THE LITTLE REVIEW


                       Literature Drama Music Art

                          MARGARET C. ANDERSON
                                 EDITOR

                               JUNE, 1914

    "Incense and Splendor"                                The Editor
    A Kaleidoscope                           Nicholas Vachel Lindsay
    Futurism and Pseudo-Futurism                   Alexander S. Kaun
    A Wonder-Child Violinist                    Margaret C. Anderson
    The New Paganism                                  DeWitt C. Wing
    Gloria Mundi                                     Eunice Tietjens
    The Will to Live                            George Burman Foster
    Keats and Fanny Brawne                          Charlotte Wilson
    A New Woman from Denmark                      Marguerite Swawite
    Editorials
    New York Letter                                     George Soule
    Correspondence:
      Miss Columbia: An Old-Fashioned Girl
      Poetry to the Uttermost
      Reflections of a Dilettante
      The Immortality of the Soul
    Book Discussion:
      Dostoevsky--Pessimist?
      The Salvation of the World à la Wells
      The Unique James Family
      The Immigrant's Pursuit of Happiness
      De Morgan's Latest

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                    MARGARET C. ANDERSON, Publisher
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                           THE LITTLE REVIEW


                                 Vol. I

                               JUNE, 1914

                                 No. 4

               Copyright, 1914, by Margaret C. Anderson.




                         "Incense and Splendor"


                          MARGARET C. ANDERSON

A young American novelist stated the other day that the American woman
is oversexed; that present-day modes of dress are all designed to
emphasize sex; and that it is high time for a reaction against sex
discussions, sex stories, and sex plays.

But I think she's entirely mistaken. The American woman, speaking
broadly, is pathetically undersexed, just as she is undersensitive and
underintelligent. The last adjective will be disputed or resented; but
it's interesting once in a while to hear the thoughtful foreigner's
opinion of our intelligence. Tagore, for instance, said that he was
agreeably surprised in regard to the American man and astonished at the
stupidity of the American woman. As for our fiction and drama--we've had
much about sex in the last few years, some of it intensely valuable,
much of it intensely foolish; but it's quite too early to predict the
reaction. The really constructive work on the subject is yet to be done.

And the pity of the whole thing is that the critics who keep lecturing
us on our oversexedness don't realize that what they're really trying to
get at is our poverty of spirit, our emotional incapacities, our
vanities, our pettinesses--any number of qualities which spring from
anything but too much sex. Nothing is safer than to say that the man or
woman of strong sex equipment is rarely vain or petty or mean or
unintelligent. But as a result of all this vague bickering, "sex"
continues to shoulder the blame for all kinds of shortcomings, and the
real root of the trouble goes untreated--even undiagnosed. One thing is
certain: until we become conscious that there's something very wrong
with our attitude toward sex, we'll never get rid of the hard, tight,
anæmic, metallic woman who flourishes in America as nowhere else in the
world.

This doesn't mean the old Puritan type, to whom sex was a rotten,
unmentionable thing; nor does it mean the Victorian, who recognizes the
sex impulse only as a means to an end. They belong to the past too
definitely to be harmful. It means two newer types than these: the woman
who looks upon sex as something to be endured and forgiven, and the
woman who doesn't feel at all.

The first type has a great (and by no means a secret) pride in her
spiritual superiority to the coarse creature she married, and a
never-dying hope that she can lead him up to her level. She talks a lot
about spirituality; she has her standards, and she knows how to classify
what she calls "sensuality"; she's convinced that she has married the
best man in the world, but--well, all men have this failing in common,
and the only thing one can do is to rise above it magnificently, with
that air of spiritual isolation which is her most effective weapon. Shaw
has hit her off on occasion, but he ought to devote a whole three acts
to her undoing; or perhaps an Ibsen would do it better, because tragedy
follows her path like some sinister shadow, as inevitably as those other
"ghosts" of his. The second type has no more capacity for love or sex
than she has for music or poetry--which is none at all. Like a polished
glass vase, empty and beautiful, she lures the man who loves her to a
kind of supreme nothingness. She will always tell you that marriage is
"wonderful"; and she urges all her friends to marry as quickly as
possible, for that's the only way to be perfectly happy. Marriage is
"wonderful" to her just as birth is "wonderful" in Charlotte Perkins
Gilman's satire:

      Birth comes. Birth--
      The breathing re-creation of the earth!
      All earth, all sky, all God, life's sweet deep whole,
      Newborn again to each new soul!
      "Oh, are you? What a shame! Too bad, my dear!
      How will you stand it, too. It's very queer
      The dreadful trials women have to carry;
      But you can't always help it when you marry.
      Oh, what a sweet layette! What lovely socks!
      What an exquisite puff and powder box!
      Who is your doctor? Yes, his skill's immense--
      But it's a dreadful danger and expense!"

It's all a powder-puff matter: marriage means new clothes, gifts, and a
house to play with. It gives her another chance to get something for
nothing--which is immoral. But the beauty of the situation is that the
immorality (thanks to our habits of not thinking straight) is so
perfectly concealed: it even appears that she is the one who does the
giving. As for any bother about sex, she'll soon put an end to that. And
so she goes on her pirate ways, luring for the sake of the lure, adding
her voice to the already swelled chorus which proclaims that truth and
beauty lodge in things as they are, not in things as they might or
should be.

But, to return to the novelist's argument about clothes, the present
fashion for low necks and slit skirts has nothing to do with sex
necessarily. Its origin is in vanity--which may or may not have a
bearing upon sex. And of course it usually hasn't; for vanity is an
attribute of small natures, and sex is an attribute of great ones.

There has never been a time when women had such an opportunity to be
beautiful physically. And they are taking advantage of it. Watch any
modern matinée or concert or shopping crowd carefully. There's something
about the new style that points to a finer naturalness, just as it is
more natural for men to wear clothes that follow the lines of their
bodies than to pad their shoulders and use twice too much cloth in their
trouser legs. The move of muscles through a close-fitting suit gives an
effect of strength and efficiency and animal grace that is superbly
healthy. And it is so with women, too. With the exception of the foolish
and unnecessary restrictions in walking women have such a splendid
chance to look straight, unhampered, direct, lithe. I don't know just
why, but I want to use the word "true" about the new clothes. They're so
much less dishonest than the old padded ways--the strange, perverted,
muffled methods. The old plan was built on the theory that the
suppression of nature is civilization; the new plan seems to be that a
recognition of nature is common sense. We may become Greek yet. By all
of which I'll probably be credited with supporting the silly indecencies
we see every day on the street--ridiculous, unintelligent manifestations
of the new freedom--instead of merely seeing in its wise expression a
bigger hope of truth. I think the preachers who are filling the
newspapers with hysterical protests about women's dress had better look
a little more closely at the real issue and stop confusing a fine
impulse with its inevitable abuses.

But after all there's only one important thing to be said about sex in
its relation to a full life. Some day we're going to have a tremendous
revaluation of the thing known as feeling. We're going to realize that
the only person who doesn't err in relation to values is the artist; and
since the bigger part of the artist's equipment is simply the capacity
to feel, we're going to begin training a race of men toward a new ideal.
It shall be this: that nothing shall qualify as fundamentally "immoral"
except denial--the failure of imagination, of understanding, of
appreciation, of quickening to beauty in every form, of perceiving
beauty where custom or convention has dwarfed its original stature; the
failure to put one's self in the other person's place; the great,
ghastly failure of life which allows one to look but not to see, to
listen but not to hear--to touch but not to feel.

The other night I heard Schumann's Des Abends--that summer-night elegy
of a thousand, thousand cadences--played near a place where trees were
stirring softly and grass smelling warm and cool; some one said
afterward that it was pretty.... The other day I heard a violin played
so throbbingly that it was like "what the sea has striven to say"; and
through it all a group of people talked, as though no miracle were
happening. Not very long after these two ---- (I can't find a noun), I
talked with some one who tried to convince me that the biggest and most
valiant person I know was--"well, not the sort one can afford to be
friends with." Somehow all three episodes immediately linked themselves
together in my mind. Each was a failure of the same type--a failure of
imagination, of feeling; the last one, at least, was tragedy; and it
will become impossible for people to fail that way only when they stop
failing in the first two ways.

Not long ago I went into a music store and bought Tschaikowsky's Les
Larmes. It cost twenty-eight cents. I walked out so under the spell of
the immense adventure of living that I realized later how imbecile I
must have looked and why the clerk gazed at me so suspiciously. But I
had a song which had cost a man who knows what sorrow to write--a thing
of such richness that it meant experience to any one who could own it.
One of the world's big things for twenty-eight cents! And such things
happen every day!

Sex is simply the quintessence of this type of feeling, plus a deeper
thing for which no words have been made. But we reach the wonder of the
utmost realization in just one way: by having felt greatly at every
step.

"American artists know everything," said a young foreign sculptor
lately; "they know that much" (throwing out his arms wide), "but they
only feel that much!" (measuring an inch with his fingers). How can we
produce the great audiences that Whitman knew we needed in order to have
great poets, if we don't train the new generations to feel? How can we
prevent these crimes against love and sex--how put a stop to human waste
in all its hideous forms--if we don't recognize the new idealism which
means not to deny?




                             A Kaleidoscope


                        NICHOLAS VACHEL LINDSAY


                 Blanche Sweet--Moving-Picture Actress

             [After seeing the reel called Oil and Water.]

   Beauty has a throne-room
   In our humorous town,
   Spoiling its hobgoblins,
   Laughing shadows down.
   Dour musicians torture
   Rag-time ballads vile,
   But we walk serenely
   Down the odorous aisle.
   We forgive the squalor,
   And the boom and squeal,
   For the Great Queen flashes
   From the moving reel.

   Just a prim blonde stranger
   In her early day,
   Hiding brilliant weapons,
   Too averse to play;
   Then she burst upon us
   Dancing through the night,
   Oh, her maiden radiance,
   Veils and roses white!
   With new powers, yet cautious,
   Not too smart or skilled,
   That first flash of dancing
   Wrought the thing she willed:--
   Mobs of us made noble
   By her strong desire,
   By her white, uplifting
   Royal romance-fire.
   Though the tin piano
   Snarls its tango rude,
   Though the chairs are shaky
   And the drama's crude,
   Solemn are her motions,
   Stately are her wiles,
   Filling oafs with wisdom,
   Saving souls with smiles;
   Mid the restless actors
   She is rich and slow,
   She will stand like marble,
   She will pause and glow,
   Though the film is twitching
   Keep a peaceful reign,
   Ruler of her passion,
   Ruler of our pain!


                     Girl, You Shall Mock No Longer

   You shall not hide forever,
   I shall your path discern;
   I have the key to Heaven,
   Key to the pits that burn.

   Saved ones will help me, lost ones
   Spy on your secret way--
   Show me your flying footprints
   On past your death-bed day.

   If by your pride you stumble
   Down to the demon-land,
   I shall be there beside you,
   Chained to your burning hand.

   If, by your choice and pleasure,
   You shall ascend the sky,
   I, too, will mount that stairway,
   You shall not put me by.

   There, 'mid the holy people,
   Healed of your blasting scorn,
   Clasped in these arms that hunger,
   Splendid with dreams reborn,

   You shall be mastered, lady,
   Knowing, at last, Desire--
   Lifting your face for kisses--
   Kisses of bitter fire.


                              The Amaranth

   Ah, in the night, all music haunts me here ...
   Is it for naught high Heaven cracks and yawns
   And the tremendous amaranth descends
   Sweet with glory of ten thousand dawns?

   Does it not mean my God would have me say:--
   "Whether you will or no, oh city young
   Heaven will bloom like one great flower for you,
   Flash and loom greatly, all your marts among?"

   Friends I will not cease hoping, though you weep.
   Such things I see, and some of them shall come
   Though now our streets are harsh and ashen-grey,
   Though now our youths are strident, or are dumb.

   Friends, that sweet town, that wonder-town shall rise.
   Naught can delay it. Though it may not be
   Just as I dream, it comes at last, I know
   With streets like channels of an incense-sea!


                              An Argument


       I. The voice of the man who is impatient with visions and
                                Utopias.

   We find your soft Utopias as white
   As new-cut bread, as dull as life in cells,
   Oh scribes that dare forget how wild we are,
   How human breasts adore alarum bells.

   You house us in a hive of prigs and saints
   Communal, frugal, clean, and chaste by law.
   I'd rather brood in bloody Elsinore
   Or be Lear's fool, straw-crowned amid the straw.

   Promise us all our share in Agincourt.
   Say that our clerks shall venture scorns and death.
   That future ant-hills will not be too good
   For Henry Fifth, or Hotspur, or Macbeth.

   Promise that through tomorrow's spirit-war
   Man's deathless soul will hack and hew its way,
   Each flaunting Cæsar climbing to his fate
   Scorning the utmost steps of yesterday.

   And never a shallow jester any more.
   Let not Jack Falstaff spill the ale in vain.
   Let Touchstone set the fashions for the wise,
   And Ariel wreak his fancies through the rain!


             II. The Rhymer's reply. Incense and Splendor.

   Incense and splendor haunt me as I go.
   Though my good works have been, alas, too few,
   Though I do naught, High Heaven comes down to me
   And future ages pass in tall review.

   I see the years to come as armies vast,
   Stalking tremendous through the fields of time.
   Man is unborn. Tomorrow he is born
   Flamelike to hover o'er the moil and grime;

   Striving, aspiring till the shame is gone,
   Sowing a million flowers where now we mourn--
   Laying new precious pavements with a song,
   Founding new shrines, the good streets to adorn.

   I have seen lovers by those new-built walls
   Clothed like the dawn, in orange, gold, and red;
   Eyes flashing forth the glory-light of love
   Under the wreaths that crowned each royal head.

   Life was made greater by their sweetheart prayers;
   Passion was turned to civic strength that day--
   Piling the marbles, making fairer domes
   With zeal that else had burned bright youth away.

   I have seen priestesses of life go by
   Gliding in Samite through the incense-sea:--
   Innocent children marching with them there,
   Singing in flowered robes--"the Earth is free!"

   While on the fair deep-carved, unfinished towers
   Sentinels watched in armor night and day--
   Guarding the brazier-fires of hope and dream--
   Wild was their peace, and dawn-bright their array!


                      Darling Daughter of Babylon

   Too soon you wearied of our tears.
   And then you danced with spangled feet,
   Leading Belshazzar's chattering court
   A-tinkling through the shadowy street.
   With mead they came, with chants of shame,
   Desire's red flag before them flew.
   And Istar's music moved your mouth
   And Baal's deep shames rewoke in you.

   Now you could drive the royal car:
   Forget our Nation's breaking load:--
   Now you could sleep on silver beds--
   (Bitter and dark was our abode).
   And so for many a night you laughed
   And knew not of my hopeless prayer,
   Till God's own spirit whipped you forth
   From Istar's shrine, from Istar's stair.

   Darling daughter of Babylon--
   Rose by the black Euphrates flood--
   Again your beauty grew more dear
   Than my slave's bread, than my heart's blood.
   We sang of Zion, good to know,
   Where righteousness and peace abide ...
   What of your second sacrilege
   Carousing at Belshazzar's side?

   Once, by a stream, we clasped tired hands--
   Your paint and henna washed away.
   Your place (you said) was with the slaves
   Who sewed the thick cloth, night and day.
   You were a pale and holy maid
   Toil-bound with us. One night you said:--
   "Your God shall be my God until
   I slumber with the patriarch dead."

   Pardon, daughter of Babylon,
   If, on this night remembering
   Our lover walks under the walls
   Of hanging gardens in the spring--
   A venom comes, from broken hope--
   From memories of your comrade-song,
   Until I curse your painted eyes
   And do your flower-mouth too much wrong.


                      I Went Down Into the Desert

   I went down into the desert
   To meet Elijah--
   Or some one like, arisen from the dead.
   I thought to find him in an echoing cave,
   For so my dream had said.

   I went down into the desert
   To meet John the Baptist.
   I walked with feet that bled,
   Seeking that prophet, lean and brown and bold.
   I spied foul fiends instead.

   I went down into the desert
   To meet my God,
   By Him be comforted.
   I went down into the desert
   To meet my God
   And I met the Devil in Red.

   I went down into the desert
   To meet my God.
   Oh Lord, my God, awaken from the dead!
   I see you there, your thorn-crown on the ground--
   I see you there, half-buried in the sand--
   I see you there, your white bones glistening, bare,
   The carrion birds a-wheeling round your head!


                 Encountered on the Streets of the City

                     THE CHURCH OF VISION AND DREAM

   Is it for naught that where the tired crowds see
   Only a place for trade, a teeming square,
   Doors of high portent open unto me
   Carved with great eagles, and with Hawthorns rare?

   Doors I proclaim, for there are rooms forgot
   Ripened through æons by the good and wise:
   Walls set with Art's own pearl and amethyst
   Angel-wrought hangings there, and heaven-hued dyes:--

   Dazzling the eye of faith, the hope-filled heart:--
   Rooms rich in records of old deeds sublime:
   Books that hold garnered harvests of far lands
   Pictures that tableau Man's triumphant climb:

   Statues so white, so counterfeiting life,
   Bronze so ennobled, so with glory fraught
   That the tired eyes must weep with joy to see,
   And the tired mind in Beauty's net be caught.

