Produced by Brian Coe, Ramon Pajares Box and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
book was created from images of public domain material
made available by the University of Toronto Libraries at
http://link.library.utoronto.ca/booksonline/).






TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

  * Italics are denoted by underscores as in _italics_, and small caps
    are represented in upper case as in SMALL CAPS.

  * Obvious printer errors have been silently corrected.

  * Original spelling was kept, but variant spellings were made
    consistent when a predominant usage was found.

  * To aid referencing places and names in present-day maps and
    documents, outdated and current spellings of some proper names
    follow:

      Aguilar del Campo, now Aguilar de Campoo,
               Albalete, now Albalat,
              Albaracin, now Albarracín,
            Albuquerque, now Alburquerque,
               Alemtejo, now Alentejo,
                Almanza, now Almansa,
     Arroyo dos Molinos, now Arroyomolinos, Cáceres,
              Arzobispo, now El Puente del Arzobispo,
      Baccelar (Manuel), now Manuel Pinto de Morais Bacelar,
            Ballasteros, now Ballesteros,
       Barba del Puerco, now Puerto Seguro,
                Bussaco, now Buçaco,
                Caçeres, now Cáceres,
     Calvarisa de Abaxo, now Calvarrasa de Abajo,
     Calvarisa de Ariba, now Calvarrasa de Arriba,
                Canizal, now Cañizal,
                Cordova, now Córdoba,
                Corunna, now La Coruña,
                  Douro, now Duero (in Spain),
                             Douro (in Portugal),
                 Ernani, now Hernani,
            Estremadura, now Extremadura (in Spain),
                             Estremadura (in Portugal),
               Estremos, now Estremoz,
               Fascinas, now Facinas,
              Gibalfaro, now Gibralfaro,
    Guadalaviar (river), now Turia (río),
                Guarena, now Guareña,
              Junialcon, now Gimialcón,
              La Baneza, now La Bañeza
              La Bispal, now La Bisbal,
              Las Rosas, now Las Rozas,
            Majalahonda, now Majadahonda,
                Majorca, now Mallorca,
             Montanches, now Montánchez,
             Mozencillo, now Mozoncillo,
                   Niza, now Nisa,
              Pampeluna, now Pamplona,
              Peniscola, now Peñíscola,
                 Puzzol, now Puçol,
                Requeña, now Requena,
               Ruvielos, now Rubielos de Mora,
               Saguntum, now Sagunto,
              Sanguessa, now Sangüesa,
              Saragossa, now Zaragoza,
               Senabria, now Sanabria,
          Tagus (river), now Tajo (Spanish), Tejo (Portuguese),
              Talarubia, now Talarrubias,
               Truxillo, now Trujillo,
               Vincente, now Vicente,
             Villa Real, now Vila Real,
             Villafanes, now Villafamés,
               Vittoria, now Vitoria,
                  Xeres, now Jerez,
                 Xiloca, now Jiloca,
                Zamorra, now Zamarra.

  * Chapter headers and Table of contents have been made consistent.

  * Footnotes have been renumbered into a single series. Each footnote
    is placed at the end of the paragraph or the table that includes its
    anchor.




[Illustration: _Marshal Soult, Duke of Dalmatia_

_from the portrait by Girardet_]




  A HISTORY OF THE
  PENINSULAR WAR

  BY
  CHARLES OMAN

  M.A. OXON., HON. LL.D. EDIN.

  FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
  CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
  FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE
  CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE REAL ACADEMIA
  DE LA HISTORIA OF MADRID, OF THE ACADEMY OF LISBON
  AND OF THE ACADEMY OF SAN LUIS OF SARAGOSSA

  VOL. V

  OCT. 1811-AUG. 31, 1812

  VALENCIA      CIUDAD RODRIGO      BADAJOZ
  SALAMANCA      MADRID

  WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

  OXFORD
  AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
  1914




  OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

  LONDON   EDINBURGH   GLASGOW   NEW YORK
  TORONTO   MELBOURNE   BOMBAY

  HUMPHREY MILFORD M.A.

  PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY




PREFACE


In this volume Wellington’s campaigning in 1812 is followed no further
than the day (August 31st) on which he set out from Madrid to drive
back Clausel from the Douro. Reasons of space make it impossible to
include the siege of Burgos and the retreat which followed. I had
written the narrative of them, but found it impossible to add six long
chapters to the 620 pages already in print. The fact is that, from
the point of view of Wellington’s army, the year 1812 was much more
tightly packed with military events than any which had gone before. In
1809 there was nothing important to chronicle after August: in 1810
the Anglo-Portuguese did not come into the forefront of the war till
July, when Masséna had crossed the frontier and laid siege to Almeida.
In 1811 the year opened with a deadlock, which was only ended by the
commencement of Masséna’s retreat on March 9th, and concluded with
a similar deadlock which endured from July to December--interrupted
only by the short campaign of El Bodon and Aldea da Ponte, and this
covered only a week [Sept. 22-9]. In 1812 the great strategical
operations began on the first day of the year with the concentration
for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and did not end till the last week of
November--which saw Wellington once more encamped under the walls of
that fortress. For eleven months on end he had been on the move, with
only a brief rest in cantonments between April 24th, the day when he
gave up his pursuit of Marmont in Northern Portugal, and the end of
May, when his divisions began to assemble again for the projected march
on Salamanca. But for this short break his operations were continuous,
and the narrative of them must of necessity be lengthy.

The campaign of 1812 cannot be called the greatest exhibition of
military genius in Wellington’s career: that distinction must be given
to the campaign of 1813. But it included the battle of Salamanca, the
most skilfully fought and the most decisive of all his victories,
‘the beating of forty thousand men in forty minutes.’ And its earlier
episodes, the two sudden strokes which ended in the storming of Ciudad
Rodrigo and of Badajoz, deserve the closest attention, as showing a
marvellous power of utilizing opportunities, and solving time-problems
of the most complicated sort. We shall see how Wellington, in face
of an enemy whose whole force was far superior to his own, so
conducted his operations that he had success in his hands before the
French armies could concentrate to overwhelm him. He would have been
victorious in 1812 even without the assistance that was given him
during the early months of the year by Napoleon’s misguided orders from
Paris, and in the summer by Soult’s repeated and deliberate refusal to
co-operate with King Joseph and Marmont for the general welfare of the
French cause in Spain. The limits of his success were largely extended
by those adventitious circumstances, but even without them he must
have achieved great things by force of the combinations which he had
prepared.

The reader will find that I have devoted a good deal of space to the
precise working out of the effect of Napoleon’s successive dispatches
to Marmont, with reference to the time at which each was received, and
the influence which it had on the Marshal’s movements. I am bound to
say that careful study has convinced me that Marmont’s justification
of his own actions from January to May, written in the fourth volume
of his _Mémoires_, is in the main fair and sensible, and that his
criticism of his master’s orders is as sound as it is lucid. Napier
held the reverse opinion, but his arguments in support of it are
unconvincing: he is set on proving his idol infallible at all costs, in
this as in so many other cases.

I find myself equally at variance with Napier’s estimate of the
relative share of responsibility that falls on Soult upon the one
side and King Joseph and Jourdan on the other, for the disasters
of the summer of 1812. Jourdan’s plan of campaign, set out in
his ‘May _Mémoire_’ [see pp. 303-11], is a most clear-headed and
practicable scheme; the adoption of it would have reduced the effect
of Wellington’s strategy, and have set a limit to his successes.
Soult wrecked the whole scheme by wilful disobedience, which sinned
as much against military discipline as against common sense. The
counter-projects which he kept sending to Jourdan and the King were
founded on his own personal desires, not on a consideration of the
general situation in the Peninsula. Soult had been kind and courteous
to Napier while the historian was working at the French archives, and
had placed his own private papers at his disposition. I think that the
obligation was repaid by the mildness of the censures passed on the
Marshal’s strange behaviour in the summer of 1812.

A smaller proportion of the pages of this volume than of its
predecessors is occupied by the tale of those campaigns in the
Peninsula in which the British took no part. The year 1812 commences
with the surrender of Blake and the occupation of Valencia by the
French. When that great city and the army that had been driven into
it succumbed before Suchet’s attack, there was no longer any large
Spanish force in the field, and the operations of Lacy, Ballasteros,
and the Galicians are of only secondary importance and require no
great attention. Indeed the most effective service done against the
French in 1812 was that of the guerrilleros of Aragon, Cantabria, and
Navarre, whose obstinate resistance immobilized such a large portion of
the 230,000 imperial troops that lay in Spain. It will be noted that I
have had to devote a considerable number of pages to a much-neglected
episode of the summer of 1812--the campaigns against Caffarelli of the
irregular bands of the North, assisted by the fleet of Sir Home Popham.
It cannot be too often repeated that by immobilizing the 35,000 men of
the French Army of the North, they co-operated in the most effective
way with Wellington, and had their share in making the Salamanca
campaign a success for the allies.

I trust that I may have succeeded in making the topographical details
clear at Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, and more especially Salamanca, all of
which I have visited. I spent many hours going over the ground at the
Arapiles, and found that no mere map could have enabled one to grasp
the situation in a satisfactory fashion.

I have once more to express my indebtedness to the owners of two
great files of Peninsular War documents, who were good enough to
place them at my disposition and to allow me to bring them to Oxford.
The D’Urban papers, lent to me by Mr. W. S. M. D’Urban, of Newport
House, near Exeter, the grandson of Sir Benjamin D’Urban, Beresford’s
Chief-of-the-Staff, continue to be of immense value all through 1812.
In the first half of the year Sir Benjamin was still at the Portuguese
head-quarters, and his diary and correspondence give the views of those
who had the best opportunity of knowing Wellington’s plans from the
inside. In June he was appointed to another post, that of commanding
the detached Portuguese cavalry brigade which covered Wellington’s left
flank in the Salamanca campaign; his notes as to his operations are
of extreme interest throughout June, July, and August; the narratives
which he drew up concerning his own fortunes at the battle of
Salamanca, and at the unfortunate combat of Majalahonda, have cleared
up several obscure problems, which no published material could have
enabled me to solve.

