty of what they undertake.

In this art of home-making I have set down in my mind certain first
principles, like the axioms of Euclid, and the first is,—

_No home is possible without love._

All business marriages and marriages of convenience, all mere culinary
marriages and marriages of mere animal passion, make the creation of a
true home impossible in the outset. Love is the jewelled foundation of
this New Jerusalem descending from God out of heaven, and takes as many
bright forms as the amethyst, topaz, and sapphire of that mysterious
vision. In this range of creative art all things are possible to him
that loveth, but without love nothing is possible.

We hear of most convenient marriages in foreign lands, which may better
be described as commercial partnerships. The money on each side is
counted; there is enough between the parties to carry on the firm, each
having the appropriate sum allotted to each. No love is pretended, but
there is great politeness. All is so legally and thoroughly arranged,
that there seems to be nothing left for future quarrels to fasten on.
Monsieur and Madame have each their apartments, their carriages, their
servants, their income, their friends, their pursuits,—understand the
solemn vows of marriage to mean simply that they are to treat each other
with urbanity in those few situations where the path of life must
necessarily bring them together.

We are sorry that such an idea of marriage should be gaining foothold in
America. It has its root in an ignoble view of life,—an utter and pagan
darkness as to all that man and woman are called to do in that highest
relation where they act as one. It is a mean and low contrivance on both
sides, by which all the grand work of home-building, all the noble pains
and heroic toils of home-education,—that education where the parents
learn more than they teach,—shall be (let us use the expressive Yankee
idiom) _shirked_.

It is a curious fact that in those countries where this system of
marriages is the general rule there is no word corresponding to our
English word _home_. In many polite languages of Europe it would be
impossible neatly to translate the sentiment with which we began this
essay, that a man’s _house_ is not always his _home_.

Let any one try to render the song, “Sweet Home,” into French, and one
finds how Anglo-Saxon is the very genius of the word. The structure of
life, in all its relations, in countries where marriages are matter of
arrangement, and not of love, excludes the idea of home.

How does life run in such countries? The girl is recalled from her
convent or boarding-school, and told that her father has found a husband
for her. No objection on her part is contemplated or provided for; none
generally occurs, for the child is only too happy to obtain the fine
clothes and the liberty which she has been taught come only with
marriage. Be the man handsome or homely, interesting or stupid, still he
brings these.

How intolerable such a marriage! we say, with the close intimacies of
Anglo-Saxon life in our minds. They are not intolerable, because they
are provided for by arrangements which make it possible for each to go
his or her several way, seeing very little of the other. The son or
daughter, which in due time makes its appearance in this _menage_, is
sent out to nurse in infancy, sent to boarding-school in youth, and in
maturity portioned and married, to repeat the same process for another
generation. Meanwhile, father and mother keep a quiet establishment, and
pursue their several pleasures. Such is the system.

Houses built for this kind of life become mere sets of reception-rooms,
such as are the greater proportion of apartments to let in Paris, where
a hearty English or American family, with their children about them,
could scarcely find room to establish themselves. Individual character,
it is true, does something to modify this programme. There are charming
homes in France and Italy, where warm and noble natures, thrown
together, perhaps, by accident, or mated by wise paternal choice, infuse
warmth into the coldness of the system under which they live. There are
in all states of society some of such domesticity of nature that they
will create a home around themselves under any circumstances, however
barren. Besides, so kindly is human nature, that Love uninvited before
marriage, often becomes a guest after, and with Love always comes a
home.

My next axiom is,—

_There can be no true home without liberty._

The very idea of home is of a retreat where we shall be free to act out
personal and individual tastes and peculiarities, as we cannot do before
the wide world. We are to have our meals at what hour we will, served in
what style suits us. Our hours of going and coming are to be as we
please. Our favorite haunts are to be here or there, our pictures and
books so disposed as seems to us good, and our whole arrangements the
expression, so far as our means can compass it, of our own personal
ideas of what is pleasant and desirable in life. This element of
liberty, if we think of it, is the chief charm of home. “Here I can do
as I please,” is the thought with which the tempest-tossed earth-pilgrim
blesses himself or herself, turning inward from the crowded ways of the
world. This thought blesses the man of business, as he turns from his
day’s care, and crosses the sacred threshold. It is as restful to him as
the slippers and gown and easy-chair by the fireside. Everybody
understands him here. Everybody is well content that he should take his
ease in his own way. Such is the case in the _ideal_ home. That such is
not always the case in the real home comes often from the mistakes in
the house-furnishing. Much house-furnishing is _too fine_ for liberty.

In America there is no such thing as rank and station which impose a
sort of prescriptive style on people of certain income. The consequence
is that all sorts of furniture and belongings, which in the Old World
have a recognized relation to certain possibilities of income, and which
require certain other accessories to make them in good keeping, are
thrown in the way of all sorts of people.

Young people who cannot expect by any reasonable possibility to keep
more than two or three servants, if they happen to have the means in the
outset, furnish a house with just such articles as in England would suit
an establishment of sixteen. We have seen houses in England having two
or three house-maids, and tables served by a butler and two waiters,
where the furniture, carpets, china, crystal, and silver were in one and
the same style with some establishments in America where the family was
hard pressed to keep three Irish servants.

This want of servants is the one thing that must modify everything in
American life; it is, and will long continue to be, a leading feature in
the life of a country so rich in openings for man and woman that
domestic service can be only the stepping-stone to something higher.
Nevertheless, we Americans are great travellers; we are sensitive,
appreciative, fond of novelty, apt to receive and incorporate into our
own life what seems fair and graceful in that of other people. Our
women’s wardrobes are made elaborate with the thousand elegancies of
French toilet,—our houses filled with a thousand knick-knacks of which
our plain ancestors never dreamed. Cleopatra did not set sail on the
Nile in more state and beauty than that in which our young American
bride is often ushered into her new home. Her wardrobe all gossamer lace
and quaint frill and crimp and embroidery, her house a museum of elegant
and costly gewgaws; and amid the whole collection of elegancies and
fragilities, she, perhaps, the frailest.

Then comes the tug of war. The young wife becomes a mother, and while
she is retired to her chamber, blundering Biddy rusts the elegant
knives, or takes off the ivory handles by soaking in hot water,—the
silver is washed in greasy soap-suds, and refreshed now and then with a
thump, which cocks the nose of the teapot awry, or makes the handle
assume an air of drunken defiance. The fragile China is chipped here and
there around its edges with those minute gaps so vexatious to a woman’s
soul; the handles fly hither and thither in the wild confusion of
Biddy’s washing-day hurry, when cook wants her to help hang out the
clothes. Meanwhile, Bridget sweeps the parlor with a hard broom, and
shakes out showers of ashes from the grate, forgetting to cover the
damask lounges, and they directly look as rusty and time-worn as if they
had come from an auction-store; and all together unite in making such
havoc of the delicate ruffles and laces of the bridal outfit and
baby-_layette_, that, when the poor young wife comes out of her chamber
after her nurse has left her, and, weakened and embarrassed with the
demands of the new-comer, begins to look once more into the affairs of
her little world, she is ready to sink with vexation and discouragement.
Poor little princess. Her clothes are made as princesses wear them, her
baby’s clothes like a young duke’s, her house furnished like a lord’s,
and only Bridget and Biddy and Polly to do the work of cook,
scullery-maid, butler, footman, laundress, nursery-maid, house-maid, and
lady’s maid. Such is the array that in the Old Country would be deemed
necessary to take care of an establishment got up like hers. Everything
in it is _too fine_,—not too fine to be pretty, not in bad taste in
itself, but too fine for the situation, too fine for comfort or liberty.

What ensues in a house so furnished? Too often ceaseless fretting of the
nerves, in the wife’s despairing, conscientious efforts to keep things
as they should be. There is no freedom in a house where things are too
expensive and choice to be freely handled and easily replaced. Life
becomes a series of petty embarrassments and restrictions, something is
always going wrong, and the man finds his fireside oppressive,—the
various articles of his parlor and table seem like so many temper-traps
and spring-guns, menacing explosion and disaster.

There may be, indeed, the most perfect home-feeling, the utmost
coseyness and restfulness, in apartments crusted with gilding, carpeted
with velvet, and upholstered with satin. I have seen such, where the
home-like look and air of free use was as genuine as in a Western
log-cabin; but this was in a range of princely income that made all
these things as easy to be obtained or replaced as the most ordinary of
our domestic furniture. But so long as articles must be shrouded from
use, or used with fear and trembling, because their cost is above the
general level of our means, we had better be without them, even though
the most lucky of accidents may put their possession in our power.

But it is not merely by the effort to maintain too much elegance that
the sense of home-liberty is banished from a house. It is sometimes
expelled in another way, with all painstaking and conscientious
strictness, by the worthiest and best of human beings, the blessed
followers of Saint Martha. Have we not known them, the dear, worthy
creatures, up before daylight, causing most scrupulous lustrations of
every pane of glass and inch of paint in our parlors, in consequence
whereof every shutter and blind must be kept closed for days to come,
lest the flies should speck the freshly washed windows and wainscoting?
Dear shade of Aunt Mehitabel, forgive our boldness? Have we not been
driven for days, in our youth, to read our newspaper in the front
veranda, in the kitchen, out in the barn,—anywhere, in fact, where
sunshine could be found, because there was not a room in the house that
was not cleaned, shut up, and darkened? Have we not shivered with cold,
all the glowering, gloomy month of May, because the august front-parlor
having undergone the spring-cleaning, the andirons were snugly tied up
in the tissue-paper, and an elegant frill of the same material was
trembling before the mouth of the once glowing fireplace? Even so, dear
soul, full of loving-kindness and hospitality as thou wast, yet ever
making our house seem like a tomb! And with what patience wouldst thou
sit sewing by a crack in the shutters, an inch wide, rejoicing in thy
immaculate paint and clear glass! But was there ever a thing of thy
spotless and unsullied belongings which a boy might use? How I trembled
to touch thy scoured tins, that hung in appalling brightness! with what
awe I asked for a basket to pick strawberries! and where in the house
could I find a place to eat a piece of gingerbread? How like a ruffian,
a Tartar, a pirate, I always felt, when I entered thy domains! and how,
from day to day, I wondered at the immeasurable depths of depravity
which were always leading me to upset something, or break or tear or
derange something, in thy exquisitely kept premises! Somehow, the
impression was burned with overpowering force into my mind, that houses
and furniture, scrubbed floors, white curtains, bright tins and brasses
were the great, awful, permanent facts of existence,—and that men and
women, and particularly children, were the meddlesome intruders upon
this divine order, every trace of whose inter-meddling must be scrubbed
out and obliterated in the quickest way possible. It seemed evident to
me that houses would be far more perfect, if nobody lived in them at
all; but that, as men had really and absurdly taken to living in them,
they must live as little as possible. My only idea of a house was a
place full of traps and pitfalls for boys, a deadly temptation to sins
which beset one every moment; and when I read about a sailor’s free life
on the ocean, I felt an untold longing to go forth and be free in like
manner.

But a truce to these fancies, and back again to our essay.

If liberty in a house is a comfort to a husband, it is a necessity to
children. When we say liberty, we do not mean license. We do not mean
that Master Johnny be allowed to handle elegant volumes with
bread-and-butter fingers, or that little Miss be suffered to drum on the
piano, or practise line-drawing with a pin on varnished furniture. Still
it is essential that the family-parlors be not too fine for the family
to sit in,—too fine for the ordinary accidents, haps and mishaps, of
reasonably well-trained children. The elegance of the parlor where papa
and mamma sit and receive their friends should wear an inviting, not a
hostile and bristling, aspect to little people. Its beauty and its order
gradually form in the little mind a love of beauty and order, and the
insensible carefulness of regard.

Nothing is worse for a child than to shut him up in a room which he
understands is his, _because_ he is disorderly,—where he is expected, of
course, to maintain and keep disorder. We have sometimes pitied the poor
little victims who show their faces longingly at the doors of elegant
parlors, and are forthwith collared by the domestic police and consigned
to some attic-apartment, called a play-room, where chaos continually
reigns. It is a mistake to suppose, because children derange a
well-furnished apartment, that they like confusion. Order and beauty are
always pleasant to them as to grown people, and disorder and defacement
are painful; but they know neither how to create the one nor to prevent
the other,—their little lives are a series of experiments, often making
disorder by aiming at some new form of order. Yet, for all this, I am
not one of those who feel that in a family everything should bend to the
sway of these little people. They are the worst of tyrants in such
houses,—still, where children are, though the fact must not appear to
them, _nothing must be done without a wise thought of them_.

Here, as in all high art, the old motto is in force, “_Ars est celare
artem_.” Children who are taught too plainly by every anxious look and
word of their parents, by every family arrangement, by the impressment
of every chance guest into the service, that their parents consider
their education as the one important matter in creation, are apt to grow
up fantastical, artificial, and hopelessly self-conscious. The stars
cannot stop in their courses, even for our personal improvement, and the
sooner children learn this, the better. The great art is to organize a
home which shall move on with a strong, wide, generous movement, where
the little people shall act themselves out as freely and impulsively as
can consist with the comfort of the whole, and where the anxious
watching and planning for them shall be kept as secret from them as
possible.

It is well that one of the sunniest and airiest rooms in the house be
the children’s nursery. It is good philosophy, too, to furnish it
attractively, even if the sum expended lower the standard of
parlor-luxuries. It is well that the children’s chamber, which is to act
constantly on their impressible natures for years, should command a
better prospect, a sunnier aspect, than one which serves for a day’s
occupancy of the transient guest. It is well that journeys should be
made or put off in view of the interests of the children,—that guests
should be invited with a view to their improvement,—that some intimacies
should be chosen and some rejected on their account. But it is _not_
well that all this should, from infancy, be daily talked out before the
child, and he grow up in egotism from moving in a sphere where
everything from first to last is calculated and arranged with reference
to himself. A little appearance of wholesome neglect combined with real
care and never-ceasing watchfulness has often seemed to do wonders in
this work of setting human beings on their own feet for the
life-journey.

Education is the highest object of home, but education in the widest
sense,—education of the parents no less than of the children. In a true
home the man and the woman receive, through their cares, their
watchings, their hospitality, their charity, the last and highest finish
that earth can put upon them. From that they must pass upward, for earth
can teach them no more.

The home-education is incomplete, unless it include the idea of
hospitality and charity. Hospitality is a Biblical and apostolic virtue,
and not so often recommended in Holy Writ without reason. Hospitality is
much neglected in America for the very reasons touched upon above. We
have received our ideas of propriety and elegance of living from old
countries, where labor is cheap, where domestic service is a
well-understood, permanent occupation, adopted cheerfully for life, and
where of course there is such a subdivision of labor as insures great
thoroughness in all its branches. We are ashamed or afraid to conform
honestly and hardily to a state of things purely American. We have not
yet accomplished what our friend the Doctor calls “our weaning,” and
learned that dinners with circuitous courses and divers other
Continental and English refinements, well enough in their way, cannot be
accomplished in families with two or three untrained servants, without
an expense of care and anxiety which makes them heart-withering to the
delicate wife, and too severe a trial to occur often. America is the
land of subdivided fortunes, of a general average of wealth and comfort,
and there ought to be, therefore, an understanding in the social basis
far more simple than in the Old World.

Many families of small fortunes know this,—they are quietly living
so,—but they have not the steadiness to share their daily average living
with a friend, a traveller, or guest, just as the Arab shares his tent
and the Indian his bowl of succotash. They cannot have company, they
say. Why? Because it is such a fuss to get out the best things, and then
to put them back again. But why get out the best things? Why not give
your friend, what he would like a thousand times better, a bit of your
average home-life, a seat at any time at your board, a seat at your
fire? If he sees that there is a handle off your teacup, and that there
is a crack across one of your plates, he only thinks, with a sigh of
relief, “Well, mine aren’t the only things that meet with accidents,”
and he feels nearer to you ever after; he will let you come to his table
and see the cracks in his teacups, and you will condole with each other
on the transient nature of earthly possessions. If it become apparent in
these entirely undressed rehearsals that your children are sometimes
disorderly, and that your cook sometimes overdoes the meat, and that
your second girl sometimes is awkward in waiting, or has forgotten a
table propriety, your friend only feels, “Ah, well, other people have
trials as well as I,” and he thinks, if you come to see him, he shall
feel, easy with you.

“_Having company_” is an expense that may always be felt; but easy daily
hospitality, the plate always on your table for a friend, is an expense
that appears on no account-book, and a pleasure that is daily and
constant.

Under this head of hospitality, let us suppose a case. A traveller comes
from England; he comes in good faith and good feeling to see how
Americans live. He merely wants to penetrate into the interior of
domestic life, to see what there is genuinely and peculiarly American
about it. Now here is Smilax, who is living, in a small, neat way, on
his salary from the daily press. He remembers hospitalities received
from our traveller in England, and wants to return them. He remembers,
too, with dismay, a well-kept establishment, the well-served table, the
punctilious, orderly servants. Smilax keeps two, a cook and chambermaid,
who divide the functions of his establishment between them. What shall
he do? Let him say, in a fair, manly way, “My dear fellow, I’m delighted
to see you. I live in a small way, but I’ll do my best for you, and Mrs.
Smilax will be delighted. Come and dine with us, so and so, and we’ll
bring in one or two friends.” So the man comes, and Mrs. Smilax serves
up such a dinner as lies within the limits of her knowledge and the
capacities of her servants. All plain, good of its kind, unpretending,
without an attempt to do anything English or French,—to do anything more
than if she were furnishing a gala-dinner for her father or returned
brother. Show him your house freely, just as it is, talk to him freely
of it, just as he in England showed you his larger house and talked to
you of his finer things. If the man is a true man, he will thank you for
such unpretending, sincere welcome; if he is a man of straw, then he is
not worth wasting Mrs. Smilax’s health and spirits for, in unavailing
efforts to get up a foreign dinner-party.

A man who has any heart in him values a genuine, little bit of home more
than anything else you can give him. He can get French cooking at a
restaurant; he can buy expensive wines at first-class hotels, if he
wants them; but the traveller, though ever so rich and ever so
well-served at home, is, after all, nothing but a man as you are, and he
is craving something that doesn’t seem like an hotel,—some bit of real,
genuine heart-life. Perhaps he would like better than anything to show
you the last photograph of his wife, or to read to you the great,
round-hand letter of his ten-year-old which he has got to-day. He is
ready to cry when he thinks of it. In this mood he goes to see you,
hoping for something like home, and you first receive him in a parlor
opened only on state-occasions, and that has been circumstantially and
exactly furnished, as the upholsterer assures you, as every other parlor
of the kind in the city is furnished. You treat him to a dinner got up
for the occasion, with hired waiters,—a dinner which it has taken Mrs.
Smilax a week to prepare for, and will take her a week to recover
from,—for which the baby has been snubbed and turned off, to his loud
indignation, and your young four-year-old sent to his aunts. Your
traveller eats your dinner, and finds it inferior, as a work of art, to
other dinners,—a poor imitation. He goes away and criticises; you hear
of it, and resolve never to invite a foreigner again. But if you had
given him a little of your heart, a little home-warmth and feeling,—if
you had shown him your baby, and let him romp with your four-year-old,
and eat a genuine dinner with you,—would he have been false to that? Not
so likely. He wanted something real and human,—you gave him a bad
dress-rehearsal, and dress-rehearsals always provoke criticism.

Besides hospitality, there is, in a true home, a mission of charity. It
is a just law which regulates the possession of great or beautiful works
of art in the Old World, that they shall in some sense be considered the
property of all who can appreciate. Fine grounds have hours when the
public may be admitted,—pictures and statues may be shown to visitors;
and this is a noble charity. In the same manner the fortunate
individuals who have achieved the greatest of all human works of art
should employ it as a sacred charity. How many, morally wearied,
wandering, disabled, are healed and comforted by the warmth of a true
home! When a mother has sent her son to the temptations of a distant
city, what news is so glad to her heart as that he has found some quiet
family where he visits often and is made to feel AT HOME? How many young
men have good women saved from temptation and shipwreck by drawing them
often to the sheltered corner by the fireside! The poor artist,—the
wandering genius who has lost his way in this world, and stumbles like a
child among hard realities,—the many men and women who, while they have
houses, have no homes,—see from afar, in their distant, bleak
life-journey, the light of a true home-fire, and, if made welcome there,
warm their stiffened limbs, and go forth stronger to their pilgrimage.
Let those who have accomplished this beautiful and perfect work of
divine art be liberal of its influence. Let them not seek to bolt the
doors and draw the curtains; for they know not, and will never know till
the future life, of the good they may do by the ministration of this
great charity of home.

We have heard much lately of the restricted sphere of woman. We have
been told how many spirits among women are of a wider, stronger, more
heroic mould than befits the mere routine of housekeeping. It may be
true that there are many women far too great, too wise, too high, for
mere housekeeping. But where is the woman in any way too great or too
high, or too wise, to spend herself in creating a home? What can any
woman make diviner, higher, better? From such homes go forth all
heroisms, all inspirations, all great deeds. Such mothers and such homes
have made the heroes and martyrs, faithful unto death, who have given
their precious lives to us during these three years of our agony!

Homes are the work of art peculiar to the genius of woman. Man _helps_
in this work, but woman leads; the hive is always in confusion without
the _queen_-bee. But what a woman must she be who does this work
perfectly! She comprehends all, she balances and arranges all; all
different tastes and temperaments find in her their rest, and she can
unite at one hearthstone the most discordant elements. In her is order,
yet an order ever veiled and concealed by indulgence. None are checked,
reproved, abridged of privileges by her love of system; for she knows
that order was made for the family, and not the family for order.
Quietly she takes on herself what all others refuse or overlook. What
the unwary disarrange she silently rectifies. Everybody in her sphere
breathes easy, feels free; and the driest twig begins in her sunshine to
put out buds and blossoms. So quiet are her operations and movements,
that none sees that it is she who holds all things in harmony; only,
alas, when she is gone, how many things suddenly appear disordered,
inharmonious, neglected! All these threads have been smilingly held in
her weak hand. Alas, if that is no longer there!

Can any woman be such a housekeeper without inspiration? No. In the
words of the old church-service, “Her soul must ever have affiance in
God.” The New Jerusalem of a perfect home cometh down from God out of
heaven. But to make such a home is ambition high and worthy enough for
_any_ woman, be she what she may.

One thing more. Right on the threshold of all perfection lies _the
cross_ to be taken up. No one can go over or around that cross in
science or in art. Without labor and self-denial neither Raphael nor
Michel Angelo nor Newton was made perfect. Nor can man or woman create a
true home who is not willing in the outset to embrace life heroically,
to encounter labor and sacrifice. Only to such shall this divinest power
be given to create on earth that which is the nearest image of heaven.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  IV.

                     THE ECONOMY OF THE BEAUTIFUL.


TALKING to you in this way once a month, O my confidential reader, there
seems to be danger, as in all intervals of friendship, that we shall not
readily be able to take up our strain of conversation just where we left
off. Suffer me, therefore, to remind you that the month past left us
seated at the fireside, just as we had finished reading of what a home
was, and how to make one.

The fire had burned low, and great, solid hickory coals were winking
dreamily at us from out their fluffy coats of white ashes,—just as if
some household sprite there were opening now one eye and then the other,
and looking in a sleepy, comfortable way at us.

The close of my piece, about the good house mother, had seemed to tell
on my little audience. Marianne had nestled close to her mother, and
laid her head on her knee; and though Jenny sat up straight as a pin,
yet her ever-busy knitting was dropped in her lap, and I saw the glint
of a tear in her quick, sparkling eye,—yes, actually a little bright
bead fell upon her work; whereupon she started up actively, and declared
that the fire wanted just one more stick to make a blaze before bedtime;
and then there was such a raking among the coals, such an adjusting of
the andirons, such vigorous arrangement of the wood, and such a brisk
whisking of the hearth-brush, that it was evident Jenny had something on
her mind.

When all was done, she sat down again and looked straight into the
blaze, which went dancing and crackling up, casting glances and flecks
of light on our pictures and books, and making all the old, familiar
furniture seem full of life and motion.

“I think that’s a good piece,” she said, decisively. “I think those are
things that should be thought about.”

Now Jenny was the youngest of our flock, and therefore, in a certain
way, regarded by my wife and me as perennially “the baby”; and these
little, old-fashioned, decisive ways of announcing her opinions seemed
so much a part of her nature, so peculiarly “Jennyish,” as I used to
say, that my wife and I only exchanged amused glances over her head,
when they occurred.

In a general way, Jenny, standing in the full orb of her feminine
instincts like Diana in the moon, rather looked down on all masculine
views of women’s matters as “_tolerabiles ineptiæ_”; but towards her
papa she had gracious turns of being patronizing to the last degree; and
one of these turns was evidently at its flood-tide, as she proceeded to
say,—

“_I_ think papa is right,—that keeping house and having a home, and all
that, is a very serious thing, and that people go into it with very
little thought about it. I really think those things papa has been
saying there ought to be thought about.”

“Papa,” said Marianne, “I wish you would tell me exactly how _you_ would
spend that money you gave me for house-furnishing. I should like just
your views.”

“Precisely,” said Jenny, with eagerness; “because it is just as papa
says,—a sensible man, who has thought, and had experience, can’t help
having some ideas, even about women’s affairs, that are worth attending
to. I think so, decidedly.”

I acknowledged the compliment for my sex and myself with my best bow.

“But then, papa,” said Marianne, “I can’t help feeling sorry that one
can’t live in such a way as to have beautiful things around one. I’m
sorry they must cost so much, and take so much care, for I am made so
that I really want them. I do so like to see pretty things! I do like
rich carpets and elegant carved furniture, and fine china and cut-glass
and silver. I can’t bear mean, common-looking rooms. I should so like to
have my house look beautiful!”

“Your house ought not to look mean and common,—your house ought to look
beautiful,” I replied. “It would be a sin and a shame to have it
otherwise. No house ought to be fitted up for a future home without a
strong and a leading reference to beauty in all its arrangements. If I
were a Greek, I should say that the first household libation should be
made to beauty; but, being an old-fashioned Christian, I would say that
he who prepares a home with no eye to beauty neglects the example of the
great Father who has filled our earth-home with such elaborate
ornament.”

“But then, papa, there’s the money!” said Jenny, shaking her little head
wisely. “You men don’t think of that. You want us girls, for instance,
to be patterns of economy, but we must always be wearing fresh, nice
things; you abhor soiled gloves and worn shoes: and yet how is all this
to be done without money? And it’s just so in housekeeping. You sit in
your arm-chairs and conjure up visions of all sorts of impossible things
to be done; but when mamma there takes out that little account-book, and
figures away on the cost of things, where do the visions go?”

“You are mistaken, my little dear, and you talk just like a
woman,”—(this was _my_ only way of revenging myself,)—“that is to say,
you jump to conclusions, without sufficient knowledge. I maintain that
in house-furnishing, as well as woman-furnishing, there’s nothing so
economical as beauty.”

“There’s one of papa’s paradoxes!” said Jenny.

“Yes,” said I, “that is my thesis, which I shall nail up over the
mantel-piece there, as Luther nailed his to the church-door. It is time
to rake up the fire now; but to-morrow night I will give you a paper on
the Economy of the Beautiful.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

“Come, now we are to have papa’s paradox,” said Jenny, as soon as the
tea-things had been carried out.

_Entre nous_, I must tell you that insensibly we had fallen into the
habit of taking our tea by my study-fire. Tea, you know, is a mere
nothing in itself, its only merit being its social and poetic
associations, its warmth and fragrance,—and the more socially and
informally it can be dispensed, the more in keeping with its airy and
cheerful nature.

Our circle was enlightened this evening by the cheery visage of Bob
Stephens, seated, as of right, close to Marianne’s work-basket.

“You see, Bob,” said Jenny, “papa has undertaken to prove that the most
beautiful things are always the cheapest.”

“I’m glad to hear that,” said Bob,—“for there’s a carved antique
bookcase and study-table that I have my eye on, and if this can in any
way be made to appear—”

“O, it won’t be made to appear,” said Jenny, settling herself at her
knitting, “only in some transcendental, poetic sense, such as papa can
always make out. Papa is more than half a poet, and his truths turn out
to be figures of rhetoric, when one comes to apply them to matters of
fact.”

“Now, Miss Jenny, please remember my subject and thesis,” I
replied,—“that in house-furnishing there is nothing so economical as
beauty; and I will make it good against all comers, not by figures of
rhetoric, but by figures of arithmetic. I am going to be very
matter-of-fact and commonplace in my details, and keep ever in view the
addition-table. I will instance a case which has occurred under my own
observation.”


                     THE ECONOMY OF THE BEAUTIFUL.

Two of the houses lately built on the new land in Boston were bought by
two friends, Philip and John. Philip had plenty of money, and paid the
cash down for his house, without feeling the slightest vacancy in his
pocket. John, who was an active, rising young man, just entering on a
flourishing business, had expended all his moderate savings for years in
the purchase of his dwelling, and still had a mortgage remaining, which
he hoped to clear off by his future successes. Philip begins the work of
furnishing as people do with whom money is abundant, and who have simply
to go from shop to shop and order all that suits their fancy and is
considered ‘the thing’ in good society. John begins to furnish with very
little money. He has a wife and two little ones, and he wisely deems
that to insure to them a well-built house, in an open, airy situation,
with conveniences for warming, bathing, and healthy living, is a wise
beginning in life; but it leaves him little or nothing beyond.

Behold, then, Philip and his wife, well pleased, going the rounds of
shops and stores in fitting up their new dwelling, and let us follow
step by step. To begin with the wall-paper. Imagine a front and back
parlor, with folding-doors, with two south windows on the front, and two
looking on a back court, after the general manner of city houses. We
will suppose they require about thirty rolls of wall-paper. Philip buys
the heaviest French velvet, with gildings and traceries, at four dollars
a roll. This, by the time it has been put on, with gold mouldings,
according to the most established taste of the best paper-hangers, will
bring the wall-paper of the two rooms to a figure something like two
hundred dollars. Now they proceed to the carpet-stores, and there are
thrown at their feet by obsequious clerks velvets and Axminsters, with
flowery convolutions and medallion-centres, as if the flower-gardens of
the tropics were whirling in waltzes, with graceful lines of
arabesque,—roses, callas, lilies, knotted, wreathed, twined, with blue
and crimson and golden ribbons, dazzling marvels of color and tracery.
There is no restraint in price,—four or six dollars a yard, it is all
the same to them,—and soon a magic flower-garden blooms on the floors,
at a cost of five hundred dollars. A pair of elegant rugs, at fifty
dollars apiece, complete the inventory, and bring our rooms to the mark
of eight hundred dollars for papering and carpeting alone. Now come the
great mantel-mirrors for four hundred more, and our rooms progress. Then
comes the upholsterer, and measures our four windows, that he may
skilfully barricade them from air and sunshine. The fortifications
against heaven, thus prepared, cost, in the shape of damask, cord,
tassels, shades, laces, and cornices, about two hundred dollars per
window. To be sure, they make the rooms close and sombre as the grave;
but they are of the most splendid stuffs; and if the sun would only
reflect, he would see, himself, how foolish it was for him to try to
force himself into a window guarded by his betters. If there is anything
cheap and plebeian, it is sunshine and fresh air! Behold us, then, with
our two rooms papered, carpeted, and curtained for two thousand dollars;
and now are to be put in them sofas, lounges, étagères, centre-tables,
screens, chairs of every pattern and device, for which it is but
moderate to allow a thousand more. We have now two parlors furnished at
an outlay of three thousand dollars, without a single picture, a single
article of statuary, a single object of Art of any kind, and without any
light to see them by, if they were there. We must say for our Boston
upholsterers and furniture-makers that such good taste generally reigns
in their establishments that rooms furnished at hap-hazard from them
cannot fail of a certain air of good taste, so far as the individual
things are concerned. But the different articles we have supposed,
having been ordered without reference to one another or the rooms, have,
when brought together, no unity of effect, and the general result is
scattering and confused. If asked how Philip’s parlors look, your reply
is, “O, the usual way of such parlors,—everything that such people
usually get,—medallion-carpets, carved furniture, great mirrors, bronze
mantel-ornaments, and so on.” The only impression a stranger receives,
while waiting in the dim twilight of these rooms, is that their owner is
rich, and able to get good, handsome things, such as all other rich
people get.

Now our friend John, as often happens in America, is moving in the same
social circle with Philip, visiting the same people,—his house is the
twin of the one Philip has been furnishing, and how shall he, with a few
hundred dollars, make his rooms even presentable beside those which
Philip has fitted up elegantly at three thousand?

Now for the economy of beauty. Our friend must make his prayer to the
Graces,—for, if they cannot save him, nobody can. One thing John has to
begin with, that rare gift to man, a wife with the magic cestus of
Venus,—not around her waist, but, if such a thing could be, in her
finger-ends. All that she touches falls at once into harmony and
proportion. Her eye for color and form is intuitive: let her arrange a
garret, with nothing but boxes, barrels, and cast-off furniture in it,
and ten to one she makes it seem the most attractive place in the house.
It is a veritable “gift of good faërie,” this tact of beautifying and
arranging, that some women have,—and, on the present occasion, it has a
real, material value, that can be estimated in dollars and cents. Come
with us and you can see the pair taking their survey of the yet
unfurnished parlors, as busy and happy as a couple of bluebirds picking
up the first sticks and straws for their nest.

“There are two sunny windows to begin with,” says the good fairy, with
an appreciative glance. “That insures flowers all winter.”

“Yes,” says John; “I never would look at a house without a good sunny
exposure. Sunshine is the best ornament of a house, and worth an extra
thousand a year.”

“Now for our wall-paper,” says she. “Have you looked at wall-papers,
John?”

“Yes; we shall get very pretty ones for thirty-seven cents a roll; all
you want of a paper, you know, is to make a ground-tint to throw out
your pictures and other matters, and to reflect a pleasant tone of
light.”

“Well, John, you know Uncle James says that a stone-color is the
best,—but I can’t bear those cold blue grays.”

“Nor I,” says John. “If we must have gray, let it at least be a gray
suffused with gold or rose-color, such as you see at evening in the
clouds.”

“So I think,” responds she; “but, better, I should like a paper with a
tone of buff,—something that produces warm yellowish reflections, and
will almost make you think the sun is shining in cold gray weather; and
then there is nothing that lights up so cheerfully in the evening. In
short, John, I think the color of a _zafferano_ rose will be just about
the shade we want.”

“Well, I can find that, in good American paper, as I said before, at
from thirty-seven to forty cents a roll. Then, our bordering: there’s an
important question, for that must determine the carpet, the chairs, and
everything else. Now what shall be the ground-tint of our rooms?”

“There are only two to choose between,” says the lady,—“green and
marroon: which is the best for the picture?”

“I think,” says John, looking above the mantel-piece, as if he saw a
picture there,—“I think a border of marroon velvet, with marroon
furniture, is the best for the picture.”

“I think so too,” said she; “and then we will have that lovely marroon
and crimson carpet that I saw at Lowe’s;—it is an ingrain, to be sure,
but has a Brussels pattern, a mossy, mixed figure, of different shades
of crimson; it has a good warm, strong color, and when I come to cover
the lounges and our two old arm-chairs with marroon _rep_, it will make
such a pretty effect.”

“Yes,” said John; “and then, you know, our picture is so bright, it will
light up the whole. Everything depends on the picture.”

Now as to “the picture,” it has a story must be told. John, having been
all his life a worshipper and adorer of beauty and beautiful things, had
never passed to or from his business without stopping at the print-shop
windows, and seeing a little of what was there.

On one of these occasions he was smitten to the heart with the beauty of
an autumn landscape, where the red maples and sumachs, the purple and
crimson oaks, all stood swathed and harmonized together in the hazy
Indian-summer atmosphere. There was a great yellow chestnut-tree, on a
distant hill, which stood out so naturally that John instinctively felt
his fingers tingling for a basket, and his heels alive with a desire to
bound over on to the rustling hillside and pick up the glossy brown
nuts. Everything was there of autumn, even to the golden-rod and purple
asters and scarlet creepers in the foreground.

John went in and inquired. It was by an unknown French artist, without
name or patrons, who had just come to our shores to study our scenery,
and this was the first picture he had exposed for sale. John had just
been paid a quarter’s salary; he bethought him of board-bill and
washerwoman, sighed, and faintly offered fifty dollars.

