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    THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.

    +By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.+




WORKS BY SIR FRANCIS HEAD.

    ROUGH NOTES OF JOURNEYS ACROSS THE PAMPAS AND OVER THE ANDES.
    Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

    "None of Sir Francis Head's works have achieved a greater
    popularity than his Gallop across the Pampas. Written
    thoroughly _con amore_, and with the easy flow of ideas
    that seem, like their originator, to be swinging along
    at a hand-gallop, he carries us away with him over the
    boundless plains of South America, free and untrammelled as
    himself."--_Frazer's Magazine, Jan. 1861._

    DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18_s._

    BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. By an +Old Man+. 16mo. 5_s._

    THE EMIGRANT. Fcap. 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

    STOKERS AND POKERS; or, the London and North-Western Railway.
    Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

    DEFENCELESS STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Post 8vo. 12_s._

    A FAGGOT OF FRENCH STICKS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 12_s._

    A FORTNIGHT IN IRELAND. Map. 8vo. 12_s._

    "Sir Francis Head's works are now so well known to the British
    public that it is almost superfluous to criticise their merits
    or their style.

    "His descriptions remind us of Hogarth. There is the same
    minute attention to details, the same truthfulness of outline,
    the same undercurrent of humour."--_Frazer's Magazine, Jan.
    1861._


JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING
CROSS.

[Illustration:

 +the hounds are LATE to-day!+

    FRONTISPIECE]




    THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.

    +By SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, Bart.+

    [Illustration]

                  He grew unto his seat;
    And to such wond'rous doing brought his horse,
    As he had been incorps'd and demy-natur'd
    With the brave beast.

    _Hamlet_, Act iv. Scene 7.

    _SECOND EDITION._

    LONDON:
    JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
    1861.

    _The right of Translation is reserved._




PREFACE.


The writer of this little volume deems it only fair to forewarn his
readers that he is not, and never has been, an inhabitant of that
variegated region in creation commonly called "the sporting world."

He has never bred, raced, steeple-chased, nor betted sixpence on any
colt, filly, horse, or mare. He has never seen, nor been seen by, the
Jockey-Club. He has never been on the turf. He does not belong to "the
ring."

Nevertheless, sometimes in the performance of public
duties,--sometimes from private inclination,--sometimes for the
benefit of his health,--sometimes for recreation,--sometimes for
rumination,--sometimes to risk his life,--and more than once to save
it, he has, throughout a long and chequered career, had to do an amount
of rough-riding, a little larger than has fallen to the lot of many men.

His observations and reflections on horses and horsemen he now ventures
to submit to that portion only of the community who, like himself,
preferring a long tether to a short one, take exercise on four legs,
instead of on two.




CONTENTS.


                                                          +Page+

    +Preface+                                                3

    +Contents+                                               5

    +Preliminary Observations--The Horse+                    7

    +Mr. Rarey's mode of subduing Horses--compared
    with that practised in South America+                   16

    +Difference between the character and conduct of
    a wild horse and a tame one+                            24

    +Horsemanship--a just seat--a light hand--their
    advantages in riding, in leaping, in galloping
    over rough ground, in going fast down hill, in
    falling+                                                28

    +A jump into a stone-quarry--the Mameluke's leap
    out of the Citadel of Cairo--Letter from Gen.
    Moore, and story of his fall on horseback over
    a precipice of 237 feet+                                44

    +Mode of riding at Timber+                              51

    +Water Jumping--Scene at a Northamptonshire
    brook+                                                  54

    +Different ways of Swimming a Horse+                    62

    +Judicious Riding+                                      63

    +Use and Abuse of Spurs+                                65

    +How to treat a Hunter in the Field+                    74

    +How to bring a Hunter Home+                            80

    +How to Dress for Hunting+                              89

    +How to Eat and Drink for Hunting+                      97

    +Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey
    Hunting+                                               104

    +The Stable+                                           106

    +On Shoeing+                                           114

    +On Roughing Horses+                                   119

    +Saddles+                                              121

    +Bridles+                                              126

    +Intrinsic Value of a Horse+                           130

    +On Shying+                                            132

    +On Singeing+                                          136

    +Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth to
    draw Waterloo Gorse+                                   143

    +Effects created by the Sight of Hounds on Horses,
    Men, Women, Children, Sheep, Lambs+                    152

    +Cruelty of Hunting Considered+                        159

    +The Lamb and the Fox+                                 163

    +Beneficial Results, social and pecuniary, of
    Hunting+                                               167

    +Sketch of the Life and Death of Thomas Assheton
    Smith+                                                 173

    +On Military Horse-power+                              195

    +On Hobbling and Anchoring Cavalry Horses+             206

    +On Chloroforming Horses+                              215




[Illustration:

MAN AND HIS RIDER.

MODE, IN NORTHERN PARTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, OF RIDING OVER THE ANDES, ON
A RED INDIAN.

QUERY, _which_ IS "THE SAVAGE?"

To face page 7.]




THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER.




+The Horse.+


In almost every region of the globe, not only on its surface, but at
different depths beneath it, the history of the horse is recorded.

    "Fossil remains," says Colonel Hamilton Smith in the twelfth
    volume of the Naturalist's Library, "of the horse have been
    found in nearly every part of the world. His teeth lie in the
    Polar ice along with the bones of the Siberian mammoth; in
    the Himalaya mountains with lost, and but recently obtained,
    genera; in the caverns of Ireland; and, in one instance, from
    Barbary, completely fossilized. His bones, accompanied by
    those of the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, and hyæna, rest by
    thousands in the caves in Constadt; in Sevion at Argenteuil
    with those of the mastodon; in Val d'Arno and on the borders of
    the Rhine with colossal urus."

But what is most deserving of attention is that while all the other
genera and species, found under the same conditions, have either ceased
to exist, or have removed to higher temperatures, the horse alone
has remained to the present time in the same regions, without, it
would appear, any protracted interruption; fragments of his skeleton
continuing to be traced upwards, in successive formations, to the
present surface of the earth--the land we live in.

In like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern, the horse is
to be found omnipresent, sharing in the conquests, in the defeats, in
the prosperity, in the adversity, in the joys, in the sorrows, in the
occupations, and in the amusements of man.

In Genesis xlvii. 17, Moses records that the Egyptians (1729 years
before Christ), at a time when the famine was sore in the land of
Canaan, gave to Joseph their _horses_ in exchange for bread.

Two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491 +B.C.+), six
hundred chosen chariots for nobles and generals, all the war chariots
of Egypt armed with iron to break the enemy's battalions, _the
horsemen_, and all the host of Pharaoh, in their pursuit of the
children of Israel, were overthrown in the midst of the Red Sea, so
that there remained not so much as one of them.--(Exodus, chap. xiv.)

    "Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the
    Lord, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the Lord, for he has
    triumphed gloriously: _the horse and his rider_ hath he thrown
    into the sea."--Exodus, chap. xv.

The Canaanites whom Joshua engaged at the waters of Merom had
_cavalry_, and a multitude of chariots drawn by _horses_. Sisera,
general of Jabin, King of Hazor, had 900 chariots of iron. Judah could
not get possession of the lands because the ancient inhabitants of the
country were strong in chariots of iron. The Philistines, in their war
against Saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 _horsemen_. David having
taken 1000 chariots of war from Hadadezer, King of Syria, hamstrung the
_horses_, and burned 900 chariots. During the latter periods of the
Jewish monarchy Palestine abounded in horses.

In 1 Kings, chap, iv., it is stated that Solomon had 40,000 stalls _of
horses_ for his chariots, and 12,000 _horsemen_.

Cyntacus, a King of Ethiopia, entered Egypt at the head of 100,000
cavalry; and from that period to Balaklava, and from it to the last
battle in modern history, horses in greater or less numbers have shared
in the dangers of war.

In many instances the history of an individual horse forms part
and parcel of the history of his rider: accordingly we learn that
Bucephalus (so called because his head resembled that of a bull,
Βου κεφαλος), when thirty years old, saved the life of
Alexander the Great, who, in remembrance, built a city which he called
after his name.

We are, moreover, taught in our schools, that the Emperor C. Caligula,
as an especial honour to his favourite horse, not only created him a
high-priest and consul, but caused him to live in marble apartments, in
which he stalked about adorned with the most valuable trappings and
pearls the Roman empire could supply.

In statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives with his rider.

On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acropolis of Athens, at
Nineveh, and numerous other localities, are to be seen sculptured or
painted, more or less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback.

In all the great cities of Europe the horse and his rider, or rather
the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed worthy to occupy
conspicuous positions in the most important thoroughfares. Accordingly
in London, within a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen
equestrian statues of Kings Charles I., William III., George III., and
George IV.

Mounted on one charger, the Duke of Wellington in his cocked hat and
feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols and spurs, in all weathers,
rides triumphantly on the summit of an arch at the western end of
London, while, at the same moment, in pantaloons and shoes, without
hat, stirrups, or spurs, mounted on another charger, he appears, as a
sentinel, in front of the Bank of England, the commercial heart of the
empire.

Among the great potentates of the earth, the coin that is most
currently used, in proffers to each other of amity and friendship,
is _a horse_. And accordingly, the Beys of Tunis, of Algiers, and
Egypt; every sovereign in Europe, including the Czar of Russia, and the
Sultan of the Turks; the Emperor of Morocco, the Kings of Persia and
Abyssinia, and other rulers of smaller name, have transmitted to the
Queen of Great Britain, with due compliments, specimens of their finest
_horses_.

In the Life of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller, it is recorded that
Fasil, after having assembled the leaders of the Galla tribes, said to
the noble Briton, "Now, before all these men, ask me any thing you have
at heart, and be it what it may, they know I cannot deny it to you!"
Bruce, of course, asked to be conducted immediately to the head of the
Nile. Fasil then turned to his seven chiefs, who got up. They all stood
round in a circle and raised the palms of their hands, while he and the
Galla with great apparent devotion repeated together a prayer, about a
minute long. "Now," says Fasil, "go in peace: you are a Galla. This is
a curse upon them and their children, their corn, grass, and cattle,
if ever they lift their hand against you or yours, or do not defend
you to the utmost, if attacked by others." Upon this, Bruce offered to
kiss his hand, and they all went to the door of the tent, where there
stood a very handsome grey horse. "Take this horse," said Fasil, "as
a present from me. But do not mount it yourself. Drive it before you,
saddled and bridled as it is. No man of Maitsha will touch you when he
sees _that horse_,"--which proved a magician that led him towards his
object--an Ægis that shielded him on his way.

In like manner to the people of France, the '_Moniteur_' has just
officially made the two following announcements:--

    "Algiers, 19th September, 1860.

    "The Emperor and Empress yesterday morning laid the first stone
    of the fine boulevard which is to run along the shore. An immense
    concourse of persons, both French and native, were collected,
    eager to see their Majesties, and the ceremony displayed a most
    picturesque character. Under the skilful direction of General
    Jusuf, contingents of the Kabyle infantry and cavalry of the
    three provinces, with all the Aghas and Caids at their head, had
    been assembled to come and pay homage to the Emperor. After a
    sham fight between the different tribes a grand fantasia took
    place by from 9000 to 10,000 horsemen rushing forward at the
    swiftest gallop, and discharging their firearms before their
    Majesties' tent; afterwards a magnificent charge was given by
    twelve squadrons of Spahis, crossing the plain like a hurricane;
    then followed tilting matches, gazelle, ostrich, and falcon
    hunts; a grand filing-off of the Touaregs, with their faces
    veiled, and mounted on their camels; and of the Chambaas, those
    inhabitants of the depths of the Desert, and the future carriers
    of French commerce into the Soudan. After, in short, one of the
    most splendid spectacles that could be imagined, all the Goums,
    forming an immense line of battle, advanced majestically, with
    banners displayed and muskets held high in the air, towards
    the eminence on which the Emperor's tent had been pitched. The
    chiefs, clad in the richest burnous, alighted from their steeds
    and came in a body to present _the horse of homage_, caparisoned
    with gold, and thus perform an act of submission to the Sovereign
    of France. At this moment, rendered solemn by the beauty of the
    scene and the warlike appearance of the various tribes whose long
    resistance has given glory to the French arms, the Emperor could
    not prevent himself from giving way to visible emotion. The Bey
    of Tunis was present at this grand solemnity."

    "Paris, 28th September, 1860.

    "General Count Pierre Schouvaloff, Grand Master of Police at
    St. Petersburg, and his brother, Count Paul Schouvaloff, both
    aides-de-camp to the Emperor of Russia, were received the day
    before yesterday by the Emperor Napoleon, and had the honour
    of presenting to his Majesty four horses, sent as a present
    by the Emperor Alexander. These fine animals, which have been
    accompanied to Paris by a veterinary surgeon, four hussars, and
    a non-commissioned officer of the Imperial Guard, are of the
    celebrated Orloff race, and come from the Imperial breeding stud
    at Chrenovsky. They were selected from among a great number by
    the Czar himself; and during the two mouths that their journey
    from the very heart of Russia has occupied, they have been the
    objects of the greatest care. His Majesty greatly admired the
    beauty, strength, and symmetry of _the horses_, and expressed
    to the Counts Schouvaloff how gratified he felt at a mark of
    attention which showed the friendly relations existing between
    the two Sovereigns."

In war, the value of these noble animals to man is well described by
Shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of King Richard--

    "_A horse! a horse!_ my kingdom for _a horse_!"

In like manner, in civil life, how often has the schoolboy, who in his
infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy--a little spotted horse on
wheels--felt that he would give his birthright for _a pony_!

On his arriving at Oxford or Cambridge, how often has the
undergraduate, for the professed purposes of application and
recreation, submitted to his parents or guardians a supplication for
those three stereotyped wants of college life, "a little money, a
private tutor, and _a horse_!" Afterwards, in his manhood, and even
in his old age, how often has the Prime Minister of England, during a
most important debate, risen from his seat in Parliament to propose to
the legion of senators around him "that this House shall adjourn from
Tuesday to Thursday," for the well known object (acknowledged by "loud
and protracted cheering") of enabling _himself_, those who surround
him, and everybody else, "to go to the Derby," to purchase "_Dorling's
correct card of the names of the =+HORSES+=, and the colours of their_
+RIDERS+!"

Among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of the turf, have
purchased for several thousand guineas--_a horse_! How many, including
Pitt, Fox, Lord Althorp, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Sir Francis
Burdett, &c., &c., have been ardent followers of hounds!

Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon III. each keep a
pack of stag-hounds; the Prince Consort, a pack of harriers. During
the Peninsular war, and again while commanding the army of occupation
in France, the Duke of Wellington, besides fighting and writing,
maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.[A] George III.
was strongly attached to hunting; his great grandson, the Prince of
Wales, "loves it better still."

In all our streets, in our fields, in our highways and bye-ways,
along the surface of merry England, and across it; under ground in
coal-mines; revolving in a mill;--in short, in every direction, and
wherever we go, we see before us--sometimes as man's companion,
sometimes as his servant, sometimes as his slave, and occasionally as
his master--_the horse_, respecting which and his rider we will now,
without further preamble, venture to offer to our readers the few
following remarks.

[Footnote A: About 44 years ago a Frenchwoman, the proprietor of a
small farm, showed us, as a great curiosity, a "billet de logement,"
which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a
translated copy:--

    "The widow ---- will lodge for one night fifty-four dogs." [The
    Duke of Wellington's hounds just arrived from England.]

    (Signed) ----,
    "Mayor."

"Imaginez-vous donc," exclaimed the poor old lady, uplifting her eyes
and the palms of both hands; "Imaginez-vous donc--cinquante-quatre
chiens!!"]




+Mr. Rarey's Mode of Subduing Horses.+


It is a singular fact, that although England produces the finest
horses in the world, and though the English people have always fancied
they understood their management better than any other nation, yet,
lately, not only have we all been astonished by the superior knowledge
on this subject of a trans-Atlantic cousin, but what is still more
surprising, our sporting men have rushed forwards to pay to Mr. Rarey
no less a sum than about 15,000_l._ for exhibiting to them a system
of horse-breaking, the philosophy of which is based upon a few simple
facts, which, although unreflected on, have ever been lying close
before our eyes.

Of all animals in creation, there is no one we should all of us be so
very sorry to lose as the horse. In peace and in war, on burning sands
under the equator, or on eternal snow in the frigid zone, for pleasure
or for business, well fed or starving, he is always not only ready, but
eager, to the utmost of his strength, to serve a master, but too often
inconsiderate, ungrateful to him, and unjust. As soon as his courage is
excited, no fall, bruise, blow, or wound, that does not paralyse the
mechanism of his limbs, will stop him; indeed, with his upper and lower
jaw shot away, and with the skin dangling in ribands, we have seen him
cantering, apparently careless and unconscious of his state, alongside
of the horse artillery gun from which he had just been cut adrift.

But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course, or in harness, a
horse will generally, from sheer pluck, go till he drops, yet, whenever
he encounters physical strength greater than his own, our hero all of a
sudden acts like an arrant coward.

For instance, in the mail, it apparently matters not to the spirit of
the horses whether there be one passenger or six--light bags or heavy
ones; on the contrary, the greater the weight, the more eagerly do they
strain to force it to follow them. The faster they are allowed to go,
the harder do they pull, until, if the reins were to break, they would
enjoy the opportunity by running away, not as in the days of Phaeton
with the chariot of the sun, but with say a ton and a half, of they
know not what, at their heels. And yet, if on the following day the
same high-flying, high-spirited, high-mettled horses were to be hooked
to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or three ineffectual snatches
to move it, no amount of punishment would be sufficient to induce
them to go to the end of their traces; in short, to use a well-known
expression, they would all "_jib_." Again, if a horse in harness,
however resolutely he may be proceeding, slips upon pavement, and
falls heavily on his side, after vainly making three or four violent
struggles to rise, he becomes all of a sudden so completely cowed, that
not only without any resistance does he allow his harness piecemeal to
be unbuckled, the carriage detached, and pushed away far behind him,
but, when lying thus perfectly unfettered, it requires kicks, stripes,
and a malediction or two, to induce him to make the little effort
necessary to rise from his prostrate state.

Again, in the hunting-field, a noble, high-couraged horse, a rusher at
any description of fence, the very sight of which seems to inflame his
ardour, in most gallant style charges a brook, which when he is in the
air he sees is too broad to be cleared. On his chest striking against
the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling that he is not a
bit hurt, is luxuriously rolling over and over on the green grass like
a rabbit that at full speed has been shot dead, this gallant steed
makes two, three, or four desperate efforts to get to him; and yet,
simply because the mud at the bottom of the brook catches hold of his
hind feet, and the sticky perpendicular clay bank grasps his fore ones,
his courage suddenly fails him, and as nothing will then induce him to
make another effort, it becomes necessary to send, often several miles,
for cart-horses to drag this high-bred animal out by his neck.

But although this strange mixture of courage and cowardice appears to
us at first to be inexplicable, yet on reflection we must perceive that
it is in strict accordance with the beneficent decree that "man should
have dominion over every beast of the field."

The weight and muscular strength of a horse multiplied into each other,
form a momentum which, if his courage were as indomitable as that of
man, would make him the master instead of the servant of the human
race; and accordingly, although, for all the purposes for which man can
require them, his energy and endurance are invincible, yet, to ensure
his subjection, his courage has been so curiously constituted, that,
as it were, by touching the small secret spring of a safety valve,
the whole of it instantly evaporates; and although Mr. Rarey has not
exactly explained this theory, he has, with extraordinary intelligence
and success, reduced it to practice as follows:--

When a horse of a sensitive and sensible disposition is placed under
the care of a man of weak nerves, he very soon finds out that, by
the help of his body, teeth, and heels, that is to say by squeezing,
crushing, biting, and kicking his groom, he is able to frighten him;
and no sooner is this victory attained, than the tyrant begins to
misbehave himself to everybody in every possible way, until, as in
the case of _Cruiser_, it is declared dangerous to approach him, even
with food; that no man can ride him; in fact, that he is an animal
beautiful to look at, but thoroughly useless to mankind.

Now, to cure this disorder, the wild beast, for such he is, with great
precaution, by several guy-ropes, is led close to the wheel of a
waggon, under which Mr. Rarey, putting his hands through the spokes,
manages to lift up and gently strap up one fore-leg, and to affix a
long strap to the fetlock of the other, which two simple operations at
once ensure the victory he is about to attain.

As it gives a horse not the slightest pain or inconvenience to stand
for a short time on one fore-leg, Cruiser, while "amazed he stares
around," is scarcely aware that he is doing so; and as he is totally
unconscious of the existence of the other strap, he is perfectly
astounded to find that no sooner does he attempt to resent Mr. Rarey's
bold approach and grasp, than, apparently by the irresistible power of
man, he is suddenly deprived of the use of both his fore-legs.

The longer and the more violently he can be encouraged to resist, the
more deathlike will be the trance in which he is about to lie. He
struggles--struggles--struggles--until, as in the three instances we
have described, his courage all at once evaporates, and with heaving
flank, panting nostrils, palpitating heart, flabby muscles, and the
perspiration bursting through every pore in the skin, he then allows
his conqueror to sit on his ribs, to fiddle in his ears, drum to the
gaping and gasping audience: in short, as the Duke of Wellington
described Lord Ellenborough's proclamation about the gates of Sumnauth,
to sing over his carcase "a song of triumph." And thus as Achilles was
mortally wounded in the only vulnerable part of his body--the heel,--so
does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before failed him,
and which had been the terror of all who approached him, there exists
a weak point, discovered by Mr. Rarey, which has caused his complete
subjection to man.

    "Is this the face that faced ten thousand men,
    And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke?"

In old times this conversion of the bully into the coward could only be
effected, at great risk, by courage and physical force, as follows:--

Some years ago Captain ----, the well-known steeple-chase rider, bought
at Tattersall's, for a very small sum, a magnificent horse that no
stranger in the yard dared approach, and which therefore was "put up"
and honestly sold as a "man-killer."

On these propensities being explained by the purchaser to his head
groom, the resolute fellow bluntly replied that he would not at
all object to take care of the beast provided he were allowed, "in
self-defence, to kill or cure him;" and accordingly, as soon as
the homicide entered his stable, with a steady step, but avoiding
looking into his eye, he walked up to him, and then, not waiting for
a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon, striking the
inside of his knees, he knocked his fore legs from under him, and
the instant he fell, belaboured his head and body until the savage
proprietor of both became so completely terrified, that he ever
afterwards seemed almost to quail whenever his conqueror walked up to
him.

Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane and inhuman,
scientific and unscientific, just described, it must be apparent to
everybody, that while for the latter a powerful hero must be procured,
all that is requisite for the former is calmness, gentleness, and two
little straps which, in a lower stratum, physically fight a desperate
battle, above which man morally and serenely presides; the horse,
nevertheless, all the while ascribing to him alone the whole credit of
the victory eventually attained.

Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers, it requires several
weeks before a colt--often broken _down_ as well as _in_ by the
operation--surrenders his own will to that of his rider, whereas Mr.
Rarey has not only in public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have
followed his prescription have testified, that a young thorough-bred
horse, perfectly unbroken, can, in the course of about half-an-hour, be
so thoroughly conquered by the two straps which he conceives to be part
and parcel of the irresistible strength of his master, that so soon
as he is satisfied that his own powers of resistance are of no avail,
he subserviently allows himself to be bridled, saddled, mounted, and
ridden.

The principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is at this moment
curiously exemplified in the little dairy farm-yard of Mr. Roff,
residing on the Brighton road, near Croydon.

Some months ago, on approaching these premises, we observed a lot
of children playing with a yearling colt, who, to our surprise, was
allowing them to crawl between his legs and fondle him in various ways,
just as if he were a dog. On riding into the yard to inquire by what
magical means the little quadruped had been made so gentle and tame, we
were informed by the old farmer who owned him that his wife, kind to
all her beasts,--

    "She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer'd to stir:
    Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her,"--

had for many years been yearning to add to them a pet colt; that
accordingly he had lately bought her one, and that she had tamed it:
with uxorious pride he added "she could tame anything." As, however, we
were perfectly convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely,
honest face, could not fascinate a horse's heart quite as easily as
a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a considerable time,
until he at last mentioned (as if it had nothing whatever to do with
the subject) that when he purchased the yearling (whose mother had just
died), not knowing how to bring it to his wife, with the assistance
of one or two men he strapped together all its four feet, and then,
lifting it into his cart, just as if it had been a calf, he trotted
away with it, jolting it and jumbling it till he reached his home,
where he uncarted it, and, in due time, with his own hands, restored to
it the use of its limbs.

Of course this was a much stronger dose of discipline and subjection
than Mr. Rarey has ever found necessary to administer, even to Cruiser;
and there can exist no doubt it was this cooling medicine, this
soothing mixture, which had produced the strange and salutary effects
that had attracted us into the little yard. And thus, in every region
of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living animals, man
especially included, surrender at discretion to any authority which,
after a fruitless struggle--such a one for instance as induced Napoleon
I., on the 15th of July, 1815, to seek for refuge on board H. M. ship
Bellerophon from the allied armies of Europe--they find it to be
utterly impossible to resist.

       *       *       *       *       *

The differences between the character and conduct of a wild horse
and a tame one are, we believe, not very clearly understood. It is
generally conceived that in the difficulty of adhering, technically
termed sticking to the back of a horse, there exist three degrees of
comparison, namely:--

1. That it is rather difficult to ride a horse that has been broken in.

2. That it is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has been petted,
patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted.

3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride a wild horse
just caught, that has never been touched by a human hand.

We will, however, humbly venture to assert that, in certain instances,
the three steps of this little ladder might be reversed.

1. In a state of nature the horse is such a zealous advocate of our
popular principle of "self-government," he is so desirous to maintain
his "independence," that although he will allow almost any quadruped,
even wolves and lions, to approach within a certain distance, yet the
moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinctively turns his
tail towards him, and, when followed, gallops away.

If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct he be caught,
or rather by the lasso tumbled head over heels, saddled, and if all
of a sudden, to his vast astonishment, he finds sitting astride his
back, with a cigar in his mouth, the very human being he has always
been avoiding, his first and almost only feeling is that of _fear_; and
accordingly, if he be retained by the bridle, instantaneously, by a
series of jumps on all four legs, he makes impromptu his first hurried,
untaught, unpractised effort to dislocate a rider. But if, instead of
being as it were invited to perform these unsophisticated antics, he be
allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled to do what
he most ardently desires, namely, run away, his power of resistance
is over, and his subjection inevitable. For at the top of his speed,
just as when swimming, a horse can neither rear, kick, nor plunge,
and therefore at his best pace he proceeds on his sure road to ruin,
until not only all his wind is pumped out of him, but after that,
until twisted hide-thong and sharp iron have converted his terror of
man into an ardent desire to be obedient to his will. In fact, like a
small nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a great
one, he wishes to put an end to the horrors of war, and to sue for the
blessings of peace.

2. If a domestic horse that has been handled, fondled, but never
ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the rider has greater
difficulties to encounter than those just described: for the animal is
not only gifted by nature with all the propensities of the wild horse
to reject man, but, from being better fed, he has greater strength to
indulge in them; besides which he enjoys the immense advantage of being
in a civilized, or, in plainer terms, an enclosed country. Accordingly,
instead of being forced to run away, his rider is particularly afraid
lest he should do so, simply because he knows that the remedy which
would cure the wild horse, would probably kill _him_. In fact, the
difference to the rider between an open and an enclosed field of battle
is exactly that which a naval officer feels in scudding in a gale of
wind out of sight of land, and in being caught among sandbanks and
rocks in a narrow channel.

3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far the most
difficult to ride is that young British thorough-bred colt of two or
three years old that has been regularly "broken in" _by himself_,
without giving the slightest warning, to jump away sideways, spin
round, and at the same moment kick off his rider. The feat is a
beautiful and well-arranged combination of nature and of art. Like
the pugilistic champion of England--Tom Sayers--he is a professional
performer, gifted with so much strength and activity, and skilful in
so many quick, artful tricks and dodges, that any country practitioner
who comes to deal with him is no sooner up than down, to rise from his
mother earth with a vague, bewildered, incoherent idea as to what had
befallen him, or "how he got there."

If a horse of this description and a wild one were to be mounted
simultaneously, each by an equally good rider, in an unenclosed,
uncultivated region, both the quadrupeds probably at the same moment
would be seen to run away: the Briton for ever, to gain his liberty;
the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it!

Having now sufficiently discussed the character and conduct of the
horse, we will presume to offer, or rather to bequeath to our readers,
a very few observations as regards his rider.




+Seat on a Horse.+


The best position of a man on horseback is, of course, that which
is most agreeable to both animals, and which, from its ease and
flexibility, as they skim together over the surface of the earth,
apparently combines them into one.

Like everything in Nature, the variety of seats is infinite. They may,
however, generically be divided into two classes:

1. In the great plains of South America, in which it may truly
be stated that for every male inhabitant above five or six years
of age Nature maintains at no cost, no tax, and at no trouble to
him, a stud of horses whose number is legion, the rider sits almost
perpendicularly, with the great toe of each foot resting very lightly
on, and often merely touching its small triangular stirrup, his legs
grasping the horse's sides slightly or tightly, as prosperous or
adverse circumstances may require.

In this attitude, which may be said to be that of standing astride over
rather than sitting upon the saddle, the pivot upon which the rider,
gracefully bending his body with a ball and socket movement, turns--in
throwing his lasso, in thrusting his lance forwards on either side, or
in looking behind him--is what is termed by sporting men his "fork."

In the few instances where pistols are carried, they are affixed
_behind_ the right thigh, firstly, that in the common occurrence of
the horse falling in his gallop, they may not prevent the rider from
rolling clear away from him; and, secondly, because in that position
the weapons are close to the rider's right hand, which, as he flies
along, is to be seen always dangling just above the but ends, ready to
grasp them the instant they are required.

This attitude is not only highly picturesque, but particularly easy to
the rider, who, while partaking of the undulating motion of his horse,
can rest his wearied body by slight imperceptible changes of position
on the pivot or "fork," on which, like corn waving in the wind, it
bends.

The British cavalry sit astride above their saddles very nearly in this
attitude, which, as we have just explained, enables them with great
facility to cut, or give point in front, right or left, at cavalry
or at infantry; and if they were not embarrassed by their clothing,
as well as by their accoutrements, and if, as in the region to which
we have alluded, they were to use no pace but the gallop, each would
soon become, or rather he could not help apparently becoming, part
and parcel of his horse. But our gallant men, although they have been
subjected to innumerable experimental changes of dress, &c., continue
not only hampered and imperilled by a hard cloak, holsters, and carbine
affixed in _front_ of their thighs, and imprisoned, especially round
their necks, within tight clothing, but their travelling pace, the
trot (a jolting movement unknown and unheard of in the plains of South
America), gives to their body and limbs a rigidity painful to look at,
and in long journeys wearisome to man and horse. Indeed in the French
cavalry, and occasionally in our own, the manner in which the soldier,
in not a bad attitude, is seen hopping high into the air, on and off
his saddle, as his horse, at apparently a different rate, trots beneath
him, forms as ridiculous a caricature of _the art of riding_ as the
pencil of our Punch's "Leech" could possibly delineate.

2. Throughout the United Kingdom, civilians of all classes, gentlemen,
farmers, and yeomen, especially those who occasionally follow the
hounds, adopt what is commonly called "the hunting seat," in which,
instead of "the fork," the _knees_ form the pivot, or rather hinge, the
legs beneath them the grasp, while the thighs, like the pastern of a
horse, enable the body above to rise and fall as lightly as a carriage
on its springs.

