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  COLOR STANDARDS
  AND
  COLOR NOMENCLATURE

  RIDGWAY

  [Illustration: Color Wheel]

  FIFTY-THREE COLORED PLATES

  ELEVEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN NAMED COLORS




  COLOR STANDARDS
  AND
  COLOR NOMENCLATURE

  BY
  ROBERT RIDGWAY, M.S., C.M.Z.S., Etc.
  Curator of the Division of Birds, United States
  National Museum.

  With Fifty-three Colored Plates
  and
  Eleven Hundred and Fifteen Named Colors.

  WASHINGTON. D. C.
  1912.
  Published by the Author.




  Copyright, 1912
  by
  Robert Ridgway

  PRESS OF
  A. HOEN & COMPANY
  BALTIMORE, MD




  TO
  Señor Don JOSÉ C. ZELEDÓN
  OF
  SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA

True and steadfast friend for more than two-score years; host, guide,
and companion on excursions among the glorious forests, magnificent
mountains, and lovely plains of his native land; whose encouragement
made possible the completion of a seemingly hopeless task, this book
is affectionately and gratefully dedicated.




PREFACE


The motive of this work is THE STANDARDIZATION OF COLORS AND COLOR
NAMES.

The terminology of Science, the Arts, and various Industries has been
a most important factor in the development of their present high
efficiency. Measurements, weights, mathematical and chemical formulæ,
and terms which clearly designate practically every variation of form
and structure have long been standardized; but the nomenclature of
colors remains vague and, for practical purposes, meaningless, thereby
seriously impeding progress in almost every branch of industry and
research.

Many works on the subject of color have been published, but most of
them are purely technical, and pertain to the physics of color, the
painter's needs, or to some particular art or industry alone, or in
other ways are unsuited for the use of the zoologist, the botanist,
the pathologist, or the mineralogist; and the comparatively few
works on color intended specially for naturalists have all failed to
meet the requirements, either because of an insufficient number of
color samples, lack of names or other means of easy identification
or designation, or faulty selection and classification of the colors
chosen for illustration. More than twenty years ago the author of the
present work attempted to supply the deficiency by the publication
of a book[1] containing 186 samples of named colors, but the effort
was successful only to the extent that it was an improvement on its
predecessors; and, although still the standard of color nomenclature
among zoologists and many other naturalists, it nevertheless is
seriously defective in the altogether inadequate number of colors
represented, and in their unscientific arrangement. Fully realizing his
failure, the author, some two or three years later, began to devise
plans, gather materials, and acquire special knowledge of the subject,
in the hope that he might some day be able to prepare a new work which
would fully meet the needs of all who have use for it. Unfortunately,
his time has been so fully occupied with other matters that progress
has necessarily been slow; but after more than twenty years of sporadic
effort it has at last been completed.

Acknowledgments are due to so many friends for helpful suggestions
that it is hardly possible to name them all, or to specify the extent
or kind of help which each has rendered; but special mention should be
made of Mr. LEWIS E. JEWELL, of Johns Hopkins University; Dr. R. M.
STRONG, of the University of Chicago; Prof. W. J. SPILLMAN, of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture; Mr. WILLIAMS WELCH, of the U. S. Signal
Service; Mr. MILTON BRADLEY, of Springfield, Mass.; Dr. P. G. NUTTING,
of the U. S. Bureau of Standards; Mr. P. L. RICKER, of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture; and Mr. J. L. RIDGWAY,
of the U. S. Geological Survey. The late Professor S. P. LANGLEY, then
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, was good enough to take a
kindly interest in this undertaking and gave the author assistance
for which he is glad to make acknowledgment. More than to all others,
however, is the author deeply indebted to Mr. John E. THAYER, of
Lancaster, Mass., and Señor Don JOSÉ C. ZELEDÓN, of San José, Costa
Rica, for aid so indispensible that without it the work could not have
been completed.

To Dr. G. GRÜBLER & CO., of Leipzig, Germany, the author is under
obligations for the gift of a nearly complete set of their celebrated
coal-tar dyes, which have proven quite necessary to the work,
especially in the coloring of the Maxwell disks on which the color
scheme is based.

The reproduction of the plates has been a difficult matter, involving
not only expensive experimentation, but more than three years of
unremitting labor. Vastly different from the ordinary lines of
commercial color work, the correct copying of each one of the 1115
colors of the original plates developed many perplexing and often
discouraging problems, which were finally solved through Mr. A. B.
HOEN'S expert knowledge of chemistry and pigments; the skill, industry,
and patience of the firm's head colorist, Mr. FRANK PORTUGAL, and the
personal interest of both these gentlemen. It is, therefore, with the
greatest pleasure that the author's grateful acknowledgment is made to
the firm of A. HOEN & COMPANY for the satisfactory manner in which they
have fulfilled their contract.




CONTENTS


                                                                   PAGE
  PREFACE                                                             i

  PROLOGUE                                                            1
    Plan                                                              1
    Color Names                                                       9
    Color Terms                                                      15
    Table of percentages of Component Colors in Spectrum Hues        21
    Table of percentages of White and Black in Tone Scales           23
    Table of percentages of Neutral Gray in Broken Colors            25
    Table of percentages of Black and White in tones of Carbon Gray  25
    Dyes and Pigments used in Coloring of Maxwell Disks              26
    Alphabetical List of Colors represented on Plates                29
    Colors of old edition Not Represented on Plates                  41
    List of Useful Books on Color                                    42




PROLOGUE


As stated in the Preface, the purpose of this work is the
standardization of colors and color nomenclature, so that naturalists
or others who may have occasion to write or speak of colors may do so
with the certainty that there need be no question as to what particular
tint, shade, or degree of grayness, of any color or hue is meant.
Therefore, it is unnecessary to treat of the subject from any other
point of view; it will be sufficient to say that this work is based
on a thorough study of the subject from every standpoint, and that
practically all authoritative works on the subject of color have been
carefully consulted.[2]


PLAN. —The scientific arrangement of colors in this work is based
essentially on the suggestions of Professor J. H. Pillsbury for a
scheme of color standards,[3] which have also been the basis of several
other efforts toward the same end, as the plates in Milton Bradley's
"Elementary Color" and educational colored papers, Prang's charts of
standard colors, Klinkseick and Valette's "Code des Couleurs," etc.;
but while all these present a scientifically arranged color-scheme and
more or less adequate number of colors they all fail to supply a ready
or convenient means of identifying and designating the colors—the
principal utility of a work of this kind. It is in the latter respect
that the present work is believed to meet, more nearly than any other
at least, this essential requirement, and in this consists whatever
originality may be claimed for it.

The "key" to the classification or arrangement herewith presented is,
of course, the solar spectrum, with its six fundamental colors and
intermediate hues, augmented by the series of hues connecting violet
with red, which the spectrum fails to show. If, with the red-violets
and violet-reds thus added to the spectrum hues, the band forming
this scale be joined end to end a circle is formed in which there is
continuously a gradual change of hue, step by step, from red through
orange-red and red-orange to orange; orange through yellow-orange and
orange-yellow to yellow; yellow through green-yellow and yellow-green
to green; green through blue-green and green-blue to blue; blue through
violet-blue and blue-violet to violet; and violet through red-violet
and violet-red to red—the starting-point—with intermediate connecting
hues. In the solar spectrum, both prismatic and grating, but especially
the former, the spaces between the adjoining distinct colors are very
unequal; therefore for the present purpose an ideal scale must be
constructed, so that an approximately equal number of equally distinct
connecting hues shall be shown. Distinctions of hue appreciable to the
normal eye are so very numerous[4] that the criterion of convenience
or practicability must determine the number of segments into which the
ideal chromatic scale or circle may be divided in order to best serve
the purpose in view. Careful experiment seems to have demonstrated
that thirty-six is the practicable limit, and accordingly that number
has been adopted.[5] If the number of intermediate hues were equal
in all cases there would, in this scheme, be five between each two
adjacent fundamental colors of the spectrum; but a greater number of
recognizably distinct hues is obviously necessary in some cases than in
others; for example, spectrum orange is decidedly nearer in hue to red
than to yellow, and therefore the number of intermediates required on
each side of the orange is different, being in the proportion of four
for the red-orange series to five for the orange-yellow, and similarly
six are required for the violet-red series, while four suffice for the
blue-violet hues.

There is no known means by which we can measure the proportion of
two or more _pigments_ in any given mixture, "because color-effect
cannot be measured by the pint of mixed paint or the ounce of dry
pigment;"[6] but, fortunately, we have a very exact method, in the
color-wheel and Maxwell disks, by which the relative proportions of
two or more _colors_ in any mixture may be precisely measured. This
method has been used in the painting of every one of the 1115 colors
of the present work, by means of one disk to represent each one of the
thirty-six colors (both pure and "broken"), together with a black, a
white, and a neutral gray disk, the last being a match in color to
the gray resulting from the mixture of red, green and violet on the
color-wheel;[7] the neutral gray disk, however, being used only for
the making of disks for the broken series of colors (′, ′′, ′′′, ′′′′,
and ′′′′′) and for the scale of neutral grays (Plate LIII.) These
colored disks are slit on one side from center to circumference, and
therefore by interlocking two or more they may be adjusted so that
either occupies any desired percentage of the whole area, which may be
very precisely determined by a scale of 100 segments shown on the outer
edge of a larger disk on which the colored disks are superimposed. When
connected with the color-wheel and adjusted as may be desired, and then
rapidly revolved, the two or more distinct colors resolve themselves
into a single uniform composite color, whose elements are shown, in
their relative proportion, by the scale surrounding the disks.[8]

The scales (both horizontal and vertical) of the present work are
all prepared directly from definite color-wheel formulæ, based on
carefully calculated curves; the thirty-six pure spectrum hues,
represented by the middle horizontal line of color-squares on Plates
I-XII (together with an equal number of intermediates represented by
blank spaces), requiring a separate curve and consequently different
relative proportions of the two component colors for each series
of hues—that is, the series from red to orange, orange to yellow,
yellow to green, green to blue, blue to violet, and violet to red,
respectively; but the progressive increments of white in the scales
of tints, black in those of shades, and neutral gray in the several
series of broken colors are exactly the same in every case. The first
series of Plates (I-XII) shows the pure, full spectrum colors and
intermediate hues (middle horizontal line, nos. 1-72),[9] each with its
vertical scale of tints (upward, _a-g_) and shades (downward, _h-n_),
the increments of white for the tints being 9.5, 22.5, and 45 per
cent., respectively, those of black in the shades being 45, 70.5, and
87.5 per cent. The remaining Plates show these same thirty-six colors
or hues in exactly the same order and similarly modified (vertically)
by precisely the same progressive increments of white (upward) and
black (downward), but all the colors are dulled by admixture of neutral
gray; the first series (1′-72′, Plates XIII-XXVI) containing 32 per
cent. of neutral gray, the second (1′′-72′′, Plates XXVII-XXXVIII) 58
per cent., the third (1′′′-72′′′, Plates XXXIX-XLIV) 77 per cent.,
and the fourth (1′′′′-72′′′′, Plates XLV-L) 90 per cent. The last
three Plates (LI-LIII) show the six spectrum colors[10] (also purple,
the intermediate between violet and red) still further dulled by
admixture of 95.5 per cent. of neutral gray, these being in reality
colored grays; to which are added a scale of neutral gray and one of
carbon gray, the former being the gray resulting from mixture of the
three primary colors (red 32, green 42, violet 26 per cent., which in
relative darkness equals black 79.5, white 20.5 per cent.); the latter
being the gray produced by mixture of lamp black and Chinese white, and
the scale a reproduction of that in the author's first "Nomenclature of
Colors" (1886, Plate II, nos. 2-10). It should be emphasized that in
all cases except the scale of carbon grays, only the disks representing
the middle horizontal series of colors (both pure and broken) have been
used, in combination with a black and a white disk, respectively, to
make the colors of the vertical scales of tints and shades.

The coloring of a satisfactory set of disks to represent the thirty-six
pure spectrum colors and hues was a matter of extreme difficulty, many
hundreds having been painted and discarded before the desired result
was achieved. Several serious problems were involved, the matter of
change of hue through chemical reaction of the combined pigments or
dyes[11] (especially the latter) being almost as troublesome as that
of securing the proper degree of difference between each adjoining
pair of hues. The method by which satisfactory results were finally
secured was as follows: First, six disks were colored to represent
each of the fundamental spectrum colors, according to the author's
conception of them.[12] These six disks were then placed against a
suitable background (a neutral gray), in spectrum sequence, with wide
intervals for the accommodation of connecting series of disks, which
were then colored so as to represent an apparently even transition
from one to the other. When this very difficult task had been done as
well as the eye alone could judge, each intermediate was then measured
on the color-wheel and the relative proportions (in percentages) of
its two component colors recorded. After this had been done for all
the intermediate hues each series (the red-orange, orange-yellow,
yellow-green, green-blue, blue-violet, and violet-red) was taken
separately and a curve constructed on cross-section paper from the
recorded ratios. These curves were found to be in all cases more or
less irregular or unsymmetrical, but nevertheless were sufficiently
near correct to serve as a basis for a symmetrical curve; and after the
points out of proper line were suitably relocated the two component
colors were correspondingly readjusted on the color-wheel and each
faulty disk corrected (or a new one painted) until it exactly matched
the required combination. The scales representing the tints and shades
of each color, and also the gray or broken colors were similarly
determined by corrected curves.[13]

By the method adopted of running each of the thirty-six spectrum hues
through a scale of tints and shades, and repeating the combination
through several series modified by increasing increments of neutral
gray, practically the entire possible range of color variation is
covered,[14] rendering it an easy matter to locate in the plates,
either among the colors actually shown or in an intermediate space,
any color which it is desired to match; and where short distinctive
names have not been found (their place being, tentatively, supplied by
compound names), as, necessarily, must often be the case, any color
or intermediate between any two colors, either as to hue, tint, or
shade, may be readily designated by the very simple system of symbols
(numerals and letters) employed.[15]

In order to designate any color for which a satisfactory name cannot
be found, or one not represented on the plates, it is only necessary
to proceed as follows: Suppose the color in question is nearest 1 on
Plate I; say, for example, is intermediate in hue between 1 (spectrum
red) and 3 (scarlet-red), or in other words if represented in color its
position would be in the uncolored space designated as no. 2; and in
tone between the full color (middle horizontal line) and tint _b_. Its
designation, therefore, is _2a_. Exactly the same method applies to any
of the other blank spaces, as well as to the colors themselves, except
that in case of the broken colors the "primes" (′, ′′, ′′′, ′′′′, or
′′′′′) are to be affixed to the hue number. First locate the _hue_,
designated by number, then the _tone_, designated by lower case letter,
the full, pure colors of the middle horizontal row being designated by
number alone.

Color Names.—While it is true that the naming of colors as usually
employed has so little to do with the purely technical aspects of
chromatology or color-physics that, as Von Bezold remarks[16] "we are
in reality dealing with the peculiarities of language," it is equally
true that a collection of color standards designed expressly for the
purpose of identifying and designating particular colors can best
attain this object by the use of a carefully selected nomenclature.
In other words, the prime necessity is to standardize both colors and
color names, by elimination of the element of "personal equation"
in the matter. In no other way can agreement be reached as to the
distinction between "violet" and "purple," two color names quite
generally used interchangeably or synonymously but in reality belonging
to quite distinct hues, or that any other color name can be definitely
fixed. Various methods of handling the matter of color in zoological
and botanical descriptions, etc., by the avoidance of color names and
substitution therefor of symbols, numerals, or mechanical contrivances
(as color-wheel and spectrum analyses, color-spheres, etc.) have been
devised but all have been found impracticable or unsatisfactory.
The author has taken the trouble to get an expression of opinion in
this matter from many naturalists and others, and the preference for
color-names very greatly predominates; consequently, whenever it has
been possible to find a name which seems suitable for any color in
this work it has been done, leaving as few as possible unnamed, and
for these some other means must be devised for their designation. (See
page 8). The selection of appropriate names for the colors depicted on
the Plates has been in some cases a matter of considerable difficulty.
With regard to certain ones it may appear that the names adopted are
not entirely satisfactory; but, to forestall such criticism, it may be
explained that the purpose of these Plates is not to show the color
of the particular objects or substances which the names suggest, but
to provide appropriate, or at least approximately appropriate, names
for the colors which it has seemed desirable to represent. In other
words, certain colors are selected for illustration, for which names
must be provided; and when names that are exclusively pertinent or
otherwise entirely satisfactory are not at hand, they must be looked
up or invented. It should also be borne in mind that almost any object
or substance varies more or less in color; and that therefore if
the "orange," "lemon," "chestnut" or "lilac" of the Plates does not
exactly match in color the particular orange, lemon, chestnut or lilac
which one may compare it with, it may (in fact does) correspond with
other specimens. Without standardization, even if arbitrary, color
nomenclature must, necessarily, remain in its present condition of
absolute chaos. Even the standard pigments are not constant in color,
practically every one of them being subject to more or less variation
in hue or tone, different samples from the same manufacturer sometimes
varying to the extent of several tones or hues of the present work;
indeed, in every case where two or more samples of the same color
have been compared it has been found that no two are exactly alike,
the difference often being very great. For example: Of five samples
of "vandyke brown" only two are approximately similar, each of the
other three being widely different, not only from one another but from
the other two, one being a blackish brown, another reddish brown, the
third a yellowish orange-brown. Of eleven samples of "olive" no two
are closely similar, the color ranging from a shade of dull (grayish)
blue-green to orange-brown, dark brownish gray, and light yellowish
olive; and the same or nearly the same degree of variation is seen
in absolutely every color examined, showing very clearly the utter
worthlessness of color names unless fixed or standardized.

In order to obtain as many color names as possible for standardization
it has been necessary to draw from all available sources. Several
thousand samples of named colors have therefore been collected, and
for convenience of reference and comparison gummed to card catalogue
cards, with the name, source, and other data thereon. These include
the colors from many standard works, among them Werner's "Nomenclature
of Colours" (Syme's edition, 1821), Hay's "Nomenclature of Colours"
(1846), Ridgway's "Nomenclature of Colors" (1886), Saccardo's
"Chromataxia" (1891), Mathews' "Chart of Correct Colors of Flowers"
(American Florist, 1891), Willson and Calkins' "Familiar Colors,"
Oberthur and Dauthenay's "Repertoire des Couleurs" (1905), Leidel's
"Hints on Tints" (1893), "Lefévré's Matieres Colorantes Artificiales"
(1896), the Standard Dictionary chart of "typical colors," the
educational colored papers of Milton Bradley and Prang, and many
others; and besides these practically all of the artists' oil, water,
and dry colors, manufactured by Winsor and Newton, F. Schoenfeld and
Co., Charles Roberson and Co., George Rowney and Co., Madderton and
Co., R. Ackermann and Co., Bourgeois, Binant, Chenal, Le Franc, Devoe,
Raynolds, Osborne, Bradley, Hatfield and others; also the coal-tar or
aniline dyes of Dr. G. Grübler & Co., Continental Color and Chemical
Co., and Henry Heil Chemical Co., and the well known Diamond Dyes;
chromo-lithographic inks, embroidery silks, etc., etc.