To his surprise he was taken up at once, and the picture became his.
John thought himself dreaming. He examined his treasure over and over,
and felt sure that it was the work of no amateur beginner, but of a
trained hand and a true artist-soul. So he found his way to the studio
of the stranger, and apologized for having got such a gem for so much
less than its worth. “It was all I _could_ give, though,” he said; “and
one who paid four times as much could not value it more.” And so John
took one and another of his friends, with longer purses than his own, to
the studio of the modest stranger; and now his pieces command their full
worth in the market, and he works with orders far ahead of his ability
to execute, giving to the canvas the traits of American scenery as
appreciated and felt by the subtile delicacy of the French mind,—our
rural summer views, our autumn glories, and the dreamy, misty delicacy
of our snowy winter landscapes. Whoso would know the truth of the same,
let him inquire for the modest studio of Morvillier, at Maiden, scarce a
bow-shot from our Boston.

This picture had always been the ruling star of John’s house, his main
dependence for brightening up his bachelor-apartments; and when he came
to the task of furbishing those same rooms for a fair occupant, the
picture was still his mine of gold. For a picture, painted by a real
artist, who studies Nature minutely and conscientiously, has something
of the charm of the good Mother herself,—something of her faculty of
putting on different aspects under different lights. John and his wife
had studied their picture at all hours of the day: they had seen how it
looked when the morning sun came aslant the scarlet maples and made a
golden shimmer over the blue mountains, how it looked toned down in the
cool shadows of afternoon, and how it warmed up in the sunset, and died
off mysteriously into the twilight; and now, when larger parlors were to
be furnished, the picture was still the tower of strength, the
rallying-point of their hopes.

“Do you know, John,” said the wife, hesitating, “I am really in doubt
whether we shall not have to get at least a few new chairs and a sofa
for our parlors? They are putting in such splendid things at the other
door that I am positively ashamed of ours; the fact is, they look almost
disreputable,—like a heap of rubbish.”

“Well,” said John, laughing, “I don’t suppose all together sent to an
auction-room would bring us fifty dollars, and yet, such as they are,
they answer the place of better things for us; and the fact is, Mary,
the hard impassable barrier in the case is, that there really _is no
money to get any more_.”

“Ah, well, then, if there isn’t, we must see what we can do with these,
and summon all the good fairies to our aid,” said Mary. “There’s your
little cabinet-maker, John, will look over the things, and furbish them
up; there’s that broken arm of the chair must be mended, and everything
revarnished; then I have found such a lovely _rep_, of just the richest
shade of marroon, inclining to crimson, and when we come to cover the
lounges and arm-chairs and sofas and ottomans all alike, you know they
will be quite another thing.”

“Trust you for that, Mary! By the by, I’ve found a nice little woman,
who has worked on upholstery, who will come in by the day, and be the
hands that shall execute the decrees of your taste.”

“Yes, I am sure we shall get on capitally. Do you know that I’m almost
glad we can’t get new things? It’s a sort of enterprise to see what we
can do with old ones.”

“Now, you see, Mary,” said John, seating himself on a lime-cask which
the plasterers had left, and taking out his memorandum-book, “you see,
I’ve calculated this thing all over; I’ve found a way by which I can
make our rooms beautiful and attractive without a cent expended on new
furniture.”

“Well, let’s hear.”

“Well, my way is short and simple. We must put things into our rooms
that people will look at, so that they will forget to look at the
furniture, and never once trouble their heads about it. People never
look at furniture so long as there is anything else to look at; just as
Napoleon, when away on one of his expeditions, being told that the
French populace were getting disaffected, wrote back, ‘Gild the _dome
des Invalides_,’ and so they gilded it, and the people, looking at that,
forgot everything else.”

“But I’m not clear yet,” said Mary, “what is coming of this rhetoric.”

“Well, then, Mary, I’ll tell you. A suit of new carved black-walnut
furniture, severe in taste and perfect in style, such as I should choose
at David and Saul’s, could not be got under three hundred dollars, and I
haven’t the three hundred to give. What, then, shall we do? We must fall
back on our resources; we must look over our treasures. We have our
proof cast of the great glorious head of the Venus di Milo; we have
those six beautiful photographs of Rome, that Brown brought to us; we
have the great German lithograph of the San Sisto Mother and Child, and
we have the two angel-heads, from the same; we have that lovely golden
twilight sketch of Heade’s; we have some sea-photographs of Bradford’s;
we have an original pen-and-ink sketch by Billings; and then, as before,
we have ‘our picture.’ What has been the use of our watching at the
gates and waiting at the doors of Beauty all our lives, if she hasn’t
thrown us out a crust now and then, so that we might have it for time of
need? Now, you see, Mary, we must make the toilet of our rooms just as a
pretty woman makes hers when money runs low, and she sorts and freshens
her ribbons, and matches them to her hair and eyes, and, with a bow
here, and a bit of fringe there, and a button somewhere else, dazzles us
into thinking that she has an infinity of beautiful attire. Our rooms
are new and pretty of themselves, to begin with; the tint of the paper,
and the rich coloring of the border, corresponding with the furniture
and carpets, will make them seem prettier. And now for arrangement. Take
this front-room. I propose to fill those two recesses each side of the
fireplace with my books, in their plain pine cases, just breast-high
from the floor: they are stained a good dark color, and nobody need
stick a pin in them to find out that they are not rosewood. The top of
these shelves on either side to be covered with the same stuff as the
furniture, finished with a crimson fringe. On top of the shelves on one
side of the fireplace I shall set our noble Venus di Milo, and I shall
buy at Cicci’s the lovely Clytie, and put it the other side. Then I
shall get of Williams and Everett two of their chromo-lithographs, which
give you all the style and charm of the best English water-color school.
I will have the lovely Bay of Amalfi over my Venus, because she came
from those suns and skies of Southern Italy, and I will hang Lake Como
over my Clytie. Then, in the middle, over the fireplace, shall be ‘our
picture.’ Over each door shall hang one of the lithographed angel-heads
of the San Sisto, to watch our going-out and coming-in; and the glorious
Mother and Child shall hang opposite the Venus di Milo, to show how
Greek and Christian unite in giving the noblest type to womanhood. And
then, when we have all our sketches and lithographs framed and hung here
and there, and your flowers blooming as they always do, and your ivies
wandering and rambling as they used to, and hanging in the most graceful
ways and places, and all those little shells and ferns and vases, which
you are always conjuring with, tastefully arranged, I’ll venture to say
that our rooms will be not only pleasant, but beautiful, and that people
will oftener say, ‘How beautiful!’ when they enter, than if we spent
three times the money on new furniture.”

In the course of a year after this conversation, one and another of my
acquaintances were often heard speaking of John Merton’s house. “Such
beautiful rooms,—so charmingly furnished,—you must go and see them. What
does make them so much pleasanter than those rooms in the other house,
which have everything in them that money can buy?” So said the folk,—for
nine people out of ten only feel the effect of a room, and never analyze
the causes from which it flows: they know that certain rooms seem dull
and heavy and confused, but they don’t know why; that certain others
seem cheerful, airy, and beautiful, but they know not why. The first
exclamation, on entering John’s parlors, was so often, “How beautiful!”
that it became rather a byword in the family. Estimated by their mere
money-value, the articles in the rooms were of very trifling worth; but
as they stood arranged and combined, they had all the effect of a lovely
picture. Although the statuary was only plaster, and the photographs and
lithographs such as were all within the compass of limited means, yet
every one of them was a good thing of its own kind, or a good reminder
of some of the greatest works of Art. A good plaster cast is a
daguerrotype, so to speak, of a great statue, though it may be bought
for five or six dollars, while its original is not to be had for any
namable sum. A chromo-lithograph of the best sort gives all the style
and manner and effect of Turner or Stanfield, or any of the best of
modern artists, though you buy it for five or ten dollars, and though
the original would command a thousand guineas. The lithographs from
Raphael’s immortal picture give you the results of a whole age of
artistic culture, in a form within the compass of very humble means.
There is now selling for five dollars at Williams and Everett’s a
photograph of Cheney’s crayon drawing of the San Sisto Madonna and
Child, which has the very spirit of the glorious original. Such a
picture, hung against the wall of a child’s room, would train its eye
from infancy; and yet how many will freely spend five dollars in
embroidery on its dress, that say they cannot afford works of Art!

There was one advantage which John and his wife found in the way in
which they furnished their house, that I have hinted at before: it gave
freedom to their children. Though their rooms were beautiful, it was not
with the tantalizing beauty of expensive and frail knick-knacks.
Pictures hung against the wall, and statuary safely lodged on brackets,
speak constantly to the childish eye, but are out of the reach of
childish fingers, and are not upset by childish romps. They are not like
china and crystal, liable to be used and abused by servants; they do not
wear out; they are not spoiled by dust, nor consumed by moths. The
beauty once there is always there; though the mother be ill and in her
chamber, she has no fears that she shall find it all wrecked and
shattered. And this style of beauty, inexpensive as it is, compared with
luxurious furniture, is a means of cultivation. No child is ever
stimulated to draw or to read by an Axminster carpet or a carved
centre-table; but a room surrounded with photographs and pictures and
fine casts suggests a thousand inquiries, stimulates the little eye and
hand. The child is found with its pencil, drawing; or he asks for a book
on Venice, or wants to hear the history of the Roman Forum.

But I have made my article too long. I will write another on the moral
and intellectual effects of house-furnishing.

“I have proved my point, Miss Jenny, have I not? _In house-furnishing,
nothing is more economical than beauty._”

“Yes, papa,” said Jenny; “I give it up.”


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                   V.

                          RAKING UP THE FIRE.


WE have a custom at our house which we call _raking up the fire_. That
is to say, the last half-hour before bedtime, we draw in, shoulder to
shoulder, around the last brands and embers of our hearth, which we
prick up and brighten, and dispose for a few farewell flickers and
glimmers. This is a grand time for discussion. Then we talk over
parties, if the young people have been out of an evening,—a book, if we
have been reading one; we discuss and analyze characters,—give our views
on all subjects, æsthetic, theological, and scientific, in a way most
wonderful to hear; and, in fact, we sometimes get so engaged in our
discussions that every spark of the fire burns out, and we begin to feel
ourselves shivering around the shoulders, before we can remember that it
is bedtime.

So, after the reading of my last article, we had a “raking-up talk,”—to
wit, Jenny, Marianne, and I, with Bob Stephens;—my wife, still busy at
her work-basket, sat at the table a little behind us. Jenny, of course,
opened the ball in her usual incisive manner.

“But now, papa, after all you say in your piece there, I cannot help
feeling, that, if I had the taste and the money too, it would be better
than the taste alone with no money. I like the nice arrangements and the
books and the drawings; but I think all these would appear better still
with really elegant furniture.”

“Who doubts that?” said I. “Give me a large tub of gold coin to dip
into, and the furnishing and beautifying of a house is a simple affair.
The same taste that could make beauty out of cents and dimes could make
it more abundantly out of dollars and eagles. But I have been speaking
for those who have not, and cannot get, riches, and who wish to have
agreeable houses; and I begin in the outset by saying that beauty is a
thing to be respected, reverenced, and devoutly cared for,—and then I
say that BEAUTY IS CHEAP, nay, to put it so that the shrewdest Yankee
will understand it, BEAUTY IS THE CHEAPEST THING YOU CAN HAVE, because
in many ways it is a substitute for expense. A few vases of flowers in a
room, a few blooming, well-kept plants, a few prints framed in fanciful
frames of cheap domestic fabric, a statuette, a bracket, an engraving, a
pencil-sketch, above all, a few choice books,—all these arranged by a
woman who has the gift in her finger-ends often produce such an illusion
on the mind’s eye that one goes away without once having noticed that
the cushion of the arm-chair was worn out, and that some veneering had
fallen off the centre-table.

“I have a friend, a schoolmistress, who lives in a poor little cottage
enough, which, let alone of the Graces, might seem mean and sordid, but
a few flowerseeds and a little weeding in the spring make it, all
summer, an object which everybody stops to look at. Her æsthetic soul
was at first greatly tried with the water-barrel which stood under the
eaves spout,—a most necessary evil, since only thus could her scanty
supply of soft water for domestic purposes be secured. One of the
Graces, however, suggested to her a happy thought. She planted a row of
morning-glories round the bottom of her barrel, and drove a row of tacks
around the top, and strung her water-butt with twine, like a great
harpsichord. A few weeks covered the twine with blossoming plants, which
every morning were a mass of many-colored airy blooms, waving in
graceful sprays, and looking at themselves in the water. The
water-barrel, in fact, became a celebrated stroke of ornamental
gardening, which the neighbors came to look at.”

“Well, but,” said Jenny, “everybody hasn’t mamma’s faculty with flowers.
Flowers will grow for some people, and for some they won’t. Nobody can
see what mamma does so very much, but her plants always look fresh and
thriving and healthy,—her things blossom just when she wants them, and
do anything else she wishes them to; and there are other people that
fume and fuss and try, and their things won’t do anything at all.
There’s Aunt Easygo has plant after plant brought from the greenhouse,
and hanging-baskets, and all sorts of things; but her plants grow yellow
and drop their leaves, and her hanging-baskets get dusty and
poverty-stricken, while mamma’s go on flourishing as heart could
desire.”

“I can tell you what your mother puts into her plants,” said I,—“just
what she has put into her children, and all her other home-things,—her
_heart_. She _loves_ them; she lives in them; she has in herself a
plant-life and a plant-sympathy. She feels for them as if she herself
were a plant; she anticipates their wants,—always remembers them without
an effort, and so the care flows to them daily and hourly. She hardly
knows when she does the things that make them grow,—but she gives them a
minute a hundred times a day. She moves this nearer the glass,—draws
that back,—detects some thief of a worm on one,—digs at the root of
another, to see why it droops,—washes these leaves, and sprinkles
those,—waters, and refrains from watering, all with the habitual care of
love. Your mother herself doesn’t know why her plants grow; it takes a
philosopher and a writer for the ‘Atlantic’ to tell her what the cause
is.”

Here I saw my wife laughing over her work-basket as she answered,—

“Girls, one of these days, _I_ will write an article for the ‘Atlantic,’
that your papa need not have _all_ the say to himself: however, I
believe he has hit the nail on the head this time.”

“Of course he has,” said Marianne. “But, mamma, I am afraid to begin to
depend much on plants for the beauty of my rooms, for fear I should not
have your gift,—and of all forlorn and hopeless things in a room,
ill-kept plants are the most so.”

“I would not recommend,” said I, “a young house-keeper, just beginning,
to rest much for her home ornament on plant-keeping, unless she has an
experience of her own love and talent in this line, which makes her sure
of success; for plants will not thrive, if they are forgotten or
overlooked, and only tended in occasional intervals; and, as Marianne
says, neglected plants are the most forlorn of all things.”

“But, papa,” said Marianne, anxiously, “there, in those patent parlors
of John’s that you wrote of, flowers acted a great part.”

“The charm of those parlors of John’s may be chemically analyzed,” I
said. “In the first place, there is sunshine, a thing that always
affects the human nerves of happiness. Why else is it that people are
always so glad to see the sun after a long storm? Why? are bright days
matters of such congratulation? Sunshine fills a house with a thousand
beautiful and fanciful effects of light and shade,—with soft, luminous,
reflected radiances, that give picturesque effects to the pictures,
books, statuettes of an interior. John, happily, had no money to buy
brocatelle curtains,—and besides this, he loved sunshine too much to buy
them, if he could. He had been enough with artists to know that heavy
damask curtains darken precisely that part of the window where the light
proper for pictures and statuary should come in, namely, the upper part.
The fashionable system of curtains lights only the legs of the chairs
and the carpets, and leaves all the upper portion of the room in shadow.
John’s windows have shades which can at pleasure be drawn down from the
top or up from the bottom, so that the best light to be had may always
be arranged for his little interior.”

“Well, papa,” said Marianne, “in your chemical analysis of John’s rooms,
what is the next thing to the sunshine?”

“The next,” said I, “is harmony of color. The wall-paper, the furniture,
the carpets, are of tints that harmonize with one another. This is a
grace in rooms always, and one often neglected. The French have an
expressive phrase with reference to articles which are out of
accord,—they say that they swear at each other. I have been in rooms
where I seemed to hear the wall-paper swearing at the carpet, and the
carpet swearing back at the wall-paper, and each article of furniture
swearing at the rest. These appointments may all of them be of the most
expensive kind, but with such dis-harmony no arrangement can ever
produce anything but a vulgar and disagreeable effect. On the other
hand, I have been in rooms where all the material was cheap, and the
furniture poor, but where, from some instinctive knowledge of the
reciprocal effect of colors, everything was harmonious, and produced a
sense of elegance.

“I recollect once travelling on a Western canal through a long stretch
of wilderness, and stopping to spend the night at an obscure settlement
of a dozen houses. We were directed to lodgings in a common frame-house
at a little distance, where, it seemed, the only hotel was kept. When we
entered the parlor, we were struck with utter amazement at its
prettiness, which affected us before we began to ask ourselves how it
came to be pretty. It was, in fact, only one of the miracles of
harmonious color working with very simple materials. Some woman had been
busy there, who had both eyes and fingers. The sofa, the common wooden
rocking-chairs, and some ottomans, probably made of old soap-boxes, were
all covered with American nankeen of a soft yellowish-brown, with a
bordering of blue print. The window-shades, the table-cover, and the
piano-cloth, all repeated the same colors, in the same cheap material. A
simple straw matting was laid over the floor, and, with a few books, a
vase of flowers, and one or two prints, the room had a home-like, and
even elegant air, that struck us all the more forcibly from its contrast
with the usual tawdry, slovenly style of such parlors.

“The means used for getting up this effect were the most inexpensive
possible,—simply the following-out, in cheap material, a law of
uniformity and harmony, which always will produce beauty. In the same
manner, I have seen a room furnished, whose effect was really gorgeous
in color, where the only materials used were Turkey-red cotton and a
simple ingrain carpet of corresponding color.

“Now, you girls have been busy lately in schemes for buying a velvet
carpet for the new parlor that is to be, and the only points that have
seemed to weigh in the council were that it was velvet, that it was
cheaper than velvets usually are, and that it was a genteel pattern.”

“Now, papa,” said Jenny, “what ears you have. We thought you were
reading all the time!”

“I see what you are going to say,” said Marianne. “You think that we
have not once mentioned the consideration which should determine the
carpet,—whether it will harmonize with our other things. But, you see,
papa, we don’t really know what our other things are to be.”

“Yes,” said Jenny, “and Aunt Easygo said it was an unusually good chance
to get a velvet carpet.”

“Yet, good as the chance is, it costs just twice as much as an ingrain.”

“Yes, papa, it does.”

“And you are not sure that the effect of it, after you get it down, will
be as good as a well-chosen ingrain one.”

“That’s true,” said Marianne, reflectively.

“But, then, papa,” said Jenny, “Aunt Easygo said she never heard of such
a bargain; only think, two dollars a yard for a _velvet_!”

“And why is it two dollars a yard? Is the man a personal friend, that he
wishes to make you a present of a dollar on the yard? or is there some
reason why it is undesirable?” said I.

“Well, you know, papa, he said those large patterns were not so
salable.”

“To tell the truth,” said Marianne, “I never did like the pattern
exactly; as to uniformity of tint, it might match with anything, for
there’s every color of the rainbow in it.”

“You see, papa, it’s a gorgeous flower-pattern,” said Jenny.

“Well, Marianne, how many yards of this wonderfully cheap carpet do you
want?”

“We want sixty yards for both rooms,” said Jenny, always primed with
statistics.

“That will be a hundred and twenty dollars,” I said.

“Yes,” said Jenny; “and we went over the figures together, and thought
we could make it out by economizing in other things. Aunt Easygo said
that the carpet was half the battle,—that it gave the air to everything
else.”

“Well, Marianne, if you want a man’s advice in the case, mine is at your
service.”

“That is just what I want, papa.”

“Well, then, my dear, choose your wall-papers and borderings, and, when
they are up, choose an ingrain carpet to harmonize with them, and adapt
your furniture to the same idea. The sixty dollars that you save on your
carpet spend on engravings, chromo-lithographs, or photographs of some
really _good_ works of Art, to adorn your walls.”

“Papa, I’ll do it,” said Marianne.

“My little dear,” said I, “your papa may seem to be a sleepy old
book-worm, yet he has his eyes open. Do you think I don’t know why my
girls have the credit of being the best-dressed girls on the street?”

“O papa!” cried out both girls in a breath.

“Fact, that!” said Bob, with energy, pulling at his mustache. “Everybody
talks about your dress, and wonders how you make it out.”

“Well,” said I, “I presume you do not go into a shop and buy a yard of
ribbon because it is selling at half-price, and put it on without
considering complexion, eyes, hair, and shade of the dress, do you?”

“Of course we don’t!” chimed in the duo, with energy.

“Of course you don’t. Haven’t I seen you mincing down-stairs, with all
your colors harmonized, even to your gloves and gaiters? Now, a room
must be dressed as carefully as a lady.”

“Well, I’m convinced,” said Jenny, “that papa knows how to make rooms
prettier than Aunt Easygo; but then she said this was _cheap_, because
it would outlast two common carpets.”

“But, as you pay double price,” said I, “I don’t see that. Besides, I
would rather, in the course of twenty years, have two nice, fresh
ingrain carpets, of just the color and pattern that suited my rooms,
than labor along with one ill-chosen velvet that harmonized with
nothing.”

“I give it up,” said Jenny; “I give it up.”

“Now, understand me,” said I; “I am not traducing velvet or Brussels or
Axminster. I admit that more beautiful effects can be found in those
goods than in the humbler fabrics of the carpet-rooms. Nothing would
delight me more than to put an unlimited credit to Marianne’s account,
and let her work out the problems of harmonious color in velvet and
damask. All I have to say is, that certain unities of color, certain
general arrangements, will secure very nearly as good general effects in
either material. A library with a neat, mossy green carpet on the floor,
harmonizing with wall-paper and furniture, looks generally as well,
whether the mossy green is made in Brussels or in ingrain. In the
carpet-stores, these two materials stand side by side in the very same
pattern, and one is often as good for the purpose as the other. A lady
of my acquaintance, some years since, employed an artist to decorate her
parlors. The walls being frescoed and tinted to suit his ideal, he
immediately issued his decree that her splendid velvet carpets must be
sent to auction, and others bought of certain colors, harmonizing with
the walls. Unable to find exactly the color and pattern he wanted, he at
last had the carpets woven in a neighboring factory, where, as yet, they
had only the art of weaving ingrains. Thus was the material sacrificed
at once to the harmony.”

I remarked, in passing, that this was before Bigelow’s mechanical genius
had unlocked for America the higher secrets of carpet-weaving, and made
it possible to have one’s desires accomplished in Brussels or velvet. In
those days, English carpet-weavers did not send to America for their
looms, as they now do.

“But now to return to my analysis of John’s rooms.

“Another thing which goes a great way towards giving them their
agreeable air is the books in them. Some people are fond of treating
books as others do children. One room in the house is selected, and
every book driven into it and kept there. Yet nothing makes a room so
home-like, so companionable, and gives it such an air of refinement, as
the presence of books. They change the aspect of a parlor from that of a
mere reception-room, where visitors perch for a transient call, and give
it the air of a room where one feels like taking off one’s things to
stay. It gives the appearance of permanence and repose and quiet
fellowship; and next to pictures on the walls, the many-colored bindings
and gildings of books are the most agreeable adornment of a room.”

“Then, Marianne,” said Bob, “we have something to start with, at all
events. There are my English Classics and English Poets, and my uniform
editions of Scott and Thackeray and Macaulay and Prescott and Irving and
Longfellow and Lowell and Hawthorne and Holmes and a host more. We
really have something pretty there.”

“You are a lucky girl,” I said, “to have so much secured. A girl brought
up in a house full of books, always able to turn to this or that author
and look for any passage or poem when she thinks of it, doesn’t know
what a blank a house without books might be.”

“Well,” said Marianne, “mamma and I were counting over my treasures the
other day. Do you know, I have one really fine old engraving, that Bob
says is quite a genuine thing; and then there is that pencil-sketch that
poor Schöne made for me the month before he died,—it is truly artistic.”

“And I have a couple of capital things of Landseer’s,” said Bob.

“There’s no danger that your rooms will not be pretty,” said I, “now you
are fairly on the right track.”

“But, papa,” said Marianne, “I am troubled about one thing. My love of
beauty runs into everything. I want pretty things for my table,—and yet,
as you say, servants are so careless, one cannot use such things freely
without great waste.”

“For my part,” said my wife, “I believe in best china, to be kept
carefully on an upper-shelf, and taken down for high-days and holidays;
it may be a superstition, but I believe in it. It must never be taken
out except when the mistress herself can see that it is safely cared
for. My mother always washed her china herself; and it was a very pretty
social ceremony, after tea was over, while she sat among us washing her
pretty cups, and wiping them on a fine damask towel.”

“With all my heart,” said I; “have your best china, and venerate it,—it
is one of the loveliest of domestic superstitions; only do not make it a
bar to hospitality, and shrink from having a friend to tea with you,
unless you feel equal to getting up to the high shelf where you keep it,
getting it down, washing, and putting it up again.

“But in serving a table, I say, as I said of a house, beauty is a
necessity, and beauty is cheap. Because you cannot afford beauty in one
form, it does not follow that you cannot have it in another. Because one
cannot afford to keep up a perennial supply of delicate china and
crystal, subject to the accidents of raw, untrained servants, it does
not follow that the every-day table need present a sordid assortment of
articles chosen simply for cheapness, while the whole capacity of the
purse is given to the set forever locked away for state-occasions.

“A table-service, all of simple white, of graceful forms, even though
not of china, if arranged with care, with snowy, well-kept table-linen,
clear glasses, and bright American plate in place of solid silver, may
be made to look inviting; add a glass of flowers every day, and your
table may look pretty;—and it is far more important that it should look
pretty for the family every day than for company once in two weeks.”

“I tell my girls,” said my wife, “as the result of my experience, you
may have your pretty china and your lovely fanciful articles for the
table only so long as you can take all the care of them yourselves. As
soon as you get tired of doing this, and put them into the hands of the
trustiest servants, some good, well-meaning creature is sure to break
her heart and your own and your very pet darling china pitcher all in
one and the same minute; and then her frantic despair leaves you not
even the relief of scolding.”

“I have become perfectly sure,” said I, “that there are spiteful little
brownies, intent on seducing good women to sin, who mount guard over the
special idols of the china-closet. If you hear a crash, and a loud Irish
wail from the inner depths, you never think of its being a yellow
pie-plate, or that dreadful one-handled tureen that you have been
wishing were broken these five years; no, indeed,—it is sure to be the
lovely painted china bowl, wreathed with morning-glories and sweet-peas,
or the engraved glass goblet, with quaint old-English initials. China
sacrificed must be a great means of saintship to women. Pope, I think,
puts it as the crowning grace of his perfect woman, that she is

               ‘Mistress of herself, though china fall.’”

“I ought to be a saint by this time, then,” said mamma; “for in the
course of my days I have lost so many idols by breakage, and peculiar
accidents that seemed by a special fatality to befall my prettiest and
most irreplaceable things, that in fact it has come to be a
superstitious feeling now with which I regard anything particularly
pretty of a breakable nature.”

“Well,” said Marianne, “unless one has a great deal of money, it seems
to me that the investment in these pretty fragilities is rather a poor
one.”

“Yet,” said I, “the principle of beauty is never so captivating as when
it presides over the hour of daily meals. I would have the room where
they are served one of the pleasantest and sunniest in the house. I
would have its coloring cheerful, and there should be companionable
pictures and engravings on the walls. Of all things, I dislike a room
that seems to be kept like a restaurant, merely to eat in. I like to see
in a dining-room something that betokens a pleasant sitting-room at
other hours. I like there some books, a comfortable sofa or lounge, and
all that should make it cosey and inviting. The custom in some families,
of adopting for the daily meals one of the two parlors which a
city-house furnishes has often seemed to me a particularly happy one.
You take your meals, then, in an agreeable place, surrounded by the
little pleasant arrangements of your daily sitting-room; and after the
meal, if the lady of the house does the honors of her own pretty china
herself, the office may be a pleasant and social one.

“But in regard to your table-service I have my advice at hand. Invest in
pretty table-linen, in delicate napkins, have your vase of flowers, and
be guided by the eye of taste in the choice and arrangement of even the
every-day table-articles, and have no ugly things when you can have
pretty ones by taking a little thought. If you are sore tempted with
lovely china and crystal, too fragile to last, too expensive to be
renewed, turn away to a print-shop and comfort yourself by hanging
around the walls of your dining-room beauty that will not break or fade,
that will meet your eye from year to year, though plates, tumblers, and
tea-sets successively vanish. There is my advice for you, Marianne.”

At the same time, let me say, in parenthesis, that my wife, whose
weakness is china, informed me that night, when we were by ourselves,
that she was ordering secretly a tea-set as a bridal gift for Marianne,
every cup of which was to be exquisitely painted with the wild-flowers
of America, from designs of her own,—a thing, by the by, that can now be
very nicely executed in our country, as one may find by looking in at
our friend Briggs’s on School Street. “It will last her all her life,”
she said, “and always be such a pleasure to look at,—and a pretty
tea-table is such a pretty sight!” So spoke Mrs. Crowfield, “unweaned
from china by a thousand falls.” She spoke even with tears in her eyes.
Verily, these women are harps of a thousand strings!

But to return to my subject.

“Finally and lastly,” I said, “in my analysis and explication of the
agreeableness of those same parlors, comes the crowning grace,—their
_homeliness_. By homeliness I mean not ugliness, as the word is apt to
be used, but the air that is given to a room by being _really_ at home
in it. Not the most skilful arrangement can impart this charm.

“It is said that a king of France once remarked,—‘My son, you must seem
to love your people.’

“‘Father, how shall I _seem_ to love them?’

“‘My son, you _must_ love them.’

“So to make rooms _seem_ home-like you must be at home in them. Human
light and warmth are so wanting in some rooms, it is so evident that
they are never used, that you can never be at ease there. In vain the
house-maid is taught to wheel the sofa and turn chair towards chair; in
vain it is attempted to imitate a negligent arrangement of the
centre-table.

“Books that have really been read and laid down, chairs that have really
been moved here and there in the animation of social contact, have a
sort of human vitality in them; and a room in which people really live
and enjoy is as different from a shut-up apartment as a live woman from
a wax image.

“Even rooms furnished without taste often become charming from this one
grace, that they seem to let you into the home-life and home-current.
You seem to understand in a moment that you are taken into the family,
and are moving in its inner circles, and not revolving at a distance in
some outer court of the gentiles.

“How many people do we call on from year to year and know no more of
their feelings, habits, tastes, family ideas and ways, than if they
lived in Kamtschatka! And why? Because the room which they call a
front-parlor is made expressly so that you never shall know. They sit in
a back-room,—work, talk, read, perhaps. After the servant has let you in
and opened a crack of the shutters, and while you sit waiting for them
to change their dress and come in, you speculate as to what they may be
doing. From some distant region, the laugh of a child, the song of a
canary-bird, reaches you, and then a door claps hastily to. Do they love
plants? Do they write letters, sew, embroider, crochet? Do they ever
romp and frolic? What books do they read? Do they sketch or paint? Of
all these possibilities the mute and muffled room says nothing. A sofa
and six chairs, two ottomans fresh from the upholsterer’s, a Brussels
carpet, a centre-table with four gilt Books of Beauty on it, a
mantel-clock from Paris, and two bronze vases,—all these tell you only
in frigid tones, ‘This is the best room,’—only that, and nothing
more,—and soon _she_ trips in in her best clothes, and apologizes for
keeping you waiting, asks how your mother is, and you remark that it is
a pleasant day,—and thus the acquaintance progresses from year to year.
One hour in the little back-room, where the plants and canary-bird and
children are, might have made you fast friends for life; but as it is,
you care no more for them than for the gilt clock on the mantel.

“And now, girls,” said I, pulling a paper out of my pocket, “you must
know that your father is getting to be famous by means of these ‘House
and Home Papers.’ Here is a letter I have just received:—

    “‘MOST EXCELLENT MR. CROWFIELD,—Your thoughts have lighted into
    our family-circle, and echoed from our fireside. We all feel the
    force of them, and are delighted with the felicity of your
    treatment of the topic you have chosen. You have taken hold of a
    subject that lies deep in our hearts, in a genial, temperate,
    and convincing spirit. All must acknowledge the power of your
    sentiments upon their imaginations;—if they could only trust to
    them in actual life! There is the rub.

    “‘Omitting further upon these points, there is a special feature
    of your articles upon which we wish to address you. You seem as
    yet (we do not know, of course, what you may hereafter do) to
    speak only of homes whose conduct depends upon the help of
    servants. Now your principles apply, as some of us well
    conceive, to nearly all classes of society; yet most people, to
    take an impressive hint, must have their portraits drawn out
    more exactly. We therefore hope that you will give a reasonable
    share of your attention to us who do not employ servants, so
    that you may ease us of some of _our_ burdens, which, in spite
    of common sense, we dare not throw off. For instance, we have
    company,—a friend from afar, (perhaps wealthy,) or a minister,
    or some other man of note. What do we do? Sit down and receive
    our visitor with all good-will and the freedom of a home? No; we
    (the lady of the house) flutter about to clear up things,
    apologizing about this, that, and the other condition of
    unpreparedness, and, having settled the visitor in the parlor,
    set about marshalling the elements of a grand dinner or supper,
    such as no person but a gourmand wants to sit down to, when at
    home and comfortable; and in getting up this meal, clearing
    away, and washing the dishes, we use up a good half of the time
    which our guest spends with us. We have spread ourselves, and
    shown him what we could do; but what a paltry, heart-sickening
    achievement! Now, good Mr. Crowfield, thou friend of the robbed
    and despairing, wilt thou not descend into our purgatorial
    circle, and tell the world what thou hast seen there of doleful
    remembrance? Tell us how we, who must do and desire to do our
    own work, can show forth in our homes a homely, yet genial
    hospitality, and entertain our guests without making a fuss and
    hurly-burly, and seeming to be anxious for their sake about many
    things, and spending too much time getting meals, as if eating
    were the chief social pleasure. _Won’t_ you do this, Mr.
    Crowfield?

              “‘Yours beseechingly,

                   “R. H. A.’”

“That’s a good letter,” said Jenny.

“To be sure it is,” said I.

“And shall you answer it, papa?”

“In the very next ‘Atlantic,’ you may be sure I shall. The class that do
their own work are the strongest, the most numerous, and, taking one
thing with another, quite as well cultivated a class as any other. They
are the anomaly of our country,—the distinctive feature of the new
society that we are building up here; and if we are to accomplish our
national destiny, that class must increase rather than diminish. I shall
certainly do my best to answer the very sensible and pregnant questions
of that letter.”

Here Marianne shivered and drew up a shawl, and Jenny gaped; my wife
folded up the garment in which she had set the last stitch, and the
clock struck twelve.

Bob gave a low whistle. “Who knew it was so late?”

“We have talked the fire fairly out,” said Jenny.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  VI.

                    THE LADY WHO DOES HER OWN WORK.


“MY dear Chris,” said my wife, “isn’t it time to be writing the next
‘House and Home Paper’?”

I was lying back in my study-chair, with my heels luxuriously propped on
an ottoman, reading for the two-hundredth time Hawthorne’s “Mosses from
an Old Manse,” or his “Twice-Told Tales,” I forget which,—I only know
that these books constitute my cloud-land, where I love to sail away in
dreamy quietude, forgetting the war, the price of coal and flour, the
rates of exchange, and the rise and fall of gold. What do all these
things matter, as seen from those enchanted gardens in Padua where the
weird Rappaccini tends his enchanted plants, and his gorgeous daughter
fills us with the light and magic of her presence, and saddens us with
the shadowy allegoric mystery of her preternatural destiny? But my wife
represents the positive forces of time, place, and number in our family,
and, having also a chronological head, she knows the day of the month,
and therefore gently reminded me that by inevitable dates the time drew
near for preparing my—which is it now, May or June number?