   Come, enter there, and meet Tomorrow's Man,
   Communing with him softly, day by day.
   Ah, the deep vistas he reveals, the dream
   Of Angel-bands in infinite array--

   Bright angel-bands that dance in paths of earth
   When our despairs are gone, long overpast--
   When men and maidens give fair hearts to Christ
   And white streets flame in righteous peace at last!


                           The Stubborn Mouse

   The mouse that gnawed the oak-tree down
   Began his task in early life,
   He kept so busy with his teeth
   He had no time to take a wife.

   He gnawed and gnawed through sun and rain,
   When the ambitious fit was on,
   Then rested in the sawdust till
   A month in idleness had gone.

   He did not move about to hunt
   The coteries of mousie-men;
   He was a snail-paced stupid thing
   Until he cared to gnaw again.

   The mouse that gnawed the oak-tree down
   When that tough foe was at his feet--
   Found in the stump no angel-cake
   Nor buttered bread, no cheese, nor meat--

   The forest-roof let in the sky.
   "This light is worth the work," said he.
   "I'll make this ancient swamp more light"--
   And started on another tree!


                      The Sword-Pen of the Rhymer

   I'll haunt this town, though gone the maids and men
   The darling few, my friends and loves today.
   My ghost returns, bearing a great sword-pen
   When far off children of their children play.

   That pen will drip with moonlight and with fire;
   I'll write upon the church-doors and the walls;
   And reading there, young hearts shall leap the higher
   Though drunk already with their own love-calls.

   Still led of love, and arm in arm, strange gold
   Shall find in tracing the far-speeding track
   The dauntless war-cries that my sword-pen bold
   Shall carve on terraces and tree-trunks black--

   On tree-trunks black, 'mid orchard-blossoms white--
   Just as the phospherent merman, struggling home,
   Jewels his fire-paths in the tides at night
   While hurrying sea-babes follow through the foam.

   And, in the winter, when the leaves are dead
   And the first snow has carpeted the street,
   While young cheeks flush a healthful Christmas red,
   And young eyes glisten with youth's fervor sweet--

   My pen will cut in snow my hopes of yore,
   Cries that in channelled glory leap and shine--
   My village gospel--living evermore
   'Mid those rejoicing loyal friends of mine.




                      Futurism and Pseudo-Futurism


                           ALEXANDER S. KAUN

That Futurism is not a mere fad, a capricious bubble, is apparent from
the fact that after five years of stormy existence the movement does not
disappear or abate, but, on the contrary, continually gains soil and
spreads deep and wide over all fields of European art. The critics of
the new school no longer find it possible to dismiss it with a
contemptuous smile as a silly joke of over-satiated modernists, but they
either attack the Futurists with the vehemence and fury of a losing
combatant, or they discuss the doctrine earnestly and apprehensively.

To set art free of the atavistic fetters of the old culture and
civilization, to imbue it with the nervous sensitiveness of our age,
have been the negative and positive aims of Futurism. It is absurd to
abide by the forms of Phydias and Æschylus in the days of radium and
aeroplanes. The influence of the old masterpieces is accountable for the
fact that of late humanity ceased to produce great works of art. It is
quite natural that the protest against the "historical burden" should
have originated in Italy, a country which, after having served for
centuries as a pillar of light, has so degenerated that in our times it
can boast only of such names as the saccharine Verdi and the pretentious
D'Annunzio. It is natural, I should like to add, that in this country
Futurism is still a foreign plant; for, fortunately or unfortunately, we
have been free of a burdensome heritage, and an iconoclastic movement
would appear quixotic.

Started in Milan in the end of the year 1909, the movement has swept the
continent and has revolutionized art. Even conservative England feebly
echoes the battle-cry in the attempts of the Imagists. I do not intend
to prognosticate the future of Futurism; it is still in its infantile
stage, growing and developing with surprising leaps, continually taking
on new forms; but the present-day Futurism is abundant with quaint,
grotesque features approaching caricature; and some of them merit a few
words.

The "parent" of Futurism and the present leader of Futurist poets,
Marinetti, is, to say the least, an unusual personality. His Boswell,
Tullia Pantea, describes his master's life in its minutest nuances and
chants dithyrambs to his wonderful achievements. We learn that Marinetti
was born in Egypt in voluptuous surroundings, his father being a
millionaire. From his childhood on he disposed of unlimited sums of
money. "At the age of eleven he knew a woman; at fifteen he edited a
literary magazine, Papyrus, printed on vellum paper; at seventeen he
fought a duel." We follow this enfant terrible to Paris where he
lavishly squanders his millions, fights duels, and faces the court for
his pornographic poems. He is sentenced to an eight weeks' imprisonment
for an exotic work which I shall not venture to quote, as it is too
repulsive to the English reader. Pantea further describes his master's
kingly palazzo in Milan, where "... at night in the bed-chamber
decorated with astonishing elegance and with mad extravagance meet the
most beautiful women of Italy and Europe."

I quote these nauseatic details, for they help to explain the erotic
aroma of Marinetti's poems. Their erotism is morbid, aroused by
artificial "convulsions of sensuality," "imitation of madness," "a
cancan of dancing Death." Yet we cannot overlook the beauty of the
verses, their devilish rhythm, and enchanting mysticism. Some of his
early poems, more natural than his latest Words at Liberty, are
intoxicating with their mad exoticism.

The following is one of his best-known poems, The Banjos of Despair:

      Elles chantent, les benjohs hystériques et sauvages,
      comme des chattes énervées par l'odeur de l'orage.
      Ce sont des nègres qui les tiennent
      empoignées violemment, comme on tient
      une amarre que secoue la bourrasque.
      Elles miaulent, les benjohs, sous leurs doigts frénétiques,
      et la mer, en bombant son dos d'hippopotame,
      acclame leurs chansons par des flic-flacs sonores
      et des renâclements.

The hysteric and savage banjos that meow like cats maddened by the odor
of the storm; the sea which, swelling its back of a hippopotamus,
applauds their songs with its sonorous twick-twacks and snorts--I
understand the poet, I believe him. But, as I said, this is Marinetti's
early poetry. How far he has "progressed" you may judge from the
following quotation from his latest Words at Liberty, as it appears in
The London Times:

                              INDIFFERENZA
                         DI 2 ROTONDITA SOSPESE
                             SOLE + PALLONE
                                FRENATI
                                                 s
                                                 p
                                                 i
                                                 r
                                                 a
                                   c             l
                     f             o             i
                     l             l
                     a             o             d
                     m             n             i
                     m             n
                     e             e             s
                                                 c
                     g             d             i
                     i             i             n
                     g                           t
                     a             f             i
                     n             u             l
                     t             m             l
                     i             o             e
                  villaggi       turchi      incendiati
                         grande    T
               rrrrrzzzonzzzzzzante d'ue monoplano bulgaro
                  + neve di manifesti.

This "poem" is a description of a battle during the Turco-Bulgarian war;
the style is supposed to be "polychromatic, polymorphous, and
polyphonic, that may not only animalize, vegetalize, electrify, and
liquefy itself, but penetrate and express the essence and the atomic
life of matter." This is the dernier cri of Italian Futurism which
originated in a--draff-ditch. Here is Marinetti's own "electrified"
description of that memorable event:

   As usual we spent the night in our favorite café, which is
   attended by the most elegant women. Some one suggested that we
   take an automobile ride in the suburbs. We whirled over the
   sleepy streets. Out of town. Deep darkness.... Moment of falling.
   We are hurled into an abyss. Ecstasy....

   Then--we are on the bottom of a ditch filled with malodorous
   dregs. We drown in the mud. Mud covers the face, the body, mud
   blinds the eyes, fills the mouth.

   Finally we succeed in getting out of the filthy ditch and we go
   back to the city. But....

   For a certain time there remained with us the taste of
   rottenness; we could not get rid of the rotten odor that
   permeated all pores of our bodies. In the moment of falling into
   that ditch the idea of Futurism came into my head. On the same
   night before dawn we wrote the entire first manifesto on
   Futurism.

Thus the new art was born under peculiar circumstances--"under the sign
of scandal"--and scandal became the tactics of Italian Futurists who
have professed their "delight in being hissed" and their contempt for
applause.

A few points of that manifesto:

   We shall sing of the love of danger, the habit of energy and
   boldness. Literature has hitherto glorified thoughtful
   immobility, ecstasy of sleep; we shall extol aggressive movement,
   feverish insomnia, the double quick step, the somersault, the box
   on the ear, the fisticuff.

   There is no more beauty except in strife. We wish to glorify
   war--the only purifier of the world--militarism, patriotism, the
   destructive gesture of the anarchist, the beauty of Ideas that
   kill, the contempt for women.

   We wish to destroy the museums, the libraries, to fight against
   moralism and feminism, and all opportunistic and utilitarian
   meannesses.

This bombastic program has been heralded by the Italian Futurists ever
since 1909. Fortunately they went no further than threats, but they
strove to attract attention and in this they gloriously succeeded.

Their attitude toward women was expressed in the motto: "Méprisez la
femme." Love for woman is an atavism and should be discarded into
archives.

   We chant hymns to the new beauty that has come into the world in
   our days, a hymn to swiftness, a doxology to motion.

Woman is justified in her existence inasmuch as she is a prostitute.
Sensuality for the sake of sensuality is extolled as the only stimulus
in human life,--its only aim. Otherwise human beings are of no
importance, at best as important as inanimate objects.

   The suffering of a man is of the same interest to us as the
   suffering of an electric lamp, which, with spasmodic starts,
   shrieks out the most heart-rending expressions of color.

These aphorisms belong to the pen of Marinetti or to those of his
disciples, who are but pigmies in comparison with their leader. They
greeted the war with Turkey in Tripolitania enthusiastically, and
Marinetti joyously witnessed the splendor of "bayonets piercing human
bodies" and similar features of the great "health-giver"--war. At that
time he began the cycle of his pictorial poems recently published in the
Words at Liberty. Here is one of his early descriptions:

   A stream. A bridge. Plus artillery. Plus infantry. Plus trenches.
   Plus cadavers. Dzang-bah-bakh. Cannon. Kha-kh-kha. Mitrailleuse.
   Tr-r-r. Sh-sh-sh-sh. S-s-s-s-s-s. Bullets. Chill. Blood. Smoke.

To complete the character of Marinetti I shall quote his article in The
London Daily Mail in which he states his "profound disgust for the
contemporary stage because it stupidly fluctuates between historic
reconstruction (pasticcio or plagiarism) and a minute, wearying,
photographic reproduction of actuality."

His ideal is the smoking concert, circus, cabaret, and night-club as
"the only theatrical entertainment worthy of the true Futurist spirit."
"The variety theater is the only kind of theater where the public does
not remain static and stupidly passive, but participates noisily in
action." The variety show "brutally strips woman of all her veils, of
the romantic phrases, sighs, and sobs which mark and deform her. On the
other hand, it shows up all the most admirable animal qualities of
woman, her powers of attack and of seduction, of treachery, and of
resistance."

   The variety theater is, of course, antiacademical, primitive, and
   ingenuous, and therefore all the more significant by reason of
   the unforeseen nature of all its fumbling efforts.... The variety
   theater destroys all that is solemn, sacred, earnest, and pure in
   Art--with a big A. It collaborates with Futurism in the
   destruction of the immortal masterpieces by plagiarizing them,
   parodying them, and by retailing them without style, apparatus,
   or pity.

At this point I am ready to agree with the Russian critic, A.
Lunacharsky, who thus defines Marinetti:

   He combines in his personality the exoticism of an East-African
   with the cynical blaguerie of a Parisian and the clownishness of
   a Neapolitan.

In connection with the foregoing it is curious to observe the pranks of
Marinetti's colleagues in the land of eternal contradictions--Russia.
The Russian Futurists, Ego-futurists, and Acmeists, vie with the
Italians in noisiness and eccentricity, and they have aroused an
extensive pro and con polemic. In the last issue of Russkaja Mysl there
is an interesting criticism of the Futurist poetry written by Valery
Brusov. This foremost poet, known on the continent as the Russian
Verhaeren, began his literary career some fifteen years ago with the
one-line "poem": "Oh, conceal thy pallid legs." This extremist is now
ranked by the Futurists among the reactionaries. Brusov is not hostile
to Futurism, although he opposes the contemporary bearers of its banner.
In a dialogue supposedly carried on between a Symbolist and a Futurist
Brusov makes the latter say:

   Tell me, what is poetry? The art of words, is it not? In what
   else does it differ from music, from painting? The poet is the
   artist of words: they are for him what colors are for the painter
   or marble for your sculptors. We have determined to be artists of
   words, and only of words, which means to fulfill the true
   vocation of the poet. You, what have you done with the word? You
   have transformed it into a slave, into a hireling, to serve your
   so-called ideas! You have debased the word to a subservient rôle.
   All of you, the realists as well as the symbolists, have used
   words just as the "Academicians" have used colors. Those
   understood not that the essence of painting is in the combination
   of colors and lines, and they have strived to express through
   colors and lines some meager ideas absolutely useless for
   commonly known. You likewise have not understood that the essence
   of poetry lies in the combination of words, and you have
   mutilated them by forcing them to express your thoughts borrowed
   from the philosophers. The futurists are the first to proclaim
   the true poetry, the free, the real freedom of words.

And so, since words have become enslaved and carry, unfortunately,
within them the ballast of established notions and conceptions, the
Futurists experiment in liberating the words of their accepted meanings
by creating new words, weird combinations of syllables, skilful
arrangements of sounds which defy translation. For the benefit of that
part of mankind which does not understand Russian the Futurists invented
a "universal tongue" which consists exclusively of single vowels. Here
is a specimen under the title Heights. I give the original letters and
their English transliteration.

                [Cyrillic: e u yu]  --  yeh oo you
                 [Cyrillic: i a o]  --  ee ah oh
                   [Cyrillic: o a]  --  oh ah
        [Cyrillic: o a e e i e ya]  --  oh ah yeh yeh ee yeh yah
                   [Cyrillic: o a]  --  oh ah
             [Cyrillic: e u i e u]  --  yeh oo ee yeh oo
                 [Cyrillic: i e e]  --  ee yeh yeh
       [Cyrillic: i i y i e i i y]  --  ee ee eh ee yeh ee ee eh

Do you feel the heights? The poet does, however, and he proclaims in his
defense: "The more subjective is truth, the more objective is the
subjective objectivity."

                   *       *       *       *       *

Brusov's point of view is expressed in the impassioned words of the
historian of literature who appears at the end of the above-mentioned
dialogue:

   In the new poetry, that is, in the poetry of the last centuries,
   one observes a definite shifting of two currents. One school puts
   forward the primary importance of the content, the other--that of
   form; later the same tendencies are repeated in the two
   successive schools. Pseudo-Classicism, as a school, placed above
   all form not the "what" but the "how." The content they borrowed
   from the ancients and then performed the task most important in
   their eyes--the elaboration of that material. The Romanticists,
   in contra-distinction to the Pseudo-Classicists, insisted first
   of all on the content. They admired the middle ages, their
   yearning for an ideal, their religious aspirations. Of course,
   the Romanticists contributed their did this, so to speak,
   casually, while actually they neglected the form of their verses;
   recall, if you will, the frolics of Musset or the carelessness of
   the poems of Novalis. The Parnassians once more proclaimed the
   primariness of form. "Reproachless verse" became their motto. It
   was they who declared that in poetry not the "what" was
   important, but the "how," and it was none other than Théophile
   Gautier who invented the formula "art for the sake of art." The
   Symbolistic school again revived the content. All this was in
   reality not so simple, schematic, rectilineal, as I expressed it.
   To be sure, all true poets have endeavored to bring into harmony
   both content and form, but I have in view the prevailing tendency
   of the poetic school as a whole. If my point of view is correct,
   then it is natural to expect that there is to come a new school,
   replacing the Symbolists, which will once more consider form of
   primary importance. At the appearance of a new school the
   doctrine of the old corresponding school becomes more subtle,
   more poignant, more extreme. The Parnassians went further than
   their progenitors, the Pseudo-Classicists. It is natural then to
   foresee that the new coming school will in its cult of form go
   further than the Parnassians. As such a school, destined to take
   the place of Symbolism, I consider Futurism. Its historic rôle is
   to establish the absolute predominance of form in poetry, and to
   repudiate any content in it.

The weak point of Futurism appears to be, as is the case with every
revolutionary movement, the fact that alongside with the true fighters
for new horizons straggle parasitic marauders, that on the heels of the
sincere searchers of artistic truth tread nonchalantly buffoons and
charlatans. The number of the latter is so great that the true prophets
drown in the vast slough, and the public sees but the caricature side of
the movement. Take for instance, the Post-Impressionist and the Futurist
painters. Any unbiased and open-minded observer will admit that many of
them, like Odilon Redon, Duchamp, Picasso, Chabaud, even Matisse, have
created works which, whether you like them or not, possess the sure
criterion of art: they stir you, arouse your thoughts and emotions. Yet
how easy it is to smuggle into their midst colossal nonsense and
counterfeit can be judged from the following episode:

A group of young painters in Paris decided to arouse public opinion
against the unrestricted accessibility of the Independent Salon by
proving that among the exponents of the exhibition such an "independent"
artist as a donkey could find a place. The editors of Fantasio undertook
to assist them in carrying out their plan. A manifesto was issued of
which I quote a few pearls:

   To art-critics: To painters: To the public:

   A manifesto of the school of the Excessivists. Hurrah!
   Brother-Excessivists, hurrah! Masters splendid and renascent, we
   are on the eve of various exhibitions of banal and stereotypical
   paintings. Let us smash, then, the palettes of our forefathers;
   let us set fire of Joy to the pseudo-masterpieces, and let us
   establish great canons destined to rule art henceforward.