In this attitude the rider cannot turn his body to the right or left,
or look behind him as easily as he could revolve upon his "fork."

For rough riding, however, of every description, the hunting seat,
though infinitely less graceful, is superior to that of the cavalry of
Europe, for the following reasons:--

One of the most usual devices by which a horse endeavours to, and but
too often succeeds in dislodging his rider, is by giving to his back,
by a sudden kick, a jerk upwards, which, of course, forces in the same
direction towards the sky that nameless portion of humanity which was
partly resting on it, and which in the cavalry cannot possibly get very
far away from it.

But, in the hunting seat, the instant the rider expects such a kick, by
merely rising in his stirrups he at once raises or abstracts from the
saddle the point his enemy intends to attack, and accordingly the blow
aimed at it fails to reach it.

Again, on approaching a large fence, by the same simple precaution,
the rider entirely avoids the concussion of that sudden jerk or effort
necessary to enable the horse to clear it. In a fall, the pommel of
the saddle and the horse's neck and head are much easier cleared by
short stirrup-leathers than by long ones. Lastly, in a common trot, the
former soften the jolt, which the latter cannot easily avoid. In short,
in a hunting seat, the rider, to his great comfort and relief, rests
more or less on his saddle as long as he likes, and yet, the instant he
anticipates a blow from it, leaves it, without metaphor ... behind him.

Of horsemanship it may truly be said, that about four-fifths of the
art depend on attaining a _just_ seat, and one-fifth on possessing a
pair of light hands.[B] But although the attainment of these advantages
is not incompatible with an easy, erect position on horseback, the
generality of riders are but too apt to sit on their horses in the bent
attitude of the last paroxysm or exertion which helped them into the
saddle. Now, when a man in this toad-like position rides along--say a
macadamized road--he travels always ready, at a moment's notice, to
proceed by himself in the direction in which he is pointing, in case
the progress of his horse should be suddenly stopped by his falling
down. Indeed, when a horse, without falling down, recovers by a violent
struggle from a bad trip, a heavy rider in this attitude (called by Sir
Bellingham Graham "a wash-ball seat") is very liable to shoot forwards
over his head in a parabolic curve, ending in a concussion of his
brain or in the dislocation of his neck,--the horse standing by his
motionless body perfectly uninjured.

On the other hand, when a man sits upright, justly balanced on his
saddle, any sudden jerk or movement forwards throws his shoulders
backwards. If therefore, while proceeding in that position, the horse
thinks proper to fall, the animal in the first instance is the sole
sufferer. He cuts his forehead, hurts his nose, breaks his knees,
bruises his chest, while his head, neck, fore-legs, and the forepart
of his body, forced into each other like the joints of a telescope,
form a buffer, preventing the concussion the horse has received, from
injuring, in the smallest degree, the rider, or even the watch in his
pocket, which, without being ejected from the saddle, goes ticking,
ticking, ticking on, just as merrily as if nothing had happened. If he
only trips, a rider poised justly in his saddle can easily recover him.

A horse will not only refrain from treading upon any creature lying on
the ground, but in hunting he will make the utmost possible effort to
avoid putting a foot upon his master whenever

    "On the bare earth exposed he lies."

If, however, his owner, from a bad seat or from false precaution, has
suddenly thrown himself from his back, it is often impossible for the
animal, while struggling to recover from a desperate trip, to avoid
either trampling upon or violently striking him.

For this reason a rider should never abandon his saddle so long as his
horse beneath it has a leg, or an infinitesimal part of one, to stand
on. But so soon as his downfall is announced by that heavy, thundering
concussion against the ground, the meaning of which it is impossible
to mistake, the partnership should instantaneously be dissolved by the
horseman rolling, if possible, out of harm's way.

But it occasionally happens not only that the horse rolls too, but that
the larger roller overtakes the smaller one, the two lying prostrate,
with the legs in boots under the body whose limbs wear only shoes.

If the rider happens fortunately to have the saddle between him and
the horse, his legs merely sustain a heavy weight, from which they are
harmlessly extricated the instant the animal rises.

Should he happen _un_fortunately to have the girths between him and the
horse, he lies, like Ariel in the cloven pine, "painfully imprisoned,"
in a predicament of which it is impossible for any one to foretell the
results.

As the quadruped is always more or less cowed by his fall, he remains
usually for about a minute or two as still as if he were dead.

All of a sudden, however, just as if a bayonet had been run into him,
he struggles to rise.

To do so it is necessary that all his feet should take hold of the
ground. This they are prevented from doing by the rider's boots, which,
operating as a handspike under the body, keep it in a horizontal
position, thereby causing the four legs, like two pairs of blacksmith's
sledge-hammers, to continue to strike heavily towards each other.

Between them lies, acting in this little tragedy the part of Anvil, the
poor rider, who can only avoid the hard blows of two fore iron shoes,
by wincing from them to within the reach of two hind ones.

This violent struggle eventually ends by the horse rising, leaving on
the field of battle, slightly, seriously, or desperately wounded, his
master, whom he never intended to hurt.

In the hunting field, the bent position in the saddle produces equally
unpleasant results. On man and horse coming cheerily to a fence, with
what mathematicians call "an unknown quantity" on the other side, if
the rider sits justly on his saddle, it is the horse and not he that
receives the concussion of any fall that may ensue, simply because
the spring of his animal in taking the leap had thrown his shoulders
backwards, and consequently his head out of danger; whereas the nose of
the gentleman who had been riding alongside of him in the bent attitude
of a note of interrogation, is seen to plough into its mother earth the
instant the muzzle of his horse impinges upon it.

For exactly the same reasons, in every description of fall (and no
volume would be large enough to contain them all), similar results
occur; and yet there is no predicament in which "Toady" appears to
greater disadvantage, and so keenly feels it, than when, in following
the hounds, he has to descend a very precipitous and rather slippery
grass hill.

If a horse be but properly dealt with, he can gallop down a turf hill
with nearly as much rapidity as along a race-course. A tea-table
would stand ill at ease on the declivity, because its limbs are
immoveable; but a quadruped, by throwing all his legs forwards and his
body backwards, has the power to adjust himself, with mathematical
precision, to almost any descent.

To insure his safety, however, it is essential that he should be
encouraged, by a loose rein, to carry his head as low as possible,
to enable him to take care of his feet, and in case of treading on a
rolling-stone to recover his balance by throwing it up. Now, when in
this position, if the rider, following the instinct and the example of
the horse, throws his weight backwards--in fact, if from the saddle the
backs of the two animals are separated from each other by only a very
small angle, both can descend the hill together at considerable speed
without the smallest danger. The only embarrassment the rider has to
contend against is an over-caution on the part of the horse, amounting
to fear, which induces him to try to take the slope diagonally, very
likely to result in the poor animal slipping up on his side. In keeping
his head straight, however, care must be taken not to induce him to
raise it _up_; and when this little difficulty is overcome, no other of
any sort or kind remains to impede a safe and rapid descent.

Seated on his saddle, in the attitude we have described, that admirable
rider Jack Shirley, whipper-in to the Tedworth hunt, with a large open
clasp-knife in his mouth, was one day observed fixing a piece of
whipcord to his lash, while following his hounds at a slapping pace,
down hill, his reins lying nearly loose on old "Gadsby's" neck.

On the other hand when a gentleman, however fearless he may be, sitting
at an angle of 45°, like a 13-inch mortar on its bed, attempts to
ride down the steep declivity described, the afflictions that befall
him are really piteous, for the instant his horse's fore legs sink
considerably lower than the hind ones, he feels that unless he holds
on very tightly, he must inevitably pitch over the bows of the vessel
that is carrying him. To maintain his equilibrium he therefore pulls
a little at his curb-bit, which not only raises his horse's head till
it nearly touches his nose, but throws the animal and the weight he
carries into such a false position, that it becomes difficult and
dangerous to advance. The restrained quadruped, impatient to follow the
horses before him, yet altogether out of gear, on every little twitch
at his bridle keeps chucking up his head, until the rider, who a moment
ago expected to fall over his ears, now feels that he is going to glide
backwards over his tail, which is nearly touching the hill. In short,
the poor horse is resting on his hocks instead of his hoofs, with his
fore feet barely touching the ground.

When a lot of riders find themselves in this hopeless attitude, they
generally, according to their amount of activity, crawl, jump, or
vault from their saddles to descend on foot, which they soon find very
little improves their case, for the heels of their boots not being,
like horse-shoes, concave, take insufficient hold of the turf; and
thus while they are slipping, sliding, and tottering in the descent,
each linked to a quadruped that is bothering him to death, if, feeling
a little alarmed, they resolve to stop for a moment or two, their
impatient horses, unable to advance and unwilling to stand still, often
compromise the matter by running round their masters, with the chance
of rolling them, like ninepins, down the hill.

In galloping for many hours, and especially for many days, as soon as
the muscles of the rider, by getting tired, lose their obstinacy, it
becomes impossible for him, if he sits upright, to prevent his body
undulating, to the infinite relief of both parties, with every movement
of the horse; whereas, if, like an English jockey, whose seat is well
adapted for galloping at the utmost speed for a few minutes, he rides
like a frog on a shovel, he inflicts upon his whole frame, as well as
upon the poor animal that carries him, an amount of unnecessary fatigue
which prematurely tires both.

For the foregoing reasons if gentlemen sportsmen who occupy on the
road and the hunting-field this false position, would but allow Mr.
Calcraft, in his peculiar way, to lift them about half a dozen times
a few inches into the air, and then, as a tallow-chandler dips his
candles, lower them gently, easily, and perpendicularly to their
saddles, they would find themselves promoted in the world to a seat on
horseback which they would never wish to abandon.

As, however, our readers, we fear, must have become very tired of the
saddle, we will now relieve them from hogskin, to submit to them a
very few practical observations on the management of the bridle, the
ordinary uses of which, as everybody knows, are twofold, namely, first
to guide a horse, and secondly to restrain, or, when requisite, to stop
him.

       *       *       *       *       *

As it is the disposition of a horse, when mounted, to go fast, and as
it is the disposition of a man to pull at any thing in this world as
little as possible, curb-bits and curb-chains (as their names truly
denote) have been invented, by which the animal in all his movements
on parade or on the road is slightly thrown on his haunches, with his
head raised more or less above its natural level. In this position his
eyes are of course proportionally elevated, and as there exists no
obstruction on the macadamized roads, &c., on which he travels, he soon
ceases to look downwards; and although, if he then happens to pass over
a little hole, he may put a foot into it, or may slightly blunder over
half a shovelfull of loose stones which had escaped his observation,
yet, if he has good action, and a tolerable rider, he earns the
character of being a "capital hack."

Now to metamorphose "a hack" into "a hunter" is principally effected
by the bridle, and yet the great difficulty of the art is to learn not
how much, but how little to use it; in short, a considerable portion
of what the bridle has done has to be undone. Accordingly, instead of
being encouraged to travel on his haunches with his fore legs lightly
touching the ground, the latter must be required to bear the greater
portion of the burden, which it is the duty of the hind legs to propel.
The head has to be brought down to its proper level; and to induce or
rather to oblige the horse to make his eyes the lantern of his feet, to
study geology instead of astronomy, he should be slowly ridden, with a
loose rein, over every little hole, grip, or heap that would be likely
to throw a hack down. Whenever he can be made to stumble (if the rider
feels that he will not actually fall), the reins should instantly be
dropped. In like manner he should be walked for several days over the
roughest ground that can be found, particularly land that has been
excavated to obtain the substratum and left in holes. With a perfectly
loose rein he should be gently trotted, gently cantered, and gently
galloped over a surface of this description, the rider always dropping
the rein when he blunders. Vegetius, in describing the horsemanship of
the Parthians in the time of Xerxes, states that in order to make their
horses sure-footed over rough, broken ground, they placed on a space of
level ground a number of wooden troughs of different heights, filled
with earth, over which in galloping they had many falls.

Under similar treatment, the strength, activity, intelligence, and
eyesight of the animal will, as in a wild state, cordially be combined
by him to protect himself from the degradation as well as punishment
of falling; and so ample and sufficient are these powers, that the
rider will soon find, that instead of having to hold his horse up,
it has become out of his power to throw him down. In fact, under the
guidance of nature, rather than of man, "the hack" in a very short
period, and without going over a fence of any sort or kind, may thus
be made competent to follow hounds across any country in the United
Kingdom; while, on the other hand, the nag that had only been taught in
a riding-school or in a dealer's yard to jump neatly over bars, gates,
and hurdles, would, most particularly to the neck of his rider, prove
to be infinitely worse than useless.

Of course a horse is not a perfect hunter until he has had a small
amount (for he does not require much) of experience in leaping; but as,
with the exception of water, every horse is able, willing, and eager to
jump, generally speaking, more than is desired, his rider has merely
to teach the noble animal beneath him to add to his valour just enough
discretion to induce him to look, not _before_, but _while_ he leaps.

A hunter when following hounds is so excited, that if, in addition to
his own eagerness, he be hurried at his fences, he rushes more and
more recklessly at them, until he gets into needless trouble. On the
other hand, just as he approaches every fence, if he be always patted
on the neck, and gently restrained, he feels satisfied that he is to
be allowed to do the job; and accordingly, curtailing his stride as
he approaches, he does it not only cleverly, but without any waste of
exertion, which, to use a common hunting-field expression, "he may want
before the day's over."

When a horse is enabled, like a soldier whose stiff stock has just
been unbuckled, to drop his head to its natural position, he not only
goes safely, but, without risk of cutting his fetlocks, he can gallop
over ground deeply covered with loose impediments of any description;
and, accordingly, in Surrey it has long been a hunting axiom that it
is the curb bridles which by throwing hunters on their haunches in a
false position cause them to cut their back sinews with those sharp
flints which, in a snaffle bit, they can clatter over without injury. A
good Northamptonshire rider, in lately taking a fence, jumped over it
into a stone quarry. Now, if he had been in the bent attitude we have
described, he must inevitably have pitched on, and have fractured his
skull. From, however, sitting correctly on his saddle, his ankles, and
not his head, suffered.

In like manner when Mehemet Ali, under the pretence of investing his
son, Toossoon Pacha, with the command of an army, by a treacherous
invitation inveigled the Mamelukes into the summit of the citadel of
El Kahira (the Victorious), commonly called Cairo, and then suddenly
dropping the portcullis, directed upon them from barred windows on
three sides a murderous fire, Amyn Bey, rather than submit to such a
death, spurring his Arab charger over his writhing comrades, and across
the low crenated wall, jumped over a precipice of about fifty feet; and
yet, although of the horse it may truly be said that

                "Headlong from the mountain's height
    He plunged to endless night,"

for, on reaching the hard rock, he was smashed to death, the rider,
who, no doubt, had expected the same fate, was enabled, with only a
broken ankle, to crawl away, recover, and for nearly thirty years
enjoy, with health and wealth, the well-earned appellation of "the last
of the Mamelukes;" in short

    "The man recovered from the blow, the _horse_ it was that died."

In further evidence, however, of the theory that when a man sits
properly in his saddle, it is the horse, and not he, who suffers by a
tumble, we submit to our readers the following extraordinary narration
by a young General officer of high character, who has kindly permitted
us to publish it, briefly describing a fall on horseback to a depth
equal to 40 feet more than the height of the weather-cock on the
steeple of St. Martin's church, in London, or to double the height of
the Duke of York's monument at the bottom of Regent Street.

    "United Service Club, 18th March, 1860."

    "In June, 1848, at the island of Dominica, in the West Indies,
    I fell over a precipice of 237 feet perpendicular height, upon
    the rocks by the sea-side. This occurred about a quarter past
    7 o'clock +P.M.+, then quite dark, as no twilight exists in
    the tropics. Every bone of my horse was broken, and I conceive
    my escape from instant death the most miraculous that ever
    occurred. Three men, at various periods, had previously been
    dashed to atoms at the same spot, and one man twelve months
    after me, when the Legislative Assembly passed a resolution to
    secure the road; but if twenty thousand men were to fall there,
    I think nothing short of a miracle could save one of them. My
    recovery from the shock I sustained was also as miraculous as
    my escape with life. I sent out an artist to take a drawing
    on the spot, and also had the place surveyed by an engineer.
    I have often thought of putting down all the circumstances of
    that extraordinary accident, but the dread of being taken for
    a Baron Munchausen has restrained me. I do not expect that any
    one will believe it, although there are many living witnesses.
    Nor do I expect any sympathy, for, as soon as I could hold
    a pen, I detailed the catastrophe to my mother to account
    for my long silence. I received, in reply, in due course, a
    long letter detailing family news, without any allusion to my
    unfortunate case, except in a postscript, in which she merely
    said, '_Oh! William, I wish you would give up riding after
    dinner._'[C]

    "+Wm. Yorke Moore+, Major-Gen."

    "P.S. During the fall I stuck to my horse."

The details of this astonishing accident are very shortly as follows:--

Colonel Moore, while commanding the troops in Dominica, lost his way
one evening after sunset.

As, in utter darkness, he was endeavouring to get home, he came to
several little imperceptible objects which he forced his horse to
cross. Shortly afterwards the animal stopped at one which he seemed
particularly afraid of.

The soldier, unwilling to halt between two opinions, but, on the
contrary, determined to proceed as he thought straight towards his
home, at almost full speed rode at the unknown impediment several
times in vain, until the animal, surrendering his instinctive fears,
and possibly knowledge, to the spurs that were propelling him, with
a violent jump into the air cleared the little low hedge, for such
it proved to be, bounding that awful precipice which, like a wall,
connected the upper story or table-land of the island with the ocean
which in solemn darkness reigned beneath it.

Colonel Moore states that during his passage on horseback
through the air, almost every event of his life, large as well as
small, at about the rate of the electric telegraph, which transmits its
ideas one hundred and eighty thousand miles in a second, flashed across
his mind as distinctly and as vividly as if they were recurring.

By a sort of clairvoyance, of which in medical annals there exist
recorded several similar instances, he saw all that in his lifetime
he had done or left undone, and was thinking, seriatim, of almost
every friend and relative, when, in an instant, all these bright fiery
thoughts on the past, present, or future tenses of his existence became
extinguished by a concussion which, depriving him of his senses, left
him with his legs in the sea and his body on the rocks, apparently dead.

While lying, corpse-like, in this lonely state, whose beneficent hand
was it that all of a sudden dashed upon his face the cool, fresh soft
water that recovered him? Whose voice was it that, almost at the same
moment, explained to him, not only the accident which had befallen him,
but the time that had elapsed since it occurred?

The hand that restored to him his senses was that which had already
graciously placed his head in safety upon the rock above the ocean
that would have drowned him, but in which his feet had been harmlessly
floating. It was the hand that had just created the tropical shower
which, as if administered to him by an angel, awakened him from his
swoon.

It was the hand that, "in the beginning," when the earth was without
form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep, had created
that "lesser light to rule the night," which, just before he fell, he
had observed rising from the horizon, but which now, shining above
his head, upon four upturned glittering horse-shoes (all he could see
of his mangled beast), made known to him, at a glance, that what had
evidently befallen him, according to the illuminated clock in the
heavens, must have occurred many hours ago.

With cool presence of mind, Colonel Moore, after making several
experimental movements, ascertained that he was severely cut about
the body and head; that his right ankle was dislocated, and that his
back was benumbed or paralysed by the concussion of his fall. As soon,
however, as the long wished-for sun rose, it shone upon his bare,
bleeding head with such excruciating force, that, as a protection
from its rays, he transferred his cotton neckerchief to his scalp and
forehead, leaving sticking up above them the two ends, which, like the
remainder, were stained with his red blood.

After remaining in extreme pain for several hours, to his great joy he
saw a boat full of sable natives rowing towards the spot on which, in
the head-dress just described, he was reclining. As soon as they came
near to him, in a faint tone he hailed them. On hearing his voice, for
a few moments they looked eagerly around in all directions, until they
espied him, when, instantly, just as if they had seen and were pursued
by an evil spirit, away they rowed at their utmost speed.

After a considerable interval another black man came clambering over
the rocks, intent only on catching fish.

As soon, however, as his eyes caught a glimpse of the poor sufferer's
bloody head and head-gear, the fisherman was evidently seized with the
same impression, and, accordingly, in a paroxysm of fear, chucking his
rod and line upwards to fall into the sea, as fast as his hands and
feet could carry him, he also, in his way, scrambled out of sight.

After a long, painful interval, Colonel Moore's servant, who, alarmed
by his master not having returned, had for many hours been in search
of him, at last tracked his horse's feet to the edge of the precipice,
and on looking over it, seeing about half way down a pockethandkerchief
sticking in the boughs of a small projecting tree, he returned to the
barracks, gave the alarm, and accordingly, as soon as a boat could be
procured, the soldiers, who rushed forward to man it, proceeded round
the rocks, until Colonel Moore (who knew nothing of his servant's
discovery) joyfully saw them pulling, as hard as they could lay to
their oars, towards him.

It need scarcely be added that, regardless of the overwhelming heat of
the sun, the gallant fellows succeeded in conveying their commanding
officer on their shoulders to the barracks, where he lay for some
months in great pain and danger.

However, in due time, the paralysed muscles of his back recovered
their tone, and eventually, without even being lame, he became
completely restored to the health, activity, and energy that had always
characterised him.

For a considerable time portions of his saddle, strips of the hide and
the broken bones of his horse, which, lacerated by the branches of the
trees through which the poor animal had fallen, was literally smashed
to atoms, were collected by people, who amassed a considerable amount
of money by exhibiting and selling them as relics in evidence of one
of the most extraordinary accidents that, under the superintending
direction of Divine Providence, has ever been survived by man.

[Footnote B: Beckford says, "First attribute of a good huntsman is
courage. Next, hands and seat."]

[Footnote C: The accident occurred _before_ dinner.]




+Mode of riding at Timber.+


In getting rapidly across a difficult country there are two sorts of
fences, each of which has to be jumped in a manner the very opposite
of that required by the other. A young hunter will leap almost any
ordinary fence, particularly if it be broad, as well, and, from his
impetuosity, often better than an old one. But there is one description
of barrier, called by hunting men "timber" (that is to say stiles,
gates, and rails, that cannot be broken), which requires, in both rider
and horse, a great deal more discretion than valour: indeed of "timber"
it may truly be said that it is the most dangerous and, on the other
hand, the safest fence a man can ride at.

If a young horse, highly excited, be ridden fast for the first time in
his life at a gate, it is very likely he will clear it; on the other
hand, it is quite certain that if, despising bars through which he can
see daylight, he resolves to break the top one, the penalty attached
to his mistake will be a very heavy one: indeed nothing can be more
disagreeable to a rider and frightful to look at than the result.
Now, of course, the obvious way of preventing this catastrophe is
simply to teach a horse--firstly, that he cannot break timber,--and
secondly, that he will have to suffer acute pain if he attempts to do
so. Accordingly, away from hounds and under no excitement, he should be
slowly ridden over two or three low rails that will not break, with an
unexpected little twitch at his rein sufficient to make them severely
strike his hind legs. The moment this is effected the rider should jump
off, to allay anything like excitement, and to allow the animal, who
will probably stand lifting up the injured leg, to feel, appreciate,
and reflect on the whole amount of the pain he has incurred. As soon
as it has subsided, he should be again quietly ridden two or three
times over the offending rails, which, it will then be found, nothing
can induce him to touch; and having thus, at a small cost, purchased
for himself very valuable experience, he may afterwards in the
hunting-field be carefully made to jump any ordinary amount of timber.

A sportsman can hardly ride too slowly at high timber; for as height
and width (that is to say to jump upwards or forwards) require
different efforts, it is a waste of the poor animal's powers to make
him do both when one only is required. In slowly trotting up to timber
of any height or description, the rider should carefully abstain from
attempting, by the bridle, to give his horse the smallest assistance.
On the contrary, the moment the animal begins to rise, his reins
should be loosened, to be drawn up and tightened only as he descends.
With the single exception we shall soon notice, this principle of
self-management applies to jumps of all sorts and sizes; for although,
by a firm management of his bridle, a hunter ought to be made to feel
as he approaches a fence that it is utterly impossible for him to
swerve from it, yet the instant he is on the brink of taking it, his
reins, as if by paralysis, should suddenly cease to afford him the
smallest help, or to interfere with the mode in which (with only half
a second to think) he may determine to deal with it. If he expects
assistance, it may arrive a little sooner or a little later than his
patience or impatience approves of, and thus between two stools (his
own will and that of his rider) both come to the ground; whereas, if
he knows that he has nothing to rely on but himself, he rises at his
timber in the best and safest possible manner--namely, _in his own way_.

If we should have succeeded in satisfying our readers that they cannot
ride too slowly at timber, we trust they will pardon us if we now
endeavour to enforce upon them as an equally immutable axiom, that it
is impossible for them to ride too fast at water.




+Water Jumping.+


Throughout England, and especially in Leicestershire and
Northamptonshire, there are two descriptions of brooks. In one the
water is about a foot or two below the level of the green fields
through which it peacefully meanders. In the other, though deep enough
to drown a man, it flows and occasionally rushes ten or twelve feet
below the surface, between two loamy banks as perpendicular as the
wall of a house. If a red, brown, or black coat, attended by a pair of
leather, kersey, or corduroy breeches, ending in boots, plunge together
into the first, they simply go in dry and come out wet. But, if a horse
fails to clear the chasm, he is liable not only to fall backwards upon
these articles of apparel, but afterwards, quite unintentionally, to
strike their owner during the awkward struggles of both animals to swim.

Now, although to some of our readers it may possibly appear that the
act of riding over "a bit of water" of the latter description has no
legal claim to be included in the schedule headed "the pleasures and
amusements of man," yet it may most truly be said that in a good run,
or even in a bad one, there exists nothing that gives an ordinary
rider more intense pleasure than the sight, say a quarter of a mile
before him, of those well-known willows that indicate to him the
line of beauty of the brook he is shortly to have the enjoyment of
encountering--provided always that he knows his horse to be, what
is justly called, "_good at water_." On the other hand, it would be
quite impossible to describe into how very small a compass the same
man's heart would gradually collapse, as it approached the very same
brook, on what is just as truly termed "_a brute at water_." In any
other description of fence the rider, if he has not ruined his horse's
courage by vacillation of hand or heart, may confidently rely that he
will accomplish it for him if he can, and if it cannot be accomplished,
that he will try to jump through or over it, or, generally speaking, a
good deal more than humanity dares to ride at.

If the bull-finch be too strong, the hunter may stick in it, or forcing
through it into the ditch on the other side, may leave his owner
hanging like a bird's-nest in its branches. An ox-fence--composed of
two ditches, a bank, a pair of hedges, and a stiff, low, oak rail--may
altogether prove too broad to be cleared. Timber also may be too high
to be topped; yet, in all these cases, if the rider be but willing,
the noble horse is always ready, ay, eager, to do his very best, and
many a broken back and prostrate carcase, divested of its saddle
and bridle, has been the melancholy result; and yet, with all this
superabundance of high courage, almost every horse instinctively
dislikes to jump water, an element which (until by a good rider it has
been unbewitched) he appears to conceive to be forbidden to him to
cross. For this reason, before a sportsman can ride with confidence at
a brook, he requires not only a stout horse, but to know what sort of
a heart lived beneath the waistcoat of the man by whom the animal was
last hunted, for however badly bred he may be, he may have been made
bold at water; while, on the other hand, however high-bred and handsome
he may appear, however splendidly and cleverly he may throughout the
run have been crossing single and double fences of every variety, yet,
by an irresolute pair of hands, he may have been spoiled at water.
Accordingly, when a gallant fox, followed after a short interval by a
pack of hounds and a large scattered body of men and horses, passing
like the shadows of summer clouds over the beautiful green sward of
Northamptonshire, glide rapidly towards a brook, there occasionally
appears among several of them a sudden transmigration of hearts and
bodies, which to a foreigner, who did not understand the reason, would
appear to be utterly inexplicable.

Although ten or twelve horses, gallantly taking it in their stride,
have proved the jump to be an easy one, two or three of the foremost
riders are seen to pull up, apparently afraid. In like manner, as
horses and horsemen who had been riding boldly approach, it becomes
evident to the meanest capacity, that the peg that holds in their
steam is getting--sometimes in the biped, sometimes in the quadruped,
and sometimes in both--looser and looser as they advance. The gallop
is observed gradually to faint into a canter, which, as they approach
the water, gets slower and slower, until souse! souse! souse! they one
after the other blunder into it.

While a horse here is swimming, and there is struggling, and while a
human head with handsome aristocratic features and black lank hair
looking like that of Don Quixote when drenched with curds and whey, is
seen rising in agony from below, two little thick-set, short-thighed
men in scarlet, who throughout the run had been shirking many a small
fence, cross the brook with terrific courage. That thoroughbred-mare,
which has been clearing everything, swerves, while the ugly brute
in her wake bucks over what she had refused as if he enjoyed the
fun, which he really does. See! at what a tremendous pace this
splendid-looking bay horse is galloping towards his doom. Both spurs
are in his sides; the slight waving movement of the arms and shoulders
of his fearless rider, and the firm grip of his hands, as he draws upon
first one side of the bit and then the other, appear altogether to
insure success. As soon, however, as the well-known rogue gets sight
of the glare of the water, though his head is in such a vice that it
is out of his power to swerve, and though his pace is such that it is
utterly impossible for him to stop, yet, as if all his four legs were
suddenly paralysed by fear, the high-bred sinner, all of a sudden,
refuses to lift them, and accordingly, for thirty or forty feet,
leaving behind a track like that of a railway, they slide along the
wet, rich, loamy turf, until horse, and gallant, glorious Charlie[D]
dive together, head-foremost, into the brook! In a few minutes, men in
coats of all colours, trotting up one after another, walk their horses
cautiously to the edge of the chasm, crane over as if to gaze at the
frightened frogs that inhabit it, and after thus losing more or less
of time they can never live to recover, canter or gallop in different
directions in quest either of a bridge or a ford.

Now, while this serio-comic picture is before the eyes of our readers,
that very small portion of them who have never been actors in such a
scene will no doubt be not a little astonished to learn that of all
fences on the surface of the globe there is no one that is so easy for
a horse to jump as water.

If the footmarks of a good horse that has galloped over turf be
measured, it will be found that in every stride his four feet have
covered a space of twenty-two feet. If, in cool blood, he be very
gently cantered at a common sheep-hurdle, without any ditch on one side
of it or the other, it will be found that he has cleared, or rather
has not been able to help clearing, from ten to twelve feet. In Egypt,
an antelope chased by hounds on coming suddenly to a little crack or
crevice in the ground caused by the heat of the sun, has been observed
at a bound to clear thirty feet, and yet, on approaching a high wall,
the same animal slackens his pace, stops for a second, and then pops
over it. Almost any horse, particularly a young one, if cantered at a
small prickly furze-hedge, would probably with a little skip rather
than a jump clear at least fourteen feet, which in water would form a
"brook" that would stop more than half of the large field of riders
who in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire follow the Pytchley, Quorn,
and Cottesmore hounds. Indeed, it not unfrequently happens that a
ditch of glittering water, not seven feet broad, over which every
hound has hopped hardly looking at it, will not only stop a number of
horses and riders, but in a few minutes will, to the utter disgust and
astonishment of the latter, _contain_ several of them.

To prevent, however, this unnecessary and apparently discreditable
botheration, all that is necessary is for the rider to overcome and
overrule the instinctive aversion which his horse, and possibly he
himself, have to jump water.