“Well, my dear, you are right,” I said, as by an exertion I came
head-uppermost, and laid down the fascinating volume. “Let me see, what
was I to write about?”

“Why, you remember you were to answer that letter from the lady who does
her own work.”

“Enough!” said I, seizing the pen with alacrity; “you have hit the exact
phrase:—

“‘The _lady_ who _does her own work_.’”

                  *       *       *       *       *

America is the only country where such a title is possible,—the only
country where there is a class of women who may be described as _ladies_
who do their own work. By a lady we mean a woman of education,
cultivation, and refinement, of liberal tastes and ideas, who, without
any very material additions or changes, would be recognized as a lady in
any circle of the Old World or the New.

What I have said is, that the existence of such a class is a fact
peculiar to American society, a clear, plain result of the new
principles involved in the doctrine of universal equality.

When the colonists first came to this country, of however mixed
ingredients their ranks might have been composed, and however imbued
with the spirit of feudal and aristocratic ideas, the discipline of the
wilderness soon brought them to a democratic level; the gentleman felled
the wood for his log-cabin side by side with the ploughman, and thews
and sinews rose in the market. “A man was deemed honorable in proportion
as he lifted his hand upon the high trees of the forest.” So in the
interior domestic circle. Mistress and maid, living in a log-cabin
together, became companions, and sometimes the maid, as the more
accomplished and stronger, took precedence of the mistress. It became
natural and unavoidable that children should begin to work as early as
they were capable of it. The result was a generation of intelligent
people brought up to labor from necessity, but turning on the problem of
labor the acuteness of a disciplined brain. The mistress, out-done in
sinews and muscles by her maid, kept her superiority by skill and
contrivance. If she could not lift a pail of water, she could invent
methods which made lifting the pail unnecessary,—if she could not take a
hundred steps without weariness, she could make twenty answer the
purpose of a hundred.

Slavery, it is true, was to some extent introduced into New England, but
it never suited the genius of the people, never struck deep root, or
spread so as to choke the good seed of self-helpfulness. Many were
opposed to it from conscientious principle,—many from far-sighted
thrift, and from a love of thoroughness and well-doing which despised
the rude, unskilled work of barbarians. People, having once felt the
thorough neatness and beauty of execution which came of free, educated,
and thoughtful labor, could not tolerate the clumsiness of slavery. Thus
it came to pass that for many years the rural population of New England,
as a general rule, did their own work, both out doors and in. If there
were a black man or black woman or bound girl, they were emphatically
only the _helps_, following humbly the steps of master and mistress, and
used by them as instruments of lightening certain portions of their
toil. The master and mistress with their children were the head workers.

Great merriment has been excited in the Old Country, because years ago
the first English travellers found that the class of persons by them
denominated servants were in America denominated _help_ or helpers. But
the term was the very best exponent of the state of society. There were
few servants, in the European sense of the word; there was a society of
educated workers, where all were practically equal, and where, if there
was a deficiency in one family and an excess in another, a _helper_, not
a servant, was hired. Mrs. Browne, who has six sons and no daughters,
enters into agreement with Mrs. Jones, who has six daughters and no
sons. She borrows a daughter, and pays her good wages to help in her
domestic toil, and sends a son to help the labors of Mr. Jones. These
two young people go into the families in which they are to be employed
in all respects as equals and companions, and so the work of the
community is equalized. Hence arose, and for many years continued, a
state of society more nearly solving than any other ever did the problem
of combining the highest culture of the mind with the highest culture of
the muscles and the physical faculties.

Then were to be seen families of daughters, handsome, strong females,
rising each day to their in-door work with cheerful alertness,—one to
sweep the room, another to make the fire, while a third prepared the
breakfast for the father and brothers who were going out to manly labor;
and they chatted meanwhile of books, studies, embroidery, discussed the
last new poem, or some historical topic started by graver reading, or
perhaps a rural ball that was to come off the next week. They spun with
the book tied to the distaff; they wove; they did all manner of fine
needlework; they made lace, painted flowers, and, in short, in the
boundless consciousness of activity, invention, and perfect health, set
themselves to any work they had ever read or thought of. A bride in
those days was married with sheets and table-cloths of her own weaving,
with counterpanes and toilet-covers wrought in divers embroidery by her
own and her sisters’ hands. The amount of fancy-work done in our days by
girls who have nothing else to do will not equal what was done by these,
who performed besides, among them, the whole work of the family.

For many years these habits of life characterized the majority of our
rural towns. They still exist among a class respectable in numbers and
position, though perhaps not as happy in perfect self-satisfaction and a
conviction of the dignity and desirableness of its lot as in former
days. Human nature is above all things—lazy. Every one confesses in the
abstract that exertion which brings out all the powers of body and mind
is the best thing for us all; but practically most people do all they
can to get rid of it, and as a general rule nobody does much more than
circumstances drive him to do. Even I would not write this article, were
not the publication-day hard on my heels. I should read Hawthorne and
Emerson and Holmes, and dream in my arm-chair, and project in the clouds
those lovely unwritten stories that curl and veer and change like
mist-wreaths in the sun. So, also, however dignified, however
invigorating, however really desirable are habits of life involving
daily physical toil, there is a constant evil demon at every one’s
elbow, seducing him to evade it, or to bear its weight with sullen,
discontented murmurs.

I will venture to say that there are at least, to speak very moderately,
a hundred houses where these humble lines will be read and discussed,
where there are no servants except the ladies of the household. I will
venture to say, also, that these households, many of them, are not
inferior in the air of cultivation and refined elegance to many which
are conducted by the ministration of domestics. I will venture to
assert, furthermore, that these same ladies who live thus find quite as
much time for reading, letter-writing, drawing, embroidery, and
fancy-work as the women of families otherwise arranged. I am quite
certain that they would be found on an average to be in the enjoyment of
better health, and more of that sense of capability and vitality which
gives one confidence in one’s ability to look into life and meet it with
cheerful courage, than three quarters of the women who keep
servants,—and that on the whole their domestic establishment is
regulated more exactly to their mind, their food prepared and served
more to their taste. And yet, with all this, I will _not_ venture to
assert that they are satisfied with this way of living, and that they
would not change it forthwith, if they could. They have a secret feeling
all the while that they are being abused, that they are working harder
than they ought to, and that women who live in their houses like
boarders, who have only to speak and it is done, are the truly enviable
ones. One after another of their associates, as opportunity offers and
means increase, deserts the ranks, and commits her domestic affairs to
the hands of hired servants. Self-respect takes the alarm. Is it
altogether genteel to live as we do? To be sure, we are accustomed to
it; we have it all systematized and arranged; the work of our own hands
suits us better than any we can hire; in fact, when we do hire, we are
discontented and uncomfortable,—for who will do for us what we will do
for ourselves? But when we have company! there’s the rub, to get out all
our best things and put them back,—to cook the meals and wash the dishes
in-gloriously,—and to make all appear as if we didn’t do it, and had
servants like other people.

There, after all, is the rub. A want of hardy self-respect,—an
unwillingness to face with dignity the actual facts and necessities of
our situation in life,—this, after all, is the worst and most dangerous
feature of the case. It is the same sort of pride which makes Smilax
think he must hire a waiter in white gloves, and get up a circuitous
dinner-party on English principles, to entertain a friend from England.
Because the friend in England lives in such and such a style, he must
make believe for a day that he lives so too, when in fact it is a
whirlwind in his domestic establishment equal to a removal or a fire,
and threatens the total extinction of Mrs. Smilax. Now there are two
principles of hospitality that people are very apt to overlook. One is,
that their guests like to be made at home, and treated with confidence;
and another is, that people are always interested in the details of a
way of life that is new to them. The Englishman comes to America as
weary of his old, easy, family-coach life as you can be of yours; he
wants to see something new under the sun,—something American; and
forthwith we all bestir ourselves to give him something as near as we
can fancy exactly like what he is already tired of. So city-people come
to the country, not to sit in the best parlor, and to see the nearest
imitation of city-life, but to lie on the hay-mow, to swing in the barn,
to form intimacy with the pigs, chickens, and ducks, and to eat baked
potatoes exactly on the critical moment when they are done, from the
oven of the cooking-stove,—and we remark, _en passant_, that nobody has
ever truly eaten a baked potato, unless he has seized it at that precise
and fortunate moment.

I fancy you now, my friends, whom I have in my eye. You are three happy
women together. You are all so well that you know not how it feels to be
sick. You are used to early rising, and would not lie in bed, if you
could. Long years of practice have made you familiar with the shortest,
neatest, most expeditious method of doing every household office, so
that really for the greater part of the time in your house there seems
to a looker-on to be nothing to do. You rise in the morning and despatch
your husband, father, and brothers to the farm or wood-lot; you go
sociably about chatting with each other, while you skim the milk, make
the butter, turn the cheeses. The forenoon is long; it’s ten to one that
all the so-called morning work is over, and you have leisure for an
hour’s sewing or reading before it is time to start the dinner
preparations. By two o’clock your house-work is done, and you have the
long afternoon for books, needlework, or drawing,—for perhaps there is
among you one with a gift at her pencil. Perhaps one of you reads aloud
while the others sew, and you manage in that way to keep up with a great
deal of reading. I see on your book-shelves Prescott, Macaulay, Irving,
besides the lighter fry of poems and novels, and, if I mistake not, the
friendly covers of the “Atlantic.” When you have company, you invite
Mrs. Smith or Brown or Jones to tea; you have no trouble; they come
early, with their knitting or sewing; your particular crony sits with
you by your polished stove while you watch the baking of those light
biscuits and tea-rusks for which you are so famous, and Mrs. Somebody
else chats with your sister, who is spreading the table with your best
china in the best room. When tea is over, there is plenty of
volunteering to help you wash your pretty India teacups, and get them
back into the cupboard. There is no special fatigue or exertion in all
this, though you have taken down the best things and put them back,
because you have done all without anxiety or effort, among those who
would do precisely the same, if you were their visitors.

But now comes down pretty Mrs. Simmons and her pretty daughter to spend
a week with you, and forthwith you are troubled. Your youngest, Fanny,
visited them in New York last fall, and tells you of their cook and
chambermaid, and the servant in white gloves that waits on table. You
say in your soul, “What shall we do? they never can be contented to live
as we do; how shall we manage?” And now you long for servants.

This is the very time that you should know that Mrs. Simmons is tired to
death of her fine establishment, and weighed down with the task of
keeping the peace among her servants. She is a quiet soul, dearly loving
her ease, and hating strife; and yet last week she had five quarrels to
settle between her invaluable cook and the other members of her staff,
because invaluable cook, on the strength of knowing how to get up
state-dinners and to manage all sorts of mysteries which her mistress
knows nothing about, asserts the usual right of spoiled favorites to
insult all her neighbors with impunity, and rule with a rod of iron over
the whole house. Anything that is not in the least like her own home and
ways of living will be a blessed relief and change to Mrs. Simmons. Your
clean, quiet house, your delicate cookery, your cheerful morning tasks,
if you will let her follow you about, and sit and talk with you while
you are at your work, will all seem a pleasant contrast to her own life.
Of course, if it came to the case of offering to change lots in life,
she would not do it; but very likely she _thinks_ she would, and sighs
over and pities herself, and thinks sentimentally how fortunate you are,
how snugly and securely you live, and wishes she were as untrammelled
and independent as you. And she is more than half right; for, with her
helpless habits, her utter ignorance of the simplest facts concerning
the reciprocal relations of milk, eggs, butter, saleratus, soda, and
yeast, she is completely the victim and slave of the person she pretends
to rule.

Only imagine some of the frequent scenes and rehearsals in her family.
After many trials, she at last engages a seamstress who promises to
prove a perfect treasure,—neat, dapper, nimble, skilful, and spirited.
The very soul of Mrs. Simmons rejoices in heaven. Illusive bliss! The
new-comer proves to be no favorite with Madam Cook, and the domestic
fates evolve the catastrophe, as follows. First, low murmur of distant
thunder in the kitchen; then a day or two of sulky silence, in which the
atmosphere seems heavy with an approaching storm. At last comes the
climax. The parlor-door flies open during breakfast. Enter seamstress,
in tears, followed by Mrs. Cook with a face swollen and red with wrath,
who tersely introduces the subject-matter of the drama in a voice
trembling with rage.

“Would you be plased, Ma’am, to suit yerself with another cook? Me week
will be up next Tuesday, and I want to be going.”

“Why, Bridget, what’s the matter?”

“Matter enough, Ma’am! I niver could live with them Cork girls in a
house, nor I won’t; them as likes the Cork girls is welcome for all me;
but it’s not for the likes of me to live with them, and she been in the
kitchen a-upsettin’ of me gravies with her flat-irons and things.”

Here bursts in the seamstress with a whirlwind of denial, and the
altercation wages fast and furious, and poor, little, delicate Mrs.
Simmons stands like a kitten in a thunder-storm in the midst of a
regular Irish row.

Cook, of course, is sure of her victory. She knows that a great dinner
is to come off Wednesday, and that her mistress has not the smallest
idea how to manage it, and that, therefore, whatever happens, she must
be conciliated.

Swelling with secret indignation at the tyrant, poor Mrs. Simmons
dismisses her seamstress with longing looks. She suited her mistress
exactly, but she didn’t suit cook!

Now, if Mrs. Simmons had been brought up in early life with the
experience that _you_ have, she would be mistress in her own house. She
would quietly say to Madam Cook, “If my family arrangements do not suit
you, you can leave. I can see to the dinner myself.” And she _could_ do
it. Her well-trained muscles would not break down under a little extra
work; her skill, adroitness, and perfect familiarity with everything
that is to be done would enable her at once to make cooks of any bright
girls of good capacity who might still be in her establishment; and,
above all, she would feel herself mistress in her own house. This is
what would come of an experience in doing her own work as you do. She
who can at once put her own trained hand to the machine in any spot
where a hand is needed never comes to be the slave of a coarse, vulgar
Irishwoman.

So, also, in forming a judgment of what is to be expected of servants in
a given time, and what ought to be expected of a given amount of
provisions, poor Mrs. Simmons is absolutely at sea. If even for one six
months in her life she had been a practical cook, and had really had the
charge of the larder, she would not now be haunted, as she constantly
is, by an indefinite apprehension of an immense wastefulness, perhaps of
the disappearance of provisions through secret channels of relationship
and favoritism. She certainly could not be made to believe in the
absolute necessity of so many pounds of sugar, quarts of milk, and
dozens of eggs, not to mention spices and wine, as are daily required
for the accomplishment of Madam Cook’s purposes. But though now she does
suspect and apprehend, she cannot speak with certainty. She cannot say,
“_I_ have made these things. I know exactly what they require. I have
done this and that myself, and know it can be done, and done well, in a
certain time.” It is said that women who have been accustomed to doing
their own work become hard mistresses. They are certainly more sure of
the ground they stand on,—they are less open to imposition,—they can
speak and act in their own houses more as those “having authority,” and
therefore are less afraid to exact what is justly their due, and less
willing to endure impertinence and unfaithfulness. Their general error
lies in expecting that any servant ever will do as well for them as they
will do for themselves, and that an untrained, undisciplined human being
ever _can_ do house-work, or any other work, with the neatness and
perfection that a person of trained intelligence can. It has been
remarked in our armies that the men of cultivation, though bred in
delicate and refined spheres, can bear up under the hardships of
camp-life better and longer than rough laborers. The reason is, that an
educated mind knows how to use and save its body, to work it and spare
it, as an uneducated mind cannot; and so the college-bred youth brings
himself safely through fatigues which kill the unreflective laborer.
Cultivated, intelligent women, who are brought up to do the work of
their own families, are labor-saving institutions. They make the head
save the wear of the muscles. By forethought, contrivance, system, and
arrangement, they lessen the amount to be done, and do it with less
expense of time and strength than others. The old New-England motto,
_Get your work done up in the forenoon_, applied to an amount of work
which would keep a common Irish servant toiling from daylight to sunset.

A lady living in one of our obscure New England towns, where there were
no servants to be hired, at last by sending to a distant city succeeded
in procuring a raw Irish maid-of-all-work, a creature of immense bone
and muscle, but of heavy, unawakened brain. In one fortnight she
established such a reign of Chaos and old Night in the kitchen and
through the house, that her mistress, a delicate woman, encumbered with
the care of young children, began seriously to think that she made more
work each day than she performed, and dismissed her. What was now to be
done? Fortunately, the daughter of a neighboring farmer was going to be
married in six months, and wanted a little ready money for her
_trousseau_. The lady was informed that Miss So-and-so would come to
her, not as a servant, but as hired “help.” She was fain to accept any
help with gladness. Forthwith came into the family-circle a tall,
well-dressed young person, grave, unobtrusive, self-respecting, yet not
in the least presuming, who sat at the family-table and observed all its
decorums with the modest self-possession of a lady. The new-comer took a
survey of the labors of a family of ten members, including four or five
young children, and, looking, seemed at once to throw them into system,
matured her plans, arranged her hours of washing, ironing, baking,
cleaning, rose early, moved deftly, and in a single day the slatternly
and littered kitchen assumed that neat, orderly appearance that so often
strikes one in New England farm-houses. The work seemed to be all gone.
Everything was nicely washed, brightened, put in place, and stayed in
place; the floors, when cleaned, remained clean; the work was always
done, and not doing; and every afternoon the young lady sat neatly
dressed in her own apartment, either quietly writing letters to her
betrothed, or sewing on her bridal outfit Such is the result of
employing those who have been brought up to do their own work. That
tall, fine-looking girl, for aught we know, may yet be mistress of a
fine house on Fifth Avenue; and if she is, she will, we fear, prove
rather an exacting mistress to Irish Biddy and Bridget; but _she_ will
never be threatened by her cook and chambermaid, after the first one or
two have tried the experiment.

                  *       *       *       *       *

Having written thus far on my article, I laid it aside till evening,
when, as usual, I was saluted by the inquiry, “Has papa been writing
anything to-day?” and then followed loud petitions to hear it; and so I
read as far, reader, as you have.

“Well, papa,” said Jenny, “what are you meaning to make out there? Do
you really think it would be best for us all to try to go back to that
old style of living you describe? After all, you have shown only the
dark side of an establishment with servants, and the bright side of the
other way of living. Mamma does not have such trouble with her servants;
matters have always gone smoothly in our family; and if we are not such
wonderful girls as those you describe, yet we may make pretty good
housekeepers on the modern system, after all.”

“You don’t know all the troubles your mamma has had in your day,” said
my wife. “I have often, in the course of my family-history, seen the day
when I have heartily wished for the strength and ability to manage my
household matters as my grandmother of notable memory managed hers. But
I fear that those remarkable women of the olden times are like the
ancient painted glass,—the art of making them is lost; my mother was
less than her mother, and I am less than my mother.”

“And Marianne and I come out entirely at the little end of the horn,”
said Jenny, laughing; “yet I wash the breakfast-cups and dust the
parlors, and have always fancied myself a notable housekeeper.”

“It is just as I told you,” I said. “Human nature is always the same.
Nobody ever is or does more than circumstances force him to be and do.
Those remarkable women of old were made by circumstances. There were,
comparatively speaking, no servants to be had, and so children were
trained to habits of industry and mechanical adroitness from the cradle,
and every household process was reduced to the very minimum of labor.
Every step required in a process was counted, every movement calculated;
and she who took ten steps, when one would do, lost her reputation for
‘faculty.’ Certainly such an early drill was of use in developing the
health and the bodily powers, as well as in giving precision to the
practical mental faculties. All household economies were arranged with
equal niceness in those thoughtful minds. A trained housekeeper knew
just how many sticks of hickory of a certain size were required to heat
her oven, and how many of each different kind of wood. She knew by a
sort of intuition just what kinds of food would yield the most palatable
nutriment with the least outlay of accessories in cooking. She knew to a
minute the time when each article must go into and be withdrawn from her
oven; and if she could only lie in her chamber and direct, she could
guide an intelligent child through the processes with mathematical
certainty. It is impossible, however, that anything but early training
and long experience can produce these results, and it is earnestly to be
wished that the grandmothers of New England had only written down their
experiences for our children; they would have been a mine of maxims and
traditions, better than any other traditions of the elders which we know
of.”

“One thing I know,” said Marianne,—“and that is, I wish I had been
brought up so, and knew all that I should, and had all the strength and
adroitness that those women had. I should not dread to begin
housekeeping, as I now do. I should feel myself independent. I should
feel that I knew how to direct my servants, and what it was reasonable
and proper to expect of them; and then, as you say, I shouldn’t be
dependent on all their whims and caprices of temper. I dread those
household storms, of all things.”

Silently pondering these anxieties of the young expectant housekeeper, I
resumed my pen, and concluded my paper as follows.

    In this country, our democratic institutions have removed the
    superincumbent pressure which in the Old World confines the
    servants to a regular orbit. They come here feeling that this is
    somehow a land of liberty, and with very dim and confused
    notions of what liberty is. They are for the most part the raw,
    untrained Irish peasantry, and the wonder is, that, with all the
    unreasoning heats and prejudices of the Celtic blood, all the
    necessary ignorance and rawness, there should be the measure of
    comfort and success there is in our domestic arrangements. But,
    so long as things are so, there will be constant changes and
    interruptions in every domestic establishment, and constantly
    recurring interregnums when the mistress must put her own hand
    to the work, whether the hand be a trained or an untrained one.
    As matters now are, the young housekeeper takes life at the
    hardest. She has very little strength,—no experience to teach
    her how to save her strength. She knows nothing experimentally
    of the simplest processes necessary to keep her family
    comfortably fed and clothed; and she has a way of looking at all
    these things which makes them particularly hard and distasteful
    to her. She does not escape being obliged to do house-work at
    intervals, but she does it in a weak, blundering, confused way,
    that makes it twice as hard and disagreeable as it need be.

    Now what I have to say is, that, if every young woman learned to
    do house-work and cultivated her practical faculties in early
    life, she would, in the first place, be much more likely to keep
    her servants, and, in the second place, if she lost them
    temporarily, would avoid all that wear and tear of the nervous
    system which comes from constant ill-success in those
    departments on which family health and temper mainly depend.
    This is one of the peculiarities of our American life which
    require a peculiar training. Why not face it sensibly?

    The second thing I have to say is, that our land is now full of
    motorpathic institutions to which women are sent at great
    expense to have hired operators stretch and exercise their
    inactive muscles. They lie for hours to have their feet twigged,
    their arms flexed, and all the different muscles of the body
    worked for them, because they are so flaccid and torpid that the
    powers of life do not go on. Would it not be quite as cheerful
    and less expensive a process, if young girls from early life
    developed the muscles in sweeping, dusting, ironing, rubbing
    furniture, and all the multiplied domestic processes which our
    grandmothers knew of? A woman who did all these, and diversified
    the intervals with spinning on the great and little wheel, never
    came to need the gymnastics of Dio Lewis or of the Swedish
    motorpathist, which really are a necessity now. Does it not seem
    poor economy to pay servants for letting our muscles grow
    feeble, and then to pay operators to exercise them for us? I
    will venture to say that our grandmothers in a week went over
    every movement that any gymnast has invented, and went over them
    to some productive purpose too.

    Lastly, my paper will not have been in vain, if those ladies who
    have learned and practise the invaluable accomplishment of doing
    their own work will know their own happiness and dignity, and
    properly value their great acquisition, even though it may have
    been forced upon them by circumstances.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  VII.

                      WHAT CAN BE GOT IN AMERICA.


WHILE I was preparing my article for the “Atlantic,” our friend Bob
Stephens burst in upon us, in some considerable heat, with a newspaper
in his hand.

“Well, girls, your time is come now! You women have been preaching
heroism and sacrifice to us,—‘so splendid to go forth and suffer and die
for our country,’—and now comes the test of feminine patriotism.”

“Why, what’s the matter now?” said Jenny, running eagerly to look over
his shoulder at the paper.

“No more foreign goods,” said he, waving it aloft,—“no more gold shipped
to Europe for silks, laces, jewels, kid gloves, and what-not. Here it
is,—great movement, headed by senators’ and generals’ wives, Mrs.
General Butler, Mrs. John P. Hale, Mrs. Henry Wilson, and so on, a long
string of them, to buy no more imported articles during the war.”

“But I don’t see how it _can_ be done,” said Jenny.

“Why,” said I, “do you suppose that ‘nothing to wear’ is made in
America?”

“But, dear Mr. Crowfield,” said Miss Featherstone, a nice girl, who was
just then one of our family-circle, “there is not, positively, much that
is really fit to use or wear made in America,—_is_ there now? Just
think; how is Marianne to furnish her house here without French papers
and English carpets?—those American papers are so very ordinary, and as
to American carpets, everybody knows their colors don’t hold; and then,
as to dress, a lady must have gloves, you know,—and everybody knows no
such things are made in America as gloves.”

“I think,” I said, “that I have heard of certain fair ladies wishing
that they were men, that they might show with what alacrity they would
sacrifice everything on the altar of their country: life and limb would
be nothing; they would glory in wounds and bruises, they would enjoy
losing a right arm, they wouldn’t mind limping about on a lame leg the
rest of their lives, _if they were John or Peter_, if only they might
serve their dear country.”

“Yes,” said Bob, “that’s female patriotism! Girls are always ready to
jump off from precipices, or throw themselves into abysses, but as to
wearing an unfashionable hat or thread gloves, that they can’t do,—not
even for their dear country. No matter whether there’s any money left to
pay for the war or not, the dear souls must have twenty yards of silk in
a dress,—it’s the fashion, you know.”

“Now, isn’t he too bad?” said Marianne. “As if we’d ever been asked to
make these sacrifices and refused! I think I have seen women ready to
give up dress and fashion and everything else, for a good cause.”

“For that matter,” said I, “the history of all wars has shown women
ready to sacrifice what is most intimately feminine in times of peril to
their country. The women of Carthage not only gave up their jewels in
the siege of their city, but, in the last extremity, cut off their hair
for bow-strings. The women of Hungary and Poland, in their country’s
need, sold their jewels and plate and wore ornaments of iron and lead.
In the time of our own Revolution, our women dressed in plain homespun
and drank herb-tea,—and certainly nothing is more feminine than a cup of
tea. And in this very struggle, the women of the Southern States have
cut up their carpets for blankets, have borne the most humiliating
retrenchments and privations of all kinds without a murmur. So let us
exonerate the female sex of want of patriotism, at any rate.”

“Certainly,” said my wife; “and if our Northern women have not
retrenched and made sacrifices, it has been because it has not been
impressed on them that there is any particular call for it. Everything
has seemed to be so prosperous and plentiful in the Northern States,
money has been so abundant and easy to come by, that it has really been
difficult to realize that a dreadful and destructive war was raging.
Only occasionally, after a great battle, when the lists of the killed
and wounded have been sent through the country, have we felt that we
were making a sacrifice. The women who have spent such sums for laces
and jewels and silks have not had it set clearly before them why they
should not do so. The money has been placed freely in their hands, and
the temptation before their eyes.”

“Yes,” said Jenny, “I am quite sure that there are hundreds who have
been buying foreign goods, who would not do it, if they could see any
connection between their not doing it and the salvation of the country;
but when I go to buy a pair of gloves, I naturally want the best pair I
can find, the pair that will last the longest and look the best, and
these always happen to be French gloves.”

“Then,” said Miss Featherstone, “I never could clearly see why people
should confine their patronage and encouragement to works of their own
country. I’m sure the poor manufacturers of England have shown the very
noblest spirit with relation to our cause, and so have the silk-weavers
and artisans of France,—at least, so I have heard; why should we not
give them a fair share of encouragement, particularly when they make
things that we are not in circumstances to make, have not the means to
make?”

“Those are certainly sensible questions,” I replied, “and ought to meet
a fair answer, and I should say, that, were our country in a fair
ordinary state of prosperity, there would be no reason why our wealth
should not flow out for the encouragement of well-directed industry in
any part of the world; from this point of view we might look on the
whole world as our country, and cheerfully assist in developing its
wealth and resources. But our country is now in the situation of a
private family whose means are absorbed by an expensive sickness,
involving the life of its head; just now it is all we can do to keep the
family together, all our means are swallowed up by our own domestic
wants, we have nothing to give for the encouragement of other families,
we must exist ourselves, we must get through this crisis and hold our
own, and that we may do it all the family expenses must be kept within
ourselves as far as possible. If we drain off all the gold of the
country to send to Europe to encourage her worthy artisans, we produce
high prices and distress among equally worthy ones at home, and we
lessen the amount of our resources for maintaining the great struggle
for national existence. The same amount of money which we pay for
foreign luxuries, if passed into the hands of our own manufacturers and
producers, becomes available for the increasing expenses of the war.”

“But, papa,” said Jenny, “I understood that a great part of our
Governmental income was derived from the duties on foreign goods, and so
I inferred that the more foreign goods were imported the better it would
be.”

“Well, suppose,” said I, “that for every hundred thousand dollars we
send out of the country we pay the Government ten thousand; that is
about what our gain as a nation would be;—we send our gold abroad in a
great stream, and give our Government a little driblet.”

“Well, but,” said Miss Featherstone, “_what can be got in America_?
Hardly anything, I believe, except common calicoes.”

“Begging your pardon, my dear lady,” said I, “there is where you and
multitudes of others are greatly mistaken. Your partiality for foreign
things has kept you ignorant of what you have at home. Now I am not
blaming the love of foreign things; it is not peculiar to us Americans;
all nations have it. It is a part of the poetry of our nature to love
what comes from afar, and reminds us of lands distant and different from
our own. The English belles seek after French laces; the French beauty
enumerates English laces among her rarities; and the French dandy piques
himself upon an English tailor. We Americans are great travellers, and
few people travel, I fancy, with more real enjoyment than we; our
domestic establishments, as compared with those of the Old World, are
less cumbrous and stately, and so our money is commonly in hand as
pocket-money, to be spent freely and gayly in our tours abroad.

“We have such bright and pleasant times in every country that we
conceive a kindliness for its belongings. To send to Paris for our
dresses and our shoes and our gloves may not be a mere bit of foppery,
but a reminder of the bright, pleasant hours we have spent in that city
of Boulevards and fountains. Hence it comes, in a way not very blamable,
that many people have been so engrossed with what can be got from abroad
that they have neglected to inquire what can be found at home; they have
supposed, of course, that to get a decent watch they must send to Geneva
or to London,—that to get thoroughly good carpets they must have the
English manufacture,—that a really tasteful wall-paper could be found
only in Paris,—and that flannels and broadcloths could come only from
France, Great Britain, or Germany.”

“Well, isn’t it so?” said Miss Featherstone. “I certainly have always
thought so; I never heard of American watches, I’m sure.”

“Then,” said I, “I’m sure you can’t have read an article that you should
have read on the Waltham watches, written by our friend George W.
Curtis, in the “Atlantic” for January of last year. I must refer you to
that to learn that we make in America watches superior to those of
Switzerland or England, bringing into the service machinery and modes of
workmanship unequalled for delicacy and precision; as I said before, you
must get the article and read it, and if some sunny day you could make a
trip to Waltham, and see the establishment, it would greatly assist your
comprehension.”

“Then, as to men’s clothing,” said Bob, “I know to my entire
satisfaction that many of the most popular cloths for men’s wear are
actually American fabrics baptized with French and English names to make
them sell.”

“Which shows,” said I, “the use of a general community movement to
employ American goods. It will change the fashion. The demand will
create the supply. When the leaders of fashion are inquiring for
American instead of French and English fabrics, they will be surprised
to find what nice American articles there are. The work of our own hands
will no more be forced to skulk into the market under French and English
names, and we shall see, what is really true, that an American gentleman
need not look beyond his own country for a wardrobe befitting him. I am
positive that we need not seek broadcloth or other woollen goods from
foreign lands,—that _better_ hats are made in America than in Europe,
and better boots and shoes; and I should be glad to send an American
gentleman to the World’s Fair dressed from top to toe in American
manufactures, with an American watch in his pocket, and see if he would
suffer in comparison with the gentlemen of any other country.”

“Then, as to house-furnishing,” began my wife, “American carpets are
getting to be every way equal to the English.”

“Yes,” said I, “and what is more, the Brussels carpets of England are
woven on looms invented by an American, and bought of him. Our
countryman, Bigelow, went to England to study carpet-weaving in the
English looms,—supposing that all arts were generously open for the
instruction of learners. He was denied the opportunity of studying the
machinery and watching the processes by a short-sighted jealousy. He
immediately sat down with a yard of carpeting, and, patiently
unravelling it, thread by thread, combined and calculated till he
invented the machinery on which the best carpets of the Old and New
World are woven. No pains which such ingenuity and energy can render
effective are spared to make our fabrics equal those of the British
market, and we need only to be disabused of the old prejudice, and to
keep up with the movement of our own country, and find out our own
resources. The fact is, every year improves our fabrics. Our mechanics,
our manufacturers, are working with an energy, a zeal, and a skill that
carry things forward faster than anybody dreams of; and nobody can
predicate the character of American articles, in any department, now, by
their character even five years ago.”

“Well, as to wall-papers,” said Miss Featherstone, “there you must
confess the French are and must be unequalled.”

“I do not confess any such thing,” said I, hardily. “I grant you that in
that department of paper-hangings which exhibits floral decoration the
French designs and execution are and must be for some time to come far
ahead of all the world,—their drawing of flowers, vines, and foliage has
the accuracy of botanical studies and the grace of finished works of
art, and we cannot as yet pretend in America to do anything equal to it.
But for satin finish, and for a variety of exquisite tints of plain
colors, American papers equal any in the world; our gilt papers even
surpass in the heaviness and polish of the gilding those of foreign
countries; and we have also gorgeous velvets. All I have to say is, let
people who are furnishing houses inquire for articles of American
manufacture, and they will be surprised at what they will see. We need
go no farther than our Cambridge glass-works to see that the most dainty
devices of cut-glass, crystal, ground and engraved glass of every color
and pattern, may be had of American workmanship, every way equal to the
best European make, and for half the price. And American painting on
china is so well executed both in Boston and New York, that deficiencies
in the finest French or English sets can be made up in a style not
distinguishable from the original, as one may easily see by calling on
our worthy next neighbor, Briggs, who holds the opposite corner to our
“Atlantic Monthly.” No porcelain, it is true, is yet made in America,
these decorative arts being exercised on articles imported from Europe.
Our tables must, therefore, per force, be largely indebted to foreign
lands for years to come. Exclusive of this item, however, I believe it
would require very little self-denial to paper, carpet, and furnish a
house entirely from the manufactures of America. I cannot help saying
one word here in favor of the cabinet-makers of Boston. There is so much
severity of taste, such a style and manner about the best made Boston
furniture, as raises it really quite into the region of the fine arts.
Our artisans have studied foreign models with judicious eyes, and so
transferred to our country the spirit of what is best worth imitating,
that one has no need to import furniture from Europe.”

“Well,” said Miss Featherstone, “there is one point you cannot make
out,—gloves; certainly the French have the monopoly of that article.”

“I am not going to ruin my cause by asserting too much,” said I. “I
haven’t been with nicely dressed women so many years not to speak with
proper respect of Alexander’s gloves,—and I confess, honestly, that to
forego them must be a fair, square sacrifice to patriotism. But then, on
the other hand, it is nevertheless true that gloves have long been made
in America and surreptitiously brought into market as French. I have
lately heard that very nice kid gloves are made at Watertown and in
Philadelphia. I have only heard of them, and not seen. A loud demand
might bring forth an unexpected supply from these and other sources. If
the women of America were bent on having gloves made in their own
country, how long would it be before apparatus and factories would
spring into being? Look at the hoop-skirt factories,—women wanted
hoop-skirts,—would have them or die,—and forthwith factories arose, and
hoop-skirts became as the dust of the earth for abundance.”

“Yes,” said Miss Featherstone, “and, to say the truth, the American
hoop-skirts are the only ones fit to wear. When we were living on the
Champs Élysées, I remember we searched high and low for something like
them, and finally had to send home to America for some.”

“Well,” said I, “that shows what I said. Let there be only a hearty call
for an article, and it will come. These spirits of the vasty deep are
not so very far off, after all, as we may imagine, and women’s unions
and leagues will lead to inquiries and demands which will as infallibly
bring supplies as a vacuum will create a draught of air.”