   The canon is contained in one word: L'excessivisme.

   "Excess in everything is a defect," once said a certain ass. We
   proclaim the reverse: excess at all times, in everything, is the
   absolute power. The sun can never be too ardent, the sky too
   blue, the sea-perspective too ruby, darkness too black, as there
   can never be heroes too valiant or flowers too fragrant.

Down with contours, down with half-tones, down with craft!
Instead--dazzling and resplendent colors! And so on. Bombastic phrases
borrowed from Marinetti and his colleagues. The manifesto is signed
Joachim Raphael Boronali. Boronali is the anagram of Aliboron--the
French word for donkey. The jesters later explained that they intended
by the euphony of an Italian name "to arouse with more certainty the
admiration of the crowd."

The next step was to procure the services of Lolo, an old donkey well
known to the artists on Montmartre, as its stable is at the cabaret
Lapin Agile. The following procedure is immortalized in an official
protocol, the most unique document in the annals of art:

   Protocol (Procès-verbal de constat). On the 8th of March, before
   me, Paul Henri Brionne, magistrate of the civil court of Paris,
   in my office on rue du Faubourg Montmartre, 33, appeared M.
   ----,[1] of the periodical Fantasio, whose residence is in Paris,
   boulevard Poissonière, 14, and declared:

   "Every year there takes place an exhibition of various works of
   drawing, painting, and sculpture under the name of the Salon of
   the Independent Artists;

   "This exhibition is open for all painters, and unfortunately,
   alongside with productions of high value there figure ridiculous
   works that have no signs of art;

   "In order to show to what extent any work can be accepted in that
   exhibition, to the detriment of the meritorious productions, he
   intends to send there in the name of Fantasio, a picture the
   author of which would be a donkey. The picture will be entered in
   the catalogue under the title Et le soleil s'endormit sur
   l'Adriatique, and signed J. R. Boronali;

   "For said reasons he asks me to be present at the painting of
   said picture in order to witness the process and draw an official
   report about it."

   Having consented to the request, I went in the company of Messrs.
   ----, the editors of Fantasio, to the cabaret du Lapin Agile,
   where in front of said establishment Messrs. ---- set up a new
   canvas on a chair that took the place of an easel. In my presence
   they arranged paints--blue, green, yellow, and red; to the
   tail-extremity of the donkey, which belongs to the owner of the
   cabaret Lapin Agile, was tied a paint-brush.

   Then the donkey was brought to the canvas, and M. ---- upholding
   the brush and the tail of the beast allowed her to daub in all
   directions taking care only of changing the paints on the brush.

   I assured myself that the picture presented various tones passing
   from blue into green and from yellow into red without
   constituting anything definite and resembling nothing.

   When the work had been finished, in my presence the picture and
   author were photographed.

   In testimony of the aforesaid I have written and issued this
   protocol for legal use.

                                                        P. BRIONNE.

   [Footnote 1: The names were not revealed.]

From the photograph it may be seen that the donkey had been teased with
some appetizing food held before his mouth, to which tantalization the
so-called Boronali responded with the wags of his "tail-extremity,"
according to the phraseology of the solemn document.

The picture then having been taken to the Salon, Monsieur Boronali was
asked to pay his membership fee, and thenceforward his name figured
among those of Matisse, Rousseau, Le Fauconnier, and other great. To the
astonishment of the Fantasio group, their prank remained unnoticed for
some time; the critics spoke of Boronali's work along with the other
pictures, and the manifesto of the Excessivists was but slightly
commented upon. In a series of sensational articles and piquant stories
The Fantasio finally succeeded in drawing general attention to their
chef d'oeuvre. The Paris press, as well as the foreign, opened a hot
discussion on the significance of Boronali's work in a serious tone.
Only the Kölnische Zeitung in a review of the manifesto and the picture
carefully remarked, "If it is not a carnival joke"--referring to the
manifesto but not doubting the authenticity of Boronali's canvas. True,
the title of the picture seemed mystifying: why The Sun Asleep over the
Adriatic, when there were neither sun nor sea? The Gazette de France
ridiculed the title. The New York Herald, endeavoring to justify the
name of the picture, suggested that the sun was asleep beneath the
Adriatic--an ingenious hypothesis. The Revue des Beaux-Arts gave a
detailed and scholarly account of the picture, but found in it nothing
extraordinary in comparison with the other Independents. The hardest
blow to Boronali's genius was dealt by De l'Art Ancien et Moderne, which
accused him of being banal. "Among the cosmopolite crowd, along with
Messrs. Ghéon, Klingsor, Jamet ... struts the sheer banality of M.
Boronali."

The scandal that took place after the mystificators had revealed their
trick is of secondary importance. What looms out of this incident is the
dangerously vague line of demarcation between what is true art and what
is mere daubery in Futurism.

The Gaulois summed up the affair in a few significant words:

   The scholastics had maintained that "It is much easier for the
   ass to disprove than it is for the philosopher to assert." But
   here came an ass and proved something in spite of all the
   philosophers of the world. He has proved--not a priori but a
   posteriori--that the most manifest daubery may pass as a picture
   in the eyes of those who accept the non-real, the improbable, and
   the absurd for new art.

   Thought uttered becomes an untruth.--Thaddeus Tutchev.




                        A Wonder-Child Violinist


                          MARGARET C. ANDERSON

The wonder-child is not so much a "wonder" in Europe as in this country.
"At seven, yes--even up to eleven, perhaps," a young German violinist
who began to concertize at six once told me. "But after that--there are
so many and they all play so beautiful! So it is more common there and
people think not so much of it." And she went on to tell me, with the
most wistful seriousness, how at twelve she had felt suddenly so
oppressed with age and weariness that for two years she had wanted not
to play at all. She described it as a period when she wanted to "stop
feeling and run in the country all day and be only with animals."

But on the whole her theory seemed to be that it was the simplest thing
in the world for a child to play well--better, in some ways, than he
will ever play later on; and very likely it's true. The newer
psychologists have given us enough reason to think so.

It still comes with something of a shock to us here, however; and when
we started for The Chicago Little Theatre one night two weeks ago to
hear Master Ruby Davis, aged twelve, give a violin recital, it was with
the most excited anticipations. I had never heard a child play the
violin. Surely disappointment was inevitable....

A little boy walked quietly out on to the stage, smiling. (I heard
afterward that some one had asked him if it didn't frighten him to face
all those people. "Oh, no," he said, "I'm going to play my violin!") He
had on a little soft white shirt and knickerbockers. His hair was almost
auburn and curled away from his forehead; his eyes were blue and his
skin the softest white. His hands were the long, slender, "artistic"
type rather than the blunt, heavy type which is quite as common among
first-rate violinists. "Antoine"--that was all I could think.

And then he lifted his bow and swung into the Haendel Sonata in A with
all the assurance of a master. It was only a matter of seconds until you
knew that he could not disappoint--ever: he knew how to feel! A musician
may commit all the crimes in the musical universe, or he may play so
flawlessly that you marvel; but none of it matters particularly. A
phrase will tell you whether he is an artist--the way the notes rise or
fall or seem to be gathered up into that subtle thing which is the
difference between efficient Playing and Music by the grace of God.

Ruby Davis makes Music. And how he loved doing it! He played a
Canzonetta by Ambrosia, and the Jarnefelt Berceuse, and other difficult
things like the Pugnani Praeludium, and that Motto Perpetuo of Ries,
beside the regulation Cavatina and the Dvorák Humoresque--every one of
them, in spite of small deficiencies that will be corrected, with a
quality that is genius. As nearly as I can register it this is the
picture of him I shall remember:

A little slender, eager, swaying body, and a great violin above which
his face seemed worshipping. His eyes turned deep blue as flowers when
he raised his head for some lovely soaring tone or dropped it on his
instrument over some deep G string melody. His mouth was the saddest
little mouth I've ever seen, and somehow you could watch the music
coursing through his cheek bones. His right foot kept moving gently
inside his shoe, always in perfect time.




                            The New Paganism


                             DEWITT C. WING

One of the momentous achievements of applied science is the convincing
demonstration that the earth is a living thing. It is as truly a live
organism as any of the animals of which it is the mother. Life could not
have been evolved by or from it if there had not been life in it. We do
not require an inexplicable miracle to account for the evolution of man;
we can trace his pedigree back to an ancestry with fins and gills, and
of course it stretches far beyond that comparatively recent stage in his
development. From the beginning of the world conditions have steadily
grown more favorable to the habitation of the earth by the higher
animals. Since man is a part of the earth, what he himself has done to
bring about this auspicious change may be credited to the mind or life
resident in the earth. Then there is essential goodness in the
earth--which is not saying that there is no evil in it. The world is a
better place for a man to live in now than it was when his ancestors
occupied dismal caves. It is no illusion that, design or no design, the
cosmic urge has been toward goodness, by which I mean an increasingly
hospitable dwelling-place for men. There have been recessions, and there
will be others, but, apart from faith and hope, established facts compel
the man who understands them to declare his absolute and unalterable
certainty that the inexorable law of life's becoming greater than it is
cannot be nullified. So that, regardless of all poverty and misery, of
all that is unlovely, of all the blind and passionate class hatreds and
sex quibbles, the man who really thinks must think hopefully. There is
indeed the most ample justification of optimism.

The world is God, and the man who worships it the new pagan. He comes
off the same stock as the old pagans, who were called heathens--because
they were not Christians. They were, in fact, the classic earth-lovers,
and, hence, more truly the sons of God than the crusaders who, directed
by an anthropomorphic Deity, tortured and killed them. The new pagan,
who not only feels, smells, hears, and sees the earth, but comprehends
the established scientific facts about it, finds a keener and larger
delight and satisfaction in it than his forefathers could experience. He
loves it with his heart and his mind. Having this attitude toward it, he
wishes to serve it, prompted by the same motive which actuates him when
he serves his immediate father and mother.

Ruskin was sure that his beautiful England was desecrated when steel
rails were laid across its green fields and factory smoke contaminated
the golden air; he canonized the landscape, and when it changed, his
heart ached. He was an artist, not a prophet. The industrialism that he
hated disseminated his written appreciations of beauty. Machinery is the
extension of man's personality and power; the instrument with which he
is realizing the bounties and the Fatherhood of God. At present it is
too much an end in itself instead of a means toward nobler results, but
tomorrow will see the needed adjustment. Wherefore the new pagan is not
saddened but gladdened at the sight of factories and the development of
commerce. The awful carnage which commercialism entails is the price
which we have been fated to pay for experience. Through commerce we are
paving the way for the action of the world-mind--the collective thought
of men. Collective thinking precludes socialism as well as
individualism, and brings in humanism. The increasing complexity of
civilizations symbolizes the enlarged intricacy of human life.
Experience and consciousness are expanded by the maze of external detail
through which a child in a modern state passes to maturity. The
extension of a more highly organized civilization into every habitable
region of the earth, and commercial and intellectual communication among
all nations, will synthesize the thought of the world. Toward this goal
every vital movement is directed, whether consciously or unwittingly.
The germ of life was the original leaven, and it will leaven the whole
lump. That races and states should disappear does not matter; if human
life as a whole were to vanish the birth-labor that the world has begun
would be retarded but not abandoned. Man would return in a few billion
years. If not, a higher animal would; man himself is on the long way to
ever-new heights. He has climbed up out of the sea, and with the birth
of reason in his brain he began to ascend into loftier realms. The power
of reason is a late acquisition, but it has provided the wondrous
banquet at which the modern pagan feasts. It has enabled him literally
to soar and revel in high, thin air.

All the fine arts are subsidiary to and dependent upon material
progress, and the primal source of well-being is the soil. Man is a land
animal, and he must have access to the land with the same freedom that a
babe enjoys at its mother's breast; otherwise he will be stunted and
dwarfed. The earth is the Old Mother, yielding an abundance of food for
all her children. More reason and more consciousness on their part will
induce them to share it with one another, not like unreasoning pigs but
like reasoning men. The "new freedom" means eventually the accessibility
of the earth to every man. In the meantime the biggest business at hand
is to build soils as well as schools; to keep the land full of sap; to
extend mechanism into the arts of agriculture; to unify the thought and
purpose of city and country. All this will follow the world-mindedness
that is being developed by industrialism and internationalism.

All constructive thought and action must deal not less with the city but
more and more with the country--the land. Typical cities are sapping the
wealth of life that grows up round them. The obsessed man in the market
place needs the poise and power of the shepherd on the hill. The only
true and durable magnificence of a state lies in the equitable use of
its natural resources. No man who has thought profoundly wants to own
land, but the majority of men do want to use it. That ought to be every
man's privilege, for every man is in some fashion a lover of the verdant
earth. But even the millions of us who are landless, because a few men
legally own the earth, have occasional esthetic accesses to it, and if
we passionately loved its beauty we should hasten the day of its release
by an uneconomic monopoly. An intelligent love of the earth as a living
thing is at the bottom of the dynamic impulse of man to be forever
becoming.

And as these lovely days of wanton greenness steal like fairies into the
secret recesses of his child-heart, man has a sense of eternal kinship
with

   ... that small untoward class which knows the divine call of the
   spirit through the brain, and the secret whisper of the soul in
   the heart, and for ever perceives the veils of mystery and the
   rainbows of hope upon our human horizons; which hears and sees,
   and yet turns wisely, meanwhile, to the life of the green earth,
   of which we are part, to the common kindred of living things,
   with which we are at one--is content, in a word, to live, because
   of the dream that makes living so mysteriously sweet and
   poignant; and to dream, because of the commanding immediacy of
   life.




                              Gloria Mundi


                            EUNICE TIETJENS

   In what dim, half imagined place
     Does the Titanic lie to-day,
     Too deep for tide, too deep for spray,
   In night and saltiness and space?

   Oh, quiet must the sea-floor be!
     And very still must be the gloom
     Where in each well-appointed room
   The splendor rots unto the sea.

   Through crannies in the shattered decks
     The sea-weed thrusts pale finger-tips,
     And in the bottom's jagged rips
   With ghostly hands it waves and becks.

   The mirrors in the great saloons
     Sleep darkly in their gilt and brass
     Save when the silent fishes pass
   With eyes like phosphorescent moons.

   On painted walls are slimy things,
     And strange sea creatures, lithe and cool,
     Spawn in the marble swimming pool
   And shall, a thousand springs.

   For as it is, so it shall be,
     Untouched of time till Doom appears,
     Too deep for days, too deep for years
   In the salt quiet of the sea.




                            The Will to Live


                          GEORGE BURMAN FOSTER

Like the sense for the true, the good, the holy, the esthetic sense is
elementary. Man comes to himself as man in all alike. Without the
effectuation of his peculiar artistic impulse, man, the born artist,
could not find the real consecration and dignity of the human. Indeed,
the worth of all human culture depends upon the sense for the beautiful.
As religion is not restricted to some fragment of our experience but
informs the whole, so culture requires that life shall be beautiful down
to the commonplace and homely things of the daily round. The new
program, to which this modern insight points, means a rebirth of our
entire moral and social life.

Why is it, then, that those who vocationally and constantly worship in
the sanctuary of art--the priests in this sanctuary--often so easily and
singularly fail in the consecration which the worship of beauty is
supposed to supply to the human personality? The lives of those whose
calling it is to exhibit and exemplify the beautiful, why are they often
so very ugly, so bereft of lovable emotions? The shortcomings of the
artist, why do we count among these the pettiest and the basest known to
man? To be specific, why do we speak almost proverbially of an artistic
vanity, an artistic sensitiveness, an artistic envy or jealousy? If we
answered, "Because the shadows of the 'human all too human' seem so dark
in the golden light of the artistic calling," that would be true, but it
would not be the whole truth. Does not the professional occupation of
oneself with art involve a danger to character? To live constantly in
the world of the emotions, to fable and fantasy and dream, in all this
there is so easily something weak, not to say "effeminate" and sickly,
and hence enervating. Of great spirits this is true often enough--how
much more of the lesser who sophistically find warrant in the weakness
of the great for the greatness of their weakness! For instance, they
have heard of "inspiration"--something not under the control of the
artist, something that must "come upon him," but only when the divine
hour strikes, as it struck at the pentecostal "outpouring" of the
"spirit" upon the early Christians. Hence no care for a thousand
things--in both cases--for which other men must care! Hence a standard
of life different from that by which other men live! To be outwardly
different from others, to set oneself above others, that is to be
artistic. Because some great artists are different from other people in
moods and manners and morals, it is naïvely concluded that to emulate
the latter is to be the former, and right merrily does the emulation go
on. It must be a grief to a real artist, this culture of the eccentric
head and the more eccentric heart. Therefore we need a man to free us
from these eccentricities, a man to lift us above these caricatures
because he has himself put them beneath his feet. This man is Friedrich
Nietzsche.

The sickness and the soundness of life, both these were in Nietzsche. In
his demand for an artistic culture he put his finger upon the wound of
present humanity. This demand was accepted, the meaning of the demand
was lost sight of. This was the fatality--as if Nietzsche required a new
artistic culture only, and not at the same time a new life culture!
Beauty the form of life indeed, but strength, will, deed, the
content--that was the brave burden of the prophet's message.