If, during a run with hounds, a young horse, that has never seen a
brook, going a good pace, without receiving from the hands of his rider
any tremulous check, arrives at, say a low hedge, on the other side
of which he suddenly sees a wide expanse of water, he is quite sure
to clear it; and having thus broken the spell, if he be afterwards
only fairly ridden, he will probably require no other instruction. If,
however, as but too often is the case, on arriving at water that can
be jumped favourably at a particular place, a young horse is obliged
to wait for his turn, and during that awful pause sees some hunters
refuse, and others splash in and flounder, he naturally combines
together theory and practice, and accordingly, when called upon,
refuses to do what he has always instinctively considered to be wrong;
and as, generally speaking, it is impossible at that moment to force
him, the run is lost.

Under this state of the case, the master of the culprit on some fine
non-hunting day, armed with spurs and a cut-whip, should conduct him
to any ugly-looking little ditch, not above half a dozen feet broad
(for it is the quality and not the quantity of the shining element
that creates his fear), and then, carefully abstaining to excite his
courage, ride him at it very slowly and timidly, on purpose to ensure
his refusing it, which, of course, he is quite certain to do. After
once again leading him into this trap, a duel, perfectly harmless to
the biped, must be fought. It may last ten minutes, a quarter, half
an hour, or possibly two hours; but, sooner or later, the little
misunderstanding is certain to end in the rebel all of a sudden doing
willingly, and then repeating five or six times, what, after all, was
nothing at all for him to do; and from that moment, if he be only
fairly "handled," he will remember, whenever he sees water, the lesson
which taught him that it was made on purpose to be crossed.

To maintain and encourage this doctrine, on coming in sight of a brook,
his courage, by very gentle touches of the spur, should be excited,
while, by pulling harder and harder at the bridle, his speed inversely
should be slightly diminished, until he arrives within about eighty
yards, when, gradually relaxing the reins, and yet grasping them
so firmly that it is impossible for him to swerve, his pace should
_always_ be made to freshen as he proceeds, until on arriving at the
brink it has attained its maximum. In short, in riding at a brook, a
horse should be taught to feel that no choice will be given to him to
go in or over, but that over he _must_ go, for want of time to jump in.

By this simple management a horse will very soon learn not only to rush
at water, but to enjoy the very sight of it; and as his rider can then
trust implicitly to his honour, we end as we almost began, by stating
that, although there exists no obstruction in a run that creates so
many sorrows as water, there is no fence that is so easy for a horse
to jump, if he will but try; in fact on coming to it at the top of his
speed, if he will only hop upwards a few feet, his momentum cannot fail
to carry him across; whereas, if in approaching it he slackens his
speed, nine times out of ten he may safely be booked to be "_in_."

[Footnote D: The Honourable C. C.]




+Modes of Swimming a Horse.+


In England, a hunting man, in deference to the thermometer and for
the love of his clothes, usually avoids forcing his horse to swim.
In a warm climate, however, the operation is attended with no danger
or inconvenience whatever. In riding gradually into deep water the
animal, just before he floats, appears to step rather uneasily, as if
on legs of different lengths; but the instant his feet take leave of
the ground, or if at once he plunges out of his depth from a bank, as
soon as his head comes up he proceeds as free from jolts of any sort
as a balloon in the air, grunting and groaning, nevertheless, heavily,
at the injustice of having a man's weight superadded to his own, the
specific gravity of which but little exceeds that of the element into
which he is striving not to sink. Instinctively, however, adjusting
himself to the most favourable position, which throws the hind part of
his body about a foot under water, he makes the best of a bad bargain,
and then all the rider has to do is not to destroy the poor animal's
equilibrium by pulling even an ounce at his bridle. Indeed, in crossing
a broad stream, the most effectual way to prevent over-balancing him,
and also to stop his grunting, is either to slip sideways from his
back, and then, half-swimming, to be dragged alongside him by a lock of
his mane firmly entwined among the fingers of the right hand, or, as is
invariably practised by the red Indians, to be towed by his tail, in
which case the man floating on the surface of the water is quite safe
from the heels of the horse struggling many feet below him. By this
plan, of course, the water, instead of the horse, sustains the weight
of the man.




+Judicious Riding.+


In a closely-enclosed country, with slow hounds, a cold scent, and a
fat huntsman, a good jumping nag is what is mainly required. But to
follow fleet hounds across large grass fields, however excellent may
be a horse's jumping, however clever at doubles, safe at timber, bold
at water; and though to all of these accomplishments be added every
qualification of hand, heel, head, and heart, which an experienced
rider can possibly possess, "the tottle of the whole" must inevitably
amount to "disappointment," unless the animal be able to maintain the
requisite pace. And yet in a run it does not at all follow that the
leading horse is the fastest, that the hindmost is the slowest, that
a heaving flank is an indication of impaired lungs, or a still one of
good wind. On the contrary, it is often but too true that the first
ought to have been the last, and the last the first; so much depends on
the manner in which the different horses have been ridden.

When a man, pursued by a detachment of cavalry, is riding to save his
own life, or when, at the risk of his life, he is trying to take away
that of a poor little fox, success in either case depends of course on
the pace at which he can proceed. Now it is a very common mistake in
both the instances we have named to endeavour to attain the desired
object by maintaining, like the seconds-hand of a clock, an equable
rate, whereas, just as a ship spreads out and unreefs all her canvas
when the wind is light, and before a hurricane scuds away under bare
poles, so should the pace which a rider exacts from his horse depend
on the state or character of the ground he has to traverse; that is to
say, he should hold him together and save him through deep-ploughed
land,--race him across light, dry turf,--grasping the mane, go slowly
up the last half of an ordinary hill,--spin him very fast indeed down
every declivity,--and in jumping fences endeavour, by tranquillizing
rather than exciting, to induce him to take as little out of himself at
each, as is possible.

With considerate treatment of this sort, a warrior or a sportsman may
go from a given point to another in a given time without distressing
his horse, while the hot-faced man who, in attempting to follow him,
has been straining through heavy ground, rushing up steep acclivities,
restraining in going down hills, and galloping at every fence, large
or small, has not only blown his poor horse, but as he sits astride
his panting body and bleeding sides, fancies he has done so _by going
fast_; and accordingly, when he sees afar off the fellow who, on an
inferior animal, has outstripped him, he contemptuously wonders to
himself how such a tortoise could possibly have beaten such a hare!




+Use and Abuse of Spurs.+


Buxtorff, in describing the horses, chariots, and riders of the ancient
Egyptians, says that the word "_Parash_," or rider, is derived from the
Hebrew root to prick, or spur.

In horsemanship there is no subject so worthy of consideration, most
especially by any one wearing the name of a gentleman, as the use and
the abuse of spurs. In riding horses that since their birth have been
roaming in a state of nature, that have never tasted corn, and that
have never been excited by men to race against each other, it would be
impossible to induce them to exhaust in man's service the _whole_ of
their strength except by punishment; for, as they have never obeyed any
other will than their own, so soon as they become tired, they attempt
not only to diminish their speed, but to stop altogether, and as their
bodies have no value whatever, and as their riders have spurs with
rowels an inch long, and no mercy, it might be supposed that, under
such circumstances, an uncivilized human being would be very apt to
inflict unnecessary punishment on the poor subdued animal beneath him.
But it is mercifully ordained that it is the interest as well as the
duty of man to husband the powers of the animals that serve him, and
accordingly the wild rider, when carefully observed, is found to be
infinitely more lenient in the use of his spurs than the comrade who
calls himself civilized, simply because the former by his own and his
hereditary experience has learned that the spur should be the _last_,
and not the _first_ resource of any rider who desires to be carried a
given distance in the smallest possible amount of time. Accordingly, to
attain this object, the animal on starting, without any punishment, is
restrained by his bridle, and encouraged, so long as it is possible
to do so, in his zeal to advance: when that begins to flag, by working
the bit in his mouth he is induced to proceed; when this fails, a
very slight touch of one spur becomes necessary, to be increased only
as required. When excitation on that side is found to have lost its
effect, it is tried very gently on the other; and thus does the wild
rider proceed, until he ends the distance by coming in violently
spurring with both heels at every step of a gallop, that, from sheer
faintness, has dwindled down to a rate of hardly six miles an hour.

Now a civilized traveller almost invariably commits not only the
unnecessary cruelty but the error of using his spurs the moment his
horse, as he fancies, _requires_ them; by which means he for a very
short time encourages, and then so completely discourages his poor weak
animal that he often fails altogether to get to the end of the distance
which his wild comrade, without the slightest desire to be merciful,
has rapidly and scientifically accomplished.

In the management, however, of horses in England, the conditions of the
case are totally different. Tied to mangers, in which they feast on dry
oats, beans, and hay, no sooner do they leave their stables than the
very sight of creation animates them; every carriage that trots by, and
every rider that passes, excites them. When brought into condition,
and then encouraged to compete against each other, their physical
strength, though artificially raised to the maximum, remains far behind
their instinctive courage and disposition to go till they die, in
almost any service in which they may be employed.

Under these circumstances, the _use_ of the spur is to enable man
to maintain his supremacy, and, whenever necessary, promptly and
efficiently to suppress mutiny in whatever form it may break out. If
a restiff horse objects to pass a particular post, he must be forced
to do so. If he refuses to jump water, he must, as we have described,
be conquered. But in every case of this nature a combination of cool
determination, plenty of time, and a little punishment, invariably form
a more permanent cure than a prescription composed only of the last
ingredient; for as anger, in a horse as in a man, is a short madness,
an animal under its influence is not in so good a state to learn and
remember the lesson of obedience which man is entitled to impart, as
when he has time given to him to observe that the just sentence to
which he is sternly required to submit, is tempered with mercy.

But if the _uses_ of the spur are few, its _abuses_ are many. On the
race-course, the eagerness and impetuosity of thorough bred horses to
contend against each other are so great, that for a considerable time
it is difficult to prevent them, especially young ones, from starting
before the signal is given. As soon as they are "off," it becomes all
that the best riders in the world can do merely to guide them: to stop
them would be impossible. Occasionally their very limbs "break down" in
their endeavours to win; and yet, while they are exerting their utmost
powers and strength,--to the shame of their owners and to the disgrace
of the nation, the riders are allowed, as a sort of show off, to end
the contest by whipping and spurring, which, nine times out of ten,
has the effect of making the noblest quadruped in creation do what is
technically called "+Shut Up+," which means that the ungenerous and
ungrateful punishment and degradation that have been unjustly inflicted
upon him have cowed his gallant spirit, and have broken an honest heart!

But the ignorance as well as the brutality of unnecessarily spurring a
hunter is even worse than that just portrayed. When a young horse that
has never seen a hound, is ridden up, for the first time in his life,
_not_ to a meet, at which the whole pack are to be seen, but merely to
the side of a covert, which, hidden from view, they are drawing, it
might reasonably be conceived that under such circumstances he could
not have an idea of their past, present, or future proceedings--we
mean, where they had come from, what they were doing, or what they
were going to do. However, no sooner does a hound, from laziness,
or possibly from feeling that he has been sufficiently pricked by
thorns, briars, and gorse, creep out for a few seconds before him,
than--"Angels and ministers of grace defend us!"--the young horse
pricks up his ears, stares intently at him, holds his breath, and, with
a heart beating so hard that it may be not only heard but felt by the
rider, he breaks out into a perspiration, which, on the appearance of
a few more hounds, turns into foam as white as soap-suds. On an old
hound--by a single deep tone, instantaneously certified by the sharp,
shrill, resolute voice of the huntsman--announcing to creation that the
one little animal which so many bigger ones have been so good as to
visit, is "at home," the young horse paws the ground; if restrained,
evinces a slight disposition to rear; until, by the time the whole
pack--encouraged by the cheery cry, "_Have at him!_"--in full chorus
have struck up their band of music, he appears to have become almost
ungovernable, and is evidently outrageously anxious to do--he knows
not what; and accordingly, when a sudden shriek, scream, or, as the
Irish term it, "screech," rather than a holla, from the opposite side
of the covert, briefly announces, as by a telegram, the joyous little
word "+Away!+" suiting his action to it, "_away_" the young horse
often bolts with his rider, just as likely "away" from the hounds as
with them. If he follows them, infuriated by ardour, which neither he
nor his rider have power to control, he looks at nothing, thinks of
nothing, until at full speed coming to say a stiff fence he disdains to
rise at, a lesson is offered to him, which, however, he is a great deal
too much excited to learn by heart; and so, before his rider has had
time enough to uncoil himself from his roll, the "young 'un," without a
thought or disposition to wait for the old gentleman, leaves him on the
ground to think about the hounds; while with dangling stirrups, reins
hanging loose on his neck, and outstretched neck and tail, he is once
again "up and at 'em!"

Although, however, a horse, when his blood is hot, does not appear
to notice a fall, he thinks a good deal about it in the stable; and,
accordingly, the next time he comes out, instead of being infuriated,
he only evinces a superabundance of eagerness and excitement to follow
the hounds, which his rider can gradually and often rapidly succeed in
allaying, until the animal may be honestly warranted as "steady with
hounds," which means that, although he will follow them over anything
till he drops, he has lived to learn that to enable him to do so he
had better not unnecessarily maim his legs or tumble himself head over
heels. With this mixture of high courage and discretion he does his
best; and, as affecting evidence of this truth, although, after having
been ten or twelve hours out of his stable, with apparent cheerfulness,
he brings his rider home, yet it is the latter only that then proves to
be "as hungry as a hunter," while the exhausted stomach of the "vrai
Amphitryon"--the real hunter, remains for many hours, and sometimes
days, without the smallest appetite for corn or beans.

If this plain statement be correct, leaving humanity entirely out of
the question, how ignorant and contemptible is that man who is seen
during a run not only to be spurring his horse with both heels whenever
he comes to deep ploughed ground or to the bottom of a steep hill, but
who, just as if he were singing to himself a little song, or, "for
want of thought," whistling to himself a favourite tune, throughout
the run, continues, as a sort of idle accompaniment to his music, to
dangle more or less severely the rowel of one spur into the side of a
singed hunter, who all the time is a great deal more anxious to live
with the hounds than he is! But, as dishonesty is always the worst
policy, so does this discreditable conduct produce results opposite to
those expected to be attained; for instead of spurring a poor horse
throughout a run hastening his speed, it has very often put a fatal end
to it.

In riding to hounds it occasionally happens that a resolute,
experienced hunter, knowing what he can break through, what he must
clear, and who has learned to be cunning enough never to jump farther
than is necessary, approaches a fence on the other side of which a
horse and rider have been just observed to disappear in a brook that
has received them. Now, if throughout the run the rider has never
once touched his faithful horse with spurs, and if on reaching this
fence both rowels suddenly are made to prick him, in an instant
he understands the friendly hint, and accordingly, by exerting
much greater powers than he had intended, he saves himself and his
benefactor from a bad fall. In a few cases of this nature the use of
spurs to a sportsman is not only excusable, but invaluable. On no
account, however, should they be used to propel a hunter to the end of
a run, but, on the contrary, whenever the noble animal tells his rider
honestly that he is distressed, he should gratefully be patted on the
neck, pulled up, and walked carefully to the nearest habitation, where
he can rest and obtain a few gulps of warm gruel. Humanity will not
disapprove of this course; but we also recommend young sportsmen to
adopt it, to maintain their pleasures and to save their own purses. To
ride a distressed horse at a strong fence, is very likely to break a
collar-bone, that will require a surgeon and half the hunting season to
mend. To ride him to death, entails extortion from the breeches-pocket
of a sum of money--usually of three figures--to replace him.




+How To Treat a Hunter in the Field.+


Of the Ten Commandments which man is ordered to obey, it may truly
be said that there is no one which it is not alike his interest as
well as his duty to fulfil. In every station in life in which it may
have pleased God to call him, he rises by being honest--sinks by
being dishonest; gains more by forgiving an injury than by avenging
it; creates friends by kindness--enemies by unkindness; causes even
bad servants to be faithful by making them happy; and thus, while he
is apparently serving others, in reality he is materially benefiting
himself.

By a similar dispensation of Providence, it is the interest as well as
the duty of man to be merciful to the animals created for his use.

The better they are fed, and the more carefully they are attended to,
the more valuable they become. If by any accident they be either maimed
or lamed, money is gained by giving them rest, lost by forcing them
to continue to move; in short, while sickness is costly so long as it
remains uncured, any neglect which causes a diseased animal to die,
inflicts upon the owner thereof a fine exactly equal to what would have
been gained had he been saved.

This humane regulation of Nature, which may justly be entitled "a law
for the protection of animals from cruelty," applies to every hunting
stable, large as well as small, not only in the United Kingdom, but
throughout the world. Indeed if it be lucrative to a man to take care
of the sheep, oxen, and other animals he is rearing merely to eat,
it is most especially his interest by every attention in his power
to enable his hunter to carry him safely; and yet, on this vital
subject, for such it is, there usually exists in the horseman a want of
consideration which, to any one who will reflect on the subject, must
appear highly reprehensible.

It may readily be admitted that hunting men, generally speaking, make
great efforts first to obtain horses sufficiently strong to carry
them, and secondly, to increase their strength by administering to
them plenty of the very best food, with every thing that science can
add, to improve what is called their condition. But, strange to say,
after having thus made every possible exertion to create or constitute
a power sufficient to carry them, after having at great expense and
infinite trouble amassed it, they unscientifically exhaust it; and
accordingly at the end of a long day it continually happens that a
rider dislocates a bone, cracks a limb, or loses his life, from having
as it were, like an improvident spendthrift, simply from want of
consideration, expended funds necessary for his existence.

When Alexander the Great pompously asked Diogenes what he could do
to serve him, the cynic curtly replied, "_Get out of my sunshine._"
In like manner if a heavy man, patting his hunter on the neck, were
to ask "What can I do to please you?" the dumb animal, if he could
but speak, would just as bluntly reply, "_Get off my back_;" and yet
men, especially heavy ones, will throughout a long day sit smiling
in their saddles, without reflecting that by doing so they are every
minute and every hour wearying muscles which, after having carried
them brilliantly in one run, are, if a second fox can be found, to be
required to carry them through another.

A deal board of the length of a horse's back, with its ends resting on
the bottoms of two chairs, would break, a stout pole would snap, and
a rod of iron would bend, under the feet of a heavy man jumping upon
them only for a few minutes; and yet the same heavy man who in the same
short period would become dead tired of carrying even his only child,
neglects to consider the mechanical effects caused by the mere pressure
(to say nothing of the concussion produced by jumping) for seven or
eight hours of fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen stone on a horse's back,
which is not a solid bone, but one scotched or sawn by Nature into a
decreasing series of twenty-nine vertebræ (namely, dorsal, 18; lumbar,
6; sacral, 5), averaging less than two inches in length and breadth.

The wearying effects which the infliction of weight produces on the
muscular powers of a horse may be practically demonstrated as follows:

In crossing a particular region in the plains of South America, in
which there are literally no inhabitants to assist in catching the
horses, it is necessary for the attendant on the traveller to select
and drive a troop of them, which continue to gallop before him in
high spirits, while the animal beneath him, unaccustomed to extra
weight, becomes weaker and fainter, until with bleeding sides, drooping
head, and panting flanks, he is left standing by himself on the plain
completely exhausted.

No less than five times is the traveller obliged to repeat the
operation of remounting what is called, what is considered, and what
really is "a fresh horse," which in his turn, solely by his rider's
_weight_, becomes tired, without metaphor, almost "to death," in the
presence of the unmounted horses, who, with nothing to carry but their
own carcases, are still showing no signs whatever of distress.[E]

Now although a horse highly fed and in good wind and condition
has greater muscular power than those in the state of nature just
described, it is undeniable that the difference between carrying weight
and no weight must produce in each of them similar results; that is to
say, those muscles which are oppressed suffer by the amount of weight
inflicted upon them, multiplied by the time they are subjected to it,
and again negatively enjoy the periods of rest, be they ever so short,
during which they are relieved from it.

And yet, although every body learns by daily experience that the
imposition of weight tires his own muscles, that the abstraction of
weight instantly relieves them; and although it is a known fact that
when two thorough-bred horses are racing together, an addition of only
seven pounds weight will cause the bearer of it to be "distanced," yet
men of rank, intelligence, wealth, and generous feelings, are, at the
outside of a covert which the hounds are drawing, to be constantly
seen late in the day with cigars in their mouths, conversing and
occasionally even extolling to each other the qualifications of the
noble animals on whose backs they have been thoughtlessly sitting for
six or eight hours, as hard as a hen upon a nest full of eggs just
about to hatch.

In the army when a soldier who has committed an offence is sentenced
to crawl for several hours up and down a parade "in heavy marching
order," it is justly called "_punishment drill_."

In like manner, if an unruly horse were to be sentenced merely to
stand in his stable for ten hours with a sack of heavy oats, weighing
(at forty-two pounds the bushel) exactly twelve stone, the punishment
or pain his muscles would undergo in bearing such a weight for so
long a time would be so severe that by almost everybody it would
be termed "cruel." But if, instead of being quiescent, the sack of
oats could by mechanical contrivances be continually lifted up, and
then by a series of heavy blows dropped down upon vertebræ which
have nothing but muscles to support them, the punishment would be
condemned as excruciating; and yet this excruciating punishment is
quite unnecessarily inflicted upon hunters by a lot of good-humoured
heavy men, simply from neglecting to reflect that if they would, only
even for a minute or two, occasionally unload their saddles, to walk
a little, stand still a little, or, while the hounds are drawing, sit
placidly upon the stile or gate that is often close beside them, they
would not only perform an act of mercy, but they would impart or rather
restore strength, tone, and activity to muscles which, if vigorous, can
carry them safely, but which, if exhausted, must inevitably fail when
tested by a severe run.

In deference and in reference to this law of Nature, it may truly be
added that the proprietor of a valuable stud of horses would gain a
great deal of money as well as ensure safety if he would select and
set apart, say two of them for his groom to ride to covert, leading by
his side, with an empty saddle, the horse that is to _hunt_; by which
arrangement the cheap hack, which from the covert-side has only to
return to his stable, would carry, and the costly hunter which is to
endure the toil of a long day would for two, three, and occasionally
four hours be relieved from the weight of about a sack of oats, to say
nothing of but too often a pair of hard and heavy hands; and thus the
wealthy rider, on descending from the box of his four-in-hand drag,
would, at a saving rather than an expenditure of money, have secured
for himself the benefit of mounting a fresh hunter, instead of one
more or less tired by what in our statistical returns are designated
"_preventible causes_."

[Footnote E: The ancient Greeks practised riding two or three horses
tied together: the horseman vaulting from the tired to the fresh one.]




+How To Bring a Hunter Home.+


Of the long list of hunters annually killed by what is called "a severe
day," about one-third may be said to have died from bad riding, and
two-thirds by improper treatment after the run was over.

Supposing, as is often the case, that the majority of the horses that
are "in at the death" have been out of their stables from seven to
eight hours, that they have been conspicuous in two or three runs,
and that, with the lower edge of the sun nearly touching the horizon,
they have to travel from fifteen to twenty miles to their stables, a
question of vital importance has to be determined, namely, whether they
are to perform that exertion in the way most agreeable to their riders,
or most advantageous to themselves.

In the settlement of this problem the poor horses have, of course,
neither voice nor vote. On their behalf, therefore, we will endeavour
to contrast the attentions that ought to be bestowed upon them, with
the inconsiderate treatment to which they are usually subjected.

In a severe day's work a hunter suffers from a combination of three
causes: violent muscular exertion, an overexcitement of the circulation
of the blood, and debility of his whole system caused by abstinence
from food.

Of these causes, the latter produces by far the worst results; for
although to the muscles may be given rest, and to the circulation
repose, the stomach of a horse is so small and, in comparison to his
noble spirit, so delicate, that on becoming empty and exhausted it
is in an unfit state to digest food, and accordingly is beneficently
deprived by Nature of appetite to receive it.

Now, under all these circumstances, it is evident that the most humane,
and, taking the money value of the poor animal into consideration, the
most economical course which the rider can pursue is as follows:

As soon as the day's sport is over, the hunter should be led, or
ridden, at a walk for about a mile to some stable--it little matters
whether it be good, bad, or indifferent--or strawyard, where he can
stand for a minute or two.

When the object for which he has been taken there has been
accomplished, about a third of a pail of gruel, or lukewarm water, with
a mouthful or two of hay, should be given to him. To prevent his being
chilled, the instant he has swallowed it he should be mounted; and
whatever be the distance he has to accomplish, he should then be ridden
homewards at a constant steady pace of about seven miles an hour.

After a staghunt in which the hunter may have been galloping
principally on roads, soft ground (if it be not deep) should be
selected; but when, as is usually the case in fox hunting, the muscles
have, during the greater part of the day, been struggling in heavy
soil, he should be permitted to travel, as he invariably tries to do,
on the hard road.

As they proceed together, if the rider will dismount for a few minutes
to lead his horse down or up any very steep hill, both animals will
be greatly relieved. With this exception, however, there should be no
alteration of pace or stoppage of any sort or kind.

If, at the quiet rate described, the hunter begins to blunder, it
will be proper that he should be what is termed "wakened" by a word
of remonstrance, or, if that prove insufficient, by a slight touch of
the spur. But if, as is usual, the noble animal travels safely, the
duller he is encouraged to go, the greater will be the relief to that
over excitement of the circulation of his blood, and that violent
palpitation of his heart, from which he has suffered.

By this treatment a hunter in good condition can, in the shortest
possible time, be brought home not only cool in body and tranquil in
mind, but with limbs _less_ wearied than when they took leave of the
hounds.

On entering his stable, in the manger of which he should find, ready to
welcome him, a handful or two of picked sweet hay, his bridle should be
taken off, his girths unloosened, and then, before his body is touched,
all his four legs, after being cleared only of rough dirt, should,
without a moment's delay, be swathed from the knees and hocks to the
hoofs by rough bandages of coarse common drugget, which maintain in
the extremities that healthy circulation which, from the minuteness of
their veins, is prone, after great exhaustion, to stagnate, producing
(especially when caused by the ignorant custom of washing the legs)
disorganisation and disease throughout the whole system, as the
following fact will exemplify.

Several seasons ago almost every hunter in Leicestershire and
Northamptonshire was afflicted by a combination of lumps, bumps,
swelled legs, and cracked heels, caused by the extraordinary wetness
of the ground, and the consequent ablutions of the legs. After the
veterinary surgeons had in vain nearly exhausted their pharmacopœia,
the oldest and most experienced among them directed that on no account
should horses' legs, after hunting, be washed; and wherever this plain,
sensible prescription was followed, all the symptoms just described
rapidly subsided.

If the hunter, as is now-a-days almost invariably the case, has been
singed, the less he is excited and tormented by cleaning (the main
object of which, with many strappers, seems to be to make the poor
animal crouch his back, bite his manger, and violently work all his
legs as if they were on a tread-mill) the better.

At the expiration of about an hour white flannel bandages should,
however, be substituted for the coarse ones, under which the dirt will
then be found to crumble away like warm sand.

If his ears (the opposite extremities or antipodes of his legs) have
become cold, circulation therein should be restored by the groom
quietly rubbing them with a cloth; and as soon as they are dry, and the
animal what is called "comfortable," a pailful of warm gruel given to
him at intervals, a bran mash, a rackful of hay, a clean stall, some
chilled water, and a fresh bed, will do all that is possible to procure
for him a night's rest, free from fever; and this vital object having
been accomplished, _the next day_ he may receive without injury, and
indeed with great benefit, his usual allowance of the best oats and
beans.

Now, in contrast to the mode of treatment just described, we will
endeavour to offer to our readers a similar sketch of that which,
especially by what are termed "fast men" (possibly because "lucus à non
lucendo" they make it a rule never to "fast" or abstain from any thing
they desire to do), is usually adopted.

After the run is over, while one sturdy hound that all the rest seem to
be afraid of is stealing straight away with the poor fox's head, and
while another at his utmost speed, chased by several, is meandering
through the pack with a lump of unsavoury, very dirty fur in his
mouth, groups of riders, some sitting astride, some like pretty ladies
with a right leg hanging over the saddle's pommel, some with cambric
handkerchiefs mopping moist heads and red faces, and some adjusting
mustachios, are to be seen reciting to each other incidents aqueous,
terrestrial, and amphibious, of the run. Here and there, one of the
most handsome, as he talks, leans forward for a moment to pat the
neck of his thorough bred animal in grateful acknowledgment of the
particular feat he is describing.

In what is considered by all to be hardly a quarter of an hour, (for
when men sit conversing about themselves, they little know how fast old
father Time gallops), this joyous _conversazione_ ends by the talkers,
after giving to each other here and there a farewell nod, radiating in
masses along roads, or across a fence or two, to gain the road that
leads to their respective homes; but as, by this time, in almost every
mouth a newly-lighted cigar happens to be gleaming, they resume their
talk as they walk towards an object described at the back of the head
of almost every one, in the humane words "gruel for _my horse_," to be
obtained, not exactly at the first farm, but at the first great town,
be it even half a dozen or so, miles off.

On reaching the best hotel, at which there is seldom hot water enough
ready for all the cavalcade, the horses are handed over to that lot
of idle attendants who, some out of the stable and some from the bar,
greedily rush forward to grasp their bridles. "+Gruel+" is most kindly
ordered for them all; but as it is voted that there is no great
necessity to see them drink it, the landlord's smiling invitation
is accepted, and in a few minutes, by one of those extraordinary
contingencies that nobody could have anticipated, each gentleman rider
is to be seen, in high glee and good-humour, sipping from a tumbler
(which for some quaint reason or other happens to contain a silver
spoon) something that is evidently very wet and very _warm_. Alas!
little thinking that his poor faithful horse, whose performances he had
so lately been describing, with cold clammy ears is shivering, chilled
by having just drank too freely of "a summut," without a spoon in it,
that was wet and _cold_.

On mounting, and clattering out of the paved yard of the hotel, most
of the riders fancy they are all the better--many of their horses feel
that they are all the worse for the half hour's rest and "gruelling"
that was ordered for them. But although the quadrupeds leave behind
them the fatal pail, the silver spoon has apparently accompanied the
bipeds, who, like the favoured children of Fortune, are, externally as
well as internally, under the influence of ardent spirits.

All thoroughly happy, they think neither of their horses nor their
homes; but, according to the subject of their conversation, and the
state of their cigars, they walk, trot, sometimes very slow, and
sometimes very fast, until, on coming to a portion of the road bounded
by grass, although their poor horses have had an overdose of both
excitement and of heavy ground, they touch them with their spurs, to
re-enjoy, for a short distance, a hand-gallop.

In short, travelling at what may either be described as "every pace,"
or "no pace at all," they unnecessarily excite and fatigue their
horses; and yet, after all, though undoubtedly "fast men," they are
often considerably more than an hour longer in getting home than if
they had proceeded at a _slow_, quiet, steady, but unceasing rate.

On reaching this goal the poor horse who, from eight o'clock in the
morning, has been working on an empty stomach, is led by his bridle
to his stable. The rich man prepares himself for his dinner. Since he
breakfasted, at a quarter before nine in the morning, he has, at a low
average, enjoyed the slight intoxication of very nearly a cigar per
hour, besides certain refreshments which he brought out with him, and
the few crumbs of comfort at the hotel at which he stopped to give
"gruel" to his horse.

Nevertheless, on the principle that "by-gones are by-gones," after
his ablutions, exactly as if he had been fasting, he sits down to a
capital meal, joyous conversation, luscious wine. In due time he "joins
the ladies," and as, with rosy cheeks, and with a cup of fragrant
coffee in his hand, he stands in patent-leather boots, whispering soft
nonsense, the butler, white in waistcoat and in tie, most respectfully
interrupts it to inform his Lordship that "Mr. Willo'thewhisp" has just
sent up a strapper from the stable to say that "Harkaway" "has took to
shaking, and seems very queer indeed all over!" and accordingly, on the
evening of the next day, the poor high-bred animal, with protruding
tongue, glacy eyes dishonoured by a few particles of dust, hollow
flank, and outstretched limbs, lies in his stall, stiff and stark, a
victim to the unintentional maltreatment and thoughtless mismanagement
of his noble master.