“But, at least, there are no ribbons made in America,” said Miss
Featherstone.

“Pardon, my lady, there is a ribbon-factory now in operation in Boston,
and ribbons of every color are made in New York; there is also in the
vicinity of Boston a factory which makes Roman scarfs. This shows that
the faculty of weaving ribbons is not wanting to us Americans, and a
zealous patronage would increase the supply.

“Then, as for a thousand and one little feminine needs, I believe our
manufacturers can supply them. The Portsmouth Steam Company makes white
spool-cotton equal to any in England, and colored spool-cotton, of every
shade and variety, such as is not made either in England or France. Pins
are well made in America; so are hooks and eyes, and a variety of
buttons. Straw bonnets of American manufacture are also extensively in
market, and quite as pretty ones as the double-priced ones which are
imported.

“As to silks and satins, I am not going to pretend that they are to be
found here. It is true, there are silk manufactories, like that of the
Cheneys in Connecticut, where very pretty foulard dress-silks are made,
together with sewing-silk enough to supply a large demand. Enough has
been done to show that silks might be made in America; but at present,
as compared with Europe, we claim neither silks nor thread laces among
our manufactures.

“But what then? These are not necessaries of life. Ladies can be very
tastefully dressed in other fabrics besides silks. There are many pretty
American dress-goods which the leaders of fashion might make
fashionable; and certainly no leader of fashion could wish to dress for
a nobler object than to aid her country in deadly peril.

“It is not a life-pledge, not a total abstinence, that is asked,—only a
temporary expedient to meet a stringent crisis. We only ask a preference
for American goods where they can be found. Surely, women whose
exertions in Sanitary Fairs have created an era in the history of the
world will not shrink from so small a sacrifice for so obvious a good.

“Here is something in which every individual woman can help. Every woman
who goes into a shop and asks for American goods renders an appreciable
aid to our cause. She expresses her opinion and her patriotism; and her
voice forms a part of that demand which shall arouse and develop the
resources of her country. We shall learn to know our own country. We
shall learn to respect our own powers,—and every branch of useful labor
will spring and flourish under our well-directed efforts. We shall come
out of our great contest, not bedraggled, ragged, and poverty-stricken,
but developed, instructed, and rich. Then will we gladly join with other
nations in the free interchange of manufactures, and gratify our eye and
taste with what is foreign, while we can in turn send abroad our own
productions in equal ratio.”

“Upon my word,” said Miss Featherstone, “I should think it was the
Fourth of July,—but I yield the point. I am convinced; and henceforth
you will see me among the most stringent of the leaguers.”

“Right!” said I.

And, fair lady-reader, let me hope you will say the same. You can do
something for your country,—it lies right in your hand. Go to the shops,
determined on supplying your family and yourself with American goods.
Insist on having them; raise the question of origin over every article
shown to you. In the Revolutionary times, some of the leading matrons of
New England gave parties where the ladies were dressed in homespun and
drank sage-tea. Fashion makes all things beautiful, and you, my charming
and accomplished friend, can create beauty by creating fashion. What
makes the beauty of half the Cashmere shawls? Not anything in the shawls
themselves, for they often look coarse and dingy and barbarous. It is
the association with style and fashion. Fair lady, give style and
fashion to the products of your own country,—resolve that the money in
your hand shall go to your brave brothers, to your co-Americans, now
straining every nerve to uphold the nation, and cause it to stand high
in the earth. What are you without your country? As Americans you can
hope for no rank but the rank of your native land, no badge of nobility
but her beautiful stars. It rests with this conflict to decide whether
those stars shall be badges of nobility to you and your children in all
lands. Women of America, your country expects every woman to do her
duty!


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                 VIII.

                                ECONOMY.


“THE fact is,” said Jenny, as she twirled a little hat on her hand,
which she had been making over, with nobody knows what of bows and
pompons, and other matters for which the women have curious names,—“the
fact is, American women and girls must learn to economize; it isn’t
merely restricting one’s self to American goods, it is general economy,
that is required. Now here’s this hat,—costs me only three dollars, all
told; and Sophie Page bought an English one this morning at Madame
Meyer’s for which she gave fifteen. And I really don’t think hers has
more of an air than mine. I made this over, you see, with things I had
in the house, bought nothing but the ribbon, and paid for altering and
pressing, and there you see what a stylish hat I have!”

“Lovely! admirable!” said Miss Featherstone. “Upon my word, Jenny, you
ought to marry a poor parson; you would be quite thrown away upon a rich
man.”

“Let me see,” said I. “I want to admire intelligently. That isn’t the
hat you were wearing yesterday?”

“O no, papa! This is just done. The one I wore yesterday was my
waterfall-hat, with the green feather; this, you see, is an oriole.”

“A what?”

“An oriole. Papa, how can you expect to learn about these things?”

“And that plain little black one, with the stiff crop of scarlet
feathers sticking straight up?”

“That’s my jockey, papa, with a plume _en militaire_.”

“And did the waterfall and the jockey cost anything?”

“They were very, very cheap, papa, all things considered. Miss
Featherstone will remember that the waterfall was a great bargain, and I
had the feather from last year; and as to the jockey, that was made out
of my last year’s white one, dyed over. You know, papa, I always take
care of my things, and they last from year to year.”

“I do assure you, Mr. Crowfield,” said Miss Featherstone, “I never saw
such little economists as your daughters; it is perfectly wonderful what
they contrive to dress on. How they manage to do it I’m sure I can’t
see. I never could, I’m convinced.”

“Yes,” said Jenny, “I’ve bought but just one new hat. I only wish you
could sit in church where we do, and see those Miss Fielders. Marianne
and I have counted six new hats apiece of those girls’,—_new_, you know,
just out of the milliner’s shop; and last Sunday they came out in such
lovely puffed tulle bonnets! Weren’t they lovely, Marianne? And next
Sunday, I don’t doubt, there’ll be something else.”

“Yes,” said Miss Featherstone,—“their father, they say, has made a
million dollars lately on Government contracts.”

“For my part,” said Jenny, “I think such extravagance, at such a time as
this, is shameful.”

“Do you know,” said I, “that I’m quite sure the Misses Fielder think
they are practising rigorous economy?”

“Papa! Now there you are with your paradoxes! How can you say so?”

“I shouldn’t be afraid to bet a pair of gloves, now,” said I, “that Miss
Fielder thinks herself half ready for translation, because she has
bought only six new hats and a tulle bonnet so far in the season. If it
were not for her dear bleeding country, she would have had thirty-six,
like the Misses Sibthorpe. If we were admitted to the secret councils of
the Fielders, doubtless we should perceive what temptations they daily
resist; how perfectly rubbishy and dreadful they suffer themselves to
be, because they feel it important now, in this crisis, to practise
economy; how they abuse the Sibthorpes, who have a new hat every time
they drive out, and never think of wearing one more than two or three
times; how virtuous and self-denying they feel, when they think of the
puffed tulle, for which they only gave eighteen dollars, when Madame
Caradori showed them those lovely ones, like the Misses Sibthorpe’s, for
forty-five; and how they go home descanting on virgin simplicity, and
resolving that they will not allow themselves to be swept into the
vortex of extravagance, whatever other people may do.”

“Do you know,” said Miss Featherstone, “I believe your papa is right? I
was calling on the oldest Miss Fielder the other day, and she told me
that she positively felt ashamed to go looking as she did, but that she
really did feel the necessity of economy. ‘Perhaps we might afford to
spend more than some others,’ she said; ‘but it’s so much better to give
the money to the Sanitary Commission!’”

“Furthermore,” said I, “I am going to put forth another paradox, and say
that very likely there are some people looking on my girls, and
commenting on them for extravagance in having three hats, even though
made over, and contrived from last year’s stock.”

“They can’t know anything about it, then,” said Jenny, decisively; “for,
certainly, nobody can be decent, and invest less in millinery than
Marianne and I do.”

“When I was a young lady,” said my wife, “a well-dressed girl got her a
new bonnet in the spring, and another in the fall;—that was the extent
of her purchases in this line. A second-best bonnet, left of last year,
did duty to relieve and preserve the best one. My father was accounted
well-to-do, but I had no more, and wanted no more. I also bought myself,
every spring, two pair of gloves, a dark and a light pair, and wore them
through the summer, and another two through the winter; one or two pair
of white kids, carefully cleaned, carried me through all my parties.
Hats had not been heard of, and the great necessity which requires two
or three new ones every spring and fall had not arisen. Yet I was
reckoned a well-appearing girl, who dressed liberally. Now, a young lady
who has a waterfall-hat, an oriole-hat, and a jockey, must still be
troubled with anxious cares for her spring and fall and summer and
winter bonnets,—all the variety will not take the place of them. Gloves
are bought by the dozen; and as to dresses, there seems to be no limit
to the quantity of material and trimming that may be expended upon them.
When I was a young lady, seventy-five dollars a year was considered by
careful parents a liberal allowance for a daughter’s wardrobe. I had a
hundred, and was reckoned rich; and I sometimes used a part to make up
the deficiencies in the allowance of Sarah Evans, my particular friend,
whose father gave her only fifty. We all thought that a very scant
allowance; yet she generally made a very pretty and genteel appearance,
with the help of occasional presents from friends.”

“How could a girl dress for fifty dollars?” said Marianne.

“She could get a white muslin and a white cambric, which, with different
sortings of ribbons, served her for all dress-occasions. A silk, in
those days, took only ten yards in the making, and one dark silk was
considered a reasonable allowance to a lady’s wardrobe. Once made, it
stood for something,—always worn carefully, it lasted for years. One or
two calico morning-dresses, and a merino for winter wear, completed the
list. Then, as to collars, capes, cuffs, etc., we all did our own
embroidering, and very pretty things we wore, too. Girls looked as
prettily then as they do now, when four or five hundred dollars a year
is insufficient to clothe them.”

“But, mamma, you know our allowance isn’t anything like that,—it is
quite a slender one, though not so small as yours was,” said Marianne.
“Don’t you think the customs of society make a difference? Do you think,
as things are, we could go back and dress for the sum you did?”

“You cannot,” said my wife, “without a greater sacrifice of feeling than
I wish to impose on you. Still, though I don’t see how to help it, I
cannot but think that the requirements of fashion are becoming
needlessly extravagant, particularly in regard to the dress of women. It
seems to me, it is making the support of families so burdensome that
young men are discouraged from marriage. A young man, in a moderately
good business, might cheerfully undertake the world with a wife who
could make herself pretty and attractive for seventy-five dollars a
year, when he might sigh in vain for one who positively could not get
through, and be decent, on four hundred. Women, too, are getting to be
so attached to the trappings and accessories of life, that they cannot
think of marriage without an amount of fortune which few young men
possess.”

“You are talking in very low numbers about the dress of women,” said
Miss Featherstone. “I do assure you that it is the easiest thing in the
world for a girl to make away with a thousand dollars a year, and not
have so much to show for it either as Marianne and Jenny.”

“To be sure,” said I. “Only establish certain formulas of expectation,
and it is the easiest thing in the world. For instance, in your mother’s
day girls talked of a pair of gloves,—now they talk of a pack; then it
was a bonnet summer and winter,—now it is a bonnet spring, summer,
autumn, and winter, and hats like monthly roses,—a new blossom every few
weeks.”

“And then,” said my wife, “every device of the toilet is immediately
taken up and varied and improved on, so as to impose an almost monthly
necessity for novelty. The jackets of May are outshone by the jackets of
June; the buttons of June are antiquated in July; the trimmings of July
are _passées_ by September; side-combs, back-combs, puffs, rats, and all
sorts of such matters, are in a distracted race of improvement; every
article of feminine toilet is on the move towards perfection. It seems
to me that an infinity of money must be spent in these trifles, by those
who make the least pretension to keep in the fashion.”

“Well, papa,” said Jenny, “after all, it’s just the way things always
have been since the world began. You know the Bible says, ‘Can a maid
forget her ornaments?’ It’s clear she can’t. You see, it’s a law of
Nature; and you remember all that long chapter in the Bible that we had
read in church last Sunday, about the curls and veils and tinkling
ornaments and crimping-pins, and all that of those wicked daughters of
Zion in old times. Women always have been too much given to dress, and
they always will be.”

“The thing is,” said Marianne, “how can any woman, I, for example, know
what is too much or too little? In mamma’s day, it seems, a girl could
keep her place in society, by hard economy, and spend only fifty dollars
a year on her dress. Mamma found a hundred dollars ample. I have more
than that, and find myself quite straitened to keep myself looking well.
I don’t want to live for dress, to give all my time and thoughts to it;
I don’t wish to be extravagant; and yet I wish to be lady-like; it
annoys and makes me unhappy not to be fresh and neat and nice;
shabbiness and seediness are my aversion. I don’t see where the fault
is. Can one individual resist the whole current of society? It certainly
is not strictly necessary for us girls to have half the things we do. We
might, I suppose, live without many of them, and, as mamma says, look
just as well, because girls did so before these things were invented.
Now, I confess, I flatter myself, generally, that I am a pattern of good
management and economy, because I get so much less than other girls I
associate with. I wish you could see Miss Thorne’s fall dresses that she
showed me last year when she was visiting here. She had six gowns, and
no one of them could have cost less than seventy or eighty dollars, and
some of them must have been even more expensive; and yet I don’t doubt
that this fall she will feel that she must have just as many more. She
runs through and wears out these expensive things, with all their velvet
and thread lace, just as I wear my commonest ones; and at the end of the
season they are really gone,—spotted, stained, frayed, the lace all
pulled to pieces,—nothing left to save or make over. I feel as if Jenny
and I were patterns of economy, when I see such things. I really don’t
know what economy is. What is it?”

“There is the same difficulty in my housekeeping,” said my wife. “I
think I am an economist. I mean to be one. All our expenses are on a
modest scale, and yet I can see much that really is not strictly
necessary; but if I compare myself with some of my neighbors, I feel as
if I were hardly respectable. There is no subject on which all the world
are censuring one another so much as this. Hardly any one but thinks her
neighbors extravagant in some one or more particulars, and takes for
granted that she herself is an economist.”

“I’ll venture to say,” said I, “that there isn’t a woman of my
acquaintance that does not think she is an economist.”

“Papa is turned against us women, like all the rest of them,” said
Jenny. “I wonder if it isn’t just so with the men?”

“Yes,” said Marianne, “it’s the fashion to talk as if all the
extravagance of the country was perpetrated by women. For my part, I
think young men are just as extravagant. Look at the sums they spend for
cigars and meerschaums,—an expense which hasn’t even the pretence of
usefulness in any way; it’s a purely selfish, nonsensical indulgence.
When a girl spends money in making herself look pretty, she contributes
something to the agreeableness of society; but a man’s cigars and pipes
are neither ornamental nor useful.”

“Then look at their dress,” said Jenny; “they are to the full as fussy
and particular about it as girls; they have as many fine, invisible
points of fashion, and their fashions change quite as often; and they
have just as many knick-knacks, with their studs and their
sleeve-buttons and waistcoat-buttons, their scarfs and scarf-pins, their
watch-chains and seals and seal-rings, and nobody knows what. Then they
often waste and throw away more than women, because they are not good
judges of material, nor saving in what they buy, and have no knowledge
of how things should be cared for, altered, or mended. If their cap is a
little too tight, they cut the lining with a pen-knife, or slit holes in
a new shirt-collar, because it does not exactly fit to their mind. For
my part, I think men are naturally twice as wasteful as women. A pretty
thing, to be sure, to have all the waste of the country laid to us!”

“You are right, child,” said I; “women are by nature, as compared with
men, the care-taking and saving part of creation,—the authors and
conservators of economy. As a general rule, man earns and woman saves
and applies. The wastefulness of woman is commonly the fault of man.”

“I don’t see into that,” said Bob Stephens.

“In this way. Economy is the science of proportion. Whether a particular
purchase is extravagant depends mainly on the income it is taken from.
Suppose a woman has a hundred and fifty a year for her dress, and gives
fifty dollars for a bonnet; she gives a third of her income;—it is a
horrible extravagance, while for the woman whose income is ten thousand
it may be no extravagance at all. The poor clergyman’s wife, when she
gives five dollars for a bonnet, may be giving as much, in proportion to
her income, as the woman who gives fifty. Now the difficulty with the
greater part of women is, that the men who make the money and hold it
give them no kind of standard by which to measure their expenses. Most
women and girls are in this matter entirely at sea, without chart or
compass. They don’t know in the least what they have to spend. Husbands
and fathers often pride themselves about not saying a word on
business-matters to their wives and daughters. They don’t wish them to
understand them, or to inquire into them, or to make remarks or
suggestions concerning them. ‘I want you to have everything that is
suitable and proper,’ says Jones to his wife, ‘but don’t be
extravagant.’

“‘But, my dear,’ says Mrs. Jones, ‘what is suitable and proper depends
very much on our means; if you could allow me any specific sum for dress
and housekeeping, I could tell better.’

“‘Nonsense, Susan! I can’t do that,—it’s too much trouble. Get what you
need, and avoid foolish extravagances; that’s all I ask.’

“By and by Mrs. Jones’s bills are sent in, in an evil hour, when Jones
has heavy notes to meet, and then comes a domestic storm.

“‘I shall just be ruined, Madam, if that’s the way you are going on. I
can’t afford to dress you and the girls in the style you have set
up;—look at this milliner’s bill!’

“‘I assure you,’ says Mrs. Jones, ‘we haven’t got any more than the
Stebbinses,—nor so much.’

“‘Don’t you know that the Stebbinses are worth five times as much as
ever I was?’

“No, Mrs. Jones did not know it;—how should she, when her husband makes
it a rule never to speak of his business to her, and she has not the
remotest idea of his income?

“Thus multitudes of good conscientious women and girls are extravagant
from pure ignorance. The male provider allows bills to be run up in his
name, and they have no earthly means of judging whether they are
spending too much or too little, except the semi-annual hurricane which
attends the coming in of these bills.

“The first essential in the practice of economy is a knowledge of one’s
income, and the man who refuses to accord to his wife and children this
information has never any right to accuse them of extravagance, because
he himself deprives them of that standard of comparison which is an
indispensable requisite in economy. As early as possible in the
education of children they should pass from that state of irresponsible
waiting to be provided for by parents, and be trusted with the spending
of some fixed allowance, that they may learn prices and values, and have
some notion of what money is actually worth and what it will bring. The
simple fact of the possession of a fixed and definite income often
suddenly transforms a giddy, extravagant girl into a care-taking,
prudent little woman. Her allowance is her own; she begins to plan upon
it,—to add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do numberless sums in her
little head. She no longer buys everything she fancies; she deliberates,
weighs, compares. And now there is room for self-denial and generosity
to come in. She can do without this article; she can furbish up some
older possession to do duty a little longer, and give this money to some
friend poorer than she; and ten to one the girl whose bills last year
were four or five hundred finds herself bringing through this year
creditably on a hundred and fifty. To be sure, she goes without numerous
things which she used to have. From the stand-point of a fixed income
she sees that these are impossible, and no more wants them than the
green cheese of the moon. She learns to make her own taste and skill
take the place of expensive purchases. She refits her hats and bonnets,
retrims her dresses, and in a thousand busy, earnest, happy little ways,
sets herself to make the most of her small income.

“So the woman who has her definite allowance for housekeeping finds at
once a hundred questions set at rest. Before, it was not clear to her
why she should not ‘go and do likewise’ in relation to every purchase
made by her next neighbor. Now, there is a clear logic of proportion.
Certain things are evidently not to be thought of, though next neighbors
do have them; and we must resign ourselves to find some other way of
living.”

“My dear,” said my wife, “I think there is a peculiar temptation in a
life organized as ours is in America. There are here no settled classes,
with similar ratios of income. Mixed together in the same society, going
to the same parties, and blended in daily neighborly intercourse, are
families of the most opposite extremes in point of fortune. In England
there is a very well-understood expression, that people should not dress
or live above their station; in America none will admit that they have
any particular station, or that they can live above it. The principle of
democratic equality unites in society people of the most diverse
positions and means.

“Here, for instance, is a family like Dr. Selden’s, an old and highly
respected one, with an income of only two or three thousand,—yet they
are people universally sought for in society, and mingle in all the
intercourse of life with merchant-millionnaires whose incomes are from
ten to thirty thousand. Their sons and daughters go to the same schools,
the same parties, and are thus constantly meeting upon terms of social
equality.

“Now it seems to me that our danger does not lie in the great and
evident expenses of our richer friends. We do not expect to have
pineries, graperies, equipages, horses, diamonds,—we say openly and of
course that we do not. Still, our expenses are constantly increased by
the proximity of these things, unless we understand ourselves better
than most people do. We don’t of course, expect to get a
fifteen-hundred-dollar Cashmere, like Mrs. So-and-so, but we begin to
look at hundred-dollar shawls and nibble about the hook. We don’t expect
sets of diamonds, but a diamond ring, a pair of solitaire diamond
earrings, begins to be speculated about among the young people as among
possibilities. We don’t expect to carpet our house with Axminster and
hang our windows with damask, but at least we must have Brussels and
brocatelle,—it _would not do_ not to. And so we go on getting hundreds
of things that we don’t need, that have no real value except that they
soothe our self-love,—and for these inferior articles we pay a higher
proportion of our income than our rich neighbor does for his better
ones. Nothing is uglier than low-priced Cashmere shawls; and yet a young
man just entering business will spend an eighth of a year’s income to
put one on his wife, and when he has put it there it only serves as a
constant source of disquiet,—for now that the door is opened, and
Cashmere shawls are possible, she is consumed with envy at the superior
ones constantly sported around her. So also with point-lace, velvet
dresses, and hundreds of things of that sort, which belong to a certain
rate of income, and are absurd below it.”

“And yet, mamma, I heard Aunt Easygo say that velvet, point-lace, and
Cashmere were the cheapest finery that could be bought, because they
lasted a lifetime.”

“Aunt Easygo speaks from an income of ten thousand a year; they may be
cheap for her rate of living,—but for us, for example, by no magic of
numbers can it be made to appear that it is cheaper to have the greatest
bargain in the world in Cashmere, lace, and diamonds, than not to have
them at all. I never had a diamond, never wore a piece of point-lace,
never had a velvet dress, and have been perfectly happy, and just as
much respected as if I had. Who ever thought of objecting to me for not
having them? Nobody, as I ever heard.”

“Certainly not, mamma,” said Marianne.

“The thing I have always said to you girls is, that you were not to
expect to live like richer people, not to begin to try, not to think or
inquire about certain rates of expenditure, or take the first step in
certain directions. We have moved on all our life after a very
antiquated and old-fashioned mode. We have had our little old-fashioned
house, our little old-fashioned ways.”

“Except the parlor-carpet, and what came of it, my dear,” said I,
mischievously.

“Yes, except the parlor-carpet,” said my wife, with a conscious twinkle,
“and the things that came of it; there was a concession there, but one
can’t be wise always.”

“_We_ talked mamma into that,” said Jenny.

“But one thing is certain,” said my wife,—“that, though I have had an
antiquated, plain house, and plain furniture, and plain dress, and not
the beginning of a thing such as many of my neighbors have possessed, I
have spent more money than many of them for real comforts. While I had
young children, I kept more and better servants than many women who wore
Cashmeres and diamonds. I thought it better to pay extra wages to a
really good, trusty woman who lived with me from year to year, and
relieved me of some of my heaviest family-cares, than to have ever so
much lace locked away in my drawers. We always were able to go into the
country to spend our summers, and to keep a good family-horse and
carriage for daily driving,—by which means we afforded, as a family,
very poor patronage to the medical profession. Then we built our house,
and while we left out a great many expensive common-places that other
people think they must have, we put in a profusion of bathing
accommodations such as very few people think of having. There never was
a time when we did not feel able to afford to do what was necessary to
preserve or to restore health; and for this I always drew on the surplus
fund laid up by my very unfashionable housekeeping and dressing.”

“Your mother has had,” said I, “what is the great want in America,
perfect independence of mind to go her own way without regard to the way
others go. I think there is, for some reason, more false shame among
Americans about economy than among Europeans. ‘I cannot afford it’ is
more seldom heard among us. A young man beginning life, whose income may
be from five to eight hundred a year, thinks it elegant and gallant to
affect a careless air about money, especially among ladies,—to hand it
out freely, and put back his change without counting it,—to wear a
watch-chain and studs and shirt-fronts like those of some young
millionnaire. None but the most expensive tailors, shoemakers, and
hatters will do for him; and then he grumbles at the dearness of living,
and declares that he cannot get along on his salary. The same is true of
young girls, and of married men and women too,—the whole of them are
ashamed of economy. The cares that wear out life and health in many
households are of a nature that cannot be cast on God, or met by any
promise from the Bible,—it is not care for ‘food convenient,’ or for
comfortable raiment, but care to keep up false appearances, and to
stretch a narrow income over the space that can be covered only by a
wider one.

“The poor widow in her narrow lodgings, with her monthly rent staring
her hourly in the face, and her bread and meat and candles and meal all
to be paid for on delivery or not obtained at all, may find comfort in
the good old Book, reading of that other widow whose wasting measure of
oil and last failing handful of meal were of such account before her
Father in heaven that a prophet was sent to recruit them; and when
customers do not pay, or wages are cut down, she can enter into her
chamber, and when she hath shut her door, present to her Father in
heaven His sure promise that with the fowls of the air she shall be fed
and with the lilies of the field she shall be clothed: but what promises
are there for her who is racking her brains on the ways and means to
provide as sumptuous an entertainment of oysters and Champagne at her
next party as her richer neighbor, or to compass that great bargain
which shall give her a point-lace set almost as handsome as that of Mrs.
Crœsus, who has ten times her income?”

“But, papa,” said Marianne, with a twinge of that exacting sensitiveness
by which the child is characterized, “I think I am an economist, thanks
to you and mamma, so far as knowing just what my income is, and keeping
within it; but that does not satisfy me, and it seems that isn’t all of
economy;—the question that haunts me is, Might I not make my little all
do more and better than I do?”

“There,” said I, “you have hit the broader and deeper signification of
economy, which is, in fact, the science of _comparative values_. In its
highest sense, economy is a just judgment of the comparative value of
things,—money only the means of enabling one to express that value. This
is the reason why the whole matter is so full of difficulty,—why every
one criticises his neighbor in this regard. Human beings are so various,
the necessities of each are so different, they are made comfortable or
uncomfortable by such opposite means, that the spending of other
people’s incomes must of necessity often look unwise from our
stand-point. For this reason multitudes of people who cannot be accused
of exceeding their incomes often seem to others to be spending them
foolishly and extravagantly.”

“But is there no standard of value?” said Marianne.

“There are certain things upon which there is a pretty general
agreement, verbally, at least, among mankind. For instance, it is
generally agreed that _health_ is an indispensable good,—that money is
well spent that secures it, and worse than ill spent that ruins it.

“With this standard in mind, how much money is wasted even by people who
do not exceed their income! Here a man builds a house, and pays, in the
first place, ten thousand more than he need, for a location in a
fashionable part of the city, though the air will be closer and the
chances of health less; he spends three or four thousand more on a stone
front, on marble mantles imported from Italy, on plate-glass windows,
plated hinges, and a thousand nice points of finish, and has perhaps but
one bath-room for a whole household, and that so connected with his own
apartment that nobody but himself and his wife can use it.

“Another man buys a lot in an open, airy situation, which fashion has
not made expensive, and builds without a stone front, marble mantels, or
plate glass windows, but has a perfect system of ventilation through his
house, and bathing-rooms in every story, so that the children and guests
may all, without inconvenience, enjoy the luxury of abundant water.

“The first spends for fashion and show, the second for health and
comfort.

“Here is a man that will buy his wife a diamond bracelet and a lace
shawl, and take her yearly to Washington to show off her beauty in
ball-dresses, who yet will not let her pay wages which will command any
but the poorest and most inefficient domestic service. The woman is worn
out, her life made a desert by exhaustion consequent on a futile attempt
to keep up a showy establishment with only half the hands needed for the
purpose. Another family will give brilliant parties, have a gay season
every year at the first hotels at Newport, and not be able to afford the
wife a fire in her chamber in midwinter, or the servants enough food to
keep them from constantly deserting. The damp, mouldy, dingy
cellar-kitchen, the cold, windy, desolate attic, devoid of any comfort,
where the domestics are doomed to pass their whole time, are witnesses
to what such families consider economy. Economy in the view of some is
undisguised slipshod slovenliness in the home-circle for the sake of
fine clothes to be shown abroad; it is undisguised hard selfishness to
servants and dependants, counting their every approach to comfort a
needless waste,—grudging the Roman-Catholic cook her cup of tea at
dinner on Friday, when she must not eat meat,—and murmuring that a
cracked, second-hand looking-glass must be got for the servants room:
what business have they to want to know how they look?

“Some families will employ the cheapest physician, without regard to his
ability to kill or cure; some will treat diseases in their incipiency
with quack medicines, bought cheap, hoping thereby to fend off the
doctor’s bill. Some women seem to be pursued by an evil demon of
economy, which, like an _ignis fatuus_ in a bog, delights constantly to
tumble them over into the mire of expense. They are dismayed at the
quantity of sugar in the recipe for preserves, leave out a quarter, and
the whole ferments and is spoiled. They cannot by any means be induced
at any one time to buy enough silk to make a dress, and the dress
finally, after many convulsions and alterations, must be thrown by
altogether, as too scanty. They get poor needles, poor thread, poor
sugar, poor raisins, poor tea, poor coal. One wonders, in looking at
their blackened, smouldering grates, in a freezing day, what the fire is
there at all for,—it certainly warms nobody. The only thing they seem
likely to be lavish in is funeral expenses, which come in the wake of
leaky shoes and imperfect clothing. These funeral expenses at last
swallow all, since nobody can dispute an undertaker’s bill. One pities
these joyless beings. Economy, instead of a rational act of the
judgment, is a morbid monomania, eating the pleasure out of life, and
haunting them to the grave.

“Some people’s ideas of economy seem to run simply in the line of
eating. Their flour is of an extra brand, their meat the first cut; the
delicacies of every season, in their dearest stages, come home to their
table with an apologetic smile,—‘It was scandalously dear, my love, but
I thought we must just treat ourselves.’ And yet these people cannot
afford to buy books, and pictures they regard as an unthought-of
extravagance. Trudging home with fifty dollars’ worth of delicacies on
his arm, Smith meets Jones who is exulting with a bag of crackers under
one arm and a choice little bit of an oil painting under the other,
which he thinks a bargain at fifty dollars. ‘_I_ can’t afford to buy
pictures,’ Smith says to his spouse, ‘and I don’t know how Jones and his
wife manage.’ Jones and his wife will live on bread and milk for a
month, and she will turn her best gown the third time, but they will
have their picture, and they are happy. Jones’s picture remains, and
Smith’s fifty dollars’ worth of oysters and canned fruit to-morrow will
be gone forever. Of all modes of spending money, the swallowing of
expensive dainties brings the least return. There is one step lower than
this,—the consuming of luxuries that are injurious to the health. If all
the money spent on tobacco and liquors could be spent in books and
pictures, I predict that nobody’s health would be a whit less sound, and
houses would be vastly more attractive. There is enough money spent in
smoking, drinking, and over-eating to give every family in the community
a good library, to hang every-body’s parlor-walls with lovely pictures,
to set up in every house a conservatory which should bloom all winter
with choice flowers, to furnish every dwelling with ample bathing and
warming accommodations, even down to the dwellings of the poor; and in
the millennium I believe this is the way things are to be.

“In these times of peril and suffering, if the inquiry arises, How shall
there be retrenchment? I answer, First and foremost retrench things
needless, doubtful, and positively hurtful, as rum, tobacco, and all the
meerschaums of divers colors that do accompany the same. Second,
retrench all eating not necessary to health and comfort. A French family
would live in luxury on the leavings that are constantly coming from the
tables of those who call themselves in middling circumstances. There are
superstitions of the table that ought to be broken through. Why must you
always have cake in your closet? why need you feel undone to entertain a
guest with no cake on your tea-table? Do without it a year, and ask
yourselves if you or your children, or any one else, have suffered
materially in consequence.

“Why is it imperative that you should have two or three courses at every
meal? Try the experiment of having but one, and that a very good one,
and see if any great amount of suffering ensues. Why must social
intercourse so largely consist in eating? In Paris there is a very
pretty custom. Each family has one evening in the week when it stays at
home and receives friends. Tea, with a little bread and butter and cake,
served in the most informal way, is the only refreshment. The rooms are
full, busy, bright,—everything as easy and joyous as if a monstrous
supper, with piles of jelly and mountains of cake were waiting to give
the company a nightmare at the close.

“Said a lady, pointing to a gentleman and his wife in a social circle of
this kind, ‘I ought to know them well,—I have seen them every week for
twenty years.’ It is certainly pleasant and confirmative of social
enjoyment for friends to eat together; but a little enjoyed in this way
answers the purpose as well as a great deal, and better too.”

“Well, papa,” said Marianne, “in the matter of dress now,—how much ought
one to spend just to look as others do?”

“I will tell you what I saw the other night, girls, in the parlor of one
of our hotels. Two middle-aged Quaker ladies came gliding in, with calm,
cheerful faces, and lustrous dove-colored silks. By their conversation I
found that they belonged to that class of women among the Friends who
devote themselves to travelling on missions of benevolence. They had
just completed a tour of all the hospitals for wounded soldiers in the
country, where they had been carrying comforts, arranging, advising, and
soothing by their cheerful, gentle presence. They were now engaged on
another mission, to the lost and erring of their own sex; night after
night, guarded by a policeman, they had ventured after midnight into the
dance-houses where girls are being led to ruin, and with gentle words of
tender, motherly counsel sought to win them from their fatal
ways,—telling them where they might go the next day to find friends who
would open to them an asylum and aid them to seek a better life.

“As I looked upon these women, dressed with such modest purity, I began
secretly to think that the Apostle was not wrong, when he spoke of women
adorning themselves with the _ornament_ of a meek and quiet spirit; for
the habitual gentleness of their expression, the calmness and purity of
the lines in their faces, the delicacy and simplicity of their apparel,
seemed of themselves a rare and peculiar beauty. I could not help
thinking that fashionable bonnets, flowing lace sleeves, and dresses
elaborately trimmed could not have improved even their outward
appearance. Doubtless, their simple wardrobe needed but a small trunk in
travelling from place to place, and hindered but little their prayers
and ministrations.

“Now, it is true, all women are not called to such a life as this; but
might not all women take a leaf at least from their book? I submit the
inquiry humbly. It seems to me that there are many who go monthly to the
sacrament, and receive it with sincere devotion, and who give thanks
each time sincerely that they are thus made ‘members incorporate in the
mystical body of Christ,’ who have never thought of this membership as
meaning that they should share Christ’s sacrifices for lost souls, or
abridge themselves of one ornament or encounter one inconvenience for
the sake of those wandering sheep for whom he died. Certainly there is a
higher economy which we need to learn,—that which makes all things
subservient to the spiritual and immortal, and that not merely to the
good of our own souls and those of our family, but of all who are knit
with us in the great bonds of human brotherhood.

“There have been from time to time, among well-meaning Christian people,
retrenchment societies on high moral grounds, which have failed for want
of knowledge how to manage the complicated question of necessaries and
luxuries. These words have a signification in the case of different
people as varied as the varieties of human habit and constitution. It is
a department impossible to be bound by external rules; but none the less
should every high-minded Christian soul in this matter have a law unto
itself. It may safely be laid down as a general rule, that no income,
however large or however small, should be unblessed by the divine touch
of self-sacrifice. Something for the poor, the sorrowing, the hungry,
the tempted, and the weak should be taken from _what is our own_ at the
expense of some personal sacrifice, or we suffer more morally than the
brother from whom we withdraw it. Even the Lord of all, when dwelling
among men, out of that slender private purse which he accepted for his
little family of chosen ones, had ever something reserved to give to the
poor. It is easy to say, ‘It is but a drop in the bucket. I cannot
remove the great mass of misery in the world. What little I could save
or give does nothing.’ It does this, if no more,—it prevents one soul,
and that soul your own, from drying and hardening into utter selfishness
and insensibility; it enables you to say I have done something; taken
one atom from the great heap of sins and miseries and placed it on the
side of good.