The material from which to select suitable color names was greatly
augmented, almost at the last moment, from two sources, as follows: (1)
A very large collection of color-samples (unfortunately mostly unnamed)
collected and mounted on cards by Mr. Frederick A. Wampole, a talented
young artist, to whom was delegated, by a Committee of the American
Mycological Society, the task of preparing a nomenclature of colors
based upon spectroscopic determinations, but which, unfortunately,
the untimely death of Mr. Wampole prevented from progressing beyond
the accumulation of this collection. For the use of this material I
am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Frederick V. Coville, Botanist of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Mr. P. L. Ricker, Assistant
Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, in the same Department. (2) A
splendid collection of colored Japanese silks, taffetas, velvets, and
other dress goods, kindly sent me by Mr. C. H. Hospital, of the silk
department of the firm of Woodward and Lothrop, Washington, D. C. The
very large number of colors represented in this collection are all
named and have afforded a considerable number of the names adopted in
the present work.

For obvious reasons it has, of course, been necessary to ignore many
trade names, through which the popular nomenclature of colors has
become involved in really chaotic confusion rendered more confounded
by the continual coinage of new names, many of them synonymous and
most of them vague and variable in their application. Most of them
are invented, apparently without care or judgment, by the dyer or
manufacturer of fabrics, and are as capricious in their meaning as in
their origin; for example: Such fanciful names as "zulu," "serpent
green," "baby blue," "new old rose," "London smoke," etc., and such
nonsensical names as "ashes of roses" and "elephant's breath." An
inspection of the sample books of manufacturers of fancy goods (such
as embroidery silks and crewels, ribbons, velvets, and other dress-
and upholstery-goods) is sufficient not only to illustrate the
above observations, but to show also the absolute want of system or
classification and the general unavailability of these trade names for
adoption in a practical color nomenclature. This is very unfortunate,
since many of these trade names have the merit of brevity and euphony
and lack only the quality of stability.

It has been difficult for the author to decide whether the standards
of his original "Nomenclature of Colors" (1886) should be retained
in the present work. Some of them are admittedly wrong (indeed,
certain ones are not as they were intended to be); besides, owing to
the method of reproducing the originals (hand stenciling) there is
considerable variation in different copies of the book, one or more
reprints, necessitating new mixtures of pigments, adding to this lack
of uniformity.[17] Many persons, however, have urged the retention of
the old standards, on the ground that they have been used by so many
zoologists and botanists in their writings during the last twenty-five
years that they have become established through common usage. This
very important consideration has induced the author to retain such of
the old standards as can be matched in the present work, even though
some of them do not agree strictly with either his own or the usual
conception of the colors in question. An asterisk (*) preceding a color
name indicates that the name in question is adopted from the older
work, the variation between different copies of the work requiring
the selection, in the new one, of a color representing as nearly as
possible an average of the former.

In any systematically arranged scheme, unless the number of colors
shown is practically unlimited, it will, necessarily, be impossible
to find represented thereon a certain proportion of colors comprised
among even a very limited number selected at random, or only roughly
classified. Hence many (thirty-six, or more than five per cent.) of the
colors shown in the old "Nomenclature of Colors" fall into the blank
intervals of the present work, being intermediate either in hue or
tone, or chroma, sometimes all. It is necessary of course to provide
some means for the correlation of these with the present scheme, which
is done by the list on page 41, where the position of each is shown.

The question of giving representations of metallic colors in this
work was at one time considered; but the idea was abandoned for the
reason that these are in reality only ordinary colors reflected from
a metallic or burnished surface, or appearing as if so reflected; the
actual hue is precisely the same, though often changeable according to
angle of impact of the light rays, and relative position of the eye,
this changeableness being sometimes due to interference.[18] Colors
again vary, without actual difference of hue, in regard to quality of
texture or surface; that is to say, the color may be quite lustreless,
appearing on a dull, sometimes velvety surface, while again it may be
more or less glossy, even to the degree of appearing as if varnished.
To deal with these variations, however, requires simply the use of
suitable adjectives. For example: To indicate a color which has no
lustre or brightness, the adjective matt (or mat) may be used, in
preference to _dull_, which implies reduction in purity or chroma;
other adjectives, appropriate in special cases, being velvety, glossy,
burnished metallic, matt-metallic, etc.

Color Terms.—No other person has presented so forcibly the urgent need
for reform in popular nomenclature nor stated so clearly and concisely
its shortcomings and the simple remedy, as Mr. Milton Bradley, from
one of whose educational pamphlets on the subject[19] the following is
quoted: "The list of words now employed to express qualities or degrees
of color is very small, in fact a half dozen comprise the more common
terms, and these are pressed into service on all occasions, and in such
varied relations that they not only fail to express anything definite
but constantly contradict themselves.... Tint, Hue and Shade are
employed so loosely by the public generally, even by those people who
claim to use English correctly, that neither word has a very definite
meaning, although each is capable of being as accurately used as any
other word in our every day vocabulary"....

Certainly one would expect that men of learning, at least, would employ
the broader color terms correctly; but some of the highest authorities
on color-physics habitually use them interchangeably, as if they were
quite synonymous; and even the dictionaries, with few exceptions, give
incorrect or "hazy" definitions of these terms. It is not strictly
correct to say a "dark tint" or "light shade" of any color, because a
_tint_ implies a color _paler_ than the full color, while a shade means
exactly the opposite; and to say an "orange shade (or tint) of red,"
a "greenish shade (or tint) of blue," a "bluish shade (or tint) of
violet," etc., is an absurdity, for the term _hue_, which specifically
and alone refers to relative position in the spectrum scale, without
reference to lightness or darkness, is the only one which can correctly
be used in such cases.

Indeed the standardization of color terms is almost if not quite
as important, in the interest of educational progress, as that of
the colors themselves and their names; therefore, to make easy a
clear understanding of the specific meaning of each, the following
definitions are given:—

_Color._—The term of widest application, being the only one which can
be used to cover the entire range of chromatic manifestation; that is
to say, the spectrum colors (together with those between violet and
red, not shown in the spectrum) with all their innumerable variations
of luminosity, mixture, etc. In a more restricted sense, applied to the
six distinct spectrum colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and
violet), which are sometimes distinguished as _fundamental colors_ or
_spectrum colors_.

_Hue._—While often used interchangeably or synonymously with color,
the term _hue_ is more properly restricted by special application
to those lying between any contiguous pair of spectrum colors (also
between violet and purple and between purple and red); as an orange
_hue_ (not shade or tint, as so often incorrectly said) of red; a
yellow _hue_ of orange; a greenish _hue_ of yellow; a bluish _hue_ of
green; a violet _hue_ of blue, etc.

_Tint._—Any color (pure or broken) weakened by high illumination or
(in the case of pigments) by admixture of white, or (in the case of
dyes or washes) by excess of aqueous or other liquid medium; as, a
deep, medium, light, pale or delicate (pallid) _tint_ of red. The term
cannot correctly be used in any other sense.

_Shade._—Any color (pure or broken) darkened by shadow or (in the case
of pigments) by admixture of black; exactly the opposite of _tint_; as
a medium, dark, or very dark (dusky) _shade_ of red.

_Tone._—"Each step in a color scale is a tone of that color."[20]
The term tone cannot, however, be properly applied to a step in the
spectrum scale, in which each contiguous pair of the six distinct
spectrum or "fundamental" _colors_ are connected by _hues_. Hence
_tone_[21] is exclusively applicable to the steps in a scale of
a single color or hue, comprising the full color (in the center)
and graduated tints and shades leading off therefrom in opposite
directions; or of neutral gray similarly graduated in tone from the
darkest shade to the palest tint. Each one of the colored blocks in the
vertical scales of the plates in this work represents a separate tone
of that color.

_Scale._—A linear series of colors showing a gradual transition from
one to another, or a similar series of tones of one color. The first
is a _chromatic scale_[22] (or scale of colors and hues) and in the
plates of this work is represented by each horizontal series; the
second is a _tone scale_, on the plates running vertically, growing
from the full color, in the center, to a pale tint (at the top) and
a dark shade (at the bottom). For clearer comprehension of these
two distinct scales, each plate of this work may be compared to a
sheet of woven fabric; the chromatic scale (horizontal) representing
the warp, the luminosity or tone scale (vertical) the woof. A third
kind of color scale is represented by adding progressive increments
of neutral gray to any color. This is shown by the several series
of Plates, of which the first (Plates I-XII, with colors numbered
1-71) represents each step in the spectrum scale unmixed with gray,
followed by five other series in which the same colors[23] are shown
dulled by gradually increasing increments of neutral gray, the first
(Plates XIII-XXVI, colors 1′-71′) containing 32 per cent., the second
(Plates XXVII-XXXVIII, colors 1′′-71′′) 58 per cent., the third (Plates
XXXIX-XLIV, colors 1′′′-69′′′) 77 per cent., the fourth (Plates XLV-L,
colors 1′′′′-69′′′′) 90 per cent., and the fifth (Plates LI-LIII,
colors 1′′′′′, 15′′′′′, 23′′′′′, 35′′′′′, 49′′′′′, 59′′′′′ and 67′′′′′)
95.5 per cent. of gray, the last being in reality colored grays.
Finally scales are shown (on Plate LIII) of neutral gray (in which
all trace of color is wanting), and of carbon gray, a simple mixture
of lamp-black and chinese white. It is not easy to find a suitable
name for these scales of reduced or "broken" colors, but they may, for
present convenience, be termed _reduced_ or _broken scales_.

_Full Color._—A color corresponding in intensity with its
manifestation in the solar spectrum.

_Pure Color._—A color corresponding in purity with (or, in the case of
material colors, closely approximating to) one of the spectrum colors.

_Broken Color._—Any one of the spectrum colors or hues dulled or
reduced in purity by admixture (in any proportion) of neutral gray, or
varying relative proportions of both black and white; also produced
by admixture of certain spectrum colors, as red with green, orange
with blue, yellow with violet, etc. These broken colors are far more
numerous in Nature than the pure spectrum colors, and include the
almost infinite variations of brown, russet, citrine, olive, drab, etc.
They are often called dull or neutral colors.

_Fundamental Colors._—The six psychologically distinct colors of the
solar spectrum; Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Violet.

_Primary Colors._—Theoretically, any of the spectrum colors which
cannot be made by mixture of two other colors. According to the
generally accepted Young-Helmholtz theory, the primary colors are
red, green, and violet: orange and yellow resulting from a mixture of
red and green, and blue from a mixture of green and violet. There is
considerable difference of opinion, however, as to this question, and
further investigation of the subject seems to be required; at any rate,
authorities fail to explain why red may be exactly reproduced (except
as to the degree of luminosity) by a mixture of orange and violet,
exactly as yellow results from mixture of red and green or blue from
green or violet, green being, in fact, the only spectrum color that
cannot be made by mixture of other colors.[24]

_Chroma._—Degree of freedom from white light; purity, intensity or
fullness of color.

_Luminosity._—Degree of brightness or clearness. The relative
luminosity of the spectrum colors is as follows: [Yellow (brightest)?],
orange yellow; orange; greenish-yellow, yellow-green, and green;
orange-red; red and blue (equal); violet-blue, blue-violet, violet.[25]

_Warm Colors._—The colors nearer the red end of the spectrum or those
of longer wave-lengths (red, orange, and yellow, and connecting hues)
"and combinations in which they predominate."[26]

_Cool, or Cold, Colors._—The colors nearer the violet end of
the spectrum or those of shorter wave-length, especially blue and
green-blue. "But it is, perhaps, questionable whether green and violet
may be termed either warm or cool."

_Complementary Color._—"As white light is the sum of all color, if
we take from white light a given color the remaining color is the
complement of the given color." When any two colors or hues which when
combined in proper proportion on the color-wheel produce, by rotation,
neutral gray, these two colors each represent the complementary of the
other.

_Constants of Color._—The constants of color are numbers which measure
(1) the wave-length, (2) the chroma, and (3) the luminosity.

In addition to the terms defined above there are many others, for which
the reader is referred to the chapter on "Color Definitions" on pages
23-30 of Milton Bradley's excellent and most useful book "Elementary
Color."




TABLE OF PERCENTAGES OF COMPONENT COLORS IN THE CONNECTING HUES OF THE
CHROMATIC SCALE.


The following table shows the relative percentages, in color-wheel
measurement, of the two components in each of the hues connecting
adjacent pairs of the six spectrum colors as represented on the
original Plates of this work; together with an equal number of exact
intermediates (not shown on the Plates), the latter in lower-case type
and not indicated by symbols.

  Number. Color. Red. Orange. Yellow. Green. Blue. Violet. Wavelength.[27]
       1  Red    100                                          644
       2          90    10
       3  O-R     80    20
       4          70    30
       5  OO-R    60    40
       6          50    50
       7  R-O     40    60
       8          30    70
       9  OR-O    20    80
      10          10    90
      11  Orange       100                                    598
      12                96       4
      13  OY-O          91       9
      14                86      14
      15  Y-O           80      20
      16                73.5    26.5
      17  O-Y           65      35
      18                56.5    43.5
      19  YO-Y          47      53
      20                36.5    63.5
      21  O-YY          25      75
      22                13.5    86.5
      23  Yellow               100                            577
      24                        87     13
      25  YG-Y                  75     25
      26                        64     36
      27  G-Y                   55     45
      28                        46     54
      29  GG-Y                  39     61
      30                        31     69
      31  Y-G                   24     76
      32                        17     83
      33  GY-G                  11     89
      34                         6     94
      35  Green                       100                     520
      36                               96.5    3.5
      37  GB-G                         93      7
      38                               90     10
      39  B-G                          85     15
      40                               81     19
      41  BB-G                         75     25
      42                               69     31
      43  G-B                          61     39
      44                               54     46
      45  BG-B                         45     55
      46                               36     64
      47  G-BB                         25     75
      48                               13     87
      49  Blue                                100             473
      50                                      84     16
      51  BV-B                                72     28
      52                                      64     36
      53  V-B                                 54     46
      54                                      47     53
      55  B-V                                 40     60
      56                                      32     68
      57  VB-V                                22     78
      58                                      12     88
      59  Violet                                    100       410
      60           3                                 97
      61  VR-V     7                                 93
      62          11                                 89
      63  R-V     18                                 82
      64          24                                 76
      65  RR-V    33                                 67
      66          41                                 59
      67  V-R     52                                 48
      68          64                                 36
      69  RV-R    74                                 26
      70          83                                 17
      71  V-RR    90                                 10
      72          95.5                                4.5




TABLE SHOWING PERCENTAGE OF WHITE AND BLACK, RESPECTIVELY, IN EACH TONE
OF THE TONE OR LUMINOSITY SCALES.


All of the vertical scales in the original Plates of this work (the
scale of carbon grays alone excepted) contain the following percentages
by color-wheel measurement:

     TONE.               PERCENTAGES.
                   White.   Color.   Black.
    (White)        100
      (g)           70       30
       f            45       55
      (e)           32       68
       d            22.5     77.5
      (c)           15       85
       b             9.5     90.5
      (a)            5       95
  (Full Color)              100
      (h)                    64       26
       i                     55       45
      (j)                    41       59
       k                     29.5     70.5
      (l)                    20       80
       m                     12.5     87.5
      (n)                     6       94
    (Black)                          100

One of the most serious difficulties encountered in the preparation
of the Plates of this work was the apparent impracticability of
reproducing satisfactory shades of pure colors. This originated in the
fact that there seems to be no substance (pigment, dye, or fabric)
which represents a true black, all reflecting more or less of white
light, and consequently producing shades which are dull or broken.
The difficulty is increased by the additional fact that any black
pigment mixed with almost any color falls short of even the color-wheel
mixture in purity of hue in the resulting shades, owing to the very
considerable amount of gray in all black pigments. Chromolithography
can be made to produce clearer and better shades of the pure colors,
but is distinctly objectionable for the purpose of a work of this
kind owing to eventual oxidation of the oil or varnish with which the
pigments are combined in lithographic inks, causing a change of hue;
reds becoming more orange, blues more greenish, etc., in course of time.

While the absence (in large part) of pure chromatic shades is much
to be regretted, the defect is not so serious, _from the standpoint
of utility_, as might appear at first sight; for while saturated or
darkened pure colors are not uncommon in the animal, vegetable, and
mineral kingdoms, more or less broken dark colors are infinitely more
so; and since the latter are greatly increased in number by the defect
mentioned the actual result is rather an advantage than otherwise.

It will doubtless be noticed that there is a conspicuous difference
in relative darkness between shades of yellow and contiguous hues on
the one hand and corresponding ones of violet and adjacent hues on the
other, as if the percentage of black in each were very different. This,
however, is entirely the result of difference of luminosity of the
two sets of colors, that of yellow being between 7000 and 8000 while
that of violet is only about 13;[28] for the percentage of black in
corresponding tones of the vertical scales is precisely the same for
each color throughout the chromatic scale of this work.




TABLE SHOWING PERCENTAGES OF NEUTRAL GRAY IN THE BROKEN COLOR SCALES.


Every Plate in each series of broken colors (′ to ′′′′′) contains
exactly the same percentage of neutral gray in each color, the relative
amount increasing progressively in the several series, as shown in the
following table. The percentages of white in the tints and of black in
the shades of the tone scales are in all cases exactly the same as in
the tone scales of pure colors.

     SERIES.           PERCENTAGES.
                  Color.   Neutral Gray.
  Pure Colors      100
      (′)           68          32
      (′′)          42          58
     (′′′)          23          77
     (′′′′)         10          90
    (′′′′′)         4.5         95.5
  Neutral Gray                 100




TABLE OF PERCENTAGE OF BLACK AND WHITE IN THE DIFFERENT TONES OF CARBON
GRAY.


  TONE NUMBER.    PERCENTAGES.
                Black.     White.
       1        100
       2         98          2
       3         94.5        5.5
       4         89.5       10.5
       5         83         17
       6         75         25
       7         67.5       32.5
       8         58.5       41.5
       9         47         53
      10         30         70

_Note._—The percentages given in the preceding tables may not in
all cases be precisely those actually contained in the colors on the
Plates, since absolute precision in reproduction is hardly possible.
All that can be claimed is a reasonably close approximation to the
ideal.




DYES AND PIGMENTS USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE MAXWELL DISKS,
REPRESENTING THE THIRTY-SIX COLORS OF THE PURE SPECTRUM SCALE, FORMING
THE BASIS OF THE COLOR-SCHEME OF THIS WORK.[29]


=Red.=—Devoe's _geranium lake_ (dry), its orange hue neutralized by a
wash of _rhodamin b._ (_Crocein scarlet b._ washed with _rhodamin b._
produces practically the same fine red.)

=Hues between red and orange.=—_Crocein scarlet b._ with _gold orange_.

=Orange.=—_Gold orange_ with _orange g._

=Hues between orange and yellow.=—_Orange g._ with _auramin_.

=Yellow.=—_Auramin_, rather dilute. (The best substitute among pigments
is a fine quality of _zinc yellow_, as Hatfield's.)

=Hues between yellow and green.=—_Auramin_ washed with _light green_.

=Green.=—_Auramin_ (very dilute) washed with _light green_. (The
auramin should be applied first, because it "sets" or becomes fast
quickly, while the light green does not, but is largely removed by
overwashes of the yellow, thus rendering it very difficult to get the
desired hue.)

=Hues between green and blue.=—_Methyl green_; the same washed with
_light blue_ (Diamond Dye); for the hues nearer blue, _light blue_
washed with Winsor and Newton's _permanent blue_ or _new blue_ (the
least violet-hued of the artificial ultramarines).