Nietzsche was born into a time that marked the climax of a more than
millennial cultus of Death. The old songs of death as bridge of sunset
into the eternal day of Bliss, songs of earthly lamentation and heavenly
yearning and anticipation, these no longer came from the heart, to be
sure; though still sung, the voices of "the faithful" grew ever thinner
and thinner; and the songs were a monument of past piety rather than a
witness to a present. Like vice, this earth which was once "a monster of
so frightful mien" was first endured, then pitied, then embraced--and
even wedded by man; its sufferings were healed and its delights enjoyed.
The pain, the pleasure of earth, what does it mean? man's heart again
asked as it asked in happy Greece long ago. But as time went by, the
human mind was bruised and broken over this question, until it concluded
that all we call life is a great illusion. And back and behind this
life, with its tumult and fitful fever, there is the "vasty deep" of the
infinite nothing. Life is a cheat. And now there is Weltschmerz,
Lebenschmerz--simply a naturalistic form of the old ecclesiastical
longing for death. It said the same "No!" to life that the old church
song said--it, too, valued the day of death higher than the day of
birth; it, too, urged that, since life is intrinsically evil, the cure
of the evil is to live as little as possible.

Into such a world Friedrich Nietzsche was born, breathed its atmosphere,
was himself once drunk upon its drugged drinks. The preacher of this
modern yearning for Nirvana,--i.e., not metaphysical non-existence but
psychological desirelessness,--was Schopenhauer as well as his disciple
von Hartmann. This is the worst possible world, croaked Schopenhauer;
No, moaned von Hartmann, it is not the worst possible world, it is the
best possible world, but it is worse than none! And once Nietzsche
called Schopenhauer his teacher--went forth as an enthusiastic apostle
of the message of passive resignation to the inevitable sorry scheme of
things, nay, of the message that the world is the work of an anguished
god seeking redemption from the infinite misery of existence by the
infinite negation of life.

And surely the anguish of Nietzsche fitted him, as no other, to be
partner in distress of this anguished god. Surely he, if anyone, could
say, To this end was I born and for this purpose came I into the world,
to bear witness--to the body of this death. From his mother's womb was
he set apart to suffer. Endowed with a transcendent and super-abundant
fulness of spirit, every fresh and forceful impulse of his personality
he felt as an indictment of the inexorable pitiless limitations within
which his best innermost life was imprisoned. He was a voice crying in
the wilderness, not only to men, but to himself. Each new flash of light
which illumined his inner eye let him see the graves upon which he was
treading, and revealed those who claimed to be alive in the mask of the
death to which they had succumbed. In the abounding wealth of youth he
felt a mortal sickness getting its grip upon him. As life dragged on, he
felt more and more the hell tortures of pain from which he had to wring
his work every hour of his existence.

Who would have the effrontery to cast a stone at this man had he flung
down his arms into one of those graves, and cried with an old
philosopher: This may all be very well for the gods, but not for me! But
he did not lay down his arms! Freed from all encumbrances of conscience
and debilitating sense of sin which had paralyzed the Christian, and
from the Schopenhauer Welt- und Lebenanschauung, he welcomed all that
life had to offer and went unhesitatingly toward the universal goal of
annihilation with a blithe and unregretting spirit. Entertaining no
illusions about indeterminism or free-will or immortality, he rejoiced
in his strength, seized with avidity the passing moment, and fell
fighting to the last. He spoke his courageous "Yes!" to life, while
Schopenhauer, with his money and his mistress, and all the world beside,
were crying to him to say "No!" For this we must thank him. In this we
find an antidote to present-day tendencies to sink the individual in the
multitude, to subordinate men to institutions, and to apotheosize
mediocrity. Nietzsche met pain with a power which transformed even death
into life, and turned the day of his death even into a festival of the
soul. He taught himself and he taught others to believe in that power,
which alone is great,--to believe in the Power of the Will! Nietzsche,
like Jesus, proclaimed the inestimable worth of the individual man, saw
for him vast and glorious possibilities, sought the regeneration of
society through the regeneration of the individual. Both committed the
fortunes of the cause to which they devoted their lives to individuals
and not to masses of men. Both believed that the best was yet to be.
Both believed in the inwardness, the self-dependence, and the autonomy
of personality. Neither ever side-stepped or flinched.

Today we are suffering from impuissant personality, from cowardice, from
weakness of the will. Taming the great wild strong instincts, making
them small and weak, choking them, so that man can will nothing or do
nothing great and original and special--this is what we call
civilization. A comfortable existence, this is the final end of life,
according to this civilization. No conflict, no danger, for these menace
comfort! Not to know the comfort of a calm, safe existence from which
you can look down upon the struggles in a neck-breaking life far
below--that is barbarism indeed! And is not this comfort a virtue,
buttressed by moral principles at that? So buttressed, one's slumbers
are not disturbed. And may not one add to this virtue of comfort that
other cardinal virtue of hatred of all that keeps matters stirred up,
all that causes unrest, that causes sleepless nights and stormy days?
What the man of civilization hates he calls "bad," what he loves he
calls "good." Accordingly, as Nietzsche saw and said, the weak are the
"good" people, the brave and the strong are the "bad." Accordingly,
also, it is comfortable to be "moral." All one needs is to attune one's
life to the "common run," to quarantine against every profound
disturbance, to steal by every dangerous abyss of life. And if powers
stir in man which do not amiably submit to taming, why, "morality" may
be used as a whip to lash these insubordinate stirrings into subjection.
And if the living heart crouches into submission under the lash, why,
such crouching is called "virtue," and the daring to resist and escape
the lash, this of course is "vice." In a word, the most will-less is the
most virtuous. Thus--such was Nietzsche's uncanny insight--"moral laws"
are devices for disciplining the will into weakness! "Morality" is a
poison with which man is inoculated, so that his strength may be
palsied. "Morality" is itself death to a man, a will to weakness, a
destruction of the will, while life is a will to power, a will to
self-affirmation.

Every virtue has its double, easily confounded with it, in reality the
exact opposite of it. Take meekness, peaceableness. It is a virtue which
the cowardly, the over-cautious, arrogate to themselves--those who duck
and bow and bend so as to give no offense, and to conjure up no violent
conflict. Yet to be peaceable and meek is in truth supreme strength,
having one's own stormy heart under control, and being absolutely sure
of power over the militant spirits of men. Humility is a sign at once of
smallness and of greatness. Patience is at once a lazy lassitude and an
active steadfast strength. Chastity may be reduced vitality, fear of
disease, fear of being found out, lack of opportunity, slavery to
respectability, poverty, or it may be temperance and self-control in
satisfying sex-needs. And so on. Every virtue may arise because a man is
too weak for the opposite. And this virtue which walks the path of
virtue because it lacks the courage and the strength not to do so, this
complacent, harmless, untempted virtue, men make the universal criterion
of all virtue, the codex of their morality. Today still the pharisee,
not the publican, the son who stupidly ate his fill in his father's
house, not the "prodigal" who hungered in the far country, heads the
scroll of the virtuous. To fear and flee vice, or to "pass a law," this
is the current solution of morality, dinged into us from youth up, not
to confront vice, battle with it, conquer and coerce it!

So misunderstood Nietzsche thought. He thought that the morality of
"virtuous people" was, in fact, a foe of life, that the virtue of the
weak was a grave for the virtue of the strong, and that, consequently
the consciences of men must be aroused so that they could see the whole
abomination of this, their virtue, of which they were so proud. To
bridle and tame men is not to ennoble them; to make men too weak and
cowardly for vice is not to make them strong and brave for the good.
This anxious and painful slipping and winding and twisting between
virtue and vice, this cannot be the fate of the future, the eternal
destiny of man; this is to make man the eternal slave of man; to damn
him in his innermost and idiomatic life to the lot of the eternal slave.
Virtue and vice are values which men mint, stamps which men imprint upon
their ever-changing conduct, not eternal values, born of life itself,
sanctioned by the law of life itself. As time goes on tables of old
values become sins. To obey them, to have the law outside and not inside
us, is "to fall from grace" indeed. A law of life cannot be on paper,
for paper is not living. Life must be the law of life. Life must
interpret and reveal life. And life must be the criterion of life. What
makes us alive, and strong, and mighty of will, is on that account good;
what brings death and weakness, foulness and feebleness of will is bad.
The courage which in the most desperate situation of life, in the most
labyrinthan aberration of thought, dares to wring a new strength to
live, is good; all pusillanimity, all over-mastery by pain, all collapse
under the burden of life, all disappointing desert of the censure, "O ye
of little faith, why are ye fearful?"--all this is bad. It will be a new
day for man when he feels it wrong and immoral to lament his lot, to
whine, but right and moral to earn strength from pain, a will to labor
from temptation to die. Not the fear of the moral man to sin, but the
fear to be weak, so that one cannot do one's work in the world--that is
to be the fear in the future. The powerful will, nay, the will become
power itself, the fixed heart, the keyed and concentrated personality;
this means freedom from every slave yoke. And it means that life is no
longer at the mercy of capricious and contingent gain and loss, but a
King's Crown conquered in conflict with itself, with man, and with God.

   Also sprach Nietzsche-Zarathustra!




                         Keats and Fanny Brawne


                          BY CHARLOTTE WILSON

   He tried to pour the torrents of his love
   Into a tiny vase; a trinket--smooth,
   Pretty enough--but fit to hold a rose
   Upon some shrewd collector's cabinet.
   Toward that small moon the wild tides of his love
   Reared up, and fell back, moaning; and he died
   Asking his heart why love was agony.

   And she? She loved the best she could, I think,
   And wondered sometimes--but not overmuch--
   At poor John's queer, unseemly violence.




                        A New Woman from Denmark


                           Marguerite Swawite

     Karen Borneman, by Hjalmar Bergström. [Mitchell Kennerley, New
                                 York.]

From the north, whence Ibsen's Nora challenged the world as far back as
1879, comes a fresh message of rebellion in the more radical figure of
Karen Borneman. In judging this play of Bergström's, which has but now
appeared in Edwin Björkman's translation, we must remember that it was
written in 1907--before we had grown so sophisticated concerning the
rebel woman in her infinite manifestations. And yet, because this
vanguard of a new morality is still a slender company, the addition of a
new member cannot fail to arouse a ripple of excitement in the watchful
rank and file. For that reason, as well as for some novel
characteristics of her own, Karen Borneman merits a word for herself.

Bergström chose the most obvious method of contrast in projecting his
heroine upon a background of stringent restraint. Her father is Kristen
Borneman, a professor of theology whose chief interest in life is the
propagation of the principles contained in his magnum opus, Marriage and
Christian Morality. Her mother is an apparently submissive woman who
sometimes questions the edicts of her husband. Her brother, Peter, is an
adolescent youth, already awake to the conflict between the natural man
and the unnatural economic system, and seemingly bound for destruction.
Thora, her young sister, is already seeking out the clandestine outlet
for an excessive and dangerous sentimentality. Another sister, Gertrude,
has suffered a mental collapse and is confined in an insane asylum.
These children, the author seems to say, are the results of a chafing
restrictive discipline, and natural instincts gone wrong--a conclusion
weakened, not strengthened by over-illustration. When four of a family
of eight show signs of a similar abnormal development one suspects not
only the disciplinary system but the purity of their inheritance.

Be that as it may, the chief protagonist, Karen, is quite a normal
person--except in the matter of courage, of which she possesses an
inordinate amount. But then all new women are courageous to a fault. She
is a woman of twenty-eight, mature, cultivated, and a successful
professional writer. Her most salient claim to consideration in the
early scenes of the play is her quiet assurance in the right of her
position. She voluntarily opens up her past to the professedly liberal
physician who seeks her hand.

"Some years ago I--lived with a man.... You are a widower yourself. You
may regard me as a widow or--a divorced wife."

And when he spurns her action as squalor, she indignantly replies,
"Doctor, how dare you. A phase of my life that at least to me is sacred,
and you cast reflections on it, that--"

There is a brevity, a terseness, about her words that create greater
sense of her power than would any amount of emotional pyrotechnics. In
the later scene with her father she is equally as simple:

"The sum and substance of it is this: I have been married twice.... I
mean that twice during my life--with years between--I have given myself,
body and soul, to the man I loved, firmly determined to remain faithful
to him unto death." Then follows the recital of the two love
affairs--the first with a brilliant but very poor journalist who died
prematurely, and the other with a sculptor, Strandgaard, whom she left
on the discovery of his faithlessness.

Her vision is of a time of greater freedom for self-expression:

   "... the day will come when we, too, will demand it as our
   right--demand the chance to live our own lives as we choose and
   as we can, without being held the worse on that account. Of
   course, I know that this is not an ideal, but merely a makeshift
   meant to serve until at last a time comes which recognizes the
   right of every human being to continue its life through the
   race."

Her justification is the characteristic one:

   "I have, after all, lived for a time during those few years of
   youth that are granted us human beings only once in our lifetime,
   and that will never, never come back again. What have these other
   ones got out of their enforced duty and virtue except
   bitterness--bitterness and emptiness? I have, after all, felt the
   fullness of life within me while there was still time, and I
   don't regret it!"

The clash with her father whom she loves tenderly she accepts as
inevitable in spite of the pain it must bring them both. The ecstasy of
a great vision softens to the note of personal loss as she leaves him:

   "Yes--I do pity you, father! Don't think my heart is made of
   stone. The sorrow I have done you cannot be greater than the one
   I feel within myself at this moment, when perhaps I see you for
   the last time! But how can I help that I am the child of a time
   that you don't understand? We have never wanted to hurt each
   other, of course--but I suppose it is the law of life, that
   nothing new can come into the world without pain--"

Because Karen advocates a course generally denoted by the term (of
wretched connotation) free love, she is not to be confused with those of
lesser fineness who are fighting at her side. For instance, with Stanley
Houghton's heroine in Hindle Wakes. Anyone who sees in Karen another
Fanny Hawthorne, has failed to understand Karen's position. She is a
woman of culture and of ideals in all matters of life, and especially in
that of the sex relationship. "I have given myself, ..." she says, "to
the man I loved, firmly determined to remain faithful to him unto
death." This is a far cry from Fanny's reply to Alan: "Love you? Good
heavens, of course not! Why on earth should I love you? You were just
someone to have a bit of fun with. You were an amusement--a lark." To
Karen the relationship is justified only by depth of passion, and she
entered it with as great a solemnity and glow of consecration as did
ever a serious woman a church-made marriage. To the many camp-followers
of "established" feminism, those who don or doff their principles with
the transient fashion,--to them Karen must seem a humorous, if not a
pitiable figure. For she dares to have beliefs and gallantly cleaves to
them.

Karen, then, is a new woman in the sense that in the moment of crisis
she did not accept as inevitable the reply of convention, but weighed
her need against the law, and, finding the latter wanting, fulfilled her
need at the sacrifice of the law. On the other hand, she is not of those
who break laws for the intrinsic pleasure of destruction.

"Of course," she admits, "it would have been ever so much more easy for
me if, while I was still young, some presentable man, with all his
papers in perfect order and a financially secure future, had come and
asked for me--"

And she welcomes marriage with the good Doctor Schou in an attitude
unpleasantly reactionary:

   "... I believe every woman who has reached a certain age--and you
   know I am twenty-eight--will, without hesitation, prefer a
   limited but secure existence by the side of an honest man to the
   most unlimited personal freedom."

And worst of all, she, who throughout the play declares herself
unconvinced of guilt or stain, at the close of the first act becomes
quite mawkishly sentimental over Heine's pretty line, "May God forever
keep you so fair, and sweet, and pure."

Because Karen exhibits these painful inconsistencies, she is no less
possible or real or worthwhile. We who know many women emerging in
diverse odd shapes from the travail of awakening have discovered just as
inconsistent a combination of precipitation and reaction; and thus will
it ever be until we have at length worked out our way to the most
serviceable harmony. It is for this very reason that Karen is
interesting: she is no superwoman, but our own imperfect sister.

Of the other characters there is but one deserving special
comment--Karen's mother, who to me is the most remarkable person
Bergström has here created. She confesses to her husband that she has
known for three years that Karen had been living in Paris with
Strandgaard, but had kept the knowledge to herself because it had been
too late to interfere, and because she did not regard the calamity as
others would have in her place. From a terrible and bitter experience
with another daughter, Gertrude, who had gone insane through the abrupt
breaking off of a long engagement which had aroused primitive passion
and left it unfulfilled, Mrs. Borneman had reached a revolutionary
conclusion:

   "... from that day I have--after a careful consideration--done
   what I could to let our children live the life of youth, sexually
   and otherwise, in as much freedom as possible. The result of your
   educational method, my dear Kristen, is our poor Gertrude, who is
   now confined in an insane asylum, as incurable. The result of my
   method is Karen, I suppose. I don't know if it is very sinful to
   say so, but I feel much less burdened by guilt than I should if
   conditions were reversed."

When Karen, however, defends her course as an abstract ideal of "every
human being to continue its life through the race," and appeals to her
mother to understand, Mrs. Borneman retreats with, "I wash my hands of
it, Karen. I don't dare to think that far...."

It was her motherhood that had forced upon her the courage to overlook
the law, and not any desire to throw over the old to set up a new law.
The glory of the new vision means nothing to her in comparison with her
husband's suffering to which she herself has added. She is the promise
of a new type--the awakened mother.