The papers of Sir George Scovell, lent me by his great-nephew, Mr. G.
Scovell, of Hove, had already begun to be of use to me in the chronicle
of 1811. But in 1812 they are of far greater importance, since it was
early in that year that Scovell was placed by Wellington in charge
of the toilsome duty of studying and decoding all French captured
dispatches written in cipher. The originals were left in his hands,
and only the interpretations, written out in full, were made over to
the Commander-in-Chief. These originals, often scraps of the smallest
dimensions made to be concealed in secret places about the person of
the bearer, are historical antiquities of the highest interest. Their
importance is so great that I have thought it necessary to give in
Appendix XV a detailed account of them, of the characteristics of the
‘Great Paris Cipher’--as Scovell called it--and of the contents of each
document.

I must mention, as in previous volumes, much kind help given to me
from abroad. The authorities of the Paris War Office have continued to
facilitate my researches among their bulky _cartons_. I have to notice
with sincere regret the death of my old friend, M. Martinien, who did
so much for me while I was compiling volumes III and IV of this work. I
much missed his guidance while working over the material of 1812 during
the last two autumns. Colonel Juan Arzadun, of the Madrid Artillery
Museum, has continued to send me occasional information, and I am
specially obliged to Don Rafael Farias for procuring for me, and making
me a present of, that very rare document the 1822 ‘Estados de los
ejércitos españoles durante la guerra contra Bonaparte,’ a collection
of morning-states and tables of organization on which I had in vain
tried to lay hands during three successive visits to Madrid. Another
gift of the highest value was the complete set of Beresford’s _Ordens
do Dia_ for the Portuguese army, ranging over the whole war. This most
useful series was presented to me by my friend Mr. Rafael Reynolds,
the companion of my last Portuguese tour, who found a copy of this
almost unprocurable file at Lisbon. I owe the two views of the field
of Salamanca to the camera of Mr. C. J. Armstrong, who sent them to me
along with many other interesting Peninsular photographs.

Three friends in England have continued to give me help of the most
invaluable kind. Mr. C. T. Atkinson, Fellow of Exeter College,
has looked through the whole of my proofs, and furnished me with
innumerable notes, which enabled me to add to the accuracy of my
narrative. He has also written me an appendix, No. XIV, concerning the
English troops which in 1812 operated on the East coast of Spain--and
the others which formed the garrisons of Gibraltar, Cadiz, and Tarifa.
The Hon. John Fortescue, the historian of the British army, has not
only answered at length my queries on many obscure problems, but has
lent me the file of his transcripts of French dispatches for 1812, a
good many of which, and those of high importance, were unknown to me.
They were especially valuable for Soult’s operations. Our narratives of
the campaigns of 1812 will appear almost simultaneously, and I think it
will be found that all our main opinions are in agreement. Major J. H.
Leslie, R.A., has once more contributed to this volume an ‘Artillery
Appendix’ on the same lines as those for 1810 and 1811 in vols. III and
IV. His researches have always proved exhaustive and invaluable for the
history of his old Corps.

Lastly, the compiler of the Index, a task executed this summer under
very trying conditions, must receive, for the fifth time, my heartfelt
thanks for her labour of love.

As in previous volumes, the critic may find some slight discrepancies
between the figures given with regard to strengths of regiments or
losses in action in the text and in the Appendices. This results from
the fact that many official documents contain incorrect arithmetic,
which was only discovered by the indefatigable proof-readers of the
Clarendon Press, who have tested all the figures, and found not
infrequent (if minute) errors. The text was printed off before the
Appendices were finally dealt with: where the numbers differ those
in the Appendices are, of course, to be preferred. But the worst
discrepancies do not get beyond units and tens.

  C. OMAN.

OXFORD:
  _July 27, 1914_.

NOTE.--When every page of the text, appendices, and index of this
volume has been printed off, and the final proofs of the preface are
passing through my hands, comes the news that Great Britain is most
unexpectedly involved in a war to which there can be no parallel named
save the struggle that ended just a hundred years ago. May her strength
be used as effectively against military despotism in the twentieth as
it was in the nineteenth century.

  _Aug. 5, 1914._




CONTENTS


  SECTION XXX

  SUCHET’S CONQUEST OF VALENCIA, SEPTEMBER 1811-JANUARY 1812

  CHAPTER      PAGE

  I. The Invasion of Valencia. Siege of Saguntum. September-October
  1811      1

  II. The Battle of Saguntum. October 25, 1811      26

  III. The Capture of Valencia and of Blake’s Army. November
  1811-January 1812      47

  IV. Suchet’s Conquest of Valencia: Side-issues and Consequences.
  January-March 1812      76


  SECTION XXXI

  MINOR CAMPAIGNS OF THE WINTER OF 1811-12

  I. Catalonia and Aragon      90

  II. Operations of Soult in Andalusia: the Siege of Tarifa,
  December 1811-January 1812      106

  III. Politics at Cadiz and elsewhere      136


  SECTION XXXII

  WELLINGTON’S FIRST CAMPAIGN OF 1812. JANUARY-APRIL

  I. The Capture of Ciudad Rodrigo. January 8th-19th,
  1812      157

  II. The Consequences of the Fall of Ciudad Rodrigo.
  January-March 1812      187

  III. The Siege of Badajoz. March-April 1812      217

  IV. The Storm of Badajoz. April 6, 1812      244

  V. Operations of Soult and Marmont during the Siege of
  Badajoz. March-April 1812      265


  SECTION XXXIII

  THE SALAMANCA CAMPAIGN. MAY-AUGUST 1812

  I. King Joseph as Commander-in-Chief      297

  II. The Bridge of Almaraz. May 19, 1812      315

  III. Wellington’s Advance into Leon. June 13-19, 1812      335

  IV. The Salamanca Forts. Ten Days of Manœuvres, June 20-30,
  1812      359

  V. Marmont takes the Offensive. July 1812      383

  VI. The Battle of Salamanca, July 22, 1812. The Early Stages      418

  VII. The Battle of Salamanca: the Main Engagement      446

  VIII. The Consequences of Salamanca. Garcia Hernandez      475

  IX. The Pursuit of King Joseph. Majalahonda. Wellington
  at Madrid      504

  X. Affairs in the South. June-August 1812. Soult, Hill,
  and Ballasteros      519

  XI. The Two Diversions: (1) Operations in the North: Sir
  Home Popham and Caffarelli. (2) Operations in
  the East: Suchet, Joseph O’Donnell, and Maitland.
  June-August 1812      548

  XII. Wellington Returns to the Douro. August 31, 1812.
  Finis      576


  APPENDICES

  I. Suchet’s Army in Valencia. Morning-state of Oct. 1,
  1811      583

  II. Strength of Blake’s Army at the Battle of Saguntum,
  Oct. 25, 1811      584

  III. Suchet’s Army at the Siege of Valencia. Morning-state
  of Dec. 31, 1811      585

  IV. Surrender-Roll of Blake’s Army at Valencia, Jan. 9,
  1812      586

  V. French and Anglo-Spanish Troops employed at the Siege
  of Tarifa, Dec. 1811-Jan. 1812      586

  VI. Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: (1) Strength of the Garrison;
  (2) British Losses during the Siege      587

  VII. Note on some Points of Controversy regarding the
  Storm of Ciudad Rodrigo      589

  VIII. The French ‘Army of the South.’ Return of March 1,
  1812      590

  IX. Siege of Badajoz: (1) Strength of the Garrison; (2)
  British Losses at the Storm      593

  X. Wellington’s Army at Salamanca. Strength and Losses      595

  XI. Marmont’s Army at Salamanca. Strength and Losses      600

  XII. British Losses at the Combats of Castrejon and Castrillo,
  July 18, 1812      607

  XIII. Spanish Troops on the East Coast of Spain in the Spring of
  1812: (1) Morning-state of March 1; (2) Joseph
  O’Donnell’s Strength and Losses at Castalla      608

  XIV. British Forces on the East Coast of Spain in 1812. A note
  by Mr. C. T. Atkinson      609

  XV. The Scovell Ciphers      611

  XVI. The British Artillery in the Peninsula, 1812. By Major
  John Leslie, R.A.      619

  INDEX      623


MAPS AND PLANS

  I. GENERAL THEATER OF SUCHET’S OPERATIONS IN EASTERN
  SPAIN                                                    _To face_   8

  II. PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF SAGUNTUM                           ”      42

  III. PLAN OF SUCHET’S INVESTMENT OF VALENCIA                 ”      64

  IV. GENERAL MAP OF CATALONIA                                 ”      96

  V. PLAN OF TARIFA                                            ”     128

  VI. PLAN OF THE SIEGE OPERATIONS AT CIUDAD RODRIGO           ”     176

  VII. PLAN OF THE SIEGE OPERATIONS AT BADAJOZ                 ”     256

  VIII. MAP OF THE DISTRICT ROUND ALMARAZ                      ”     328

  IX. GENERAL MAP OF CENTRAL SPAIN, TO ILLUSTRATE
  THE SALAMANCA CAMPAIGN                                       ”     352

  X. PLAN OF THE SALAMANCA FORTS                               ”     376

  XI. MAP OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN SALAMANCA
  AND TORDESILLAS                                              ”     400

  XII. GENERAL PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF SALAMANCA                 ”     448

  XIII. (1) THE LAST EPISODE AT SALAMANCA; (2) GARCIA
  HERNANDEZ                                                    ”     480

  XIV. GENERAL MAP OF ESTREMADURA TO ILLUSTRATE HILL’S
  CAMPAIGNS IN MARCH-APRIL AND JUNE-AUGUST 1812                ”     528


ILLUSTRATIONS

  PORTRAIT OF MARSHAL SOULT      _Frontispiece_

  PORTRAIT OF MARSHAL SUCHET                               _To face_  80

  VIEW OF CIUDAD RODRIGO, ON THE MORNING AFTER THE STORM       ”     186

  PORTRAIT OF MARSHAL MARMONT                                  ”     208

  (1) VIEW OF THE FRENCH ARAPILE, AND (2) VIEW OF THE
  GENERAL LIE OF THE GROUND AT SALAMANCA                       ”     422




SECTION XXX

SUCHET’S CONQUEST OF VALENCIA. SEPTEMBER 1811-JANUARY 1812


CHAPTER I

THE INVASION OF VALENCIA. SIEGE OF SAGUNTUM. SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1811


In the last volume of this work the chronicle of all the campaigns of
1811 was completed, save in one corner of Spain, where, on the eastern
coast, the fortunes of the French armies have only been pursued down
to the recall of Marshal Macdonald to Paris on October 28th. Already,
before the Duke of Tarentum had been added to the list of the generals
who had been withdrawn and superseded for failure in Catalonia, another
series of operations had been begun in the East, which was destined
to lead directly to one more Spanish disaster, but indirectly to the
ruin of the French cause in Spain. For, as has already been pointed out
in the last pages of the last volume[1], it was to be the diversion
by Napoleon’s orders of French divisions eastward, from the borders
of Portugal to those of Valencia, that was to give Wellington his
long-desired opportunity of opening a successful offensive campaign
against his immediate opponents in the West. The fall of Valencia was
to lead to the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo in January 1812.