=Blue.=—_Light blue_ washed with _permanent blue_ or _new blue_.
(Although the color is nearer that of the artificial ultramarines
named, it is useless to apply the latter first, for overwashes of the
light blue merely sink through and darken the color without improving
the hue. A moderately saturated solution of the light blue should be
applied first, and when this is dry covered with one or more rather
thin washes of the permanent blue or new blue).

=Hues between blue and violet.=—Winsor and Newton's _permanent blue_
and some of the more violet-hued artificial ultramarines, the hues
nearer violet washed with _crystal violet_ or _gentian violet_.

=Violet.=—_Crystal violet._

=Hues between violet and red.=—_Methyl violet 1b._ washed with
_rhodamin b._; for hues nearer red, _rhodamin b._ with Devoe's
_geranium red_ (dry) or _crocein scarlet b._

While more or less similar in hue to rhodamin b., several other aniline
dyes, as _acid fuchsin_, _rubin s._, _rosein_, _magenta_, etc., do not
combine satisfactorily with the violets, the mixture soon becoming dark
or dull and none of them are quite as pure a purple or red-violet.

It is most important to remember that disks thus colored must be
carefully protected from light when not in actual use and _never_
exposed to direct sunlight. The artificial ultramarines are, of course,
permanent, and so, practically, are crocein scarlet, gold orange,
orange g., and auramin—that is to say, are not materially affected
by the action of light except after very prolonged exposure, though
the last named undergoes a change of hue; but the green and violet
aniline dyes are all very evanescent, rapidly fading and eventually
disappearing; light blue and rhodamin, while sensitive to light, are
far less so than the greens and violets.




ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COLORS REPRESENTED ON PLATES OF THIS WORK