+How To dress for Hunting.+


As in our Nursery Rhymes it is truly stated that--

    "Whatever brawls disturb the streets, there should be peace at
    home,"

so it might be expected that, however violently men may differ among
each other as to the shape, cut, or fashion of their clothes, they
would at all events, like a brood of chickens nestling under their
parent hen, concur together in selecting that description of warmth
which is congenial, and in avoiding every substance uncongenial to
their nature. And yet how true and how strange it is to say that of
the best educated, most scientific, most intelligent, and wealthiest
classes in England, more than three-quarters live and suffer, wither
and decay, in clothing as uncongenial to their nature as a covering of
slate, in substitution of their mother, would be to a nest of young
birds!

In a cold, wet, variable climate like England, where, especially in
winter, extra clothing to that granted to man by nature is absolutely
required, the sensible and self evident course for the Lord of Creation
to pursue would be to select from the living creatures around him, and
appropriate, the fur, feathers, wool, or hair that warm _them_.

And yet, instead of thus cherishing blood by what has especially
been created by Nature to warm blood, we repair to the cold ground
for succour! From its produce we pick cotton and hemp, nourished by
a circulation of _sap_; in short, from a mixture of perversity and
ignorance which appear to be as inexcusable as they are unaccountable,
we run for protection to the wrong kingdom, to commit the unnatural
error of clothing ourselves as vegetables instead of as animals!

If a man has had nothing to do in this world but, with a crown on his
head and with his knees closed, to sit very still on a throne,--with a
coronet balanced on his head, to walk very gently from one carpeted
room to another,--or in very tight boots to stand gaping at his fellow
creatures as, at different rates, they pass in procession before his
club window, he may live, die, and be screwed up in his coffin without
ever discovering the mistake he has committed; but, on the other
hand, if he has only for a few years been exposed to hard work, and
even without severe labour to the vicissitudes of climate, he very
soon finds out that he is suffering from the uncongenial clothing
in which he has been existing. Indeed, our soldiers and sailors on
active service, whether within the tropics or the polar regions; our
labourers, especially those who work underground in mines; in fact
all classes of people, sooner or later, are not only by medical men
admonished, but by the aches and pains of Caliban, with all the ills
which flesh is heir to when it has been suddenly chilled, are forced to
discard vegetable covering, in order to nestle, for the remainder of
their lives, in woollen clothing next to their skin; and when a man has
lived to make this important discovery, he keenly feels that although
his friend and neighbour would be grievously out of fashion were he to
walk about the world with his cotton drawers over his woollen trousers,
and with his Irish-linen shirt outside his coat, yet that it would be
less insane and infinitely more reasonable for him to do so than to
exist, as is still the general custom of the community, in vegetable
garments, covered on the outside with woollen clothing. In fact, it is
undeniable that a sinner doing penance in a hair shirt enjoys better
health than a saint in a lawn one.

For ordinary work only ordinary protection may be required; but as in
hunting the rider is exposed to every variety of weather, good, bad,
and indifferent,--to sunshine, cold, wind, rain, sleet, and snow,--to
a heating gallop, with a plunge into a brook, ending by a chilling
detention at every fresh covert which the hounds are drawing, it must
be obvious that to fortify himself against all these alternations,
he requires not merely the dress superficially prescribed, namely,
a scarlet coat, leather breeches, top boots, and a hat or a hunting
cap, but beneath this gaudy surface the most wholesome description of
underclothing that science can devise.

Now in the hunting field, experience, after a desperate struggle, has
at last demonstrated the advantages of wool; and, accordingly, for
some years it has been, and is, the habit and the fashion of most
men, especially "the fast ones," entirely to discard linen, and in
lieu thereof to ride in flannel shirts--pink, red, crimson, or many
coloured--and in drawers drawn either from the back of a lamb or a
sheep. The coats are lined throughout backs and sleeves with flannel;
and as the waistcoats have also sleeves of the same material, the
rider of the present day is not only wholesomely warmed, but his
clothing, from being divided into many layers, is capable of keeping
out a moderate shower of several hours' duration.

To provide, however, against a soaking day, it is usual to put on
woollen drawers of extra thickness; but as it is impossible to foretell
how long it will rain--for when it pours early in the morning, it not
unusually becomes bright at eleven, and vice versâ--this precaution
often proves not only unnecessary, but throughout the whole day a very
unpleasant incumbrance, which, after all, fortifies a great deal more
of the propria persona than is required.

A better plan, or "dodge," therefore, when the morning threatens to
turn into a drenching day, is to place over the thin drawers on the
surface only of each thigh, (which, from its position in riding, and
from the dripping from the brim of the hat, invariably becomes wet,
while all the rest of the drawers remain dry), a piece of stout serge
or saddler's flannel, which will keep out the rain for a long time;
which, when wet, can in a moment be drawn out, dried at any little
inn, farm, or cottage fire, and then replaced; and which, if, from the
cessation of the rain, it be not needed, instead of heating the owner,
can be rolled up and transferred into one of his coat pockets, to
remain there like a letter addressed Poste restante, "till called for."

Of boots there are just two sorts: those that do protect the mechanism
of the knee, and those that don't protect it. Of these, the latter are
the most fashionable. However, leaving the rider to make his choice, it
need only be observed that if the soles are broad, the feet within them
will be warm; and, if narrow, cold; simply from the circulation of the
blood having, by pressure, become impeded.

Chilblains are often the result, though more usually caused by the
mistaken luxury, as it is called, of putting the feet when chilled by
hunting into warm instead of into cold water, the temperature of which,
if possible, should be lowered in proportion to the coldness of the
feet: indeed, whenever flesh is frost-bitten, the well-known practical
remedy is snow; while on the other hand an approach to fire instantly
produces mortification.

And now for a very few words respecting the upper, or garret-story of
the rider.

In Leicestershire, many years ago, it was, and in Surrey it still is,
the fashion for "fast men" to ride in the hunting caps worn by all
huntsmen and whippers in.

They were invented to protect the head, whereas they have very properly
been discarded in the shires because they have proved to be its enemy,
or rather the enemy of the rider's neck, which is liable, on a very
slight fall, as was lately the case with poor Lord Waterford, to be
broken, literally on account of the protection given to the head by
the cap, which, instead of collapsing like the buffer of a railway
carriage, as a hat does when it is crushed by a fall, transfers to the
neck the whole concussion of the blow.

In all hunting hats a small hole should be made, either in the crown or
sides, to admit fresh air, and to allow the steam from a hot head to
escape, instead of heating the brain and injuring the hair.

As regards the latter, for the sake not only of our masculine, but
of our feminine readers (one of whose innumerable natural ornaments
is their hair), we will venture to point out another mistake which
is generally committed by our seeking assistance from the inanimate
instead of the animate portion of creation.

We all know that throughout our country, and indeed throughout the
world, there are exposed for sale two descriptions of oil; and as
one of them is compressed from vegetables, and the other obtained
from animals, without reflecting for a moment, it ought surely, at
once, to occur to everybody, that as all things were created good,
"according to their kind," vegetable oil would not prove to be "good"
for animal substances; and accordingly, every coachman and stable-man
concur in testifying, on their practical experience, that while
animal oil mollifies and preserves all descriptions of bridles and
harness, vegetable oil burns and destroys any leather it is applied
to, disfiguring as well as impairing it by deep cracks, crossing each
other like network (declared in Johnson's Dictionary to mean "anything
reticulated or decussated at equal distances, with interstices between
the intersections").

But just as the texture of linen is infinitely finer and more beautiful
than that of broadcloth or flannel, so is vegetable oil clearer and
more inodorous than animal oil, for which reasons the former, instead
of the latter, is almost invariably used by perfumers in concocting
what is sold by them as "hair oil," which, when extracted from almonds,
olives, or any other vegetable substance, is, although highly scented,
exactly as injurious to hair as it would be to harness; and thus it is
lamentable to observe young people blooming around us in all directions
becoming prematurely bald-headed, and older ones more or less
rheumatic, dyspeptic, &c., from having by their own acts and deeds,
namely, by rubbing their heads and clothing their bodies with the wrong
substances, foolishly deserted the animal kingdom to which they belong,
to go over to an alien, that, for the purposes for which they seek its
protection, is really their enemy.




+How to Eat and Drink for Hunting.+


When a young man "too tall for school," that is to say, who has just
concluded his studies, is on the point of what is called embarking in
life, it would be well for him if he would but pause for a few moments,
on the brink of his earthly career, to determine, not how he can avoid,
but on the contrary, which, out of the many alluring pleasures standing
in array before him, will afford him, when selected, the greatest and
most enduring enjoyments.

Now these pleasures, sensual, literary, and religious, may be compared
to the different qualifications in a large stud of horses, which, as we
all know, may be divided into three classes, namely--

1. Those that will carry their rider brilliantly for a short time, and
then, gradually failing, bring him early in the day to what, in the
hunting field, is termed "grief."

2. Those that will carry him well through three quarters of a good run,
and then give in.

3. Those which will not only carry him through any run, however severe
it may be, but end a happy day by bringing him gloriously to his long
home.

If this classification of the pleasures of this world be correct,
there can exist no doubt that it is the interest of every young person
to select from them those which, in intensity, increase instead of
diminish the longer they are enjoyed, and which in duration are
eternal, instead of being shorter than life.

Yet, supposing this wise selection to be made, it does not follow,
because one set of pleasures rank infinitely higher than others,
that the former should be exclusively pursued, and the latter wholly
abandoned.

On the contrary, as rest restores the strength of the body after hard
labour, so do pleasures of a lower order, if judiciously administered,
recruit the exhaustion caused by mental exertion.

Now, of all sensual pleasures, those of eating and drinking produce, as
we either use or abuse them, the most opposite results.

When a young man commences his career, the engine which is to propel
him throughout his life, is, his stomach.

If he preserves it, it will in return render him good service. If he
inconsiderately wears it out, whatever abilities he may possess become
to him of no avail. Indeed the Spanish proverb truly says that in man's
progress in the army, navy, law, church, or state, in short in every
profession, "it is the belly that lifts the feet."

But the same remark is applicable, not only to every profession, but
to all our amusements and recreations. A young horseman, therefore,
who wishes to enjoy the greatest possible amount of hunting, should
ensure it by taking the greatest possible care, not of his neck--not
even of his life, for, as has been shown, the less he interferes with
his horse in jumping, the safer he will go--but of his stomach, or in
other words, of his _health_. To attain this object he has no penance
whatever to perform, for, as he is undergoing strong exercise, his
system requires, is entitled to, and ought to be allowed ample support,
say a capital breakfast; a crust of sweet bread in the middle of the
day; and after hunting is over, a glass of pure cold water to bring
him home to a good, wholesome dinner, with three or four glasses of
super-excellent wine. Now if a young rider were to resolve to rough
it on, or as many of his companions would call it, to "stint himself"
to, the diet above described, he would sit down to every meal with
an appetite that nothing but healthy hunger can create; and thus,
even from the sensual gratification of eating and drinking, he would
derive the maximum of enjoyment, which would not only on the following
day exhilarate his spirits, and strengthen his body, but which, by
invigorating his nerves as well as his stomach, would maintain for
him, to old age, the best possible recreation to his intellectual
occupations, the manly exercise of hunting.

Instead, however, of subsisting on the healthy diet just described, the
ordinary practice of many hunting men is to add to what may be called
"Nature's prescription for the enjoyment of good health" the following
ingredients:--

1. After breakfast, before mounting the spiry covert hack--a cigar.

2. On arriving at a hand-gallop at the meet; again on reaching the
covert--a cigar.

3. At two o'clock some cold grouse, a long suck from a flat flask full
of sherry, or brandy and water, and--a cigar.

4. After the run, another suck at the flat flask--a cigar. Refreshment
at the nearest inn, for man and horse, and--a cigar.

5. While riding home, per hour--a cigar.

6. On reaching home, a heavy dinner, a superstratum of wine, an
astronomical peep at the new moon, and--a cigar.

For a short time, a stout system is exhilarated, and a strong stomach
may be invigorated, by a series of gifts so munificently bestowed upon
them by the right hand of their lord and master.

But as Death eventually levels all distinctions, so do a constant
slight intoxication produced by tobacco, vinous and spirituous liquors,
with a superabundance of rich food, sooner or later first weaken the
stomach, and then gradually debilitate the system, of the strong man as
well as of the puny one.

The first symptom of premature decay is announced by the nerves, which,
to the astonishment of the young rider, sometimes fail so rapidly,
that while the whole of the rest of his system appears to him and to
everybody to be as blooming and as vigorous as ever, he is compelled,
under the best excuse he can invent, to sell his stud, and abandon for
the rest of his life the favourite recreation he has himself destroyed.

Again, although the delicate network of the nervous system may
continue uninjured, the stomach, from being continually over-excited,
overwhelmed, and over-burdened by a heavy, conglomerated mixture
which it has not power to digest, begins to become unable to execute,
not its natural functions, but the unnatural amount of work it is
called upon to perform. The blood becomes impure, secretions are
vitiated, the liver gets disordered, the oppressed lungs are ready
for inflammation, the brain is heated, the pulse irregular; in fact,
the whole mechanism of the system becomes so deranged that the rider
eventually experiences, to his vast regret, that he enjoys rest more
than exercise, and accordingly in due, or rather in undue time, he
retires from his saddle to an elbow chair.

But he is hardly seated therein when the sudden change in his habits,
from an active to a sedentary life, rapidly produces the usual effects.
Did his big toe, unknown to him, receive yesterday any little blow?
Can he have sprained it in his sleep? What can possibly have swelled
it so? How shiny and scarlet it looks! How burning hot it is getting!
Gracious heavens, what a twitch that was!! something must be _in_ it.
That something, oh! seems to be a red-hot file in the hands of a demon
who is rasping a hole in the bone. Ah! Ai! O O O OH!!

But this little mischievous demon is only one of a legion; for besides
the eating complaint, commonly called gout, diseases, all more or less
painful, produced by intemperate habits, or, in other words, by giving
to the poor willing stomach more food and liquor than it could digest,
are so innumerable, that it would require, and does require, a library
of books to describe them, with regiments of medicine-men to prescribe
for them--in vain.

"India, my boy," said an Irishman to a friend on his arrival at
Calcutta, "is jist the finest climate under the sun. But a lot of young
fellows come out here, and they dhrink and they ate, and they ate and
they dhrink, and they die. And thin, they write home to their friends a
pack o' lies, and say, it's _the climate_ as has killed 'em!"

But to return to the saddle. Instead of preaching from it abstinence
to hunting-men, they ought, on the contrary, to be urged to enjoy the
greatest amount of gratification that can possibly be derived from
eating and drinking, not for a single day, week, month, or year, but
throughout their whole lives.

To enable themselves, however, to ascertain this amount, it is
necessary for them to put into a pair of scales, to be accurately
weighed against each other, the enjoyments of temperance, and the
sorrows and anguish of intemperance. If, on doing so, they ascertain
that the balance is in favour of eating, drinking, and tobacco-smoking
_ad libitum_, they will act wisely in indulging in all three to the
utmost possible extent. If, on the contrary, they ascertain that some
of these pleasures last only for a few seconds, some for a few minutes,
and none for more than one or two hours, while, on the other hand, the
afflictions caused by intemperance endure for months and years;--that
"felo-de-se" they put an end to hunting, spoil cricket, stop shooting,
and last, but not least, ruin not only bodily but intellectual
enjoyments, they will act wisely by resolving to befriend themselves as
they befriend their horses, namely, by prescribing for all and each an
ample quantity of food of the very best description, and, if more be
required by a greedy stomach--_the muzzle_.




+Difference between Leicestershire and Surrey Hunting.+


When a stranger comes to hunt in "the shires" he is surprised, and is
usually a little alarmed, at the size of the fences, until he learns,
by experience, how very easily they are crossed; for although almost
all non-hunting people, especially ladies, fancy that it must be
dangerous to encounter a large fence, and easy to pass over a small
one, yet in practice the reverse, within moderate bounds, may be said
to be the truth: indeed, it is notorious that of the bad accidents
that happen in the hunting-field, at least three-fourths occur either
at small impediments or at no impediment at all. For instance,
perhaps the very worst fall a rider can get is by his horse, at full
speed, stepping on the edge of a little rabbit-hole; next comes that
occasioned by one of his fore feet in his gallop dropping into a deep
drain about six inches broad; next to that by his coming to a ditch
too narrow to attract his observation, or to a stiff hedge so low that
he disdains to rise at it; and at this rate danger diminishes, until
the rider arrives at what may be termed the point of greatest safety,
namely, a moderately high fence through which (as in the county first
mentioned) a horse can at a glimpse see on the other side a broad and
deep ditch or small brook.

A hunter coming fast and cheerfully at a fence of this description, no
sooner is observed to prick his ears, than in self-defence he is _sure_
to try, and if he tries he is not only sure, but by his momentum he
_cannot help_ to clear it.

The great ease with which large fences can be crossed produces
the following rather curious result, namely, that although the
horses ridden after hounds in Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and
Lincolnshire are infinitely superior to those ridden in Surrey, yet the
small, blind, cramped, awkward, and consequently _difficult_, fences
of the latter county require, and therefore create, better horsemen
than those who, in "the shires," as joyously as swallows in summer, are
to be seen in leafless November skimming together across grass fields
separated by broad fences.

And it is for this reason, that while a horseman from the small,
difficult fences, if well mounted, has always been found able to go and
clear the broad, easier ones, the very best riders from the region
of the latter, whenever for the first time they try to get across the
former, must, until they have been sufficiently educated, either submit
to follow experienced leaders or--break their necks.

But although of valour discretion has been declared to be the better
part, yet in hunting a constant necessity to "look before you leap" is
a virtue so exceedingly painful to practise, that on the principle that
"where ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise," the imperfect rider,
in a good country, may rest well satisfied that he has infinitely more
enjoyment than is allotted to the superior horseman in a bad one.




+The Stable.+


A comparison between the true Briton's love for his home, and that
of a horse for his stable, elicits conflicting facts which are very
remarkable; for although in theory and in law the house of the former
is said to be "his castle," and although the latter is confined to his
stable by head-collars, pillar-reins, rack-chains, halter-ropes, yet
the hard, honest fact is, that the owner of the castle often seizes
every possible opportunity to escape from it, while the inhabitant of
the stable, if left to his own accord, would never leave it.

It sounds very beautiful for the Englishman to sing--

    "Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home;"

for the Scotch poet to write--

    "Oh Caledonia stern and wild,
    Meet nurse for a poetic child;"

and for his brother Paddy to exclaim--

                     "Sweetest isle of the ocean,
    Erin mavourneen, Erin go Bragh:"

yet it is impossible to deny that the song, the poetry, and the
exclamation are not in unison with the fact that the songster, the
poet, and the exclaimer are constantly caught in the fact of having
stolen away from the very "home," the very "nurse," and the very "isle"
they so ardently profess to love: indeed, in proof of the alibi, every
region of the globe, healthy or unhealthy, and especially every town,
city, and bathing-place in Europe, could not only declare on affidavit
that its localities, high-roads, bye-roads, paths, and streets, are,
especially in summer time or flea-season, to be seen crawling alive
with deserters from British homes, but to the questions, Who is waving
that flag in the balloon high above our heads?--Who is standing in
solitary triumph on the summit of that white capped mountain?--Who is
it that has just descended from human sight to the bottom of the sea
in a diving-bell? nine times out of ten it might truly be answered
"_A Briton_," who, in apparent desperation, has sought refuge in the
clouds, in the region of eternal snow, or in the briny deep, in order
to get away from his "dulce domum," and from "the right little, tight
little island" that contains it.

In almost every instance the home he has deserted is, comparatively
speaking, replete with luxury and comfort; and yet, from stuffed sofas,
easy chairs, feather beds, soft mattresses, warm fires, good carpets,
a well-stocked library, cellar, larder, and dairy, flower and fruit
gardens, carriages on buoyant springs, a stud of horses, faithful
servants, and friendly neighbours, he has fled, with, in one pocket, a
purse which, wherever he stops, by everybody is to be plundered; and
in the other a passport, not to happiness, but to every description of
what he has been educated to consider as a discomfort, simply because,
instead of being homesick, he has become sick, almost unto death, of
his "_home_."

Now, with these facts before us, which nobody can deny, it is strange
to reflect that while man, from all parts of the United Kingdom, is to
be seen centrifugally flying from his domicile, the horse's love for
his stable is a flame which brightens as it burns, and which nothing
but death can extinguish.

Those who have not studied or even observed the propensities of a
horse, fancy that when, like a galley slave chained to his oar, he
stands tied to his manger, he is in a prison, from which it would be
an act of humanity to liberate him; and accordingly, if the animal has
faithfully served them for many years, they feel disposed to reward
him, as the great Duke of Wellington rewarded his gallant war-horse
Copenhagen, by "_turning him out for the rest of his life_."

These notions, however, are perfectly erroneous. A horse not only loves
his stable, he not only never wishes to leave it, but whenever he is
taken out of it, although he may have been confined in it for many
months, he no sooner gets out of the door than he evinces a desire to
re-enter it. Every horseman, every coachman knows and feels that the
difference between riding or driving, especially a thoroughbred horse
from or towards his stable is so great, that while in the one case it
is often necessary to spur or flog him _from_ his home, the animal
invariably pulls hard, and on any trifling occurrence will start or
kick with joy, all the time he is returning to it; and his neighs,
responded to by his comrades within, express, in horse language, how
pleased he is to get back to them, and how glad they are to recover him.

A horse loves his stable for the same reasons that ought to induce
his master to love his home--namely, because, in society that pleases
him, he lives well clothed, well fed, and well housed; and therefore
(however well intended it may be) nothing can be more cruel to
a faithful animal that has all his life been accustomed to such
artificial luxuries, than to turn or ostracise him into a park so soon
as his age and infirmities require for him if possible still greater
comforts.

It would be thought harsh, ungenerous, and unjust, were a nobleman
to _reward_ his old worn out butler, and bent, decrepit, toothless
housekeeper, by consigning them both for the winter of their lives
to the parish workhouse, where, at no cost to themselves, they would
receive lodging, firing, food, and raiment; but if, without a shilling
in their pockets, and without a rag on their backs, his Lordship were
to turn the poor old couple adrift in the back-woods of North America,
he would confer upon them, in return for their services, exactly the
same sort of reward which is conferred upon an old worn out horse when,
suddenly deprived of the oats, beans, hay, bed, clothing, warm stable,
and companions he has been accustomed to, he is all of a sudden, as a
reward in full for all the work he has performed, "turned out for the
rest of his life."

The extraordinary attachment of a horse to his stable, especially if it
contains many comrades, may be exemplified by the following anecdote:--

Some years ago a brown thorough-bred mare became gradually afflicted by
a spavin on each hind leg, which, on due consultation, were declared
to be incurable except by firing.

To undergo this painful prescription she was led from a stable where
she had been residing by herself to the cavalry barracks at Hounslow,
about a mile off, where she was placed in a stable full of horses for a
day or two to undergo a preparatory dose of physic.

By men and ropes she was then cast, fired, and in the course of two or
three days, as soon as she could bear moving, she was slowly led back
to her master, who, with kind intentions, turned her into a small field
of nice, cool, luxuriant grass, about one hundred yards beyond his
house.

After eating a few mouthfuls the poor animal raised her head, snorted,
looked first on one side, then on the other, snorted again, stretched
out her tail, trotted up to a stiff post and rail fence, which she
cleared, and then passing unnoticed the loose box in which for many
months she had lived, forgetting and forgiving all the sufferings that
had been inflicted upon her, with raw, bleeding legs, she galloped
along the hard macadamised road to the cavalry stable, to re-enjoy the
society of the dozen horses which only for a few days she had had the
happiness of associating with.

In constructing a stable the main object should be to secure to the
lungs of the horse pure air, and to prevent the hay in the loft above
him from being impaired by foul air.[F]

By a simple shaft or chimney, and by other well-known modes of
ventilation, both these advantages can be obtained; and yet they are,
comparatively speaking, of no avail, if beneath the straw bed on which
the horse lies there exists a substratum generating and emitting gases
of a highly deleterious composition.

A stable may be well ventilated and well drained, the forage may be
of the best description, and yet all may be impaired by an atmosphere
unfit for respiration; for if foul litter beneath be only covered,
as is often, and in many stables is usually the case, by a layer of
white straw, (like a dirty shirt under a suit of fine new clothing),
distemper and disease must be the result.

Although therefore it should be the secondary duty of a good groom to
clean his _horse_, his primary duty is to clean _his stable_; for as,
in a fast and long run across a deep country, it is undeniable that the
healthiest lungs must triumph, it follows that a clean horse out of a
dirty stable cannot live with a dirty one of exactly the same character
and cast out of a clean stable.

But as it is always easier to preach wisdom than to practise it, so is
it infinitely easier to prescribe clean litter than to maintain it.
Indeed, it is almost impossible to keep straw under a horse perfectly
pure; and accordingly, throughout the United States of America, and
even in New York, horses are often made to lie on bare boards, on which
they appear to sleep just as soundly as in a state of nature they would
sleep on ground baked hard by the sun.

On this fact being privately whispered by us to the authorities at
the Horse Guards, it was at once repudiated by the assertion that it
would ruin English cavalry horses were they to be made to sleep without
litter on hard boards; and yet all the soldiers of Europe, cavalry as
well as infantry, in their guard rooms sleep and snore on wooden beds,
probably a good deal sounder than do their respective sovereigns on
bedding composed of wool, hair, down, feathers, fine linen, blankets,
and counterpanes.

      "Canst thou, O partial Sleep! give thy repose
    To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude;
    And, in the calmest and most stillest night,
    With all appliances and means to boot,
    Deny it to a king?"--_Henry IV._

Another disadvantage of straw-litter is that horses with a voracious
appetite are sometimes prone to eat it, whether it be clean or dirty.
To prevent them from thus distending as well as injuring their
stomachs, it is usual to inflict upon them a muzzle, which, by impeding
respiration, is more or less injurious to the lungs.

A better and indeed an effectual mode of prevention is to substitute
for straw, wooden shavings, which form a cheap, wholesome, clean, and
comfortable bed.

[Footnote F: Youatt, in his valuable work entitled "+The Horse+," truly
says that changes from cold to heated foul air are as dangerous to the
animal as from heat to cold.]




+On Shoeing.+


As a railway carriage is constructed on springs to soften all ordinary
jolts, and with buffers to alleviate any violent concussion;--as the
human mind is gifted with a buoyancy which enables it cheerfully to
meet any trifling vexation, and with sentiments of religion which
maintain its serenity under the severest afflictions, so do the pastern
above a horse's foot and the frog beneath it protect the body of the
animal from the continual slight concussions and occasional severe ones
to which, in ordinary and extraordinary exertions, it is liable to be
subjected.

The pastern, like the instep of those Spanish women whose heels in
walking scarcely touch the ground, gives grace and elasticity to every
step; indeed, in the walk, trot, canter, and gallop of a horse we
clearly see the spring of his pasterns softening the movements of their
own creation.

But while the career of the body is thus rendered safe and delightful,
the interior mechanism of the foot is protected by one of those simple,
beautiful, mechanical arrangements which in every direction demonstrate
to us the superintending providence of an Almighty Power.

If the sole, front, sides, and back of a hunter's foot had been created
as solid and as inelastic as the gold or silver case of what is called
a hunting watch, the interior of the former, like that of the latter,
would receive material damage from a heavy blow against the ground.

The coating, however, of hard horn or armour which shields the front
and sides of the sensitive foot from any obstacle in its course,
does not equally extend to that portion of it in the rear, out of
harm's way, called the heels, beneath which we find on examination
a triangular cushion of an Indiarubber-like composition, which, on
concussion, or even by compression, acting as a wedge, forces the heels
that contain it, outwards.

By this beautiful arrangement, when a hunter with his front legs
extended, jumping over a broad fence, lands on a hard macadamised road
upon his two fore-feet, the heels which receive the greater portion of
the concussion are expanded by it in exact proportion to the weight
of the bodies of the horse and rider, and the violence of the blow
being thus alleviated, the sensitive mechanism of the foot is shielded
from injury. And yet, strange to say, simply by the act of shoeing,
this merciful protection in every country in the world is, generally
speaking, destroyed!

If a mischievous or ignorant clown were to drive a nail through a
chronometer, he would only destroy an insensible and inanimate work
of art; but when a man of wealth, intelligence, and science--the
proprietor of a valuable horse, on whose safe going his comfort,
and occasionally his life depends--deliberately nails to the poor
creature's living, expansible feet four obdurate, inexpansible iron
shoes, he is really guilty of an act of barbarity and barbarism which
would scarcely be expected from a savage, for besides instantly
impeding the expansive apparatus of the foot, he effectually stops its
growth.

Under this treatment the young horse, by day and by night, not only
lives in shoes which, though they may not hurt him very much in the
stable, always pinch him "in his utmost need," or rather speed; but,
like a Chinese lady, he outgrows his own feet, until, on attaining his
full size, it is discovered that his body, which, like that of Dives,
his master, has always worn fine clothing, and has fared sumptuously
every day, has nothing but a set of colt's feet with contracted heels
to carry it!

To prevent, or at least to alleviate the sufferings acute and chronic
just described, Mr. Turner, of Regent Street, introduced the
unilateral system of what he called "half-nailing," which consists
in affixing the shoe by nails on the outside and round the toe only,
leaving the inner side totally unsecured.

By theorists it was, of course, asserted that this arrangement would
prove to be defective and inefficient. In practice, however, not only
is the contrary the result, but, on nearly thirty years' experience,
we are enabled to maintain the apparent paradox that in riding
along or across any and every description of country, a shoe, when
_half_-nailed, is more secure than when _wholly_ nailed; in fact, that
it is insecure almost in proportion as it is tightly nailed, and secure
in proportion as it is loosely nailed.

The reasons are obvious.

When a horse is standing still, or lying fast asleep in his stable, his
shoes are, of course, firmer when wholly than when only half-nailed.
So soon, however, as, mounted by say a heavy man, he begins to move,
there commences, out of sight of every human eye, a desperate, and in
deep ground a subterranean struggle between the works of Nature and
of Vulcan the blacksmith, or, in plainer words, between the expansive
efforts of the frog and hoof and the arbitrary metallic shoe that is
restraining them.

At each step the contest is renewed; and while, by an acceleration of
pace, its violence is increased, the domination of the tyrant at every
stride is infinitesimally diminished in consequence of the nails, which
have to bear the whole brunt of the battle, becoming looser and looser,
until, by a jump on hard ground, or some other violent concussion, the
expansive power of the foot bursts the impaired fetters that have been
restraining it, and the poor animal, thus suddenly emancipated from
his shoe, leaves it either buried in mud, or, with every nail in its
socket, glittering on the grass behind him.

Now, under the system of _half_-nailing, the battle we have just very
faintly described does not take place. The foot can't struggle against
nails which don't exist; and accordingly, just as the pliant reed
remains erect after the storm that in its immediate neighbourhood has
torn up by its roots the sturdy oak, so does the half-nailed shoe,
by allowing the horse's foot to expand, perform by gentleness what
violence has failed to effect; and therefore it remains, throughout a
severe run, hard and fast, where Vulcan placed it.

The Greeks and Romans did not shoe their horses, but, for long
journeys, were in the habit of protecting, by leathern sandals,
strengthened by iron, and ornamented with silver or gold, their feet,
to the substance and shape of which they paid great attention.