  [1] vol. iv. pp. 587-91.

It will be remembered that the Emperor’s ambitious schemes for the
conquest of the kingdom of Valencia, the last district of eastern
Spain where he had as yet secured no solid foothold, had been deferred
perforce till Figueras fell, on August 19, 1811. As long as that great
fortress, which lies only a few miles from the French frontier, and
blocks the main road from Perpignan to Barcelona, had been maintained
against Macdonald by the resolute Martinez, it was impossible to
take up a new offensive campaign: all the disposable French troops in
Catalonia were immobilized around the stubborn garrison. At length the
remnant of the starving miqueletes had laid down their arms, and the
troops which had been for so long blockading them became disposable for
the assistance of Suchet, whose ‘Army of Aragon’ was to deliver the
main blow against Valencia.

Six days after the surrender of Figueras the news that the obstacle
to advance had been at last removed reached Paris, on August 25, and
on the same evening Berthier wrote, by his master’s orders, to bid
Suchet move forward: ‘Everything leads us to believe that Valencia is
in a state of panic, and that, when Murviedro has been taken and a
battle in the open field has been won, that city will surrender. If
you judge otherwise, and think that you must wait to bring up your
siege artillery for the attack on the place, or that you must wait
for a better season [i. e. early autumn] to commence the operation, I
must inform you that, in every case, it is the imperative order of the
Emperor that your head-quarters are to be on Valencian territory on or
about September 15th, and as far forward towards the city as possible.’

The orders were feasible, and (as we shall see) were duly executed:
but Napoleon had committed his usual mistake of undervaluing the
tenacity of the Spanish enemy, whom he so deeply despised. Suchet set
his troops in motion on September 15th; he took Murviedro--but only
after a desperate siege of two months--he beat the army of Valencia in
a very decisive pitched battle, but the city by no means fulfilled the
Emperor’s prophecy by a prompt surrender. Fighting round its walls went
on for five weeks after Murviedro fell: and it was not till troops had
been brought to aid Suchet from very remote provinces, that he at last
compelled the capitulation of Valencia after the New Year of 1812 had
passed. Before the city yielded Wellington was on the move, far away
on the Portuguese frontier, and it was not many days after Suchet’s
aide-de-camp brought the glorious news of the capitulation of Valencia,
that Marmont’s aide-de-camp followed, with the wholly unexpected and
unwelcome tidings that the British had stormed Ciudad Rodrigo, and
that the hold of the French army on Leon and Castile had been shaken.
The one piece of information was the complement and consequence of the
other.

Suchet’s invasion of Valencia, in short, was a much harder and more
venturesome enterprise than his master had calculated. It was true that
the Spanish forces in front of him seemed in September wholly incapable
of holding him back. The Army of Catalonia had been reduced by a series
of disasters, culminating in the falls of Tarragona and Figueras, to a
mere remnant of 8,000 men, lurking in the high hills of the interior.
The Army of Valencia had made a miserable exhibition of itself during
the last year: it had brought no effective help to the Catalans, and
whenever any of its detachments came into contact with the French, they
had invariably suffered discreditable defeats, even when their numbers
were far greater than those of the invaders. Of all the armies of Spain
this was undoubtedly the one with the worst fighting reputation. It
was to small profit that the Captain-General was raising yet newer
and rawer battalions than those which already existed, to swell the
numbers, but not the efficiency, of his command. In July the nominal
total of the Valencian army, including the irregulars of the ‘flying
column’ of the Empecinado, had been just 30,000 men. By October there
were 36,000 under arms, including the new ‘Reserve Division[2],’ whose
six battalions of recruits had only 135 officers to 6,000 men--an
allowance of one officer to 45 men, not much more than half of the
proportion that is necessary even among good veteran troops. But in
truth the only valuable fighting force that was present in the kingdom
in September was the infantry of the two weak divisions of the old
Albuera army, under Zayas and Lardizabal, whom Blake had brought round
from Cadiz with him, when he assumed command of the Eastern provinces.
They did not between them muster more than 6,000 bayonets, but were
good old troops, who were to distinguish themselves in the oncoming
campaign.

  [2] ‘The Reserve Division’ consisted of a 3rd battalion from some
  of the old regiments of the Valencian army, viz. 1st of Savoya,
  Avila, Don Carlos, Volunteers of Castile, Cazadores de Valencia,
  Orihuela. They were each about 1,000 strong, but averaged only 22
  officers per battalion.

In addition, it was possible that Valencia might be able to draw a
few thousand men to her aid from the depleted army of Murcia, which
had suffered so severely at Soult’s hands during the short campaign of
the previous August[3]. But such assistance was purely problematical;
if Soult should stir again from the side of Andalusia, it would be
impossible for General Mahy to bring a single Murcian battalion to the
succour of Blake. If, by good fortune, he should not, only a fraction
of Mahy’s small army would be free, since the greater part of it would
be required to watch the Andalusian frontier, and to protect the great
naval arsenal and fortress of Cartagena.

  [3] See vol. iv. pp. 475-83.

If the regular troops only in eastern Spain had to be counted, it
was certain that Suchet could dispose of numbers superior to his
adversaries. The gross total of the French Army of Catalonia, where
General Decaen had now taken Macdonald’s place, was 30,000 men. That
of Suchet’s own ‘Army of Aragon’ was nearly 50,000, if garrisons,
sick, and drafts on the march are reckoned in it. With these deducted,
it could still supply about 31,000 men of all arms for the field.
But these were not the only resources available. On the upper Ebro,
in Navarre and western Aragon, were the two newly arrived divisions
of Reille and Severoli, which had entered Spain during the summer,
and had hitherto had no occupation save a little hunting of Mina’s
guerrilleros. These two divisions counted 15,000 fresh troops of good
quality, and Suchet reckoned on their assistance to cover his rear,
when he should begin his march on Valencia. Technically they belonged
to Dorsenne’s ‘Army of the North,’ but Severoli’s Italians had been
promised as a reinforcement for Aragon already, and when Suchet asked
for the grant of Reille’s division also it was not denied him. There
were 70,000 men in all to be taken into consideration when the attack
on Valencia was planned out.

No such force, of course, could be set aside for the actual invasion.
The reason why not half so many thousands could be utilized for the
projected stroke was that the Spanish War, as we have already had
to point out on many occasions, was not a normal struggle between
regular armies. The French had not only to conquer but to occupy every
province that they overrun. Wherever an adequate garrison was not left,
the guerrilleros and miqueletes inundated the country-side, cut all
communications, and blockaded such small detachments as had been left
far apart from the main army. Suchet’s 70,000 men had to hold down
Aragon and Catalonia, at the same time that they undertook the further
extension of their master’s power on the Valencian side.

Decaen in Catalonia had 23,000 men fit for service, not including
sick and drafts on the march. Lacy’s little army was not more than
8,000 strong in September: yet Suchet dared not take away a man from
Catalonia. The large garrison of Barcelona, a whole division, and the
smaller garrisons of Gerona, Rosas, and Mont Louis absorbed nearly half
the effective total. The remainder were, as it turned out, not strong
enough to keep the Catalans in check, much less to prosecute active
offensive operations against them. It was in October, after Suchet had
started against Valencia, that Lacy carried out the series of small
successful raids against Igualada, Cervera, and Montserrat, which have
been spoken of in an earlier chapter[4]. We need not wonder, then, that
not a Frenchman was drawn from Catalonia: they were all wanted on the
spot to keep a tight hold on the turbulent principality. The example
of the surprise of Figueras in the last spring was sufficient to prove
the necessity of keeping every point strongly garrisoned, on pain of
possible disaster.

  [4] See vol. iv. pp. 540-1.

As to the Army of Aragon, it was far stronger than the Army of
Catalonia, but on the other hand it had even more fortresses to
garrison. Saragossa, Tortosa, Tarragona, Lerida, were large places,
each absorbing several battalions. In addition there were the smaller
strongholds of Jaca, Mequinenza, Monzon, Morella, requiring care. All
these were regular fortresses, but they did not exhaust the list of
points that must be firmly held, if the communications of Suchet’s
field-force with its distant base were to be kept free and unhampered.
Southern Aragon and the mountain-ganglion where the borders of that
kingdom and of Valencia and New Castile meet, in the roughest country
of the whole Spanish peninsula, had to be guarded. For in this
region lay the chosen hunting-ground of the guerrillero bands of the
Empecinado, Duran, and many other lesser chiefs: and Mina himself,
from his usual haunts in Navarre, not unfrequently led a raid far to
the south of the Ebro. Suchet had therefore to place garrisons in
Teruel, Daroca, Alcañiz, Calatayud, and Molina, none of which possessed
modern fortifications. The detachments left to hold them had to utilize
a large convent, a mediaeval castle, or some such post of defence, in
case they were attacked by the roving hordes of the enemy. Able to
protect themselves with ease against small parties, and to keep the
roads open under ordinary circumstances, they were exposed to serious
danger if the guerrilleros should mass themselves in force against any
one garrison--more especially if the bands should have been lent a few
cannon and gunners from the regular Spanish armies. For convents or old
castles could not resist artillery fire.