   COLOR NAME.                  Plate.  Color or hue Number.  Tone.
  Absinthe Green                  XXXI         29′′             —
  Acajou Red                      XIII          1′             _i_
  Acetin Blue                     XXXV         49′′            _k_
  Ackermann's Green              XVIII         35′             _k_
  Aconite Violet                XXXVII         63′′             —
  Ageratum Violet               XXXVII         63′′            _b_
  Alice Blue                     XXXIV         45′′            _b_
  Alizarine Blue                   XXI         51′             _m_
  Alizarine Pink                  XIII          1′             _d_
  Amaranth Pink                    XII         69              _d_
  Amaranth Purple                  XII         69              _i_
  Amber Brown                      III         13              _k_
  Amber Yellow                     XVI         21′             _b_
  American Green                   XLI         33′′′           _i_
  Amethyst Violet                   XI         61               —
  Amparo Blue                       IX         51              _b_
  Amparo Purple                     XI         63              _b_
  Andover Green                  XLVII         25′′′′          _i_
  Aniline Black                      L         69′′′′          _m_
  Aniline Lilac                   XXXV         53′′            _d_
  Aniline Yellow                    IV         19              _i_
  Anthracene Green                 VII         39              _m_
  Anthracene Purple               XLIV         69′′′           _k_
  Anthracene Violet                XXV         61′             _k_
  Antimony Yellow                   XV         17′             _b_
  Antique Brown                    III         17              _k_
  Antique Green                     VI         35              _m_
 *Antwerp Blue                    VIII         45              _k_
 *Apple Green                     XVII         29′              —
  Apricot Buff                     XIV         11′             _b_
  Apricot Orange                   XIV         11′              —
  Apricot Yellow                    IV         19              _b_
  Argus Brown                      III         13              _m_
  Argyle Purple                 XXXVII         65′′            _b_
  Army Brown                        XL         13′′′           _i_
  Artemisia Green                XLVII         33′′′′           —
  Asphodel Green                   XLI         29′′′            —
 *Aster Purple                     XII         67              _i_
  Auburn                            II         11              _m_
 *Auricula Purple                 XXVI         69′             _k_
  Avellaneous                       XL         17′′′           _b_
  Azurite Blue                      IX         53              _m_
  Barium Yellow                    XVI         23′             _d_
  Baryta Yellow                     IV         21              _f_
 *Bay                               II          7              _m_
  Begonia Rose                       I          1              _b_
  Benzo Brown                     XLVI         13′′′′          _i_
  Benzol Green                     VII         41               —
 *Berlin Blue                     VIII         47              _m_
  Beryl Blue                      VIII         43              _f_
 *Beryl Green                      XIX         41′             _b_
 *Bice Green                      XVII         29′             _k_
  Biscay Green                    XVII         27′             _i_
  Bishop's Purple               XXXVII         65′′             —
 *Bister                          XXIX         15′′            _m_
  Bittersweet Orange                II          9              _b_
  Bittersweet Pink                  II          9              _d_
 *Black                           LIII         73              (1)
  Blackish Brown (1)               XLV          1′′′′          _m_
  Blackish Brown (2)               XLV          5′′′′          _m_
  Blackish Brown (3)               XLV          9′′′′          _m_
  Blackish Green-Blue             VIII         43              _m_
  Blackish Green-Gray              LII         35′′′′′         _m_
  Blackish Mouse Gray               LI         15′′′′′         _m_
  Blackish Plumbeous               LII         49′′′′′         _k_
  Blackish Purple                   XI         65              _m_
  Blackish Red-Purple              XII         67              _m_
 *Blackish Slate                  LIII         75              (3)
  Blackish Violet                    X         59              _m_
  Blackish Violet-Gray             LII         59′′′′′         _m_
  Blanc's Blue                      XX         47′             _k_
  Blanc's Violet                 XXIII         59′             _k_
  Blue-Violet                        X         55               —
  Blue-Violet Black               XLIX         57′′′′          _m_
  Bluish Black                    XLIX         49′′′′          _m_
  Bluish Glaucous                 XLII         37′′′           _f_
  Bluish Gray-Green               XLII         41′′′            —
  Bluish Lavender                XXXVI         57′′            _d_
  Bluish Slate-Black            XLVIII         45′′′′          _m_
  Bluish Violet                      X         57               —
  Bone Brown                        XL         13′′′           _m_
  Bordeaux                         XII         71              _k_
 *Bottle Green                     XIX         37′             _m_
  Bradley's Blue                    IX         51               —
  Bradley's Violet               XXIII         59′              —
  Brazil Red                         I          5              _i_
  Bremen Blue                       XX         43′             _b_
 *Brick Red                       XIII          5′             _k_
  Bright Chalcedony Yellow        XVII         25′              —
  Bright Green-Yellow                V         27               —
  Brownish Drab                    XLV          9′′′′           —
  Brownish Olive                   XXX         19′′            _m_
  Brownish Vinaceous             XXXIX          5′′′           _b_
  Brussels Brown                   III         15              _m_
  Buckthorn Brown                   XV         17′             _i_
 *Buff-Pink                     XXVIII         11′′            _d_
 *Buff-Yellow                       IV         19              _d_
  Buffy Brown                       XL         17′′′           _i_
  Buffy Citrine                    XVI         19′             _k_
  Buffy Olive                      XXX         21′′            _k_
  Burn Blue                      XXXIV         47′′            _f_
  Burnt Lake                       XII         71              _m_
 *Burnt Sienna                      II          9              _k_
 *Burnt Umber                   XXVIII          9′′            _m_
  Cacao Brown                   XXVIII          9′′            _i_
  Cadet Blue                       XXI         49′             _i_
  Cadet Gray                      XLII         45′′′           _b_
 *Cadmium Orange                   III         13               —
 *Cadmium Yellow                   III         17               —
  Calamine Blue                   VIII         43              _d_
  Calla Green                        V         25              _m_
  Calliste Green                    VI         31              _i_
  Cameo Brown                   XXVIII          7′′            _k_
  Cameo Pink                      XXVI         71′             _f_
 *Campanula Blue                 XXIV          55*             _b_
  Capri Blue                        XX         43′             _i_
  Capucine Buff                    III         13              _f_
  Capucine Orange                  III         13              _d_
  Capucine Yellow                  III         15              _b_
 *Carmine                            I          1              _i_
  Carnelian Red                    XIV          7′              —
  Carob Brown                      XIV          9′             _m_
  Carrot Red                       XIV          7′             _b_
  Cartridge Buff                   XXX         19′′            _f_
  Castor Gray                      LII         35′′′′′         _i_
  Cedar Green                       VI         31              _m_
  Celandine Green                XLVII         33′′′′          _b_
  Cendre Blue                     VIII         43              _b_
  Cendre Green                      VI         35              _b_
  Cerro Green                        V         27              _m_
 *Cerulean Blue                   VIII         45               —
  Chaetura Black                  XLVI         17′′′′          _m_
  Chaetura Drab                   XLVI         17′′′′          _k_
  Chalcedony Yellow               XVII         25′             _b_
  Chamois                          XXX         19′′            _b_
  Chapman's Blue                  XXII         49*             _i_
  Chartreuse Yellow               XXXI         25′′            _d_
  Chatenay Pink                   XIII          3′             _f_
  Chessylite Blue                   XX         45′             _k_
 *Chestnut                          II          9              _m_
  Chestnut-Brown                   XIV         11′             _m_
  Chicory Blue                    XXIV         57*             _d_
 *China Blue                        XX         45′             _i_
  Chinese Violet                   XXV         65′             _b_
 *Chocolate                     XXVIII          7′′            _m_
 *Chromium Green                 XXXII         31′′            _i_
  Chrysolite Green                XXXI         27′′            _b_
  Chrysoprase Green                VII         37              _b_
 *Cinereous                        LII         49′′′′′         _d_
 *Cinnamon                        XXIX         15′′             —
  Cinnamon-Brown                    XV         15′             _k_
  Cinnamon-Buff                   XXIX         17′′            _b_
  Cinnamon-Drab                   XLVI         13′′′′           —
 *Cinnamon-Rufous                  XIV         11′             _i_
  Citrine                           IV         21              _k_
  Citrine-Drab                      XL         21′′′           _i_
  Citron Green                    XXXI         25′′            _b_
 *Citron Yellow                    XVI         23′             _b_
  Civette Green                  XVIII         31′             _k_
 *Claret Brown                       I          5              _m_
 *Clay Color                      XXIX         17′′             —
  Clear Cadet Blue                 XXI         49′              —
  Clear Dull Green Yellow         XVII         27′             _b_
  Clear Fluorite Green           XXXII         33′′            _b_
  Clear Green-Blue Gray         XLVIII         45′′′′          _d_
  Clear Payne's Gray              XLIX         49′′′′          _b_
  Clear Windsor Blue              XXXV         49′′             —
  Clear Yellow-Green                VI         31              _b_
 *Clove Brown                       XL         17′′′           _m_
  Cobalt Green                     XIX         37′             _b_
  Colonial Buff                    XXX         21′′            _d_
  Columbia Blue                  XXXIV         47′′            _b_
  Commelina Blue                   XXI         51′              —
  Congo Pink                    XXVIII          7′′            _b_
  Coral Pink                      XIII          5′             _d_
 *Coral Red                       XIII          5′              —
  Corinthian Pink                XXVII          3′′            _d_
  Corinthian Purple            XXXVIII         69′′            _k_
  Corinthian Red                 XXVII          3′′             —
  Cornflower Blue                  XXI         53′              —
  Corydalis Green                  XLI         29′′′           _d_
  Cossack Green                     VI         33              _m_
  Cosse Green                        V         29              _i_
  Cotinga Purple                    XI         63              _k_
  Courge Green                    XVII         25′             _i_
  Court Gray                     XLVII         29′′′′          _f_
 *Cream Color                      XVI         19′             _f_
 *Cream-Buff                       XXX         19′′            _d_
  Cress Green                     XXXI         29′′            _k_
 *Cyanine Blue                      IX         51              _m_
  Dahlia Carmine                  XXVI         71′             _k_
 *Dahlia Purple                    XII         67              _k_
  Danube Green                   XXXII         35′′            _m_
  Daphne Pink                  XXXVIII         69′′            _b_
  Daphne Red                   XXXVIII         69′′             —
  Dark American Green              XLI         33′′′           _k_
  Dark Aniline Blue                  X         55              _m_
  Dark Anthracene Violet           XXV         61′             _m_
  Dark Bluish Glaucous            XLII         37′′′           _b_
  Dark Bluish Gray-Green          XLII         41′′′           _k_
  Dark Bluish Violet                 X         57              _m_
  Dark Cadet Blue                  XXI         49′             _m_
  Dark Chessylite Blue              XX         45′             _m_
  Dark Cinnabar Green              XIX         39′             _k_
  Dark Citrine                      IV         21              _m_
  Dark Corinthian Purple       XXXVIII         69′′            _m_
  Dark Cress Green                XXXI         29′′            _m_
  Dark Delft Blue                 XLII         45′′′           _m_
  Dark Diva Blue                   XXI         51′             _k_
  Dark Dull Bluish Violet (1)     XXIV         57*             _k_
  Dark Dull Bluish Violet (2)     XXXV         51′′            _k_
  Dark Dull Bluish Violet (3)    XXXVI         57′′            _k_
  Dark Dull Violet-Blue           XXIV         53*             _k_
  Dark Dull Violet-Blue           XXXV         53′′            _k_
  Dark Dull Yellow-Green         XXXII         31′′            _m_
  Dark Glaucous-Gray            XLVIII         37′′′′          _b_
  Dark Gobelin Blue              XXXIV         43′′            _k_
  Dark Grayish Blue-Green       XLVIII         37′′′′          _k_
  Dark Grayish Blue-Violet        XXIV         55*             _k_
  Dark Grayish Brown               XLV          5′′′′          _k_
  Dark Grayish Lavender          XLIII         57′′′           _b_
  Dark Grayish Olive              XLVI         21′′′′          _k_
  Dark Green                     XVIII         35′             _m_
  Dark Green-Blue Gray          XLVIII         45′′′′           —
  Dark Green-Blue Slate         XLVIII         45′′′′          _k_
  Dark Greenish Glaucous           XLI         33′′′           _b_
  Dark Greenish Olive              XXX         23′′            _m_
  Dark Gull Gray                  LIII         75              (6)
  Dark Heliotrope Gray               L         65′′′′           —
  Dark Heliotrope Slate              L         65′′′′          _k_
  Dark Hyssop Violet             XXXVI         59′′            _k_
  Dark Indian Red                XXVII          3′′            _m_
  Dark Ivy Green                 XLVII         25′′′′          _k_
  Dark Lavender                   XLIV         61′′′           _b_
  Dark Livid Brown               XXXIX          1′′′           _k_
  Dark Livid Purple             XXXVII         63′′            _m_
  Dark Madder Blue               XLIII         53′′′           _k_
  Dark Madder Violet               XXV         63′             _m_
  Dark Maroon Purple              XXVI         71′             _m_
  Dark Medici Blue              XLVIII         41′′′′          _i_
  Dark Mineral Red               XXVII          1′′            _m_
  Dark Mouse Gray                   LI         15′′′′′         _k_
  Dark Naphthalene Violet       XXXVII         61′′            _m_
  Dark Neutral Gray               LIII         73              _k_
  Dark Nigrosin Violet             XXV         65′             _m_
  Dark Olive                        XL         21′′′           _m_
  Dark Olive-Buff                   XL         21′′′            —
  Dark Olive-Gray                   LI         23′′′′′         _i_
  Dark Orient Blue               XXXIV         45′′            _k_
  Dark Payne's Gray               XLIX         49′′′′          _k_
  Dark Perilla Purple           XXXVII         65′′            _m_
  Dark Plumbago Blue             XLIII         53′′′           _b_
  Dark Plumbago Gray                 L         61′′′′           —
  Dark Plumbago Slate                L         61′′′′          _k_
  Dark Plumbeous                   LII         49′′′′′         _i_
  Dark Porcelain Green          XXXIII         39′′            _k_
  Dark Purple-Drab                 XLV          1′′′′          _i_
  Dark Purplish Gray              LIII         67′′′′′         _k_
  Dark Quaker Drab                  LI          1′′′′′         _k_
  Dark Russian Green              XLII         37′′′           _k_
  Dark Slate-Purple               XLIV         65′′′           _k_
  Dark Slate-Violet (1)          XLIII         57′′′           _k_
  Dark Slate-Violet (2)           XLIV         61′′′           _k_
  Dark Soft Blue-Violet          XXIII         55′             _k_
  Dark Soft Bluish Violet        XXIII         57′             _k_
  Dark Sulphate Green              XIX         39′             _i_
  Dark Terre Verte              XXXIII         41′′            _k_
  Dark Tyrian Blue               XXXIV         47′′            _k_
  Dark Varley's Gray              XLIX         57′′′′          _k_
  Dark Vinaceous                 XXVII          1′′             —
  Dark Vinaceous-Brown           XXXIX          5′′′           _k_
  Dark Vinaceous-Drab              XLV          5′′′′          _i_
  Dark Vinaceous-Gray                L         69′′′′           —
  Dark Vinaceous-Purple        XXXVIII         67′′            _k_
  Dark Violet                        X         59              _k_
  Dark Violet-Gray                 LII         59′′′′′         _k_
  Dark Violet-Slate               XLIX         53′′′′          _k_
  Dark Viridian Green              VII         37              _k_
  Dark Yellowish Green           XVIII         33′             _m_
  Dark Yvette Violet             XXXVI         55′′            _m_
  Dark Zinc Green                  XIX         37′             _k_
  Dauphin's Violet               XXIII         59′             _i_
  Dawn Gray                        LII         35′′′′′         _d_
  Deep Aniline Lilac              XXXV         53′′            _b_
  Deep Blue-Violet                   X         55              _i_
  Deep Bluish Glaucous            XLII         37′′′           _d_
  Deep Bluish Gray-Green          XLII         41′′′           _i_
  Deep Brownish Drab               XLV          9′′′′          _i_
  Deep Brownish Vinaceous        XXXIX          5′′′            —
  Deep Cadet Blue                  XXI         49′             _k_
  Deep Chicory Blue               XXIV         57*             _b_
 *Deep Chrome                      III         17              _b_
  Deep Chrysolite Green           XXXI         27′′             —
  Deep Colonial Buff               XXX         21′′            _b_
  Deep Corinthian Red            XXVII          3′′            _i_
  Deep Delft Blue                 XLII         45′′′           _k_
  Deep Dull Bluish Violet (1)     XXIV         57*             _i_
  Deep Dull Bluish Violet (2)     XXXV         51′′            _i_
  Deep Dull Bluish Violet (3)    XXXVI         57′′            _i_
  Deep Dull Lavender              XLIV         61′′′           _d_
  Deep Dull Violaceous Blue       XXII         51*             _k_
  Deep Dull Violet-Blue           XXXV         53′′            _i_
  Deep Dull Yellow-Green (1)     XXXII         31′′            _k_
  Deep Dull Yellow-Green (2)     XXXII         33′′            _k_
  Deep Dutch Blue                XLIII         49′′′            —
  Deep Glaucous-Gray            XLVIII         37′′′′          _d_
  Deep Glaucous-Green           XXXIII         39′′            _b_
  Deep Grape Green                 XLI         25′′′           _i_
  Deep Grayish Blue-Green       XLVIII         37′′′′          _i_
  Deep Grayish Lavender          XLIII         57′′′           _d_
  Deep Grayish Olive              XLVI         21′′′′          _i_
  Deep Green-Blue Gray          XLVIII         45′′′′          _b_
  Deep Greenish Glaucous           XLI         33′′′           _d_
  Deep Gull Gray                  LIII         75              (7)
  Deep Heliotrope Gray               L         65′′′′          _b_
  Deep Hellebore Red           XXXVIII         71′′            _i_
  Deep Hyssop Violet             XXXVI         59′′            _i_
  Deep Lavender                  XXXVI         59′′            _d_
  Deep Lavender-Blue               XXI         53′             _b_
  Deep Lichen Green             XXXIII         37′′            _d_
  Deep Livid Brown               XXXIX          1′′′           _i_
  Deep Livid Purple             XXXVII         63′′            _k_
  Deep Madder Blue               XLIII         53′′′           _i_
  Deep Malachite Green           XXXII         35′′             —
  Deep Medici Blue              XLVIII         41′′′′           —
  Deep Mouse Gray                   LI         15′′′′′         _i_
  Deep Neutral Gray               LIII         73              _i_
  Deep Olive                        XL         21′′′           _k_
  Deep Olive-Buff                   XL         21′′′           _b_
  Deep Olive-Gray                   LI         23′′′′′          —
  Deep Orient Blue               XXXIV         45′′            _i_
  Deep Payne's Gray               XLIX         49′′′′          _i_
  Deep Plumbago Blue             XLIII         53′′′           _d_
  Deep Plumbago Gray                 L         61′′′′          _b_
  Deep Plumbeous                   LII         49′′′′′          —
  Deep Purplish Gray              LIII         67′′′′′         _i_
  Deep Purplish Vinaceous         XLIV         69′′′            —
  Deep Quaker Drab                  LI          1′′′′′         _i_
  Deep Rose-Pink                   XII         71              _d_
  Deep Seafoam Green              XXXI         27′′            _d_
  Deep Slate-Blue                XLIII         49′′′           _k_
  Deep Slate-Green               XLVII         33′′′′          _k_
  Deep Slate-Olive               XLVII         29′′′′          _k_
  Deep Slate-Violet               XLIV         61′′′           _i_
  Deep Slaty Brown                   L         69′′′′          _k_
  Deep Soft Blue-Violet          XXIII         55′             _i_
  Deep Soft Bluish Violet        XXIII         57′             _i_
  Deep Turtle Green              XXXII         31′′             —
  Deep Varley's Gray              XLIX         57′′′′          _i_
  Deep Vinaceous                 XXVII          1′′            _b_
  Deep Vinaceous-Gray                L         69′′′′          _b_
  Deep Vinaceous-Lavender         XLIV         65′′′           _d_
  Deep Violet-Gray                 LII         59′′′′′         _i_
  Deep Violet-Plumbeous           XLIX         53′′′′           —
  Deep Wedgewood Blue              XXI         51′             _d_
  Delft Blue                      XLII         45′′′           _i_
  Diamin-Azo Blue                 XXXV         51′′            _m_
  Diamine Brown                   XIII          3′             _m_
  Diamine Green                    VII         37              _m_
  Diva Blue                        XXI         51′             _i_
 *Drab                            XLVI         17′′′′           —
 *Drab-Gray                       XLVI         17′′′′          _d_
 *Dragon's-blood Red              XIII          5′             _i_
  Dresden Brown                     XV         17′             _k_
  Duck Green                       XIX         39′             _m_
  Dull Blackish Green              XLI         33′′′           _m_
  Dull Blue-Green Black         XLVIII         41′′′′          _m_
  Dull Blue-Violet (1)            XXIV         55*              —
  Dull Blue-Violet (2)           XXXVI         55′′            _i_
  Dull Bluish Violet (1)          XXIV         57*              —
  Dull Bluish Violet (2)          XXXV         51′′             —
  Dull Bluish Violet (3)         XXXVI         57′′             —
  Dull Citrine                     XVI         21′             _k_
  Dull Dark Purple                XXVI         67′             _k_
  Dull Dusky Purple               XXVI         67′             _m_
  Dull Green-Yellow               XVII         27′              —
  Dull Greenish Black (1)        XLVII         29′′′′          _m_
  Dull Greenish Black (2)        XLVII         33′′′′          _m_
  Dull Indian Purple              XLIV         69′′′           _i_
  Dull Lavender                   XLIV         61′′′           _f_
  Dull Magenta Purple             XXVI         67′             _i_
  Dull Opaline Green               XIX         37′             _f_
  Dull Purplish Black                L         65′′′′          _m_
  Dull Violaceous Blue            XXII         51*              —
  Dull Violet-Black (1)           XLIV         61′′′           _m_
  Dull Violet-Black (2)           XLIX         53′′′′          _m_
  Dull Violet-Black (3)              L         61′′′′          _m_
  Dull Violet-Blue                XXIV         53*              —
  Dull Violet-Blue                XXXV         53′′             —
  Dusky Auricula Purple           XXVI         69′             _m_
  Dusky Blue                      XXII         49*             _m_
  Dusky Blue-Green              XXXIII         39′′            _m_
  Dusky Blue-Violet (1)          XXIII         57′             _m_
  Dusky Blue-Violet (2)           XXIV         55*             _m_
  Dusky Bluish Green            XXXIII         41′′            _m_
  Dusky Brown                      XLV          1′′′′          _k_
  Dusky Drab                       XLV          9′′′′          _k_
  Dusky Dull Bluish Green         XLII         41′′′           _m_
  Dusky Dull Green                XLII         37′′′           _m_
  Dusky Dull Violet (1)          XXXVI         57′′            _m_
  Dusky Dull Violet (2)          XXXVI         59′′            _m_
  Dusky Dull Violet-Blue          XXXV         53′′            _m_
  Dusky Green                   XXXIII         37′′            _m_
  Dusky Green-Blue (1)              XX         43′             _m_
  Dusky Green-Blue (2)           XXXIV         43′′            _m_
  Dusky Green-Gray                 LII         35′′′′′         _k_
  Dusky Greenish Blue               XX         47′             _m_
  Dusky Neutral Gray              LIII         73              _m_
  Dusky Olive-Green                XLI         25′′′           _m_
  Dusky Orient Blue              XXXIV         45′′            _m_
  Dusky Purplish Gray             LIII         67′′′′′         _m_
  Dusky Slate-Blue               XLIII         49′′′           _m_
  Dusky Slate-Violet             XLIII         57′′′           _m_
  Dusky Violet                   XXIII         59′             _m_
  Dusky Violet-Blue (1)          XXIII         55′             _m_
  Dusky Violet-Blue (2)          XLIII         53′′′           _m_
  Dusky Yellowish Green            XLI         29′′′           _m_
  Dutch Blue                     XLIII         49′′′           _b_
 *Ecru-Drab                       XLVI         13′′′′          _d_
  Ecru-Olive                       XXX         21′′            _i_
  Elm Green                       XVII         27′             _m_
 *Emerald Green                     VI         35               —
  Empire Green                   XXXII         33′′            _m_
  Empire Yellow                     IV         21              _b_
  Endive Blue                    XLIII         49′′′           _d_
  English Red                       II          7              _i_
  Eosine Pink                        I          1              _d_
  Etain Blue                        XX         43′             _f_
  Ethyl Green                      VII         41              _i_
  Eton Blue                       XXII         49*             _k_
  Etruscan Red                   XXVII          5′′             —
  Eugenia Red                     XIII          1′              —
  Eupatorium Purple            XXXVIII         67′′             —
 *Fawn Color                        XL         13′′′            —
 *Ferruginous                      XIV          9′             _i_
 *Flame Scarlet                     II          9               —
 *Flax-flower Blue                 XXI         51′             _b_
 *Flesh Color                      XIV          7′             _d_
  Flesh Ocher                      XIV          9′             _b_
  Flesh Pink                      XIII          5′             _f_
  Fluorite Green                 XXXII         33′′             —
  Fluorite Violet                   XI         61              _m_
  Forest Green                    XVII         29′             _m_
  Forget-me-not Blue              XXII         51*             _b_
 *French Gray                      LII         49′′′′′         _f_
 *French Green                   XXXII         35′′            _i_
  Fuscous                         XLVI         13′′′′          _k_
  Fuscous-Black                   XLVI         13′′′′          _m_
  Garnet Brown                       I          3              _k_
  Gendarme Blue                   XXII         47*             _k_
  Gentian Blue                     XXI         53′             _i_
 *Geranium Pink                      I          3              _d_
  Glass Green                     XXXI         29′′            _d_
  Glaucous                         XLI         29′′′           _f_
 *Glaucous-Blue                  XXXIV         43′′            _b_
  Glaucous-Gray                 XLVIII         37′′′′          _f_
 *Glaucous-Green                XXXIII         39′′            _d_
  Gnaphalium Green               XLVII         29′′′′          _d_
  Gobelin Blue                   XXXIV         43′′            _i_
  Grape Green                      XLI         25′′′            —
 *Grass Green                       VI         33              _k_
  Grayish Blue-Green            XLVIII         37′′′′           —
  Grayish Blue-Violet (1)         XXIV         55*             _i_
  Grayish Blue-Violet (2)         XXXV         51′′            _b_
  Grayish Lavender               XLIII         57′′′           _f_
  Grayish Olive                   XLVI         21′′′′           —
  Grayish Violaceous Blue         XXII         51*             _i_
  Grayish Violet-Blue             XXIV         53*             _i_
  Green-Blue Slate              XLVIII         45′′′′          _i_
  Green-Yellow                       V         27              _b_
  Greenish Glaucous                XLI         33′′′           _f_
  Greenish Glaucous-Blue          XLII         41′′′           _b_
  Greenish Slate-Black          XLVIII         37′′′′          _m_
  Greenish Yellow                    V         25               —
  Grenadine                         II          7              _b_
  Grenadine Pink                    II          7              _d_
  Grenadine Red                     II          7               —
  Guinea Green                     VII         39              _i_
  Gull Gray                       LIII         75              (8)
  Haematite Red                  XXVII          5′′            _m_
  Haematoxylin Violet              XXV         61′             _i_
 *Hair Brown                      XLVI         17′′′′          _i_
  Hathi Gray                       LII         35′′′′′         _b_
  Hay's Blue                        IX         53              _k_
  Hay's Brown                    XXXIX          9′′′           _k_
  Hay's Green                    XVIII         33′             _k_
  Hay's Lilac                   XXXVII         63′′            _d_
  Hay's Maroon                    XIII          1′             _m_
  Hay's Russet                     XIV          7′             _k_
 *Hazel                            XIV         11′             _k_
  Heliotrope-Gray                    L         65′′′′          _d_
  Heliotrope-Slate                   L         65′′′′          _i_
  Hellebore Green                 XVII         25′             _m_
  Hellebore Red                XXXVIII         71′′             —
  Helvetia Blue                     IX         51              _k_
  Hermosa Pink                       I          1              _f_
  Hessian Brown                   XIII          5′             _m_
  Honey Yellow                     XXX         19′′             —
  Hortense Blue                   XXII         47*             _m_
  Hortense Violet                   XI         61              _b_
 *Hyacinth Blue                      X         55              _k_
  Hyacinth Violet                   XI         61              _i_
  Hydrangea Pink                 XXVII          5′′            _f_
  Hydrangea Red                  XXVII          1′′            _i_
  Hyssop Violet                  XXXVI         59′′             —
  Indian Lake                     XXVI         71′             _i_
 *Indian Purple                XXXVIII         67′′            _m_
  Indian Red                     XXVII          3′′            _k_
 *Indigo Blue                    XXXIV         47′′            _m_
  Indulin Blue                    XXII         51*             _m_
  Invisible Green                  XIX         41′             _m_
  Iron Gray                         LI         23′′′′′         _k_
 *Isabella Color                   XXX         19′′            _i_
  Italian Blue                    VIII         43               —
  Ivory Yellow                     XXX         21′′            _f_
  Ivy Green                       XXXI         25′′            _m_
  Jade Green                      XXXI         27′′            _k_
  Japan Rose                    XXVIII          9′′            _b_
  Jasper Green                  XXXIII         37′′            _i_
  Jasper Pink                     XIII          3′             _d_
  Jasper Red                      XIII          3′              —
  Javel Green                        V         27              _i_
  Jay Blue                        XXII         47*             _i_
  Jouvence Blue                     XX         43′             _k_
  Kaiser Brown                     XIV          9′             _k_
  Kildare Green                   XXXI         29′′            _b_
  Killarney Green                XVIII         35′             _i_
  King's Blue                     XXII         47*             _b_
  Kronberg's Green                XXXI         25′′            _k_
  La France Pink                     I          3              _f_
  Laelia Pink                  XXXVIII         67′′            _d_
 *Lavender                       XXXVI         59′′            _f_
  Lavender-Blue                    XXI         53′             _d_
 *Lavender-Gray                  XLIII         49′′′           _f_
  Lavender-Violet                  XXV         61′             _b_
  Leaf Green                       XLI         29′′′           _k_
  Leitch's Blue                   VIII         47              _i_
  Lemon Chrome                      IV         21               —
 *Lemon Yellow                      IV         23               —
  Lettuce Green                      V         29              _k_
  Lichen Green                  XXXIII         37′′            _f_
  Light Alice Blue               XXXIV         45′′            _d_
  Light Amparo Blue                 IX         51              _d_
  Light Amparo Purple               XI         63              _d_
  Light Bice Green                XVII         29′             _i_
  Light Blue-Green                 VII         39              _d_
  Light Blue-Violet                  X         55              _b_
  Light Bluish Violet                X         57              _b_
  Light Brownish Drab              XLV          9′′′′          _b_
  Light Brownish Olive             XXX         19′′            _k_
  Light Brownish Vinaceous       XXXIX          5′′′           _d_
  Light Buff                        XV         17′             _f_
  Light Cadet Blue                 XXI         49′             _b_
  Light Cadmium                     IV         19               —
  Light Campanula Blue            XXIV         55*             _d_
  Light Celandine Green          XLVII         33′′′′          _d_
  Light Cendre Green                VI         35              _d_
  Light Cerulean Blue             VIII         45              _b_