    "The first thing," wrote Xenophon more than 2200 years ago,
    "that ought to be looked to in a horse is his foot. For
    as a house would be of no use, though all the upper parts of
    it were beautiful, if the lower parts of it had not a proper
    foundation, so a horse would not be of any use in war if he
    had tender feet, even though he should have all other good
    qualities, for his good qualities could not be made of any
    available use."

In many parts of the world the horse, though severely worked, has never
yet been shod. Indeed, in some of the towns in South America it would
still cost more money to shoe a horse than was paid to purchase him.




+On Roughing Horses.+


Although of all axioms no one is more trite and true than that "there
is a right and a wrong way of doing everything," yet our readers will
hardly be prepared to learn that the Anglo-Saxon on one side of the
Atlantic roughs his horse in the right way, and on the other side in
the wrong way!

In the United States, and especially in Canada, the surface of which
for half a dozen months in every year, white as a bridal plum-cake, is
composed of snow or ice, the _toe_ as well as the two heels of each
shoe are roughed; and as, in consequence thereof, the horse on every
foot stands upon a tripod, his sinews and muscles not only remain
in their proper position all the time he is in a stable, but while
crossing a level country the sole of each foot when it presses the
ground is parallel to its surface.

In ascending a hill the front cog, in descending a hill the two hind
cogs, and in traversing a plain the three cogs, of each shoe catch
firm hold of the ground; and accordingly the horse, whether in ascent,
descent, or on level ground, works in so true a position, and is so
efficiently roughed, that out of deep snow he can, at any gradient,
gallop suddenly upon what is called "glare ice," almost as hard as
iron, without the slightest danger to himself or his rider.

Now, in England, generally speaking, horses are most unscientifically
roughed on their heels _solely_, which not only at once, even in
the stable, especially when the outside cogs are unequally turned
up, throws the mechanism of their feet and fetlocks out of gear--it
not only forces them while travelling on a dead level into a false
position, but, after all this maltreatment, the poor animal finds out
that he is very inefficiently roughed.

For instance, in descending a hill, only the cog or cogs of the heels
of each foot, which can never be placed parallel to the ground, take
hold of it. In ascending, his case is infinitely worse; for, as it
becomes necessary, especially when he is drawing a very heavy load,
that he should raise his heels off the road in order to stick into it
his toes, he then discovers that while the hind portion of his shoe
which he abstains from using has been roughed for him, the _front_
part, which, for the ascent, especially requires to be roughed, has
been left untouched. Even to gallop a horse, shod in the English
fashion, over level ice, is exceedingly dangerous; for although, so
long as by a powerful bit he is forced on his haunches, the two cogs
at the back of each shoe take hold, yet, if the poor animal be allowed
to drop his head in order to propel himself at his utmost speed by
his unroughed toes, they immediately slip from under him, and he thus
experiences a defect, which it is astonishing should have been so
long perpetrated by a nation who, at an enormous expenditure of time,
intelligence, and money, have succeeded in rearing a breed of horses,
the finest in the world, coveted by every foreigner, but which they
persist in rudely roughing in the wrong way!




+Saddles.+


If a saddle does not come down upon the withers and back-bone of a
horse, the closer it approaches them the firmer it fits; and as, in
the matrimonial alliance which exists between the quadruped and the
biped, whatever is agreeable to the one is usually so to the other, a
roomy saddle, on which the rider can sit with ease and comfort, is also
beneficial to the horse, because it spreads the weight he has to carry
over a large surface, and the pressure per square inch being thereby
diminished, a sore back is less likely to be created, and per contra,
for the very same reason, the human skin is less likely to be rubbed.

Less than a century ago it was deemed necessary by hunting men to tie
their saddle to their horse's tail by a crupper, which, at every jump,
must have compressed the vertebræ of the poor animal, like the joints
of a telescope when slightly closed by a jerk. The object of this
barbarous apparatus was to prevent the saddle slipping _forwards_,
whereas, by the opposite apparatus of the present day, a breast-plate
has been substituted, to prevent the saddle from slipping _backwards_.
The difference between these two conflicting precautions has been
caused by the difference in the breeding, and consequently in the size
of the horse's belly, which, in the time of our ancestors, was lusty,
instead of being--as in the present day, when many hunters are racers,
and all in high condition--fine and slim.

When a horse is exceedingly light in the carcase, or as it is
technically termed "tucked up," it is usual among grooms and riders to
girth the poor creature as tightly as they can, in order, as much as is
possible, to relieve the breast-plate; but instead of assisting it, the
grievous mistake first paralyses its action, and then, if it be weak,
breaks it, for the following simple reasons.

If a horse, with a belly tapering like a cone, be tightly girthed, his
saddle, whenever it slips backwards (which it must do in ascending a
steep hill or bank), remains hard and fast on the part of the back
to which it has retired, straining against the breast-plate, whose
straps have not power to make it re-ascend the cone: whereas if, on the
contrary, the saddle of a light-carcased horse be unusually loosely
girthed, although in ascending an acclivity the saddle slips backwards
until it is retained by the breast-plate, yet, the instant the horse
either descends a hill, or gallops upon level ground, his own action,
combined with the power of the breast-plate straps affixed to the
saddle and girths, put an end to all strain upon the latter, by drawing
the loosely-girthed saddle forwards into its proper position. And it
is for this reason that horses of all shapes ought to be girthed less
tightly when they carry breast-plates than when they are without them,
and always two holes looser when they are light-carcased than when they
are lusty.

Formerly it was the usual custom in the hunting-field, as it still is
on the road, to secure the saddle by two narrow girths, each buckled on
either side to one strap. This arrangement has lately been superseded
by what are called Fitzwilliam girths, composed of one of double
breadth with two buckles at each end, and of a narrow one encircling
and secured to the broad one by two loops, through which it passes.

By this admirable alteration perfect safety is obtained; for, as the
broad girth is secured to four straps, if, say one on each side burst
at a leap, the other two remain efficient; and even if all break, those
of the narrow girth retain the broad one in its place; while, on the
other hand, if the straps of the broad girth hold, the narrow one is
prevented by the loops above described from dangling, in case either of
its two buckles should give way.

Whereas, by the old arrangement, if out of four straps any one burst at
a leap, its girth instantly dangled, leaving the safety, and possibly
the life of the rider, to depend on only two straps, by the rupture
of either one of which he would suddenly, without his knowledge, be
riding, possibly at a large fence, without any girths at all.

But, although hunting men have gained a step or stride by this new
fashioned girth, they have lately, as if to balance the account,
retrograded to the wisdom of their ancestors by discarding the modern
stuffed saddle-flap in favour of that ancient hard one which for many
years has been used only by postilions.

For ordinary riding, and especially for ordinary riders, a quantity of
stuffing in the form of a sausage, in front of their shins, no doubt
retains them in their seat.

In hunting, however, this retention has for many years been producing
strains of the large muscles of the thigh, which, although of common
occurrence, none of the sufferers could very clearly account for. On
reflection, the cause is obvious.

In riding over a large fence, or in any sudden blunder the horse may
commit, the rider, without losing his seat, is liable to be thrown,
body and bones, forward two or three inches, and accordingly on the
plain flat hard flap he glides onwards without inconvenience or injury
to the exact extent required.

But when, instead of being able to do so, his knees and shins are
suddenly arrested by the stuffing immediately in front of them, the
momentum of his body causes it to bend forwards on the pivot formed
by his knees, on the same principle as a cart-load of earth propelled
along a new railway embankment is chucked over its extremity on being
suddenly stopped by a log of timber placed there transversely for that
very object; and accordingly, the great muscles of the thigh which
have to sustain this conflict between the moveable and immoveable parts
of one frame are often so severely strained, that they require, for
many months, to be bandaged by a leathern strap.

The plain flap is considerably lighter than the stuffed one. It is a
sovereign cheaper; in case it gets into a brook it dries easier; and
after all, it is infinitely more agreeable to ride on. For all these
good reasons, in Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire,
which may be termed the region in England of large fences, it has been
generally adopted. However, as Peter in his 'Letters to his Kinsfolk'
truly observed that although the mail ran from London to Edinburgh in
forty-eight hours, it required always six months for fashions in dress
to travel from the former metropolis to the latter, so throughout
almost all the other counties hunting men continue to sit behind that
costly, ugly, thigh-straining sausage stuffing which the riders to the
Pytchley, Quorn, and Cottesmore hounds have so properly discarded.




+Bridles.+


Arrian states that the Persians, in battle, had no bridles, but
governed and guided their horses by nose bands, covering sharp pieces
of iron, brass, or ivory.

The curb bit, though used in the time of the Roman emperors (in
an ancient sculpture Theodosius is represented riding with one of
extraordinary leverage), was not adopted by the English until Charles
I. in the third year of his reign issued a proclamation, commanding
that no person serving in the cavalry should use the snaffle, but in
lieu thereof the curb only.

On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acropolis of Athens, the
horses are represented as ridden (as in the races through the Strada
Reale in Malta they are still ridden) without bridles or saddles.

The best bridle for a horse is, of course, that which is best adapted
to the particular work he is required to perform.

For racing over turf, where he is required to extend himself like a
greyhound, the snaffle-bit only is almost invariably selected.

For cavalry purposes, where he is required suddenly to throw himself
on his haunches, wheel to either side, or right about, the curb-bit is
added; while by the Turks and those Asiatics who practise their horses
to approach a wall at full speed, stop, turn round, and then gallop
back again, a curb-bit only is used.

For hunting, both bits are necessary; for while across turf, light
soil, and over fences of almost every description, the snaffle is a
safer guide than the curb-bit, yet in going through deep ground the
latter is absolutely necessary to enable the rider, by holding his
horse together, not only to prevent him from extending himself--in
which attitude his hind feet would overreach his fore ones before they
could be extricated from the sub-soil--but to stop him quickly, for
instance to pop through a gap on either side, which he would otherwise
override for a considerable distance.

To leap over the hedge of a plantation full of trees on a hot horse,
with only a snaffle-bit in his mouth, would be dangerous, and often
impracticable; whereas it might easily be effected with a curb-bit, by
which the animal could moreover be made to ascend a steep narrow bank,
creep along it, and then jump off it, over perhaps the only practicable
point in the fence beyond it.

The shape, make, and leverage of bits of all descriptions of course
depend on the mouth and disposition of the particular animal for which
they are required.

It may, however, be generally stated that for all horses a plain
snaffle is better than a twisted one; and that of curb-bits, those are
the best which give to the rider the maximum of mechanical power, with,
to the noble animal beneath him, the minimum of pain.

To a war horse, as well as to his rider, it may be immaterial whether
he be infuriated by spurs pricking his sides, or from the laceration
of his mouth by a harsh bit, purposely constructed to hurt him.

As regards a hunter, however, the case is quite different; for while on
the one hand his becoming infuriated is dangerous to his master as well
as himself, a total absence of pain induces him to give calm attention
to the difficult work he has to perform.

Although, therefore, according to the animal's disposition a sufficient
amount of leverage is required, the smoother the bit is made the more
willing will he be to submit to it, and the less will he be disposed
to quarrel with it; indeed this principle has more than once been
exemplified by the fact of a run-away horse, over which his rider
had apparently no control, stopping gradually of his own accord, in
consequence of the rupture of the curb chain, which, having infuriated
him by the agony it had inflicted on his lower jaw, had actually
caused the very danger it had been created to prevent. And it is for
this reason that a leathern strap ought almost invariably to be placed
under the hard twisted curb chain, by which simple addition acute pain
is removed, without any diminution of strength of the chain or of the
leverage of the curb-bit.




+Intrinsic Value of a Horse.+


Although it is a common axiom that "the value of a thing is exactly
what it will fetch," yet in the hunting field the price at which a
horse has been sold is very rarely a criterion of his real worth, the
reason being that his performances are made up of three items, of which
he himself forms only one, the other two being stable management and
good riding, for neither of which is the quadruped entitled to claim
the smallest amount of credit; and yet, on the principle that "handsome
is that handsome does," it is a usual error, especially among young
sportsmen, to estimate that a horse which goes brilliantly must be a
good one, and vice versâ; whereas an ordinary description of animal,
in splendid condition, and judiciously ridden, cannot fail to leave
far behind him a superior one injudiciously ridden, made up of flesh
instead of muscle, of impure instead of pure blood, and of bloated,
unpractised, instead of healthy, well-exercised lungs. For these
reasons it continually happens that a horse that has been observed
to go what is called "brilliantly" throughout a run, is, at its
conclusion, sold for a considerable sum, in addition to another horse,
on which the purchaser, in a few weeks, leaves behind him the animal he
had sold, whose owner now to his cost discovers that

    "The lovely toy so keenly sought
    Has lost its charms by being caught"

by _him_.

But the price of a hunter is materially affected by the quality as well
as the qualifications of his rider, whose position in the world often
confers upon his horses a fictitious value; and accordingly the hunting
stud of the late Sir Richard Sutton--sold by public auction shortly
after his death--realised sums exceeding by at least 40 per cent. what
subsequently proved to be their current value when transferred to the
stables of people of less renown.

Again, a respectable, first-rate horse dealer succeeds in his
profession, not so much by his superior knowledge of the animals he
_buys_, but by the quantity and quality of the eloquence he exerts in
_selling_ them. Every hunter, therefore, that is purchased from a great
man of this description is necessarily composed of, 1st, his intrinsic
value; and 2nd, of the anecdotes, smiles, compliments, and praises,
which, although when duly mixed up with an evident carelessness about
selling him, captivated the listener to purchase him, like a bottle of
uncorked ardent spirits evaporate, or, like a swarm of bees, fly away,
almost as soon as the transaction is concluded, leaving behind them
nothing but the animal's intrinsic value.




+On Shying.+


It often happens that a horse brimfull of qualifications of the very
best description is most reluctantly sold by his master "because he
shies so dreadfully," a frolic which, to a good rider, is perfectly
harmless, and which, if he deems it worth the trouble, he is almost
certain to cure.

A timid horseman, however, not only believes that his horse is
frightened at the little heap of stones at which he shies, but for this
very reason he becomes frightened at it himself; whereas the truth is
that the animal's sensations in passing it are usually compounded as
follows:--

    Of fear of {the little heap  1/10.
               {whip and spur    9/10.

Now, if this be the case, which no one of experience will deny, it is
evident that the simple remedy to be adopted is, first, at once to
remove the great cause of the evil complained of, by ceasing to apply
either whip or spur; and, secondly, gradually to remove the lesser
cause by a little patient management which shall briefly be explained.

When a horse has been overloaded with a heavy charge of oats and
beans, which may be termed jumping powder, and primed by a very short
allowance of work, his spirits, like the hair trigger of a rifle, are
prepared on the smallest touch to cause a very violent explosion. In
fact, without metaphor, on the slightest occurrence he is not only
ready, but exceedingly desirous, to jump for joy.

The _casus belli_ which the animal would perhaps most enjoy would be to
meet a temperance run-away awning-covered waggon full of stout, healthy
young women in hysterics, all screaming; or to have a house fall down
just as he was passing it. However, as a great conqueror, if he cannot
discover a large excuse for invading the territory of his neighbour,
is sure to pick out a very little one, so does the high mettled horse
who has nothing to start at, proceed under his rider with his eyes
searching in all directions for something which he may pretend to be
afraid of. Influenced by these explosive propensities he cocks his ears
at a large leaf which the air had gently roused from its sleep, as if
it were a crouching tiger; and shortly afterwards a fore leg drops
under him as suddenly as if it had been carried away by a cannon shot,
because in the hedge beside him a wren has just hopped from one twig to
another nearly an inch.

Now, of course, the effective cure for all these symptoms of exuberant,
pent up spirits is a long, steady hand-gallop up and down hill across
rather deep ground. Before, however, this opportunity offers, man can
offer to the brute beneath him a more reasonable remedy.

The instant that a horse at a walk sees at a short distance before
him, say a heap of stones, at which he pretends to be or really is
afraid, instead of forcing him on, he should be allowed or, if it be
necessary, forced to stop, not only till he has ceased to fear it, but
until, dead tired of looking at it, he averts his eyes elsewhere.

While advancing towards it, so often as his fear, or pretended fear,
breaks out, by instantly bringing him to a stand-still it should in
like manner be over-appeased.

In slowly passing any object which a horse appears to be afraid of, the
error which is almost invariably committed is to turn his head towards
it, in which case, revolving upon his bit as on a pivot, the animal
turns his hind-quarters from it, and in that position with great ease
shies more or less away from it; whereas, if the rein opposite to it be
pulled firmly, he not only instantly ascertains that his rider's desire
is in opposition to, instead of in favour of forcing him towards the
object of his fear, but when his head is drawn away from it, although
he is able to rush forwards, it is out of his power to shy _laterally_.

Now, instead of endeavouring thus to triumph over instinct by reason,
instead of allowing a horse more time even than he requires to appease
his own apprehensions, be they real or pretended, the course which a
gentleman's groom usually adopts is, like giving fuel to fire, to add
to the animal's fear of the object he is unwilling to approach, his
infinitely greater fear of a pair of plated spurs.

The oftener and the stronger this ignorant prescription is applied, the
more violent becomes the disease it undertakes to alleviate, until, on
its being declared to be incurable, the poor frightened animal is sold
for a fault almost entirely created by human hands and inhuman heels.

       *       *       *       *       *

The extent to which a timid animal can be appeased by kindness is,
at the present moment, beautifully exemplified by a deer, which has
been so divested of its fears by Tom Hill, the huntsman of the Surrey
fox-hounds, that the animal not only accompanies the hounds when taken
out for exercise, but eats biscuit, and actually sleeps with them in
the kennel.

If, during their meal, two of the hounds fight, by a pat with his fore
feet he tries to separate them. If, at exercise, anything alarms him,
with a bound or two he vaults for safety into the middle of the pack.
And yet, when in this citadel, if any strange dog approaches them,
with malice prepense he rushes out at him, as if determined to kill
him. In short, by kind superintendence the deer has become as fond of
blood-thirsty hounds as they of him.




+Singeing.+


As it is incumbent on all civilized communities to be kind to every
living being,--as our laws profess to maintain this Christian
axiom,--and as there exists among us a Society self-constituted for the
especial purpose of "the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," it would be
very difficult satisfactorily to explain, at least to _them_, why, in
violation of so benign a theory, we deliberately practise the following
fashions:--

1. Of cutting off all our sheep's tails.

2. Of dittoing the tails of all dogs that take care of sheep.

3. Of dittoing the ears of terriers.

4. Of dittoing a portion of the tails, and occasionally of the ears, of
our horses.

5. Of piercing with a sharp awl the ears of all our daughters, in order
to insert therein golden rings, which, by equalizing all, can confer no
possible benefit on any one: that is to say, provided Euclid is correct
in declaring that "when equals are added to equals, their sums are
equal."

If any person among us defaces a statue, he is liable to punishment
and to the execration of the public; and yet there can be no doubt
that in every sense of the word it is more barbarous to mutilate the
living original of an Almighty Creator than a cold stone or marble copy
thereof, chiselled more or less imperfectly by human hands.

About forty years ago it was the general custom to dock the tails of
all hunters, covert-hacks, and waggon-horses, so close, that nothing
remained of this picturesque, beautiful ornament of Nature but an ugly,
stiff stump, very little longer than the human thumb, which, especially
in summer time, was seen continually wagging to the right or left, in
impotent attempts to brush off a hungry fly, biting the skin more than
a yard off. At about the same period an officer in our army took to
the Cape of Good Hope a gentle, beautiful, thoroughbred mare, which,
to his astonishment, the natives appeared exceedingly unwilling to
approach. The reason was, that her ears had been cropped; and as among
themselves that punishment was inflicted for crimes, they were induced
to infer that the handsome mutilated animal had suffered from a similar
cause--in fact, that she was _vicious_.

From the same premises, and by the same reasoning faculties, they might
as erroneously have conceived that the holes bored through most of the
English ladies' ears denoted the existence of a uniform speck of some
sort or other in their characters.

Having briefly enumerated only a few of the mutilations which, in
different regions of the earth, man inflicts, not only upon the animals
around him, but upon himself, we will proceed to notice a prescription
of modern date which has produced very astonishing results.

As in crime there exists an essential difference between cutting off
a man's head, and cutting off only his hair, so in cruelty does there
exist a similar difference between the fashion which mutilates the
body of an animal, and that which deprives him only of its covering:
still, however, the practice of clipping, shaving, and singeing horses
must, to every person, at first sight appear so incomprehensible that
a slight notice of the subject may possibly be deemed worthy of a few
minutes' consideration.

To a wild horse, roaming in a state of perfect freedom, Nature grants
an allowance very similar to that which every inhabitant of Grosvenor
Square gives to each of his tall powdered footmen: namely, board,
lodging, and two suits of clothing per annum; with this important
difference, however, that while the poor pampered, gaudy menial is
ignorantly dressed throughout the whole year in cloth and plush of the
same thickness, the animal is beneficently provided with two different
descriptions of clothing, namely, a light thin silky coat for summer
wear, and a thick fur one to keep him warm and comfortable throughout
the winter months.

Now it might be expected that if man undertook to interfere with this
provision, he would, in accordance with the spirit and meaning of the
act by which it had been decreed, extend its principle by relieving the
horse of a portion of his covering during the excessive heat of summer,
and by bestowing upon him a little extra warmth in winter; whereas, by
the operation about to be described, he makes the animal's cold weather
coat infinitely less able to resist cold than that purposely created
for sunshine only.

About fifty years ago, during the Peninsular war, it was observed that
the Spanish muleteers gave to the animals they had charge of great
apparent relief by rudely shearing off the hair that covered their
bodies; and on the idea being imported into England, our hunting men,
principally at Melton, commenced the practice by "clipping," at a cost
at first of about five guineas, their hunters.

This operation, which, in its infancy, occupied four or five days, was
succeeded by the practice of shaving, which, in about as many hours,
left the animal as bare as the hide of a pig that had just been killed,
scalded, and scraped.

This latter operation, however, was found to be attended with two
opposite disadvantages: for, if perpetrated too soon, it required to
be repeated, or rather to be succeeded by clipping; and if delayed
till the growth of the thick coat had subsided, the horse remained
throughout the winter naked like an elephant.

In order therefore to shorten the coat exactly in proportion to its
uncertain growth, it was determined gradually and repeatedly to burn
it by fire to the minimum length prescribed, that is, leaving only
sufficient to conceal the bare skin.

When the animal has thus been denuded of his coat, so long as he
remains in his hot stable it is restored to him with compound
interest, by two, and occasionally by three suits of warm clothing,
which he might expect would, like that worn by his lord and master,
be increased as soon as he should be led from his covered domicile
into the open air. But the contrary operation takes place; for while
his owner is swathing himself in his extra flannel hunting clothing,
the singed quadruped at the same moment, in order to be taken to the
meet, at one haul is denuded of the whole of his indoor clothing, a
bridle is put into his mouth, a saddle on his bare back, and in this
state, literally, without metaphor, more naked than he was born, he is
suddenly led or ridden ten or fifteen miles through perhaps wind, rain,
sleet, or snow, to be exposed throughout the whole day to sudden sweats
and sudden chills, in temperatures and at elevations of the most trying
description.

Now, of course, in theory, nothing can be more unnatural, and it might
be added more barbarous, than this treatment; and yet, strange to say,
by acclamation it would be declared by every horse-owner who has tried
it that, in practice, it produces to the animal not only beneficial,
but unexpected, results.

The lungs appear to become stouter.

Hot swelled legs suddenly get cool and fine.

The appetite grows stronger.

The flesh increases.

The muscles thicken.

In consequence of greatly diminished perspiration the amount of food
necessary to recruit the body may be reduced, at least, one feed per
day.

After hunting, the skin, instead of breaking out from internal debility
and exhaustion, remains dry.

Lastly, as mud and dirt cannot take hold of a singed coat, and
consequently as little or no grooming is required, the animal, on
reaching his stable, soon enjoys rest, instead of being for an hour or
two teased, excited, and irritated, by being tied up, hissed at, and
cleaned.

But, against all these advantages, it is only fair to weigh the amount
of suffering which it is supposed by us a horse endures by being
stripped of his coat and clothing, and in that naked state being
suddenly plunged, during winter, into the external air.

In ascertaining this amount of suffering, however, we must not commit
the error of estimating a horse's sensation by what, under similar
circumstances, we imagine would be our own, for the cases are quite
different.

Throughout the frame or fabric of man, his blood, however proud it may
be, circulates so feebly, that on being subjected to a low temperature
it actually, like fluid in a pipe, freezes in his veins; whereas
throughout the body of a horse it is propelled with such violence,
that, like the deep water in the Canada lakes, it is beyond the power
of cold, however intense, to stop it; and accordingly, when everything
else around stands frozen, it triumphantly continues its fluent course.
In fact, the relative power of the two animals to resist cold is fully
proportionate to the difference between their muscular strength; and
as the human being, notwithstanding its weakness, is strong enough to
endure the sudden transition from a hot bath to a cold one, or, as
is the custom in Russia, to a roll on the snow, so, à fortiori, is a
hunter gifted by Nature with a circulation of blood powerful enough
to enable him, without injury or suffering, to bear an apparently
unnatural mode of treatment, which, although it makes _us_ almost
shiver to think of, is productive to his stouter frame of beneficial
results, of inestimable value.




+Meet of the Pytchley Hounds at Arthingworth.+


Among hunting men there is nothing so unpopular as what is called by
the rest of the world a most beautiful, clear, bright day. The gaudy
thing is disagreeable to eyes because it is dangerous to the bodies
to which they respectively belong; for when every twig glitters in
the sunshine, and every drop of dew that hangs upon them looks like a
diamond, the fences so dazzle the eyes of riders, and especially of
horses, that a number of extra falls are very commonly the result.
Soft ground, dull weather, an easterly wind, and a cloudy sky, form
the compound that is most approved of. On such a day, and under
such circumstances, we beg leave to invite our readers to sit with
us patiently for a very few minutes in a balloon, as, like a hawk
hovering above a partridge, it hangs over the quiet little village
of Arthingworth, in Northamptonshire. Those hounds, headed by that
whipper-in riding so lightly and neatly on his horse, and surrounding
their huntsman Charles Payne, jogging along, seated in his saddle as if
he had grown there, are on that portion of the Queen's highway which
connects Northampton with Market Harborough. They are the Pytchley
hounds, the hereditary property, not of the present master, but of the
hunt. They are on their way from their kennel at Brixworth to a park
at Arthingworth to draw "Waterloo Gorse," which means that every man
who intends to come (and their name is legion) will send there, not
his best-looking, but, what is infinitely better, that which he knows
to be "his best horse," simply because the covert of Waterloo not only
usually holds a good fox, but because it is encircled by very large
grass-fields, enlivened in every direction by the severest fences in
Northamptonshire. See how quietly along every high-road, bye-road,
and footpath, horses and riders, of various sizes and sorts, walking,
jogging, or gently trotting, are converging towards a central point!
Schoolboys are coming to see the start on ponies; farmers on clever
nags; others on young horses of great price; neatly-dressed grooms,
some heavy and some light, are riding, or riding and leading, horses
magnificent in shape and breeding, in the most beautiful condition,
all as clean and well-appointed as if they had been prepared to do
miserable penance in Rotten Row. And are all these noble and ignoble
animals beneath us going to the hunt? Yes, and many more that we cannot
see. Look at those straight streams of white steam that through green
fields are concentrating from north, south, east, and west upon Market
Harborough, from Leicester, from Northampton, from Stamford, and from
Rugby--denoting trains that, at the rate of thirty or forty miles an
hour, are hurrying boxes all containing hunters for the meet.

On the huntsman and hounds slowly entering and taking up their
positions in the small park at Arthingworth, excepting two or three
farmers, no one is there to receive or notice them. However, in a few
minutes, through large gates and through smaller ones, grooms on and
with their horses walk steadily in; while Charles Payne, occasionally
chucking from his coat-pocket a few crumbs of bread to his hounds, most
of whom are looking upwards at him, leaning over his horse, is holding
confidential conversation with a keeper. "_It's too bad!_" whispers an
old farmer, who had just been entrusted with the secret that another
fox had last night been shot by poachers; "_and, what's more, it's been
a-going on +IN MANY WAYS+ a long time_." "_Yes!_" replies Charles
Payne, looking as calmly and philosophically as Hamlet when he was
moralising over Yorick's skull; "_you may rely upon it that, what with
greyhounds,--and poachers,--and traps,--and poison,--there are very few
foxes now-a-days that die a natural death_"--meaning that they were not
eaten up alive by the Pytchley hounds.

But during all this precious time where are all the scarlet coats? Oh!
here they come, trotting, riding, and galloping to the meet from every
point of the compass, and apparently from every region of the habitable
globe, some of the young ones--diverging as usual from their path of
rectitude--to lark over a fence or two. Along the turnpike and country
roads, drags with four horses, light dog-carts with two, post-chaises
and gigs, each laden with men muffled up in heavy clothing, showing no
pink, save a little bit peeping out at the collar, are all hurrying
onwards to the same goal; and as these living bundles, with cigars in
their mouths, are rapidly landing in the park, it will be advisable
that we also should descend there to observe them.

By about a quarter before eleven the grass in front of the hospitable
hunting-box of one of the late masters of the Pytchley--who, take him
all in all, is one of the very best riders in the hunt--becomes as
crowded as a fair with sportsmen of all classes, from the highest rank
in the peerage down to--not exactly those who rent a 6_l._ house,--but
who can afford money and time enough to "_hoont_," as they call it.
While two or three well-appointed servants in livery are very quietly,
from a large barrel, handing glasses of bright-looking ale to any
farmer or groom who, after his long ride, may happen to feel a little
thirsty, and while others from white wicker-baskets are distributing
bits of bread and lumps of cheese to any man who may feel that beneath
his waistcoat there is house-room to receive them, the honourable and
gallant proprietor of the brown barrel and white baskets, lounging in
his red coat, &c., on his exalted lawn, with sundry small scratches
(from bull-finches) on his face, with something now and then smoking
a little from his mouth, and with that placid and easy manner which
in every situation of life distinguishes him, says to any friend in
pink that happens to pass him, "_Won't ye go +IN+ for a moment?_"
But, without invitation, most of the aristocrats, leaving their horses
with their grooms, to ascend a flight of ladder steps which raises
them to the lawn, walk slowly and majestically across it, adjusting
their hair, "just to make their bow." When that compliment has been
paid, they pause for a second or two in the hall, and then recross the
lawn, indolently munching, and with perfumed handkerchiefs carefully
wiping lips or mustachios (as the case may be), which, if they were
very closely approached, might possibly smell _partly_ of cherries, to
proceed to their respective grooms, and mount their horses.

"_Move_-+ON+,-_Sir_?" says Charles Payne, in his sharp, quick
tone, touching his cap to the master, who slightly nods to him.
"_Now-then,-gentlemen!_" he adds, "_ware +HOUNDS+, if you please_!"
and accordingly, surrounded by them, onwards he, his two whips, and
about two hundred horsemen, proceed at a walk to cross for nearly half
a mile magnificent fields of grass of from eighty to a hundred acres.
As the Pytchley and Quorn men are, for the reasons we have explained,
each mounted on the very best of their stud, it need hardly be stated
that the lot of horses before us are an accumulation of the finest
specimens in the world; and yet with the highest breeding, courage,
and condition, with magnificent figures, and with bone and substance
sufficient to carry, through deep ground, from twelve to eighteen
stone, there is a calm, unassuming demeanour in their walk, which it
seems almost impossible sufficiently to admire. In like manner, among
the riders, nobody appears to have the smallest disposition to talk
about what he is going to do, or apparently even to think of where
he is proceeding. A man from Warwickshire will perhaps describe the
run he had there on Thursday; while another will fashionably say to a
Leicestershire friend--"Did you _do_ anything on Friday?"--but most of
the field are conversing as they ride along, not at all about foxes,
but about Lords Palmerston, Derby, Italy, the Pope, &c.