To cover his rear Suchet was forced to set aside one whole division,
that of Frère, thirteen battalions strong[5], and mustering over 7,000
men, and immense detachments of the three other French divisions of
the Army of Aragon. The units told off for the field army left no less
than 6,800 able-bodied men (besides sick and convalescents) behind
them, while they took 22,000 to the front. Frère’s division remained
on the side of Western Catalonia, holding Lerida and Tortosa in force,
and the intermediate places with small posts. The detachments from
Musnier’s, Harispe’s, and Habert’s French, and from Palombini’s Italian
divisions, took charge of Southern Aragon, leaving a company here and a
battalion there. But the Marshal selected with great care the men who
were to march on the Valencian expedition: each regiment drafted its
most effective soldiers into the marching units, and left the recruits
and the old or sickly men in the garrisons. Thus the battalions used
in the oncoming campaign were rather weak, averaging not much over
450 men, but were composed entirely of selected veterans. The only
doubtful element taken forward was the so-called ‘Neapolitan Division’
of General Compère, which was only 1,500 strong--in reality a weak
brigade--and had no great reputation. But what was left of this corps
was its best part--the numerous men who wanted to desert had already
done so, and its weaklings were dead by this time. Of his cavalry
Suchet took forward almost the whole, leaving behind only two squadrons
of the 4th Hussars for the service between the garrisons, and of the
other regiments only the weakly men and horses[6]. Practically all his
horse and field artillery also went forward with him.

  [5] Composed at this time of the 14th and 42nd and 115th Line,
  and the 1st Léger, the first two and last each three battalions
  strong, the other (115th) with four.

  [6] The 24th Dragoons left about 140 men behind, the 13th
  Cuirassiers 50 only, the Italian ‘Dragoons of Napoleon’ 124, but
  the 4th Hussars about 500, much more than half their force.

Of his own Army of Aragon, Suchet, as we have thus seen, left nearly
14,000 men ‘present under arms’ to cover his rear. But this was not
enough to make matters wholly secure, so untameable were the Aragonese
and Catalans with whom he had to deal. Indeed, if this force only had
been left to discharge the appointed task, it is clear, from subsequent
happenings, that he would have suffered a disaster during his absence
in Valencia. He asked from the Emperor the loan of half Reille’s
division from Navarre, as well as the prompt sending to the front of
Severoli’s Italians, who had been promised him as a reinforcement when
first they entered Spain. The petition was granted, and these troops
entered northern Aragon, and took charge of the places along the Ebro,
while the expeditionary army was on its way to Valencia. Most of them
were ultimately brought forward to the siege of the great city, and
without them neither could Aragon have been maintained nor Valencia
captured. Practically we may say that Suchet, at his original start,
took 26,000 men to beat the Valencians and capture their city, but
that he left nearly 30,000 more behind him, to hold down the provinces
already conquered and to deal with the guerrilleros.

Two main roads lead from the north to Valencia: the one, coming from
Tortosa and Catalonia, hugs the coast of the Mediterranean, from which
it is never more than a few miles distant. The other, far inland, and
starting from Saragossa, follows the valley of the Xiloca among the
hills of Southern Aragon, crosses the watershed beyond Teruel, and
descends to the sea near Murviedro, where it joins the coast-road only
a few miles north of Valencia. There is a third, and much inferior,
route between these two, which starts from Mequinenza on the Lower
Ebro, crosses the mountainous Valencian frontier near Morella, and
comes down to the coast at Castellon de la Plana, twenty miles north of
Murviedro. Of these roads the first was as good as any in Spain, and
was suitable for all manner of traffic: but it had the disadvantage
of being flanked at a distance of only two miles by the small but
impregnable fortress of Peniscola, which lies on a rocky headland
thirty miles beyond Tortosa, and of being absolutely blocked by the
little town of Oropesa, twenty miles further south. Oropesa was no more
than a ruinous mediaeval place, with two castles hastily repaired,
without any modern works: but since the road passed through it, no
heavy guns or wagons starting from Tortosa could get further south till
its forts had been captured.

The second road, that from Aragon by Teruel and Murviedro, is marked
on contemporary maps as a post-route fit for all vehicles: but it
passed through a very mountainous country, and was much inferior as a
line of advance to the coast-road. It was not blocked by any fortress
in the hands of the Spaniards, but between Teruel and Segorbe it was
crossed by many ridges and ravines highly suitable for defence. The
third track, that by Morella, was unsuitable for wheeled traffic, and
could only be used by infantry and cavalry. Its one advantage was that
Morella, its central point, had been already for some time in French
hands, and contained a garrison and stores, which made it a good
starting-point for a marching column.

[Illustration: SUCHET’S CAMPAIGNS 1811-12 IN VALENCIA]

Suchet determined to use all three of these roads, though such a plan
would have been most hazardous against a wary and vigorous enemy: for
though they all converge in the end on the same point, Murviedro,
they are separated from each other by long stretches of mountain,
and have no cross-communications. In especial, the road by Teruel
was very distant from the other two, and any isolated column taking
it might find itself opposed by immensely superior forces, during
the last days of its march; since Valencia, the enemy’s base and
headquarters, where he would naturally concentrate, lies quite close to
the concluding stages of the route Teruel-Murviedro. It must have been
in sheer contempt for his opponent--a contempt which turned out to be
justified--that the Marshal sent a detachment of eleven battalions by
this road, for such a force of 5,000 men might have been beset by
the whole Valencian army, 30,000 strong, and the other columns could
not have helped it.

Suchet’s arrangements were governed by a single fact--his siege
artillery and heavy stores were parked at Tortosa, and from thence,
therefore, along the coast road, must be his main line of advance,
though it would be necessary to mask Peniscola and to capture Oropesa,
before he could get forward to his objective--the city of Valencia.
It might have seemed rational to move the whole field army by this
route: but some of the troops destined for it were coming from distant
points, and to march them down the Ebro bank to Tortosa would have
taken much time. Moreover if the whole force concentrated there, it
would all have to be fed from the magazines at Tortosa, and those lying
in Aragon would be of no use. The Marshal started himself from this
point, on September 15, with the division of Habert, and an infantry
reserve formed of Robert’s brigade of the division of Musnier, together
with the whole of the cavalry and field artillery of the army. The
siege-train guarded by the other brigade of Musnier’s division--that
of Ficatier--followed: but Musnier himself did not accompany the
expedition, having been left in general charge of the detachments
placed in garrison on the Ebro and in Upper Aragon. The whole column
made up about 11,000 combatants.

The second column, consisting of the two auxiliary
divisions--Palombini’s eleven Italian battalions and Compère’s 1,500
Neapolitans--took (without any artillery to hamper them) the mountain
road by Alcañiz and Morella: they were slightly over 7,000 strong, and,
if all went well, were destined to unite with the main body somewhere
near Oropesa or Castellon de la Plana. It was not likely that this
column would meet with much opposition.

But the third detachment, Harispe’s 5,000 men from Upper Aragon, who
were to take the inland and western road by Teruel, were essaying a
very dangerous task, if the enemy should prove active and enterprising,
more especially as they had no artillery and hardly any cavalry with
them. Blake might have taken the offensive with 20,000 men against
them, while still leaving something to contain--or at least to
observe--Suchet’s main column.

The Spanish Commander-in-Chief, however, did nothing of the sort,
and met the invasion with a tame and spiritless defensive on all its
points. When Suchet’s advance was reported, Blake had his forces in a
very scattered situation. Of the 36,000 men of whom he could nominally
dispose, the Empecinado’s ‘flying column’ was as usual detached in
the mountains of Molina and Guadalajara, harassing small French
garrisons. Zayas’s division had been left far to the south at Villena,
near Alicante, to work off the contagion of yellow fever which it had
contracted while passing by Cartagena. For in that port the disease was
raging terribly at the time. Obispo’s division was in the high hills on
the borders of Aragon. In the neighbourhood of Valencia were only the
troops of Lardizabal and Miranda, with the main body of the cavalry.
The Army of Murcia, which was destined to send succour if it should not
find itself beset by Soult on the other side, was lying cantoned at
various points in that province. As the French were at this time making
no demonstration from the side of Granada, it now became clear that it
would be able to send certain succours to Blake. But they were not yet
designated for marching, much less assembled, and it was clear that
they would come up very late.

This dispersion of the available troops did not, in the end, make much
difference to the fate of the campaign, for Blake had from the first
made up his mind to accept the defensive, to draw in his outlying
detachments, and to stand at bay in the neighbourhood of Valencia,
without attempting to make any serious resistance on the frontier.
Since his arrival he had been urging on the construction of a line of
earthworks, forming fortified camps, around the provincial capital.
The ancient walls of Valencia itself were incapable of any serious
resistance to modern artillery, but outside them, all along the banks
of the Guadalaviar river, for some miles inland to the West, and as
far as the sea on the East, batteries, _têtes-de-pont_, trenches, and
even closed works of considerable size had been constructed. It was
by holding them in force and with great numbers that Blake intended
to check the invasion. In front of his chosen position, at a distance
of twenty miles, there was a great advanced work--a newly restored
fortress of crucial importance--the fastness of Saguntum, or ‘San
Fernando de Sagunto’ as it had just been re-christened. This was the
acropolis of one of the most ancient towns of Spain, the Saguntum which
had detained Hannibal so long before its walls at the opening of the
Third Punic War. In the age of the Iberians, the Carthaginians, and
the Romans, and even down to the days of the Ommeyad califs, there had
been a large and flourishing city on this site. But in the later middle
ages Saguntum had declined in prosperity and population, and the modern
town--which had changed its name to Murviedro (_muri veteres_) had
shrunk down to the foot of the hill. It was now a small open place of
6,000 souls, quite indefensible. But above it towered the steep line of
rock which had formed the citadel in ancient days: its narrow summit
was crowned with many ruins of various ages--from cyclopean foundations
of walls, going back to the time of the ancient Iberians, to Moorish
watch-towers and palaces. The empty space of steep slope, from the
acropolis down to the modern town, was also sprinkled with decaying
walls and substructures of all sorts, among which were cisterns and
broken roadways, besides the remains of a large Roman theatre, partly
hewn out of the live rock.