“The Sisters of Charity and the Friends, each with their different
costume of plainness and self-denial, and other noble-hearted women of
no particular outward order, but kindred in spirit, have shown to
womanhood, on the battle-field and in the hospital, a more excellent
way,—a beauty and nobility before which all the common graces and
ornaments of the sex fade, appeal like dim candles by the pure, eternal
stars.”


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  IX.

                               SERVANTS.


IN the course of my papers various domestic revolutions have occurred.
Our Marianne has gone from us with a new name to a new life, and a
modest little establishment not many squares off claims about as much of
my wife’s and Jenny’s busy thoughts as those of the proper mistress.

Marianne, as I always foresaw, is a careful and somewhat anxious
housekeeper. Her tastes are fastidious; she is made for exactitude: the
smallest departures from the straight line appear to her shocking
deviations. She had always lived in a house where everything had been
formed to quiet and order under the ever-present care and touch of her
mother; nor had she ever participated in these cares more than to do a
little dusting of the parlor ornaments, or wash the best china, or make
sponge-cake or chocolate-caramels. Certain conditions of life had always
appeared so to be matters of course that she had never conceived of a
house without them. It never occurred to her that such bread and biscuit
as she saw at the home-table would not always and of course appear at
every table,—that the silver would not always be as bright, the glass as
clear, the salt as fine and smooth, the plates and dishes as nicely
arranged as she had always seen them, apparently without the thought or
care of any one,—for my wife is one of those housekeepers whose touch is
so fine that no one feels it. She is never heard scolding or
reproving,—never entertains her company with her recipes for cookery or
the faults of her servants. She is so unconcerned about receiving her
own personal share of credit for the good appearance of her
establishment, that even the children of the house have not supposed
that there is any particular will of hers in the matter,—it all seems
the natural consequence of having very good servants.

One phenomenon they had never seriously reflected on,—that, under all
the changes of the domestic cabinet which are so apt to occur in
American households, the same coffee, the same bread and biscuit, the
same nicely prepared dishes and neatly laid table always gladdened their
eyes; and from this they inferred only that good servants were more
abundant than most people had supposed. They were somewhat surprised
when these marvels were wrought by professedly green hands, but were
given to suppose that these green hands must have had some remarkable
quickness or aptitude for acquiring. That sparkling jelly, well-flavored
ice-creams, clear soups, and delicate biscuits could be made by a raw
Irish girl, fresh from her native Erin, seemed to them a proof of the
genius of the race; and my wife, who never felt it important to attain
to the reputation of a cook, quietly let it pass.

For some time, therefore, after the inauguration of the new household,
there was trouble in the camp. Sour bread had appeared on the
table,—bitter, acrid coffee had shocked and astonished the palate,—lint
had been observed on tumblers, and the spoons had sometimes dingy
streaks on the brightness of their first bridal polish,—beds were
detected made shockingly awry,—and Marianne came burning with
indignation to her mother.

“Such a little family as we have, and two strong girls,” said
she,—“everything ought to be perfect; there is really nothing to do.
Think of a whole batch of bread absolutely sour! and when I gave that
away, then this morning another exactly like it! and when I talked to
cook about it, she said she had lived in this and that family, and her
bread had always been praised as equal to the baker’s!”

“I don’t doubt she is right,” said I. “Many families never have anything
but sour bread from one end of the year to the other, eating it
unperceiving, and with good cheer; and they buy also sour bread of the
baker, with like approbation,—lightness being in their estimation the
only virtue necessary in the article.”

“Could you not correct her fault?” suggested my wife.

“I have done all I can. I told her we could not have such bread, that it
was dreadful; Bob says it would give him the dyspepsia in a week; and
then she went and made exactly the same;—it seems to me mere
wilfulness.”

“But,” said I, “suppose, instead of such general directions, you should
analyze her proceedings and find out just where she makes her
mistake,—is the root of the trouble in the yeast, or in the time she
begins it, letting it rise too long?—the time, you know, should vary so
much with the temperature of the weather.”

“As to that,” said Marianne, “I know nothing. I never noticed; it never
was my business to make bread; it always seemed quite a simple process,
mixing yeast and flour and kneading it; and our bread at home was always
good.”

“It seems, then, my dear, that you have come to your profession without
even having studied it.”

My wife smiled, and said,—

“You know, Marianne, I proposed to you to be our family bread-maker for
one month of the year before you married.”

“Yes, mamma, I remember; but I was like other girls; I thought there was
no need of it. I never liked to do such things; perhaps I had better
have done it.”

“You certainly had,” said I; “for the first business of a housekeeper in
America is that of a teacher. She can have a good table only by having
practical knowledge, and tact in imparting it. If she understands her
business practically and experimentally, her eye detects at once the
weak spot; it requires only a little tact, some patience, some clearness
in giving directions, and all comes right. I venture to say that your
mother would have exactly such bread as always appears on our table, and
have it by the hands of your cook, because she could detect and explain
to her exactly her error.”

“Do you know,” said my wife, “what yeast she uses?”

“I believe,” said Marianne, “it’s a kind she makes herself. I think I
heard her say so. I know she makes a great fuss about it, and rather
values herself upon it. She is evidently accustomed to being praised for
her bread, and feels mortified and angry, and I don’t know how to manage
her.”

“Well,” said I, “if you carry your watch to a watchmaker, and undertake
to show him how to regulate the machinery, he laughs and goes on his own
way; but if a brother-machinist makes suggestions, he listens
respectfully. So, when a woman who knows nothing of woman’s work
undertakes to instruct one who knows more than she does, she makes no
impression; but a woman who has been trained experimentally, and shows
she understands the matter thoroughly, is listened to with respect.”

“I think,” said my wife, “that your Bridget is worth teaching. She is
honest, well-principled, and tidy. She has good recommendations from
excellent families, whose ideas of good bread it appears differ from
ours; and with a little good-nature, tact, and patience, she will come
into your ways.”

“But the coffee, mamma,—you would not imagine it to be from the same bag
with your own, so dark and so bitter; what do you suppose she has done
to it?”

“Simply this,” said my wife. “She has let the berries stay a few moments
too long over the fire,—they are burnt, instead of being roasted; and
there are people who think it essential to good coffee that it should
look black, and have a strong, bitter flavor. A very little change in
the preparing will alter this.”

“Now,” said I, “Marianne, if you want my advice, I’ll give it to you
gratis:—Make your own bread for one month. Simple as the process seems,
I think it will take as long as that to give you a thorough knowledge of
all the possibilities in the case; but after that you will never need to
make any more,—you will be able to command good bread by the aid of all
sorts of servants; you will, in other words, be a thoroughly prepared
teacher.”

“I did not think,” said Marianne, “that so simple a thing required so
much attention.”

“It is simple,” said my wife, “and yet requires a delicate care and
watchfulness. There are fifty ways to spoil good bread; there are a
hundred little things to be considered and allowed for that require
accurate observation and experience. The same process that will raise
good bread in cold weather will make sour bread in the heat of summer;
different qualities of flour require variations in treatment, as also
different sorts and conditions of yeast; and when all is done, the
baking presents another series of possibilities which require exact
attention.”

“So it appears,” said Marianne, gayly, “that I must begin to study my
profession at the eleventh hour.”

“Better late than never,” said I. “But there is this advantage on your
side: a well-trained mind, accustomed to reflect, analyze, and
generalize, has an advantage over uncultured minds even of double
experience. Poor as your cook is, she now knows more of her business
than you do. After a very brief period of attention and experiment, you
will not only know more than she does, but you will convince her that
you do, which is quite as much to the purpose.”

“In the same manner,” said my wife, “you will have to give lessons to
your other girl on the washing of silver and the making of beds. Good
servants do not often come to us; they must be _made_ by patience and
training; and if a girl has a good disposition and a reasonable degree
of handiness, and the housekeeper understands her profession, she may
make a good servant out of an indifferent one. Some of my best girls
have been those who came to me directly from the ship, with no
preparation but docility and some natural quickness. The hardest cases
to be managed are not of those who have been taught nothing, but of
those who have been taught wrongly,—who come to you self-opinionated,
with ways which are distasteful to you, and contrary to the genius of
your housekeeping. Such require that their mistress shall understand at
least so much of the actual conduct of affairs as to prove to the
servant that there are better ways than those in which she has hitherto
been trained.”

“Don’t you think, mamma,” said Marianne, “that there has been a sort of
reaction against woman’s work in our day? So much has been said of the
higher sphere of woman, and so much has been done to find some better
work for her, that insensibly, I think, almost everybody begins to feel
that it is rather degrading for a woman in good society to be much tied
down to family affairs.”

“Especially,” said my wife, “since in these Woman’s-Rights Conventions
there is so much indignation expressed at those who would confine her
ideas to the kitchen and nursery.”

“There is reason in all things,” said I. “Woman’s-Rights Conventions are
a protest against many former absurd, unreasonable ideas,—the mere
physical and culinary idea of womanhood as connected only with puddings
and shirt-buttons, the unjust and unequal burdens which the laws of
harsher ages had cast upon the sex. Many of the women connected with
these movements are as superior in everything properly womanly as they
are in exceptional talent and culture. There is no manner of doubt that
the sphere of woman is properly to be enlarged, and that republican
governments in particular are to be saved from corruption and failure
only by allowing to woman this enlarged sphere. Every woman has rights
as a human being first, which belong to no sex, and ought to be as
freely conceded to her as if she were a man,—and first and foremost, the
great right of doing anything which God and Nature evidently have fitted
her to excel in. If she be made a natural orator, like Miss Dickenson,
or an astronomer, like Mrs. Somerville, or a singer, like Grisi, let not
the technical rules of womanhood be thrown in the way of her free use of
her powers. Nor can there be any reason shown why a woman’s vote in the
state should not be received with as much respect as in the family. A
state is but an association of families, and laws relate to the rights
and immunities which touch woman’s most private and immediate wants and
dearest hopes; and there is no reason why sister, wife, and mother
should be more powerless in the state than in the home. Nor does it make
a woman unwomanly to express an opinion by dropping a slip of paper into
a box, more than to express that same opinion by conversation. In fact,
there is no doubt, that, in all matters relating to the interests of
education, temperance, and religion, the state would be a material
gainer by receiving the votes of women.

“But, having said all this, I must admit, _per contra_, not only a great
deal of crude, disagreeable talk in these conventions, but a too great
tendency of the age to make the education of women anti-domestic. It
seems as if the world never could advance, except like ships under a
head-wind, tacking and going too far, now in this direction, and now in
the opposite. Our common-school system now rejects sewing from the
education of girls, which very properly used to occupy many hours daily
in school a generation ago. The daughters of laborers and artisans are
put through algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and the higher mathematics,
to the entire neglect of that learning which belongs distinctively to
woman. A girl cannot keep pace with her class, if she gives any time to
domestic matters; and accordingly she is excused from them all during
the whole term of her education. The boy of a family, at an early age,
is put to a trade, or the labors of a farm; the father becomes impatient
of his support, and requires of him to care for himself. Hence an
interrupted education,—learning coming by snatches in the winter months
or in the intervals of work. As the result, the females in our country
towns are commonly, in mental culture, vastly in advance of the males of
the same household; but with this comes a physical delicacy, the result
of an exclusive use of the brain and a neglect of the muscular system,
with great inefficiency in practical domestic duties. The race of
strong, hardy, cheerful girls, that used to grow up in country places,
and made the bright, neat, New England kitchens of old times,—the girls
that could wash, iron, brew, bake, harness a horse and drive him, no
less than braid straw, embroider, draw, paint, and read innumerable
books,—this race of women, pride of olden time, is daily lessening; and
in their stead come the fragile, easily fatigued, languid girls of a
modern age, drilled in book-learning, ignorant of common things. The
great danger of all this, and of the evils that come from it, is that
society by and by will turn as blindly against female intellectual
culture as it now advocates it, and, having worked disproportionately
one way, will work disproportionately in the opposite direction.”

“The fact is,” said my wife, “that domestic service is the great problem
of life here in America; the happiness of families, their thrift,
well-being, and comfort, are more affected by this than by any one thing
else. Our girls, as they have been brought up, cannot perform the labor
of their own families, as in those simpler, old-fashioned days you tell
of; and what is worse, they have no practical skill with which to
instruct servants, and servants come to us, as a class, raw and
untrained; so what is to be done? In the present state of prices, the
board of a domestic costs double her wages, and the waste she makes is a
more serious matter still. Suppose you give us an article upon this
subject in your ‘House and Home Papers.’ You could not have a better
one.”

So I sat down, and wrote thus on


                         SERVANTS AND SERVICE.

Many of the domestic evils in America originate in the fact, that, while
society here is professedly based on new principles which ought to make
social life in every respect different from the life of the Old World,
yet these principles have never been so thought out and applied as to
give consistency and harmony to our daily relations. America starts with
a political organization based on a declaration of the primitive freedom
and equality of all men. Every human being, according to this principle,
stands on the same natural level with every other, and has the same
chance to rise according to the degree of power or capacity given by the
Creator. All our civil institutions are designed to preserve this
equality, as far as possible, from generation to generation: there is no
entailed property, there are no hereditary titles, no monopolies, no
privileged classes,—all are to be as free to rise and fall as the waves
of the sea.

The condition of domestic service, however, still retains about it
something of the influences from feudal times, and from the near
presence of slavery in neighboring States. All English literature, all
the literature of the world, describes domestic service in the old
feudal spirit and with the old feudal language, which regarded the
master as belonging to a privileged class and the servant to an inferior
one. There is not a play, not a poem, not a novel, not a history, that
does not present this view. The master’s rights, like the rights of
kings, were supposed to rest in his being born in a superior rank. The
good servant was one who, from childhood, had learned “to order himself
lowly and reverently to all his betters.” When New England brought to
these shores the theory of democracy, she brought, in the persons of the
first pilgrims, the habits of thought and of action formed in
aristocratic communities. Winthrop’s Journal, and all the old records of
the earlier colonists, show households where masters and mistresses
stood on the “right divine” of the privileged classes, howsoever they
might have risen up against authorities themselves.

The first consequence of this state of things was a universal rejection
of domestic service in all classes of American-born society. For a
generation or two, there was, indeed, a sort of interchange of family
strength,—sons and daughters engaging in the service of neighboring
families, in default of a sufficient working-force of their own, but
always on conditions of strict equality. The assistant was to share the
table, the family sitting-room, and every honor and attention that might
be claimed by son or daughter. When families increased in refinement and
education so as to make these conditions of close intimacy with more
uncultured neighbors disagreeable, they had to choose between such
intimacies and the performance of their own domestic toil. No wages
could induce a son or daughter of New England to take the condition of a
servant on terms which they thought applicable to that of a slave. The
slightest hint of a separate table was resented as an insult; not to
enter the front-door, and not to sit in the front-parlor on
state-occasions, was bitterly commented on as a personal indignity.

The well-taught, self-respecting daughters of farmers, the class most
valuable in domestic service, gradually retired from it. They preferred
any other employment, however laborious. Beyond all doubt, the labors of
a well-regulated family are more healthy, more cheerful, more
interesting, because less monotonous, than the mechanical toils of a
factory; yet the girls of New England, with one consent, preferred the
factory, and left the whole business of domestic service to a foreign
population; and they did it mainly because they would not take positions
in families as an inferior laboring-class by the side of others of their
own age who assumed as their prerogative to live without labor.

“I can’t let you have one of my daughters,” said an energetic matron to
her neighbor from the city, who was seeking for a servant in her summer
vacation; “if you hadn’t daughters of your own, maybe I would; but my
girls ain’t going to work so that your girls may live in idleness.”

It was vain to offer money. “We don’t need your money, ma’am, we can
support ourselves in other ways; my girls can braid straw, and bind
shoes, but they ain’t going to be slaves to anybody.”

In the Irish and German servants who took the place of Americans in
families, there was, to begin with, the tradition of education in favor
of a higher class; but even the foreign population became more or less
infected with the spirit of democracy. They came to this country with
vague notions of freedom and equality, and in ignorant and uncultivated
people such ideas are often more unreasonable for being vague. They did
not, indeed, claim a seat at the table and in the parlor, but they
repudiated many of those habits of respect and courtesy which belonged
to their former condition, and asserted their own will and way in the
round, unvarnished phrase which they supposed to be their right as
republican citizens. Life became a sort of domestic wrangle and struggle
between the employers, who secretly confessed their weakness, but
endeavored openly to assume the air and bearing of authority, and the
employed, who knew their power and insisted on their privileges. From
this cause domestic service in America has had less of mutual kindliness
than in old countries. Its terms have been so ill understood and defined
that both parties have assumed the defensive; and a common topic of
conversation in American female society has often been the general
servile war which in one form or another was going on in their different
families,—a war as interminable as would be a struggle between
aristocracy and common people, undefined by any bill of rights or
constitution, and therefore opening fields for endless disputes. In
England, the class who go to service _are_ a class, and service is a
profession; the distance between them and their employers is so marked
and defined, and all the customs and requirements of the position are so
perfectly understood, that the master or mistress has no fear of being
compromised by condescension, and no need of the external voice or air
of authority. The higher up in the social scale one goes, the more
courteous seems to become the intercourse of master and servant; the
more perfect and real the power, the more is it veiled in outward
expression,—commands are phrased as requests, and gentleness of voice
and manner covers an authority which no one would think of offending
without trembling.

But in America all is undefined. In the first place, there is no class
who mean to make domestic service a profession to live and die in. It is
universally an expedient, a stepping-stone to something higher; your
best servants always have something else in view as soon as they have
laid by a little money; some form of independence which shall give them
a home of their own is constantly in mind. Families look forward to the
buying of landed homesteads, and the scattered brothers and sisters work
awhile in domestic service to gain the common fund for the purpose; your
seamstress intends to become a dress-maker, and take in work at her own
house; your cook is pondering a marriage with the baker, which shall
transfer her toils from your cooking-stove to her own. Young women are
eagerly rushing into every other employment, till female trades and
callings are all overstocked. We are continually harrowed with tales of
the sufferings of distressed needle-women, of the exactions and
extortions practised on the frail sex in the many branches of labor and
trade at which they try their hands; and yet women will encounter all
these chances of ruin and starvation rather than make up their minds to
permanent domestic service. Now what is the matter with domestic
service? One would think, on the face of it, that a calling which gives
a settled home, a comfortable room, rent-free, with fire and lights,
good board and lodging, and steady, well-paid wages, would certainly
offer more attractions than the making of shirts for tenpence, with all
the risks of providing one’s own sustenance and shelter.

I think it is mainly from the want of a definite idea of the true
position of a servant under our democratic institutions that domestic
service is so shunned and avoided in America, that it is the very last
thing which an intelligent young woman will look to for a living. It is
more the want of personal respect toward those in that position than the
labors incident to it which repels our people from it. Many would be
willing to perform these labors, but they are not willing to place
themselves in a situation where their self-respect is hourly wounded by
_the implication of a degree of inferiority which does not follow any
kind of labor or service in this country but that of the family_.

There exists in the minds of employers an unsuspected spirit of
superiority, which is stimulated into an active form by the resistance
which democracy inspires in the working-class. Many families think of
servants only as a necessary evil, their wages as exactions, and all
that is allowed them as so much taken from the family; and they seek in
every way to get from them as much and to give them as little as
possible. Their rooms are the neglected, ill-furnished, incommodious
ones,—and the kitchen is the most cheerless and comfortless place in the
house. Other families, more good-natured and liberal, provide their
domestics with more suitable accommodations, and are more indulgent; but
there is still a latent spirit of something like contempt for the
position. That they treat their servants with so much consideration
seems to them a merit entitling them to the most prostrate gratitude;
and they are constantly disappointed and shocked at that want of sense
of inferiority on the part of these people which leads them to
appropriate pleasant rooms, good furniture, and good living as mere
matters of common justice.

It seems to be a constant surprise to some employers that servants
should insist on having the same human wants as themselves. Ladies who
yawn in their elegantly furnished parlors, among books and pictures, if
they have not company, parties, or opera to diversify the evening, seem
astonished and half indignant that cook and chambermaid are more
disposed to go out for an evening gossip than to sit on hard chairs in
the kitchen where they have been toiling all day. The pretty
chambermaid’s anxieties about her dress, the time she spends at her
small and not very clear mirror, are sneeringly noticed by those whose
toilet-cares take up serious hours; and the question has never
apparently occurred to them why a serving-maid should not want to look
pretty as well as her mistress. She is a woman as well as they, with all
a woman’s wants and weaknesses; and her dress is as much to her as
theirs to them.

A vast deal of trouble among servants arises from impertinent
interferences and petty tyrannical exactions on the part of employers.
Now the authority of the master and mistress of a house in regard to
their domestics extends simply to the things they have contracted to do
and the hours during which they have contracted to serve; otherwise than
this, they have no more right to interfere with them in the disposal of
their time than with any mechanic whom they employ. They have, indeed, a
right to regulate the hours of their own household, and servants can
choose between conformity to these hours and the loss of their
situation; but, within reasonable limits, their right to come and go at
their own discretion, in their own time, should be unquestioned.

If employers are troubled by the fondness of their servants for dancing,
evening company, and late hours, the proper mode of proceeding is to
make these matters a subject of distinct contract in hiring. The more
strictly and perfectly the business matters of the first engagement of
domestics are conducted, the more likelihood there is of mutual quiet
and satisfaction in the relation. It is quite competent to every
housekeeper to say what practices are or are not consistent with the
rules of her family, and what will be inconsistent with the service for
which she agrees to pay. It is much better to regulate such affairs by
cool contract in the outset than by warm altercations and protracted
domestic battles.

As to the terms of social intercourse it seems somehow to be settled in
the minds of many employers that their servants owe them and their
family more respect than they and the family owe to the servants. But do
they? What is the relation of servant to employer in a democratic
country? Precisely that of a person who for money performs any kind of
service for you. The carpenter comes into your house to put up a set of
shelves,—the cook comes into your kitchen to cook your dinner. You never
think that the carpenter owes you any more respect than you owe to him
because he is in your house doing your behests; he is your
fellow-citizen, you treat him with respect, you expect to be treated
with respect by him. You have a claim on him that he shall do your work
according to your directions,—no more. Now I apprehend that there is a
very common notion as to the position and rights of servants which is
quite different from this. Is it not a common feeling that a servant is
one who may be treated with a degree of freedom by every member of the
family which he or she may not return? Do not people feel at liberty to
question servants about their private affairs, to comment on their dress
and appearance, in a manner which they would feel to be an impertinence,
if reciprocated? Do they not feel at liberty to express dissatisfaction
with their performances in rude and unceremonious terms, to reprove them
in the presence of company, while yet they require that the
dissatisfaction of servants shall be expressed only in terms of respect?
A woman would not feel herself at liberty to talk to her milliner or her
dressmaker in language as devoid of consideration as she will employ
towards her cook or chambermaid. Yet both are rendering her a service
which she pays for in money, and one is no more made her inferior
thereby than the other. Both have an equal right to be treated with
courtesy. The master and mistress of a house have a right to require
respectful treatment from all whom their roof shelters, but they have no
more right to exact it of servants than of every guest and every child,
and they themselves owe it as much to servants as to guests.

In order that servants may be treated with respect and courtesy, it is
not necessary, as in simpler patriarchal days, that they sit at the
family-table. Your carpenter or plumber does not feel hurt that you do
not ask him to dine with you, nor your milliner and mantua-maker that
you do not exchange ceremonious calls and invite them to your parties.
It is well-understood that your relations with them are of a mere
business character. They never take it as an assumption of superiority
on your part that you do not admit them to relations of private
intimacy. There may be the most perfect respect and esteem and even
friendship between them and you, notwithstanding. So it may be in the
case of servants. It is easy to make any person understand that there
are quite other reasons than the assumption of personal superiority for
not wishing to admit servants to the family privacy. It was not, in
fact, to sit in the parlor or at the table, in themselves considered,
that was the thing aimed at by New England girls,—these were valued only
as signs that they were deemed worthy of respect and consideration, and,
where freely conceded, were often in point of fact declined.

Let servants feel, in their treatment by their employers, and in the
atmosphere of the family, that their position is held to be a
respectable one, let them feel in the mistress of the family the charm
of unvarying consideration and good manners, let their work-rooms be
made convenient and comfortable, and their private apartments bear some
reasonable comparison in point of agreeableness to those of other
members of the family, and domestic service will be more frequently
sought by a superior and self-respecting class. There are families in
which such a state of things prevails; and such families, amid the many
causes which unite to make the tenure of service uncertain, have
generally been able to keep good permanent servants.

There is an extreme into which kindly disposed people often run with
regard to servants, which may be mentioned here. They make pets of them.
They give extravagant wages and indiscreet indulgences, and, through
indolence and easiness of temper, tolerate neglect of duty. Many of the
complaints of the ingratitude of servants come from those who have
spoiled them in this way; while many of the longest and most harmonious
domestic unions have sprung from a simple, quiet course of Christian
justice and benevolence, a recognition of servants as fellow-beings and
fellow-Christians, and a doing to them as we would in like circumstances
that they should do to us.

The mistresses of American families, whether they like it or not, have
the duties of missionaries imposed upon them by that class from which
our supply of domestic servants is drawn. They may as well accept the
position cheerfully, and, as one raw, untrained hand after another
passes through their family, and is instructed by them in the mysteries
of good housekeeping, comfort themselves with the reflection that they
are doing something to form good wives and mothers for the Republic.

The complaints made of Irish girls are numerous and loud; the failings
of green Erin, alas! are but too open and manifest; yet, in arrest of
judgment, let us move this consideration: let us imagine our own
daughters between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four, untaught and
inexperienced in domestic affairs as they commonly are, shipped to a
foreign shore to seek service in families. It may be questioned whether
as a whole they would do much better. The girls that fill our families
and do our house-work are often of the age of our own daughters,
standing for themselves, without mothers to guide them, in a foreign
country, not only bravely supporting themselves, but sending home in
every ship remittances to impoverished friends left behind. If our
daughters did as much for us, should we not be proud of their energy and
heroism?

When we go into the houses of our country, we find a majority of
well-kept, well-ordered, and even elegant establishments where the only
hands employed are those of the daughters of Erin. True, American women
have been their instructors, and many a weary hour of care have they had
in the discharge of this office; but the result on the whole is
beautiful and good, and the end of it, doubtless, will be peace.

In speaking of the office of the American mistress as being a missionary
one, we are far from recommending any controversial interference with
the religious faith of our servants. It is far better to incite them to
be good Christians in their own way than to run the risk of shaking
their faith in all religion by pointing out to them the errors of that
in which they have been educated. The general purity of life and
propriety of demeanor of so many thousands of undefended young girls
cast yearly upon our shores, with no home but their church, and no
shield but their religion, are a sufficient proof that this religion
exerts an influence over them not to be lightly trifled with. But there
is a real unity even in opposite Christian forms; and the Roman Catholic
servant and the Protestant mistress, if alike possessed by the spirit of
Christ, and striving to conform to the Golden Rule, cannot help being
one in heart, though one go to mass and the other to meeting.

Finally, the bitter baptism through which we are passing, the life-blood
dearer than our own which is drenching distant fields, should remind us
of the preciousness of distinctive American ideas. They who would seek
in their foolish pride to establish the pomp of liveried servants in
America are doing that which is simply absurd. A servant can never in
our country be the mere appendage to another man, to be marked like a
sheep with the color of his owner; he must be a fellow-citizen, with an
established position of his own, free to make contracts, free to come
and go, and having in his sphere titles to consideration and respect
just as definite as those of any trade or profession whatever.

Moreover, we cannot in this country maintain to any great extent large
retinues of servants. Even with ample fortunes they are forbidden by the
general character of society here, which makes them cumbrous and
difficult to manage. Every mistress of a family knows that her cares
increase with every additional servant. Two keep the peace with each
other and their employer; three begin a possible discord, which
possibility increases with four, and becomes certain with five or six.
Trained housekeepers, such as regulate the complicated establishments of
the Old World, form a class that are not, and from the nature of the
case never will be, found in any great numbers in this country. All such
women, as a general thing, are keeping, and prefer to keep, houses of
their own.

A moderate style of housekeeping, small, compact, and simple domestic
establishments, must necessarily be the general order of life in
America. So many openings of profit are to be found in this country,
that domestic service necessarily wants the permanence which forms so
agreeable a feature of it in the Old World.

This being the case, it should be an object in America to exclude from
the labors of the family all that can, with greater advantage, be
executed out of it by combined labor.

Formerly, in New England, soap and candles were to be made in each
separate family; now, comparatively few take this toil upon them. We buy
soap of the soap-maker, and candles of the candle-factor. This principle
might be extended much further. In France no family makes its own bread,
and better bread cannot be eaten than what can be bought at the
appropriate shops. No family does its own washing, the family’s linen is
all sent to women who, making this their sole profession, get it up with
a care and nicety which can seldom be equalled in any family.

How would it simplify the burdens of the American housekeeper to have
washing and ironing day expunged from her calendar! How much more neatly
and compactly could the whole domestic system be arranged! If all the
money that each separate family spends on the outfit and accommodations
for washing and ironing, on fuel, soap, starch, and the other et
ceteras, were united in a fund to create a laundry for every dozen
families, one or two good women could do in first rate style what now is
very indifferently done by the disturbance and disarrangement of all
other domestic processes in these families. Whoever sets neighborhood
laundries on foot will do much to solve the American housekeeper’s
hardest problem.

Finally, American women must not try with three servants to carry on
life in the style which in the Old World requires sixteen,—they must
thoroughly understand, and be prepared _to teach_, every branch of
housekeeping,—they must study to make domestic service desirable, by
treating their servants in a way to lead them to respect themselves and
to feel themselves respected,—and there will gradually be evolved from
the present confusion a solution of the domestic problem which shall be
adapted to the life of a new and growing world.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                   X.

                                COOKERY.


MY wife and I were sitting at the open bow-window of my study, watching
the tuft of bright red leaves on our favorite maple, which warned us
that summer was over. I was solacing myself, like all the world in our
days, with reading the “Schönberg Cotta Family,” when my wife made her
voice heard through the enchanted distance, and dispersed the pretty
vision of German cottage-life.

“Chris!”

“Well, my dear.”

“Do you know the day of the month?”

Now my wife knows this is a thing that I never do know, that I can’t
know, and, in fact, that there is no need I should trouble myself about,
since she always knows, and what is more, always tells me. In fact, the
question, when asked by her, meant more than met the ear. It was a
delicate way of admonishing me that another paper for the “Atlantic”
ought to be in train; and so I answered, not to the external form, but
to the internal intention.

“Well, you see, my dear, I haven’t made up my mind what my next paper
shall be about.”

“Suppose, then, you let me give you a subject.”

“Sovereign lady, speak on! Your slave hears!”

“Well, then, take _Cookery_. It may seem a vulgar subject, but I think
more of health and happiness depends on that than on any other one
thing. You may make houses enchantingly beautiful, hang them with
pictures, have them clean and airy and convenient; but if the stomach is
fed with sour bread and burnt coffee, it will raise such rebellions that
the eyes will see no beauty anywhere. Now in the little tour that you
and I have been taking this summer, I have been thinking of the great
abundance of splendid material we have in America, compared with the
poor cooking. How often, in our stoppings, we have sat down to tables
loaded with material, originally of the very best kind, which had been
so spoiled in the treatment that there was really nothing to eat! Green
biscuits with acrid spots of alkali,—sour yeast-bread,—meat slowly
simmered in fat till it seemed like grease itself; and slowly congealing
in cold grease,—and above all, that unpardonable enormity, strong
butter! How often I have longed to show people what might have been done
with the raw material out of which all these monstrosities were
concocted!”

“My dear,” said I, “you are driving me upon delicate ground. Would you
have your husband appear in public with that most opprobrious badge of
the domestic furies, a dishcloth pinned to his coat-tail? It is coming
to exactly the point I have always predicted, Mrs. Crowfield: you must
write yourself. I always told you that you could write far better than
I, if you would only try. Only sit down and write as you sometimes talk
to me, and I might hang up my pen by the side of ‘Uncle Ned’s’ fiddle
and bow.”

“O, nonsense!” said my wife. “I never could write. I know what ought to
be said, and I could _say_ it to any one; but my ideas freeze in the
pen, cramp in my fingers, and make my brain seem like heavy bread. I was
born for extemporary speaking. Besides, I think the best things on all
subjects in this world of ours are said, not by the practical workers,
but by the careful observers.”

“Mrs. Crowfield, that remark is as good as if I had made it myself,”
said I. “It is true that I have been all my life a speculator and
observer in all domestic matters, having them so confidentially under my
eye in our own household; and so, if I write on a pure woman’s matter,
it must be understood that I am only your pen and mouth-piece,—only
giving tangible form to wisdom which I have derived from you.”

So down I sat and scribbled, while my sovereign lady quietly stitched by
my side. And here I tell my reader that I write on such a subject under
protest,—declaring again my conviction, that, if my wife only believed
in herself as firmly as I do, she would write so that nobody would ever
want to listen to me again.


                                COOKERY.

We in America have the raw material of provision in greater abundance
than any other nation. There is no country where an ample,
well-furnished table is more easily spread, and for that reason,
perhaps, none where the bounties of Providence are more generally
neglected. I do not mean to say that the traveller through the length
and breadth of our land could not, on the whole, find an average of
comfortable subsistence; yet, considering that our resources are greater
than those of any other civilized people, our results are comparatively
poorer.

It is said, that, a list of the summer vegetables which are exhibited on
New York hotel-tables being shown to a French _artiste_, he declared
that to serve such a dinner properly would take till midnight. I
recollect how I was once struck with our national plenteousness, on
returning from a Continental tour, and going directly from the ship to a
New York hotel, in the bounteous season of autumn. For months I had been
habituated to my neat little bits of chop or poultry garnished with the
inevitable cauliflower or potato, which seemed to be the sole
possibility after the reign of green-peas was over; now I sat down all
at once to a carnival of vegetables: ripe, juicy tomatoes, raw or
cooked; cucumbers in brittle slices; rich, yellow sweet-potatoes; broad
Lima-beans, and beans of other and various names; tempting ears of
Indian-corn steaming in enormous piles, and great smoking tureens of the
savory succotash, an Indian gift to the table for which civilization
need not blush; sliced egg-plant in delicate fritters; and
marrow-squashes, of creamy pulp and sweetness: a rich variety,
embarrassing to the appetite, and perplexing to the choice. Verily, the
thought has often impressed itself on my mind that the vegetarian
doctrine preached in America left a man quite as much as he had capacity
to eat or enjoy, and that in the midst of such tantalizing abundance he
really lost the apology which elsewhere bears him out in preying upon
his less gifted and accomplished animal neighbors.

But with all this, the American table, taken as a whole, is inferior to
that of England or France. It presents a fine abundance of material,
carelessly and poorly treated. The management of food is nowhere in the
world, perhaps, more slovenly and wasteful. Everything betokens that
want of care that waits on abundance; there are great capabilities and
poor execution. A tourist through England can seldom fail, at the
quietest country-inn, of finding himself served with the essentials of
English table-comfort,—his mutton-chop done to a turn, his steaming
little private apparatus for concocting his own tea, his choice pot of
marmalade or slice of cold ham, and his delicate rolls and creamy
butter, all served with care and neatness. In France, one never asks in
vain for delicious _café-au-lait_, good bread and butter, a nice omelet,
or some savory little portion of meat with a French name. But to a
tourist taking like chance in American country-fare, what is the
prospect? What is the coffee? what the tea? and the meat? and above all,
the butter?

In lecturing on cookery, as on house-building, I divide the subject into
not four, but five, grand elements: first, Bread; second, Butter; third,
Meat; fourth, Vegetables; and fifth, Tea,—by which I mean, generically,
all sorts of warm, comfortable drinks served out in teacups, whether
they be called tea, coffee, chocolate, broma, or what-not.