  Light Chalcedony Yellow         XVII         25′             _d_
  Light Chicory Blue              XXIV         57*             _f_
  Light Cinnamon-Drab             XLVI         13′′′′          _b_
  Light Columbia Blue            XXXIV         47′′            _d_
  Light Congo Pink              XXVIII          7′′            _d_
  Light Coral Red                 XIII          5′             _b_
  Light Corinthian Red           XXVII          3′′            _b_
  Light Cress Green               XXXI         29′′            _i_
  Light Danube Green             XXXII         35′′            _k_
  Light Drab                      XLVI         17′′′′          _b_
  Light Dull Bluish Violet       XXXVI         57′′            _b_
  Light Dull Glaucous-Blue        XLII         41′′′           _d_
  Light Dull Green-Yellow         XVII         27′             _d_
  Light Elm Green                 XVII         27′             _k_
  Light Fluorite Green           XXXII         33′′            _d_
  Light Forget-me-not Blue        XXII         51*             _d_
  Light Glaucous-Blue            XXXIV         43′′            _d_
  Light Grape Green                XLI         25′′′           _b_
  Light Grayish Blue-Violet       XXXV         51′′            _d_
  Light Grayish Olive             XLVI         21′′′′          _b_
  Light Grayish Vinaceous        XXXIX          9′′′           _d_
  Light Grayish Violet-Blue       XXIV         53*             _b_
  Light Green-Yellow                 V         27              _d_
  Light Greenish Yellow              V         25              _b_
  Light Gull Gray                 LIII         75              (9)
  Light Heliotrope-Gray              L         65′′′′          _f_
  Light Hellebore Green           XVII         25′             _k_
  Light Hortense Violet             XI         61              _d_
  Light Hyssop Violet            XXXVI         59′′            _b_
  Light Jasper Red                XIII          3′             _b_
  Light King's Blue               XXII         47*             _d_
  Light Lavender-Blue              XXI         53′             _f_
  Light Lavender-Violet            XXV         61′             _d_
  Light Lobelia Violet          XXXVII         61′′            _d_
  Light Lumiere Green             XVII         29′             _d_
  Light Mallow Purple              XII         67              _d_
  Light Mauve                      XXV         63′             _d_
  Light Medici Blue             XLVIII         41′′′′          _d_
  Light Methyl Blue               VIII         47              _b_
  Light Mineral Gray             XLVII         25′′′′          _f_
  Light Mouse Gray                  LI         15′′′′′         _b_
  Light Neropalin Blue            XXII         49*             _d_
  Light Neutral Gray              LIII         73              _b_
  Light Niagara Green           XXXIII         41′′            _d_
  Light Ochraceous-Buff             XV         15′             _d_
  Light Ochraceous-Salmon           XV         13′             _d_
  Light Olive-Gray                  LI         23′′′′′         _d_
  Light Orange-Yellow              III         17              _d_
  Light Oriental Green           XVIII         33′             _b_
  Light Paris Green              XVIII         35′             _d_
  Light Payne's Gray              XLIX         49′′′′          _d_
  Light Perilla Purple          XXXVII         65′′            _i_
  Light Phlox Purple                XI         65              _d_
  Light Pinkish Cinnamon          XXIX         15′′            _d_
  Light Pinkish Lilac           XXXVII         65′′            _f_
  Light Plumbago Gray                L         61′′′′          _f_
  Light Porcelain Green         XXXIII         39′′             —
  Light Purple-Drab                XLV          1′′′′          _b_
  Light Purplish Gray             LIII         67′′′′′         _b_
  Light Purplish Vinaceous       XXXIX          1′′′           _d_
  Light Quaker Drab                 LI          1′′′′′         _b_
  Light Rosolane Purple           XXVI         69′             _b_
  Light Russet-Vinaceous         XXXIX          9′′′           _b_
  Light Salmon-Orange               II         11              _d_
  Light Seal Brown               XXXIX          9′′′           _m_
  Light Sky Blue                    XX         47′             _f_
  Light Soft Blue-Violet         XXIII         55′             _b_
  Light Squill Blue                 XX         45′             _d_
  Light Sulphate Green             XIX         39′             _b_
  Light Terre Verte             XXXIII         41′′             —
  Light Turtle Green             XXXII         31′′            _d_
  Light Tyrian Blue              XXXIV         47′′             —
  Light Varley's Gray             XLIX         57′′′′          _b_
  Light Vinaceous-Cinnamon        XXIX         13′′            _d_
  Light Vinaceous-Drab             XLV          5′′′′          _b_
  Light Vinaceous-Fawn              XL         13′′′           _d_
  Light Vinaceous-Gray               L         69′′′′          _f_
  Light Vinaceous-Lilac           XLIV         69′′′           _d_
  Light Vinaceous-Purple          XLIV         65′′′           _b_
  Light Violet                       X         59              _b_
  Light Violet-Blue                 IX         53              _b_
  Light Violet-Gray                LII         59′′′′′         _b_
  Light Violet-Plumbeous          XLIX         53′′′′          _d_
  Light Viridine Green              VI         33              _f_
  Light Viridine Yellow              V         29              _d_
  Light Windsor Blue              XXXV         49′′            _b_
  Light Wistaria Blue            XXIII         57′             _d_
  Light Wistaria Violet          XXIII         59′             _d_
  Light Yellow-Green                VI         31              _d_
  Light Yellowish Olive            XXX         23′′            _i_
 *Lilac                            XXV         65′             _d_
 *Lilac-Gray                       LII         59′′′′′         _f_
  Lily Green                     XLVII         33′′′′          _i_
  Lime Green                      XXXI         25′′             —
  Lincoln Green                    XLI         25′′′           _k_
  Liseran Purple                  XXVI         67′             _b_
  Litho Purple                     XXV         63′             _i_
 *Liver Brown                      XIV          7′             _m_
  Livid Brown                    XXXIX          1′′′            —
  Livid Pink                     XXVII          3′′            _f_
  Livid Purple                  XXXVII         63′′            _i_
  Livid Violet                  XXXVII         61′′            _i_
  Lobelia Violet                XXXVII         61′′            _b_
  Lumiere Blue                      XX         43′             _d_
  Lumiere Green                   XVII         29′             _b_
  Lyons Blue                        IX         51              _i_
  Madder Blue                    XLIII         53′′′            —
 *Madder Brown                    XIII          3′             _k_
  Madder Violet                    XXV         63′             _k_
 *Magenta                         XXVI         67′              —
  Mahogany Red                      II          7              _k_
 *Maize Yellow                      IV         19              _f_
 *Malachite Green                XXXII         35′′            _b_
  Mallow Pink                      XII         67              _f_
  Mallow Purple                    XII         67              _b_
  Manganese Violet                 XXV         63′              —
  Marguerite Yellow                XXX         23′′            _f_
 *Marine Blue                     VIII         45              _m_
 *Maroon                             I          3              _m_
 *Mars Brown                        XV         13′             _m_
  Mars Orange                       II          9              _i_
  Mars Violet                  XXXVIII         71′′            _m_
  Mars Yellow                      III         15              _i_
  Martius Yellow                    IV         23              _f_
  Massicot Yellow                  XVI         21′             _f_
  Mathews' Blue                     XX         45′              —
  Mathews' Purple                  XXV         65′              —
 *Mauve                            XXV         63′             _b_
  Mauvette                         XXV         65′             _f_
  Mazarine Blue                     IX         49              _d_
  Meadow Green                      VI         35              _k_
  Medal Bronze                      IV         19              _m_
  Medici Blue                   XLVIII         41′′′′          _b_
  Methyl Blue                     VIII         47               —
  Methyl Green                     XIX         41′              —
  Microcline Green                 XIX         39′             _f_
  Mignonette Green                XXXI         25′′            _i_
  Mikado Brown                    XXIX         13′′            _i_
  Mikado Orange                    III         13              _b_
  Mineral Gray                   XLVII         25′′′′          _d_
  Mineral Green                  XVIII         31′              —
  Mineral Red                    XXVII          1′′            _k_
  Montpellier Green             XXXIII         37′′             —
  Morocco Red                        I          5              _k_
  Motmot Blue                       XX         43′              —
  Motmot Green                   XVIII         35′              —
 *Mouse Gray                        LI         15′′′′′          —
  Mulberry Purple                   XI         61              _k_
 *Mummy Brown                       XV         17′             _m_
  Mustard Yellow                   XVI         19′             _b_
 *Myrtle Green                     VII         41              _m_
  Mytho Green                      XLI         29′′′           _b_
  Naphthalene Violet            XXXVII         61′′            _k_
  Naphthalene Yellow               XVI         23′             _f_
 *Naples Yellow                    XVI         19′             _d_
  Natal Brown                       XL         13′′′           _k_
  Navy Blue                        XXI         53′             _m_
  Neropalin Blue                  XXII         49*             _b_
  Neutral Gray                    LIII         73               —
  Neutral Red                  XXXVIII         71′′            _k_
  Neuvider Green                   VII         37              _d_
  Neva Green                         V         29               —
  Niagara Green                 XXXIII         41′′            _b_
  Nickel Green                  XXXIII         37′′            _k_
  Night Green                       VI         33               —
  Nigrosin Blue                   XXXV         49′′            _m_
  Nigrosin Violet                  XXV         65′             _k_
 *Nile Blue                        XIX         41′             _d_
  Nopal Red                          I          3              _i_
  Ocher Red                      XXVII          5′′            _i_
 *Ochraceous-Buff                   XV         15′             _b_
  Ochraceous-Orange                 XV         15′              —
  Ochraceous-Salmon                 XV         13′             _b_
  Ochraceous-Tawny                  XV         15′             _i_
 *Oil Green                          V         27              _k_
  Oil Yellow                         V         25              _i_
  Old Gold                         XVI         19′             _i_
  Old Rose                        XIII          1′             _b_
  Olivaceous Black (1)            XLVI         21′′′′          _m_
  Olivaceous Black (2)           XLVII         25′′′′          _m_
  Olivaceous Black (3)              LI         23′′′′′         _m_
 *Olive                            XXX         21′′            _m_
  Olive Lake                       XVI         21′             _i_
  Olive-Brown                       XL         17′′′           _k_
 *Olive-Buff                        XL         21′′′           _d_
  Olive-Citrine                    XVI         21′             _m_
 *Olive-Gray                        LI         23′′′′′         _b_
 *Olive-Green                       IV         23              _m_
  Olive-Ocher                      XXX         21′′             —
 *Olive-Yellow                     XXX         23′′             —
  Olivine                        XXXII         35′′            _d_
  Olympic Blue                      XX         47′              —
  Onion-skin Pink               XXVIII         11′′            _b_
  Ontario Violet                 XXXVI         55′′            _b_
  Opaline Green                    VII         37              _f_
 *Orange                           III         15               —
 *Orange Chrome                     II         11               —
 *Orange-Buff                      III         15              _d_
  Orange-Cinnamon                 XXIX         13′′             —
  Orange-Citrine                    IV         19              _k_
  Orange-Pink                       II         11              _f_
 *Orange-Rufous                     II         11              _i_
  Orange-Vinaceous               XXVII          5′′            _b_
  Orient Blue                    XXXIV         45′′             —
  Orient Pink                       II          9              _f_
  Oriental Green                 XVIII         33′              —
  Oural Green                    XVIII         35′             _f_
  Ox-blood Red                       I          1              _k_
  Oxide Blue                      VIII         45              _i_
  Pale Amaranth Pink               XII         69              _f_
  Pale Amparo Blue                  IX         51              _f_
  Pale Amparo Purple                XI         63              _f_
  Pale Aniline Lilac              XXXV         53′′            _f_
 *Pale Blue (Ethyl Blue)          VIII         45              _f_
  Pale Blue-Green                  VII         39              _f_
  Pale Blue-Violet                   X         55              _d_
  Pale Bluish Lavender           XXXVI         57′′            _f_
  Pale Bluish Violet                 X         57              _d_
  Pale Brownish Drab               XLV          9′′′′          _d_
  Pale Brownish Vinaceous        XXXIX          5′′′           _f_
  Pale Cadet Blue                  XXI         49′             _d_
  Pale Campanula Blue             XXIV         55*             _f_
  Pale Cendre Green                 VI         35              _f_
  Pale Cerulean Blue              VIII         45              _d_
  Pale Chalcedony Yellow          XVII         25′             _f_
  Pale Cinnamon-Pink              XXIX         13′′            _f_
  Pale Congo Pink               XXVIII          7′′            _f_
  Pale Drab-Gray                  XLVI         17′′′′          _f_
  Pale Dull Glaucous-Blue         XLII         41′′′           _f_
  Pale Dull Green-Yellow          XVII         27′             _f_
  Pale Ecru-Drab                  XLVI         13′′′′          _f_
  Pale Flesh Color                 XIV          7′             _f_
  Pale Fluorite Green            XXXII         33′′            _f_
  Pale Forget-me-not Blue         XXII         51*             _f_
  Pale Glass Green                XXXI         29′′            _f_
  Pale Glaucous-Blue             XXXIV         43′′            _f_
  Pale Glaucous-Green           XXXIII         39′′            _f_
  Pale Grayish Blue                XXI         49′             _f_
  Pale Grayish Blue-Violet        XXXV         51′′            _f_
  Pale Grayish Vinaceous         XXXIX          9′′′           _f_
  Pale Grayish Violet-Blue        XXIV         53*             _d_
  Pale Green-Blue Gray          XLVIII         45′′′′          _f_
  Pale Green-Yellow                  V         27              _f_
  Pale Greenish Yellow               V         25              _d_
  Pale Gull Gray                  LIII         75             (10)
  Pale Hortense Violet              XI         61              _f_
  Pale King's Blue                XXII         47*             _f_
  Pale Laelia Pink             XXXVIII         67′′            _f_
  Pale Lavender-Violet             XXV         61′             _f_
  Pale Lemon Yellow                 IV         23              _b_
  Pale Lilac                    XXXVII         63′′            _f_
  Pale Lobelia Violet           XXXVII         61′′            _f_
  Pale Lumiere Green              XVII         29′             _f_
  Pale Mauve                       XXV         63′             _f_
  Pale Mazarine Blue                IX         49              _f_
  Pale Medici Blue              XLVIII         41′′′′          _f_
  Pale Methyl Blue                VIII         47              _d_
  Pale Mouse Gray                   LI         15′′′′′         _d_
  Pale Neropalin Blue             XXII         49*             _f_
  Pale Neutral Gray               LIII         73              _d_
  Pale Niagara Green            XXXIII         41′′            _f_
  Pale Nile Blue                   XIX         41′             _f_
  Pale Ochraceous-Buff              XV         15′             _f_
  Pale Ochraceous-Salmon            XV         13′             _f_
  Pale Olive-Buff                   XL         21′′′           _f_
  Pale Olive-Gray                   LI         23′′′′′         _f_
  Pale Olivine                   XXXII         35′′            _f_
  Pale Orange-Yellow               III         17              _f_
  Pale Payne's Gray               XLIX         49′′′′          _f_
  Pale Persian Lilac           XXXVIII         69′′            _f_
  Pale Pinkish Buff               XXIX         17′′            _f_
  Pale Pinkish Cinnamon           XXIX         15′′            _f_
  Pale Purple-Drab                 XLV          1′′′′          _d_
  Pale Purplish Gray              LIII         67′′′′′         _d_
  Pale Purplish Vinaceous        XXXIX          1′′′           _f_
  Pale Quaker Drab                  LI          1′′′′′         _d_
  Pale Rhodonite Pink          XXXVIII         71′′            _f_
  Pale Rose-Purple                XXVI         67′             _f_
  Pale Rosolane Purple            XXVI         69′             _d_
  Pale Russian Blue               XLII         45′′′           _f_
  Pale Salmon Color                XIV          9′             _f_
  Pale Smoke Gray                 XLVI         21′′′′          _f_
  Pale Soft Blue-Violet          XXIII         55′             _d_
  Pale Sulphate Green              XIX         39′             _d_
  Pale Tiber Green               XVIII         33′             _f_
  Pale Turquoise Green             VII         41              _f_
  Pale Turtle Green              XXXII         31′′            _f_
  Pale Varley's Gray              XLIX         57′′′′          _d_
  Pale Verbena Violet            XXXVI         55′′            _f_
  Pale Veronese Green            XVIII         31′             _f_
  Pale Vinaceous                 XXVII          1′′            _f_
  Pale Vinaceous-Drab              XLV          5′′′′          _d_
  Pale Vinaceous-Fawn               XL         13′′′           _f_
  Pale Vinaceous-Lilac            XLIV         69′′′           _f_
  Pale Vinaceous-Pink           XXVIII          9′′            _f_
  Pale Violet                        X         59              _d_
  Pale Violet-Blue                  IX         53              _d_
  Pale Violet-Gray                 LII         59′′′′′         _d_
  Pale Violet-Plumbeous           XLIX         53′′′′          _f_
  Pale Viridine Yellow               V         29              _f_
  Pale Windsor Blue               XXXV         49′′            _d_
  Pale Wistaria Blue             XXIII         57′             _f_
  Pale Wistaria Violet           XXIII         59′             _f_
  Pale Yellow-Green                 VI         31              _f_
  Pale Yellow-Orange               III         15              _f_
  Pallid Blue-Violet                 X         55              _f_
  Pallid Bluish Violet               X         57              _f_
  Pallid Brownish Drab             XLV          9′′′′          _f_
  Pallid Grayish Violet-Blue      XXIV         53*             _f_
  Pallid Methyl Blue              VIII         47              _f_
  Pallid Mouse Gray                 LI         15′′′′′         _f_
  Pallid Neutral Gray             LIII         73              _f_
  Pallid Purple-Drab               XLV          1′′′′          _f_
  Pallid Purplish Gray            LIII         67′′′′′         _f_
  Pallid Quaker Drab                LI          1′′′′′         _f_
  Pallid Soft Blue-Violet        XXIII         55′             _f_
  Pallid Vinaceous-Drab            XLV          5′′′′          _f_
  Pallid Violet                      X         59              _f_
  Pallid Violet-Blue                IX         53              _f_
 *Pansy Purple                     XII         69              _k_
  Pansy Violet                      XI         63              _i_
 *Paris Blue                      VIII         47              _k_
 *Paris Green                    XVIII         35′             _b_
 *Parrot Green                      VI         31              _k_
  Parula Blue                     XLII         45′′′            —
  Patent Blue                     VIII         43              _k_
  Payne's Gray                    XLIX         49′′′′           —
 *Pea Green                      XLVII         29′′′′          _b_
  Peach Red                          I          5              _b_
  Peacock Blue                    VIII         43              _i_
  Peacock Green                     VI         35              _i_
 *Pearl Blue                      XXXV         49′′            _f_
 *Pearl Gray                       LII         35′′′′′         _f_
  Pecan Brown                   XXVIII         11′′            _i_
  Perilla Purple                XXXVII         65′′            _k_
  Persian Blue                      XX         45′             _f_
  Persian Lilac                XXXVIII         69′′            _d_
  Petunia Violet                   XXV         65′             _i_
  Phenyl Blue                       IX         53               —
  Phlox Pink                        XI         65              _f_
 *Phlox Purple                      XI         65              _b_
  Picnic Yellow                     IV         23              _d_
  Pinard Yellow                     IV         21              _d_
 *Pinkish Buff                    XXIX         17′′            _d_
  Pinkish Cinnamon                XXIX         15′′            _b_
 *Pinkish Vinaceous              XXVII          5′′            _d_
  Pistachio Green                  XLI         33′′′            —
  Pleroma Violet                   XXV         61′              —
 *Plum Purple                     XXIV         57*             _m_
  Plumbago Blue                  XLIII         53′′′           _f_
  Plumbago Gray                      L         61′′′′          _d_
  Plumbago Slate                     L         61′′′′          _i_
 *Plumbeous                        LII         49′′′′′         _b_
  Plumbeous-Black                  LII         49′′′′′         _m_
  Pois Green                       XLI         29′′′           _i_
 *Pomegranate Purple               XII         71              _i_
  Pompeian Red                    XIII          3′             _i_
  Porcelain Blue                 XXXIV         43′′             —
  Porcelain Green               XXXIII         39′′            _i_
 *Primrose Yellow                  XXX         23′′            _d_
  Primuline Yellow                 XVI         19′              —
 *Prout's Brown                     XV         15′             _m_
 *Prune Purple                      XI         63              _m_
  Prussian Blue                     IX         49              _m_
  Prussian Green                   XIX         41′             _k_
  Prussian Red                   XXVII          5′′            _k_
  Puritan Gray                   XLVII         33′′′′          _f_
  Purple (true)                     XI         65               —
  Purple-Drab                      XLV          1′′′′           —
  Purplish Gray                   LIII         67′′′′′          —
  Purplish Lilac                XXXVII         65′′            _d_
  Purplish Vinaceous             XXXIX          1′′′           _b_
  Pyrite Yellow                     IV         23              _i_
  Quaker Drab                       LI          1′′′′′          —
  Rainette Green                  XXXI         27′′            _i_
  Raisin Black                    XLIV         65′′′           _m_
  Raisin Purple                     XI         65              _k_
  Ramier Blue                    XLIII         57′′′            —
 *Raw Sienna                       III         17              _i_
 *Raw Umber                        III         17              _m_
  Reed Yellow                      XXX         23′′            _b_
  Rejane Green                  XXXIII         37′′            _b_
  Rhodamine Purple                 XII         67               —
  Rhodonite Pink               XXXVIII         71′′            _d_
  Rinnemann's Green              XVIII         31′             _i_
  Rivage Green                   XVIII         31′             _b_
  Rocellin Purple              XXXVIII         71′′            _b_
  Roman Green                      XVI         23′             _m_
  Rood's Blue                       IX         49              _k_
  Rood's Brown                  XXVIII         11′′            _k_
  Rood's Lavender                 XLIX         57′′′′          _f_
  Rood's Violet                     XI         65              _i_
  Rose Color                       XII         71              _b_
  Rose Doree                         I          3              _b_
 *Rose Pink                        XII         71              _f_
 *Rose Red                         XII         71               —
 *Rose-Purple                     XXVI         67′             _d_
  Roslyn Blue                        X         57              _k_
  Rosolane Pink                   XXVI         69′             _f_
  Rosolane Purple                 XXVI         69′              —
 *Royal Purple                       X         59              _i_
 *Rufous                           XIV          9′              —
 *Russet                            XV         13′             _k_
  Russet-Vinaceous               XXXIX          9′′′            —
  Russian Blue                    XLII         45′′′           _d_
  Russian Green                   XLII         37′′′           _i_
  Saccardo's Olive                 XVI         19′             _m_
  Saccardo's Slate              XLVIII         41′′′′          _k_
  Saccardo's Umber                XXIX         17′′            _k_
  Saccardo's Violet             XXXVII         61′′             —
  Safrano Pink                      II          7              _f_
 *Sage Green                     XLVII         29′′′′           —
  Sailor Blue                      XXI         53′             _k_
 *Salmon Color                     XIV          9′             _d_
 *Salmon-Buff                      XIV         11′             _d_
  Salmon-Orange                     II         11              _b_
  Salvia Blue                       IX         49              _b_
  Sanford's Brown                   II         11              _k_
  Sayal Brown                     XXIX         15′′            _i_
 *Scarlet                            I          5               —
  Scarlet-Red                        I          3               —
  Scheele's Green                   VI         33              _i_
  Schoenfeld's Purple             XXVI         69′             _i_
 *Sea Green                        XIX         41′             _i_
  Seafoam Green                   XXXI         27′′            _f_
  Seafoam Yellow                  XXXI         25′′            _f_
 *Seal Brown                     XXXIX          5′′′           _m_
  Seashell Pink                    XIV         11′             _f_
 *Sepia                           XXIX         17′′            _m_
  Serpentine Green                 XVI         23′             _k_
  Shamrock Green                 XXXII         33′′            _i_
  Shell Pink                    XXVIII         11′′            _f_
  Shrimp Pink                        I          5              _f_
  Skobeloff Green                  VII         39               —
  Sky Blue                          XX         47′             _d_
  Sky Gray                       XXXIV         45′′            _f_
 *Slate Color                     LIII         75              (4)
 *Slate-Black                     LIII         75              (2)
  Slate-Blue                     XLIII         49′′′           _i_
 *Slate-Gray                      LIII         75              (5)
  Slate-Olive                    XLVII         29′′′′          _i_
  Slate-Purple                    XLIV         65′′′           _i_
  Slate-Violet (1)               XLIII         57′′′           _i_
  Slate-Violet (2)                XLIV         61′′′            —
 *Smalt Blue                        IX         53              _i_
 *Smoke Gray                      XLVI         21′′′′          _d_
  Snuff Brown                     XXIX         15′′            _k_
  Soft Blue-Violet               XXIII         55′              —
  Soft Bluish Violet             XXIII         57′              —
  Sooty Black                       LI          1′′′′′         _m_
  Sorghum Brown                  XXXIX          9′′′           _i_
  Sorrento Green                   VII         41              _k_
  Spectrum Blue                     IX         49               —
  Spectrum Red                       I          1               —
  Spectrum Violet                    X         59               —
  Spinach Green                      V         29              _m_
  Spinel Pink                     XXVI         71′             _b_
  Spinel Red                      XXVI         71′              —
  Squill Blue                       XX         45′             _b_
  Stone Green                     XLII         37′′′            —
  Storm Gray                       LII         35′′′′′          —
 *Straw Yellow                     XVI         21′             _d_
  Strawberry Pink                    I          5              _d_
  Strontian Yellow                 XVI         23′              —
  Sudan Brown                      III         15              _k_
  Sulphate Green                   XIX         39′              —
  Sulphine Yellow                   IV         21              _i_
 *Sulphur Yellow                     V         25              _f_
  Taupe Brown                     XLIV         69′′′           _m_
 *Tawny                             XV         13′             _i_
 *Tawny-Olive                     XXIX         17′′            _i_
  Tea Green                      XLVII         25′′′′          _b_
  Terra Cotta                   XXVIII          7′′             —
 *Terre Verte                   XXXIII         41′′            _i_
  Testaceous                    XXVIII          9′′             —
  Thulite Pink                    XXVI         71′             _d_
  Tiber Green                    XVIII         33′             _d_
  Tilleul Buff                      XL         17′′′           _f_
  Tourmaline Pink              XXXVIII         67′′            _b_
  Turquoise Green                  VII         41              _d_
  Turtle Green                   XXXII         31′′            _b_
  Tyrian Blue                    XXXIV         47′′            _i_
  Tyrian Pink                      XII         69              _b_
  Tyrian Rose                      XII         69               —
  Tyrolite Green                   VII         39              _b_
  Ultramarine Ash                 XXII         49*              —
 *Ultramarine Blue                  IX         49              _i_
  Urania Blue                     XXIV         53*             _m_
  Vanderpoel's Blue                 XX         47′             _i_
  Vanderpoel's Green                VI         33              _b_
  Vanderpoel's Violet            XXXVI         55′′             —
 *Vandyke Brown                 XXVIII         11′′            _m_
  Vandyke Red                     XIII          1′             _k_
  Variscite Green                  XIX         37′             _d_
  Varley's Gray                   XLIX         57′′′′           —
  Varley's Green                 XVIII         31′             _m_
  Venetian Blue                   XXII         47*              —
  Venetian Pink                   XIII          1′             _f_
  Venice Green                     VII         41              _b_
  Verbena Violet                 XXXVI         55′′            _d_
 *Verdigris Green                  XIX         37′              —
  Vernonia Purple              XXXVIII         69′′            _i_
  Verona Brown                    XXIX         13′′            _k_
  Veronese Green                 XVIII         31′             _d_
  Vetiver Green                  XLVII         25′′′′           —
  Victoria Lake                      I          1              _m_
 *Vinaceous                      XXVII          1′′            _d_
  Vinaceous-Brown                XXXIX          5′′′           _i_
 *Vinaceous-Buff                    XL         17′′′           _d_
 *Vinaceous-Cinnamon              XXIX         13′′            _b_
  Vinaceous-Drab                   XLV          5′′′′           —
  Vinaceous-Fawn                    XL         13′′′           _b_
  Vinaceous-Gray                     L         69′′′′          _d_
  Vinaceous-Lavender              XLIV         65′′′           _f_
  Vinaceous-Lilac                 XLIV         69′′′           _b_
 *Vinaceous-Pink                XXVIII          9′′            _d_
  Vinaceous-Purple (1)         XXXVIII         67′′            _i_
  Vinaceous-Purple (2)            XLIV         65′′′            —
 *Vinaceous-Rufous                 XIV          7′             _i_
  Vinaceous-Russet              XXVIII          7′′            _i_
  Vinaceous-Slate                    L         69′′′′          _i_
  Vinaceous-Tawny               XXVIII         11′′             —
  Violet Carmine                   XII         69              _m_
  Violet Ultramarine                 X         57              _i_
  Violet-Gray                      LII         59′′′′′          —
  Violet-Plumbeous                XLIX         53′′′′          _b_
  Violet-Purple                     XI         63               —
  Violet-Slate                    XLIX         53′′′′          _i_
 *Viridian Green                   VII         37              _i_
  Viridine Green                    VI         33              _d_
  Viridine Yellow                    V         29              _b_
  Vivid Green                      VII         37               —
  Wall Green                       VII         39              _k_
 *Walnut Brown                  XXVIII          9′′            _k_
  Warbler Green                     IV         23              _k_
  Warm Blackish Brown            XXXIX          1′′′           _m_
  Warm Buff                         XV         17′             _d_
  Warm Sepia                      XXIX         13′′            _m_
  Water Green                      XLI         25′′′           _d_
 *Wax Yellow                       XVI         21′              —
  Wedgewood Blue                   XXI         51′             _f_
  White                           LIII         73             (10)
  Windsor Blue                    XXXV         49′′            _i_
  Winter Green                   XVIII         33′             _i_
  Wistaria Blue                  XXIII         57′             _b_
  Wistaria Violet                XXIII         59′             _b_
 *Wood Brown                        XL         17′′′            —
  Xanthine Orange                  III         13              _i_
  Yale Blue                         XX         47′             _b_
  Yellow Ocher                      XV         17′              —
  Yellow-Green                      VI         31               —
  Yellowish Citrine                XVI         23′             _i_
  Yellowish Glaucous               XLI         25′′′           _f_
  Yellowish Oil Green                V         25              _k_
  Yellowish Olive                  XXX         23′′            _k_
  Yew Green                       XXXI         27′′            _m_
  Yvette Violet                  XXXVI         55′′            _k_
  Zinc Green                       XIX         37′             _i_
  Zinc Orange                       XV         13′              —