On arriving close to Waterloo Gorse, Charles Payne pulls up to remain
stationary for a couple of minutes, surrounded by his hounds, who,
instead of gazing at his face, are all looking most eagerly at the
covert, until the two whips, getting round it, have each taken up
a position on the other side. "+Now-then+-_little-bitches_!" says
Charles, as, with a twitch corresponding with his voice, he waves
forwards his right hand, in which is grasped the silver horn presented
to him by the farmers. Without taking the smallest offence at the
appellation (which after all is a just one, for, as they are the
fastest of his two packs, Charles does not object to bringing them
to "Waterloo"), in they dash; and in a second Charles and his horse
are over the low flight of rails, to gallop along a briary path which
conducts them to a small open space in the centre of the covert. The
greater portion of the field, in coats of many colours, congregate on
its right.

But "quanto sono insensibili questi Inglesi!" Instead of evincing
the smallest degree of anxiety, the conversations we have described
are renewed; and though certainly nobody seems to care the
hundred-thousandth part of a farthing about what his lips are saying,
and though the countenance of every man appears to acknowledge that,
on the whole, he is well enough satisfied with this world, yet men
and horses remain perfectly cool, and occasionally cold, until it
might be fancied by any old soldier standing a mile off that a shell
had suddenly burst in the middle of them. "+Pray+, _don't holla_!"
exclaims an old sportsman in a loud whisper. "+By Jove, He's Away!+"
screams a very young one in pink, pointing to a shepherd who, grasping
a struggling dog with one hand, is holding up his hat with the other.
Half a dozen loud, slow, decisive, monotonous blasts from Charles
Payne's horn are instantly heard, while his hounds, tumbling over each
other, jump almost together over a small hedge and ditch out of the
covert, with their beautiful heads all pointing towards Leicestershire.
As they and reynard take the opposite side of the large grass field
in which the riders had assembled, the start of the latter is very
nearly as sudden as that of the former. Packed together almost as
closely as the wild young creatures that on Epsom course run for the
Derby, the best men and the best horses belonging to the Pytchley,
Quorn, Cottesmore, and Warwickshire hounds start together over turf
down a gentle declivity, at the bottom of which runs an insignificant
stream. Steady horsemanship in every rider is necessary to prevent
treading on those immediately before, or jostling those on each side.
Many a horse, by shaking his head, clearly enough shows how unwelcome
to him is the restraint. From this conglomeration nearly a dozen
men extricate themselves by the superior speed and management of
their horses. Before them[G] is a well-known broad and strong fence,
which, without competing against each other, they most gallantly
charge, "magnâ comitante catervâ," followed by the great ruck.
One,--two,--three,--four,--five,--six men and horses take it almost
together in their stride, and, to the astonishment of the remainder,
all disappear! Every horse had well cleared the broad ditch
on the other side, but all nearly simultaneously had landed in an
artificial bog beyond it, made for draining purposes only a few days
before, and in which the six men and the six horses, each perfectly
unhurt, are now as prostrate and as "comfortable" as if they had, to
use the old nurse's expression, "just been put to bed." The Hon. Fred.
Villiers and Harry Everard are the first over and down. As they lie
together in the mud, looking upwards, they see coming over the stakes
of the hedge the Fitzwilliam girths of the horses of Henry Forrester
and Thomas Atkinson (_Vive L'Empereur!_), followed almost instantly
by two strangers. However, nearly as quickly as they all fell, they
severally arise, mount their horses, and gallantly regain the hounds.
The field of riders, unable to comprehend what has happened, and
moreover unable as well as unwilling to stop their horses, as it were
by word of command, all gracefully swerve together in a curve to the
right to take two stiff fences instead of one. About half a dozen, on
perfect timber-jumpers, cross a ditch overhung by a stout ash rail,
firmly fixed between two trees; the remainder break their way through a
bull-finch, and then, throwing their right shoulders forward, at a very
honest pace, all make every proper effort to catch Charles Payne and
the few others who with him had followed the line of the hounds.

We should certainly tire and jolt our readers very grievously were we
to presume to hustle them through the well-known and splendid run that
ensued. Not only, however, do our limits forbid us to do so, but as we
shall shortly have to quote hunting-anecdotes from a very superior pen,
we willingly pull up to make, in cool blood instead of in hot, a very
few remarks.

[Footnote G: This scene we happened to witness.]




+Effects Caused by the Sight of Hounds.+


A description of a fox-hunt is not very agreeable either to read or
to write,--firstly, because it records a series of events of no very
great importance when they are over; and secondly, because the picture
generally bears the appearance of exaggeration; the reason being, that
it is composed of two parts, one of which it is almost impossible
accurately to delineate. The danger or difficulty which a man and horse
incur in taking any particular leap depends on the one hand upon the
size of the fence, and on the other upon the combined amount of weight,
strength, and activity which the horse can bring up to it. In trade,
if a given weight, whether small or great, be put into one scale, it
can be at once over-balanced by putting a still greater weight into
the other scale. But while the dimensions of a fence can accurately
be measured, it would be not only very difficult to determine the
physical powers of a hunter, but, even if the statement could be
made, ninety-nine people out of every hundred would most certainly
disbelieve it; for, as the old proverb says, "seeing is believing;" so
when a man has ridden a horse across his farm for many years, he is
fully persuaded that,--to use another common expression,--"he knows
what he is made of." But the truth is, he only knows what he has done,
and what he can do under the maximum of excitement he hitherto has ever
experienced; what he does _not_ know, and indeed what without trial he
can have no idea of, is the enormous amount of latent physical power in
his horse which even the sight of hounds will develop.

For instance, in riding a hack along the road, the confidence or, as
it may be termed, the courage of the rider depends not on himself,
but on the strength and action of the animal he is bestriding. If
the nag picks up his feet quickly, and pops them down firmly--if he
goes stout in his canter and strong in his gallop, his owner rides
_boldly_. If, however, the very same hero crosses a poor, weak, weedy
animal, with strait action, tripping in all his paces, and with his
toes sending almost every loose stone rolling on before him, he
declares the instant he dismounts that he has been _frightened_; which
difference, in truth, only means that, on trial, he has satisfactorily
and unsatisfactorily ascertained the physical powers of the first horse
to be amply sufficient, and those of the last totally insufficient,
to perform the given amount of work he requires. Now it is really no
exaggeration to say, that the excitement to a horse caused by the
presence of hounds creates in his physical powers as wide a difference
as exists between those of the two nags just described. The old,
jaded, worn-out, "groggy" hunter, who came hobbling out of his stable,
and who has been fumbling and blundering under his groom along the
road, no sooner reaches the covert side than, like a lion "shaking
the dew-drops from his shaggy mane," he in a moment casts away the
ills which flesh is heir to--in short, his prostrated powers suddenly
revive; and accordingly it is on record, that in one of the severest
runs with stag-hounds ever known in Essex, the leading horse was aged,
twenty-two. Again, on the road, when a horse has travelled thirty or
forty miles, he usually becomes more or less tired; whereas, during
the ten or twelve hours that a hunter is out of his stable, he will,
with the utmost cheerfulness, besides trotting more than that distance
on the road, follow the hounds for many hours across a heavy country
and large fences; and as it is well known that, in harness, a horse is
less fatigued by trotting before a carriage on a hard macadamized road
for forty miles than in dragging it through an earth road for ten, it
would appear almost fabulous to state how many miles on the road, or
especially on dry turf, could be performed by the amount of excitement,
activity, and strength expended by a hunter during a long and severe
day's work.

For the foregoing reasons, if a man during summer rides his hunters, he
will see a variety of fences which, as he quietly ruminates, he will
pronounce to himself to be impracticable, simply because he can both
see and feel that they are greater than the powers he is bestriding;
and yet, when the trees are leafless and the hounds running, if he
happens on the same horse to come to these very fences, he crosses them
without the smallest thought or difficulty--not because _he_ is excited
(for the cooler he rides the better he will go), but because, while
the height and breadth of each fence have not since he last saw them
increased, the physical powers of his horse, developed by hunting, have
been, to say the least, doubled. The scales which in summer had turned
against him now preponderate in his favour; and accordingly Prudence,
who but a few months before, with uplifted hand, had sternly warned him
to "_beware_!" with smiling face and joyous aspect now beckons to him
to "_Come on_!"

The feats which the mere skin and bones of a horse can perform during
hunting are surprising. The comparatively small shin-bone of his hind
legs will, without receiving the smallest blemish, smash any ordinary
description of dry oak or elm-rail, and occasionally shiver the top
of a five-barred gate, and yet, strange to say, though the frail bone
so often fractures the timber, the timber is never able to fracture
the frail bone, which, generally speaking, receives not the smallest
injury from the conflict. Again, when even a singed horse at great
speed has forced his way through a high, strong, spiteful-looking
thorn-hedge, frightening almost into hysterics the poor little
"bull-finch" that is sitting there, he almost invariably passes
through the ordeal with his skin perfectly uncut, and often not even
scratched!--nay, a horse going at great speed may be thrown head over
heels by a wire fence without receiving from it the smallest blemish!

The trifling facts we have just stated will, we believe, not only
explain the courage and physical powers of a hunter, but the difficulty
of describing to non-hunting readers, without an appearance of
exaggeration, the feats which, during a run, he can without danger or
difficulty perform; for, instead of boasting about a large fence, it
is an indisputable fact that it is infinitely safer for the horse, and
consequently for his rider, than a little one, at which almost all
their worst accidents occur: indeed when a liberal landlord, for the
benefit of his tenants, cuts through their fields a series of narrow
deep drains, to be loosely filled up with earth, it is good-humouredly
said by hunting men, that he is "_collar-boning_" them!

And now it is an extraordinary truth that the excitement which the
horse feels in simply witnessing the chase of one set of animals after
another, seems to pervade every living creature on the surface of the
globe. In savage life, the whole object, occupation, and enjoyment
of man, whenever he is not engaged in war, consists in catching and
killing almost any of the creatures that inhabit the wilderness through
which he roams. In a drop of putrid water a microscope informs us that
animalcules of all shapes and sizes, with the same malice prepense,
are hunting and slaying each other. The 600 boys at Eton, if collected
together, would resolve readily among themselves to receive with
decorum, and no doubt with youthful dignity, any great personages about
to honour them with a visit; and yet, while the grand procession was
approaching them, or even just after it had arrived, if a rat were to
run about among them, all their good intentions in one moment would be
destroyed.

During the grand reviews in France of the Allied armies under the
command of Wellington, although the British troops had behaved steadily
enough at Waterloo, it was found that the presence and authority of
"the Iron Duke" were utterly unable to keep them immoveable as soon
as the hares began to jump up among them. Nay, at Inkerman, while the
battle was raging, several men of the Guards were observed by their
officers suddenly to cease firing at the Russians, who were close to
them, in order to "_prog_" with their bayonets a poor little scared
hare that was running among their feet!

In like manner, although the Anglo-Saxon race are proverbially
phlegmatic (a word described by Johnson to mean "dull; cold; frigid"),
yet no sooner do they hear, in the language of Shakspeare,

                   "The musical confusion
    Of hounds and echo in conjunction,"

than the windows of manufactories are crowded with pale eager faces,
the lanes, paths, and fields become dotted with the feet and ankles of
people of various classes and ages, whose eyes are all straining to get
a glimpse of the run. If Dolly be among them, her cow, wherever she may
be, is quite as curious as herself.

As the fox, who has distanced his pursuers, lightly canters along
the hedge-side of a large grass field, the sheep instantly not only
congregate to stare at him, but for a considerable time remain
spell-bound, gazing in the direction of his course. Herds of bullocks
with noses almost touching the ground, and with long straight tails
slanting upwards, jump sometimes into the air, and sometimes sideways,
with joy. As soon as the hounds appear, the timid sheep instantly
follow them, and accordingly, almost before the leading rider can
make for and get through perhaps the only gap in an impracticable
fence, eighty or a hundred of these "muttons," with fat, throbbing,
jolting sides, rush to and block up the little passage, in and around
which they stand, forming a dense mass of panting wool, on which no
blow from a hunting-whip or from a hedge-stake produces the slightest
effect; and thus the whole field of gentlemen sportsmen, to their
utter disgust, are completely stopped. "_I had no idea_," lisps a very
young hard-riding dandy, in as feminine and drawling a voice as he can
concoct, "_I really hadn't the +SLIGHTEST+ idea, before, that sheep
were such ---- fools_!" But their offspring are, in their generation,
no wiser. A poor little lamb, almost just born, the instant it sees
the hounds, will not only leave its mother to follow them, but under
the legs of a crowd of horses--that if they can possibly avoid it will
never tread upon it--canters along, until, its weak knees and lungs
failing, it reels, and is left lying on its side, apparently dead.




+Cruelty of Hunting Considered.+


Over the closed eyes, panting flank, and exhausted frame of this tiny,
innocent, and yet seduced orphan, who had never known its father, and
has just lost its mother, we will venture to offer to our readers a
very few remarks on the strange dissolving view that has just vanished,
or rather galloped, from their sight.

    "It's just," said Andrew Fairservice to Frank Osbaldistone,
    "amaist as silly as our auld daft laird here and his gomerils
    o' sons, wi' his huntsmen and his hounds, and his hunting
    cattle and horns, riding haill days after a bit beast that
    winna weigh sax punds when they hae catched it."

To the foregoing observation it might also have been added, that in the
extraordinary exertions we have described, the pleasures enjoyed by the
"bit beast" in being hunted, when compared with those of the two or
three hundred animals, human, equine, and canine, that are hunting him,
are as disproportionate as is his weight when compared to the sum total
of theirs.

"_No_!" said the haughty Countess of ---- to an aged huntsman, who, cap
in hand, had humbly invited her ladyship to do him the honour to come
and see his hounds, "_No! I dislike everything belonging to hunting--it
is so cruel_."

"+Cruel+!!" replied the old man, with apparent astonishment, "_why, my
lady, it can't possibly be +CRUEL+, for_," logically holding up three
fingers in succession,

"_We all knows that the +GENTLEMEN+ like it_,

"_And we all knows that the +HOSSES+ like it_,

"_And we all knows that the +HOUNDS+ like it_,

"_And_," after a long pause, "_none on us, my lady, can know for
certain, that the +FOXES+ don't like it_."

It may strongly be suspected, however, that they do not enjoy being
hunted to death, and consequently that the operation, whenever and
wherever it is performed, is, to a certain degree, an act of cruelty;
which it is only hypocritical to vindicate by pretending to argue that
Puggy has been sentenced to death to expiate his sins; for if, instead
of robbing a hen roost, it had been his habit to come in all weathers
secretly to sit on its nests to help and hatch the chickens, "_The
Times_" newspaper would have advertised "hunting appointments" which
would have been as numerously attended,--the hounds would have thrown
off with the same punctuality,--and men and horses would have ridden
just as eagerly and as gallantly to be in at the death of the saint as
of a sinner, whose destruction all barn-door fowls, geese, turkeys,
pheasants, and rabbits in his neighbourhood would certainly not be
disposed to regret.

As regards, however, the hunted animal, as well as the creatures that
hunt him, we will observe that the sufferings of a fox that is eaten up
by hounds are probably not much greater and possibly a little less than
those of the poor worm that on our hook catches the fish,--of the fish
that catches the worm,--of the live eels that we skin,--or of the sheep
and bullocks that are every day in thousands driven foot-sore to our
slaughter-houses.

If our Arthingworth fox had taken in "_The Times_," the Waterloo
covert, after all the preparations we have described, would most
certainly have been drawn "blank." But while undertakers in scarlet,
in black, and in brown coats, were expending many thousand pounds in
preparations for his funeral, he, totally unconscious of them, was
creeping within it, in the rude health and perfect happiness he had
enjoyed in Leicestershire, his native county.

All of a sudden he hears disagreeable sounds, and encounters unpleasant
smells, that sentence him without delay "to return to the place from
whence he came." With elastic limbs, and a stout heart to propel
them, "away" he starts. Everything he does evinces extraordinary
resolution, determination, and courage. While the high-bred hounds
that are following him over-top every hedge, _he_ dashes through their
boughs, thorns, and briars, as straight as an arrow from a bow. When,
on reaching the "earth" he has been making for, he finds that it is
stopped, instead of weakly dwelling there, "_away_" he again starts for
some other cunning hidingplace. As he proceeds, his wind, but not his
courage, fails him, until, on the pack approaching him, though any one
of them would have yelped piteously had but one of his toes been caught
in a trap, yet, so soon as the leading hound comes up, he pitches into
him, and when the infuriated pack rush in upon him, he invariably dies
in the midst of them, without the utterance of the smallest moan, sigh,
or sound. In fact, within the breasts of all who have pursued him
there does not exist a braver heart than that over which the huntsman,
cracking his whip to keep the hounds at bay from it, is triumphantly
crying "+Whoo-oop!+"[H]




+The Lamb and the Fox+.


But the plot of our drama thickens. For on the green carpet of our
little theatre, on which so many actors have been performing, there
now lie tragically before us, as it were side by side, the body of
a swooned lamb, and the carcase of a dead fox. Let us therefore for
a moment place each into one of the scales of Justice, to weigh the
relative specific gravities of these two tiny emblems--the
one of innocence, the other of guilt--as regards their utility to
man.

When a lamb has been nursed, reared, fattened, and killed, its quarters
afford say four good dinners, or possibly one dish only at four great
dinners, and as soon as, either above stairs or below, his bones have
been cleanly picked, the history of his usefulness is at an end. But
the benefits which a fox confers upon his country would, though stewed
down for hours, require very many more dishes to contain them.

If an individual migrates in search of happiness, he not only may
travel many a weary mile without attaining it, but sooner or later,
foot-sore, leg-wearied, and dejected, he will be sure to discover that
a very small proportion of the trouble, time, and money he has expended
would have procured for him at home contentment or peace of mind, the
greatest of all earthly blessings. For truly may it be said, that there
exists nothing in a garden or in a field more easy to cultivate than
domestic happiness, composed, as we all know, of innumerable small
fibres, which, by the laws of Nature, taking root in every direction,
attach a man, like Gulliver in the island of Lilliput, to the ground on
which he has happened to take rest.

A cynic may sneer at the rich man who, with his own hands, and with
bent back, sows flowers to deck his path, and who plants trees to grace
shrubberies to harbour the birds that are to sing to him. He may
despise him for delving and digging, for carpentering, lathe-turning,
and for other labour which a paid workman could infinitely better
perform. But if this labour sweetens the cup of human existence, by
giving that health to the body, which invigorates the mind for its
studies--in short, if this mixture of physical and mental exertion
results in producing contentment, the labourer, however high his rank,
without deigning to revile the philosopher, may justly return thanks to
that Almighty Power which, by such simple means, has enabled him, by
dulcifying his "domum," to produce for himself domestic happiness.

As, however, what is good for the parts must also be beneficial for the
whole, it must be evident that, in spite of the sneers of the cynic, it
is equally wise for a people to foster and encourage among themselves
any description of healthy recreation or amusement that may have the
effect of creating among the community not only a friendly acquaintance
with each other, but an indissoluble attachment to "the land they
live in." Indeed, if this salutary precaution were to be neglected,
lamentable consequences must ensue; for, like two merchants dealing in
the same article, so do Virtue and Vice strenuously compete against one
another, by each, at the same moment, offering to mankind, pleasures
for sale.

The great cities of the Continent, especially Paris, in this respect
possess powerful attractions, which, unless they were to be neutralized
or rather counteracted by national attachments of still greater power,
would inevitably drain from the United Kingdom, especially from the
country, a large proportion of those wealthy classes whose presence,
expenditure, and charity have proved so beneficial to their respective
neighbourhoods. In like manner, as Nature abhors a vacuum, so, if
the affluent among the middle and lower classes, with a little money
and leisure on hand, were to find themselves without some wholesome
recreation, it is proverbial that a certain sable personage, who
delights in idleness, would very soon, in his own service and in his
own peculiar way, "set them to work."

But however wise it may be for an individual within his own precincts
to create recreation to suit his particular palate, it is not so very
easy to concoct any amusement that shall be pleasing to the taste of
many ranks of the community as well as be generally beneficial to the
whole.

A public racket-court or fives-court can only contain a very small
party.

The far-famed national game of cricket (the stock in trade of which
consists of a ball, some bats, half-a-dozen stumps, and eleven players)
is adapted only to that bright, joyous, sunshiny half of the year,
which, with its flowers and fruits, hardly requires to be enlivened,
leaving the dreary months of winter totally unprovided with amusement.

What therefore, _pro bono publico_, we require is to invent, if
possible, some description of national recreation which, in all
weathers, shall concentrate in groups over the whole superficies of
the kingdom, people of all conditions, from the highest ranks down
to the lowest, to join together in a healthy, manly, harmless sport,
requiring coolness, good temper, science, and resolution: and lastly,
which shall manure, or top-dress, the entire surface of the country by
broad-casting over it, annually, a large amount of gold, silver, and
copper.

Now the invention of hunting produces all these beneficial results. At
the appointed meet, classes in ordinary life as distinctly separated
from each other as the various castes in India, first assemble
together, and then, during a good run, are jostled together in lumps,
and by bumps, which, by collision, produce many a spark of generous
feeling that, under ordinary circumstances, could not possibly have
been elicited. For instance, not very long ago, during a run in
Leicestershire, a well-dressed, good-looking young stranger was seen
to pull up, dismount, and run to the assistance of an old man lying
under a horse that was struggling violently above him. In extricating
the prisoner the liberator was repeatedly kicked. However, although
his flesh and coat were cut, and a silver flask flattened in his
breast-pocket, he resolutely effected his object and then cantered
away. "_Who's that?_" said a gentleman to a farmer who had gallantly
assisted in the extrication. "_I don't know his name,_" was the reply,
"_but, whoever he is, he stuck to him like a +RIGHT GOOD 'UN!+_" About
a month afterwards it transpired that the "right good 'un," who had
risked his life to help one he never before saw, and whom probably
he will never see again, was Lord C., now Marquis of H., and heir to
the dukedom of D. In the hunting field, unfettered by prescriptive
rights or privileges, the head and heart of man rise or sink to that
level, whatever it may be, that intrinsically is their due. In short,
irrespective of parentage, education, or income, any rider may assume
whatever position he can take, and, so long as he leads, no one can
prevent his wearing the honours, whatever they may be, of the day.

Hunting is generally accused of being a very dangerous amusement, and
yet by medical returns it might easily be demonstrated that it is not
so injurious to a man's health or so fatal to his life as going to a
succession of balls, or especially of good dinners; in fact, there
can be no doubt that a London season blanches, per cent. per annum,
more cheeks, and requires more physic and more coffins, than a hunting
season.

How little danger, instead of how much, belongs to hunting, is
daily proved by, comparatively speaking, the impunity with which
inexperienced people join in the chase. If a crowd of 150 or 200
persons of all ages and shapes, none of whom had ever before been in
a boat, were all of a sudden, say during Christmas holidays, to dress
themselves like tars, and then compete with sailors in every sort of
weather, the chances, or rather the certainty, would be, that, without
any disparagement to the art of boating, at least half of them would be
drowned from sheer ignorance and inexperience. Again, if an eccentric
gentleman in London, making his coachman stand up behind his carriage,
were to require his footman to drive it, the vehicle, before it could
reach the Opera-house, would probably be either smashed or upset; and
yet, its fate would not be admitted as proving that it is dangerous to
drive. In fact, it is a common proverb, that, in order to be proficient
in any trade, it is necessary to be first duly apprenticed to it. But
in the hunting-field no education at all is deemed requisite. And,
accordingly, so soon as a young man, "gentle or simple" (though oftener
simple than gentle), can get hold of money, he buys a stud of horses
and hacks, hires grooms, orders three or four scarlet coats with the
appurtenances thereto, goes to Melton, makes his formal appearance at
a crack meet, and his informal disappearance into the first brook, or
on the other side of the first fence he comes to, and yet, "_Oh!
+PRAY+ catch that horse if you please!_" is usually the only result,
repeated over and over again without injury to anybody. Now, if people
who really have never learned to ride, mounted on young horses who
have never learned to hunt, can thus attempt to follow hounds without
damaging much more than their clothes, it _ought_ to follow that an
experienced rider on a clever hunter has, at all events, not more
danger to apprehend than other people are liable to, who ride solely
on hard roads, on which a horse is very apt to travel carelessly, and
always falls heavily. Will Williamson, now upwards of eighty years of
age, who has been huntsman to the Duke of Buccleugh for more than fifty
years, and whose worst accident was lately caused by being overturned
in a dog-cart, still follows his hounds; and, in like manner, in every
part of the kingdom are to be found old men who, with very little to
complain about, have been hunting from their boyhood, and occasionally
from their childhood.

Charles Payne, the huntsman of the Pytchley, was much damaged by being
thrown out of a gig; while, a short time ago, his head whip, who had
fearlessly crossed almost every fence in Northamptonshire, dislocated
his shoulder by slipping off a little deal table. The gallant master
of the Tedworth hounds was severely injured in his conservatory; the
huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds within his house by a fall. Lastly,
it may truly be asserted, that, in hunting, more accidents occur
from over caution in riders than from a combination of boldness and
judgment; indeed, if hunters could but speak, they would often whisper
to their riders, "_If you keep taking such affectionate care of +MY
HEAD+, you'll throw me +DOWN+._"

The encouragement given to farmers to breed horses of the best
description, the high prices paid to them for hay, oats, beans,
and straw; the sums of money expended for the purchase or rent of
hunting-boxes, lodgings, stables, carriage-houses, &c., added to a
variety of other incidental expenses, large and small, amount to a
grand total which it would be less easy to underrate than exaggerate.

But besides the sums which hunting-men, by maintaining from eight to
fourteen hunters, with grooms and strappers in proportion, distribute
in their various localities, in almost every county men of rank and
fortune step forward to support, more or less at their own private
cost, a huntsman, one or two whips, hounds, and a stable full of
horses, for the recreation and amusement of the community.

With this generous object in view, the late Sir Richard Sutton, for
many years, spent about 10,000_l._ a-year in maintaining two packs of
hounds and a stud of about fifty horses, for which he readily paid
enormous prices.

In any portion of the globe, except the United Kingdom, the price of
dog-flesh in England would appear utterly incomprehensible. In 1812
Lord Middleton gave 1200 guineas for the pack he purchased. When Mr.
Warde gave up the Craven country Mr. Horlock paid him 2000 guineas for
his hounds; while Lord Suffield coolly handed over to Mr. Lambton 3000
guineas for his pack without seeing them. To Mr. Conyers the master of
the Tedworth hounds offered for "Bashful" 100 guineas; and for another
bitch, called "Careful," 400 guineas, or 10,080 francs; a sum which, in
any village in France, would be considered for a peasant girl--though
neither bashful nor careful--a splendid marriage portion.

Before Sir Richard's death, Lord Alford, Lord Hopetoun, Lord
Southampton, and, since his decease, Lord Stamford, who keeps seventy
horses, have come forward to bestow upon the hunting counties around
them the same noble and munificent assistance which, on a smaller
scale, is as liberally given in many other localities; and yet, without
one minute item, the sum total of the enjoyment, the recreation, the
health, the good fellowship, the hard riding, the enormous sums of
money distributed over the United Kingdom to maintain that ancient,
royal, loyal, noble, and national sport which seriatim we have
endeavoured to describe would suddenly be annihilated, were we but to
lose that tiny unclean beast, that dishonest little miscreant that
everybody abuses--+The Fox.+

    Ille Jacet.

But the scene suddenly shifts,----a small cracked bell in a violent
hurry rings,----the slight shuffling of a few running-away feet is
heard,----the green curtain which scarcely half a minute ago had
dropped slowly rises,----and in the centre of the little stage there
now appears, reposing by itself, a white wicker cradle containing
a new-born baby, who will rapidly grow before our readers into a
character intimately connected with the sayings and doings, the scenes
and incidents we are endeavouring to describe.

[Footnote H: Some seasons ago the master of the Pytchley determined "to
give to the hounds" a fox that had run to ground in a narrow culvert
communicating with the Reservoir at Maidwell.

To prevent the poor animal escaping from his doom, the hounds were made
to surround the mouth of the drain before the order was given to "lift
up the sluice."

On the words being uttered the eyes of all the riders who encircled the
pack were, of course, concentrated on one point. A slight noise was
heard, some dead sticks appeared, followed by a violent rush of water,
in the midst of which, rolled up like an immense hedgehog, appeared the
fox, who no sooner got into daylight, than, before a hound could snap
hold of him, he jumped to the left, and, at almost the same instant,
popping through the only little hole in the thick hedge that bounded
the drain, burst away, distanced the pack of enemies, quadruped and
biped, that followed him, and thus escaped a death from which nothing
but his extraordinary quickness and determination could have saved
him.]




+Thomas Assheton Smith,+


Born in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London, on the 2nd of
August, 1776, was the grandson of Thomas Assheton, Esq., of Ashley
Hall, near Bowden, in Cheshire, who assumed the name of Smith on
the death of his uncle, Captain William Smith, son of the Right
Honourable John Smith, Speaker of the House of Commons in the first
two Parliaments of Queen Anne, and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the
preceding reign.

As Shakespeare, in his immortal history of the Seven Ages of Man,
briefly described the first as "the infant, mewling, &c., in its
nurse's arms," so of the childhood of Tom Smith the only occurrence we
are enabled to record is that his mother, one day, found him lying on
his nurse's lap, gasping like a tench just landed from a pond.

"_What's the matter with the child?_" she eagerly inquired.

"_Nothin_," replied the calm nurse; "_he's doing nicely_."

As regarded the present tense, this answer was the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth. Had, however, the question been "What
_has been_ the matter with him?" with the same grammatical accuracy the
reply would have been, "If you please, Ma'am, he has just thrown up a
large pin," which, unperceived, he had managed to swallow.

On his reaching the second age of man--that is to say, when he was but
seven years old--he was sent "with his satchel and shining morning
face" to Eton, where, on his arrival, he found himself the youngest boy
in the school.

The busy hive of the United Kingdom, we all know, is divided into
cells, in each of which, at this moment, a raw material is being
converted by labour into some particular description of manufactured
goods. In one cell, a Minister of State is concocting, from crude
evidence, a speech, a budget, or a despatch. In another cell, a
young woman, with a protuberant cushion on her lap, covered by an
intricate pattern, marked by pins with heads of various colours, is as
indefatigably labouring for the welfare of her country by twirling,
twisting, and twiddling innumerable bobbins of fine thread into
Honiton lace. In other cells, workpeople are converting broadcloth
into clothes, leather into shoes, horse-hair into wigs, medicine into
pills, lead into bullets, brass and tin into cannon, iron into rifles,
alkali and grease into soap. Within what is called a "scrap-mill," by
the power of steam, controlled by a single man, broken bolts, bars,
nuts, nails, screw-pins, &c., are made to revolve, until by rumbling,
tumbling, rubbing, scrubbing, bruising, beating, hustling, and jostling
each other, all are turned out clean and bright, fit to be welded
together for any purpose that may be required.