I affirm, that, if these five departments are all perfect, the great
ends of domestic cookery are answered, so far as the comfort and
well-being of life are concerned. I am aware that there exists another
department, which is often regarded by culinary amateurs and young
aspirants as the higher branch and very collegiate course of practical
cookery; to wit, Confectionery, by which I mean to designate all
pleasing and complicated compounds of sweets and spices, devised not for
health and nourishment, and strongly suspected of interfering with
both,—mere tolerated gratifications of the palate, which we eat, not
with the expectation of being benefited, but only with the hope of not
being injured by them. In this large department rank all sort of cakes,
pies, preserves, ices, etc. I shall have a word or two to say under this
head before I have done. I only remark now, that in my tours about the
country I have often had a virulent ill-will excited towards these works
of culinary supererogation, because I thought their excellence was
attained by treading under foot and disregarding the five grand
essentials. I have sat at many a table garnished with three or four
kinds of well-made cake, compounded with citron and spices and all
imaginable good things, where the meat was tough and greasy, the bread
some hot preparation of flour, lard, saleratus, and acid, and the butter
unutterably detestable. At such tables I have thought, that, if the
mistress of the feast had given the care, time, and labor to preparing
the simple items of bread, butter, and meat, that she evidently had
given to the preparation of these extras, the lot of a traveller might
be much more comfortable. Evidently, she never had thought of these
common articles as constituting a good table. So long as she had puff
pastry, rich black cake, clear jelly, and preserves, she seemed to
consider that such unimportant matters as bread, butter, and meat could
take care of themselves. It is the same inattention to common things as
that which leads people to build houses with stone fronts and
window-caps and expensive front-door trimmings, without bathing-rooms or
fireplaces or ventilators.

Those who go into the country looking for summer board in farm-houses
know perfectly well that a table where the butter is always fresh, the
tea and coffee of the best kinds and well made, and the meats properly
kept, dressed, and served, is the one table of a hundred, the fabulous
enchanted island. It seems impossible to get the idea into the minds of
people that what is called common food, carefully prepared, becomes, in
virtue of that very care and attention, a delicacy, superseding the
necessity of artificially compounded dainties.

To begin, then, with the very foundation of a good table,—_Bread_: What
ought it to be? It should be light, sweet, and tender.

This matter of lightness is the distinctive line between savage and
civilized bread. The savage mixes simple flour and water into balls of
paste, which he throws into boiling water, and which come out solid,
glutinous masses, of which his common saying is, “Man eat dis, he no
die,”—which a facetious traveller who was obliged to subsist on it
interpreted to mean, “Dis no kill you, nothing will.” In short, it
requires the stomach of a wild animal or of a savage to digest this
primitive form of bread, and of course more or less attention in all
civilized modes of bread-making is given to producing lightness. By
lightness is meant simply that the particles are to be separated from
each other by little holes or air-cells; and all the different methods
of making light bread are neither more nor less than the formation in
bread of these air-cells.

So far as we know, there are four practicable methods of aerating bread;
namely, by fermentation,—by effervescence of an acid and an alkali,—by
aerated egg, or egg which has been filled with air by the process of
beating,—and lastly, by pressure of some gaseous substance into the
paste, by a process much resembling the impregnation of water in a
soda-fountain. All these have one and the same object,—to give us the
cooked particles of our flour separated by such permanent air-cells as
will enable the stomach more readily to digest them.

A very common mode of aerating bread, in America, is by the
effervescence of an acid and an alkali in the flour. The carbonic acid
gas thus formed produces minute air-cells in the bread, or, as the cook
says, makes it light. When this process is performed with exact
attention to chemical laws, so that the acid and alkali completely
neutralize each other, leaving no overplus of either, the result is
often very palatable. The difficulty is, that this is a happy
conjunction of circumstances which seldom occurs. The acid most commonly
employed is that of sour milk, and, as milk has many degrees of
sourness, the rule of a certain quantity of alkali to the pint must
necessarily produce very different results at different times. As an
actual fact, where this mode of making bread prevails, as we lament to
say it does to a great extent in this country, one finds five cases of
failure to one of success. It is a woful thing that the daughters of New
England have abandoned the old respectable mode of yeast-brewing and
bread-raising for this specious substitute, so easily made, and so
seldom well made. The green, clammy, acrid substance, called biscuit,
which many of our worthy republicans are obliged to eat in these days,
is wholly unworthy of the men and women of the Republic. Good patriots
ought not to be put off in that way,—they deserve better fare.

As an occasional variety, as a household convenience for obtaining bread
or biscuit at a moment’s notice, the process of effervescence may be
retained; but we earnestly entreat American housekeepers, in Scriptural
language, to stand in the way and ask for the old paths, and return to
the good yeast-bread of their sainted grandmothers.

If acid and alkali must be used, by all means let them be mixed in due
proportions. No cook should be left to guess and judge for herself about
this matter. There is an article, called “Preston’s Infallible
Yeast-Powder,” which is made by chemical rule, and produces very perfect
results. The use of this obviates the worst dangers in making bread by
effervescence.

Of all processes of aeration in bread-making, the oldest and most
time-honored is by fermentation. That this was known in the days of our
Saviour is evident from the forcible simile in which he compares the
silent permeating force of truth in human society to the very familiar
household process of raising bread by a little yeast.

There is, however, one species of yeast, much used in some parts of the
country, against which I have to enter my protest. It is called
salt-risings, or milk-risings, and is made by mixing flour, milk, and a
little salt together, and leaving them to ferment. The bread thus
produced is often very attractive, when new and made with great care. It
is white and delicate, with fine, even air-cells. It has, however, when
kept, some characteristics which remind us of the terms in which our
old-English Bible describes the effect of keeping the manna of the
ancient Israelites, which we are informed, in words more explicit than
agreeable, “stank, and bred worms.” If salt-rising bread does not fulfil
the whole of this unpleasant description, it certainly does emphatically
a part of it. The smell which it has in baking, and when more than a day
old, suggests the inquiry, whether it is the saccharine or the putrid
fermentation with which it is raised. Whoever breaks a piece of it after
a day or two will often see minute filaments or clammy strings drawing
out from the fragments, which, with the unmistakable smell, will cause
him to pause before consummating a nearer acquaintance.

The fermentation of flour by means of brewer’s or distiller’s yeast
produces, if rightly managed, results far more palatable and wholesome.
The only requisites for success in it are, first, good materials, and,
second, great care in a few small things. There are certain low-priced
or damaged kinds of flour which can never by any kind of domestic
chemistry be made into good bread; and to those persons whose stomachs
forbid them to eat gummy, glutinous paste, under the name of bread,
there is no economy in buying these poor brands, even at half the price
of good flour.

But good flour and good yeast being supposed, with a temperature
favorable to the development of fermentation, the whole success of the
process depends on the thorough diffusion of the proper proportion of
yeast through the whole mass, and on stopping the subsequent
fermentation at the precise and fortunate point. The true housewife
makes her bread the sovereign of her kitchen,—its behests must be
attended to in all critical points and moments, no matter what else be
postponed. She who attends to her bread when she has done this, and
arranged that, and performed the other, very often finds that the forces
of nature will not wait for her. The snowy mass, perfectly mixed,
kneaded with care and strength, rises in its beautiful perfection till
the moment comes for fixing the air-cells by baking. A few minutes now,
and the acetous fermentation will begin, and the whole result be
spoiled. Many bread-makers pass in utter carelessness over this sacred
and mysterious boundary. Their oven has cake in it, or they are skimming
jelly, or attending to some other of the so-called higher branches of
cookery, while the bread is quickly passing into the acetous stage. At
last, when they are ready to attend to it, they find that it has been
going its own way,—it is so sour that the pungent smell is plainly
perceptible. Now the saleratus-bottle is handed down, and a quantity of
the dissolved alkali mixed with the paste,—an expedient sometimes making
itself too manifest by greenish streaks or small acrid spots in the
bread. As the result, we have a beautiful article spoiled,—bread without
sweetness, if not absolutely sour.

In the view of many, lightness is the only property required in this
article. The delicate, refined sweetness which exists in carefully
kneaded bread, baked just before it passes to the extreme point of
fermentation, is something of which they have no conception; and thus
they will even regard this process of spoiling the paste by the acetous
fermentation, and then rectifying that acid by effervescence with an
alkali, as something positively meritorious. How else can they value and
relish bakers’ loaves, such as some are, drugged with ammonia and other
disagreeable things, light indeed, so light that they seem to have
neither weight nor substance, but with no more sweetness or taste than
so much white cotton?

Some persons prepare bread for the oven by simply mixing it in the mass,
without kneading, pouring it into pans, and suffering it to rise there.
The air-cells in bread thus prepared are coarse and uneven; the bread is
as inferior in delicacy and nicety to that which is well kneaded as a
raw Irish servant to a perfectly educated and refined lady. The process
of kneading seems to impart an evenness to the minute air-cells, a
fineness of texture, and a tenderness and pliability to the whole
substance, that can be gained in no other way.

The divine principle of beauty has its reign over bread as well as over
all other things; it has its laws of æsthetics; and that bread which is
so prepared that it can be formed into separate and well-proportioned
loaves, each one carefully worked and moulded, will develop the most
beautiful results. After being moulded, the loaves should stand a little
while, just long enough to allow the fermentation going on in them to
expand each little air-cell to the point at which it stood before it was
worked down, and then they should be immediately put into the oven.

Many a good thing, however, is spoiled in the oven. We cannot but
regret, for the sake of bread, that our old steady brick ovens have been
almost universally superseded by those of ranges and cooking-stoves,
which are infinite in their caprices, and forbid all general rules. One
thing, however, may be borne in mind as a principle,—that the excellence
of bread in all its varieties, plain or sweetened, depends on the
perfection of its air-cells, whether produced by yeast, egg, or
effervescence; that one of the objects of baking is to fix these
air-cells, and that the quicker this can be done through the whole mass,
the better will the result be. When cake or bread is made heavy by
baking too quickly, it is because the immediate formation of the top
crust hinders the exhaling of the moisture in the centre, and prevents
the air-cells from cooking. The weight also of the crust pressing down
on the doughy air-cells below destroys them, producing that horror of
good cooks, a heavy streak. The problem in baking, then, is the quick
application of heat rather below than above the loaf, and its steady
continuance till all the air-cells are thoroughly dried into permanent
consistency. Every housewife must watch her own oven to know how this
can be best accomplished.

Bread-making can be cultivated to any extent as a fine art,—and the
various kinds of biscuit, tea-rusks, twists, rolls, into which bread may
be made, are much better worth a housekeeper’s ambition than the
getting-up of rich and expensive cake or confections. There are also
varieties of material which are rich in good effects. Unbolted flour,
altogether more wholesome than the fine wheat, and when properly
prepared more palatable,—rye-flour and corn-meal, each affording a
thousand attractive possibilities,—each and all of these come under the
general laws of bread-stuffs, and are worth a careful attention.

A peculiarity of our American table, particularly in the Southern and
Western States, is the constant exhibition of various preparations of
hot bread. In many families of the South and West, bread in loaves to be
eaten cold is an article quite unknown. The effect of this kind of diet
upon the health has formed a frequent subject of remark among
travellers; but only those know the full mischiefs of it who have been
compelled to sojourn for a length of time in families where it is
maintained. The unknown horrors of dyspepsia from bad bread are a topic
over which we willingly draw a veil.

                  *       *       *       *       *

Next to Bread comes _Butter_,—on which we have to say, that, when we
remember what butter is in civilized Europe, and compare it with what it
is in America, we wonder at the forbearance and lenity of travellers in
their strictures on our national commissariat.

Butter, in England, France, and Italy, is simply solidified cream, with
all the sweetness of the cream in its taste, freshly churned each day,
and unadulterated by salt. At the present moment, when salt is five
cents a pound and butter fifty, we Americans are paying, I should judge
from the taste, for about one pound of salt to every ten of butter, and
those of us who have eaten the butter of France and England do this with
rueful recollections.

There is, it is true, an article of butter made in the American style
with salt, which, in its own kind and way, has a merit not inferior to
that of England and France. Many prefer it, and it certainly takes a
rank equally respectable with the other. It is yellow, hard, and worked
so perfectly free from every particle of buttermilk that it might make
the voyage of the world without spoiling. It is salted, but salted with
care and delicacy, so that it may be a question whether even a
fastidious Englishman might not prefer its golden solidity to the white,
creamy freshness of his own. Now I am not for universal imitation of
foreign customs, and where I find this butter made perfectly, I call it
our American style, and am not ashamed of it. I only regret that this
article is the exception, and not the rule, on our tables. When I
reflect on the possibilities which beset the delicate stomach in this
line, I do not wonder that my venerated friend Dr. Mussey used to close
his counsels to invalids with the direction, “And don’t eat grease on
your bread.”

America must, I think, have the credit of manufacturing and putting into
market more bad butter than all that is made in all the rest of the
world together. The varieties of bad tastes and smells which prevail in
it are quite a study. This has a cheesy taste, that a mouldy,—this is
flavored with cabbage, and that again with turnip, and another has the
strong sharp savor of rancid animal fat. These varieties, I presume,
come from the practice of churning only at long intervals, and keeping
the cream meanwhile in unventilated cellars or dairies, the air of which
is loaded with the effluvia of vegetable substances. No domestic
articles are so sympathetic as those of the milk tribe: they readily
take on the smell and taste of any neighboring substance, and hence the
infinite variety of flavors on which one mournfully muses who has late
in autumn to taste twenty firkins of butter in hopes of finding one
which will simply not be intolerable on his winter table.

A matter for despair as regards bad butter is that at the tables where
it is used it stands sentinel at the door to bar your way to every other
kind of food. You turn from your dreadful half-slice of bread, which
fills your mouth with bitterness, to your beefsteak, which proves
virulent with the same poison; you think to take refuge in vegetable
diet, and find the butter in the string-beans, and polluting the
innocence of early peas,—it is in the corn, in the succotash, in the
squash,—the beets swim in it, the onions have it poured over them.
Hungry and miserable, you think to solace yourself at the dessert,—but
the pastry is cursed, the cake is acrid with the same plague. You are
ready to howl with despair, and your misery is great upon
you,—especially if this is a table where you have taken board for three
months with your delicate wife and four small children. Your case is
dreadful,—and it is hopeless, because long usage and habit have rendered
your host perfectly incapable of discovering what is the matter. “Don’t
like the butter, Sir? I assure you I paid an extra price for it, and
it’s the very best in the market. I looked over as many as a hundred
tubs, and picked out this one.” You are dumb, but not less despairing.

Yet the process of making good butter is a very simple one. To keep the
cream in a perfectly pure, cool atmosphere, to churn while it is yet
sweet, to work out the buttermilk thoroughly, and to add salt with such
discretion as not to ruin the fine, delicate flavor of the fresh
cream,—all this is quite simple, so simple that one wonders at thousands
and millions of pounds of butter yearly manufactured which are merely a
hobgoblin-bewitchment of cream into foul and loathsome poisons.

                  *       *       *       *       *

The third head of my discourse is that of _Meat_, of which America
furnishes, in the gross material, enough to spread our tables royally,
were it well cared for and served.

The faults in the meat generally furnished to us are, first, that it is
too new. A beefsteak, which three or four days of keeping might render
practicable, is served up to us palpitating with freshness, with all the
toughness of animal muscle yet warm. In the Western country, the
traveller, on approaching an hotel is often saluted by the last shrieks
of the chickens which half an hour afterward are presented to him _à la_
spread-eagle for his dinner. The example of the Father of the Faithful,
most wholesome to be followed in so many respects, is imitated only in
the celerity with which the young calf, tender and good, was transformed
into an edible dish for hospitable purposes. But what might be good
housekeeping in a nomadic Emir, in days when refrigerators were yet in
the future, ought not to be so closely imitated as it often is in our
own land.

In the next place, there is a woful lack of nicety in the butcher’s work
of cutting and preparing meat. Who that remembers the neatly trimmed
mutton-chop of an English inn, or the artistic little circle of
lamb-chop fried in bread-crumbs coiled around a tempting centre of
spinach which can always be found in France, can recognize any
family-resemblance to these dapper civilized preparations in those
coarse, roughly hacked strips of bone, gristle, and meat which are
commonly called mutton-chop in America? There seems to be a large dish
of something resembling meat, in which each fragment has about two or
three edible morsels, the rest being composed of dry and burnt skin,
fat, and ragged bone.

Is it not time that civilization should learn to demand somewhat more
care and nicety in the modes of preparing what is to be cooked and
eaten? Might not some of the refinement and trimness which characterize
the preparations of the European market be with advantage introduced
into our own? The housekeeper who wishes to garnish her table with some
of those nice things is stopped in the outset by the butcher. Except in
our large cities, where some foreign travel may have created the demand,
it seems impossible to get much in this line that is properly prepared.

I am aware, that, if this is urged on the score of æsthetics, the ready
reply will be, “O, we can’t give time here in America to go into
niceties and French whim-whams!” But the French mode of doing almost all
practical things is based on that true philosophy and utilitarian good
sense which characterize that seemingly thoughtless people. Nowhere is
economy a more careful study, and their market is artistically arranged
to this end. The rule is so to cut their meats that no portion designed
to be cooked in a certain manner shall have wasteful appendages which
that mode of cooking will spoil. The French soup-kettle stands ever
ready to receive the bones, the thin fibrous flaps, the sinewy and
gristly portions, which are so often included in our roasts or
broilings, which fill our plates with unsightly _débris_, and finally
make an amount of blank waste for which we pay our butcher the same
price that we pay for what we have eaten.

The dead waste of our clumsy, coarse way of cutting meats is immense.
For example, at the beginning of the present season, the part of a lamb
denominated leg and loin, or hind-quarter, sold for thirty cents a
pound. Now this includes, besides the thick, fleshy portions, a quantity
of bone, sinew, and thin fibrous substance, constituting full one third
of the whole weight. If we put it into the oven entire, in the usual
manner, we have the thin parts overdone, and the skinny and fibrous
parts utterly dried up, by the application of the amount of heat
necessary to cook the thick portion. Supposing the joint to weigh six
pounds, at thirty cents, and that one third of the weight is so treated
as to become perfectly useless, we throw away sixty cents. Of a piece of
beef at twenty-five cents a pound, fifty cents’ worth is often lost in
bone, fat, and burnt skin.

The fact is, this way of selling and cooking meat in large, gross
portions is of English origin, and belongs to a country where all the
customs of society spring from a class who have no particular occasion
for economy. The practice of minute and delicate division comes from a
nation which acknowledges the need of economy, and has made it a study.
A quarter of lamb in this mode of division would be sold in three nicely
prepared portions. The thick part would be sold by itself, for a neat,
compact little roast; the rib-bones would be artistically separated, and
all the edible matters scraped away would form those delicate dishes of
lamb-chop, which, fried in bread-crumbs to a golden brown, are so
ornamental and so palatable a side-dish; the trimmings which remain
after this division would be destined to the soup-kettle or stew-pan. In
a French market is a little portion for every purse, and the far-famed
and delicately flavored soups and stews which have arisen out of French
economy are a study worth a housekeeper’s attention. Not one atom of
food is wasted in the French modes of preparation; even tough animal
cartilages and sinews, instead of appearing burned and blackened in
company with the roast meat to which they happen to be related, are
treated according to their own laws, and come out either in savory
soups, or those fine, clear meat-jellies which form a garnish no less
agreeable to the eye than palatable to the taste.

Whether this careful, economical, practical style of meat-cooking can
ever to any great extent be introduced into our kitchens now is a
question. Our butchers are against it; our servants are wedded to the
old wholesale wasteful ways, which seem to them easier because they are
accustomed to them. A cook who will keep and properly tend a soup-kettle
which shall receive and utilize all that the coarse preparations of the
butcher would require her to trim away, who understands the art of
making the most of all these remains, is a treasure scarcely to be hoped
for. If such things are to be done, it must be primarily through the
educated brain of cultivated women who do not scorn to turn their
culture and refinement upon domestic problems.

When meats have been properly divided, so that each portion can receive
its own appropriate style of treatment, next comes the consideration of
the modes of cooking. These may be divided into two great general
classes: those where it is desired to keep the juices within the meat,
as in baking, broiling, and frying,—and those whose object is to
extract the juice and dissolve the fibre, as in the making of soups and
stews. In the first class of operations, the process must be as rapid as
may consist with the thorough cooking of all the particles. In this
branch of cookery, doing quickly is doing well. The fire must be brisk,
the attention alert. The introduction of cooking-stoves offers to
careless domestics facilities for gradually drying-up meats, and
despoiling them of all flavor and nutriment,—facilities which appear to
be very generally laid hold of. They have almost banished the genuine,
old-fashioned roast-meat from our tables, and left in its stead dried
meats with their most precious and nutritive juices evaporated. How few
cooks, unassisted, are competent to the simple process of broiling a
beefsteak or mutton-chop! how very generally one has to choose between
these meats gradually dried away, or burned on the outside and raw
within! Yet in England these articles _never_ come on table done amiss;
their perfect cooking is as absolute a certainty as the rising of the
sun.

No one of these rapid processes of cooking, however, is so generally
abused as frying. The frying-pan has awful sins to answer for. What
untold horrors of dyspepsia have arisen from its smoky depths, like the
ghosts from witches’ caldrons! The fizzle, of frying meat is as a
warning knell on many an ear, saying, “Touch not, taste not, if you
would not burn and writhe!”

Yet those who have travelled abroad remember that some of the lightest,
most palatable, and most digestible preparations of meat have come from
this dangerous source. But we fancy quite other rites and ceremonies
inaugurated the process, and quite other hands performed its offices,
than those known to our kitchens. Probably the delicate _côtelettes_ of
France are not flopped down into half-melted grease, there gradually to
warm and soak and fizzle, while Biddy goes in and out on her other
ministrations, till finally, when thoroughly saturated, and dinner-hour
impends, she bethinks herself, and crowds the fire below to a roaring
heat, and finishes the process by a smart burn, involving the kitchen
and surrounding precincts in volumes of Stygian gloom.

From such preparations has arisen the very current medical opinion that
fried meats are indigestible. They are indigestible, if they are greasy;
but French cooks have taught us that a thing has no more need to be
greasy because emerging from grease than Venus had to be salt because
she rose from the sea.

There are two ways of frying employed by the French cook. One is, to
immerse the article to be cooked in _boiling_ fat, with an emphasis on
the present participle,—and the philosophical principle is, so
immediately to crisp every pore, at the first moment or two of
immersion, as effectually to seal the interior against the intrusion of
greasy particles; it can then remain as long as may be necessary
thoroughly to cook it, without imbibing any more of the boiling fluid
than if it were inclosed in an egg-shell. The other method is to rub a
perfectly smooth iron surface with just enough of some oily substance to
prevent the meat from adhering, and cook it with a quick heat, as cakes
are baked on a griddle. In both these cases there must be the most rapid
application of heat that can be made without burning, and by the
adroitness shown in working out this problem the skill of the cook is
tested. Any one whose cook attains this important secret will find fried
things quite as digestible and often more palatable than any other.

In the second department of meat-cookery, to wit, the slow and gradual
application of heat for the softening and dissolution of its fibre and
the extraction of its juices, common cooks are equally untrained. Where
is the so-called cook who understands how to prepare soups and stews?
These are precisely the articles in which a French kitchen excels. The
soup-kettle, made with a double bottom, to prevent burning, is a
permanent, ever-present institution, and the coarsest and most
impracticable meats distilled through that alembic come out again in
soups, jellies, or savory stews. The toughest cartilage, even the bones,
being first cracked, are here made to give forth their hidden virtues,
and to rise in delicate and appetizing forms. One great law governs all
these preparations: the application of heat must be gradual, steady,
long protracted, never reaching the point of active boiling. Hours of
quiet simmering dissolve all dissoluble parts, soften the sternest
fibre, and unlock every minute cell in which Nature has stored away her
treasures of nourishment. This careful and protracted application of
heat and the skilful use of flavors constitute the two main points in
all those nice preparations of meat for which the French have so many
names,—processes by which a delicacy can be imparted to the coarsest and
cheapest food superior to that of the finest articles under less
philosophic treatment.

French soups and stews are a study,—and they would not be an
unprofitable one to any person who wishes to live with comfort and even
elegance on small means.

John Bull looks down from the sublime of ten thousand a year on French
kickshaws, as he calls them:—“Give me my meat cooked so I may know what
it is!” An ox roasted whole is dear to John’s soul, and his
kitchen-arrangements are Titanic. What magnificent rounds and sirloins
of beef, revolving on self-regulating spits, with a rich click of
satisfaction, before grates piled with roaring fires! Let us do justice
to the royal cheer. Nowhere are the charms of pure, unadulterated animal
food set forth in more imposing style. For John is rich, and what does
he care for odds and ends and parings? Has he not all the beasts of the
forest, and the cattle on a thousand hills? What does he want of
economy? But his brother Jean has not ten thousand pounds a
year,—nothing like it; but he makes up for the slenderness of his purse
by boundless fertility of invention and delicacy of practice. John began
sneering at Jean’s soups and ragouts, but all John’s modern sons and
daughters send to Jean for their cooks, and the sirloins of England rise
up and do obeisance to this Joseph with a white apron who comes to rule
in their kitchens.

There is no animal fibre that will not yield itself up to
long-continued, steady heat. But the difficulty with almost any of the
common servants who call themselves cooks is, that they have not the
smallest notion of the philosophy of the application of heat. Such a one
will complacently tell you concerning certain meats, that the harder you
boil them the harder they grow,—an obvious fact, which, under her mode
of treatment, by an indiscriminate galloping boil, has frequently come
under her personal observation. If you tell her that such meat must
stand for six hours in a heat just below the boiling-point, she will
probably answer, “Yes, Ma’am,” and go on her own way. Or she will let it
stand till it burns to the bottom of the kettle,—a most common
termination of the experiment. The only way to make sure of the matter
is either to import a French kettle, or to fit into an ordinary kettle a
false bottom, such as any tinman may make, that shall leave a space of
an inch or two between the meat and the fire. This kettle may be
maintained as a constant _habitué_ of the range, and into it the cook
may be instructed to throw all the fibrous trimmings of meat, all the
gristle, tendons, and bones, having previously broken up these last with
a mallet.

Such a kettle will furnish the basis for clear, rich soups or other
palatable dishes. Clear soup consists of the dissolved juices of the
meat and gelatine of the bones, cleared from the fat and fibrous
portions by straining when cold. The grease, which rises to the top of
the fluid, may thus be easily removed. In a stew, on the contrary, you
boil down this soup till it permeates the fibre which long exposure to
heat has softened. All that remains, after the proper preparation of the
fibre and juices, is the flavoring, and it is in this, particularly,
that French soups excel those of America and England and all the world.

English and American soups are often heavy and hot with spices. There
are appreciable tastes in them. They burn your mouth with cayenne or
clove or allspice. You can tell at once what is in them, oftentimes to
your sorrow. But a French soup has a flavor which one recognizes at once
as delicious, yet not to be characterized as due to any single
condiment; it is the just blending of many things. The same remark
applies to all their stews, ragouts, and other delicate preparations. No
cook will ever study these flavors; but perhaps many cooks’ mistresses
may, and thus be able to impart delicacy and comfort to economy.

As to those things called hashes, commonly manufactured by unwatched,
untaught cooks, out of the remains of yesterday’s repast, let us not
dwell too closely on their memory,—compounds of meat, gristle, skin,
fat, and burnt fibre, with a handful of pepper and salt flung at them,
dredged with lumpy flour, watered from the spout of the tea-kettle, and
left to simmer at the cook’s convenience while she is otherwise
occupied. Such are the best performances a housekeeper can hope for from
an untrained cook.

But the cunningly devised minces, the artful preparations choicely
flavored, which may be made of yesterday’s repast,—by these is the true
domestic artist known. No cook untaught by an educated brain ever makes
these, and yet economy is a great gainer by them.

                  *       *       *       *       *

As regards the department of _Vegetables_, their number and variety in
America are so great that a table might almost be furnished by these
alone. Generally speaking, their cooking is a more simple art, and
therefore more likely to be found satisfactorily performed, than that of
meats. If only they are not drenched with rancid butter, their own
native excellence makes itself known in most of the ordinary modes of
preparation.

There is, however, one exception.

Our stanch old friend, the potato, is to other vegetables what bread is
on the table. Like bread, it is held as a sort of _sine-qua-non_; like
that, it may be made invariably palatable by a little care in a few
plain particulars, through neglect of which it often becomes
intolerable. The soggy, waxy, indigestible viand that often appears in
the potato-dish is a down-right sacrifice of the better nature of this
vegetable.

The potato, nutritive and harmless as it appears, belongs to a family
suspected of very dangerous traits. It is a family-connection of the
deadly-nightshade and other ill-reputed gentry, and sometimes shows
strange proclivities to evil,—now breaking out uproariously, as in the
noted potato-rot, and now more covertly, in various evil affections. For
this reason scientific directors bid us beware of the water in which
potatoes are boiled,—into which, it appears, the evil principle is drawn
off; and they caution us not to shred them into stews without previously
suffering the slices to lie for an hour or so in salt and water. These
cautions are worth attention.

The most usual modes of preparing the potato for the table are by
roasting or boiling. These processes are so simple that it is commonly
supposed every cook understands them without special directions; and yet
there is scarcely an uninstructed cook who can boil or roast a potato.

A good roasted potato is a delicacy worth a dozen compositions of the
cook-book; yet when we ask for it, what burnt, shrivelled abortions are
presented to us! Biddy rushes to her potato-basket and pours out two
dozen of different sizes, some having in them three times the amount of
matter of others. These being washed, she tumbles them into her oven at
a leisure interval, and there lets them lie till it is time to serve
breakfast, whenever that may be. As a result, if the largest are cooked,
the smallest are presented in cinders, and the intermediate sizes are
withered and watery. Nothing is so utterly ruined by a few moments of
overdoing. That which at the right moment was plump with mealy richness,
a quarter of an hour later shrivels and becomes watery,—and it is in
this state that roast potatoes are most frequently served.

In the same manner we have seen boiled potatoes from an untaught cook
coming upon the table like lumps of yellow wax,—and the same article,
the day after, under the directions of a skilful mistress, appearing in
snowy balls of powdery lightness. In the one case, they were thrown in
their skins into water and suffered to soak or boil, as the case might
be, at the cook’s leisure, and after they were boiled to stand in the
water till she was ready to peel them. In the other case, the potatoes
being first peeled were boiled as quickly as possible in salted water,
which the moment they were done was drained off, and then they were
gently shaken for a minute or two over the fire to dry them still more
thoroughly. We have never yet seen the potato so depraved and given over
to evil that could not be reclaimed by this mode of treatment.

As to fried potatoes, who that remembers the crisp, golden slices of the
French restaurant, thin as wafers and light as snow-flakes, does not
speak respectfully of them? What cousinship with these have those
coarse, greasy masses of sliced potato, wholly soggy and partly burnt,
to which we are treated under the name of fried potatoes _à la_ America?
In our cities the restaurants are introducing the French article to
great acceptance, and to the vindication of the fair fame of this queen
of vegetables.

                  *       *       *       *       *

Finally, I arrive at the last great head of my subject, to wit,
TEA,—meaning thereby, as before observed, what our Hibernian friend did
in the inquiry, “Will y’r Honor take ‘tay tay’ or coffee tay?”

I am not about to enter into the merits of the great tea-and-coffee
controversy, or say whether these substances are or are not wholesome. I
treat of them as actual existences, and speak only of the modes of
making the most of them.

The French coffee is reputed the best in the world; and a thousand
voices have asked, What is it about the French coffee?

In the first place, then, the French coffee is coffee, and not chiccory,
or rye, or beans, or peas. In the second place, it is freshly roasted,
whenever made,—roasted with great care and evenness in a little
revolving cylinder which makes part of the furniture of every kitchen,
and which keeps in the aroma of the berry. It is never overdone, so as
to destroy the coffee-flavor, which is in nine cases out of ten the
fault of the coffee we meet with. Then it is ground, and placed in a
coffee-pot with a filter, through which it percolates in clear drops,
the coffee-pot standing on a heated stove to maintain the temperature.
The nose of the coffee-pot is stopped up to prevent the escape of the
aroma during this process. The extract thus obtained is a perfectly
clear, dark fluid, known as _café noir_, or black coffee. It is black
only because of its strength, being in fact almost the very essential
oil of coffee. A table-spoonful of this in boiled milk would make what
is ordinarily called a strong cup of coffee. The boiled milk is prepared
with no less care. It must be fresh and new, not merely warmed or even
brought to the boiling-point, but slowly simmered till it attains a
thick, creamy richness. The coffee mixed with this, and sweetened with
that sparkling beet-root sugar which ornaments a French table, is the
celebrated _café-au-lait_, the name of which has gone round the world.

As we look to France for the best coffee, so we must look to England for
the perfection of tea. The tea-kettle is as much an English institution
as aristocracy or the Prayer-Book; and when one wants to know exactly
how tea should be made, one has only to ask how a fine old English
housekeeper makes it.

The first article of her faith is that the water must not merely be hot,
not merely _have boiled_ a few moments since, but be actually _boiling_
at the moment it touches the tea. Hence, though servants in England are
vastly better trained than with us, this delicate mystery is seldom left
to their hands. Tea-making belongs to the drawing-room, and high-born
ladies preside at “the bubbling and loud-hissing urn,” and see that all
due rites and solemnities are properly performed,—that the cups are hot,
and that the infused tea waits the exact time before the libations
commence. O, ye dear old English tea-tables, resorts of the
kindest-hearted hospitality in the world! we still cherish your memory,
even though you do not say pleasant things of us there. One of these
days you will think better of us. Of late, the introduction of English
breakfast-tea has raised a new sect among the tea-drinkers, reversing
some of the old canons. Breakfast-tea must be boiled! Unlike the
delicate article of olden time, which required only a momentary infusion
to develop its richness, this requires a longer and severer treatment to
bring out its strength,—thus confusing all the established usages, and
throwing the work into the hands of the cook in the kitchen.

The faults of tea, as too commonly found at our hotels and
boarding-houses, are that it is made in every way the reverse of what it
should be. The water is hot, perhaps but not boiling; the tea has a
general flat, stale, smoky taste, devoid of life or spirit; and it is
served, usually, with thin milk, instead of cream. Cream is as essential
to the richness of tea as of coffee. We could wish that the English
fashion might generally prevail, of giving the traveller his own kettle
of boiling water and his own tea-chest, and letting him make tea for
himself. At all events, he would then be sure of one merit in his
tea,—it would be hot, a very simple and obvious virtue, but one very
seldom obtained.

Chocolate is a French and Spanish article, and one seldom served on
American tables. We, in America, however, make an article every way
equal to any which can be imported from Paris, and he who buys Baker’s
best vanilla-chocolate may rest assured that no foreign land can furnish
anything better. A very rich and delicious beverage may be made by
dissolving this in milk slowly boiled down after the French fashion.

                  *       *       *       *       *

I have now gone over all the ground I laid out, as comprising the great
first principles of cookery; and I would here modestly offer the opinion
that a table where all these principles are carefully observed would
need few dainties. The struggle after so-called delicacies comes from
the poorness of common things. Perfect bread and butter would soon drive
cake out of the field; it has done so in many families. Nevertheless, I
have a word to say under the head of _Confectionery_, meaning by this
the whole range of ornamental cookery,—or pastry, ices, jellies,
preserves, etc. The art of making all these very perfectly is far better
understood in America than the art of common cooking.

There are more women who know how to make good cake than good
bread,—more who can furnish you with a good ice-cream than a well-cooked
mutton-chop; a fair charlotte-russe is easier to come by than a perfect
cup of coffee, and you shall find a sparkling jelly to your dessert
where you sighed in vain for so simple a luxury as a well-cooked potato.

Our fair countrywomen might rest upon their laurels in these higher
fields, and turn their great energy and ingenuity to the study of
essentials. To do common things perfectly is far better worth our
endeavor than to do uncommon things respectably. We Americans in many
things as yet have been a little inclined to begin making our shirt at
the ruffle; but, nevertheless, when we set about it, we can make the
shirt as nicely as anybody,—it needs only that we turn our attention to
it, resolved, that, ruffle or no ruffle, the shirt we will have.

I have also a few words to say as to the prevalent ideas in respect to
French cookery. Having heard much of it, with no very distinct idea what
it is, our people have somehow fallen into the notion that its forte
lies in high spicing,—and so, when our cooks put a great abundance of
clove, mace, nutmeg, and cinnamon into their preparations, they fancy
that they are growing up to be French cooks. But the fact is, that the
Americans and English are far more given to spicing than the French.
Spices in our made dishes are abundant, and their taste is strongly
pronounced. In living a year in France I forgot the taste of nutmeg,
clove, and allspice, which had met me in so many dishes in America.