THE FOLLOWING COLORS REPRESENTED IN THE OLD "NOMENCLATURE OF COLORS"
(1886) CANNOT BE MATCHED BY COLORS IN THE PRESENT WORK. THEY ARE
INTERMEDIATES, EITHER AS TO HUE OR TONE (SOMETIMES BOTH), AND WOULD
FALL IN UNCOLORED SPACES, AS INDICATED BY THE NUMERALS AND LETTERS
APPENDED TO EACH:—


  _Azure Blue_ = 48 _a_ (see Plates VIII and IX).
  _Broccoli Brown:_ Between 17′′′ _k_ and 17′′′′ _i_ (see Plates XL and
    XLVI).
  _Buff_ = 18′′ _d_ (see Plates III and IV).
  _Burnt Carmine_ = 71 _i_ (Plate XII).
  _Canary Yellow:_ Between 23 _b_ and 21′ _b_ (see Plates IV and XVI).
  _Chinese Orange_ = 12 _h_ (see Plates II and III).
  _Chrome Yellow_ = 20 _a_ (Plate IV).
  _Cobalt Blue_ = 48 slightly dull (see Plates VIII and IX).
  _Crimson_ = 1 _j_ (Plate I).
  _French Blue_ = 52 _h_ (Plate IX).
  _Gallstone Yellow_ = 19′ _h_ (Plate XVI).
  _Gamboge Yellow_ = 20, slightly dull, or 21, slightly dull (Plate IV).
  _Geranium Red_ = 3 _a_ (Plate I).
  _Heliotrope Purple:_ Between 65′′′ _b_ and 65′′′′ _b_ (see Plates XLIV
    and L).
  _Indian Yellow_ = 18 _h_ or 18 slightly dull (Plate III). This color
    and Saffron Yellow are practically identical in many copies of the
    old "Nomenclature."
  _Lake Red_ = 72 _h_ (Plate XII).
  _Maroon Purple_ = 72′ _i_ (Plate XXVI).
  _Ochraceous_ = 16′ _h_ (Plate XV).
  _Ochraceous-Rufous_ = 12′ _h_ (see Plates XIV and XV).
  _Ochre Yellow_ = 18′ (see Plates XV and XVI).
  _Orange-Ochraceous_ = 16 _h_ (Plate III).
  _Orange Vermilion_ = 4, dull (Plate I).
  _Orpiment Orange_ = 11 _h_ (Plate II).
  _Peach-blossom Pink_ = 1 _e_ (Plate I).
  _Poppy Red:_ between 3 and 5 _h_ (Plate I).
  _Saffron Yellow_ = 18 (see Plates III and IV).
  _Saturn Red_ = 11 _a_ (Plate II).
  _Scarlet Vermilion_ = 4, dull (Plate I).
  _Sevres Blue_ = 46 _h_ (Plate VIII).
  _Solferino_ = 67 _h_ (Plate XII).
  _Tawny-Ochraceous_ = 14′ _h_ (Plate XV).
  _Turquoise Blue_ = 44 _b_ (Plate XX).
  _Verditer Blue:_ Between 43′ and 43′′ _b_ (see Plates XX and XXXIV).
  _Vermilion:_ Between 3 and 3′ (see Plates I and XIII).
  _Violet_ = 61 _h_ (Plate XI).
  _Wine Purple_ = 70 _h_ (Plate XXVI).




A FEW OF THE MODERN BOOKS ON THE SUBJECT OF COLOR WHICH THE AUTHOR OF
THIS WORK HAS FOUND MOST USEFUL


_Bradley, Milton_, author of "Color in the Schoolroom" and "Color in
the Kindergarden."—Elementary Color. With an Introduction by Henry
Lafavour, Ph. D., Professor of Physics, Williams College. Milton
Bradley and Co., Springfield, Mass. [1895]. Small 8vo., pp. [i]-iv,
[1]-128; colored frontispiece ("miniature color charts made from the
Bradley educational colored papers," showing 126 unnamed colors) and
numerous figures in text.

The present writer frankly and gratefully acknowledges that he has
learned more, and learned it more easily, from this little book, which
is a model of conciseness and perspicuity, than from careful study of
more elaborate and authoritative works on the subject. It is therefore
most heartily recommended to the student as a preliminary, at least, to
the study of more technical works on color.

_Bradley, Milton._—The Evolution of a Practical System of Color
Education based on Spectrum Standards. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield,
Mass. Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 8.

_Bradley, Milton._—A Few Practical Suggestions relating to Color
Standards and the Present Status of Elementary Color Instruction in the
United States. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass. Pamphlet, small
8vo., pp. 16.

_Bradley, Milton._—Some Criticisms of Popular Color Definitions, and
Suggestions for a Better Color Nomenclature. Milton Bradley Co.,
Springfield, Mass., 1898. Pamphlet, 12mo., pp. 15.

_Bradley, Milton._—The Bradley Color Scheme, with Suggestions to
Teachers. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass. Pamphlet, 12mo., pp.
45.

_Church, A. H., F. R. S._, etc., Professor of Chemistry in the Royal
Academy of Arts in London.—The Chemistry of Paints and Painting. Third
edition, revised and enlarged. London: Seeley and Co. Small 8vo., pp.
[i-vii] viii-xx, 1-355. An invaluable work which should be consulted by
every painter.

_Hurst, George H., F. C. S._, etc.—Colour: A Handbook of the Theory of
Colour. With ten coloured plates and seventy-two illustrations. London:
Scott, Greenwood & Co., 1900., 8vo., 160 pp.

_Rood, Ogden N._—Students' Text-book of Color; or Modern Chromatics,
with applications to Art and Industry. New York: D. Appleton and
Company, 1903. Small 8vo., pp. [i-v] vi-viii, [9] 10-329; 1 colored
plate (frontispiece) and 130 original illustrations.

(One of the best technical works on the physics of color.)

_Vanderpoel, Emily Noyes._—Color Problems. A Practical Manual for the
Lay Student of Color. With one hundred and seventeen colored plates.
Longmans, Green and Co., New York, London and Bombay. 1903. Small 8vo.,
pp., [i-vi] vii-xv, [1-2] 3-137.

The colored plates of this excellent work illustrate the physics and
psychology of color, color harmonies, and kindred subjects, but have no
relation to color nomenclature.

_Jorgensen, Charles Julius._—The Mastery of Color. A simple and
perfect color system, based upon the spectral colors, for educational
and practical use in the Arts and Crafts. Published by the Author.
Milwaukee, 1906. 8vo., 2 vols., one of text, the other of 22 loose
colored plates contained in double box.

An exceedingly useful work for artists and decorators, but not adapted
to the needs of science. The technical execution of the plates is
exquisite and the colors very fine.




FOOTNOTES


[1] A | Nomenclature of Colors | for Naturalists, | and | Compendium
of Useful Knowledge | for Ornithologists. | By | Robert Ridgway, |
Curator, Department of Birds, United States National Museum. | With ten
colored plates and seven plates | of outline illustrations. | Boston: |
Little, Brown, and Company. | 1886. | (12mo., pp. 129, pls. 17.)

The subject of color and color nomenclature discussed on pages 15-58.
Plates i-x, inclusive, represent 186 named colors, hand-painted
(stencilled).

[2] Titles of several books on the subject which are especially
recommended to the lay student of chromatology are given at the end of
this text.

[3] See _Science_, June 9, 1893, and _Nature_, Vol. LII, No. 1347, Aug.
22, 1895, pp. 390-392.

[4] According to Aubert more than 1000 hues are distinguishable in the
spectrum, though among them all the hues between violet and red are
wanting.

[5] That is to say, the practical limit for pictorial representation of
the colors in their various modifications.

[6] Milton Bradley: Elementary Color, p. 18.

[7] See colored figure on frontispiece.

[8] See the colored figure on the frontispiece of this work, which
clearly illustrates this method of color measurement. Larger disks
of spectrum red, green, and violet are interlocked and adjusted so
that they present, respectively, 32, 42, and 26 per cent. of the
circumference; superimposed on these is a single smaller disk of
neutral gray, and on this two still smaller disks of black and white,
the former occupying 79, the latter 21, per cent. of the area. The
result of this combination of colors, when the disks are rapidly
revolved, is that the entire surface becomes a uniform neutral gray
precisely like the middle disk, which blends so completely with the
color inside and outside its limits that no trace of division can be
detected. Hence, neutral gray equals a combination of red 32, green
42, and violet 26 per cent., and also equals a combination of black
79 and white 21 per cent. As further illustrating the point, it may
be mentioned that not only does the above-mentioned combination
of the three primary colors equal neutral gray but so also does
the combination of any color ("secondary" or "tertiary" as well as
primary) with its complementary, though the darkness or lightness
of the gray varies somewhat, as the following table shows:

  Spectrum Color.       Complementary Color.            Equivalent Gray.

  Name.  Per Cent.   Per Cent.     Composition.          Black.   White.

  Red     44          56      Blue 41 + Green 59.         72.5     27.5
  Orange  28.5        71.5    Blue 51.5 + Green 48.5.     69       31
  Yellow  33          67      Blue 60.5 + Violet 39.5.    64       36
  Green   51          49      Red 57.5 + Violet 42.5.     73       27
  Blue    64          36      Yellow 82 + Orange 18.      62       37
  Violet  62.5        37.5    Yellow 69 + Green 31.       61.5     38.5

[9] The number is doubled so that every other one represents an
intermediate hue not shown in color.

[10] Owing to the circumstance that spectrum orange does not, at
least when mixed with gray, fairly represent a medium hue between red
and orange, being much nearer the former, a hue much near to yellow
(yellow-orange, No. 15) has been selected.

[11] For satisfactory color-wheel work it is necessary to discard
practically all the so-called artists' colors, as being much too dull
to even approximately represent the colors of the spectrum, and to
substitute carefully selected aniline or coal-tar dyes, of which,
fortunately, there is a very large number of remarkable purity of hue.
Indeed, the work of most color-physicists is vitiated by their use of
such crude colors as vermilion, carmine, scarlet-lake, chrome yellow,
emerald green, Prussian blue, etc. (For a list of dyes and pigments
used in preparing the Maxwell disks representing the thirty-six colors
of the chromatic scale, see pages 26, 27.)

[12] In fixing the exact position or wave-length of the spectrum
colors considerable latitude is allowable, the element of "personal
equation"—that is, difference in the conception of different persons
as to just where the reddest red, greenest green, etc., are located,
accounting for the considerable disagreement among chromatologists as
to the wave-lengths. The following table, showing the average, mean,
and extreme wave-length of each of the spectrum colors as given by
nine or more authorities together with those of the present work (as
determined by Dr. P. G. Nutting, Associate Physicist of the U. S.
Bureau of Standards) is of interest in this connection:

                           Average        Extremes          Mean
            This work.     of 9-12         of 9-12         of 9-12
                         authorities.    authorities.    authorities.

  Red        644            6770          6440-7028        6734 (10)
  Orange     598 ± 2        6074          5892-6300        6096 (9)
  Yellow     577 ± 1        5786          5640-5850        5745 (10)
  Green      520 ± 10       5235          5050-5335        5193 (11)
  Blue       473 ± 3        4738          4520-4861        4680 (12)
  Violet     410            4176          4050-4330        4190 (10)

From this table it will be seen that the red of this work is
appreciably more orange than that of others, the orange slightly more
yellowish, and the violet a little less bluish than the average;
but the author is assured by Dr. Nutting that these standards are
exceptionally accurate.

[13] The percentages are given in tables on pages 23 and 25.

[14] That is to say, theoretically. Unfortunately it seems to be beyond
the colorists' skill to reproduce true shades of the pure colors, all
showing a more or less decided admixture of gray, resulting in a series
of broken or dull shades. (See pages 23 and 24.)

[15] Although only 1115 different colors are actually shown on
the plates the system is really equivalent to the presentation of
considerably more than 4000 distinguishable and designatable colors.

[16] The Theory of Color (American edition, 1876), p. 99.

[17] In the present work the possibility of variation between
different copies is wholly eliminated by a very different process of
reproduction. Each color, for the entire edition, is painted uniformly
on large sheets of paper from a single mixture of pigments, these
sheets being then cut into the small squares which represent the colors
on the plates.

[18] See Rood: Modern Chromatics, pages 50-52.

[19] Some criticisms of Popular Color Definitions and Suggestions for
a better Color Nomenclature. Milton Bradley Co., Springfield, Mass.
(Small pamphlet of 15 pages).

[20] Milton Bradley: Elementary Color, p. 25.

[21] Exception has been taken in a recent work ("A Color Notation,"
by A. H. Munsell) to the use of the term tone in this connection, on
the ground that its proper use belongs to music, and the term _value_
is substituted. The same line of reasoning would, however, certainly
require the discarding of _chromatic scale_ as a term of music
nomenclature, since its derivation is clearly from color (chroma).
Furthermore, the word "value" is even more elastic in its application
than tone, and, all things considered, the present writer, at least,
fails to see that any improvement is made by the proposed change.

[22] The term _chromatic scale_ has unfortunately been appropriated for
a very different use (in music); nevertheless it is strictly correct
in the present sense while in the other it is not, though firmly
established by long usage. The term _spectrum scale_ is not adequate,
as a substitute, because the spectrum series of colors is incomplete
through absence of the hues connecting violet with red, which are
necessary to show the full scale of pure colors and hues.

[23] The distinctions of color or hue diminishing in proportion to the
increased admixture of gray, each alternate color or hue, with its
scale (vertical) of tones, is omitted from the third and fourth series;
while in the fifth the color differentiation is so greatly reduced that
only the six spectrum colors (dulled by admixture of 95.5 per cent. of
neutral gray), together with purple (the intermediate between violet
and red) are given; a yellow orange hue being substituted for spectrum
orange because it is more exactly intermediate in hue between red and
yellow.