At Eton, by a similar process, about 600 boys of all sizes and
shapes--red-haired, white-haired, black-haired; long-legged,
short-legged, bandy-legged; splay-footed, pigeon-toed; proud, humble,
noisy, silent, good-humoured, spiteful, brave, timid, pale-faced,
sallow-faced, freckled and rosy-cheeked, weak and strong, clever and
stupid, pliable and pigheaded--yet all controlled by that unwritten,
immutable, imperishable code of _honour_ which, like a halo, has always
illuminated their play-ground and their school, are hustled together
on water, in water, under water, and out of water, until, when the door
of their scrap-mill is opened--although their minds and bodies are as
dissimilar as ever--they all turn out polished _gentlemen_, prepared to
encounter those hardships, dangers, vicissitudes, difficulties, and,
above all, base temptations in life, which high-bred principles are so
especially well adapted to resist.

For eleven years Tom Smith remained at this school, where he acquired
a taste for classical literature, which characterised him through
life. Pope, Shakespeare, and Horace, from which he used to quote long
passages, were his favourite authors; he could also, without pressure,
spout out the whole of the Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard. But what
reigned at the back of his head and in the citadel of his heart was
an ardent love for athletic exercises of any description, especially
for cricket and boating. He was also, throughout his whole life,
affectionately attached to fighting; and Etonians, old and young, to
this day, record, as one of the severest contests in the history of
youthful pugilism, the desperate battle he fought with Jack Musters,
a kindred spirit, of whom it has been said that he could do seven
things--namely, ride, fence, fight, swim, shoot, play at cricket and
at tennis--as well as any man in Europe. His pugilistic propensity,
which appeared so early, was conspicuous throughout his life. While
hunting in Leicestershire he was prevailed upon to stand for the
borough of Nottingham. On proceeding to the poll, he found not only
the town placarded with "No foxhunting M.P.," but a guy in a red coat,
tailed by a fox's brush, burning in effigy of him before the hustings.
His appearance there elicited tremendous yells and hootings, which
apparently no authority could subdue, until, with a stentorian voice,
heard above the uproar, Tom Smith exclaimed, "Gentlemen! as you refuse
to hear my political principles, be so kind as to listen to these few
words: _I'll fight any man among ye, little or big_, and will have a
round with him now for love!" In an instant, as if by magic, yells and
groans were converted into rounds of cheers, demonstrating the strange
stuff, be it good, bad, or indifferent, that Englishmen are made of.

On another occasion, while riding down the Gallowtree Gate, in
Leicester, he struck the horse of a coal-heaver, who, in return, cut
him sharply across the face. Smith jumped immediately from his horse,
and the driver from his cart, the latter doffing his smock-frock, the
former buttoning his coat and turning up his sleeves. The conflict was
desperate; and from a fellow weighing fourteen stone, and standing six
feet high, he was receiving severe punishment, when, by constables and
a crowd of people, the combatants were separated. "You shall hear from
me again!" said Smith to his gallant smutty antagonist. True to his
word, the next morning the squire's groom was seen inquiring where the
coal-heaver lived. On finding the man, whose face, like his master's,
had received some heavy bruises, he said to him, "Mr. Smith has sent me
to give you this sovereign, and to tell you you're the best man that
ever stood before him." "God bless his honour!" replied the man, "and
thank him a thousand times."

When Tom Smith was at Eton, fighting had not cropped to the surface
of a schoolfellow and friend who in after life, known by the name of
+Wellington+, greatly distinguished himself in this world by seeking
and by gaining pitched battles. "I suppose, Smith," said the old
silver-haired Duke to him, one day, in London, "you've done now with
_fighting_?" "Oh, yes," replied Smith, then in his sixtieth year, "I've
quite given that up; but----" suddenly correcting himself, he added,
"I'll fight yet any man _of my age_."

At Chapmansford, when upwards of seventy, a rough country fellow,
before a large field of sportsmen, threw a stone at one of the hounds
of the old squire, who instantly struck him with his hunting whip. "You
daren't do that if you were off your horse," said the man. The words
were hardly out of the clodhopper's mouth when (in the seventh age of
man) Smith stood before him, with a pair of fists clenched in his
face, in so pugilistic an attitude that the fellow took to his heels,
and, amidst the jeers of his comrades, ran away.

In 1794 Tom Smith quitted Eton to become a gentleman commoner at Christ
Church, Oxford, where, with great diligence and assiduity, he hunted
regularly in Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire,--became a fearless
swimmer,--learnt to pull a sturdy oar on the Isis,--was a good shot
and billiard-player,--and excelled as a batsman in the cricket-field
on Cowley Marsh and Bullingdon. On leaving the University he became a
member of the Marylebone Club and a regular attendant at Lord's during
the summer; he was also a member of the Royal Yacht Club. Mr. Smith's
love for science and shipbuilding induced him to build several sailing
and steam yachts. He considered himself to be the practical originator
of the wave line, and, by the advice of the Duke of Wellington, he
submitted to the First Lord of the Admiralty some important hints for
improving the construction of gunboats. In autumn, winter, and spring,
he instinctively "went to the dogs," or, as in sporting phraseology
it is termed, "took to hunting," so eagerly, that in 1800, when only
twenty-four years old, he was signalized in song as a daring rider in
that celebrated run from Billesden Coplow, in which but four gentlemen,
with Jack Raven the Whip, were able to live with the hounds.

In 1806 he succeeded Lord Foley at Quorn, and for ten years hunted
Leicestershire with first-rate hounds, for a portion of which he had
paid to Mr. Musters 1000 guineas, until, in 1816, he took the place of
Mr. Osbaldiston in Lincolnshire, where he hunted the Burton country for
eight years. He then, ceasing for two years to be a master of hounds,
hunted with the Duke of Rutland and in the neighbouring counties until
1826, when, taking up his residence at Penton Lodge, he created for
himself a new country between Andover and Salisbury. In 1830--two
years after the death of his father, from whom he inherited a very
large fortune--he removed to Tedworth, which he had lately rebuilt
with magnificent kennels, and stables in which every hunter had a
loose box. In these stables he had often as many as fifty horses, all
in first-rate condition. For thirty-two years he hunted the Tedworth
country without ever asking for subscriptions of any sort or kind. All
he begged of the landowners and of those who hunted with him was to
_preserve_ foxes to enable him to kill them. At his meets his friend
and guest the late Duke of Wellington often attended. In stature Mr.
Smith was about 5 feet 10 inches high, athletic, well-proportioned,
muscular, but slight. His weight was between eleven and twelve stone.
With a highly-intelligent but resolute countenance, containing (as was
observed of it) "a dash of the bulldog," he had plain features. "_That
fellow Jack Musters_," Tom Smith used to say, "_spoilt +my+ beauty_."
For several years, though his name was seldom found in the debates,
he represented in Parliament Carnarvonshire and Andover; and in 1832,
in consequence of the riots which took place in that year, he raised,
at his own expense, a corps of yeomanry cavalry, reviewed by the Duke
of Wellington, the troopers of which were chiefly his own tenants or
farmers of the neighbourhood. For upwards of fifty seasons he continued
to be the master of hounds, until, after having been in his saddle for
seventy years, the boy who in 1783 went to Eton when he was seven years
old, died at Vaenol on the 9th of September, 1858, aged eighty-two.

At the earnest request of his widow, Sir John E. Eardley-Wilmot
(assisted by extracts from the 'Field' newspaper), with considerable
spirit and ability, has lately compiled a series of graphic incidents
and sketches, forming altogether a memoir--or, as he terms them,
'Reminiscences'--of the life of one whom Napoleon I. addressed as
"_le premier chasseur d'Angleterre_," and who was also called by the
Parisians "_le grand chasseur +Smit+._" From this volume we shall now
submit to our readers a few extracts.

    "Lord Foley," wrote 'Nimrod,' "was succeeded in the possession
    of the Quorn hounds by that most conspicuous sportsman of modern
    times, Thomas Assheton Smith. As combining the character of a
    skilful sportsman with that of a desperate horseman, perhaps
    his parallel is not to be found; and his name will be handed
    down to posterity as a specimen of enthusiastic zeal in one
    individual pursuit, very rarely equalled. From the first day
    of the season to the last he was always the same man, the
    same desperate fellow over a country, and unquestionably
    possessing, _on every occasion and at every hour of the day_,
    the most bulldog nerve ever exhibited in the saddle. His motto
    was, 'I'll be with my hounds;' and all those who have seen
    him in the field must acknowledge he made no vain boast of
    his prowess. His falls were countless; and no wonder, for he
    rode at places which _he knew_ no horse could leap over; but
    his object was to get, one way or the other, into the field
    with his hounds. As a horseman, however, he has ever been
    super-excellent. He sits in his saddle as if he were part of
    his horse, and his seat displays vast power over his frame.
    In addition to his power his hand is equal to Chifney's, and
    the advantage he experiences from it may be gleaned from the
    following expression. Being seen one day hunting his hounds
    on Radical, always a difficult, but at that time a more than
    commonly difficult, horse to ride, he was asked by a friend why
    he did not put a martingale on him, to give him more power over
    his mouth. 'Thank ye,' he replied, 'but my left hand shall be
    _my_ martingale.'"

His fame and success in Lincolnshire were as great as at Quorn. The
Melton men followed him, knowing they were sure of good sport wherever
he went, although scarcely one of them was quite prepared for the
formidable drains or dykes in the Burton Hunt. Shortly after their
arrival there, they found a fox near the kennels that crossed a dyke
called the Tilla. Tom Smith, the only one who rode at it, got in, but
over, leaving behind him fourteen of the Meltonians floundering in the
water at the same time, which so cooled their ardour that, excepting
Sir H. Goodricke, gallant David Baird, and one or two others, they soon
returned to Melton.

Mr. Delmé Ratcliffe, in his work on the 'Noble Science of Fox-hunting,'
describes Tom Smith as follows:--

    "I could nowhere find a more fitting model for the rising
    generation of sportsmen.... He was an instance of the very
    rare union of coolness and consummate skill as a huntsman,
    combined with the impetuosity of a most desperate rider; and
    not only was he the most determined of all riders, but equally
    remarkable as a horseman.

    "Now I am not going to give merely my own opinion of Mr. Thomas
    Assheton Smith, as a horseman and rider to hounds, but shall
    lay before my readers that of all the sporting world, at least
    all who have seen him in the field; which is, that, taking him
    from the first day's hunting of the season to the last, place
    him on the best horse in his stable or on the worst, he is sure
    to be with his hounds, and _close to them too_. In fact, he has
    undoubtedly proved himself the best and hardest rider England
    ever saw, and it would be vain in any man to dispute his title
    to that character."

Again, says Mr. Apperley--

    "Let us look at him in his saddle. Does he not look like a
    workman? Observe how lightly he sits! No one could suppose
    him to be a twelve-stone man. And what a firm hand he has on
    his horses! How well he puts them at their fences, and what
    chances he gives them to extricate themselves from any scrape
    they may have gotten into! He never hurries them then; no man
    ever saw Tom Smith ride fast at his fences, at least at large
    ones (brooks excepted), let the pace be what it may; and what
    a treat it is to see him jump water! His falls, to be sure,
    have been innumerable; but what very hard-riding man does not
    get falls? Hundreds of Mr. Smith's falls may be accounted for:
    he has measured his horses' pluck by his own, and ridden
    at hundreds of non-feasible places, with the chance of getting
    over them somehow."

Again: "No man," says Dick Christian, "that ever came into
Leicestershire could beat Mr. Smith--I do not care what any of them
say;" while "The Druid," in 'Silk and Scarlet,' after giving some very
interesting anecdotes of Tom Smith, says of him, "However hasty in
temper and action he might be in the field or on the flags, he was the
mightiest hunter that ever 'rode across Belvoir's sweet vale' or wore a
horn at his saddle-bow."

    "His wonderful influence," he adds, "over his hunters was
    strongly exemplified at another time, but in rather a different
    manner. He had mounted a friend, who complained of having
    nothing to ride, on his celebrated horse Cicero. The hounds
    were running breast-high across the big pasture lands of
    Leicestershire, and Cicero was carrying his rider like a
    bird, when a strong flight of rails had almost too ugly an
    aspect of height, strength, and newness for the liking of our
    friend on his 'mount.' The keen eye of Assheton Smith, as he
    rode beside him, at once discerned that he had no relish for
    the timber, and seeing that he was likely to make the horse
    refuse, he cried out, '_Come up, Cicero!_' His well-known
    voice had at once the desired effect; but Cicero's rider, by
    whom the performance was not intended, left his 'seat' vacant,
    fortunately without any other result than a roll upon the
    grass."

    "I have said," remarks Nimrod, "that Mr. Smith's make and
    shape, together with a fine bridle-hand, have assisted him in
    rising to perfection as a horseman."

    "I once saw," relates a friend, "a fine specimen of Mr. Smith's
    hand and nerve in the going off of a frost, when the _bone_
    was not quite out of the ground. We were running a fox hard
    over Salisbury Plain, when all at once his horse came on a
    treacherous flat, greasy at top, as sportsmen say, but hard
    and slippery underneath. The horse he rode was a hard puller,
    and very violent, named Piccadilly; and the least check from
    the bridle, when the animal began to blunder, would have to a
    certainty made him slip up. Here the fine riding of the squire
    shone conspicuously. He left his horse entirely alone, as if he
    were swimming; and after floundering about and swerving for at
    least a hundred yards, Piccadilly recovered himself, and went
    on as if nothing had happened."

    "At the end of a desperate run, he once charged the river
    Welland, which divides the counties of Leicester, Northampton,
    and Rutland, and is said to be altogether impracticable. The
    knack he had of getting across water is to be attributed to his
    resolute way of riding to hounds, by which his horses knew that
    it was in vain to refuse whatever he might put them at."

One day when Smith was drawing for a fox on his famous horse Fire-King,
he came to a precipitous bank at the end of a meadow, with a formidable
drop into a hard road. "_You can't get out there, Sir_," said a civil
farmer. "_I should like very much to see the place where +we+_"
(patting Fire-King) "_cannot go_," was the reply, as down he rode, to
the astonishment of the field.

    "In falling," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "he always contrived
    to fall clear of his horse. The bridle-rein, which fell as
    lightly as breeze of zephyr on his horse's neck, was then held
    as in a vice. In some instances, with horses whom he knew well,
    he would ride for a fall, where he knew it was not possible for
    him to clear a fence. With Jack-o'-Lantern he was often known
    to venture on this experiment, and he frequently said there was
    not a field in Leicestershire in which he had not had a fall.
    'I never see you in the Harborough country,' he observed to a
    gentleman who occasionally hunted with the Quorn. 'I don't much
    like your Harborough country,' replied the other, 'the fences
    are so large.' 'Oh!' observed Mr. Smith, 'there is no place you
    cannot get over with a fall.' To a young supporter of his pack,
    who was constantly falling and _hurting_ himself, he said, 'All
    who profess to ride should know _how_ to _fall_.'"

The author of 'Silk and Scarlet' says:--

    "It was a great speech of Mr. Smith's, if ever he saw a horse
    refuse with his Whips, '_Throw your +heart+ over, and your
    horse will follow_.' He never rode fast at his fences. I have
    heard him say scores of times, 'When a man rides at fences a
    hundred miles an hour, _depend upon it he funks_.'"

Sir William Miles confirms this statement:--

    "Mr. Smith," he remarks, "always said, '_Go slow at all fences,
    except water_. It makes a horse know the use of his legs, and
    by so riding he can put down a leg wherever it is wanted.'"

Long Wellesley had a horse which he declared no man could see a run
on. "He only requires a _rider_," said the squire. "Will _you_ ride
him, then, at Glen Gorse?" "Willingly!" replied Smith, who, after
several falls, killing his fox, was presented with the animal, which he
accordingly named "Gift."

The history of the education of Smith's favourite horse,
Jack-o'-Lantern, is described as follows:--

    "We were riding," said Tom Edge, "to covert through a line of
    bridle-gates, when we came to a new double oaken post and rail
    fence. 'This is just the place to make my colt a good timber
    jumper,' said the squire; 'so you shut the gate, and ride away
    fast.' This was no sooner done than the squire rode at the
    rails, which Jack taking with his breast, gave both himself
    and his rider such a fall, that their respective heads were
    looking towards the fence they had ridden at. Up rose both at
    the same time, as if nothing very particular had happened.
    'Now,' said Tom Smith, 'this will be the _making_ of the horse;
    just do as you did before, and ride away.' Edge did so, and
    Jack flew the rails without touching, and from that day was a
    first-rate timber fencer."

Only on two occasions, while hunting, did Tom Smith succeed in breaking
a bone: once at Melton, when he consoled himself by learning arithmetic
from the pretty damsel at the post-office; and afterwards, when one of
his ribs was fractured, owing, as he said, to his having a knife in his
breast-pocket:--

    "And yet," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "notwithstanding the
    gallant manner in which he always rode, never turning from any
    fence that intervened between him and his hounds, he never
    had a horse drop dead under him, or die from the effects of a
    severe day's riding. It is also a fact well recorded that he
    was never known to strike a horse unfairly. 'How is it,' asked
    a friend, 'that horses and hounds seem never to provoke you?'
    '_They_ are brutes, and know no better, but _men_ do,' was the
    reply."

The most extraordinary hunter in his stable, "Ayston," was pigeon-toed,
and so bad a hack, that he had to be led to covert; and yet at no time
would his master have taken a thousand guineas for him.

After the famous Billesden Coplow run, in which Tom Smith maintained
so prominent a place, he sold the horse he that day rode, called
Furze-cutter, for which he had given 26_l._, to Lord Clonbrock for
400_l_.

The Rev. Francis Dyson, now rector of Creeklande, on being ordained,
was appointed to assist his father, the clergyman at Tedworth:--

    "Mr. Smith," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "was so pleased with
    his first sermon, that, on coming out of church, he slapped
    the young curate on the back, and said, 'Well done, Frank! you
    shall have a mount on Rory O'More next Thursday.' Young Dyson
    had many a run afterwards out of the squire's stables, for
    his performances in the field pleased as much as those in the
    pulpit.

    "Once, when the hounds were running short with a sinking fox,
    a person clad in a long black coat, and evidently thinking
    scorn of the fun, inquired of the Whip what the _dogs were then
    doing_. 'Why, Sir,' said Dick Burton, throwing a keen glance
    down the inquirer's person, 'they are preaching his funeral
    sermon.'"

In 1840 Tom Smith proposed to pay a visit to his old friend Sir Richard
Sutton, whose hunting had been stopped by a severe accident. On hearing
of this movement, Mr. Greene of Rolleston, who had been one of his
best pupils in his Leicestershire days, requested him, in his way to
Lincolnshire, to bring his hounds once more into his old country, Mr.
Hodgson, who then hunted Leicestershire, having handsomely placed the
best meet at his disposal. The veteran, for he was then sixty-four,
accepted the challenge, bringing with him eighteen couples of his
finest hounds, of great substance, open-chested, and in splendid
condition.

    "It would be vain," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "to endeavour
    to commemorate the scene which took place when Tom Smith,
    surrounded by his hounds, met the field at Shankton Holt on
    Friday, the 20th of March. More than two thousand horsemen,
    one-third of whom appeared in pink, were assembled. Men of
    the highest birth and station, men who had served their
    country with deeds of most daring gallantry by sea and land,
    men who in political or social life were the most brilliant
    in repute, thronged to do honour to the first fox-hunter of
    the day. They had come from remote counties, and more were
    pouring in along the grassy slopes and vales, or skirting the
    well-known gorse covers. As Dick Christian remarked, 'the
    first lot were at Shankton Holt when the tail end wern't out
    of Rolleston gates.' Cold must have been the heart of him who
    could behold without joyous emotion the crowds of grey-headed
    horsemen hurrying forward to shake hands with their old friend
    and fellow-sportsman, each calling vividly to memory some
    scene where he had acted the most conspicuous part. More than
    twenty years had rolled away since he had resigned the lead
    in that magnificent country. There had been splendid riders
    since his day; and while time had thinned the ranks of the
    veterans, younger men had either achieved or were achieving
    fame--Frank Holyoake, now Sir Francis Goodricke, well known for
    his splendid feats on Brilliant; Colonel Lowther, Lord Wilton,
    Lord Archibald Seymour, George Payne, Little[I] Gilmour, Lord
    Gardner, George Anson, and a host of sportsmen, well deserving
    the reputation they had won, yet all strangers to the doings
    of this hero of the Quorn, except through anecdotes familiar
    to them as 'household words.' In addition to these were a very
    goodly display of carriages-and-four filled with ladies, and
    pedestrians without number. The hounds with Dick Burton were
    drawn up on the lawn, while the vast group of horsemen formed a
    circle, with the carriages and assembled crowd outside. After
    the friendly salutations were over, and their enthusiastic
    character astonished no one but the Illustrious Stranger[J]
    present, Mr. Smith took his hounds to Shankton Holt, where he
    drew only the bottom of the covert; thence to Norton Gorse,
    Stanton Wood, Glooston Wood, and Fallow Close, all blank. It
    was an unfavourable day for scent,--a bright sun with
    north-easterly wind, not a cloud to be seen, and the cold
    intense. A fox having been found by Mr. Hodgson, in Vowes
    Covert, as already stated, away went the hounds towards
    Horringhold, leaving Blaston to the right. Here Mr. Smith took
    a strong flight of rails into a road, quite like a 'young 'un.'
    The fox soon afterwards crossed the Welland, and went away for
    Rockingham Park, where, it being late, they whipped off."

From 1830 to 1856--that is to say, until Tom Smith had reached the
age of eighty--with his indomitable energy and undaunted courage he
continued to hunt his hounds at Tedworth, spending his summers at
Vaenol on board his yacht. His head was as clear and his hand as firm
as they had been twenty years ago. If he felt not quite well in a
morning, plunging his head into cold water, he used to hold it there
as long as he could, which he said always put him to rights. It is
true he had curtailed his meets to four only a week, but on these days
the farmers were delighted to see "the old Squire" vault on horseback,
as usual, blow his horn while his horse was carrying him over a
five-barred gate, and, with a loose rein, gallop down the sheep-fed
hill-sides with all the alacrity of a boy. But although the hourglass
of his existence appeared to be still as bright and clear as ever,
the sand within the upper portion of the crystal was now running to
its end. In September, 1856, while at his summer residence in North
Wales, he was suddenly seized with an alarming attack of asthma, which,
by the use of stimulants and by the assiduous attention of Mrs.
Smith,--at this period herself in a very weak state of health,--was
so far subdued that on one of his horses saddled appearing at the
door--although five minutes before he had been gasping for breath on
the sofa--he mounted the animal, and broke away, as if instinctively,
to seek for himself a stronger stimulant than his physician could
prescribe--_the sight once again of his hounds_.

    "Although," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, very feelingly, "he
    rallied from this attack in an astonishing manner, he was no
    longer the same man. The erect gait was bent, and the eagle eye
    had lost its lustre."

The able writer of 'Silk and Scarlet' gives the following graphic and
affecting description of Tom Smith the last time he appeared at the
meet with his hounds:--

    "The covert side knew him no more after the October of 1857,
    when he just cantered up to Willbury on his chestnut hack
    Blemish, to see his hounds draw. Carter got his orders to bring
    the choicest of the 1858 entry, and he and Will Bryce arrived
    at the usual rendezvous with five couple of bitches by the
    Fitzwilliam Hardwicke and Hermit. He looked at them a short
    time, and exclaimed, '+Well, they're as beautiful as they can
    be+,' bade both his men good-bye, and they saw him no more."

He returned to Tedworth as usual--

    "But," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "at the annual meet on the
    1st of November, 1857, the hounds met without the accustomed
    centre figure of their master, who slowly rode up to them
    without his scarlet. He remarked, quite seriously, that if he
    had worn his hunting gear, and his pack should observe that
    he could not follow them, they would show their sorrow by
    refusing to hunt the fox. A universal gloom pervaded the field;
    he looked wistfully and lovingly at his old favourites, the
    heroes of many a well-fought field; and as he quickly went back
    into the hall, shrinking almost from the outer air, while the
    horsemen and pack turned away slowly towards the shrubberies,
    every one felt with a heavy heart that the glory of the old
    fox-hunter had at length departed."

The state of Mrs. Smith's health having for many years caused her
husband great anxiety, in 1845, in order, as he said, "to bring
Madeira to England," he constructed for her at Tedworth a magnificent
conservatory or crystal palace, 315 feet in length and 40 in width,
in which, enjoying the temperature of a warm climate, she might take
walking exercise during the winter months. A Wiltshire farmer, on first
seeing this building, observed, he supposed it was for the 'Squire to
hunt there whenever a frost stopped him in the field.

    "It was a melancholy spectacle," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot,
    "to see Tom Smith the winter before his death, when he
    could no longer join his hounds, mount one of his favourite
    hunters--Euxine, Paul Potter, or Blemish--with the assistance
    of a chair, and take his exercise for an hour at a foot's
    pace up and down this conservatory, often with some friend
    at his side to cheer him up and while away the time until he
    re-entered the house, for he was not allowed at that period
    to go out of doors. Even in this feeble condition, '_quantùm
    mutatus ab illo Hectore_,' once on horseback, he appeared to
    revive; and the dexterity and ease with which he managed, like
    a plaything, the spirited animal under him, which had scarcely
    left its stable for months, was most surprising."

During the last days of his existence he rested rather than took
exercise on that noble animal the horse, which for seventy years he
had so resolutely and yet so considerately governed. His mind, in its
declining hours, had also its support. Throughout his life, without
ostentation and often in secret, he had been charitable to people
of various conditions. Of the two thousand workmen in his quarries,
scarcely one of them had ever been taken before a magistrate for
dishonesty. Never was he known, if properly requested, to refuse to
give a site for a church or even for a Dissenting chapel. Both he and
Mrs. Smith invariably went to church on foot, it being a rule with them
never, except in case of illness, to have either carriage or horse out
on Sundays.

A few weeks after he had completed his eighty-second year he had a
sudden attack of the same symptoms which had shaken him so severely in
1856. In a moment of consciousness, evidently aware of his approaching
end, pointing to his faithful valet, he said to his devoted wife,
"_Take care of that man!_" and when Mrs. Smith left the room, he said
to her maid, "_Watch over your mistress; take care of +her+._" A few
hours afterwards--

                        "Last scene of all,
    That ends this strange eventful history"

on the 9th of September, 1858, while Mrs. Smith's sister was watching
by his bedside, a slight change came over his countenance, but before
the doctors or even his valet could be summoned,--with a gentle
sigh expired Thomas Assheton Smith, bequeathing, on half a sheet of
writing-paper, the whole of his vast possessions, producing from
50,000_l._ to 55,000_l._ a year, to his widow (who survived him only
a few months); and moreover leaving behind him a name that will long
be remembered not only by the farmers and riding men of the counties
he hunted, but by all who are disposed fairly and justly to appreciate
the lights and shadows which constitute the character of "The English
Country Gentleman," one only of whose recreations we have endeavoured
to delineate to our readers in the foregoing slight sketches of those
three gallant animals--the +Horse+, the +Fox+, and last, though not
least, the +Foxhunter+.

[Illustration: THE ROYAL ENGINEER TRAIN PRACTISING LASSO DRAUGHT.

    To face page 195.]

[Footnote I: Like William of Deloraine, "_good at need_."]

[Footnote J: Prince Ernest, brother to Prince Albert.]




+On Military Horse-Power.+


As the momentum or force of a shot is said to be its weight multiplied
by its velocity, so the strength of an army may not unjustly be
estimated by multiplying its physical powers by the rate at which
(if necessary) it can be made to travel: in short, activity is to an
army what velocity is to a shot, or what the rigging of a vessel is
to its hull. But, although we refuse to increase the weight of a shot
unless we can proportionately preserve our power to propel it, yet, in
European warfare, this principle, as regards the "matériel" of an army,
has not always been kept in mind. Inventions have very easily been
admitted, which afterwards have not been so easy to carry. It is true,
they have added to the powers of the army, but they have so diminished
its speed, that, encumbered by its implements and accoutrements, a
European, like an East Indian army, has often felt that it requires
less science to fight than to march; and thus, when Bonaparte, in his
retreat from Moscow, was surrounded by Cossacks, which his troops were
unable to crush only because they could not get at them, his well-known
confession proves that when the field is vast, and its resources
feeble, the distance between regular and irregular warfare "is but a
step,"--the reason being, that the superior strength of the former is
worn out by the superior activity of the latter, or, as Marshal Saxe
expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs."

Now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds partly from
the weight of the "matériel," but principally from the following very
remarkable imperfection in the military equipment of Europe.

It is well known that not only every soldier, but every human being
following an army, is subject to military discipline, and that his
labour may, at any time, and for any purpose, be required of him; but,
although the rational being is thus called upon to work with cheerful
obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical powers of
the brute beast have never yet been developed; and accordingly for the
various, sudden, and momentary emergencies for which horse-power has
often and urgently in vain been required, horse-power (the cavalry) to
an enormous extent has existed upon the spot, a military element which
it has hitherto been considered so impracticable to control, that the
guns, ammunition, treasure, &c., which European cavalry have oftentimes
bravely won, their horses have been supposed totally incapable to carry
away; and the laurel which was positively in their hands they have thus
been obliged to abandon. Again, for sieges in countries which have
been drained by the artillery and cavalry, not only of horses, but of
sustenance to maintain them, it has often been absolutely necessary to
bring forward, by bullocks and other inefficient means, the battering
train, ammunition, entrenching tools, materials, &c., amounting in
weight, even for the attack of a second-rate fortress, to several
thousand tons. In moments of such distress the infantry working in the
trenches have often severely suffered from the delay occasioned by
the want of horse-power, while their comrades, the cavalry, have been
deemed incapable of sharing the honour and fatigue of the day, from
the anomalous conclusion that, although it is easy to extract from men
manual labour, it is impossible to extract from horses horse-power;
and yet there exists no reason why, in moments of emergency, cavalry
horses should not be required to work (most particularly at drag-ropes)
as well as infantry soldiers; for although the patient endurance of
hardships and privations is one of the noblest features in military
life, yet absolutely to suffer from the want of what one positively
possesses is, even in common life, a discreditable misfortune,
indicating not bodily weakness, but mental imbecility.

Even in that noble department, the Horse Artillery itself, there
existed throughout the Peninsular War a striking example of latent
power which had never been exerted. To each gun there were attached
twelve horses trained to draught. Of these, only eight possessed the
means of drawing: the gun might therefore, in mechanical calculation,
be said to be propelled by an engine of eight horse-power; and if a
morass, or any other obstacle, over-balanced this power, the gun was
either deserted, or (as was customary) the infantry were harnessed to
it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence of four draught-horses,
whose powers (besides officers' horses) it was conceived that we were
unable to command.[K]

Now, to awaken, _at no expense_, the important, natural, yet dormant
powers, not only of cavalry but of all other horses, and, consequently,
to afford the means of accelerating (when required) the movements,
grand or small, of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even
to suggest an improvement in its arms; for it may justly be said
that our present weapons are destructive enough--that even if we
could succeed in making them more so, still our enemies would retort
them upon us--that the advantage, or rather the disadvantage, would
then be mutual--and that, eventually, war would only be made still
more destructive; but by giving activity and mobility to European
armies, the science of war is promoted; and even if the benefit to
the civilized nations of Europe should be equal (but this, from the
superior size and strength of English horses, would evidently be in our
favour), yet it would at least shield the profession from the disgrace
of being again persecuted, in any country, by an uncivilized army;
and if the navy of England, laden with its immense weight of metal,
is endeavouring, by science and reflection, to accelerate its rate of
sailing, so that it can not only stand against the largest fleet, but
can chase and run down the smallest pirate, surely the British army,
already distinguished by its heart and its arm, should never rest
satisfied until it can sufficiently develop its locomotive powers to be
able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular troops.