The thing may be briefly defined. The English and Americans deal in
_spices_, the French in _flavors_,—flavors many and subtile, imitating
often in their delicacy those subtile blendings which Nature produces in
high-flavored fruits. The recipes of our cookery-books are most of them
of English origin, coming down from the times of our phlegmatic
ancestors, when the solid, burly, beefy growth of the foggy island
required the heat of fiery condiments, and could digest heavy sweets.
Witness the national recipe for plum-pudding, which may be
rendered,—Take a pound of every indigestible substance you can think of,
boil into a cannon-ball, and serve in flaming brandy. So of the
Christmas mince-pie and many other national dishes. But in America,
owing to our brighter skies and more fervid climate, we have developed
an acute, nervous delicacy of temperament far more akin to that of
France than of England.

Half of the recipes in our cook-books are mere murder to such
constitutions and stomachs as we grow here. We require to ponder these
things, and think how we in our climate and under our circumstances
ought to live, and in doing so, we may, without accusation of foreign
foppery, take some leaves from many foreign books.

                  *       *       *       *       *

But Christopher has prosed long enough. I must now read this to my wife,
and see what she says.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  XI.

                               OUR HOUSE.


OUR gallant Bob Stephens, into whose life-boat our Marianne has been
received, has lately taken the mania of house-building into his head.
Bob is somewhat fastidious, difficult to please, fond of domesticities
and individualities; and such a man never can fit himself into a house
built by another, and accordingly house-building has always been his
favorite mental recreation. During all his courtship as much time was
taken up in planning a future house as if he had money to build one; and
all Marianne’s patterns, and the backs of half their letters, were
scrawled with ground-plans and elevations. But latterly this chronic
disposition has been quickened into an acute form by the falling-in of
some few thousands to their domestic treasury,—left as the sole residuum
of a painstaking old aunt, who took it into her head to make a will in
Bob’s favor, leaving, among other good things, a nice little bit of land
in a rural district half an hour’s railroad-ride from Boston.

So now ground-plans thicken, and my wife is being consulted morning,
noon, and night; and I never come into the room without finding their
heads close together over a paper, and hearing Bob expatiate on his
favorite idea of a library. He appears to have got so far as this, that
the ceiling is to be of carved oak, with ribs running to a boss over
head, and finished mediævally with ultramarine blue and gilding,—and
then away he goes sketching Gothic patterns of book-shelves which
require only experienced carvers, and the wherewithal to pay them, to be
the divinest things in the world.

Marianne is exercised about china-closets and pantries, and about a
bedroom on the ground-floor,—for, like all other women of our days, she
expects not to have strength enough to run up-stairs oftener than once
or twice a week; and my wife, who is a native genius in this line, and
has planned in her time dozens of houses for acquaintances, wherein they
are at this moment living happily, goes over every day with her pencil
and ruler the work of rearranging the plans, according as the ideas of
the young couple veer and vary.

One day Bob is importuned to give two feet off from his library for a
closet in the bedroom,—but resists like a Trojan. The next morning,
being mollified by private domestic supplications, Bob yields, and my
wife rubs out the lines of yesterday, two feet come off the library, and
a closet is constructed. But now the parlor proves too narrow,—the
parlor-wall must be moved two feet into the hall. Bob declares this will
spoil the symmetry of the latter; and if there is anything he wants, it
is a wide, generous, ample hall to step into when you open the
front-door.

“Well, then,” says Marianne, “let’s put two feet more into the width of
the house.”

“Can’t on account of the expense, you see,” says Bob. “You see every
additional foot of outside wall necessitates so many more bricks, so
much more flooring, so much more roofing, etc.”

And my wife, with thoughtful brow, looks over the plans, and considers
how two feet more are to be got into the parlor without moving any of
the walls.

“I say,” says Bob, bending over her shoulder, “here, take your two feet
in the parlor, and put two more feet on to the other side of the
hall-stairs”; and he dashes heavily with his pencil.

“O, Bob!” exclaims Marianne, “there are the kitchen-pantries! you ruin
them,—and no place for the cellar-stairs!”

“Hang the pantries and cellar-stairs!” says Bob. “Mother must find a
place for them somewhere else. I say the house must be roomy and
cheerful, and pantries and those things may take care of themselves;
they can be put _somewhere_ well enough. No fear but you will find a
place for them somewhere. What do you women always want such a great
enormous kitchen for?”

“It is not any larger than is necessary,” said my wife, thoughtfully;
“nothing is gained by taking off from it.”

“What if you should put it all down into a basement,” suggests Bob, “and
so get it all out of sight together?”

“Never if it can be helped,” said my wife. “Basement-kitchens are
necessary evils, only to be tolerated in cities where land is too dear
to afford any other.”

So goes the discussion till the trio agree to sleep over it. The next
morning an inspiration visits my wife’s pillow. She is up and seizes
plans and paper, and before six o’clock has enlarged the parlor very
cleverly, by throwing out a bow-window. So waxes and wanes the
prospective house, innocently battered down and rebuilt with
India-rubber and black-lead. Doors are cut out to-night, and walled up
to-morrow; windows knocked out here and put in there, as some observer
suggests possibilities of too much or too little draught. Now all seems
finished, when, lo, a discovery! There is no fireplace nor stove-flue in
my lady’s bedroom, and can be none without moving the bathing-room.
Pencil and India-rubber are busy again, and for a while the whole house
seems to threaten to fall to pieces with the confusion of the moving;
the bath-room wanders like a ghost, now invading a closet, now
threatening the tranquillity of the parlor, till at last it is laid by
some unheard-of calculations of my wife’s, and sinks to rest in a place
so much better that every body wonders it never was thought of before.

“Papa,” said Jenny, “it appears to me people don’t exactly know what
they want when they build; why don’t you write a paper on
house-building?”

“I have thought of it,” said I, with the air of a man called to settle
some great reform. “It must be entirely because Christopher has not
written that our young people and mamma are tangling themselves daily in
webs which are untangled the next day.”

“You see,” said Jenny, “they have only just so much money, and they want
everything they can think of under the sun. There’s Bob been studying
architectural antiquities, and nobody knows what, and sketching all
sorts of curly-whorlies; and Marianne has her notions about a parlor and
boudoir and china-closets and bedroom-closets; and Bob wants a baronial
hall; and mamma stands out for linen-closets and bathing-rooms and all
that; and so among them all it will just end in getting them head over
ears in debt.”

The thing struck me as not improbable.

“I don’t know, Jenny, whether my writing an article is going to prevent
all this; but as my time in the ‘Atlantic’ is coming round, I may as
well write on what I am obliged to think of, and so I will give a paper
on the subject to enliven our next evening’s session.”

So that evening, when Bob and Marianne had dropped in as usual, and
while the customary work of drawing and rubbing-out was going on at Mrs.
Crowfield’s sofa, I produced my paper and read as follows:—

OUR HOUSE.

There is a place called “Our House,” which everybody knows of. The
sailor talks of it in his dreams at sea. The wounded soldier, turning in
his uneasy hospital-bed, brightens at the word; it is like the dropping
of cool water in the desert, like the touch of cool fingers on a burning
brow. “Our house,” he says feebly, and the light comes back into his dim
eyes,—for all homely charities, all fond thoughts, all purities, all
that man loves on earth or hopes for in heaven, rise with the word.

“Our house” may be in any style of architecture, low or high. It may be
the brown old farm-house, with its tall well-sweep; or the one-story
gambrel-roofed cottage; or the large, square, white house, with green
blinds, under the wind-swung elms of a century; or it may be the
log-cabin of the wilderness, with its one room,—still there is a spell
in the memory of it beyond all conjurations. Its stone and brick and
mortar are like no other; its very clapboards and shingles are dear to
us, powerful to bring back the memories of early days, and all that is
sacred in home-love.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“Papa is getting quite sentimental,” whispered Jenny, loud enough for me
to hear. I shook my head at her impressively, and went on undaunted.

                  *       *       *       *       *

There is no one fact of our human existence that has a stronger
influence upon us than the house we dwell in,—especially that in which
our earlier and more impressible years are spent. The building and
arrangement of a house influence the health, the comfort, the morals,
the religion. There have been houses built so devoid of all
consideration for the occupants, so rambling and hap-hazard in the
disposal of rooms, so sunless and cheerless and wholly without snugness
or privacy, as to make it seem impossible to live a joyous, generous,
rational, religious family-life in them.

There are, we shame to say, in our cities _things_ called houses, built
and rented by people who walk erect and have the general air and manner
of civilized and Christianized men, which are so inhuman in their
building that they can only be called snares and traps for souls,—places
where children cannot well escape growing up filthy and impure,—places
where to form a home is impossible, and to live a decent, Christian life
would require miraculous strength.

A celebrated British philanthropist, who had devoted much study to the
dwellings of the poor, gave it as his opinion that temperance-societies
were a hopeless undertaking in London, unless these dwellings underwent
a transformation. They were so squalid, so dark, so comfortless, so
constantly pressing upon the senses foulness, pain, and inconvenience,
that it was only by being drugged with gin and opium that their
miserable inhabitants could find heart to drag on life from day to day.
He had himself tried the experiment of reforming a drunkard by taking
him from one of these loathsome dens, and enabling him to rent a
tenement in a block of model lodging-houses which had been built under
his supervision. The young man had been a designer of figures for
prints; he was of a delicate frame, and a nervous, susceptible
temperament. Shut in one miserable room with his wife and little
children, without the possibility of pure air, with only filthy, fetid
water to drink, with the noise of other miserable families resounding
through the thin partitions, what possibility was there of doing
anything except by the help of stimulants, which for a brief hour lifted
him above the perception of these miseries? Changed at once to a neat
flat, where, for the same rent as his former den, he had three good
rooms, with water for drinking, house-service, and bathing freely
supplied, and the blessed sunshine and air coming in through windows
well arranged for ventilation, he became in a few weeks a new man. In
the charms of the little spot which he could call home, its quiet, its
order, his former talent came back to him, and he found strength, in
pure air and pure water and those purer thoughts of which they are the
emblems, to abandon burning and stupefying stimulants.

The influence of dwelling-houses for good or for evil—their influence on
the brain, the nerves, and, through these, on the heart and life—is one
of those things that cannot be enough pondered by those who build houses
to sell or rent.

Something more generous ought to inspire a man than merely the
percentage which he can get for his money. He who would build houses
should think a little on the subject. He should reflect what houses are
for,—what they may be made to do for human beings. The great majority of
houses in cities are not built by the indwellers themselves,—they are
built _for_ them by those who invest their money in this way, with
little other thought than the percentage which the investment will
return.

For persons of ample fortune there are, indeed, palatial residences,
with all that wealth can do to render life delightful. But in that class
of houses which must be the lot of the large majority, those which must
be chosen by young men in the beginning of life, when means are
comparatively restricted, there is yet wide room for thought and the
judicious application of money.

In looking over houses to be rented by persons of moderate means, one
cannot help longing to build,—one sees so many ways in which the same
sum which built an inconvenient and unpleasant house might have been
made to build a delightful one.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“That’s so!” said Bob, with emphasis. “Don’t you remember, Marianne, how
many dismal, commonplace, shabby houses we trailed through?”

“Yes,” said Marianne. “You remember those houses with such little
squeezed rooms and that flourishing staircase, with the colored-glass
china-closet window, and no butler’s sink?”

“Yes,” said Bob; “and those astonishing, abominable stone abortions that
adorned the door-steps. People do lay out a deal of money to make houses
look ugly, it must be confessed.”

“One would willingly,” said Marianne, “dispense with frightful stone
ornaments in front, and with heavy mouldings inside, which are of no
possible use or beauty, and with showy plaster cornices and
centre-pieces in the parlor-ceilings, and even with marble mantels, for
the luxury of hot and cold water in each chamber, and a couple of
comfortable bath-rooms. Then, the disposition of windows and doors is so
wholly without regard to convenience! How often we find rooms, meant for
bedrooms, where really there is no good place for either bed or
dressing-table!”

Here my wife looked up, having just finished redrawing the plans to the
latest alteration.

“One of the greatest reforms that could be, in these reforming days,”
she observed, “would be to have women architects. The mischief with
houses built to rent is that they are all mere male contrivances. No
woman would ever plan chambers where there is no earthly place to set a
bed except against a window or door, or waste the room in entries that
might be made into closets. I don’t see, for my part, _apropos_ to the
modern movement for opening new professions to the female sex, why there
should not be well-educated female architects. The planning and
arrangement of houses, and the laying-out of grounds, are a fair subject
of womanly knowledge and taste. It is the teaching of Nature. What would
anybody think of a bluebird’s nest that had been built entirely by Mr.
Blue, without the help of his wife?”

“My dear,” said I, “you must positively send a paper on this subject to
the next Woman’s-Rights Convention.”

“I am of Sojourner Truth’s opinion,” said my wife,—“that the best way to
prove the propriety of one’s doing anything is to go and _do it_. A
woman who should have energy to go through the preparatory studies and
set to work in this field would, I am sure, soon find employment.”

“If she did as well as you would do, my dear,” said I. “There are plenty
of young women in our Boston high-schools who are going through higher
fields of mathematics than are required by the architect, and the
schools for design show the flexibility and fertility of the female
pencil. The thing appears to me altogether more feasible than many other
openings which have been suggested to woman.”

“Well,” said Jenny, “isn’t papa ever to go on with his paper?”

                  *       *       *       *       *

I continued:—

What ought “our house” to be? Could any other question be asked
admitting in its details of such varied answers,—answers various as the
means, the character, and situation of different individuals? But there
are great wants pertaining to every human being, into which all lesser
ones run. There are things in a house that every one, high or low, rich
or poor, ought, according to his means, to seek. I think I shall class
them according to the elemental division of the old philosophers,—Fire,
Air, Earth, and Water. These form the groundwork of this _need-be_,—the
_sine-qua-nons_ of a house.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“Fire, air, earth, and water! I don’t understand,” said Jenny.

“Wait a little till you do, then,” said I. “I will try to make my
meaning plain.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

The first object of a house is shelter from the elements. This object is
effected by a tent or wigwam which keeps off rain and wind. The first
disadvantage of this shelter is, that the vital air which you take into
your lungs, and on the purity of which depends the purity of blood and
brain and nerve, is vitiated. In the wigwam or tent you are constantly
taking in poison, more or less active, with every inspiration. Napoleon
had his army sleep without tents. He stated, that from experience, he
found it more healthy, and wonderful have been the instances of delicate
persons gaining constantly in vigor from being obliged, in the midst of
hardships, to sleep constantly in the open air. Now the first problem in
house-building is to combine the advantage of shelter with the fresh
elasticity of out-door air. I am not going to give here a treatise on
ventilation, but merely to say, in general terms, that the first object
of a house-builder or contriver should be to make a healthy house; and
the first requisite of a healthy house is a pure, sweet, elastic air.

I am in favor, therefore, of those plans of house-building which have
wide central spaces, whether halls or courts, into which all the rooms
open, and which necessarily preserve a body of fresh air for the use of
them all. In hot climates this is the object of the central court which
cuts into the body of the house, with its fountain and flowers, and its
galleries, into which the various apartments open. When people are
restricted for space, and cannot afford to give up wide central portions
of the house for the mere purposes of passage, this central hall can be
made a pleasant sitting-room. With tables, chairs, bookcases, and sofas
comfortably disposed, this ample central room above and below is, in
many respects, the most agreeable lounging-room of the house; while the
parlors below and the chambers above, opening upon it, form agreeable
withdrawing-rooms for purposes of greater privacy.

It is customary with many persons to sleep with bedroom windows open,—a
very imperfect and often dangerous mode of procuring that supply of
fresh air which a sleeping-room requires. In a house constructed in the
manner indicated, windows might be freely left open in these central
halls, producing there a constant movement of air, and the doors of the
bedrooms placed ajar, when a very slight opening in the windows would
create a free circulation through the apartments.

In the planning of a house, thought should be had as to the general
disposition of the windows, and the quarters from which favoring breezes
may be expected should be carefully considered. Windows should be so
arranged that draughts of air can be thrown quite through and across the
house. How often have we seen pale mothers and drooping babes fanning
and panting during some of our hot days on the sunny side of a house,
while the breeze that should have cooled them beat in vain against a
dead wall! One longs sometimes to knock holes through partitions, and
let in the air of heaven.

No other gift of God, so precious, so inspiring, is treated with such
utter irreverence and contempt in the calculations of us mortals as this
same air of heaven. A sermon on oxygen, if one had a preacher who
understood the subject, might do more to repress sin than the most
orthodox discourse to show when and how and why sin came. A minister
gets up in a crowded lecture-room, where the mephitic air almost makes
the candles burn blue, and bewails the deadness of the church,—the
church the while, drugged by the poisoned air, growing sleepier and
sleepier, though they feel dreadfully wicked for being so.

Little Jim, who, fresh from his afternoon’s ramble in the fields, last
evening said his prayers dutifully, and lay down to sleep in a most
Christian frame, this morning sits up in bed with his hair bristling
with crossness, strikes at his nurse, and declares he won’t say his
prayers,—that he don’t want to be good. The simple difference is, that
the child, having slept in a close box of a room, his brain all night
fed by poison, is in a mild state of moral insanity. Delicate women
remark that it takes them till eleven or twelve o’clock to get up their
strength in the morning. Query,—Do they sleep with closed windows and
doors, and with heavy bed-curtains?

The houses built by our ancestors were better ventilated in certain
respects than modern ones, with all their improvements. The great
central chimney, with its open fireplaces in the different rooms,
created a constant current which carried off foul and vitiated air. In
these days, how common is it to provide rooms with only a flue for a
stove! This flue is kept shut in summer, and in winter opened only to
admit a close stove, which burns away the vital portion of the air quite
as fast as the occupants breathe it away. The sealing-up of fireplaces
and introduction of air-tight stoves may, doubtless, be a saving of
fuel: it saves, too, more than that; in thousands and thousands of cases
it has saved people from all further human wants, and put an end forever
to any needs short of the six feet of narrow earth which are man’s only
inalienable property. In other words, since the invention of air-tight
stoves, thousands have died of slow poison. It is a terrible thing to
reflect upon, that our northern winters last from November to May, six
long months, in which many families confine themselves to one room, of
which every window-crack has been carefully calked to make it air-tight,
where an air-tight stove keeps the atmosphere at a temperature between
eighty and ninety, and the inmates sitting there with all their winter
clothes on become enervated both by the heat and by the poisoned air,
for which there is no escape but the occasional opening of a door.

It is no wonder that the first result of all this is such a delicacy of
skin and lungs that about half the inmates are obliged to give up going
into the open air during the six cold months, because they invariably
catch cold, if they do so. It is no wonder that the cold caught about
the first of December has by the first of March become a fixed
consumption, and that the opening of the spring, which ought to bring
life and health, in so many cases brings death.

We hear of the lean condition in which the poor bears emerge from their
six-months’ wintering, during which they subsist on the fat which they
have acquired the previous summer. Even so in our long winters,
multitudes of delicate people subsist on the daily waning strength which
they acquired in the season when windows and doors were open, and fresh
air was a constant luxury. No wonder we hear of spring fever and spring
biliousness, and have thousands of nostrums for clearing the blood in
the spring. All these things are the pantings and palpitations of a
system run down under slow poison, unable to get a step farther. Better,
far better, the old houses of the olden time, with their great roaring
fires, and their bedrooms where the snow came in and the wintry winds
whistled. Then, to be sure, you froze your back while you burned your
face, your water froze nightly in your pitcher, your breath congealed in
ice-wreaths on the blankets, and you could write your name on the pretty
snow-wreath that had sifted in through the window-cracks. But you woke
full of life and vigor,—you looked out into whirling snow-storms without
a shiver, and thought nothing of plunging through drifts as high as your
head on your daily way to school. You jingled in sleighs, you
snowballed, you lived in snow like a snow-bird, and your blood coursed
and tingled, in full tide of good, merry, real life, through your
veins,—none of the slow-creeping, black blood which clogs the brain and
lies like a weight on the vital wheels!

“Mercy upon us, papa!” said Jenny, “I hope we need not go back to such
houses!”

“No, my dear,” I replied. “I only said that such houses were better than
those which are all winter closed by double windows and burnt-out
air-tight stoves.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

The perfect house is one in which there is a constant escape of every
foul and vitiated particle of air through one opening, while a constant
supply of fresh out-door air is admitted by another. In winter, this
out-door air must pass through some process by which it is brought up to
a temperate warmth.

Take a single room, and suppose on one side a current of out-door air
which has been warmed by passing through the air-chamber of a modern
furnace. Its temperature need not be above sixty-five,—it answers
breathing purposes better at that. On the other side of the room let
there be an open wood-or coal-fire. One cannot conceive the purposes of
warmth and ventilation more perfectly combined.

Suppose a house with a great central hall, into which a current of
fresh, temperately warmed air is continually pouring. Each chamber
opening upon this hall has a chimney up whose flue the rarefied air is
constantly passing, drawing up with it all the foul and poisonous gases.
That house is well ventilated, and in a way that need bring no dangerous
draughts upon the most delicate invalid. For the better securing of
privacy in sleeping-rooms, we have seen two doors employed, one of which
is made with slats, like a window-blind, so that air is freely
transmitted without exposing the interior.

When we speak of fresh air, we insist on the full rigor of the term. It
must not be the air of a cellar, heavily laden with the poisonous
nitrogen of turnips and cabbages, but good, fresh, out-door air from a
cold-air pipe, so placed as not to get the lower stratum near the
ground, where heavy damps and exhalations collect, but high up, in just
the clearest and most elastic region.

The conclusion of the whole matter is, that as all of man’s and woman’s
peace and comfort, all their love, all their amiability, all their
religion, have got to come to them, while they live in this world,
through the medium of the brain,—and as black, uncleansed blood acts on
the brain as a poison, and as no other than black, uncleansed blood can
be got by the lungs out of impure air,—the first object of the man who
builds a house is to secure a pure and healthy atmosphere therein.

Therefore, in allotting expenses, set this down as a _must-be_: “Our
house must have fresh air,—everywhere, at all times, winter and summer.”
Whether we have stone facings or no,—whether our parlor has cornices or
marble mantles or no,—whether our doors are machine-made or hand-made.
All our fixtures shall be of the plainest and simplest, but we will have
fresh air. We will open our door with a latch and string, if we cannot
afford lock and knob and fresh air too,—but in our house we will live
cleanly and Christianly. We will no more breathe the foul air rejected
from a neighbor’s lungs than we will use a neighbor’s tooth-brush and
hair-brush. Such is the first essential of “our house,”—the first great
element of human health and happiness,—AIR.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“I say, Marianne,” said Bob, “have we got fireplaces in our chambers?”

“Mamma took care of that,” said Marianne.

“You may be quite sure,” said I, “if your mother has had a hand in
planning your house, that the ventilation is cared for.”

It must be confessed that Bob’s principal idea in a house had been a
Gothic library, and his mind had labored more on the possibility of
adapting some favorite bits from the baronial antiquities to modern
needs than on anything so terrestrial as air. Therefore he awoke as from
a dream, and taking two or three monstrous inhalations, he seized the
plans and began looking over them with new energy. Meanwhile I went on
with my prelection.

                  *       *       *       *       *

The second great vital element for which provision must be made in “our
house” is FIRE. By which I do not mean merely artificial fire, but fire
in all its extent and branches,—the heavenly fire which God sends us
daily on the bright wings of sunbeams, as well as the mimic fires by
which we warm our dwellings, cook our food, and light our nightly
darkness.

To begin, then, with heavenly fire or sunshine. If God’s gift of vital
air is neglected and undervalued, His gift of sunshine appears to be
hated. There are many houses where not a cent has been expended on
ventilation, but where hundreds of dollars have been freely lavished to
keep out the sunshine. The chamber, truly, is tight as a box,—it has no
fireplace, not even a ventilator opening into the stove-flue; but, oh,
joy and gladness! it has outside blinds and inside folding-shutters, so
that in the brightest of days we may create there a darkness that may be
felt. To observe the generality of New-England houses, a spectator might
imagine they were planned for the torrid zone, where the great object is
to keep out a furnace-draught of burning air.

But let us look over the months of our calendar. In which of them do we
not need fires on our hearths? We will venture to say that from October
to June all families, whether they actually have it or not, would be the
more comfortable for a morning and evening fire. For eight months in the
year the weather varies on the scale of cool, cold, colder, and
freezing; and for all the four other months what is the number of days
that really require the torrid-zone system of shutting up houses? We all
know that extreme heat is the exception, and not the rule.

Yet let anybody travel, as I did last year, through the valley of the
Connecticut, and observe the houses. All clean and white and neat and
well-to-do, with their turfy yards and their breezy great elms,—but all
shut up from basement to attic, as if the inmates had all sold out and
gone to China. Not a window-blind open above or below. Is the house
inhabited? No,—yes,—there is a faint stream of blue smoke from the
kitchen-chimney, and half a window-blind open in some distant back-part
of the house. They are living there in the dim shadows, bleaching like
potato-sprouts in the cellar.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“I can tell you why they do it, papa,” said Jenny,—“It’s the flies, and
flies are certainly worthy to be one of the plagues of Egypt. I can’t
myself blame people that shut up their rooms and darken their houses in
fly-time,—do you, mamma?”

“Not in extreme cases; though I think there is but a short season when
this is necessary; yet the habit of shutting up lasts the year round,
and gives to New-England villages that dead, silent, cold, uninhabited
look which is so peculiar.

“The one fact that a traveller would gather in passing through our
villages would be this,” said I, “that the people live in their houses
and in the dark. Rarely do you see doors and windows open, people
sitting at them, chairs in the yard, and signs that the inhabitants are
living out-of-doors.”

“Well,” said Jenny, “I have told you why, for I have been at Uncle
Peter’s in summer, and aunt does her spring-cleaning in May, and then
she shuts all the blinds and drops all the curtains, and the house stays
clean till October. That’s the whole of it. If she had all her windows
open, there would be paint and windows to be cleaned every week; and who
is to do it? For my part, I can’t much blame her.”

“Well,” said I, “I have my doubts about the sovereign efficacy of living
in the dark, even if the great object of existence were to be rid of
flies. I remember, during this same journey, stopping for a day or two
at a country boarding-house which was dark as Egypt from cellar to
garret. The long, dim, gloomy dining-room was first closed by outside
blinds, and then by impenetrable paper curtains, notwithstanding which
it swarmed and buzzed like a beehive. You found where the cake-plate was
by the buzz which your hand made, if you chanced to reach in that
direction. It was disagreeable, because in the darkness flies could not
always be distinguished from huckleberries; and I couldn’t help wishing,
that, since we must have the flies, we might at last have the light and
air to console us under them. People darken their rooms and shut up
every avenue of out-door enjoyment, and sit and think of nothing but
flies; in fact, flies are all they have left. No wonder they become
morbid on the subject.”

“Well, now, papa talks just like a man, doesn’t he?” said Jenny. “He
hasn’t the responsibility of keeping things clean. I wonder what he
would do, if he were a housekeeper.”

“Do? I will tell you. I would do the best I could. I would shut my eyes
on fly-specks, and open them on the beauties of Nature. I would let the
cheerful sun in all day long, in all but the few summer days when
coolness is the one thing needful: those days may be soon numbered every
year. I would make a calculation in the spring how much it would cost to
hire a woman to keep my windows and paint clean, and I would do with one
less gown and have her; and when I had spent all I could afford on
cleaning windows and paint, I would harden my heart and turn off my
eyes, and enjoy my sunshine, and my fresh air, my breezes, and all that
can be seen through the picture-windows of an open, airy house, and snap
my fingers at the flies. There you have it.”

“Papa’s hobby is sunshine,” said Marianne.

“Why shouldn’t it be? Was God mistaken, when He made the sun? Did He
make him for us to hold a life’s battle with? Is that vital power which
reddens the cheek of the peach and pours sweetness through the fruits
and flowers of no use to us? Look at plants that grow without sun,—wan,
pale, long-visaged, holding feeble, imploring hands of supplication
towards the light. Can human beings afford to throw away a vitalizing
force so pungent, so exhilarating? You remember the experiment of a
prison, where one row of cells had daily sunshine, and the others none.
With the same regimen, the same cleanliness, the same care, the inmates
of the sunless cells were visited with sickness and death in double
measure. Our whole population in New England are groaning and suffering
under afflictions, the result of a depressed vitality,—neuralgia, with a
new ache for every day of the year, rheumatism, consumption, general
debility; for all these a thousand nostrums are daily advertised, and
money enough is spent on them to equip an army, while we are fighting
against, wasting, and throwing away with both hands that blessed
influence which comes nearest to pure vitality of anything God has
given.

“Who is it that the Bible describes as a sun, arising with healing in
his wings? Surely, that sunshine which is the chosen type and image of
His love must be healing through all the recesses of our daily life,
drying damp and mould, defending from moth and rust, sweetening ill
smells, clearing from the nerves the vapors of melancholy, making life
cheery. If I did not know Him, I should certainly adore and worship the
sun, the most blessed and beautiful image of Him among things visible!
In the land of Egypt, in the day of God’s wrath, there was darkness, but
in the land of Goshen there was light. I am a Goshenite, and mean to
walk in the light, and forswear the works of darkness. But to proceed
with our reading.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

“Our house” shall be set on a southeast line, so that there shall not be
a sunless room in it, and windows shall be so arranged that it can be
traversed and transpierced through and through with those bright shafts
of light which come straight from God.

“Our house” shall not be blockaded with a dank, dripping mass of
shrubbery set plumb against the windows, keeping out light and air.
There shall be room all round it for breezes to sweep, and sunshine to
sweeten and dry and vivify; and I would warn all good souls who begin
life by setting out two little evergreen-trees within a foot of each of
their front-windows, that these trees will grow and increase till their
front-rooms will be brooded over by a sombre, stifling shadow fit only
for ravens to croak in.

One would think, by the way some people hasten to convert a very narrow
front-yard into a dismal jungle, that the only danger of our New England
climate was sunstroke. Ah, in those drizzling months which form at least
one half of our life here, what sullen, censorious, uncomfortable,
unhealthy thoughts are bred of living in dark, chilly rooms, behind such
dripping thickets? Our neighbors’ faults assume a deeper hue,—life seems
a dismal thing,—our very religion grows mouldy.

My idea of a house is, that, as far as is consistent with shelter and
reasonable privacy, it should give you on first entering an open,
breezy, out-door freshness of sensation. Every window should be a
picture; sun and trees and clouds and green grass should seem never to
be far from us. “Our house” may shade but not darken us. “Our house”
shall have bow-windows, many, sunny, and airy,—not for the purpose of
being cleaned and shut up, but to be open and enjoyed. There shall be
long verandahs above and below, where invalids may walk dry-shod, and
enjoy open-air recreation in wettest weather. In short, I will try to
have “our house” combine as far as possible the sunny, joyous, fresh
life of a gypsy in the fields and woods with the quiet and neatness and
comfort and shelter of a roof, rooms, floors, and carpets.

After heavenly fire, I have a word to say of earthly, artificial fires.
Furnaces, whether of hot water, steam, or hot air, are all healthy and
admirable provisions for warming our houses during the eight or nine
months of our year that we must have artificial heat, if only, as I have
said, fireplaces keep up a current of ventilation.

The kitchen-range with its water-back I humbly salute. It is a great
throbbing heart, and sends its warm tides of cleansing, comforting fluid
all through the house. One could wish that this friendly dragon could be
in some way moderated in his appetite for coal,—he does consume without
mercy, it must be confessed,—but then great is the work he has to do. At
any hour of day or night, in the most distant part of your house, you
have but to turn a stop-cock and your red dragon sends you hot water for
your needs; your washing-day becomes a mere play-day; your pantry has
its ever-ready supply; and then, by a little judicious care in arranging
apartments and economizing heat, a range may make two or three chambers
comfortable in winter weather. A range with a water-back is among the
_must-bes_ in “our house.”

Then, as to the evening light,—I know nothing as yet better than gas,
where it can be had. I would certainly not have a house without it. The
great objection to it is the danger of its escape through imperfect
fixtures. But it must not do this; a fluid that kills a tree or a plant
with one breath must certainly be a dangerous ingredient in the
atmosphere, and if admitted into houses, must be introduced with every
safeguard.

There are families living in the country who make their own gas by a
very simple process. This is worth an inquiry from those who build.
There are also contrivances now advertised, with good testimonials, of
domestic machines for generating gas, said to be perfectly safe, simple
to be managed, and producing a light superior to that of the city
gas-works. This also is worth an inquiry when “our house” is to be in
the country.

                  *       *       *       *       *

And now I come to the next great vital element for which “our house”
must provide,—WATER. “Water, water, everywhere,”—it must be plentiful,
it must be easy to get at, it must be pure. Our ancestors had some
excellent ideas in home-living and house-building. Their houses were,
generally speaking, very sensibly contrived,—roomy, airy, and
comfortable; but in their water-arrangements they had little mercy or
womankind. The well was out in the yard; and in winter one must flounder
through snow and bring up the ice-bound bucket, before one could fill
the tea-kettle for breakfast. For a sovereign princess of the republic
this was hardly respectful or respectable. Wells have come somewhat
nearer in modern times; but the idea of a constant supply of fresh water
by the simple turning of a stop-cock has not yet visited the great body
of our houses. Were we free to build “our house” just as we wish it,
there should be a bath-room to every two or three inmates, and the hot
and cold water should circulate to every chamber.

Among our _must-bes_, we would lay by a generous sum for plumbing. Let
us have our bath-rooms, and our arrangements for cleanliness and health
in kitchen and pantry; and afterwards let the quality of our lumber and
the style of our finishings be according to the sum we have left. The
power to command a warm bath in a house at any hour of day or night is
better in bringing up a family of children than any amount of ready
medicine. In three-quarters of childish ailments the warm bath is an
almost immediate remedy. Bad colds, incipient fevers, rheumatisms,
convulsions, neuralgias innumerable, are washed off in their first
beginnings, and run down the lead pipes into oblivion. Have, then, O
friend, all the water in your house that you can afford, and enlarge
your ideas of the worth of it, that you _may_ afford a great deal. A
bathing-room is nothing to you that requires an hour of lifting and
fire-making to prepare it for use. The apparatus is too cumbrous,—you do
not turn to it. But when your chamber opens upon a neat, quiet little
nook, and you have only to turn your stop-cocks and all is ready, your
remedy is at hand, you use it constantly. You are waked in the night by
a scream, and find little Tom sitting up, wild with burning fever. In
three minutes he is in the bath, quieted and comfortable; you get him
back, cooled and tranquil, to his little crib, and in the morning he
wakes as if nothing had happened.

Why should not so invaluable and simple a remedy for disease, such a
preservative of health, such a comfort, such a stimulus, be considered
as much a matter-of-course in a house as a kitchen-chimney? At least
there should be one bath-room always in order, so arranged that all the
family can have access to it, if one cannot afford the luxury of many.

A house in which water is universally and skilfully distributed is so
much easier to take care of as almost to verify the saying of a friend,
that his house was so contrived that it did its own work: one had better
do without carpets on the floors, without stuffed sofas and
rocking-chairs, and secure this.

“Well, papa,” said Marianne, “you have made out all your four elements
in your house, except one. I can’t imagine what you want of _earth_.”

“I thought,” said Jenny, “that the less of our common mother we had in
our houses, the better housekeepers we were.”