There had been no fortifications by Murviedro when Suchet last
passed near Valencia, in his abortive raid of March 1810[7]. On that
occasion he had scaled the citadel to enjoy the view and to take a
casual survey of the picturesque ruins upon it[8]. But since then a
great change had taken place. On the advice, as it is said, of the
English general, Charles Doyle[9], Blake had determined to restore the
citadel as a place of strength. This was when he last held command
in Valencia, and before he joined the Cadiz Regency. But his idea
had been carried out after his departure by the Valencian Junta and
the successive Captains-General who had come after him. By means of
more than a year’s work the citadel had been made a tenable fortress,
though one of an irregular and unscientific sort. The old Iberian and
Moorish walls had been repaired and run together in a new _enceinte_,
with material taken from the other ruins all around. In especial the
Roman theatre, hitherto one of the most perfect in Southern Europe,
had been completely gutted, and its big blocks had proved most
useful for building the foundations of weak points of the circuit of
fortification. This was strong at some points, from the toughness and
height of the old ramparts, but very sketchy at others. Where the slope
was absolutely precipitous, a rough wall of dry stone without mortar
alone had been carried along the edge of the cliff. The narrow summit
of the rock formed a most irregular enclosure, varying much in height
from one point to another. It was divided into four separate sections
cut off from each other by cross-walls. The westernmost and lowest,
facing the only point from which there is a comparatively gentle ascent
to the summit, was crowned by a new battery called by the name of _Dos
de Mayo_, to commemorate the Madrid Insurrection of 1808. Rising high
in the centre of this work was an ancient bastion named the Tower of
San Pedro. Much higher, on the extreme peak of the summit, was the
citadel tower, called San Fernando, where the governor’s flag flew, and
from whence the whole fortress could be best surveyed. From this point
the rock descended rapidly, and its long irregular eastern crest was
surrounded by weakly-repaired walls, ending in two batteries called
by the names of Menacho, the gallant governor of Badajoz[10], and
Doyle, the English general who had suggested the fortification of the
place. But the greater part of this eastern end of the works lay above
slopes so precipitous that it seemed unlikely that they would ever be
attacked. The western end, by the Dos Mayo battery, was the obvious
point of assault by an enemy who intended to use regular methods.

  [7] See vol. iii. pp. 284-6.

  [8] Suchet’s _Mémoires_, ii. p. 156.

  [9] See Arteche, xi. p. 123.

  [10] See vol. iv. p. 56.

The construction was by no means finished when Suchet’s expedition
began: many parts of the new walls were only carried up to half their
intended height, and no regular shelter for the garrison had been
contrived. Instead of proper barracks and casemates there were only
rough ‘leans-to,’ contrived against old walls, or cover made by roofing
in with beams old broken towers, and bastions. The hospital was the
only spacious and regular building in the whole _enceinte_: the powder
magazine was placed deep down in the cellars of the fort San Fernando.
The armament of the place was by no means complete: the guns were being
sent up just as Suchet started. Only seventeen were ready, and of
these no more than three were 12-pounders: the rest were only of the
calibre of field artillery (4- and 8-pounders) or howitzers. A fortress
which has only seventeen guns for an _enceinte_ of 3,000 yards, and
possesses no heavy guns to reply to the 18- or 24-pounders of a
siege-train, is in a state of desperate danger.

Blake had thrown into the place a brigade under the command of Colonel
Luis Andriani, consisting of five battalions, two each of the regiments
of Savoya and Don Carlos, one of the Cazadores de Orihuela. Of these
two were new ‘third battalions[11]’ from the recently raised ‘Division
of Reserve,’ incomplete in officers, only half drilled, and not yet
fully provided with uniforms. The total force came to 2,663 officers
and men, including about 150 artillerymen and sappers. It is probable
that these troops would have made no better show in the open field
than did the rest of the Valencian army, a few weeks later: but they
showed behind walls the same capacity for unexpected resistance which
had surprised the French on other occasions at Ciudad Rodrigo, Gerona,
and Figueras. Andriani, the governor, seems to have made an honourable
attempt to do his duty at the head of the doubtfully efficient garrison
placed at his disposal.

  [11] The battalions were the 2nd and 3rd of Savoya (the last a
  new levy) the 1st and 2nd of Don Carlos, and the 3rd of Orihuela,
  this last raw and newly raised like the 3rd of Savoya.

In addition to Saguntum Blake held two outlying posts in his front,
Peniscola on its lofty headland, garrisoned by about 1,000 men under
General Garcia Navarro, and the half-ruined Oropesa, which he had
resolved to hold, because it blocked the sea-coast road so effectively.
But its only tenable points were two mediaeval towers, one in the town
commanding the high-road, the other by the shore of the Mediterranean.
Their joint garrisons did not amount to 500 men, and it was obvious
that they could not hold out many days against modern artillery. But
the gain of a day or two might conceivably be very valuable in the
campaign that was about to begin. It is clear, however, that his main
hope of resistance lay in the line of entrenched camps and batteries
along the Guadalaviar, in front of Valencia: here he intended to make
his real stand, and he hoped that Saguntum, so little distant from
this line, would prove a serious hindrance to the enemy when he came up
against it.

Suchet’s three columns all started, as Napoleon had ordered, on
September 15th. The Marshal’s own main body, coming from Tortosa,
reached Benicarlo, the first town across the Valencian frontier, next
day, and on the 17th came level with Peniscola, whose garrison kept
quiet within the limits of its isthmus. The Marshal left a battalion
and a few hussars to observe it, and to see that it did not make
sallies against his line of communication. On the 19th the head of
the marching column reached Torreblanca, quite close to Oropesa. A
reconnaissance found that the place was held, and came into contact
with some Spanish horse, who were easily driven off. This was the first
touch with Blake’s field army that had been obtained. But the enemy was
evidently not in force, and the garrison of Oropesa hastily retired
into the two towers which formed its only tenable positions. On a close
inspection it was found that the tower in the town completely commanded
the high-road, wherefore the Marshal took a slight circuit by suburban
lanes round the place, with his main body and guns, and continued his
advance, after leaving a few companies to blockade the towers. On
the same evening he was joined by Palombini’s column from Morella,
consisting of the two Italian divisions. They had accomplished their
march without meeting any resistance, though the road from Morella by
San Matteo and Cabanes was rough and easily defensible. The united
force, now 16,000 strong, proceeded on its march next day, and the
Marshal was agreeably surprised when, on the morning of the 20th, the
cavalry scouts on his right flank announced to him that they had come
in touch with Harispe’s column from Teruel, which had appeared at the
village of Villafanes a few miles from the main road. Thus the whole
army of invasion was happily united.

Harispe, as it turned out, had left Teruel on the 15th, in obedience to
his orders, by the post-road to Segorbe and the coast. But hearing on
the second day that a large Valencian force was holding the defile of
Las Barracas, where the road crosses the watershed, he had turned off
by a bad side-path to Ruvielos in the upper valley of the Mijares, in
the hope of joining his chief without being forced to storm a difficult
position. Blake, as a matter of fact, much alarmed at the approach of
a flanking column on the Teruel side, and ignorant of its strength,
had sent the division of Obispo and some other detachments to hold the
pass. But no enemy came this way--Harispe had diverged down the course
of the Villahermosa river, by a country road only practicable for a
force without guns or wheeled transport, and got down by rapid marches
to the coast-plain beyond Alcora, without having seen any enemy save
some scattered guerrillero bands. He had thoroughly distracted Blake’s
attention and had run no danger, because he took an unexpected and
difficult route, in a direction quite different from that by which the
Spaniards expected him to appear[12].

  [12] Vacani says that the Teruel column was intended by Suchet
  as a mere demonstration, and was never intended to follow the
  high-road Teruel-Segorbe, but to take a cross-route over the
  hills, such as was actually used by it. But Suchet, in his
  _Mémoires_, makes no such statement (ii. p. 152), and speaks as
  if Harispe had taken the Ruvielos route on his own responsibility.

The whole army was now concentrated near Villafanes on September 21,
save the detachments left to block Peniscola and Oropesa, and the
brigade of Ficatier, which, escorting the siege-train, had been left
at Tortosa, to await orders for starting when there should be no enemy
left in northern Valencia to molest it. The heavy guns were to come
forward down the coast-road, first to breach the towers of Oropesa, and
when the way past them was clear, to play their part, if necessary, in
the more serious task of battering Saguntum.

On advancing from Castellon de la Plana on September 22 the French army
found a very small Spanish rearguard--500 or 600 men--covering the
bridge of Villareal over the Mijares. They gave way before the first
attack, which was a very simple affair, since the river was nearly dry
and everywhere fordable. No more was seen of the enemy next day, and
on the 23rd Suchet found himself on the banks of the Palancia stream,
which flows under the foot of the rock of Saguntum. The Spaniards had
retired still further towards Valencia, leaving the fortress to its
own resources. These were unknown to Suchet, who was aware that the
ruinous citadel had been rebuilt, but could not tell without further
reconnaissance what was its strength. In order to invest the place, and
to make closer investigation possible, Harispe’s division crossed the
Palancia to the right of Saguntum, Habert’s to the left. The latter
sent six companies into the town of Murviedro, and drove up some
Spanish pickets from it into the fortress which towered above. The
two divisions then joined hands to the south of Saguntum, completing
its investment, while Palombini’s Italians took post at Petres and
Gillet on the road to Segorbe--to the north-west--in case Blake might
have placed some of his troops on this side-route, with the object of
troubling the siege by attacks from the rear. The cavalry went forward
down the high-road to Valencia, and sent back news that they had
explored as far as Albalete, only six miles from the capital, and had
met no enemy. The division of Lardizabal and the cavalry of San Juan,
which had been the observing force in front of Suchet, had retired
beyond the Guadalaviar river, and had shut themselves up (along with
the rest of Blake’s army) in the entrenchments behind that stream. The
Spanish general was evidently acting on the strictest principles of
passive defence.