As for the play as a whole, it appears to me that Mr. Bergström has
tried to say too much in the slight space of one short play, for he has
two distinct themes--the right of woman to love and life, and the
relationship between marriage and children. The first is the chief
theme, which is worked out in the story of Karen; the second is too
important to be employed as a subsidiary thread, and instead of adding
richness to the first it rather clutters and confuses it with
unnecessary baggage. Mrs. Borneman pities one of her sons because he
cannot afford to have children on his slender salary, and feels that her
other son is not justified in blindly bringing child after child into
the world, depending upon the rest of the family for their maintenance.
She asks her husband:

   "So it is not enough for two people to live together in mutual
   love?"

   "No, Cecilia, that has nothing to do with marriage. What is so
   inconceivably glorious about marriage is that, through it, God
   has delegated His own creative power to us simple human
   beings--that He has made us share His own divine omnipotence."

The poor professor is made consistent to the point of absurdity, and the
main issue befogged, when he cries out to Karen:

   "And yet I could have forgiven you everything--your wantonness
   and your defiance--if you had taken the consequences and had a
   child! If you had had ten illegitimate children--better that than
   none at all! But you have arrogantly defied the very commandments
   of nature, which are nothing but the commandments of God!"

Perhaps this matter was included for the sake of Karen's reply:

   "Do you think I am a perfect monster of a woman, who has never
   felt the longing for a baby? Not me does your anger hit, but that
   society which will not regard it as an inevitable duty to
   recognize the right of every human being to have children--as a
   right, mark you, and not as a privilege reserved for the richest
   and the poorest. There are thousands of us to whom the right is
   denied--thousands of men as well as women. But we, too, are human
   beings, with love longings and love instincts, and we will not
   let us be cheated out of the best thing that life holds!"

Technically the play is not so perfect a thing as Mr. Björkman's
unbounded encomiums would make us believe. It opens, for instance, in
the good old fashion scorned by Ibsen--with the gossip of servants, who
are here engaged in laying the table instead of in the time-honored task
of dusting. The whole action is cast within some eight hours, thus
causing a use of coincidence to the straining point. The most
commendable feature of technique is the admirably sustained suspense:
the story of Gertrude overshadows the entire piece from the opening
scene to Mrs. Borneman's avowal in the last act. The powerful use of the
story as contrast to Karen's career is also unusual.

And yet in spite of its faults--perhaps because of them--we have found
Karen Borneman the most stimulating play of the year. We hope one of our
two organizations dedicated to the drama will put it on in the near
future.

   When the ape lost his wits he became man.--Viacheslav Ivanov.






                    Galsworthy's Little Human Comedy

No magazine that comes to this office is looked for more excitedly than
Harper's Weekly. Poetry and Drama is a quarterly event that keeps us in
a dignified intensity of expectation; and there are others. But Harper's
is a weekly adventure in the interest of which we haunt the postman. At
present it is featuring a series of sketches by Galsworthy--satirical
characterizations of those human beings who pride themselves on being
"different." Here is a man who knows himself for a philosopher; here is
an "artist"; here is one of those rare individualities so enlightened,
so superior, so removed, that there is only one label for him: "The
Superlative."

But it is in The Philosopher that Galsworthy excels himself. It is
probably the most consummate satire that has appeared in the last
decade:

   He had a philosophy as yet untouched. His stars were the old
   stars, his faith the old faith; nor would he recognize that there
   was any other, for not to recognize any point of view except his
   own was no doubt the very essence of his faith. Wisdom! There was
   surely none save the flinging of the door to, standing with your
   back against that door, and telling people what was behind it.
   For though he did not know what was behind, he thought it low to
   say so. An "atheist," as he termed certain persons, was to him
   beneath contempt; an "agnostic," as he termed certain others, a
   poor and foolish creature. As for a rationalist, positivist,
   pragmatist, or any other "ist"--well, that was just what they
   were. He made no secret of the fact that he simply could not
   understand people like that. It was true. "What can they do save
   deny?" he would say. "What do they contribute to the morals and
   the elevation of the world? What do they put in place of what
   they take away? What have they got, to make up for what is behind
   that door? Where are their symbols? How shall they move and leave
   the people?" "No," he said; "a little child shall lead them, and
   I am the little child. For I can spin them a tale, such as
   children love, of what is behind the door." Such was the temper
   of his mind that he never flinched from believing true what he
   thought would benefit himself and others. Amongst other things he
   held a crown of ultimate advantage to be necessary to pure and
   stable living. If one could not say: "Listen, children, there it
   is, behind the door. Look at it, shining, golden--yours! Not now,
   but when you die, if you are good."... If one could not say that,
   what could one say? What inducement hold out?...

This is merely the first paragraph. The rest is even better. Such an
analysis ought to extinguish the Puritan forever--except that he won't
understand it. He'll think it was aimed at his neighbor. He knows any
number of men like that....


                         Knowledge or Prejudice

A critic writes us that he finds no fault with freedom of speech, and
that Emma Goldman's disregard of ordinary moral laws and blasphemy of
religion do not destroy the fact that she exists. But such an article
about her as appeared in our last issue is well calculated to make us
appear absurd, he thinks; it sounds like the oration of some one who is
just beginning to discover the things that the world has known always;
and he closes with this deliciously naïve question: "Do you believe in
listening respectfully to advocates of free love, and, because of their
daring, applauding them?"

Yes, we believe in listening respectfully to any sincere programme; we
believe that is the only way people get to understand things. We even
believe in listening seriously to insincere programmes, because the
insincere person usually thinks he is sincere and helps one to
understand even more. By doing all these things one is likely to reach
that altitude where "to understand all is to forgive all."

As for "advocates of free love"--we recall the impatient comment of a
well-known woman novelist: "When will people stop using that silly,
superfluous phrase 'free love'? We don't talk about 'cold ice' or 'black
coal'!"

And, though our applause was not confined to Emma Goldman's daring, as
our critic would probably concede, is not daring a thing worthy of
applause? Just as conflict is better than mediation, or suffering than
security, daring is so much more legitimate an attitude than
complacency.

But it is that remark about "things the world has known always" which
exasperates us the most. The world has not known them always; it doesn't
know them now. It has heard of them vaguely--just to the point of
becoming prejudiced about them. And prejudice is the first element that
sneaks away when knowledge begins to develop. If the world represented
by our critic knew these things it might be roused to daring, too.


                         Rupert Brooke's Visit

Rupert Brooke was in Chicago for a few days last month. One of the most
interesting things to us about his visit was that he so quickly
justified all the theories we have had about him since we first read his
poetry. First, that only the most pristine freshness could have produced
those poems that some people have been calling decadent; second, that
while he probably is "the most beautiful young man in England" it was
rather silly of Mr. Yeats to add that he is also "the wearer of the most
gorgeous shirts." Because Rupert Brooke doesn't wear gorgeous shirts; he
appears to have very little interest in shirts, as we expected. He is
too concerned with the big business of life and poetry. He is, as a very
astute young member of our staff suggested, somehow like the sea.


                       "Books and the Quiet Life"

George Gissing has always had a peculiarly poignant place in our galaxy
of literary favorites, and nowhere have we loved him more than in that
little "autobiography" which he called The Private Papers of Henry
Ryecroft. The portions of that book which have to do specifically with
books and reading have been brought together by Mr. Waldo R. Browne and
published with Mr. Mosher's usual incomparable taste.

A good many people have loved books as well as George Gissing did,
perhaps, but very few of them have been able to express that love like
this:

   The exquisite quiet of this room! I have been sitting in utter
   idleness, watching the sky, viewing the shape of golden sunlight
   upon the carpet, which changes as the minutes pass, letting my
   eye wander from one framed print to another, and along the ranks
   of my beloved books....

   I have my home at last. When I place a new volume on my shelves,
   I say: Stand there whilst I have eyes to see you; and a joyous
   tremor thrills me....

   For one thing, I know every book of mine by its scent, and I have
   but to put my nose between the pages to be reminded of all sorts
   of things....

   I regard the book with that peculiar affection which results from
   sacrifice ... in no drawing-room sense of the word. Dozens of my
   books were purchased with money which ought to have been spent
   upon what are called the necessities of life. Many a time I have
   stood before a stall, or a bookseller's window, torn by conflict
   of intellectual desire and bodily need. At the very hour of
   dinner, when my stomach clamored for food, I have been stopped by
   sight of a volume so long coveted, and marked at so advantageous
   a price, that I could not let it go; yet to buy it meant pangs of
   famine. My Heyne's Tibullus was grasped at such a moment. It lay
   on the stall of the old book-shop in Goodge Street--a stall where
   now and then one found an excellent thing among quantities of
   rubbish. Sixpence was the price--sixpence! At that time I used to
   eat my mid-day meal (of course, my dinner) at a coffee-shop in
   Oxford Street, one of the real old coffee-shops, such as now, I
   suppose, can hardly be found. Sixpence was all I had--yes, all I
   had in the world; it would purchase a plate of meat and
   vegetables. But I did not dare to hope that the Tibullus would
   wait until the morrow, when a certain small sum fell due me. I
   paced the pavement, fingering the coppers in my pocket, eyeing
   the stall, two appetites at combat within me. The book was bought
   and I went home with it, and as I made a dinner of bread and
   butter I gloated over the pages.




                            New York Letter


                              GEORGE SOULE

Hilaire Belloc is coming to America next fall for a lecturing tour. It
is well to take stock of him, so that we shall know what to expect. He
is clever, and a Catholic--that tells the whole story. We don't know
exactly how he will say it, but we know what he will say. Through
various smiling subtleties and paradoxes he will attack democracy,
feminism, socialism, individualistic rebellion of any kind. It is quite
possible that he will aim a few careless shots at Montessori, the
discussion of sex questions in public, Galsworthy, and Bernard Shaw. He
is a masculine, English, Agnes Repplier. He will entertain his
cultivated audiences, and give them the impression that he is very
modern and daring.

It is curious how the thinking mind immediately discounts the testimony
of one who is known to have given his allegiance to an embracing
authority of any kind. Whether the authority in question is the Vatican,
Karl Marx, Business, Nietzsche, or Theodore Roosevelt, we know the man's
whole mind is likely to be colored with it, and that the evidence is
probably of less importance to him than his case. Yet there is always a
moral suspicion against the man who refuses to enroll himself under any
banner. He seems dead, inhuman, academic. March to the drums, salute the
colors, or admit there is no blood in you! It is good that most of
mankind does so. The strongest army (not necessarily the largest) will
win, and the battle must come for the sake of the victory.

Therefore, let the radicals welcome Mr. Belloc as a good enemy. He
stands for a sincere, highly organized, and powerful propaganda which
cannot be ignored on the modern battlefield. On account of their worship
of authority the Catholics have a solidarity which no other movement can
boast. For the same reason they are doomed to an eternal enmity with
adventurous souls, those who fight for change of any kind. They seem
often to be in accord with advancing thinkers because they condemn
present conditions. But closer investigation will always show that
instead of pointing to the future they cling to the past. Mgr. Benson,
during his recent visit to New York, stated in private conversation that
present social conditions are intolerable. He went on to say that an
ideal society can be attained only under feudalism, with the church in
control.

There will be no more danger from the Catholics than from any other army
as long as we know what they are fighting for, and are able to recognize
their irregular troops.

But let there be no complacency among the enemies of the church on the
ground that it may not be really in the field, or has not artillery when
it gets there. Without investigation of any kind, I have heard of two
books attacking the church which were suppressed by their publishers at
the demand of Catholic authorities. In each case the weapon was a threat
to withdraw an extensive text book business from the house in question.
Naturally, the parties to the matter have not been anxious to give it
publicity. A magazine which published an article displeasing to
Catholics received a letter threatening it with black-listing. There
appears to be a well organized and efficient church publicity bureau to
attend to these and other matters. A proposal was recently made by a
Catholic journal that priests in confessional impose as penance the
subscription to Catholic papers and the purchase of Catholic books, at
the same time warning the people against secular publications. This was
discussed with some approval by America, the New York Jesuit weekly,
which regretfully admitted, however, that in the end Catholic
publications must depend "mainly on their merit." We are likely to
ignore such mediæval methods until we find them obstructing some actual
movement of importance. They do obstruct such movements, however,
sometimes very annoyingly.

All these methods are but the natural and blameless working of the
doctrine of intolerance. And perhaps their greatest danger is that their
temporary success will induce the opposing armies to use the same weapon
and so shackle themselves. The intolerance of the Puritan was a natural
result of his bitter struggle, yet it produced a century of aesthetic
darkness. The advanced opponents of the Puritan era are now uttering
pronunciamentos and personalities that are Archiepiscopal in their
intolerance.

But, you say, intolerance is necessary in the soldier. He must hate his
enemy and seek not only to dislodge but to silence his opponent. Well, I
will admit that when the soldier is in battle he must shoot to kill. But
there is a new kind of soldier developing who is more valuable to man
than the old. He joins the army not so much because of the magic of the
colors as because of the necessity of the cause and its temporary
usefulness in serving the truth behind it. Just as he will not march to
war without reason, so he will stop fighting his immediate enemy when
his cause is won, and will not go on to bickering and pillage. He is
ready to enlist under a new banner at any moment when a new banner
represents a more glorious cause than the old. His General is not a god,
but a leader. His freedom of choice is always the biggest asset of his
strength. Therefore he cannot be intolerant. He is strong, hard,
efficient, relentless, but never pompous or slavish. How much time the
world has lost eliminating armies of strong men whose fatal fault was
excessive, unreasoning loyalty!

That, after all, solves the riddle of my second paragraph. And if the
soldier must subordinate his cause to his truth, how much more so the
General and the King! The General has very little time to hate his
enemy. He must know their strength, study their methods, adopt the best
of their ideas, spy out the country, plan a campaign. He orders
slaughter not for revenge or hatred, but for success. Therefore it is of
supreme importance that his success be worth while.

And the King, the man who selects the cause and fires men to battle. The
nearer he comes to an assertion of infallibility the surer is the final
defeat of his cause. If he will allow no room for change and growth,
change and growth will sweep him aside. We need big men who will not
enlist under colors, but are always pushing back the horizon of truth.
Distrust the leader who has found the final answer to the riddle. Some
day shall we not have a Messiah who shall begin by saying: "Do not found
in my name any church, cult, or school. If a man question my message,
listen to him closely and learn what truth he has. Always seek the new,
the more perfect. Always grow out from the fixed. So shall you begin a
race of Kings greater than I."




                             Correspondence


                  Miss Columbia: An Old-Fashioned Girl

That the United States of America is young is a truism which needs no
stating, and unfortunately its youth is hopelessly fettered in the
strings of tradition.

Ferrero says that aesthetic taste in America shows itself in bathrooms;
and certainly in plumbing we do seem to have a taste above that of the
rest of the world. In other things America fears originality and change
far more even than England does. Miss Columbia is a bright girl, sitting
in a schoolroom, with well-worn editions of the English classics on the
book-shelves. Miss Columbia writes verses and stories following the most
approved models; she succeeds rather well, but, after all, they are only
school essays. It seems impossible for Americans to have the courage to
admit that Life is as they see it. Hence the shallow and frivolous
optimism which hangs like an obscuring fog over practically all our
writing. It would be a convention were it not that we think we believe
it; it would be a conviction only that we never look at it close enough
to test it. The vogue, a year or two ago, of Mr. Robert Haven
Schauffler's Scum o' the Earth is a case in point. It deals with the
problem of immigration, not as it is, but as it might be if it were. The
poem is imitative as art, and false as life, but it flatters an existing
condition, and paints a sore to represent healthy flesh; wherefore
America hails it with content. Americans are afraid of Life, in the
Victorian manner. A Catholic said to me, some time ago: "Sex is dirty."
This sacrilege is a thoroughly Victorian sentiment, but sex alone does
not come under the ban; pain, squalor, and, above all, the fact that
virtue and effort frequently go unrewarded, are facts to which, in
America, one must shut one's eyes. Miss Columbia is very young, and her
gold must be minted before she recognizes it; in the matrix it looks
insignificant to her inexperienced eyes.

Style is not manner, but personality. And the fact that our poets and
story writers keep to the old forms and expressions proves (does it
not?) that they have no inward urging which makes them find old molds
too cramping.

In a play of George Cohan's, Broadway Jones, you have the best of
middle-class America--its good points and its limitations. Perhaps this
is even better brought out in his other play, Get-Rich-Quick
Wallingford. "Crude," you say; "childish!" Quite true, but entirely and
absolutely America. For the United States is governed by the Great God:
Mediocrity! The middle-class, or, as we call him, "the man in the
street," rules. Neither the gaunt simplicities of the lower class
(although we talk a great deal about the lower class), nor the
simplicities of the educated and intellectually alert, can leaven the
lump of self-satisfied commonplaceness. Not only don't we know, but we
don't want to know. An American writer, who had lived in Europe long
enough to forget the peculiar American temper, was sufficiently
ingenuous as to propose to the editor of one of our best-known magazines
a series of three articles on six contemporary French poets. They were
refused, because his clientèle did not care to read of things of which
they knew nothing. "They will know less than I," said the editor, "and I
have only heard of two of these names."

We are a little better off as regards our musical taste, because music
is a universal language, and we can hear music in the "original," so to
say. In music, again, our output is more in accordance with the spirit
of the whole world.