[24] J. J. Müller found that a mixture of the orange and violet rays
of the spectrum produced a whitish red (Rood, "Modern Chromatics," p.
129). The author of the present work, without being at the time aware
of this, produced an absolutely pure red (but of reduced intensity)
by mixture of either orange and violet (orange 63.5, violet 36.5 per
cent. = red 85 + white 15 per cent.), or from orange and the violet-red
which is complementary to green (violet-red 51, orange 49 per cent.),
the latter equaling red 89 + white 11 per cent; the mixtures being made
on a color-wheel with Maxwell disks representing the pure colors of the
present work. The red resulting from either of these mixtures on the
color-wheel is far purer than the blue resulting from mixture of green
and violet, and incomparably more so than the yellow resulting from
mixture of either red and green or orange and green. Consequently, if
the same results would come from mixing orange and violet light, it is
difficult to understand how red can be a primary color _according to
the accepted definition_.

[25] Rood: Modern Chromatics, p. 34.

With the single exception of Vanderpoel (Color Problems, p. 28,
plates 3, 4, where yellow is given first in order of luminosity) all
authorities on color-physics that I have been able to consult very
singularly ignore yellow entirely in their treatment of the subject of
luminosity.

[26] All quotations here are from Milton Bradley's "Elementary Color,"
except where otherwise noted.

[27] As determined by Dr. P. G. Nutting, Associate Physicist, U. S.
Bureau of Standards.

[28] See Rood, Modern Chromatics, pages 34, 35.

[29] The aniline or coal-tar dyes named are all of the manufacture of
Dr. G. Grübler and Co., Leipzig, Germany, unless otherwise stated. (See
Preface, page ii.)




CAUTION!!!

DO NOT EXPOSE THESE PLATES TO THE LIGHT FOR A LONGER TIME THAN IS
NECESSARY.


The pigments used in the preparation of these Plates are the most
durable known, those which have been proven unstable having been, as
far as possible, discarded. The latter include carmine and other
cochineal lakes, colors of vegetable origin (as gamboge, violet
carmine, indigo, etc.), and most of the aniline or coal tar dyes,
though among the last are a considerable number which are really more
permanent than several colors habitually used by artists. Certain
colors in this work could not, however, possibly be reproduced except
by the employment of pigments which are more or less sensitive to
_prolonged exposure_ to light, and hence this caution not to expose the
plates unnecessarily.

(See _Church_: "The Chemistry of Paints and Painting," third edition,
pages 257-263.)




_Plate I_


     1 RED                      3 O-R.                      5 OO-R.

 _f_ Hermosa Pink               La France Pink              Shrimp Pink
 _d_ Eosine Pink                *Geranium Pink              Strawberry Pink
 _b_ Begonia Rose               Rose Doree                  Peach Red
     Spectrum Red               Scarlet-Red                 *Scarlet
 _i_ *Carmine                   Nopal Red                   Brazil Red
 _k_ Ox-blood Red               Garnet Brown                Morocco Red
 _m_ Victoria Lake              *Maroon                     *Claret Brown


_Plate II_

     7 R-O.                     9 OR-O.                     11 ORANGE

 _f_ Safrano Pink               Orient Pink                 Orange-Pink
 _d_ Grenadine Pink             Bittersweet Pink            Light Salmon-Orange
 _b_ Grenadine                  Bittersweet Orange          Salmon-Orange
     Grenadine Red              *Flame Scarlet              *Orange Chrome
 _i_ English Red                Mars Orange                 *Orange-Rufous
 _k_ Mahogany Red               *Burnt Sienna                Sanford's Brown
 _m_ *Bay                       *Chestnut                    Auburn


_Plate III_

     13 OY-O.                   15 Y-O.                     17 O-Y.

 _f_ Capucine Buff              Pale Yellow-Orange          Pale Orange-Yellow
 _d_ Capucine Orange            *Orange-Buff                Light Orange-Yellow
 _b_ Mikado Orange              Capucine Yellow             *Deep Chrome
     *Cadmium Orange            *Orange                     *Cadmium Yellow
 _i_ Xanthine Orange            Mars Yellow                 *Raw Sienna
 _k_ Amber Brown                Sudan Brown                 Antique Brown
 _m_ Argus Brown                Brussels Brown              *Raw Umber


_Plate IV_

     19 YO-Y.                   21 O-YY.                    23 YELLOW

 _f_ *Maize Yellow              Baryta Yellow               Martius Yellow
 _d_ *Buff-Yellow               Pinard Yellow               Picnic Yellow
 _b_ Apricot Yellow             Empire Yellow               Pale Lemon Yellow
     Light Cadmium              Lemon Chrome                *Lemon Yellow
 _i_ Aniline Yellow             Sulphine Yellow             Pyrite Yellow
 _k_ Orange-Citrine             Citrine                     Warbler Green
 _m_ Medal Bronze               Dark Citrine                *Olive-Green


_Plate V_

     25 YG-Y.                   27 G-Y.                     29 GG-Y.

 _f_ *Sulphur Yellow            Pale Green-Yellow           Pale Viridine Yellow
 _d_ Pale Greenish Yellow       Light Green-Yellow          Light Viridine Yellow
 _b_ Light Greenish Yellow      Green-Yellow                Viridine Yellow
     Greenish Yellow            Bright Green-Yellow         Neva Green
 _i_ Oil Yellow                 Javel Green                 Cosse Green
 _k_ Yellowish Oil Green        *Oil Green                  Lettuce Green
 _m_ Calla Green                Cerro Green                 Spinach Green


_Plate VI_

     31 Y-G.                    33 GY-G.                    35 GREEN

 _f_ Pale Yellow-Green          Light Viridine Green        Pale Cendre Green
 _d_ Light Yellow-Green         Viridine Green              Light Cendre Green
 _b_ Clear Yellow-Green         Vanderpoel's Green          Cendre Green
     Yellow-Green               Night Green                 *Emerald Green
 _i_ Calliste Green             Scheele's Green             Peacock Green
 _k_ *Parrot Green              *Grass Green                Meadow Green
 _m_ Cedar Green                Cossack Green               Antique Green


_Plate VII_

     37 GB-G.                   39 B-G.                     41 BB-G.

 _f_ Opaline Green              Pale Blue-Green             Pale Turquoise Green
 _d_ Neuvider Green             Light Blue-Green            Turquoise Green
 _b_ Chrysoprase Green          Tyrolite Green              Venice Green
     Vivid Green                Skobeloff Green             Benzol Green
 _i_ *Viridian Green             Guinea Green                Ethyl Green
 _k_ Dark Viridian Green        Wall Green                  Sorrento Green
 _m_ Diamine Green              Anthracene Green            *Myrtle Green


_Plate VIII_

     43 G-B.                    45 BG-B.                    47 G-BB.

 _f_ Beryl Blue                 *Pale Blue (Ethyl Blue)     Pallid Methyl Blue
 _d_ Calamine Blue              Pale Cerulean Blue          Pale Methyl Blue
 _b_ Cendre Blue                Light Cerulean Blue         Light Methyl Blue
     Italian Blue               *Cerulean Blue               Methyl Blue
 _i_ Peacock Blue               Oxide Blue                  Leitch's Blue
 _k_ Patent Blue                *Antwerp Blue               *Paris Blue
 _m_ Blackish Green-Blue        *Marine Blue                *Berlin Blue


_Plate IX_

     49 BLUE                    51 BV-B.                    53 V-B.

 _f_ Pale Mazarine Blue         Pale Amparo Blue            Pallid Violet-Blue
 _d_ Mazarine Blue              Light Amparo Blue           Pale Violet-Blue
 _b_ Salvia Blue                Amparo Blue                 Light Violet-Blue
     Spectrum Blue              Bradley's Blue              Phenyl Blue
 _i_ *Ultramarine Blue          Lyons Blue                  *Smalt Blue
 _k_ Rood's Blue                Helvetia Blue               Hay's Blue
 _m_ Prussian Blue              *Cyanine Blue               Azurite Blue


_Plate X_

     55 B-V.                    57 VB-V.                    59 VIOLET

 _f_ Pallid Blue-Violet         Pallid Bluish Violet        Pallid Violet
 _d_ Pale Blue-Violet           Pale Bluish Violet          Pale Violet
 _b_ Light Blue-Violet          Light Bluish Violet         Light Violet
     Blue-Violet                Bluish Violet               Spectrum Violet
 _i_ Deep Blue-Violet           Violet Ultramarine          *Royal Purple
 _k_ Hyacinth Blue              Roslyn Blue                 Dark Violet
 _m_ Dark Aniline Blue          Dark Bluish Violet          Blackish Violet


_Plate XI_

     61 VR-V.                   63 R-V.                     65 RR-V.

 _f_ Pale Hortense Violet       Pale Amparo Purple          Phlox Pink
 _d_ Light Hortense Violet      Light Amparo Purple         Light Phlox Purple
 _b_ Hortense Violet            Amparo Purple               *Phlox Purple
     Amethyst Violet            Violet-Purple               Purple (true)
 _i_ Hyacinth Violet            Pansy Violet                Rood's Violet
 _k_ Mulberry Purple            Cotinga Purple              Raisin Purple
 _m_ Fluorite Violet            *Prune Purple               Blackish Purple


_Plate XII_

     67 V-R.                    69 RV-R.                    71 V-RR.

 _f_ Mallow Pink                Pale Amaranth Pink          *Rose Pink
 _d_ Light Mallow Purple        Amaranth Pink               Deep Rose-Pink
 _b_ Mallow Purple              Tyrian Pink                 Rose Color
     Rhodamine Purple           Tyrian Rose                 *Rose Red
 _i_ *Aster Purple              Amaranth Purple             *Pomegranate Purple
 _k_ *Dahlia Purple             *Pansy Purple               Bordeaux
 _m_ Blackish Red-Purple        Violet Carmine              Burnt Lake


_Plate XIII_

     1′ RED                     3′ O-R.                     5′ OO-R.

 _f_ Venetian Pink              Chatenay Pink               Flesh Pink
 _d_ Alizarine Pink             Jasper Pink                 *Coral Pink
 _b_ Old Rose                   Light Jasper Red            Light Coral Red
     Eugenia Red                Jasper Red                  *Coral Red
 _i_ Acajou Red                 Pompeian Red                *Dragon's-blood Red
 _k_ Vandyke Red                *Madder Brown               *Brick Red
 _m_ Hay's Maroon               Diamine Brown               Hessian Brown


_Plate XIV_

     7′ R-O.                    9′ OR-O.                    11′ ORANGE

 _f_ Pale Flesh Color           Pale Salmon Color           Seashell Pink
 _d_ *Flesh Color               *Salmon Color               *Salmon-Buff
 _b_ Carrot Red                 Flesh Ocher                 Apricot Buff
     Carnelian Red              *Rufous                     Apricot Orange
 _i_ *Vinaceous-Rufous          *Ferruginous                *Cinnamon-Rufous
 _k_ Hay's Russet               Kaiser Brown                *Hazel
 _m_ *Liver Brown               Carob Brown                 Chestnut-Brown


_Plate XV_

     13′ OY-O.                  15′ Y-O.                    17′ O-Y.

 _f_ Pale Ochraceous-Salmon     Pale Ochraceous-Buff        Light Buff
 _d_ Light Ochraceous-Salmon    Light Ochraceous-Buff       Warm Buff
 _b_ Ochraceous-Salmon          Ochraceous-Buff             Antimony Yellow
     Zinc Orange                Ochraceous-Orange           Yellow Ocher
 _i_ *Tawny                     Ochraceous-Tawny            Buckthorn Brown
 _k_ *Russet                    Cinnamon-Brown              Dresden Brown
 _m_ *Mars Brown                *Prout's Brown              *Mummy Brown


_Plate XVI_

     19′ YO-Y.                  21′ O-YY.                   23′ YELLOW

 _f_ *Cream Color               Massicot Yellow             Naphthalene Yellow
 _d_ *Naples Yellow             *Straw Yellow               Barium Yellow
 _b_ Mustard Yellow             Amber Yellow                *Citron Yellow
     Primuline Yellow           *Wax Yellow                 Strontian Yellow
 _i_ Old Gold                   Olive Lake                  Yellowish Citrine
 _k_ Buffy Citrine              Dull Citrine                Serpentine Green
 _m_ Saccardo's Olive           Olive-Citrine               Roman Green


_Plate XVII_

     25′ YG-Y.                  27′ G-Y.                    29′ GG-Y.

 _f_ Pale Chalcedony Yellow     Pale Dull Green-Yellow      Pale Lumiere Green
 _d_ Light Chalcedony Yellow    Light Dull Green-Yellow     Light Lumiere Green
 _b_ Chalcedony Yellow          Clear Dull Green Yellow     Lumiere Green
     Bright Chalcedony Yellow   Dull Green-Yellow           *Apple Green
 _i_ Courge Green               Biscay Green                Light Bice Green
 _k_ Light Hellebore Green      Light Elm Green             *Bice Green
 _m_ Hellebore Green            Elm Green                   Forest Green


_Plate XVIII_

     31′ Y-G.                   33′ GY-G.                   35′ GREEN

 _f_ Pale Veronese Green        Pale Tiber Green            Oural Green
 _d_ Veronese Green             Tiber Green                 Light Paris Green
 _b_ Rivage Green               Light Oriental Green        *Paris Green
     Mineral Green              Oriental Green              Motmot Green
 _i_ Rinnemann's Green          Winter Green                Killarney Green
 _k_ Civette Green              Hay's Green                 Ackermann's Green
 _m_ Varley's Green             Dark Yellowish Green        Dark Green


_Plate XIX_

     37′ GB-G.                  39′ B-G.                    41′ BB-G.

 _f_ Dull Opaline Green         Microcline Green            Pale Nile Blue
 _d_ Variscite Green            Pale Sulphate Green         *Nile Blue
 _b_ Cobalt Green               Light Sulphate Green        *Beryl Green
     *Verdigris Green           Sulphate Green              Methyl Green
 _i_ Zinc Green                 Dark Sulphate Green         *Sea Green
 _k_ Dark Zinc Green            Dark Cinnabar Green         Prussian Green
 _m_ *Bottle Green              Duck Green                  Invisible Green


_Plate XX_

     43′ G-B.                   45′ BG-B.                   47′ G-BB.

 _f_ Etain Blue                 Persian Blue                Light Sky Blue
 _d_ Lumiere Blue               Light Squill Blue           Sky Blue
 _b_ Bremen Blue                Squill Blue                 Yale Blue
     Motmot Blue                Mathews' Blue               Olympic Blue
 _i_ Capri Blue                 *China Blue                 Vanderpoel's Blue
 _k_ Jouvence Blue              Chessylite Blue             Blanc's Blue
 _m_ Dusky Green-Blue (1)       Dark Chessylite Blue        Dusky Greenish Blue


_Plate XXI_

     49′ BLUE                   51′ BV-B.                   53′ V-B.

 _f_ Pale Grayish Blue          Wedgewood Blue              Light Lavender-Blue
 _d_ Pale Cadet Blue            Deep Wedgewood Blue         Lavender-Blue
 _b_ Light Cadet Blue           *Flax-flower Blue           Deep Lavender-Blue
     Clear Cadet Blue           Commelina Blue              Cornflower Blue
 _i_ Cadet Blue                 Diva Blue                   Gentian Blue
 _k_ Deep Cadet Blue            Dark Diva Blue              Sailor Blue
 _m_ Dark Cadet Blue            Alizarine Blue              Navy Blue


_Plate XXII_

     47* G-BB.                   49* BLUE                    51* BV-B.

 _f_ Pale King's Blue           Pale Neropalin Blue         Pale Forget-me-not Blue
 _d_ Light King's Blue          Light Neropalin Blue        Light Forget-me-not Blue
 _b_ King's Blue                Neropalin Blue              Forget-me-not Blue
     Venetian Blue              Ultramarine Ash             Dull Violaceous Blue
 _i_ Jay Blue                   Chapman's Blue              Grayish Violaceous Blue
 _k_ Gendarme Blue              Eton Blue                   Deep Dull Violaceous Blue
 _m_ Hortense Blue              Dusky Blue                  Indulin Blue


_Plate XXIII_

     55′ B-V.                   57′ VB-V.                   59′ VIOLET

 _f_ Pallid Soft Blue-Violet    Pale Wistaria Blue          Pale Wistaria Violet
 _d_ Pale Soft Blue-Violet      Light Wistaria Blue         Light Wistaria Violet
 _b_ Light Soft Blue-Violet     Wistaria Blue               Wistaria Violet
     Soft Blue-Violet           Soft Bluish Violet          Bradley's Violet
 _i_ Deep Soft Blue-Violet      Deep Soft Bluish Violet     Dauphin's Violet
 _k_ Dark Soft Blue-Violet      Dark Soft Bluish Violet     Blanc's Violet
 _m_ Dusky Violet-Blue (1)      Dusky Blue-Violet (1)       Dusky Violet


_Plate XXIV_

     53* V-B.                   55* B-V.                    57* VB-V.

 _f_ Pallid Grayish Violet-Blue Pale Campanula Blue         Light Chicory Blue
 _d_ Pale Grayish Violet-Blue   Light Campanula Blue        Chicory Blue
 _b_ Light Grayish Violet-Blue  *Campanula Blue             Deep Chicory Blue
     Dull Violet-Blue           Dull Blue-Violet (1)        Dull Bluish Violet (1)
 _i_ Grayish Violet-Blue        Grayish Blue-Violet (1)     Deep Dull Bluish Violet (1)
 _k_ Dark Dull Violet-Blue      Dark Grayish Blue-Violet    Dark Dull Bluish Violet (1)
 _m_ Urania Blue                Dusky Blue-Violet (2)       *Plum Purple


_Plate XXV_

     61′ VR-V.                  63′ R-V.                    65′ RR-V.

 _f_ Pale Lavender-Violet       Pale Mauve                  Mauvette
 _d_ Light Lavender-Violet      Light Mauve                 *Lilac
 _b_ Lavender-Violet            *Mauve                      Chinese Violet
     Pleroma Violet             Manganese Violet            Mathews' Purple
 _i_ Haematoxylin Violet        Litho Purple                Petunia Violet
 _k_ Anthracene Violet          Madder Violet               Nigrosin Violet
 _m_ Dark Anthracene Violet     Dark Madder Violet          Dark Nigrosin Violet


_Plate XXVI_

     67′ V-R.                   69′ RV-R.                   71′ V-RR.

 _f_ Pale Rose-Purple           Rosolane Pink               Cameo Pink
 _d_ *Rose-Purple               Pale Rosolane Purple        Thulite Pink
 _b_ Liseran Purple             Light Rosolane Purple       Spinel Pink
     *Magenta                   Rosolane Purple             Spinel Red
 _i_ Dull Magenta Purple        Schoenfeld's Purple         Indian Lake
 _k_ Dull Dark Purple           *Auricula Purple            Dahlia Carmine
 _m_ Dull Dusky Purple          Dusky Auricula Purple       Dark Maroon Purple


_Plate XXVII_

     1′′ RED                    3′′ O-R.                    5′′ OO-R.