“My dears,” said I, “we philosophers must give an occasional dip into
the mystical, and say something apparently absurd for the purpose of
explaining that we mean nothing in particular by it. It gives common
people an idea of our sagacity, to find how clear we come out of our
apparent contradictions and absurdities. Listen.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

For the fourth requisite of “our house,” EARTH, let me point you to your
mother’s plant-window, and beg you to remember the fact that through our
long, dreary winters we are never a month without flowers, and the vivid
interest which always attaches to growing things. The perfect house, as
I conceive it, is to combine as many of the advantages of living out of
doors as may be consistent with warmth and shelter, and one of these is
the sympathy with green and growing things. Plants are nearer in their
relations to human health and vigor than is often imagined. The
cheerfulness that well-kept plants impart to a room comes not merely
from gratification of the eye,—there is a healthful exhalation from
them, they are a corrective of the impurities of the atmosphere. Plants,
too, are valuable as tests of the vitality of the atmosphere; their
drooping and failure convey to us information that something is amiss
with it. A lady once told me that she could never raise plants in her
parlors on account of the gas and anthracite coal. I answered, “Are you
not afraid to live and bring up your children in an atmosphere which
blights your plants?” If the gas escapes from the pipes, and the red-hot
anthracite coal or the red-hot air-tight stove burns out all the vital
part of the air, so that healthy plants in a few days wither and begin
to drop their leaves, it is a sign that the air must be looked to and
reformed. It is a fatal augury for a room that plants cannot be made to
thrive in it. Plants should not turn pale, be long-jointed, long-leaved,
and spindling; and where they grow in this way, we may be certain that
there is a want of vitality for human beings. But where plants appear as
they do in the open air, with vigorous, stocky growth, and
short-stemmed, deep-green leaves, we may believe the conditions of that
atmosphere are healthy for human lungs.

It is pleasant to see how the custom of plant-growing has spread through
our country. In how many farm-house windows do we see petunias and
nasturtiums vivid with bloom while snows are whirling without, and how
much brightness have those cheap enjoyments shed on the lives of those
who cared for them! We do not believe there is a human being who would
not become a passionate lover of plants, if circumstances once made it
imperative to tend upon and watch the growth of one. The history of
Picciola for substance has been lived over and over by many a man and
woman who once did not know that there was a particle of plant-love in
their souls. But to the proper care of plants in pots there are many
hindrances and drawbacks. The dust chokes the little pores of their
green lungs, and they require constant showering; and to carry all one’s
plants to a sink or porch for this purpose is a labor which many will
not endure. Consequently plants often do not get a showering once a
month! We should try to imitate more closely the action of Mother
Nature, who washes every green child of hers nightly with dews, which
lie glittering on its leaves till morning.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“Yes, there it is!” said Jenny. “I think I could manage with plants, if
it were not for this eternal showering and washing they seem to require
to keep them fresh. They are always tempting one to spatter the carpet
and surrounding furniture, which are not equally benefited by the
libation.”

“It is partly for that very reason,” I replied, “that the plan of ‘our
house’ provides for the introduction of Mother Earth, as you will see.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

A perfect house, according to my idea, should always include in it a
little compartment where plants can be kept, can be watered, can be
defended from the dust, and have the sunshine and all the conditions of
growth.

People have generally supposed a conservatory to be one of the last
trappings of wealth,—something not to be thought of for those in modest
circumstances. But is this so? You have a bow-window in your parlor.
Leave out the flooring, fill the space with rich earth, close it from
the parlor by glass doors, and you have room for enough plants and
flowers to keep you gay and happy all winter. If on the south side,
where the sunbeams have power, it requires no heat but that which warms
the parlor; and the comfort of it is incalculable, and the expense a
mere trifle greater than that of the bow-window alone.

In larger houses a larger space might be appropriated in this way. We
will not call it a conservatory, because that name suggests ideas of
gardeners, and mysteries of culture and rare plants, which bring all
sorts of care and expense in their train. We would rather call it a
greenery, a room floored with earth, with glass sides to admit the
sun,—and let it open on as many other rooms of the house as possible.

Why should not the dining-room and parlor be all winter connected by a
spot of green and flowers, with plants, mosses, and ferns for the
shadowy portions, and such simple blooms as petunias and nasturtiums
garlanding the sunny portion near the windows? If near the water-works,
this greenery might be enlivened by the play of a fountain, whose
constant spray would give that softness to the air which is so often
burned away by the dry heat of the furnace.

                  *       *       *       *       *

“And do you really think, papa, that houses built in this way are a
practical result to be aimed at?” said Jenny. “To me it seems like a
dream of the Alhambra.”

“Yet I happen to have seen real people in our day living in just such a
house,” said I. “I could point you, this very hour, to a cottage, which
in style of building is the plainest possible, which unites many of the
best ideas of a true house. My dear, can you sketch the ground plan of
that house we saw in Brighton?”

“Here it is,” said my wife, after a few dashes with her pencil,—“an
inexpensive house, yet one of the pleasantest I ever saw.”

[Illustration:

  _c_, China-closet.     _p_, Passage.     _d_,
  Kitchen-closet.
]

“This cottage, which might, at the rate of prices before the war, have
been built for five thousand dollars, has many of the requirements which
I seek for a house. It has two stories, and a tier of very pleasant
attic-rooms, two bathing-rooms, and the water carried into each story.
The parlor and dining-room both look into a little bower, where a
fountain is ever playing into a little marble basin, and which all the
year through has its green and bloom. It is heated simply from the
furnace by a register, like any other room of the house, and requires no
more care than a delicate woman could easily give. The brightness and
cheerfulness it brings during our long, dreary winters is incredible.”

                  *       *       *       *       *

But one caution is necessary in all such appendages. The earth must be
thoroughly underdrained to prevent the vapors of stagnant water, and
have a large admixture of broken charcoal to obviate the consequences of
vegetable decomposition. Great care must be taken that there be no
leaves left to fall and decay on the ground, since vegetable exhalations
poison the air. With these precautions such a plot will soften and
purify the air of a house.

Where the means do not allow even so small a conservatory, a recessed
window might be fitted with a deep box, which should have a drain-pipe
at the bottom, and a thick layer of broken charcoal and gravel, with a
mixture of fine wood-soil and sand, for the top stratum. Here ivies may
be planted, which will run and twine and strike their little tendrils
here and there, and give the room in time the aspect of a bower; the
various greenhouse nasturtiums will make winter gorgeous with blossoms.
In windows unblest by sunshine—and, alas, such are many!—one can
cultivate ferns and mosses; the winter-growing ferns, of which there are
many varieties, can be mixed with mosses and woodland flowers.

Early in February, when the cheerless frosts of winter seem most
wearisome, the common blue violet, wood-anemone, hepatica, or
rock-columbine, if planted in this way, will begin to bloom. The common
partridge-berry, with its brilliant scarlet fruit and dark green leaves,
will also grow finely in such situations, and have a beautiful effect.
These things require daily showering to keep them fresh, and the
moisture arising from them will soften and freshen the too dry air of
heated winter rooms.

                  *       *       *       *       *

Thus I have been through my four essential elements in
house-building,—air, fire, water, and earth. I would provide for these
before anything else. After they are secured, I would gratify my taste
and fancy as far as possible in other ways. I quite agree with Bob in
hating commonplace houses, and longing for some little bit of
architectural effect; and I grieve profoundly that every step in that
direction must cost so much. I have also a taste for niceness of finish.
I have no objection to silver-plated door-locks and hinges, none to
windows which are an entire plate of clear glass. I congratulate
neighbors who are so fortunate as to be able to get them; and after I
have put all the essentials into a house, I would have these too, if I
had the means.

But if all my wood-work were to be without groove or moulding, if my
mantels were to be of simple wood, if my doors were all to be
machine-made, and my lumber of the second quality, I would have my
bath-rooms, my conservatory, my sunny bow-windows, and my perfect
ventilation; and my house would then be so pleasant, and every one in it
in such a cheerful mood, that it would verily seem to be ceiled with
cedar.

Speaking of ceiling with cedar, I have one thing more to say. We
Americans have a country abounding in beautiful timber, of whose
beauties we know nothing, on account of the pernicious and stupid habit
of covering it with white paint.

The celebrated zebra-wood with its golden stripes cannot exceed in
quaint beauty the grain of unpainted chestnut, prepared simply with a
coat or two of oil. The butternut has a rich golden brown, the very
darling color of painters,—a shade so rich, and grain so beautiful, that
it is of itself as charming to look at as a rich picture. The
black-walnut, with its heavy depth of tone, works in well as an adjunct;
and as to oak, what can we say enough of its quaint and many shadings?
Even common pine, which has been considered not decent to look upon till
hastily shrouded in a friendly blanket of white paint, has, when oiled
and varnished, the beauty of satin-wood. The second quality of pine,
which has what are called _shakes_ in it, under this mode of treatment
often shows clouds and veins equal in beauty to the choicest woods. The
cost of such a finish is greatly less than that of the old method; and
it saves those days and weeks of cleaning which are demanded by white
paint, while its general tone is softer and more harmonious. Experiments
in color may be tried in the combination of these woods, which at small
expense produce the most charming effects.

As to paper-hangings, we are proud to say that our American
manufacturers now furnish all that can be desired. There are some
branches of design where artistic, ingenious France must still excel us;
but whoso has a house to fit up, let him first look at what his own
country has to show, and he will be astonished.

There is one topic in house-building on which I would add a few words.
The difficulty of procuring and keeping good servants, which must long
be one of our chief domestic troubles, warns us so to arrange our houses
that we shall need as few as possible. There is the greatest conceivable
difference in the planning and building of houses as to the amount of
work which will be necessary to keep them in respectable condition. Some
houses require a perfect staff of house-maids;—there are plated hinges
to be rubbed, paint to be cleaned, with intricacies of moulding and
carving which daily consume hours of dusting to preserve them from a
slovenly look. Simple finish, unpainted wood, a general distribution of
water through the dwelling, will enable a very large house to be cared
for by one pair of hands, and yet maintain a creditable appearance.

In kitchens one servant may perform the work of two by a close packing
of all the conveniences for cooking and such arrangements as shall save
time and steps. Washing-day may be divested of its terrors by suitable
provisions for water, hot and cold, by wringers, which save at once the
strength of the linen and of the laundress, and by drying-closets
connected with ranges, where articles can in a few moments be perfectly
dried. These, with the use of a small mangle, such as is now common in
America, reduce the labors of the laundry one half.

There are many more things which might be said of “our house,” and
Christopher may, perhaps, find some other opportunity to say them. For
the present his pen is tired and ceaseth.


------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                  XII.

                             HOME RELIGION.


IT was Sunday evening, and our little circle were convened by my
study-fireside, where a crackling hickory fire proclaimed the fall of
the year to be coming on, and cold weather impending. Sunday evenings,
my married boys and girls are fond of coming home and gathering round
the old hearthstone, and “making believe” that they are children again.
We get out the old-fashioned music-books, and sing old hymns to very old
tunes, and my wife and her matron daughters talk about the babies in the
intervals; and we discourse of the sermon, and of the choir, and all the
general outworks of good pious things which Sunday suggests.

“Papa,” said Marianne, “you are closing up your House and Home Papers,
are you not?”

“Yes,—I am come to the last one, for this year at least.”

“My dear,” said my wife, “there is one subject you haven’t touched on
yet; you ought not to close the year without it; no house and home can
be complete without Religion: you should write a paper on Home
Religion.”

My wife, as you may have seen in these papers, is an old-fashioned
woman, something of a conservative. I am, I confess, rather given to
progress and speculation; but I feel always as if I were going on in
these ways with a string round my waist, and my wife’s hand steadily
pulling me back into the old paths. My wife is a steady, Bible-reading,
Sabbath-keeping woman, cherishing the memory of her fathers, and loving
to do as they did,—believing, for the most part, that the paths well
beaten by righteous feet are safest, even though much walking therein
has worn away the grass and flowers. Nevertheless, she has an indulgent
ear for all that gives promise of bettering anybody or anything, and
therefore is not severe on any new methods that may arise in our
progressive days of accomplishing old good objects.

“There must be a home religion,” said my wife.

“I believe in home religion,” said Bob Stephens,—“but not in the outward
show of it. The best sort of religion is that which one keeps at the
bottom of his heart, and which goes up thence quietly through all his
actions, and not the kind that comes through a certain routine of forms
and ceremonies. Do you suppose family prayers, now, and a blessing at
meals, make people any better?”

“Depend upon it, Robert,” said my wife,—she always calls him Robert on
Sunday evenings,—“depend upon it, we are not so very much wiser than our
fathers were, that we need depart from their good old ways. Of course I
would have religion in the heart, and spreading quietly through the
life; but does this interfere with those outward, daily acts of respect
and duty which we owe to our Creator? It is too much the slang of our
day to decry forms, and to exalt the excellency of the spirit in
opposition to them; but tell me, are you satisfied with friendship that
has none of the outward forms of friendship, or love that has none of
the outward forms of love? Are you satisfied of the existence of a
sentiment that has no outward mode of expression? Even the old heathen
had their pieties; they would not begin a feast without a libation to
their divinities, and there was a shrine in every well-regulated house
for household gods.”

“The trouble with all these things,” said Bob, “is that they get to be
mere forms. I never could see that family worship amounted to much more
in most families.”

“The outward expression of all good things is apt to degenerate into
mere form,” said I. “The outward expression of social good feeling
becomes a mere form; but for that reason must we meet each other like
oxen? not say, ‘Good morning,’ or ‘Good evening,’ or ‘I am happy to see
you’? Must we never use any of the forms of mutual good-will, except in
those moments when we are excited by a real, present emotion? What would
become of society? Forms are, so to speak, a daguerrotype of a past good
feeling, meant to take and keep the impression of it when it is gone.
Our best and most inspired moments are crystallized in them; and even
when the spirit that created them is gone, they help to bring it back.
Every one must be conscious that the use of the forms of social
benevolence, even towards those who are personally unpleasant to us,
tends to ameliorate prejudices. We see a man entering our door who is a
weary bore, but we use with him those forms of civility which society
prescribes, and feel far kinder to him than if we had shut the door in
his face, and said, ‘Go along, you tiresome fellow!’ Now why does not
this very obvious philosophy apply to better and higher feelings? The
forms of religion are as much more necessary than the forms of
politeness and social good-will as religion is more important than all
other things.”

“Besides,” said my wife, “a form of worship, kept up from year to year
in a family,—the assembling of parents and children for a few sacred
moments each day, though it may be a form many times, especially in the
gay and thoughtless hours of life,—often becomes invested with deep
sacredness in times of trouble, or in those crises that rouse our deeper
feelings. In sickness, in bereavement, in separation, the daily prayer
at home has a sacred and healing power. Then we remember the scattered
and wandering ones; and the scattered and wandering think tenderly of
that hour when they know they are remembered. I know, when I was a young
girl, I was often thoughtless and careless about family-prayers; but now
that my father and mother are gone forever, there is nothing I recall
more often. I remember the great old Family Bible, the hymn-book, the
chair where father used to sit. I see him as he looked bending over that
Bible more than in any other way; and expressions and sentences in his
prayers which fell unheeded on my ears in those days have often come
back to me like comforting angels. We are not aware of the influence
things are having on us till we have left them far behind in years. When
we have summered and wintered them, and look back on them from changed
times and other days, we find that they were making their mark upon us,
though we knew it not.”

“I have often admired,” said I, “the stateliness and regularity of
family worship in good old families in England,—the servants, guests,
and children all assembled,—the reading of the Scriptures and the daily
prayers by the master or mistress of the family, ending with the united
repetition of the Lord’s Prayer by all.”

“No such assemblage is possible in our country,” said Bob. “Our servants
are for the most part Roman Catholics, and forbidden by their religion
to join with us in acts of worship.”

“The greater the pity,” said I. “It is a pity that all Christians who
can conscientiously repeat the Apostles’ Creed and the Lord’s Prayer
together should for any reason be forbidden to do so. It would do more
to harmonize our families, and promote good feeling between masters and
servants, to meet once a day on the religious ground common to both,
than many sermons on reciprocal duties.”

“But while the case is so,” said Marianne, “we can’t help it. Our
servants cannot unite with us; our daily prayers are something forbidden
to them.”

“We cannot in this country,” said I, “give to family prayer that solemn
stateliness which it has in a country where religion is a civil
institution, and masters and servants, as a matter of course, belong to
one church. Our prayers must resemble more a private interview with a
father than a solemn act of homage to a king. They must be more intimate
and domestic. The hour of family devotion should be the children’s
hour,—held dear as the interval when the busy father drops his business
and cares, and, like Jesus of old, takes the little ones in his arms and
blesses them. The child should remember it as the time when the father
always seemed most accessible and loving. The old family worship of New
England lacked this character of domesticity and intimacy,—it was
stately and formal, distant and cold; but whatever were its defects, I
cannot think it an improvement to leave it out altogether, as too many
good sort of people in our day are doing. There may be practical
religion where its outward daily forms are omitted, but there is
assuredly no more of it for the omission. No man loves God and his
neighbor _less_, is a _less_ honest and good man, for daily prayers in
his household,—the chances are quite the other way; and if the spirit of
love rules the family hour, it may prove the source and spring of all
that is good through the day. It seems to be a solemn duty in the
parents thus to make the Invisible Fatherhood real to their children,
who can receive this idea at first only through outward forms and
observances. The little one thus learns that his father has a Father in
heaven, and that the earthly life he is living is only a sacrament and
emblem,—a type of the eternal life which infolds it, and of more lasting
relations there. Whether, therefore, it be the silent grace and silent
prayer of the Friends, or the form of prayer of ritual churches, or the
extemporaneous outpouring of those whose habits and taste lead them to
extempore prayer,—in one of these ways there should be daily outward and
visible acts of worship in every family.”

“Well, now,” said Bob, “about this old question of Sunday-keeping,
Marianne and I are much divided. I am always for doing something that
she thinks isn’t the thing.”

“Well, you see,” said Marianne, “Bob is always talking against our old
Puritan fathers, and saying all manner of hard things about them. He
seems to think that all their ways and doings must of course have been
absurd. For my part, I don’t think we are in any danger of being too
strict about anything. It appears to me that in this country there is a
general tendency to let all sorts of old forms and observances float
down-stream, and yet nobody seems quite to have made up his mind what
shall come next.”

“The fact is,” said I, “that we realize very fully all the objections
and difficulties of the experiments in living that we have tried; but
the difficulties in others that we are intending to try have not yet
come to light. The Puritan Sabbath had great and very obvious evils. Its
wearisome restraints and over-strictness cast a gloom on religion, and
arrayed against the day itself the active prejudices that now are
undermining it and threatening its extinction. But it had great merits
and virtues, and produced effects on society that we cannot well afford
to dispense with. The clearing of a whole day from all possibilities of
labor and amusement necessarily produced a grave and thoughtful people;
and a democratic republic can be carried on by no other. In lands which
have Sabbaths of mere amusement, mere gala-days, republics rise and fall
as fast as children’s card-houses; and the reason is, they are built by
those whose political and religious education has been childish. The
common people of Europe have been sedulously nursed on amusements by the
reigning powers, to keep them from meddling with serious matters; their
religion has been sensuous and sentimental, and their Sabbaths
thoughtless holidays. The common people of New England are educated to
think, to reason, to examine all questions of politics and religion for
themselves; and one deeply thoughtful day every week baptizes and
strengthens their reflective and reasoning faculties. The Sunday schools
of Paris are whirligigs where Young France rides round and round on
little hobby-horses till his brain spins even faster than Nature made it
to spin; and when he grows up, his political experiments are as
whirligig as his Sunday education. If I were to choose between the
Sabbath of France and the old Puritan Sabbath, I should hold up both
hands for the latter, with all its objectionable features.”

“Well,” said my wife, “cannot we contrive to retain all that is really
valuable of the Sabbath, and to ameliorate and smooth away what is
forbidding?”

“That is the problem of our day,” said I. “We do not want the Sabbath of
Continental Europe: it does not suit democratic institutions; it cannot
be made even a quiet or a safe day, except by means of that ever-present
armed police that exists there. If the Sabbath of America is simply to
be a universal loafing, picnicking, dining-out day, as it is now with
all our foreign population, we shall need what they have in Europe, the
gendarmes at every turn, to protect the fruit on our trees and the
melons in our fields. People who live a little out from great cities see
enough, and more than enough, of this sort of Sabbath-keeping, with our
loose American police.

“The fact is, our system of government was organized to go by moral
influences as much as mills by water, and Sunday was the great day for
concentrating these influences and bringing them to bear; and we might
just as well break down all the dams and let out all the water of the
Lowell mills, and expect still to work the looms, as to expect to work
our laws and constitution with European notions of religion.

“It is true the Puritan Sabbath had its disagreeable points. So have the
laws of Nature. They are of a most uncomfortable sternness and rigidity;
yet for all that, we would hardly join in a petition to have them
repealed, or made wavering and uncertain for human convenience. We can
bend to them in a thousand ways, and live very comfortably under them.”

“But,” said Bob, “Sabbath-keeping is the iron rod of bigots; they don’t
allow a man any liberty of his own. One says it’s wicked to write a
letter Sunday; another holds that you must read no book but the Bible;
and a third is scandalized, if you take a walk, ever so quietly, in the
fields. There are all sorts of quips and turns. We may fasten things
with pins of a Sunday, but it’s wicked to fasten with needle and thread,
and so on, and so on; and each one, planting himself on his own
individual mode of keeping Sunday, points his guns and frowns severely
over the battlements on his neighbors whose opinions and practice are
different from his.”

“Yet,” said I, “Sabbath-days are expressly mentioned by Saint Paul as
among those things concerning which no man should judge another. It
seems to me that the error as regards the Puritan Sabbath was in
representing it, not as a gift from God to man, but as a tribute of man
to God. Hence all these hagglings and nice questions and exactions to
the uttermost farthing. The holy time must be weighed and measured. It
must begin at twelve o’clock of one night, and end at twelve o’clock of
another; and from beginning to end, the mind must be kept in a state of
tension by the effort not to think any of its usual thoughts or do any
of its usual works. The fact is, that the metaphysical, defining,
hair-splitting mind of New England, turning its whole powers on this one
bit of ritual, this one only day of divine service, which was left of
all the feasts and fasts of the old churches, made of it a thing
straighter and stricter than ever the old Jews dreamed of.

“The old Jewish Sabbath entered only into the physical region, merely
enjoining cessation from physical toil. ‘Thou shalt not _labor_ nor do
any _work_,’ covered the whole ground. In other respects than this it
was a joyful festival, resembling, in the mode of keeping it, the
Christmas of the modern Church. It was a day of social hilarity,—the
Jewish law strictly forbidding mourning and gloom during festivals. The
people were commanded on feast-days to rejoice before the Lord their God
with all their might. We fancy there were no houses where children were
afraid to laugh, where the voice of social cheerfulness quavered away in
terror lest it should awake a wrathful God. The Jewish Sabbath was
instituted, in the absence of printing, of books, and of all the
advantages of literature, to be the great means of preserving sacred
history,—a day cleared from all possibility of other employment than
social and family communion, when the heads of families and the elders
of tribes might instruct the young in those religious traditions which
have thus come down to us.

“The Christian Sabbath is meant to supply the same moral need in that
improved and higher state of society which Christianity introduced. Thus
it was changed from the day representing the creation of the world to
the resurrection-day of Him who came to make all things new. The Jewish
Sabbath was buried with Christ in the sepulchre, and arose with Him, not
a Jewish, but a Christian festival, still holding in itself that
provision for man’s needs which the old institution possessed, but with
a wider and more generous freedom of application. It was given to the
Christian world as a day of rest, of refreshment, of hope and joy,—and
of worship. The manner of making it such a day was left open and free to
the needs and convenience of the varying circumstances and characters of
those for whose benefit it was instituted.”

“Well,” said Bob, “don’t you think there is a deal of nonsense about
Sabbath-keeping?”

“There is a deal of nonsense about everything human beings have to deal
with,” said I.

“And,” said Marianne, “how to find out what is nonsense?”

“By clear conceptions,” said I, “of what the day is for. I should define
the Sabbath as a divine and fatherly gift to man,—a day expressly set
apart for the cultivation of his moral nature. Its object is not merely
physical rest and recreation, but moral improvement. The former are
proper to the day only so far as they are subservient to the latter. The
whole human race have the conscious need of being made better, purer,
and more spiritual; the whole human race have one common danger of
sinking to a mere animal life under the pressure of labor or in the
dissipations of pleasure; and of the whole human race the proverb holds
good, that what may be done any time is done at no time. Hence the
Heavenly Father appoints one day as a special season for the culture of
man’s highest faculties. Accordingly, whatever ways and practices
interfere with the purpose of the Sabbath as a day of worship and moral
culture should be avoided; and all family arrangements for the day
should be made with reference thereto.”

“Cold dinners on Sunday, for example,” said Bob. “Marianne holds these
as prime articles of faith.”

“Yes,—they doubtless are most worthy and merciful, in giving to the poor
cook one day she may call her own, and rest from the heat of range and
cooking-stove. For the same reason, I would suspend as far as possible
all travelling, and all public labor, on Sunday. The hundreds of hands
that these things require to carry them on are the hands of human
beings, whose right to this merciful pause of rest is as clear as their
humanity. Let them have their day to look upward.”

“But the little ones,” said my oldest matron daughter, who had not as
yet spoken,—“they are the problem. Oh, this weary labor of making
children keep Sunday! If I try it, I have no rest at all myself. If I
must talk to them or read to them to keep them from play, my Sabbath
becomes my hardest working-day.”

“And, pray, what commandment of the Bible ever said children should not
play on Sunday?” said I. “We are forbidden to work, and we see the
reason why; but lambs frisk and robins sing on Sunday; and little
children, who are as yet more than half animals, must not be made to
keep the day in the manner proper to our more developed faculties. As
much cheerful, attractive religious instruction as they can bear without
weariness may be given, and then they may simply be restrained from
disturbing others. Say to the little one,—‘This day we have noble and
beautiful things to think of that interest us deeply; you are a child;
you cannot read and think and enjoy such things as much as we can; you
may play softly and quietly, and remember not to make a disturbance.’ I
would take a child to public worship at least once of a Sunday; it forms
a good habit in him. If the sermon be long and unintelligible, there are
the little Sabbath-school books in every child’s hands; and while the
grown people are getting what they understand, who shall forbid a
child’s getting what is suited to him in a way that interests him and
disturbs nobody? The Sabbath school is the child’s church; and happily
it is yearly becoming a more and more attractive institution. I approve
the custom of those who beautify the Sabbath school-room with plants,
flowers, and pictures, thus making it an attractive place to the
childish eye. The more this custom prevails, the more charming in after
years will be the memories of Sunday.

“It is most especially to be desired that the whole air and aspect of
the day should be one of cheerfulness. Even the new dresses, new
bonnets, and new shoes, in which children delight of a Sunday, should
not be despised. They have their value in marking the day as a festival;
and it is better for the child to long for Sunday for the sake of his
little new shoes than that he should hate and dread it as a period of
wearisome restraint. All the latitude should be given to children that
can be, consistently with fixing in their minds the idea of a sacred
season. I would rather that the atmosphere of the day should resemble
that of a weekly Thanksgiving than that it should make its mark on the
tender mind only by the memory of deprivations and restrictions.”

“Well,” said Bob, “here’s Marianne always breaking her heart about my
reading on Sunday. Now I hold that what is bad on Sunday is bad on
Monday,—and what is good on Monday is good on Sunday.”

“We cannot abridge other people’s liberty,” said I. “The generous,
confiding spirit of Christianity has imposed not a single restriction
upon us in reference to Sunday. The day is put at our disposal as a good
Father hands a piece of money to his child:—‘There it is; take it and
spend it well.’ The child knows from his father’s character what he
means by spending it well; but he is left free to use his own judgment
as to the mode.

“If a man conscientiously feels that reading of this or that description
is the best for him as regards his moral training and improvement, let
him pursue it, and let no man judge him. It is difficult, with the
varying temperaments of men, to decide what are or are not religious
books. One man is more religiously impressed by the reading of history
or astronomy than he would be by reading a sermon. There may be
overwrought and wearied states of the brain and nerves which require and
make proper the diversions of light literature; and if so, let it be
used. The mind must have its recreations as well as the body.”

“But for children and young people,” said my daughter,—“would you let
them read novels on Sunday?”

“That is exactly like asking, Would you let them talk with people on
Sunday? Now people are different; it depends, therefore, on who they
are. Some are trifling and flighty, some are positively bad-principled,
some are altogether good in their influence. So of the class of books
called novels. Some are merely frivolous, some are absolutely noxious
and dangerous, others again are written with a strong moral and
religious purpose, and, being vivid and interesting, produce far more
religious effect on the mind than dull treatises and sermons. The
parables of Christ sufficiently establish the point that there is no
inherent objection to the use of fiction in teaching religious truth.
Good religious fiction, thoughtfully read, may be quite as profitable as
any other reading.”

“But don’t you think,” said Marianne, “that there is danger in too much
fiction?”

“Yes,” said I. “But the chief danger of all that class of reading is its
_easiness_, and the indolent, careless mental habits it induces. A great
deal of the reading of young people on all days is really reading to no
purpose, its object being merely present amusement. It is a listless
yielding of the mind to be washed over by a stream which leaves no
fertilizing properties, and carries away by constant wear the good soil
of thought I should try to establish a barrier against this kind of
reading, not only on Sunday, but on Monday, on Tuesday, and on all days.
Instead, therefore, of objecting to any particular class of books for
Sunday reading, I should say in general, that reading merely for
pastime, without any moral aim, is the thing to be guarded against. That
which inspires no thought, no purpose, which steals away all our
strength and energy, and makes the Sabbath a day of dreams, is the
reading I would object to.

“So of music. I do not see the propriety of confining one’s self to
technical sacred music. Any grave, solemn, thoughtful, or pathetic music
has a proper relation to our higher spiritual nature, whether it be
printed in a church service-book or on secular sheets. On me, for
example, Beethoven’s Sonatas have a far more deeply religious influence
than much that has religious names and words. Music is to be judged of
by its effects.”

“Well,” said Bob, “if Sunday is given for our own individual
improvement, I for one should not go to church. I think I get a great
deal more good in staying at home and reading.”

“There are two considerations to be taken into account in reference to
this matter of church-going,” I replied. “One relates to our duty as
members of society in keeping up the influence of the Sabbath, and
causing it to be respected in the community; the other, to the proper
disposition of our time for our own moral improvement. As members of the
community, we should go to church, and do all in our power to support
the outward ordinances of religion. If a conscientious man makes up his
mind that Sunday is a day for outward acts of worship and reverence, he
should do his own part as an individual towards sustaining these
observances. Even though he may have such mental and moral resources
that as an individual he could gain much more in solitude than in a
congregation, still he owes to the congregation the influence of his
presence and sympathy. But I have never yet seen the man, however finely
gifted morally and intellectually, whom I thought in the long run a
gainer in either of these respects by the neglect of public worship. I
have seen many who in their pride kept aloof from the sympathies and
communion of their brethren, who lost strength morally, and deteriorated
in ways that made themselves painfully felt. Sunday is apt in such cases
to degenerate into a day of mere mental idleness and reverie, or to
become a sort of waste-paper box for scraps, odds and ends of secular
affairs.

“As to those very good people—and many such there are—who go straight on
with the work of life on Sunday, on the plea that “to labor is to pray,”
I simply think they are mistaken. In the first place, to labor is _not_
the same thing as to pray. It may sometimes be as good a thing to do,
and in some cases even a better thing; but it is not the same thing. A
man might as well never write a letter to his wife on the plea that
making money for her is writing to her. It may possibly be quite as
great a proof of love to work for a wife as to write to her, but few
wives would not say that both were not better than either alone.
Furthermore, there is no doubt that the intervention of one day of
spiritual rest and aspiration so refreshes a man’s whole nature, and
oils the many wheels of existence, that he who allows himself a weekly
Sabbath does more work in the course of his life for the omission of
work on that day.

“A young student in a French college, where the examinations are rigidly
severe, found by experience that he succeeded best in his examination by
allowing one day of entire rest just before it. His brain and nervous
system refreshed in this way carried him through the work better than if
taxed to the last moment. There are men transacting a large and
complicated business who can testify to the same influence from the
repose of the Sabbath.

“I believe those Christian people who from conscience and principle turn
their thoughts most entirely out of the current of worldly cares on
Sunday fulfil unconsciously a great law of health; and that, whether
their moral nature be thereby advanced or not, their brain will work
more healthfully and actively for it even in physical and worldly
matters. It is because the Sabbath thus harmonizes the physical and
moral laws of our being, that the injunction concerning it is placed
among the ten great commandments, each of which represents some one of
the immutable needs of humanity.”

“There is yet another point of family religion that ought to be thought
of,” said my wife: “I mean the customs of mourning. If there is anything
that ought to distinguish Christian families from Pagans, it should be
their way of looking at and meeting those inevitable events that must
from time to time break the family chain. It seems to be the peculiarity
of Christianity to shed hope on such events. And yet it seems to me as
if it were the very intention of many of the customs of society to add
tenfold to their gloom and horror,—such swathings of black crape, such
funereal mufflings of every pleasant object, such darkening of rooms,
and such seclusion from society and giving up to bitter thoughts and
lamentation. How can little children that look on such things believe
that there is a particle of truth in all they hear about the joyous and
comforting doctrines which the Bible holds forth for such times?”

“That subject is a difficult one,” I rejoined. “Nature seems to indicate
a propriety in some outward expressions of grief when we lose our
friends. All nations agree in these demonstrations. In a certain degree
they are soothing to sorrow; they are the language of external life made
to correspond to the internal. Wearing mourning has its advantages. It
is a protection to the feelings of the wearer, for whom it procures
sympathetic and tender consideration; it saves grief from many a hard
jostle in the ways of life; it prevents the necessity of many a trying
explanation, and is the ready apology for many an omission of those
tasks to which sorrow is unequal. For all these reasons I never could
join the crusade which some seem disposed to wage against it. Mourning,
however, ought not to be continued for years. Its uses are more for the
first few months of sorrow, when it serves the mourner as a safeguard
from intrusion, insuring quiet and leisure, in which to reunite the
broken threads of life, and to gather strength for a return to its
duties. But to wear mourning garments and forego society for two or
three years after the loss of any friend, however dear, I cannot but
regard as a morbid, unhealthy nursing of sorrow, unworthy of a
Christian.”

“And yet,” said my wife, “to such an unhealthy degree does this custom
prevail, that I have actually known young girls who have never worn any
other dress than mourning, and consequently never been into society,
during the entire period of their girlhood. First, the death of a father
necessitated three years of funereal garments and abandonment of social
relations; then the death of a brother added two years more; and before
that mourning was well ended, another of a wide circle of relatives
being taken, the habitual seclusion was still protracted. What must a
child think of the Christian doctrine of life and death, who has never
seen life except through black crape? We profess to believe in a better
life to which the departed good are called,—to believe in the shortness
of our separation, the certainty of reunion, and that all these events
are arranged in all their relations by an infinite tenderness which
cannot err. Surely, Christian funerals too often seem to say that
affliction “cometh of the dust,” and not from above.

“But,” said Bob, “after all, death is a horror; you can make nothing
less of it. You can’t smooth it over, nor dress it with flowers; it is
what Nature shudders at.”

“It is precisely for this reason,” said I, “that Christians should avoid
those customs which aggravate and intensify this natural dread. Why
overpower the senses with doleful and funereal images in the hour of
weakness and bereavement, when the soul needs all her force to rise
above the gloom of earth, and to realize the mysteries of faith? Why
shut the friendly sunshine from the mourner’s room? Why muffle in a
white shroud every picture that speaks a cheerful household word to the
eye? Why make a house look stiff and ghastly and cold as a corpse? In
some of our cities, on the occurrence of a death in the family, all the
shutters on the street are closed and tied with black crape, and so
remain for months. What an oppressive gloom must this bring on a house!
how like the very shadow of death! It is enlisting the nerves and the
senses against our religion, and making more difficult the great duty of
returning to life and its interests. I would have flowers and sunshine
in the deserted rooms, and make them symbolical of the cheerful mansions
above, to which our beloved ones are gone. Home ought to be so
religiously cheerful, so penetrated by the life of love and hope and
Christian faith, that the other world may be made real by it. Our home
life should be a type of the higher life. Our home should be so
sanctified, its joys and its sorrows so baptized and hallowed, that it
shall not be sacrilegious to think of heaven as a higher form of the
same thing,—a Father’s house in the better country, whose mansions are
many, whose love is perfect, whose joy is eternal.”


------------------------------------------------------------------------


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                                 ─────


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------------------------------------------------------------------------




 ● Transcriber’s Notes:
    ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected.
    ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected.
    ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only
      when a predominant form was found in this book.
    ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_);
      text that was bold by “equal” signs (=bold=).