The French marshal determined not to seek his enemy on his chosen
ground, till he should have taken Saguntum and brought up his
siege-train to the front. The former condition he thought would not
prove difficult to accomplish. A survey of the fortress revealed
its extremely irregular and incomplete state of defence. Though the
cliffs were in all parts steep and in some places inaccessible, many
sections of the works above them were obviously unfinished and very
weak. After a close reconnaissance by his engineer officers had been
made, Suchet determined that it would be worth while to try an attempt
at escalade on some of the most defective points, without waiting for
the arrival of the siege-train. He set his sappers and carpenters to
work to make sixty ladders, which were ready in full number on the
third day. The front chosen for the assault was in the _enceinte_
immediately overhanging the town of Murviedro, where two ancient gaps
in the wall were clearly visible; the new work was not half finished,
and a low structure, roughly completed with beams laid above the
regular foundations, was all that blocked the openings. The masons of
the garrison were heard at night, working hard to raise the height of
the stone wall which was to replace the temporary wooden parapets.
There being no artillery available, they could not be hindered in their
building: but it did not seem to advance very rapidly.

Suchet set apart for the actual escalade two columns, each composed of
300 volunteers from Habert’s division: they were to be supported by a
reserve of similar strength under Colonel Gudin, which was formed up,
completely under cover, within the streets of Murviedro. At midnight
on September 27th-28th the stormers pushed forward under cover of the
darkness, and in small successive parties, into a large Roman cistern
above the ruined theatre, which was ‘dead ground,’ and not exposed to
fire from any part of the ramparts. Here they were only 120 yards from
the two breaches. Meanwhile, as a diversion, six Italian companies from
Palombini’s division were ordered to make a noisy demonstration against
the distant part of the defences which lay under the tower of San
Pedro[13]. General Habert was to have 2,000 men more under arms, ready
to support the assailing column.

  [13] The complete orders for the attack may be read in the first
  _Pièce justificative_ in Belmas’s history of the siege, pp.
  115-17 of vol. iv of his elaborate work.

The stormers reached their appointed place apparently undiscovered,
and the attack would have been delivered--according to Suchet’s
dispatch--without any preliminary firing, but for an accident. The
Marshal says that the Spaniards had pushed an exploring patrol down the
hillside, which fell in with the French pickets and drew their fire.
Thereupon the assaulting columns in the cistern, thinking themselves
discovered, let off a few shots and charged uphill, a little ahead of
the appointed time, and before the Italian demonstration had begun[14].
The governor, Andriani, in his dispatch, makes no mention of this, but
merely says that about 2 a.m. his sentinels thought that they detected
movements on the slopes, and that a short time afterwards a fierce
attack was delivered. At any rate the garrison was not surprised as
Suchet had hoped.

  [14] Vacani (v. p. 381) contradicts Suchet, saying that there
  was no Spanish patrol, and that the French pickets fired from
  nervousness at an imaginary foe.

Owing to the lowness, however, of the walls blocking the two old
breaches, the assailants had, in their first rush, a fair chance of
breaking in. Many ladders were successfully planted, and repeatedly
small parties of the French got a footing on the wooden parapets. If
the garrison had flinched, the storm might have succeeded: but far
from flinching, they offered a desperate resistance, overthrew the
ladders, slew all who had gained the top of the _enceinte_, and kept
up a furious musketry fire, which laid low many of the soldiers who
kept pressing forward to the breaches. It was to no purpose that the
demonstration by the Italians below San Pedro now began: the Spaniards
fired hard and fast in this direction also, but did not withdraw any
men from the real point of attack, where they maintained themselves
very courageously. It was in vain that Colonel Gudin brought up his
reserve: it could make no head, and the survivors threw themselves down
among the rocks and ruins in front of the wall--unwilling to recede,
but quite unable to advance. Seeing his attack a hopeless failure,
Suchet ordered the stormers back just before daylight began to appear.
They had lost 247 killed and wounded out of 900 men engaged: the
garrison only 15 killed and less than 30 wounded[15].

  [15] Vacani makes the losses 360 instead of 247, and it is
  possible that Suchet has given only the casualties at the main
  assault, and not those in the distant demonstrations. Vacani says
  that the Italians lost 52 men in their false attack.

The escalade having come to this disappointing conclusion, the Marshal
saw that the siege of Saguntum would be anything but a quick business.
It would be necessary to bring up the siege-train to the front: orders
were sent back to Ficatier to start it at once from Tortosa; but it had
to batter and take Oropesa before it could even reach Murviedro. There
were some weeks of delay before him, and meanwhile Blake might at last
begin to show some signs of life. Suchet therefore disposed his army so
as to provide both a blockading force and a covering force, to see that
the blockade was not interfered with from without. It being evident
that many days would elapse before the siege artillery arrived, the
French engineer officers got leave to employ many detachments in
preparing roads fit to bear heavy guns up the western slopes of the
hill of Saguntum, from which alone the regular attack on the fortress
could be conducted. Several emplacements for batteries were also
chosen, and work upon them was begun.

From September 23rd, the day of Suchet’s arrival before Saguntum,
down to October 16, when the heavy guns at last arrived, the French
army was practically ‘marking time’: the idea which the Emperor had
conceived, and which his lieutenant had adopted, that Valencia could be
conquered by a sudden rush, had been proved false. Apparently Suchet
had gained no more by his rapid advance to the foot of the hill of
Saguntum than he would have obtained by marching in more leisurely
fashion, with his siege artillery in company, and taking Oropesa on the
way. The reduction of that place indeed was (as it turned out) only a
single day’s task for heavy guns: and if the Marshal had captured it
on his march, he might have presented himself before Saguntum with his
siege-train, and have begun an active attack on that fortress, some
weeks before he was actually able to get to serious work. In fact he
might have been battering Saguntum on October 1, instead of having to
wait till October 16th. But this is ‘wisdom after the event’: Napoleon
thought that Valencia could be ‘rushed,’ and Suchet was bound to make
the experiment that his master ordered.

Blake meanwhile, finding, on September 23rd, that the enemy was not
about to advance against his lines, and learning soon after that the
French army had settled down before Saguntum, had to revise his plans,
since it was clear that he was not to be attacked in his entrenchments
as he had supposed. Three courses were now open to him: either he might
collect every man for a decisive battle in the open, and try to raise
the siege; or he might attempt to open up attacks on Suchet’s line of
communications and on his base in Aragon, so as to force him to retire
by indirect operations; or he might remain passive behind the lines of
the Guadalaviar. The last was an almost unthinkable alternative--it
would have ruined his reputation for ever to sit quiet and do nothing,
as Wellington had done during the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1810.
Only a general with an established reputation for courage and ability
could have dared to take such a course; and Blake’s record was a long
series of disasters, while he was detested by the Valencians one and
all--by the army, to whom he rightly preferred his own excellent
troops, no less than by the Captain-General Palacios, and the Junta,
whom he had sent out of the city to sit at Alcira, when they showed a
tendency to hamper his operations. Practically he was forced by his
situation to take some definite offensive move against Suchet.

He chose that of indirect operations, having a well-rooted distrust
of the fighting powers of a great part of the troops that were at
his disposition. The record of the Valencian army he knew: the state
of the Murcian army, on which he could draw for reinforcements, was
represented to him in the most gloomy colours by Mahy, who had recently
replaced Freire in command. On September 12th Mahy had written to him,
to warn him that the spirit of his troops was detestable: ‘the Army of
Murcia was little better than a phantom: there were only four or five
officers for whom the rank and file had any respect or esteem, the
rest were regarded as timid or incapable: the men had no confidence in
themselves or their chiefs. The best thing to do would be to break up
the whole army, and incorporate it into the “Expeditionary Divisions,”
whose commanders were known as good soldiers, and whose battalions were
trustworthy[16].’

  [16] See Mahy’s letter to Blake on pp. 109-12 of vol. xi of
  Arteche. The General is writing very carefully so as not to speak
  too ill of his army: but his views are clear.

In view of these facts Blake resolved to threaten Suchet’s flanks with
demonstrations, which he had no intention of turning into attacks, but
to endeavour to dislodge him from his forward position by turning loose
the guerrilleros of Aragon on to his rear. With the former purpose he
sent out two detachments from the Valencian lines, Obispo’s division
to Segorbe,--where it cut the French communication with Teruel and
southern Aragon,--Charles O’Donnell with Villacampa’s infantry and San
Juan’s horse to Benaguacil, a point in the plains fifteen miles west
of Saguntum, where his force formed a link between Obispo and the main
body of the Valencian army, which still remained entrenched in the
lines of the Guadalaviar[17]. These two detachments threatened Suchet’s
flank, and even his rear, but there was no intention of turning the
threat into a reality.

  [17] Blake kept under his own hand in the lines the divisions of
  Zayas, Lardizabal, Miranda, and the Reserve.

The real movement on which Blake relied for the discomfiture of the
invaders of Valencia was that of the guerrillero bands of Aragon and
the neighbouring parts of Castile, to whom he had appealed for help
the moment that Suchet commenced his march. He believed that the 6,000
or 7,000 men which Suchet had left scattered in small garrisons under
General Musnier might be so beset and worried by the _partidas_, that
the Marshal might be compelled to turn back to their aid. Even Mina
from his distant haunts in Navarre had been asked to co-operate. This
was an excellent move, and might have succeeded, if Musnier alone
had remained to hold down Aragon. But Blake had forgotten in his
calculations the 15,000 men of Reille and Severoli, cantoned in Navarre
and along the Upper Ebro, who were available to strengthen the small
force which lay in the garrisons under Musnier’s charge.