 _f_ Pale Vinaceous             Livid Pink                  Hydrangea Pink
 _d_ *Vinaceous                 Corinthian Pink             Pinkish Vinaceous
 _b_ Deep Vinaceous             Light Corinthian Red        Orange-Vinaceous
     Dark Vinaceous             Corinthian Red              Etruscan Red
 _i_ Hydrangea Red              Deep Corinthian Red         Ocher Red
 _k_ Mineral Red                Indian Red                  Prussian Red
 _m_ Dark Mineral Red           Dark Indian Red             Haematite Red


_Plate XXVIII_

     7′′ R-O.                   9′′ OR-O.                   11′′ ORANGE

 _f_ Pale Congo Pink            Pale Vinaceous-Pink         Shell Pink
 _d_ Light Congo Pink           *Vinaceous-Pink             *Buff-Pink
 _b_ Congo Pink                 Japan Rose                  Onion-skin Pink
     Terra Cotta                Testaceous                  Vinaceous-Tawny
 _i_ Vinaceous-Russet           Cacao Brown                 Pecan Brown
 _k_ Cameo Brown                *Walnut Brown               Rood's Brown
 _m_ *Chocolate                 *Burnt Umber                *Vandyke Brown


_Plate XXIX_

     13′′ OY-O.                 15′′ Y-O.                   17′′ O-Y.

 _f_ Pale Cinnamon-Pink         Pale Pinkish Cinnamon       Pale Pinkish Buff
 _d_ Light Vinaceous-Cinnamon   Light Pinkish Cinnamon      *Pinkish Buff
 _b_ *Vinaceous-Cinnamon        Pinkish Cinnamon            Cinnamon-Buff
     Orange-Cinnamon            *Cinnamon                   *Clay Color
 _i_ Mikado Brown               Sayal Brown                 *Tawny-Olive
 _k_ Verona Brown               Snuff Brown                 Saccardo's Umber
 _m_ Warm Sepia                 *Bister                     *Sepia


_Plate XXX_

     19′′ YO-Y.                 21′′ O-YY.                  23′′ YELLOW

 _f_ Cartridge Buff             Ivory Yellow                Marguerite Yellow
 _d_ Cream-Buff                 Colonial Buff               *Primrose Yellow
 _b_ Chamois                    Deep Colonial Buff          Reed Yellow
     Honey Yellow               Olive-Ocher                 *Olive-Yellow
 _i_ Isabella Color             Ecru-Olive                  Light Yellowish Olive
 _k_ Light Brownish Olive       Buffy Olive                 Yellowish Olive
 _m_ Brownish Olive             *Olive                      Dark Greenish Olive


_Plate XXXI_

     25′′ YG-Y.                 27′′ G-Y.                   29′′ GG-Y.

 _f_ Seafoam Yellow             Seafoam Green               Pale Glass Green
 _d_ Chartreuse Yellow          Deep Seafoam Green          Glass Green
 _b_ Citron Green               Chrysolite Green            Kildare Green
     Lime Green                 Deep Chrysolite Green       Absinthe Green
 _i_ Mignonette Green           Rainette Green              Light Cress Green
 _k_ Kronberg's Green           Jade Green                  Cress Green
 _m_ Ivy Green                  Yew Green                   Dark Cress Green


_Plate XXXII_

     31′′ Y-G.                  33′′ GY-G.                  35′′ GREEN

 _f_ Pale Turtle Green          Pale Fluorite Green         Pale Olivine
 _d_ Light Turtle Green         Light Fluorite Green        Olivine
 _b_ Turtle Green               Clear Fluorite Green        *Malachite Green
     Deep Turtle Green          Fluorite Green              Deep Malachite Green
 _i_ *Chromium Green            Shamrock Green              *French Green
 _k_ Deep Dull Yellow-Green (1) Deep Dull Yellow-Green (2)  Light Danube Green
 _m_ Dark Dull Yellow-Green     Empire Green                Danube Green


_Plate XXXIII_

     37′′ GB-G.                 39′′ B-G.                   41′′ BB-G.

 _f_ Lichen Green               Pale Glaucous-Green         Pale Niagara Green
 _d_ Deep Lichen Green          *Glaucous-Green             Light Niagara Green
 _b_ Rejane Green               Deep Glaucous-Green         Niagara Green
     Montpellier Green          Light Porcelain Green       Light Terre Verte
 _i_ Jasper Green               Porcelain Green             *Terre Verte
 _k_ Nickel Green               Dark Porcelain Green        Dark Terre Verte
 _m_ Dusky Green                Dusky Blue-Green            Dusky Bluish Green


_Plate XXXIV_

     43′′ G-B.                  45′′ BG-B.                  47′′ G-BB.

 _f_ Pale Glaucous-Blue         Sky Gray                    Burn Blue
 _d_ Light Glaucous-Blue        Light Alice Blue            Light Columbia Blue
 _b_ *Glaucous-Blue             Alice Blue                  Columbia Blue
     Porcelain Blue             Orient Blue                 Light Tyrian Blue
 _i_ Gobelin Blue               Deep Orient Blue            Tyrian Blue
 _k_ Dark Gobelin Blue          Dark Orient Blue            Dark Tyrian Blue
 _m_ Dusky Green-Blue (2)       Dusky Orient Blue           *Indigo Blue


_Plate XXXV_

     49′′ BLUE                  51′′ BV-B.                  53′′ V-B.

 _f_ *Pearl Blue                Pale Grayish Blue-Violet    Pale Aniline Lilac
 _d_ Pale Windsor Blue          Light Grayish Blue-Violet   Aniline Lilac
 _b_ Light Windsor Blue         Grayish Blue-Violet (2)     Deep Aniline Lilac
     Clear Windsor Blue         Dull Bluish Violet (2)      Dull Violet-Blue
 _i_ Windsor Blue               Deep Dull Bluish Violet (2) Deep Dull Violet-Blue
 _k_ Acetin Blue                Dark Dull Bluish Violet (2) Dark Dull Violet-Blue
 _m_ Nigrosin Blue              Diamin-Azo Blue             Dusky Dull Violet-Blue


_Plate XXXVI_

     55′′ B-V.                  57′′ VB-V.                  59′′ VIOLET

 _f_ Pale Verbena Violet        Pale Bluish Lavender        *Lavender
 _d_ Verbena Violet             Bluish Lavender             Deep Lavender
 _b_ Ontario Violet             Light Dull Bluish Violet    Light Hyssop Violet
     Vanderpoel's Violet        Dull Bluish Violet (3)      Hyssop Violet
 _i_ Dull Blue-Violet (2)       Deep Dull Bluish Violet (3) Deep Hyssop Violet
 _k_ Yvette Violet              Dark Dull Bluish Violet (3) Dark Hyssop Violet
 _m_ Dark Yvette Violet         Dusky Dull Violet (1)       Dusky Dull Violet (2)


_Plate XXXVII_

     61′′ VR-V.                 63′′ R-V.                   65′′ RR-V.

 _f_ Pale Lobelia Violet        Pale Lilac                  Light Pinkish Lilac
 _d_ Light Lobelia Violet       Hay's Lilac                 Purplish Lilac
 _b_ Lobelia Violet             Ageratum Violet             Argyle Purple
     Saccardo's Violet          Aconite Violet              Bishop's Purple
 _i_ Livid Violet               Livid Purple                Light Perilla Purple
 _k_ Naphthalene Violet         Deep Livid Purple           Perilla Purple
 _m_ Dark Naphthalene Violet    Dark Livid Purple           Dark Perilla Purple


_Plate XXXVIII_

     67′′ V-R.                  69′′ RV-R.                  71′′ V-RR.

 _f_ Pale Laelia Pink           Pale Persian Lilac          Pale Rhodonite Pink
 _d_ Laelia Pink                Persian Lilac               Rhodonite Pink
 _b_ Tourmaline Pink            Daphne Pink                 Rocellin Purple
     Eupatorium Purple          Daphne Red                  Hellebore Red
 _i_ Vinaceous-Purple (1)       Vernonia Purple             Deep Hellebore Red
 _k_ Dark Vinaceous-Purple      Corinthian Purple           Neutral Red
 _m_ *Indian Purple              Dark Corinthian Purple      Mars Violet


_Plate XXXIX_

     1′′′ RED                   5′′′ OO-R.                  9′′′ OR-O.

 _f_ Pale Purplish Vinaceous    Pale Brownish Vinaceous     Pale Grayish Vinaceous
 _d_ Light Purplish Vinaceous   Light Brownish Vinaceous    Light Grayish Vinaceous
 _b_ Purplish Vinaceous         Brownish Vinaceous          Light Russet-Vinaceous
     Livid Brown                Deep Brownish Vinaceous     Russet-Vinaceous
 _i_ Deep Livid Brown           Vinaceous-Brown             Sorghum Brown
 _k_ Dark Livid Brown           Dark Vinaceous-Brown        Hay's Brown
 _m_ Warm Blackish Brown        *Seal Brown                 Light Seal Brown


_Plate XL_

     13′′′ OY-O.                17′′′ O-Y.                  21′′′ O-YY.

 _f_ Pale Vinaceous-Fawn        Tilleul Buff                Pale Olive-Buff
 _d_ Light Vinaceous-Fawn       *Vinaceous-Buff             *Olive-Buff
 _b_ Vinaceous-Fawn             Avellaneous                 Deep Olive-Buff
     *Fawn Color                *Wood Brown                 Dark Olive-Buff
 _i_ Army Brown                 Buffy Brown                 Citrine-Drab
 _k_ Natal Brown                Olive-Brown                 Deep Olive
 _m_ Bone Brown                 *Clove Brown                 Dark Olive


_Plate XLI_

     25′′′ YG-Y.                29′′′ GG-Y.                 33′′′ GY-G.

 _f_ Yellowish Glaucous         Glaucous                    Greenish Glaucous
 _d_ Water Green                Corydalis Green             Deep Greenish Glaucous
 _b_ Light Grape Green          Mytho Green                 Dark Greenish Glaucous
     Grape Green                Asphodel Green              Pistachio Green
 _i_ Deep Grape Green           Pois Green                  American Green
 _k_ Lincoln Green              Leaf Green                  Dark American Green
 _m_ Dusky Olive-Green          Dusky Yellowish Green       Dull Blackish Green


_Plate XLII_

     37′′′ GB-G.                41′′′ BB-G.                 45′′′ BG-B.

 _f_ Bluish Glaucous            Pale Dull Glaucous-Blue     Pale Russian Blue
 _d_ Deep Bluish Glaucous       Light Dull Glaucous-Blue    Russian Blue
 _b_ Dark Bluish Glaucous       Greenish Glaucous-Blue      Cadet Gray
     Stone Green                Bluish Gray-Green           Parula Blue
 _i_ Russian Green              Deep Bluish Gray-Green      Delft Blue
 _k_ Dark Russian Green         Dark Bluish Gray-Green      Deep Delft Blue
 _m_ Dusky Dull Green           Dusky Dull Bluish Green     Dark Delft Blue


_Plate XLIII_

     49′′′ BLUE                 53′′′ V-B.                  57′′′ VB-V.

 _f_ *Lavender-Gray             Plumbago Blue               Grayish Lavender
 _d_ Endive Blue                Deep Plumbago Blue          Deep Grayish Lavender
 _b_ Dutch Blue                 Dark Plumbago Blue          Dark Grayish Lavender
     Deep Dutch Blue            Madder Blue                 Ramier Blue
 _i_ Slate-Blue                 Deep Madder Blue            Slate-Violet (1)
 _k_ Deep Slate-Blue            Dark Madder Blue            Dark Slate-Violet (1)
 _m_ Dusky Slate-Blue           Dusky Violet-Blue (2)       Dusky Slate-Violet


_Plate XLIV_

     61′′′ VR-V.                65′′′ RR-V.                 69′′′ RV-R.

 _f_ Dull Lavender              Vinaceous-Lavender          Pale Vinaceous-Lilac
 _d_ Deep Dull Lavender         Deep Vinaceous-Lavender     Light Vinaceous-Lilac
 _b_ Dark Lavender              Light Vinaceous-Purple      Vinaceous-Lilac
     Slate-Violet (2)           Vinaceous-Purple (2)        Deep Purplish Vinaceous
 _i_ Deep Slate-Violet          Slate-Purple                Dull Indian Purple
 _k_ Dark Slate-Violet (2)      Dark Slate-Purple           Anthracene Purple
 _m_ Dull Violet-Black (1)      Raisin Black                Taupe Brown


_Plate XLV_

     1′′′′ RED                  5′′′′ OO-R.                 9′′′′ OR-O.

 _f_ Pallid Purple-Drab         Pallid Vinaceous-Drab       Pallid Brownish Drab
 _d_ Pale Purple-Drab           Pale Vinaceous-Drab         Pale Brownish Drab
 _b_ Light Purple-Drab          Light Vinaceous-Drab        Light Brownish Drab
     Purple-Drab                Vinaceous-Drab              Brownish Drab
 _i_ Dark Purple-Drab           Dark Vinaceous-Drab         Deep Brownish Drab
 _k_ Dusky Brown                Dark Grayish Brown          Dusky Drab
 _m_ Blackish Brown (1)         Blackish Brown (2)          Blackish Brown (3)


_Plate XLVI_

     13′′′′ OY-O.               17′′′′ O-Y.                 21′′′′ O-YY.

 _f_ Pale Ecru-Drab             Pale Drab-Gray              Pale Smoke Gray
 _d_ *Ecru-Drab                 *Drab-Gray                  *Smoke Gray
 _b_ Light Cinnamon-Drab        Light Drab                  Light Grayish Olive
     Cinnamon-Drab              *Drab                       Grayish Olive
 _i_ Benzo Brown                Hair Brown                  Deep Grayish Olive
 _k_ Fuscous                    Chaetura Drab               Dark Grayish Olive
 _m_ Fuscous-Black              Chaetura Black              Olivaceous Black (1)


_Plate XLVII_

     25′′′′ YG-Y.               29′′′′ GG-Y.                33′′′′ GY-G.

 _f_ Light Mineral Gray         Court Gray                  Puritan Gray
 _d_ Mineral Gray               Gnaphalium Green            Light Celandine Green
 _b_ Tea Green                  *Pea Green                  Celandine Green
     Vetiver Green              *Sage Green                 Artemisia Green
 _i_ Andover Green              Slate-Olive                 Lily Green
 _k_ Dark Ivy Green             Deep Slate-Olive            Deep Slate-Green
 _m_ Olivaceous Black (2)       Dull Greenish Black (1)     Dull Greenish Black (2)


_Plate XLVIII_

     37′′′′ GB-G.               41′′′′ BB-G.                45′′′′ BG-B.

 _f_ Glaucous-Gray              Pale Medici Blue            Pale Green-Blue Gray
 _d_ Deep Glaucous-Gray         Light Medici Blue           Clear Green-Blue Gray
 _b_ Dark Glaucous-Gray         Medici Blue                 Deep Green-Blue Gray
     Grayish Blue-Green         Deep Medici Blue            Dark Green-Blue Gray
 _i_ Deep Grayish Blue-Green    Dark Medici Blue            Green-Blue Slate
 _k_ Dark Grayish Blue-Green    Saccardo's Slate            Dark Green-Blue Slate
 _m_ Greenish Slate-Black       Dull Blue-Green Black       Bluish Slate-Black


_Plate XLIX_

     49′′′′ BLUE                53′′′′ V-B.                 57′′′′ VB-V.

 _f_ Pale Payne's Gray          Pale Violet-Plumbeous       Rood's Lavender
 _d_ Light Payne's Gray         Light Violet-Plumbeous      Pale Varley's Gray
 _b_ Clear Payne's Gray         Violet-Plumbeous            Light Varley's Gray
     Payne's Gray               Deep Violet-Plumbeous       Varley's Gray
 _i_ Deep Payne's Gray          Violet-Slate                Deep Varley's Gray
 _k_ Dark Payne's Gray          Dark Violet-Slate           Dark Varley's Gray
 _m_ Bluish Black               Dull Violet-Black (2)       Blue-Violet Black


_Plate L_

     61′′′′ VR-V.               65′′′′ RR-V.                69′′′′ RV-R.

 _f_ Light Plumbago Gray        Light Heliotrope-Gray       Light Vinaceous-Gray
 _d_ Plumbago Gray              Heliotrope-Gray             Vinaceous-Gray
 _b_ Deep Plumbago Gray         Deep Heliotrope Gray        Deep Vinaceous-Gray
     Dark Plumbago Gray         Dark Heliotrope Gray        Dark Vinaceous-Gray
 _i_ Plumbago Slate             Heliotrope-Slate            Vinaceous-Slate
 _k_ Dark Plumbago Slate        Dark Heliotrope Slate       Deep Slaty Brown
 _m_ Dull Violet-Black (3)      Dull Purplish Black         Aniline Black


_Plate LI_

     1′′′′′ RED                 15′′′′′ Y-O.                23′′′′′ YELLOW

 _f_ Pallid Quaker Drab         Pallid Mouse Gray           Pale Olive-Gray
 _d_ Pale Quaker Drab           Pale Mouse Gray             Light Olive-Gray
 _b_ Light Quaker Drab          Light Mouse Gray            *Olive-Gray
     Quaker Drab                *Mouse Gray                  Deep Olive-Gray
 _i_ Deep Quaker Drab           Deep Mouse Gray             Dark Olive-Gray
 _k_ Dark Quaker Drab           Dark Mouse Gray             Iron Gray
 _m_ Sooty Black                Blackish Mouse Gray         Olivaceous Black (3)


_Plate LII_

     35′′′′′ GREEN              49′′′′′ BLUE                59′′′′′ VIOLET

 _f_ *Pearl Gray                *French Gray                *Lilac-Gray
 _d_ Dawn Gray                  *Cinereous                  Pale Violet-Gray
 _b_ Hathi Gray                 *Plumbeous                  Light Violet-Gray
     Storm Gray                 Deep Plumbeous              Violet-Gray
 _i_ Castor Gray                Dark Plumbeous              Deep Violet-Gray
 _k_ Dusky Green-Gray           Blackish Plumbeous          Dark Violet-Gray
 _m_ Blackish Green-Gray        Plumbeous-Black             Blackish Violet-Gray


_Plate LIII_

     67′′′′′ V-R.               NEUTRAL GRAY                CARBON GRAY

     White                      White                       *10. Gray. (Pale Gull Gray)
 _f_ Pallid Purplish Gray       Pallid Neutral Gray         *9. Gray. (Light Gull Gray)
 _d_ Pale Purplish Gray         Pale Neutral Gray           *8. Gray. (Gull Gray)
 _b_ Light Purplish Gray        Light Neutral Gray          *7. Gray. (Deep Gull Gray)
     Purplish Gray              Neutral Gray                *6. Gray. (Dark Gull Gray)
 _i_ Deep Purplish Gray         Deep Neutral Gray           *5. Slate-Gray
 _k_ Dark Purplish Gray         Dark Neutral Gray           *4. Slate Color
 _m_ Dusky Purplish Gray        Dusky Neutral Gray          *3. Blackish Slate
     Black                      *1. Black                   *2. Slate-Black


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXII AND XXIV.

Reference to these plates was unfortunately overlooked when the text
was going through the press.

These plates are simply _extras_. They were made at an early stage in
the preparation of the work and discarded; but were finally inserted,
merely to add to the number of colors represented.




Transcriber's Note

Underscores are used to mark _italic text_.

Equal signs are used to mark =bold text=.

Capital letters are used to represent SMALL CAPS.

The color sample for Light Corinthian Red on plate VVXII is missing
from the original book.