This does not mean that there are not good writers in America. There
are. But most of them write "dans le goût d'avant-hier." I am only
telling you that Miss Columbia is in her artistic 'teens, and is as
unimaginatively conventional as is the human animal at the same age.
And, again like the human animal, she was not so childish when she was a
baby. Paul Revere, riding across the Middlesex Fells to rouse the minute
men, was like any adult man on a job which he shrewdly suspects will
change the fate of nations. Poe and Whitman were not exactly childish.
But were Poe writing today, he would be told that his subjects were
"unimportant" and that he "lacked social consciousness." For we in
America are suffering from a pathological outlook on the world. Our
activities function along the line of preventive medicine for
communities. The richness and variety of personality is lost sight of in
the lump. We forget that admirable truth set forth in the poem beginning
"Little drops of water."

And then, too, poor America is so many different kinds of persons and
places. What we are going to be lies on the lap of the Gods. But it
seems quite clear that, whatever it is, it will not be Anglo-Saxon.

Go to any vaudeville theatre and you will see Americans
"turkey-trotting" to an intricately syncopated music we have dubbed
"rag-time." No European can dance it with just that zip and swing. It is
a purely American thing. Stop a minute! Do you realize that this is
America's first original contribution to the arts! Low or high, that is
not the point; it is America's own product, and for that reason I regret
to see the tango superseding it, although the tango is a better dance. I
am told by those who know, that dancing is the first art practised by
primitive peoples. I believe that in our "turkey-trotting" and
"rag-time" we have the earliest artistic gropings of a new race. Our
musicians scorn "rag-time," and it takes the clear eye of a Frenchman to
see its interest. Debussy has seen it in his Minstrels.

                                                           AMY LOWELL.


                        Poetry to the Uttermost

We are afraid. We are all horribly afraid. The seal of poetic propriety
is laid upon our lips, the burden of tradition bows us down. Crouched
and abject beneath the dominance of the slave-driver, gap-toothed
Custom, we set our shoulders to the toil--the useless toil--of dragging
through the mile-years of simoom-whipped sand the impassive statue of
Mediocrity.

What, if the vulture scream above us, can we dare to tell the meaning of
its cry? Sharp will descend the whip of circumstance to warn that
otherwhere the nightingales are singing under a full-orbed moon and we
must sing of them.

Does an all-reckless slave defy his Maker with a thunderbolt of
blasphemy, forged in the furnace of his agony? Straight comes the
penalty decreeing silence and neglect unless we chant apocalyptic
anodynes.

If the challenge of the blood outbeats the clanging of the bonds and in
the glowing dusk man and woman cling to each other until the uttermost
is won, shall this be told in paean and in song? Not unless social usage
has been satisfied and it be ascertained that desire has given place to
design, that love has been exchanged for lucre, and that marriage has
been substituted for mating; then are we bidden cull from the
common-casket of permitted phrases the veil, the orange-flower wreath,
and all the weary paraphernalia of convention, and write an epithalamium
to the plaudits of the admiring throng.

Rituals began in poetry. And since all rituals today have lost most of
their ancient power, serving to soothe and charm instead of to stir and
challenge, we look to the poetry of today to lay the web whereon the
rituals of the future shall be spun. Let not that web possess one strand
of mediocrity. Platitudinizing is no pattern for the future. If we are
fain to cry aloud, let our throats crack thereat; if we would hurl
defiance, let us not fear to charge after our javelins and find our
freedom in the breach ourselves have made.

Every true poet has the uttermost within, if he or she will but give it
voice. Oh, poets of every craft, give of the uttermost! Better a single
cry like The Ballad of Reading Gaol, like Bianca, like When I am dead
and sister to the dust--to touch on a few moderns only--than a
lumber-loft of pretty and tuneful voicings of the themes that please but
do not satisfy. There are those of us who read whose blood runs hot and
red as well as yours. Dare, O you poets of every craft! Rise to the cry!
Your hearts are high and full of gallantry, the world is waiting to be
led by you to heights before unscaled. Shake cowardice away and dare!

                                                 FRANCIS ROLT-WHEELER.


                      Reflections of a Dilettante

All art is symbolical. A mere presentation of things as they are seen by
our physical eye is photography, not art. Yet there exists a Symbolistic
school in contradistinction to other currents such as Realism,
Impressionism, Neo-Romanticism, etc. Is not this a misnomer? Can we say,
for instance, that Beaudélaire's Fleurs du Mal were symbols, while
Goethe gave us but realistic reproductions of actual life? Should we
exclude Whitman from the Symbolists for the reason that his poems are
less fantastic, nearer to life than those of Poe? What about
Vereshchagin: was not his brush symbolistic because he adhered to
realistic methods? Obviously, an artist presents not objects but ideas,
and the symbolisticity of a certain work of art is rather a question of
method and degree.

Perhaps we should differentiate artists according to their relationship
with and attitude towards the public. The realist--and under this
elastic term we may understand likewise the romanticist and the
impressionist--is definite in his interpretation of life, is outspoken
and clear in conveying his conceptions; he drags us unto his point of
view, makes us see through his eyes and take for granted his
impressions. He says to us: "Thus I see the world. Thus life and nature
are reflected in my mind. This is precisely what I mean; please do not
misinterpret me." We are bound to obey; the artist--provided he is a
real artist--forces upon us his eyeglasses, and we follow his
directions.

The purely Symbolistic artist, on the other hand, grants freedom to the
public. Vague tones, dim outlines, abstract figures, imperceptible
moods, misty reflections, make his art unyielding to a definite
interpretation. All he imposes upon us is an atmosphere, into which we
are invited to come and co-create. Here is a canvas, here are colors,
here are moods; go ahead and make out of them what you like. We are thus
left to our own guidance; we are enabled to put our ego into the
artist's work, we are free to find in it whatever reflections we choose
and to form our own conceptions. If we succeed in solving the problem,
if we make the symbol live in our imagination, we experience the bliss
of creation; should we fail in our task, should the symbol remain
meaningless to us, we conclude that the given atmosphere is alien to our
mind. Music of all arts is the most symbolical. True, Wagner and Strauss
have endeavored to impose upon the listener leit-motifs, to dictate the
public an interpretation of specific tones, but they have failed in
their attempts to introduce a sort of a "key" to music; we remain
autonomous in "explaining" Siegfried and Don Quixote.

Which of the methods is preferable? I should resent any narrow decision
on this point. A crystalline September day or a purple-crimson sunset,
how can we choose? We delight in both, but in one case we admire the
visible beauty, while in the other we make one step forward and
complement the seen splendor with strokes of our creative imagination.
Perhaps my non-partisanship is due to my dilettantism; as it is, I
approach a book or a picture with one scale: is it a work of art? If it
is, then any method is justifiable, no matter how differently it may
appeal to the individual taste.

Yet--and there is no inconsistency in my statement--I do discriminate in
art productions in so far as my personal affections are concerned. Great
as my delight is in the arts of Tolstoi and Zola, of Rubens and Corot,
of Brahms and Massenet, of Pavlova and Karsavina, my mind is more akin
to the mystic utterances of Maeterlinck and Brusov, to the hazy
landscapes of Whistler and to the unreal women of Bakst, to the narcotic
music of Debussy and Rachmaninov, to the wavy rhythm of Duncan and St.
Denis. It is with them, with the latter, that I erect fantastic castles
of my own designs and find expression of my moods and whims. I may not
understand all of the Cubists and Futurists, but I owe them many new
thoughts and emotions which I had not realized before having seen the
new art. Schoenberg's pieces still irritate my conventional ear, but I
allow him credit for discovering new possibilities in the region of
sound interpretation. We, plain mortals, who are doomed to contemplate
art without having the gift to contribute to it, we are envious of
genius and crave for freedom in co-creating with the artist. Hence my
love for Bergson who appeals to the creative instinct of man; for him I
abandoned Nietzsche, my former idol: it is so much more pleasant and
feasible to be a creative being than to strive to become a perfect
super-being.

                                                    ALEXANDER S. KAUN.


                      The Immortality of the Soul

Bergson argues that there is a spiritual entity behind all science and
that it is impossible for scientists to go beyond a certain point in
developing a knowledge of whence we came. Clara E. Laughlin, in writing
a review of The Truth about Woman, by Mrs. Walter M. Gallichan, accuses
the writer of possessing a short-sighted, astigmatic vision of
"whereuntoness." She winds up her discussion with the sob of an ultra
religionist by accusing Mrs. Gallichan of having left out a most
important point in her discussion--that of the immortality of the soul.
To quote Miss Laughlin exactly:

   But if, as most of us believe, we are more than just links in the
   human chain; if we have a relation to eternity as well as to
   history and to posterity, there are splendid interpretations of
   our struggles that Mrs. Gallichan does not apprehend. If souls
   are immortal, life is more than the perpetration of species, or
   even than the improvement of the race; it is the place allotted
   to us for the development of that imperishable part which we are
   to carry hence, and through eternity. And any effort of ours
   which helps other souls to realize the best that life can give,
   to seek the best that immortality can perpetuate, may splendidly
   justify our existence.

Very fortunately for the future of her book, Mrs. Gallichan ignores the
religionist except to say of religion, "I am certain that in us the
religious impulse and the sex impulse are one."

Mrs. Gallichan's book is a scientific discussion of woman yesterday and
today, without any attempt at sentimentalism. Her analysis is perfect
and decidedly constructive. She goes back to prehistoric times and
discusses in scientific phraseology how woman has progressed through the
ages, and describes the part she has taken in establishing
civilizations. Nowhere does she forget that she is writing for posterity
and indulge in the petty foibles that are sometimes so noticeable in the
work of women who write on feminism.

                                                         LEE A. STONE.

   [The question of whether whatever it is that is meant by the word
   soul is immortal--immortal in the sense that it will live forever
   in a realm of the spirit or the blessed--is answered
   affirmatively by those who hold to the orthodox faith, is not
   worth discussing by a rational man who is informed, and is
   discussed by avowed or implied atheists with a fanatical
   seriousness that destroys whatever force their main contention
   may have. The legitimate domain of argument is limited; truth
   that is verifiable by men here and now is its only content. As
   regards what uncritical people call "immortality" serious
   argumentation is absolutely impossible. Faith, quotations, and
   personal desires are not arguments. Mrs. Gallichan's book is in
   parts scientific, and is therefore of importance to thousands of
   people whose religion is an achievement of courageous thinking
   and living. To many excellent persons their professed belief in
   what they term "immortality" is a kind of merciful necessity.
   They crave and even invent assurances of it. To such persons
   there is no argument against it. To persons who produce the
   "negative" arguments there is no argument for it. And there you
   are!--W. C. D.]




                            Book Discussion


                         Dostoevsky--Pessimist?

    The Possessed, by Fyodor Dostoevsky. [The Macmillan Company, New
                                 York.]

Shatov was an incorrigible idealist, with a keen satirical ability to
destroy his own ideals. He had made a god out of Verhovensky, the
leading figure in Dostoevsky's The Possessed. Verhovensky was, he
imagined, a god of selfish courage and supreme unconcern, the sort of
man whom everybody followed involuntarily. Shatov knew that his hero had
irreparably injured three women, one of them half-witted and
defenseless. That did not bother the idealist at all; it was "in
character." But when Verhovensky lied about it to avoid condemnation,
Shatov hit him a savage blow on the cheek and brooded for weeks over the
disappointment. The disappointment was deepened by the fact that
Verhovensky did not kill him for the blow.

There is something characteristically Russian about that. It goes far to
explain Russian pessimism, and give the key to this very book. Your
Russian wants above all things to be logical. He will fasten upon an
idea and enshrine it in his holy of holies. He will relentlessly follow
the dictates of his idea though it lead him to insanity. There is
greatness in his attitude, also absurdity. Witness Tolstoy. And when he
recognizes his own absurdity he becomes gloomy and savage; there is no
escape from the vanity of the world, the spirit, and himself.

I can imagine the mood of Dostoevsky when this book germinated in his
mind. He saw this trait in the people about him, he felt it in himself.
The intellectuals, each with his little theory, were steadily working
towards--nothing at all. The government with its elaborate systems for
economic improvement and individual repression, the revolutionary with
his scheming insincerity and chaotic program, were equally futile. The
women with their pathetic loves, the frivolous with their mad pursuit of
amusement, the great and the small, the sycophant and the rebel, were
all bitter failures. Suddenly it occurred to him--they are all mad in an
insane world, each in his way, one no more than another. I will vent my
disgust with these vermin in a book; I will show what they really are.
Like the madman who carefully traces out his meaningless labyrinth, I
will with the most painstaking psychology unravel their minds, and in so
doing I will find my release and my fiendish joy. The only thing lacking
in this madhouse is complete self-consciousness. That I will
furnish.--And so Dostoevsky logically and nobly followed his idea to its
insane conclusion.

The fascinating result cannot be described in a paragraph. It is done,
of course, with consummate ability. Beginning the book is like walking
into a village of unknown people. They are real enough outwardly; you
don't know their nature or direction. Little by little you learn about
them, and begin to take sides. Long habit makes you pick favorites. This
man will be noble and successful; perhaps he is the hero. Suddenly you
begin to suspect that something is wrong. All things are not working
together for one end, as in well-regulated novels. Your favorites become
jumbled up with the others. The author doesn't give you a chance,
because he never shows you a cross-section of a mind. He merely tells
what the people do and say. You must draw your own conclusions as in
ordinary life. When you get used to this, you see an occasional
subtlety, a flash of sardonic laughter. Some of the people are not quite
right in their minds. And at length the truth dawns; the sane people are
even crazier than the others! This impression comes by sheer force of
magic; how the author creates it is inexplicable. But once you have it,
the fascination of following an idea obsesses you. And at the end it is
impossible to find any meaning or direction in the world.

Of course, no such obsession can find a firm footing in the American
temperament. After a while it seems Russian and incredible. If you can't
answer Dostoevsky logically, you will abandon logic. But he has stirred
you up, and certain important conclusions rise to the surface.

One is that it would be impossible to be such a pessimist unless one
looked for a good deal in the world, and looked for it rather sharply.
Idealism and courage began this course of thought. Isn't a big share of
our optimism shallow? Shouldn't we go a little deeper into things before
being so sure they are right? Another is that no living individual is
worth very much, after all. Our only salvation is in creating a nobler
race. And for that any sacrifice of present individuals is supremely
worth while.

It is as if some inspired member of a negro tribe in central Africa had
suddenly awakened to the fact that his voodoo-worshipping friends were
not acting rationally. From their status the burden of his chant might
be horrible for its devilish revelations. But in our eyes he would be a
seer and a prophet. Why should he have considered the feelings of the
miserable savages? There is something more important than that!

                                                         GEORGE SOULE.


                 The Salvation of the World à la Wells

   Social Forces in England and America, by H. G. Wells. [Harper and
                          Brothers, New York.]

Like many philosophers, Mr. Wells is concerned mainly with the need of a
new human race. All profound reformers want that. The method of
achieving this desirable result is, however, the rock of turning. It
probably isn't necessary to say that our present reformer is not one of
those blind apostles of effortless immediacy. Such transmution was
respectable when Botany Bay was a popular seaside resort for radical
poets and philosophers. They of today realize something of the immensity
of the developmental process. Their hopes are often so remote that they
seem almost despair, but still time is trusted with a reliance on
science for the urge toward human perfectibility. Of such the leader is
H. G. Wells.

Clearly the conviction that civilization needs a new race is well
founded. All ideals, all ideas, civilization, culture are and have
always been the products of a pitiful minority. The tendency at present
is toward making the desire of the majority supreme. The majority do not
cleave toward ideals--not even toward establishing their own glory.
Rousseau imagined that millions loved righteousness; Jefferson made such
beliefs the basis of the country's documents of incorporation. The
idealists were manifestly mistaken. Men have never been drawn toward the
ideals they have professed. Truth, justice, equality have never been
valued when sex, property, or power were opposed. The virtues came in
the early days from "Thus saith the Lord," and they come today, if they
come at all, from "Thus saith a Strong Man."

Mr. Wells guesses that there are fifty thousand reading and thinking
persons in England--keepers of the citadel. The fifty thousand are
practically England. Perhaps his estimate is too low. John Brisben
Walker says that in the United States the number of persons able to
think independently about political and social matters has increased
from a few score to about two hundred and fifty thousand within thirty
years. The fact is, albeit, that the world has been fashioned always by
this very small minority. Furthermore the present creation is not one in
which there is reason for great pride.

The essay on the Great State is especially fine in this connection.
Wells's idea of the Normal Social Life and of the constant divergence of
a minority is altogether clarifying for the watcher from any vantage,
but it is in his discussion of the labor unrest that the reader in
Colorado discovers the prophecies he most needs. For illustration this:

   The worker in a former generation took himself for granted; it is
   a new phase when the toilers begin to ask, not one man here and
   there, but in masses, in battalions, in trades: "Why, then, are
   we toilers, and for what is it that we toil?"

The ruling minority in Colorado has been confronted with this question
during the coal strike. So far no response has been given save the
impromptu utterances of a hideous rage and fright at the thought of
awakening workers.