The diversion of the guerrilleros, however, was effected with
considerable energy. On September 26th the Empecinado and Duran
appeared in front of Calatayud, the most important of the French
garrisons in the mountains of western Aragon. They had with them 5,000
foot and 500 horse--not their full strength, for a large band of the
Empecinado’s men beset at the same time the remote castle of Molina,
the most outlying and isolated of all Suchet’s posts. Calatayud was
held by a few companies of French, to which an Italian flying column of
a battalion had just joined itself. The guerrilleros, coming in with a
rush, drove the garrison out of the town into their fortified post, the
large convent of La Merced, taking many prisoners in the streets. Duran
then beleaguered the main body in the convent, while the Empecinado
took post at the defile of El Frasno on the Saragossa road, to hold off
any succour that Musnier might send up from the Aragonese capital. This
precaution was justified--a column of 1,000 men came out of Saragossa,
but was far too weak to force the pass and had to retire, with the
loss of its commander, Colonel Gillot, and many men. Meanwhile Duran
pressed the besieged in the convent with mines, having no artillery of
sufficient calibre to batter its walls. After blowing down a corner
of its chapel with one mine, and killing many of the defenders, the
guerrillero chief exploded a second on October 3, which made such a
vast breach that the garrison surrendered, still 560 strong, on the
following day[18].

  [18] Vacani gives a long and interesting account of the siege (v.
  pp. 404-13) and attributes the weak defence to quarrels between
  the commander of the Italians and the French governor, Müller.

This success would have gone far to shake the hold of the French
on Aragon, but for the intervention of Reille from Navarre. At the
first news of the blockade of Calatayud, he had dispatched a column,
consisting of the whole brigade of Bourke, 3,500 strong, which would
have saved the garrison if it had had a less distance to march. But it
arrived on the 5th to find the convent blown up, while the Spaniards
had vanished with their prisoners. Bourke thereupon returned to Tudela,
and the guerrilleros reoccupied Calatayud on his departure.

Meanwhile, however, the whole Italian division of Severoli, over
7,000 strong, marched down the Ebro to reinforce the small garrison
of Saragossa. This large reinforcement restored the confidence of
the French. Musnier himself took charge of it and marched at its
head against Duran and the Empecinado. They wisely refused to fight,
gave way, evacuated Calatayud, and took refuge in the hills (October
12). While the main field-force of the enemy was drawn off in this
direction, Mina took up the game on the other side of the Ebro.
Entering Aragon with 4,000 men he besieged the small garrison of Exea,
which abandoned its post, and cut its way through the guerrilleros,
till it met a column of 800 Italian infantry[19] sent out from
Saragossa to bring it off. Colonel Ceccopieri, the leader of this
small force, underrating the strength of his enemy, then marched to
relieve the garrison of Ayerbe. He was surprised on the way by Mina’s
whole force, and in a long running fight between Ayerbe and Huesca was
surrounded and slain. The column was exterminated, two hundred Italians
were killed, six hundred (including many wounded) were taken prisoners
(October 16th).

  [19] Belonging to the 7th Line of Severoli’s division.

Musnier returned in haste from Calatayud at the news of this disaster,
but left the bulk of Severoli’s division to occupy western Aragon.
He then set himself, with the help of Reille, to hunt down Mina. But
the latter, marching with ease between the columns that pursued him,
for the peasantry kept him informed day by day of every movement of
the enemy, retreated westward. Easily eluding the French, he made an
extraordinary excursion, right across Navarre, Alava, and Biscay, down
to the sea coast at Motrico, where he handed over his prisoners to
the captain of the British frigate _Isis_, and then returned unharmed
to his familiar haunts. Of such a delusive nature was the hold of the
French on Northern Spain, that a column of 5,000 men could march for
200 miles across it without being intercepted or destroyed.

All these exploits of the guerrilleros were daring and well planned,
but though they had given Musnier much trouble, and cost the French
many a weary hour of march and countermarch, they had not cleared
Aragon of the enemy, nor shaken Suchet’s position. Indeed, on October
20, the general condition of affairs in Aragon was more favourable for
the invaders than on September 20, for two fresh divisions had been
drawn down into that province, and there were 20,000 French and Italian
troops in it instead of 6,000. The petty disasters at Calatayud and
Ayerbe were irritating rather than important. Suchet never for a moment
felt inclined to relax his hold upon Valencia: that western Aragon was
in an uproar affected him little, when his communication with his two
main dépôts of stores at Tortosa and Morella was not interrupted.

Blake, it may be mentioned, did not content himself with setting the
Empecinado and Duran in motion, he tried another division in another
quarter with even less result. Rumours had reached him that King
Joseph’s Army of the Centre was about to co-operate with Suchet, by
sending a column across the mountains to Cuenca and Requeña. The news
was false, for though Napoleon had ordered the King to do what he
could to help in the invasion of Valencia, Joseph had replied that
he had not even one brigade to spare for a serious demonstration,
and had not moved--the guerrilleros gave sufficient occupation to
his much-scattered army, of which a large portion was composed of
untrustworthy Spanish _Juramentados_. But, listening to vain reports,
Blake ordered Mahy to collect the best of his Murcian troops and
to march on Cuenca to meet the supposed invaders. His subordinate,
leaving Freire in command in Murcia, took seven selected battalions
of foot under Creagh and the Marquis of Montijo, with 800 horse and
one battery, and moved from his camp at Mula by Hellin and Chinchilla
northward. The distance to be covered was great, the roads after
Chinchilla very bad. Mahy arrived in front of Cuenca on October 15th,
to find that there was only one battalion and two squadrons of Joseph’s
army there. This little force evacuated the high-lying city in haste,
and fled towards Madrid the moment that the Murcians showed themselves.
No other French force could be heard of in any direction. At Cuenca
Mahy received a dispatch from Blake (who had apparently discovered his
mistake about the Army of the Centre), telling him to descend from the
mountains by Moya and Liria, and to join the wing of the main army,
which lay under Obispo at Segorbe. It was only on the 23rd October
that he came in: his troops, the pick of the Murcian army, had been
completely wasted for some twenty days in a circular march against a
non-existent enemy. Meanwhile every man had been wanted in Valencia.

Suchet, when once he had settled down to the siege of Saguntum, had
not failed to notice Blake’s weak demonstration against his flank by
means of the divisions of Obispo and Charles O’Donnell. He did not
intend to tolerate it, and on September 30 had sent Palombini with his
own Italian division and Robert’s French brigade to beat up Obispo’s
quarters at Segorbe. The Spanish division made a poor attempt to defend
itself on a position in front of that town, but was easily beaten and
retired into the mountains. It was then the turn of Charles O’Donnell;
when Palombini had come back to the camp, Suchet took Harispe’s
division, with Robert’s brigade, and two regiments of cavalry, to evict
the Spanish division from Benaguacil. O’Donnell made a slightly better
fight than Obispo had done, and deployed Villacampa’s infantry behind
an irrigation canal, with San Juan’s cavalry on his flanks. But the
French were superior in numbers as well as in confidence: one fierce
charge broke O’Donnell’s line, and he had to retreat in haste to the
hills behind him, losing 400 men, cut up in the pursuit by Suchet’s
cavalry, while the French casualties barely reached three officers and
sixty men (October 2nd). Blake, who had been quite close enough to
succour O’Donnell if he had chosen, made no attempt to aid him, and
kept quiet behind his lines on the Guadalaviar. There the routed troops
joined him next day.

Suchet, having thus cleared his flanks, settled down to the siege
of Saguntum, where his heavy artillery was now much needed. The
besieging army had to content itself for another fortnight with making
preparations for the expected train--levelling roads and constructing
approaches on the ground which was destined for the front of attack, at
the west end of the hill of Saguntum.

Meanwhile the siege-train was lumbering down from Tortosa by the
coast-road. On October 6th Suchet started to meet it, taking with him
the 1,500 Neapolitans of Compère. On the 8th he reached Oropesa, where
he found the small Spanish garrison still holding the two towers which
have before been mentioned. The first guns that came up were turned
against the tower by the high-road; it was easily breached, and on
the 10th surrendered: 215 men and four guns were captured. Next day
came the turn of the other tower, that by the sea; but before the
siege-battery had opened on it, the British 74 _Magnificent_ and a
squadron of Spanish gunboats ran inshore, and took off the garrison of
150 men in their boats, under the ineffective fire of the French.

The moment that the tower which blocked the high-road had fallen, and
before that on the shore had been evacuated, Suchet began to push the
head of his precious convoy of heavy artillery southward. It made such
a good pace that the first guns arrived at the camp before Saguntum
as early as the night of October 12th. Meanwhile the Marshal himself
returned thither, escorted by Compère’s Neapolitans: the brigade of
Ficatier, which had escorted the train hitherto, was dispersed to cover
the line of communications, placing its five battalions at Oropesa,
Almenara, and Segorbe.




SECTION XXX: CHAPTER II

THE BATTLE OF SAGUNTUM. OCTOBER 1811


After Charles O’Donnell and Obispo had been driven away from the
threatening position upon Suchet’s flank, Blake found himself during
the early days of October in a very unpleasant dilemma. It was
clear that his own feeble efforts to molest the French army were
a complete failure. Presently the message reached him that Mahy’s
unlucky expedition to Cuenca had been absolutely useless. But the most
disheartening news was that the attempt to overrun Aragon by means
of the guerrilleros had failed; its initial success, the capture of
Calatayud on October 3, had only led to the inundation of the whole
countryside in that direction by the numerous battalions of Reille and
Severoli.