Having now endeavoured to prove, 1st, That in European warfare there
positively does exist a serious imperfection; and 2ndly, That it is
for the interest, and due to the character, of the profession, that
this imperfection should be corrected, we will proceed to explain
the reasons which have lately induced the Duke of Cambridge by the
following order to direct the attention of the British cavalry to the
practice of lasso draught, (which for more than two years, by order of
the Inspector-General of Fortifications, General Sir John Burgoyne, has
been most successfully and scientifically adopted, by Captain Siborne,
R.E., commanding the Royal Engineer Train, under the intelligent
superintendence of Colonel Henry Sandham, Director of the Royal
Engineers' Establishment at Chatham.)


_Extract from the Queen's Regulations, page 126._

"In order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be available for the
purposes of draught, such as assisting artillery, &c., through deep
roads, and in surmounting other impediments and obstacles which the
carriages of the army have frequently to encounter in the course of
active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with the tackle of
the lasso."

In Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and a considerable portion
of South America, for every purpose of drawing, a horse is confined
between two traces; and accordingly, whenever for the first time in his
life he is placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches
or tickles him on one side, he flies from it to the other trace,
which suddenly arrests him, and, usually blind-folded by blinkers,
being ignorant of, as well as alarmed at, the unknown objects that
are restraining him, he occasionally endeavours to disperse them by
kicking; and even if he submits, it requires some little experience
to tranquillize his fears. For these reasons, throughout the regions
enumerated, a horse that has never been in harness, however valuable he
may be, is _totally_ useless in a moment of emergency for the purposes
of draught.

Now throughout that region of South America which extends in 35°
south latitude from Buenos Ayres on the Atlantic, to Santiago and to
Valparaiso on the Pacific Ocean, harness is composed of nothing but a
surcingle and a single trace, by which the horse draws as a man would
drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two.

By this simple mode all the merchandise, and all the travellers that
have ever traversed on wheels those immense plains that separate the
two great oceans of the world, have been transported.

For military purposes its efficiency has been thus substantiated by
General Miller in his history of 'The War for Independence':--

"Our corps consisted of ten six-pounders and one howitzer. Each gun was
drawn by four horses, and each horse ridden by a gunner, there being
no corps of drivers in the service. A non-commissioned officer and
seven drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached to
each piece of artillery. Buckles, collars, cruppers, and breast-plates
were not in use; the horses simply drew from the saddle, and with this
equipment our guns have travelled nearly 100 miles in a day."

But besides its efficiency for all the requirements of either peace
or war, the singular advantage of this simple harness is that any
description of horse, tame or wild, uses it without noticing it; for
if the single trace which passes immediately beneath his hip bone
happens (which it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking
from it only an inch it instantly ceases to touch him; and as there
then remains nothing to confine, tickle, or alarm him, he refrains
from kicking, simply because there is nothing to kick at, and from
quarrelling because he can see nothing in the world to quarrel with.

With this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting ostriches in
South America, are requested to help the horses of a carriage across a
river, and up a steep bank, similar, for instance, to that of the Alma,
in a moment they affix their lassos, conquer the difficulty, attain the
summit, and then, with tobacco smoke steaming from their mouths, gallop
away to follow their sport.

The Royal Engineer Train have demonstrated by public experiments in
this country, that with this simple equipment, which would injure
neither the efficiency nor the appearance of the cavalry, any number of
horses, whether accustomed to draught or not, are capable of being at
once harnessed to any description of carriage, not only (_see sketch_)
in front to draw it forward, but in rear to hold it back, or even
sideways to prevent its oversetting--in short, that it is a power which
can be made to radiate in any direction; and as its character stands
upon a much firmer foundation--as it is _bonâ fide_ the common mode of
draught in South America--in constant use for all military and civil
purposes--a practical invention which, under all circumstances, has
been always found to answer, it is evident to demonstration,--1st. That
if it can transport artillery, &c., across the lofty, vast, and rugged
features of uncultivated America, it would surely be serviceable on
the roads and bridges of civilized countries. 2ndly, That if it can be
adapted to unbroken horses, it cannot be inapplicable to the trained
horses of our cavalry. And, 3rdly, That as both the surcingle and trace
are made, in America, of nothing but the skins of bullocks, we should,
on active service, be able in all countries at least to obtain this
material, and generally many others.

It must, moreover, be observed, that as a mounted horse (_i. e._ a
horse and man) are heavier than an unmounted horse, the former with
a lasso can drag a heavier weight than the latter with a collar and
traces.[L]

Now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry were to be
furnished with, but that every saddle-horse receiving rations in a
European army was to be ordered to wear the South American surcingle
(_which costs less than English girths and surcingle_, and which
experience has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common
one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length, but long
enough for a single trace, without detailing the various important
as well as trifling services which might be performed, is it not
evident that the general activity of the army would most materially be
increased? that, in fact, this equipment would form an era in military
warfare? that it would be an enormous, and, in Europe, an unheard-of
engine of say twenty or thirty thousand horses' power, which, at a
moment's warning, could either be called forward or dismissed, and,
after all, maintained at no expense whatever? for it must ever be kept
in mind, +that we possess, and always have possessed, the power+; all
that, for five and thirty years, we have until lately in vain proposed,
is--to rouse it into action.

If the propriety and future utility of this project should be admitted,
there is one most important observation to be made. The characteristic
feature of this simple harness is, that having been invented for
unbroken horses, it possesses the singular military advantage of being
at once applicable to any sort or description of horse. But it is well
known to every reflecting mind, that there is no useful art which does
not, somewhere or other, require attention; and to this general rule
the American harness is certainly no exception; for though any horse
will draw in it, yet it does require, on the part of _the rider_,
considerable experience and attention. The single trace must be managed
in a particular manner, or, in turning, it gets under the horse's tail:
unless it is properly held in the hand at starting, the horse may break
it by the jerk. There are several other little precautions necessary,
most particularly in the mode of adjusting the surcingle, which
requires considerable practice and attention.

The many curious and indeed scientific applications and combinations
of power of which this simple harness is capable, form a beautiful
example of what even uncivilised man can contrive when his attention
has been long and steadily directed to a solitary object. And surely
the ingenuity and practical experience of one nation are worthy the
patient attention of another. But the apparent simplicity of many a
useful invention has often been its ruin; and this observation is most
particularly applicable to lasso harness, which is, in appearance, so
very simple, that it seems to require only to be seen to be perfectly
understood: yet, efficient as it is in America, and efficient as it
will be to any nation in Europe that will give to its merits sufficient
time and a fair trial,--yet, on some little experience and reflection,
it is most confidently stated that, as a theory, it certainly is _of
no use at all_; and the truth of this observation will at once be
proved by the complete failure and confusion which will inevitably
take place if our cavalry try the harness without first not only
patiently but cordially and zealously learning how to use it. Yet this
ought not, in common justice, to condemn the principle; for, could
cavalry, without some little instruction, succeed in driving even with
our own harness?--Could French coachmen, without practice, drive our
mails?--Could our English postilions drive the five horses of a French
diligence? And if driving is thus a science of many departments, it
would not be reasonable to expect that our cavalry should be able to
_drive_, merely because they have learnt to _ride_.

[Footnote K: To the 12-pounder Armstrong gun (which sighted to 8° gives
a range of 3000 yards) are now attached eight horses in harness, and
eight more on which the non-commissioned officers and men, including
horse holders, are mounted. Of these, four are supplied with web
breast harness and traces: to a proportion of the remainder lassos are
supplied.]

[Footnote L: On active service, when a gun sticks in very heavy ground,
it has been usual to place a gunner upon every unmounted horse, and, if
necessary, behind every driver on the mounted ones. By this additional
weight or power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into
action.]




+How to Hobble and Anchor Horses.+


"_Hard pummelling_," said the Duke of Wellington to the Guards at
Waterloo, "_Hard pummelling, Gentlemen! Well, we must just see who'll
pummel the +hardest+._"

During the reign of Brown Bess the great battles of Europe were decided
very much in the manner above described.

Two armies met on a battle-field, or two fleets on "the wide, rude
sea," as in England two prize-fighters have entered a small space
encircled by ropes, to "see who'll pummel the hardest." In all three
cases, endurance, indomitable courage, and physical strength sooner or
later conquered.

As, however, in mechanics, a timid, puny boy, with the assistance of a
pulley, could drag towards him Mars or Hercules, so must the new arms
of precision lately invented, give victory, not to the bravest or the
strongest, but to whichever of two combatant armies shall exercise
their deadly weapons with the greatest amount of science.

And, as fortification has justly been defined "the art of enabling a
small body of men to resist for a considerable time the attack of a
greater number," so will, in future, the science of war consist in the
art of concealing by every possible artifice the general commanding,
his staff, his artillery, cavalry, and infantry, from the fire of
rifled cannon and Minié muskets, of which, when properly directed, it
may be said that almost "every bullet will have its billet."

On this principle, if England were to be invaded, it would be the
endeavour and the duty of the general on whose intellectual powers the
destiny of the empire would hang, to direct his army to take against
their enemy (after, in spite of his utmost efforts, they had effected a
landing), not, as in by-gone days, "_the field_," but rather possession
of the banks, hedges, and ditches thereof; to make every great mansion,
building, or village, by loop-holing their walls, a Hougoumont; every
railway embankment a covert-way and parapet; every hollow road a
protector or ambuscade for cavalry or infantry; the scarped summit of
every hill a battery; in short, by avoiding exposure, and by every
means that ingenuity can devise, to make the invaders, during every
step of their advance, smart under a lash, and fall from blows,
administered by a nimble, intellectual army which they feel, which they
are literally dying to see, but which is skilfully continuing, out of
their reach, to decimate their ranks, in order that when the great
battle is given, the invading army--though infinitely superior when it
disembarked--shall be reduced to a force inferior in number to that of
the stern, steady, stalwart defenders of their native soil.

It is evident, however, that to carry on war on the above principle, it
will be necessary that cavalry, in their equipment as well as drill,
should undergo a complete revolution, with a view to enable them in
future, in addition to the use of their sabres, to help artillery with
their lassos,--act as _mounted infantry_,--in short, make themselves
generally useful; for, at present, they form on a field of battle so
large a target, that under existing circumstances they would have,
either out of harm's way to sit on their horses all day long waiting
for an opportunity not likely to occur, or be destroyed by rifled guns
and muskets before their services could be required: in fact, as it
would be impossible for them to charge men in squares, or even in
position armed with muskets of unerring aim, they could be of little
use until after the battle was _won_, by following up the enemy in
their retreat.

Now, instead of being the dearest and the most useless, they would
become the cheapest and most efficient branch of the army, if, besides
occasionally using their lassos to help our Armstrong guns, &c., they
had power to skim along hollow roads, &c., to the vicinity of the
summit of a hill or any other position, from which, half or wholly
hidden, they could, with short Minié rifles, direct a deadly fire upon
an overwhelming amount of advancing troops, from whom they could gallop
away--only to re-attack them--the instant it became prudent to do so.

But to enable cavalry or volunteer mounted yeomanry to act in this
manner, how, it will be asked, could they manage to leave their horses?

To this important question we will reply, not by any theoretical
project, but by a statement of facts, which, though generally unknown
in England, have for many generations been in constant practice in
other parts of the world.

1. Throughout Russia, the Cossacks,--whenever for any reason, small or
large, they have wished to leave one horse, or a regiment of horses,
to stand alone, to ruminate either in the snow or on a verdant
plain--have, for ages, been in the habit of, as it were, riveting them
to the ground, by tying together their two fore fetlocks by a pair
of hobbles, to the centre of which is affixed a narrow strap that
buckles over the hock of one hind leg. By this triangular apparatus
(weighing less than one pound), which out of four legs leaves only one
at liberty, the animal physically and morally is completely paralysed;
indeed he is not only unable to move away, but after his first fall is
afraid again to try to do so.

2. In South Africa, farmers and sportsmen of all descriptions have long
been in the habit of what they term "anchoring" their horses by a lump
of lead, from three to five pounds in weight, carried in a small pocket
buckled to the outside of their near or left holster.

To this "anchor" is attached a piece of cord about ten feet long,
which, passing and running freely through both rings of the curb bit,
and hanging from them like a loose rein, is fastened to a =D= or ring
on the off-side of the saddle.

No time need be lost in displacing the lead from its pocket when
necessary, as it can be jerked out on the ground in the act of
dismounting.

When a horse has been thus anchored, if he attempts to move on, his
nose is brought down to his breast by the cord, which, tightening
equally on both sides, acts exactly like a bridle in the hand of a
rider; and as the pressure of the curb-chain ceases so soon as he
stops, he soon finds out that the best thing he can do is to stand
still and graze.

As the cord is not _fastened_ to either ring of the bit, but merely
runs through both, the pressure it exerts when the horse tries to move
is equal on both sides; and therefore, on the pulley principle, a lead
of four pounds weight makes it necessary for the horse to overcome
with his mouth a steady and continuous pressure of eight pounds on the
extremity of the bit lever before he can move forward. On mounting
hurriedly the cord is grasped with the reins, the anchor is raised, and
while galloping away is adjusted in its pocket.

Although this invention has proved to be admirably adapted for farmers,
for hunting and shooting, or for staff or engineer officers while
reconnoitring or surveying (for which purpose General Sir John Michel,
now commanding a brigade in China, has used it with great success), it
could not safely be applied to cavalry; for as the horse has power, if
he chooses to endure the pain inflicted by his bit, to "pull" or drag
the anchor, were he to run away with it, its oscillations would be very
dangerous in a camp.

To carry the additional weight of the anchor would also be considered
as an objection; but this could be entirely got rid of by any
intelligent staff officer affixing to a rope,--whenever he wished for
reconnoitring to tether his horse,--a stone, a piece of wood, or any
other heavy substance, which he would unlash and leave behind him so
soon as his object on foot had been accomplished.

3. In Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, and all other cities
in the provinces of Rio de la Plata, in Chili, and in Peru, whenever
a young dandy, calling upon his innamorata, is informed that she is
"en casa," that is at home, he dismounts, extracts from his waistcoat
pocket a beautiful pair of slight hobbles (weighing only two ounces),
which by two silver buttons he affixes to the fetlocks of his high-bred
horse, who, swishing with his long tail the innumerable flies that
assail him, and looking at every animal that canters by him, stands
stock still, until within the house all the compliments of the season
have been paid, and all the songs to the guitar exhausted.

In those countries every cavalry soldier carries a pair of such hobbles
for his horse, not in his pocket, but as an ornament dangling from the
throat-lash of the bridle.

By this invention a horse is not so thoroughly secured as by that used
by the Cossacks; and accordingly, if he be overfed, very fresh, and
greatly alarmed, he has power in a very awkward gait to move away.

On active service, however, where horses have more work than food,
it would prove efficient for a single horse, and would completely
arrest a troop when connected together by their collar chains, by which
arrangement a movement, however slight, by any one horse would be
restrained by the vis inertiæ of all the rest.

On the above suggestion being submitted by us about six months ago
to General Sir John Burgoyne, with the vivacity and energy that
distinguish him, he instantly directed it to be properly tested by the
mounted troop of the Royal Engineer Train, who, as regards both bridles
and saddles, are equipped as cavalry.

The result of the experiments, under the superintendence of Colonel
Henry Sandham, and the able assistance of Captain Duff, R.E., has
proved so eminently successful, that any one visiting Aldershott is now
enabled to see six or eight horses hobbled at intervals of about thirty
feet asunder, standing motionless, while the riders of the rest of the
troop to which they belong, with drawn sabres flashing in the sun,
are galloping through them backwards and forwards; and as of course
cavalry horses could be made to do the same, it has been substantiated
that that noble branch of our army, as also our volunteer yeomanry, by
merely carrying hobbles, which only weigh two ounces per pair, would
at once be enabled, in addition to other services, to act, whenever
requisite, as _mounted infantry_.

To an officer of the staff or engineers, sent to deliver an order to,
or to reconnoitre a locality which on horseback it would be certain
death to him to attempt to approach, a pair of hobbles would enable
him, or, in case of invasion, any possessor of a horse and a Minié
rifle, to ride as far as with safety he could advance, and then by
dismounting and securing his animal to creep, or if necessary, crawl
onwards along the bottom of a ditch, or behind any bank or hedge,
sufficient to conceal him from the fire of an army of unerring marksmen
to whom, after making all necessary observations, he could invisibly
administer deadly blows.

As, however, in future warfare it will of course constantly occur, that
appropriate cover in appropriate situations and directions will not
be available, our army, however perfect it may be made in the light
infantry rifle movements above described, should be discouraged from
_relying_ on them, lest such an idea should lead, not only to a timid
course of procedure on the part of the General commanding, but to a
conception in the minds of British soldiers, whose favourite weapon has
hitherto been their bayonets, that the odds will be much against them
unless they be hidden from the fire of their enemy.




+On Chloroforming Horses.+


In the first book of Genesis, although on the bursting out of light;
on the gathering together of the waters to let the dry land appear; on
the creation of the grass, the herb, and the fruit-tree; of the sun,
moon, and stars; of the fishes of the sea; of the fowls of the air; of
the beast of the earth, of the cattle, of every living creature, and
everything that creepeth upon the earth, we are informed by Moses that
on each of these successive formations "God saw that it was good;"
yet, the same six important words of approval were not (as in all the
previous instances they had been) especially uttered on the creation
of man, the reason possibly being that of the works of creation every
thing was fixed, and "of its kind" immutably "good," save human reason,
which, for the weal or woe of the favoured race on whom alone it was
bestowed, was gifted with an elasticity by which its character, capable
of being elevated or depressed to almost immeasurable distances above
or below the level of its original creation, might become either "good"
or evil.

And accordingly, while the heat of the sun, the light of the moon, the
brightness of the stars, the force of the hurricane, the velocity of
light, the movements of the heavenly bodies, the return of the seasons,
have neither increased nor diminished in the smallest degree; yet
human reason, since the moment of its creation, has never continued
within the same limits, simply because its cumulative powers have
enabled it to inherit, increase, and transmit knowledge which, by the
triumph of reason over immutable instinct, has, in accordance with the
Almighty decree, given to man dominion over the fish of the sea, and
over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth,
and over every creeping thing that creepeth on the earth.

As property, however, in animals as well as in acres, "has its duties
as well as its rights," it might have been expected (at least by
_them_) that when the Lord of the creation thus obtained possession of
the superior physical strength of brute beasts, he would deem it just
to impart to them in return a small tithe or share of any discovery by
human reason that could alleviate the work which, in subjection to its
power, they were required to perform; and as in mercantile firms it is
usual for the partners to expend for their mutual benefit the amount of
the capital they respectively contribute, it might have been expected
that in the alliance which has taken place between men and horses, a
similar division of profits would have been adopted. But like "Irish
reciprocity," the advantages are all on one side; or in plainer terms,
Reason screws all it can out of Instinct, giving to the poor brute, its
owner, nothing in return.

For instance, when man found that his unshod horse could only carry him
per day a small number of miles, he invented for and presented him with
iron shoes, in return for which he required the wearer thereof to carry
him more than double that distance.

To the old fashioned lever, attached to the extremity of which a horse
revolving a mill could only draw up per day a small quantity of water,
or knead a small quantity of clay, man as he improved in mechanical
knowledge added a wheel, in return for which he required the quadruped
worker thereof to lift treble the amount of water, or to knead treble
the amount of clay.

Along the rough muddy roads that existed throughout Europe half a
century ago, a horse could with difficulty draw a single man seated
in his gig or "buggy." As soon, however, as by human science roads
were macadamised, _i.e._, levelled and improved, there arose as it
were out of them (like mushrooms in a meadow) innumerable descriptions
of four-wheeled carriages, in which the horse, simply because he was
enabled, was required to draw, in addition to his master, his wife and
three or four of their children.

When by the invention of railways the locomotive engine suddenly
superseded animal power, the horses, instead of sharing in a discovery
by human reason which seemed to promise to them emancipation from
slavery, found that by it they were merely to be transferred from good
highways to bad bye-ways.

If thousands of omnibuses, cabs, and canal-boats, which have been
plying seven days in the week, are suddenly restrained by human laws
from running on the Sabbath, the proprietors instantly diminish the
number of their horses, expressly for the purpose of continuing to give
to each the same amount of work and of rest, the latter, like "the best
of oats, beans, and chopped hay," being bestowed upon him solely to
enable him to perform the maximum amount of work.

In short, by the common rule of three, as well as by the common rule
of life, quaintly exemplified by the following extract, human reason
calculates that if 7000 horses are necessary to work for seven days per
week, only 6000 will be wanted to work for six days.

    "+Sunday and Week-day Religions.+--The tides come twice a-day
    in New York Harbour, but they only come once in seven days
    in God's harbour of the sanctuary. They rise on Sunday, but
    ebb on Monday, and are down and out all the rest of the week.
    Men write over their store door, 'Business is business,' and
    over the church door, 'Religion is religion;' and they say to
    Religion, 'Never come in here,' and to Business, 'Never go in
    there.' 'Let us have no secular things in the pulpit,' they
    say; 'we get enough of them through the week in New York.
    There all is stringent and biting selfishness, and knives, and
    probes, and lancets, and hurry, and work, and worry. Here we
    want repose, and sedatives, and healing balm. All is prose over
    there; here let us have poetry. We want to sing hymns, and
    to hear about heaven and Calvary; in short, we want the pure
    Gospel without any worldly intermixture.' And so they desire to
    spend a pious, quiet Sabbath, full of pleasant imaginings and
    peaceful recollections; but when the day is gone, all is laid
    aside. They will take by the throat the first debtor whom they
    meet, and exclaim, 'Pay me what thou owest. It is _Monday_.'
    And when the minister ventures to hint to them something about
    their duty to their fellow-men, they say, 'Oh, you stick to
    your preaching. You do not know how to collect your own debts,
    and cannot tell what a man may have to do in his intercourse
    with the world.' God's law is not allowed to go into the week.
    If the merchant spies it in his store, he throws it over the
    counter. If the clerk sees it in the bank, he kicks it out at
    the door. If it is found in the street, the multitude pursue
    it, pelting it with stones, as if it were a wolf escaped from
    a menagerie, and shouting, 'Back with you! You have got out
    of _Sunday_.' There is no religion in all this. It is mere
    sentimentalism. Religion belongs to every day--to the place
    of business as much as to the church. High in an ancient
    belfry there is a clock, and once a week the old sexton winds
    it up; but it has neither dial plate nor hands. The pendulum
    swings, and there it goes, ticking, ticking, day in and day
    out, unnoticed and useless. What the old clock is in its dark
    chamber, keeping time to itself, but never showing it, that is
    the mere sentimentality of religion, high above life, in the
    region of airy thought; perched up in the top of Sunday, but
    without dial or pointer to let the week know what o'clock it
    is, of time or of eternity."--_American Paper._

It may be impracticable to prevent man from taking to himself the
_whole_ benefit of every ingenious invention by which the physical
power of the horse can be increased, yet surely, either by legislation
or by the power of public opinion, he should be required to grant or
rather transmit to the poor animal, as a gift from Heaven, the benefit
of any scientific discovery that may save him from unnecessary and
indescribable agony under operations almost all of which are prescribed
either for the self interest, pride, or fashions of his master.

But although the avowed object of the criminal laws of England is
to prevent crime by the infliction of a scale of punishments which,
fearful enough to deter the guiltiest, are all divested, so far as
science can devise, of bodily pain; although we deprecate any suffering
on the tread-mill beyond that of ordinary hard labour; and although
even for the murderer we have invented a machinery of rope, planks, and
bolts to produce a sudden and almost painless death, yet, until lately,
people of both sexes, of all ages, and of every sort and condition,
have under the surgeon's knife been subjected to tortures which it
would have been beyond the ingenuity of the most merciless tyrant that
ever existed to have invented.

The screams, however, which have resounded throughout the civilized
world--in private houses, in palaces, in cottages, on the field of
battle, between the decks of men-of-war, and through the doors and
windows of all public hospitals,--have lately, by the command and
blessing of Almighty God, been suddenly stopped by the administration
of chloroform, which now, diluted in the proportion of three parts
of vapour to ninety-seven parts of atmospheric air, causes a patient,
at no risk whatever of his life, and at a cost amounting to less than
two-pence, to be bereft, not necessarily of his senses, but merely of
sensation, while the knife, without the infliction of the slightest
pain, is performing on his living body the most appalling operations.

    "And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and
    he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh
    instead thereof."

Now, if in return for this extraordinary alleviation, or rather
annihilation of all sufferings under surgical treatment, man should
deem it his duty to render public thanks to that Omnipotent Power from
which it has proceeded, is it possible for him practically to perform
any more acceptable act of acknowledgment than to allow the dumb
creatures in his service to participate in a blessing which, by Divine
authority, has been imparted to the possessors, not exclusively of
human reason, but without favour or exception, of animal life?

As regards his horses, the performance of this duty is especially
incumbent: for not only, like all other animals, are they liable to
the accidents and ills that flesh is heir to, but some of the cruelest
operations to which they are subjected--such, for instance, as cutting
off and cauterising their tails, burning their sinews with red hot
irons, dividing and cutting out a portion of a nerve, with other
excruciating operations on young horses, under which they are often
heard to squeal from pain--are inflicted on them, to comply with either
a useless as well as a barbarous fashion;--or to enable them "to go for
another season's hunting;"--or to make them "sound enough to sell;" or
for the attainment of conveniences of which the horse derives not the
smallest share: and as the high-bred, broken-down hunter has no voice
to ask for mercy,--as he cannot boast of possessing reason,--as he has
inherited no knowledge,--as he has no power to bequeath any,--as his
whole energies have been devoted to the service and enjoyments of man,
by whose mechanical contrivances he is now "cast" with his four feet
shackled together, lying prostrate on a heap of straw;--just before
the red-hot iron sears his over-strained sinews, or the sharp knife
is inserted into his living flesh--surely, in a civilized country
like England, some high power should be authorized to exclaim, not
"Woodman, spare that tree!" but "_Sportsman, +SAVE+ that horse!_" by
chloroform, from the agonising torture to which you have sentenced him!

You are a man of _pleasure_:--save him from unnecessary _pain_. You
are a man of business:--inscribe in that ledger in which every one
of the acts of your life is recorded, on one side how much _he_ will
gain, and on the other, per contrà, how very little _you_ will lose,
by the evaporation of a fluid that will not cost you the price of the
shoes of the poor animal whose marketable value you have determined, by
excruciating agony _to him_, to increase.

As he lies prostrate, all that is necessary to save him from suffering
the smallest amount of pain is, to desire the operator with his left
hand to close the animal's upper nostril, while beneath the lower one
he places a quarter of a pint tin pot, containing a sponge, on which is
gradually dropped, from a little vial, chloroform sufficient to deprive
him of sensation, which can readily be tested by the occasional slight
prick of a pin; and although, when thus lulled into an unconscious
state, the noble animal may, during a dreadful operation, possibly
dream that

    "He sees war's lightning flashing,
    Sees the claymore and bayonet clashing,
    Sees through the blood the war-horse dashing"--

yet, on the restoration of sensation, which usually occurs some minutes
after the operation is over, he calmly awakens, raises his head, and
looks around, perfectly unconscious of all that has occurred to him!

In every point of view in which it can be considered, this boon,
granted by Heaven to the brute beast, should not be withheld from him
by man.

On Mr. Henry Thompson, the celebrated practising surgeon at University
College Hospital, and also at Marylebone Dispensary, being lately
asked, "What are the occasions on which you are in the habit of
administering chloroform?" he energetically replied, "_For everything
that gives +PAIN+._"

If, therefore, man to this enormous extent is benefited by chloroform,
what right has he to withhold it from his own animals, to whom, not
only in equity, but by the laws of God, it belongs as much as it
belongs to him?

Their claims are so affecting, and so obvious, the remedy that would
save them from all pain is so cheap and simple, that it is, we feel,
only necessary to appeal to the public to obtain by acclamation a
verdict in their favour.

Professor Spooner, in an address delivered by him to the students
of the Veterinary College in October last, stated that in the two
chief Veterinary Colleges in France--at Alfort and at Lyons--pupils,
twice a week for seven hours a day, are instructed in surgery by
the "_vivisection_" or cutting up of living horses, who, until they
actually expire, are subjected to a series of cruelties which, although
Mr. Spooner professionally described and deprecated, we dare not
repeat.

What a disgrace it is to France, and especially to her brave army,
that while every cavalry soldier who distinguishes himself in action,
covered with medals and "glory," may proudly end his days in the
Hôtel des Invalides,--the horse that carried him in all his brilliant
charges, &c., when _he_ is worn out and unfit for service, is liable
to be led into an arena in the heart of "The Empire," to be, before
the public, not honoured nor rewarded, but, inch by inch, and bit by
bit, to be dissected alive, until by the last sigh from his lungs, and
by the last pulsation from his heart, he ends his account with his
inconsiderate, ungenerous, and ungrateful country!

The _English_ veterinary surgeons of the present day are so far
superior to those of the last generation--they are so willing and so
proud to follow in their important vocation whatever new discoveries
may be humanely and successfully practised in our public hospitals,
that if our Sovereign, the Commander-in-Chief of our army, our
noblemen, sportsmen, and men of education, character, and wealth,
would but combine together in determining to _require_ that chloroform
shall invariably be administered to their creatures "for everything
that gives pain," the "fashion" would quickly be followed, even by
the most unreflecting portion of our community; and England, "great,
glorious, and free," would then stand distinguished in the world, not
only for the strength, stoutness, endurance, weight, and swiftness of
her animals, but by her _merciful_ protection of them under surgical
operations.

    "=A righteous man regardeth his beast: but the tender mercies
    of the wicked are cruel.="

              +IN GRATITUDE TO+

                 THE HORSE,

    +The Foregoing Imperfect Observations,

     Applicable to all living Creatures,

          Are respectfully submitted

     To the Consideration of the Public,

                     by+

                  HIS RIDER.


LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND
CHARING CROSS.




    +Albemarle Street, London.+
    _April, 1861._


MR. MURRAY'S

GENERAL LIST OF WORKS.


    ABBOTT'S (+Rev. J.+) Philip Musgrave; or, Memoirs of a Church
    of England Missionary in the North American Colonies. Post 8vo.
    2_s._ 6_d._

    ABERCROMBIE'S (+John+) Enquiries concerning the Intellectual
    Powers and the Investigation of Truth. Fifteenth Edition. Fcap.
    8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._

    ---- Philosophy of the Moral Feelings. _Twelfth Edition._ Fcap.
    8vo. 4_s._

    ---- Pathological and Practical Researches on the Diseases of
    the Stomach, &c. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 6_s._

    ACLAND'S (+Rev. Charles+) Popular Account of the Manners and
    Customs of India. Post 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._

    ADOLPHUS'S (J. L.) Letters from Spain, in 1856 and 1857. Post
    8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._

    ÆSCHYLUS. (The Agamemnon and Choephorœ.) Edited, with Notes.
    By Rev. +W. Peile+, D.D. _Second Edition._ 2 Vols. 8vo. 9_s._
    each.

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    WORNUM (+Ralph+). A Biographical Dictionary of Italian
    Painters: with a Table of the Contemporary Schools of Italy. By
    a +Lady+. Post 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._

    WROTTESLEY'S (+Lord+) Thoughts on Government and Legislation.
    Post 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._

    YOUNG'S (+Dr. Thos.+) Life and Miscellaneous Works, edited by
    +Dean Peacock+ and +John Leitch+. Portrait and Plates. 4 Vols.
    8vo. 15_s._ each.


    BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.





End of Project Gutenberg's The Horse and His Rider, by Francis Bond Head