Wells answers his own questions. He replies as Colorado will sometime if
Colorado is to persist. It is in this tone:

   The supply of good-tempered, cheap labor--upon which the fabric
   of our contemporary ease and comfort is erected--is giving out.
   The spread of information and the means of presentation in every
   class and the increase of luxury and self-indulgence in the
   prosperous classes are the chief cause of that. In the place of
   the old convenient labor comes a new sort of labor, reluctant,
   resentful, critical, and suspicious. The replacement has already
   gone so far that I am certain that attempts to baffle and coerce
   the workers back to their old conditions must inevitably lead to
   a series of increasingly destructive outbreaks, to stresses and
   disorder culminating in revolution. It is useless to dream of
   going on now for much longer upon the old lines; our
   civilization, if it is not to enter upon a phase of conflict and
   decay, must begin to adapt itself to the new conditions, of which
   the first and foremost is that the wage earning laboring class,
   consenting to a distinctive treatment and accepting life at a
   disadvantage, is going to disappear.

That is the truth which men hate most to hear. It is the doctrine which
"Mother" Jones preaches and for which she has been imprisoned regardless
of laws and constitutions.

But this reasonableness of Wells appeals as little to the left wing of
the socialists as it does to conservatives. The I. W. W.'s have no
patience with the detailed delays suggested and Wells is as irritated
with the losses in civilization to which a violent revolution is likely
to lead. He sets forth his feeling in a discussion of the American
population, a curious phrase, necessary on account of his distaste for
the word people. In speaking of the possibility of a national
revolutionary movement as an arrest for the aristocratic tendency now so
pronounced he says:

   The area of the country is too great and the means of
   communication between the workers in different parts inadequate
   for a concerted rising or even for effective political action in
   mass. In the worst event--and it is only in the worst event that
   a great insurrectionary movement becomes probable--the
   newspapers, magazines, telephones, and telegraphs, all the
   apparatus of discussion and popular appeal, the railways,
   arsenals, guns, flying machines, and all the materials of
   warfare, will be in the hands of the property owners, and the
   average of betrayal among the leaders of a class, not racially
   homogeneous, embittered, suspicious, united only by their
   discomforts and not by any constructive intentions, will
   necessarily be high.

It is true almost. There are always enough of the Gracchi family present
to supply the minimum number of weapons essential. To the truth of this
the revolutionary movement in Mexico is a witness and Colorado itself
could tell tales.

Social Forces, a too collegiate title, sums up satisfactorily Wells's
important opinions. The book isn't really a whole: some of the essays
are journalistic and some are old. It lacks nearly everywhere the
fierceness of The Passionate Friends. In this book Wells is in his
dinner coat, comfortable and well fed. He is respectable--horrible
admission--but he is still prophetic.

In a sense, too, Social Forces is a warehouse. There one may find stored
the rough materials which on occasion are hammered into the poignancies
of Marriage or Tono-Bungay. As a vista into a masterhand's workshop the
book has its intense psychological interest, but most of all it is text
for salvation of the world.

                                                   WILLIAM L. CHENERY.


                     A Novelist's Review of a Novel

     Vandover and the Brute, by Frank Norris. [Doubleday, Page and
                          Company, New York.]

   "I told them the truth. They liked it or they didn't like it.
   What had that to do with me? I told them the truth; I knew it for
   the truth then, and I know it for the truth now."--FRANK NORRIS.

It would seem inevitable that had Frank Norris lived he would have
rewritten Vandover and the Brute. In the book, as it was rescued from
the packing box that had been through the San Francisco fire and sent to
the publisher, there is much that would have been discarded by the later
Norris. Perhaps he would have thrown it all away and written a new story
with the same theme. He was a big man and he had the courage of bigness.
He could throw fairly good work into the waste-paper basket. The decay
of man in modern society, the slow growth in him of the brute that goes
upon all fours--what a big, terrible theme! What a book the later Norris
would have made of it!

In the introduction by Charles G. Norris quotation is made from the
Frank Norris essay, The True Reward of the Novelist, in which this
sentence stands out: "To make money is not the province of the
novelist." Also it is suggested that the book was written under the
influence of Zola, and there is more than a hint of Zola's formula that
everything in life is material for literature in the way the job is
done.

As it stands, Vandover wants cutting--cutting and something else. With
that said and understood, we are glad that the book has been rescued and
that it can stand upon our book shelves. American letters cannot know
and understand too much of the spirit of Frank Norris, and just at this
time when there is much talk of the new note and some little sincere
effort toward a return to truth and honesty in the craft of writing, it
is good to have this visit from the boy Norris. He was a brave lad, an
American writing man who lived, worked, and died without once putting
his foot upon the pasteboard road that leads to easy money. "The easy
money is not for us," he said and had the manhood to write and live with
that warning in his mind. He had craft-love. With a few more writers
working in his spirit we should hear less of the new note. Norris was
the new note. He was of the undying brotherhood.

When Frank Norris wrote Vandover he was not the great artist he became,
but he was the great man; and that's why this book of his is worth
publishing and reading. The greater writer would have possessed a
faculty the boy who wrote this book had not acquired--the faculty of
selection. He would have been less intent upon telling truly unimportant
details and by elimination would have gained dramatic strength.

Read Vandover therefore not as an example of the work of Norris the
artist but as the work of a true man. It will inspire you. Its very
rawness will show you the artist in the making. It will make you
understand why Frank Norris with Mark Twain will perhaps, among all
American writers, reach the goal of immortality.


                  The Immigrant's Pursuit of Happiness

     They Who Knock at Our Gates, by Mary Antin. [Houghton Mifflin
                           Company, Boston.]

Shaking the Declaration of Independence in the face of all those opposed
to immigration in any form Mary Antin makes an impassioned appeal for
practically unrestricted immigration. Her motive is no doubt
praiseworthy, her enthusiasm and eloquence are admirable. She contrasts
the nature of our present-day immigrants with those who landed in the
Mayflower. The self-satisfied middle class attitude peeps through the
question: "Is immigration good for us?"

And of course it is good. The immigrants do more than three-quarters of
our bituminous coal mining. They make seven-tenths of our steel. They do
four-fifths of our woolen, nine-tenths of our cotton-mill work, nearly
all our clothing, nearly all our sugar, eighty-five per cent of all
labor in the stock-yards. You cannot but come to the same conclusions as
Mary Antin: "Open wide our gates and set him on his way to happiness."

On his way to happiness? One thinks of Lawrence, Massachusetts, where
immigrants are not exactly happy; or Paterson, New Jersey; or an
incident of this kind from Marysville, California, related by Inez
Haynes Gillmore in Harper's Weekly for April 4: "An English lad, the
possessor of a beautiful tenor voice, song leader of the hop pickers,
was walking along carrying a bucket of water. A deputy sheriff shot him
down." One thinks of the Michigan copper mines. Alexander Irvine told us
something about peonage in the South in his "Magyar." The New York East
Side with its 364,367[2] dark rooms and its "lung block with nearly four
thousand people, some four hundred of whom are babies. In the past nine
years alone this block has reported two hundred and sixty-five cases of
tuberculosis."[3] In Pittsburgh alone, according to The Literary Digest
of January 16, 1909, five hundred laborers are killed and an unknown
number injured every year in the steel industry. According to Dr. Peter
Roberts about eighty per cent of those suffering from rickets in Chicago
are Italians, Greeks, and Syrians. This disease is almost unknown in the
southern countries. The following is taken from an article by Henry A.
Atkinson in Harper's Weekly:

   The policy of the companies has been to exclude the more
   intelligent, capable English-speaking laborers by importing large
   numbers from southern Europe: Greeks, Slavonians, Bulgarians,
   Magyars, Montenegrins, Albanians, Turks as well as
   representatives from all of the Balkan states. The Labor Bureau
   charges the large corporations of the state with hiring these
   men--"because they can be handled and abused with impunity."...
   Louis Tikas is dead. His body riddled with fifty-one shots from
   rapid fire guns, lay uncared for twenty-four hours at Ludlow
   where he had been for seven months the respected chief of his
   Greek countrymen. He was shot while attempting to lead the women
   and children to a place of safety. At least six women and fifteen
   little children died with him.

"Open wide our gates and set him on his way to happiness" says Mary
Antin.

Sixty thousand illiterate women were admitted in 1911 to this country.
The president of The Woman's National Industrial League says in this
connection to the House Committee: "Syndicates exist in New York and
Boston for the purpose of supplying fresh young girls from immigrants
arriving in this country for houses of ill fame. Immigrants arriving in
New York furnish twenty thousand victims annually." Mr. Jacob Riis said
very recently: "Scarce a Greek comes here, man or boy, who is not under
contract. A hundred dollars a year is the price, so it is said by those
who know, though the padrone's cunning has put the legal proof beyond
their reach."

But these are statistics, and Mary Antin is horrified by statistics
except when she can prove that "the average immigrant family of the new
period is represented by an ascending curve. The descending curves are
furnished by degenerate families of what was once prime American stock."
The "happiness" that those who knock at our gates run into once they
land in our mines, factories, sweatshops, department stores, etc., might
be traced further. The real question is this: Is immigration good for
the immigrant? In view of the above facts there is but one answer so far
as the illiterate and physically weak are concerned. Twisting of facts
out of a desire to reach certain conclusions will only harm the
immigrant and the inhabitants of this country.

Mary Antin would have been Mary Antin in Russia, Turkey, or Aphganistan.
The weak and the illiterate are the ones who keep this question in the
foreground. Probably the only exception is the Russian Jew. He has no
country of his own and the New York East Side is a comparative
improvement over the Czar's empire.

                                                      WILLIAM SAPHIER.

[Footnote 2: Fifth Report of Tenement House Department, 1909. Page 102.]

[Footnote 3: Ernest Poole:--A Handbook on the Prevention of
Tuberculosis.]


                        The Unique James Family

    Notes of a Son and Brother, by Henry James. [Charles Scribner's
                            Sons, New York.]

Whatever the deprecators of Henry James's later manner may have to say
about the difficulties of his involved style there are some situations,
some plots, for which it is most happily suited. Was so haunting a ghost
story ever written as that truly horrible one which involved two
children--the name of which has unfortunately escaped me, for I should
like to recommend it for nocturnal perusal. And in The Golden Bowl the
gradual way you are led to perceive the wrong relationship between two
of the characters, which, had it been offered bluntly, with no five
degrees of approach and insinuation, would have lost half its mystery of
guilt. As he himself says, in the Notes of a Son and Brother, "I like
ambiguities, and detest great glares."

Unfortunately, the style that is fitting to a slow unfolding of a
psychological situation does not lend itself well to biography. The
direct way is the only possible way there, if the reader is to keep an
unflagging interest, and the direct way is simply not possible for Henry
James. And one asks nothing more than to be told simply of the student
days at Switzerland and Germany, and the life afterward at Newport, just
as the Civil War was beginning or best of all throughout the story of a
united family--the four boys, little sister, father, mother, and aunt,
quite unlike, I imagine, any other family in the world. The quality of
the genius of the brothers seems to have sprung from the association
with a father as unlike as possible to the American father of today. He
did not influence them, we are told, by any power of verbal persuasion
to his own ideas. It was quite simply himself, his personality and
character, the way he lived life, that took hold upon his sons'
imagination. Of course that is the only way anyone ever is influenced,
but I think most parents do try the verbal persuasion as well. Henry
James says of his father:

   I am not sure, indeed, that the kind of personal history most
   appealing to my father would not have been some kind that should
   fairly proceed by mistakes, mistakes more human, more
   associational, less angular, less hard for others, that is less
   exemplary for them (since righteousness, as mostly understood,
   was in our parents' view, I think, the cruellest thing in the
   world) than straight and smug and declared felicities. The
   qualification here, I allow, would be his scant measure of the
   difference, after all, for the life of the soul, between the
   marked achievement and the marked shortcoming. He had a manner of
   his own of appreciating failure or of not, at least, piously
   rejoicing in displayed moral, intellectual, or even material
   economies, which, had it not been that his humanity, his
   generosity, and, for the most part, his gaiety were always, at
   the worst, consistent, might sometimes have left us with our
   small saving, our little exhibitions and complacencies, rather on
   our hands.

Speaking of the "detached" feeling they had after returning from Europe
to settle in Newport, he says:

   I remember well how, when we were all young together, we had,
   under pressure of the American ideal in that matter, then so
   rigid, felt it tasteless and even humiliating that the head of
   our little family was not in business....

   Such had never been the case with the father of any boy of our
   acquaintance; the business in which the boy's father gloriously
   was stood forth inveterately as the very first note of our
   comrade's impressiveness. We had no note of that sort to produce,
   and I perfectly recover the effect of my own repeated appeal to
   our parent for some presentable account of him that would prove
   us respectable. Business alone was respectable--if one meant by
   it, that is, the calling of a lawyer, a doctor, or a minister (we
   never spoke of clergymen) as well; I think if we had had the Pope
   among us we should have supposed the Pope in business, just as I
   remember my friend Simpson's telling me crushingly, at one of our
   New York schools, on my hanging back with the fatal truth about
   our credentials, that the author of his being was in the business
   of stevedore. That struck me as a great card to play--the word
   was fine and mysterious; so that "What shall we tell them you
   are, don't you see?" could but become on our lips at home a more
   constant appeal.

Very interesting are the occasional letters telling of Emerson and
Carlyle. Especially so to me are the side lights on Carlyle, as chiming
in somehow with the series of impressions I seem gradually to have
accumulated about him as time goes on. Perhaps it really isn't fair, as
a large amount of those impressions I feel sure I owe to Froude, but I
can't help wondering what our times, with modern surgery and
therapeutics, would have accomplished with Carlyle's indigestion, and
what resultant difference there would assuredly have been in his
philosophy. To quote from a letter of the elder Henry James:

   I took our friend M---- to see him [Carlyle], and he came away
   greatly distressed and désillusionné, Carlyle having taken the
   utmost pains to deny and descry and deride the idea of his having
   done the least good to anybody, and to profess, indeed, the
   utmost contempt for everybody who thought he had, and poor M----
   being intent on giving him a plenary assurance of this fact in
   his own case.

And again in a letter to Emerson:

   Carlyle nowadays is a palpable nuisance. If he holds to his
   present mouthing ways to the end he will find no showman là-bas
   to match him.... Carlyle's intellectual pride is so stupid that
   one can hardly imagine anything able to cope with it.

An earlier letter has this delicious bit about Hawthorne:

   Hawthorne isn't to me a prepossessing figure, nor apparently at
   all an enjoying person.... But in spite of his rusticity I felt a
   sympathy for him fairly amounting to anguish, and couldn't take
   my eyes off him all dinner, nor my rapt attention.... It was
   heavenly to see him persist in ignoring the spectral smiles--in
   eating his dinner and doing nothing but that, and then go home to
   his Concord den to fall upon his knees and ask his heavenly
   Father why it was that an owl couldn't remain an owl and not be
   forced into the diversions of a canary!

And in the postscript of the same:

   What a world, what a world! But once we get rid of Slavery the
   new heavens and the new earth will swim into reality.

Which shows how much in earnest the Abolitionists really were--it was a
tenet of faith with them. Sad and strange and illuminating to us of a
later generation, who are now struggling for other abolitions of
slavery, and still hoping for a new world.

I wish I could quote from the delightful letters of William James, but
they must be read entire, with the author's comments, to place them
correctly. Pending a biography of the man, these letters will be to many
readers the most interesting feature of the book. One of the most
magnificent things about the book, however,--if I may use a large word
for a large concept--is the spirit running through it of filial and
fraternal love, never expressed in so many words, but apparent
throughout, which makes, as I said before, the James family unique in
the history of American letters.


                           De Morgan's Latest

     When Ghost Meets Ghost, by William De Morgan. [Henry Holt and
                          Company, New York.]

Whatever else I may say about De Morgan's new book, I absolutely refuse
to tell the number of its pages. Every other criticism begins or ends
with this uninteresting fact, and usually adds that it makes no
difference how long it is, since the writer's charm pervades it all. But
it does make a difference, and it is too trite to say we are so hurried
and nervous and given over to frivolity nowadays that we are unable to
read Dickens and Thackeray and Scott and De Morgan. There is a great
deal more to read, and a great deal more to do and to think about, than
ever there was in Thackeray's day. And if we are going to spend our time
reading countless pages (I very nearly told how many, after all!) we
want to be sure it is more worth while than anything else we can be
doing, or thinking, or reading.

However, one can't say very well that he greatly admires a stork, or
would if he had a short beak and short legs. De Morgan's style is his
own, and he will tell the story his own way, though we all have a
quarrel with him for leaving the most interesting bits to a short
"Pendrift" at the end. Did Given's lover contemplate taking his East
Indian poison when the newspapers announced that she was to marry an
Austrian noble? Think of cutting that episode off in a few words, while
an entire chapter is devoted to a "shortage of mud" for little Dave and
Dolly, who were making a dyke in the street! But then, De Morgan doesn't
know how to stop when he begins to talk of children. How he loves them,
and all other helpless creatures! He can't speak even of kittens without
a touch of tenderness:

   Mrs. Lapping explained that she was using it (the basket) to
   convey a kitten, born in her establishment, to Miss Druitt at
   thirty-four opposite, who had expressed anxiety to possess it. It
   was this kitten's expression of impatience with its position that
   had excited Mrs. Riley's curiosity. "Why don't ye carry the
   little sowl across in your hands, me dyurr?" she said, not
   unreasonably, for it was only a stone's throw. Mrs. Topping added
   that this was no common kitten, but one of preternatural
   activities and possessed of diabolical, tentacular powers of
   entanglement. "I would not undertake," said she, "to get it
   across the road, ma'am, only catching hold. Nor if I got it safe
   across, to onhook it, without tearing." Mrs. Riley was obliged to
   admit the wisdom of the Janus basket. She knew how difficult it
   is to be even with a kitten.

It is bits like this that make Mr. De Morgan's story so long, and it is
bits like this that reconcile us to its length. I believe most readers
won't care greatly whether the two poor old sisters who have been
separated so many years ever do meet again. There is no feeling of
climax when they do--merely relief that the thing has finally been put
across. It was beginning to look as if it never would happen; and though
the reader himself, as I say, doesn't greatly care, he can see that De
Morgan does; he has apparently been doing his best to bring it about,
but the cantankerous ones just wouldn't let him.

On the other hand, who can help loving Given o' the Towers--all
sweetness, beauty, and light? Only--isn't she really more of a
twentieth-century heroine than a Victorian young lady, with her crisp
decisiveness and air of being most ably able to look out for herself?
Truly Victorian, however, are our "slow couple"--Miss Dickenson and Mr.
Pellew. Miss Dickenson is thirty-six, and, by all Victorian standards,
quite out of the running. De Morgan is extremely apologetic for allowing
her to have a romance at this belated hour--her charms faded and gone.
But we are betting quite heavily on Miss Dickenson's chances for
happiness with the Hon. Mr. Pellew. The two were "good gossips," and
would always have topics of interest in common.

The Pendrift at the end--quite the most fascinating part of the
book--tells us of the daughter of this union Cicely, by this time
sixteen years old.

"You know," says the girl, Cis,--who is new and naturally knows things,
and can tell her parents,--"you know there is never the slightest reason
for apprehension as long as there is no delusion. Even then we have to
discriminate carefully between fixed and permanent delusions and----"

"Shut up, Mouse!" says her father. "What's that striking?"...

The young lady says, "Well, I got it all out of a book."

One good reason for reading De Morgan is the fact that he is older than
the majority of his readers. We read so much, we hear so much acclaimed
that is written by children of twenty, whose experience of life must
necessarily be got, like Cicely's, "out of a book." The saying of De
Maupassant surely applies here--that the writer must sit down before an
object until he has seen it in the way that he alone can see it. De
Morgan has had the opportunity of seeing life, surely, and knowing what
most of it amounts to. The result is a large tolerance and tenderness
toward his fellow men.

                                                              M. H. P.


                   The Economics of Social Insurance

   Social Insurance: With Special Reference to American Conditions, by
           I. M. Rubinow. [Henry Holt and Company, New York.]

The logic of events is rapidly forcing nation after nation into what has
hitherto been damned with the epithet paternalism. America, perhaps, is
the last important country in the world to face the problems raised by
the march of events in this direction. Social insurance, a thing
accomplished and a commonplace of government functioning in so many
countries, recently adopted in England, is, in this country, still a
novelty outside the university class room and the lecture halls of
fanatical demagogues who wish to upset the foundations of our civil
government and civilization--as the elder politicians express it when
their attention is drawn to these sinister activities of thought.

The author of this book in fact was the first academic lecturer on the
subject to give a university course in the various forms which social
insurance has taken. These lectures he delivered before the New York
School of Philanthropy, and they are reprinted here in an extended form.

After giving the philosophy of the matter, the underlying social
necessity for insurance, the author takes up the various forms of the
activity. Accident, disease, old age, and unemployment must all be
provided against, and the state, the employer, and the laborer may share
the burden among them, or the two latter may be relieved--as in various
types of non-contributory insurance.

Of course the old school economist will ask why the latter two are not
relieved, and why the employe or private citizen is not just encouraged
to insure with a private corporation. The author's answer is that, even
if he were educated to the point of desiring to do that, he could not. A
man insures his house because the feeling of security is worth the small
premium he pays, even if that premium is larger than the actual risk
involved would warrant--larger by a sum equal to the cost and profits of
the business of the insurance company. But the poor man's chances of
loss of employment, accident, or sickness are so much greater in
proportion to the capitalized value of his job that he could never
afford to pay the premium necessary for a private company to take care
of him; while his old age could not be insured without taking all of his
earnings--and even then he might die before he reached it.

The situation then is that an admitted necessity cannot be obtained
unless the state as a whole takes steps to attain it for all the members
of the state. How other states have done this, how type after type of
insurance has been evolved, and how these types may be adapted to
American practice is the burden of the present work.

The author writes in a clear and non-technical manner, and makes no
extravagant claims for what some people may regard as a social panacea;
but he is confident that the full development of the idea of social
insurance will relieve the worst aspects of poverty--the aspects in
which poverty is not only a hardship, but a haunting spirit, sapping the
vitality of its victims until they are rendered socially useless.

                                                      LLEWELLYN JONES.


                         Prose Poems of Ireland

        Red Hanrahan, by William Butler Yeats. New edition. [The
                     Macmillan Company, New York.]

If you believe, with Chesterton, that "should the snap dragon open its
little pollened mouth and sing 'twould be no more wonderful a thing"
than that a solemn little blue egg should turn into a big happy
red-breasted bird; if you are of "the young men that dream dreams" or of
"the old men who have visions" the songs and the tales and the
wanderings and the mysteries of "Red" Owen Hanrahan will thrill you with
a sense of your real nearness to "something lovelier than Heaven."

Such a group of tales of the people and by the people as Mr. Yeats has
gathered together in Red Hanrahan can be nothing if not a personal
matter. Frankly, I never saw a fairy, or a gnome, or a hobgoblin. I have
never even had a vision worth writing a book about; but I am young yet,
and if the gods continue to be kind.... In the meanwhile I shall grasp
the first opportunity to read Red Hanrahan in a deep woods, at
dusk--regardless of the optician's orders.

                                                              H. B. S.




                        To William Butler Yeats


                       MARGUERITE O. B. WILKINSON

   As one, who, wandering down a squalid street,
     Where dingy buildings crowd each other high,
     Where all who pass have need to hurry by,
   Saddened and parched and fighting through the heat,
   Comes suddenly where pain and beauty meet,
     And sees a stretch of fair, unsullied sky,
     Covering a field of clover bloom, so I,
   With heart prepared to find the contrast sweet
       In seeking through a world of sordid prose,
         Where use-stained words with huddled shoulders stand
       In sullen, monumental, loveless rows,
         Have found a sudden green and sunny land
           Where you, O Poet, give us back lost wonder,
           Leisure, sweet fields, clean skies to travel under!




                            Sentence Reviews


   [Inclusion in this category does not preclude a more extended
   notice.]

The Titan, by Theodore Dreiser [John Lane Company, New York], will be
reviewed at length in the July issue.

Clay and Fire, by Layton Crippen. [Henry Holt and Company, New York.] A
provocative philosophical discussion of the basal problem of religion by
an author who treats pessimism according to the homeopathic principle.
Reasonable hopes are made to seem hopeless. A morbid retrospectiveness
may, however, force thought into light, and the book leaves one in a
strange illumination effected by spiritual fire.

At the Sign of the Van, by Michael Monahan. [Mitchell Kennerley, New
York.] These essays include The Log of the Papyrus with Other Escapades
in Life and Letters. Whether he is praising Percival Pollard, explaining
Whitman's cosmic consciousness--which he did to a Whitman Fellowship
gathering--or wistfully telling us how he would like to have had a look
in on the doings in Babylon, the amorous dallyings which Jeremiah
muckraked in the name of his Comstockean Jehovah, Michael Monahan is
always interesting even if he is not always as stormy as his designation
"the stormy petrel of literature" would indicate. In truth it would take
a number of birds of different species--but all pleasant ones--to make
up the tale of the qualities which this versatile essayist exhibits in
these pages.

Aphrodite and Other Poems, by John Helston. [The Macmillan Company, New
York.] Mr. Helston does not write great poetry,--though he comes close
to very good poetry at times,--but he writes greatly about love. His
attitude is a refusal to divorce the spiritual from the earthly with
which we have a hearty sympathy. No franker love poetry has been
written, probably; but somehow we failed to find in it the sensuality
that its critics have discovered. It is richly pagan.

Love of One's Neighbor, by Leonid Andreyev. [Albert and Charles Boni,
New York.] A very excellent translation of a one-act play which will
probably sell well, though coming from the author of The Seven Who Were
Hanged it seems a mere trifle. The translator, Thomas Seltzer, should be
urged to undertake the more worthy task of introducing Andreyev's really
great work to English-speaking readers.

New Men for Old, by Howard Vincent O'Brien. [Mitchell Kennerley, New
York.] The first novel of a new young writer, especially when he is as
sincere as Mr. O'Brien and as deeply interested in the joy of Work, is a
matter of importance. The book has its obvious faults technically, even
psychologically, but it preaches socialism from an interesting
standpoint and makes good reading.

Challenge, by Louise Untermeyer. [The Century Co., New York.] Virile and
ambitious songs of the present. Caliban in the Coal Mines, Any City,
Strikers, In the Subway, The Heretic, show that the poet is not a
shrinker from modern life. The title poem sounds the keynote:

      The quiet and courageous night,
        The keen vibration of the stars
      Call me, from morbid peace, to fight
        The world's forlorn and desperate wars.

John Ward, M.D., by Charles Vale. [Mitchell Kennerley, New York.]
Seneschal sentimentality with a "modern" plot woven about the
questionable science of eugenics. One of those irritating books in which
one reads page after page after page in the vain endeavor to find out
why Mitchell Kennerly spent his money on it.

Forum Stories, selected by Charles Vale. [Mitchell Kennerley, New York.]
All these stories have appeared in The Forum since it came under Mr.
Kennerley's management, and they are all by American writers. They
represent the work not only of such well known writers as Reginald
Wright Kauffman, James Hopper, Margaret Widdemer, and John S. Reed--who
has a tense little narrative of the struggle toward land of two swimmers
wrecked in the Pacific Ocean--but the work of several lesser known but
promising authors. Among them is Miss Florence Kiper, of Chicago, who
writes under the title I Have Borne My Lord a Son a most penetrating
study of the psychology of motherhood.

Papa, by Zoë Akins. [Mitchell Kennerley, New York.] A little play which
shows so much determination to be clever and very, very naughty that
it's almost a pity it doesn't succeed.

Saint Louis: a Civic Masque, by Percy MacKaye. [Doubleday, Page and
Company, New York.] A valuable contribution to the dramatic "spirit" of
awakening civic intelligence.

Great Days, by Frank Harris. [Mitchell Kennerley, New York.] Audacious,
vivid, gripping sex experiences of the son of an immoral English
innkeeper. The big rough brother of Three Weeks.

Poems, by Walter Conrad Amberg. [Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.]
Poems written with a sure and gentle delicacy that seems forgotten by
this generation of rude iconoclasts.

The True Adventures of a Play, by Louis Evan Shipman. [Mitchell
Kennerley, New York.] The play is D'Arcy of the Guards and its author
tells in full the trials and tribulations--and the eventual
triumph--which met him from the moment when he offered to submit the
manuscript to E. H. Sothern, and that star told him to send it along.
Not only are the details of acceptances of plays, the incidental
negotiations and red tape described, but the making of costume plates,
the designing of the whole presentation, and the collaboration between
author, producer, and actors are told with such humor and documentary
fidelity to the actual transactions that the book will not only be
interesting to the general reader but indispensable to the tyro
playwright.

Nova Hibernia, by Michael Monahan. [Mitchell Kennerley, New York.]
Competent, incisive studies, sketches, and lectures dealing with "Irish
poets and dramatists of today and yesterday"--Yeats, Synge, Thomas
Moore, Mangan, Gerald Griffin, Callahan, Doctor Maginn, Father Prout,
Sheridan, and others.

The Pipes of Clovis, by Grace Duffie Boylan. [Little, Brown, and
Company, Boston.] A forester's son proficient on a magic pipe; a blue
and silver-gowned princess; the invasion of Swabia by the Huns away back
in the twelfth century, all woven into a romance for children and
grown-ups who still love the fairies.

The Post Office, by Rabindranath Tagore. [The Macmillan Company, New
York.] A touching little idyll of a sick child who longs for a letter
from the king through the post office which he can see across the road.
And his dream comes true. Written in rhythmic prose.

Sanctuary, by Percy MacKaye. [Frederick A. Stokes, New York.] A bird
masque performed in September, 1913, for the dedication of the bird
sanctuary of the Meriden Bird Club at Meriden, N. H. A defense of birds
and a defense of poetry. The theme is the conversion of a bird
slaughterer. The verse is full of "birdblithesomeness."

Old World Memories, by Edward Lowe Temple. [The Page Company, Boston.]
The story of a summer vacation in Europe as naïve, as full of human
interest, disjoined history, and worthy indefinite advice as the after
dinner "post card tour" of a just-returned Cook's traveler.




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                              WRITER FOLKS



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                            The Mosher Books


                          LATEST ANNOUNCEMENTS


                                   I

                 Billy: The True Story of a Canary Bird

                        By MAUD THORNHILL PORTER

                    950 copies, Fcap 8vo. $1.00 net

   This pathetic little story was first issued by Mr. Mosher in a
   privately printed edition of 500 copies and was practically sold
   out before January 1, 1913. The late Dr. Weir Mitchell in a
   letter to the owner of the copyright said among other things:
   "Certainly no more beautiful piece of English has been printed of
   late years." And again: "May I ask if this lady did not leave
   other literary products? The one you print is so unusual in style
   and quality and imagination that after I read it I felt convinced
   there must be other matter of like character."


                                   II

          Billy and Hans: My Squirrel Friends. A True History

                           By W. J. STILLMAN

                   950 copies, Fcap 8vo. 75 cents net

   Reprinted from the revised London edition of 1907 by kind
   permission of Mrs. W. J. Stillman.


                                  III

      Books and the Quiet Life: Being Some Pages from The Private
                        Papers of Henry Ryecroft

                           By GEORGE GISSING

                   950 copies, Fcap 8vo, 75 cents net

   To the lover of what may be called spiritual autobiography,
   perhaps no other book in recent English literature appeals with
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   the "Papers" relating to books and reading have been brought
   together and given an external setting appropriate to their
   exquisite literary flavor.

     Mr. Mosher also begs to state that the following new editions
                             are now ready:


                                   I

                       Under a Fool's Cap: Songs

                         By DANIEL HENRY HOLMES

            900 copies, Fcap 8vo, old-rose boards. $1.25 net

   For an Appreciation of this book read Mr. Larned's article in the
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                                   II

     Amphora: A Collection of Prose and Verse chosen by the Editor
                             of The Bibelot

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   The Forum for January, in an Appreciation by Mr. Richard Le
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            All books sent postpaid on receipt of price net.

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                               THE DRAMA


                         736 Marquette Building
                                CHICAGO

          A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WIDE AND
                     INTELLIGENT INTEREST IN DRAMA

   Each issue of The Drama contains a translation of a complete
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   represent especially the leading dramatists of the continent.
   Chosen as they are from various countries and from many schools,
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   modern dramatic art. Plays by Giacosa, Donnay, Gillette, Tagore
   and Andreyev have appeared recently. Forthcoming numbers will
   bring out the work of Goldoni and Curel.

   In addition to the play and a discussion of the work of its
   author, articles on all phases of drama keep the reader well
   informed. Modern stagecraft, new types of theater building,
   organizations for drama reform, "little theater" movements,
   pageantry, the history of the drama, and all pertinent subjects
   receive attention. Significant books on dramaturgy and other
   drama publications of especial value are regularly and sincerely
   reviewed. From time to time the developments of the year in
   foreign art centers are considered. In no way other than through
   The Drama can one so conveniently and attractively continue his
   drama education and recreation.

                    Single copies seventy-five cents
                   Yearly subscription, three dollars




                                  The
                                 Glebe
                                Monthly


                 A New Book of Permanent Literary Value

   The GLEBE publishes twelve or more complete books a year. It is
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   other extraneous matter.

   Prominent among numbers for the year 1914 are Des Imagistes, an
   anthology of the Imagists' movement in England, including Pound,
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                                 Poetry


                          A Magazine of Verse

                        Edited by Harriet Monroe


                               JUNE, 1914

     On Heaven                                   Ford Madox Hueffer
     Iron                                             Carl Sandburg
     The Falconer of God                         William Rose Benét
     Poems                                             Grace Hazard
                                                           Conkling
       To the Mexican Nightingale--Ave Venezia--"I will not give
          thee all my heart"--The Little Town.
     Poems                                           Wilfrid Wilson
                                                             Gibson
       The Tram--On Hampstead Heath--A Catch for Singing.
     Editorial Comment
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                          Transcriber's Notes


Advertisements were collected at the end of the text.

On page 16, there seems to be some text missing--perhaps a line--between
Of course, the Romanticists contributed their ... and ... did this, so
to speak, casually, while actually .... This has been left as in the
original since no other source for this text could be identified.

The original spelling was mostly preserved. A few obvious typographical
errors were silently corrected. All other changes are shown here
(before/after):

   [p. 17]:
   ... The cannon is contained in one word: L'excessivisme. ...
   ... The canon is contained in one word: L'excessivisme. ...

   [p. 53]:
   ... Forum Stories, selected by Charles Vail. ...
   ... Forum Stories, selected by Charles Vale. ...

   [p. 53]:
   ... writers as Reginal Wright Kauffman, James ...
   ... writers as Reginald Wright Kauffman, James ...