As the days wore on, Blake found himself obliged to confess that the
idea of dislodging Suchet by operations in his rear was hopeless. The
only remaining alternative for him was to endeavour to call together
every available man, and to try to beat the French army in a great
pitched battle. Considering the well-known disrepute of both the
Murcian and the Valencian troops, the prospect was not one that the
Spanish general could view with much confidence. But political reasons
forced him to fight--his policy of passive resistance had made him so
unpopular with the Valencians of all ranks, from the members of the
exiled Junta down to the private soldiers, that if he had held back any
longer it is probable that he might have been deposed or murdered by a
conspiracy. Saguntum was holding out most gallantly, and the ignominy
of leaving it to fall, without making any effort for its succour, was
sufficiently evident. He made up his mind about the middle of October
that he must advance and fight. But, being very properly determined
to fight with all available resources, he had to await the descent of
Mahy and the Murcians from Cuenca, and by his own fault that important
column could not be drawn in to the main army before the 23rd. It was
only on that day that an advance in force became possible: for a week
and more Blake anxiously awaited the junction, and until it took place
he would not move.

Meanwhile Suchet, entirely unmolested, was pressing the siege of
Saguntum with all possible expedition. The first siege-guns from
Tortosa reached his camp, as has been already mentioned, on October
12th. But it was not till four days later that the actual battering
of the place began. Though paths had been traced out, and the
emplacements of batteries settled, long ere the siege-train came up,
the actual getting of the guns into position proved a very tiresome
business, on account of the steep and rocky slopes over which they
had to be dragged. And the construction of approaches and parallels
upon the hillside progressed very slowly, because of the absence of
earth--at last it was found that soil to bind the loose stones of
the ground together would have, for the most part, to be carried up
in sandbags from the valley below, for hardly any could be scraped
together on the spot. The engineer officer who wrote the diary of the
siege confesses that if the Spanish garrison had only been provided
with heavy artillery, the approach-building would have proved almost
impossible[20]. But, as has been already noted, there were but
seventeen guns mounted in the whole fortress, and of these only three
were 12-pounders--the rest being small field-pieces, too weak to batter
down parapets of even modest thickness. Moreover the very steepness of
the slope over which the siege-works were being advanced made much of
it ‘dead ground,’ which guns above could not properly sweep or search
out.

  [20] Belmas, iv. p. 97.

On the 11th of October the two generals, Vallée and Rogniat, who
had regularly commanded Suchet’s artillery and engineers during his
previous sieges, arrived from the rear--both had been in France on
leave, and they had come forward with the train from Tortosa to
Oropesa. Their arrival added confidence to the subordinates who had
hitherto worked without them, for the reputation of each for success
was very great. Rogniat immediately on his arrival made several
important modifications in the projected batteries, and showed how
the approaches might be pushed forward to within seventy yards of the
fortress, by taking advantage of favourable dips and rocky outcrops in
the hillside.

On the 16th, five batteries were armed with the guns which had come up,
and fire was opened upon the projecting western angle of the fortress,
the tower of San Pedro. It proved to be made of ancient Moorish stone
and mortar, almost as hard as iron, and crumbled very slowly. But the
modern works below it, which were only a few months old, owned no such
resisting power, and within two days showed signs of serious damage.
The Spanish counter-fire was insignificant--there were very few guns
available, and it was only when the approaches got within easy musket
shot of the walls that the besiegers began to suffer appreciable
casualties. For the Spanish infantry, disregarding the cannonade, kept
up a furious fire against the heads of the saps all day and night.

On the afternoon of the 18th the engineer and artillery officers
reported to Suchet that they had made a sufficient breach in the
curtain of the work called the Dos Mayo battery, just where it joined
on the tower of San Pedro, and that they regarded it as practicable
for assault. The Marshal ordered that the storm should be fixed for
the same evening, lest the Spaniards should succeed in repairing the
breach during the hours of darkness. The column of assault consisted
of 400 men, picked from Habert’s division, supported by a reserve of
Palombini’s Italians. The fire of the siege artillery was kept up to
the last moment, and did much harm to the garrison, who were very
clearly seen piling gabions, sandbags, and stones on the ruinous lip of
the breach, in disregard of the steady fire that kept pounding it down
[21].

  [21] See narrative of Vacani, an eye-witness (vol. v. p. 399).

The assault was duly delivered at five o’clock, and proved a complete
failure. The stormers found the breach most difficult to climb, as
its face was entirely formed of big blocks of stone without earth
or débris. The column won its way half up the ascent, and isolated
officers and men got further, and were bayoneted or shot at close
quarters by the defenders, who clustered very thickly at the top. But
no general rush of men could reach the summit, where (it is said) the
actual gap in the parapet was not more than six or seven feet broad.
After several ineffective attempts to mount, the assailants came to
a stand on the lower part of the slope, and opened a scattering fire
on the Spaniards above them. Whereupon, seeing the opportunity lost,
General Habert, who had been given charge of the operations, ordered
the men to fall back to the trenches, and to abandon the assault.

This was a most creditable feat of arms for the garrison, who had
hardly a cannon to help them, and held their own almost entirely by
musketry fire, though they rolled some live shells, beams, and large
stones down the breach at intervals. Their casualties were heavy, but
those of the assailants, as was natural, much greater. Suchet lost at
least 300 men, though in his dispatch to the Emperor[22] he gave an
elaborate table of casualties showing a total of only 173. But his
‘returns,’ even the most specious looking of them, should never be
trusted--as will be seen when we are dealing with the second battle of
Castalla in a later volume. This excellent officer was as untrustworthy
as Soult or Masséna in the figures which he sent to his master[23].

  [22] To be found in print in Belmas, iv. pp. 124-8.

  [23] This indictment of Suchet must be supported by details. In
  his elaborate table of casualties by corps at the end of his
  dispatch of Oct. 20, he only allows for 3 officers killed and
  8 wounded, 40 men killed and 122 wounded--total 173. But the
  lists of officers’ casualties in Martinien show, on the other
  hand, _five_ officers killed (Coutanceau, Saint Hilaire, Turno,
  Giardini, Cuny), and at least _ten_ wounded (Mathis, Durand,
  Gauchet, D’Autane, Adhémar, Gattinara, Lamezan, D’Esclaibes,
  Maillard, Laplane), and probably three more.

  Oddly enough, in his _Mémoires_ (ii. p. 173) Suchet gives _by
  name_ four officers killed at the breach (out of the five), while
  in his official report he had stated that there were only three
  killed altogether. We must trust rather Vacani, an eye-witness
  and a man much interested in statistics and casualties, when he
  gives the total of 300 for the losses, than Suchet’s table.

After this Suchet resolved to make no more attempts to storm Saguntum.
‘When even the best of soldiers,’ remarks Belmas, ‘have made every
effort to carry a place and have failed, they imagine that the place
is impregnable. And if an attempt is made to lead them once more to an
assault, they will not again act with the confidence which is needed
to secure victory.’ Wellington was to find this out at Burgos, a year
later. Indeed in their early stages the sieges of Saguntum and Burgos
show a rather notable parallelism, though their ends were dissimilar.
General Rogniat easily persuaded the Marshal to drop the heroic method
which had gained so little success, and to fall back on the systematic
work which is slow but certain[24].’ Suchet gave permission to the
engineers to establish more batteries, and to defer all further
attempts to storm till the approaches should have been carried up to
the very foot of the walls, and the whole curtain of the Dos Mayo
redoubt should have been battered down.

  [24] Belmas, iv. p. 96.

The garrison, much encouraged by their successful effort of the 18th,
continued to make an obstinate resistance: as the enemy sapped uphill
towards them, they kept up such a careful and deadly fire that the
casualties in the trenches amounted every day to 15 or 20 men. For the
next six days nothing decisive happened, though the works continued to
creep slowly forward: they had to be built with parapets consisting
entirely of earth brought from below, and made very high, since the
nearer they got to the works, the more did the plunging fire from above
search them out.

Meanwhile Blake was preparing, though with no great self-confidence,
to make an attack on Suchet’s siege-lines, and was only awaiting the
arrival of Mahy and the Murcians before striking. He began by trying
a feeble diversion on the flank, sending back Obispo’s division once
more to Segorbe, and getting some of the Empecinado’s bands to threaten
Teruel, the southernmost of the garrisons in Aragon. This so far
annoyed the French marshal that on the 20th of October he sent off
Palombini, with one French and one Italian brigade and 400 horse, to
drive Obispo out of Segorbe, and to open the road to Teruel. By so
doing he placed himself in a dangerous position, for he had detached
4,500 men on an excursion which could not take less than four days,
and if Blake had refused to wait for Mahy, and had let Obispo amuse
Palombini, he could have marched against the siege-lines with 20,000
men, including all his best troops, and would have found only 12,000,
besides the gunners of the siege artillery, left in the French camp.
If Suchet had left any detachments to maintain the blockade, as he
probably would have done, he could only have fought with odds of less
than one to two. If he had brought up all his battalions, the garrison
would have sallied forth and destroyed his siege-works.

But Blake did not take his chance--whatever it may have been worth: he
waited for Mahy, who was only due on the 23rd. Meanwhile Palombini made
a rapid raid upon Segorbe: but Obispo, leaving two battalions only to
make a show of resistance, crossed the hills by by-paths and drew in
to Liria, on the flank of the main army, and in close touch with it.
He could have been used for a battle, if Blake had chosen to deliver
one upon the 22nd or 23rd. But the unlucky Spanish general did not so
choose: and Palombini--finding nothing serious in front of him, and
hearing that Teruel had been already relieved by Severoli--rightly
returned by forced marches to Saguntum, which he reached on the
afternoon of the 24th of October.

Meanwhile the long-expected Mahy arrived at Liria on the night of the
23rd, and found Obispo already lying there. The two forces united, and
marched on the 24th to Betera, but there again divided, the Murcians
going on to join Blake’s main body, while the Valencian division
received orders from the Commander-in-Chief to move as an independent
flanking column, and from Naquera to fall upon the flank or right rear
of Suchet’s position in front of Saguntum.

On the same day Blake himself broke out of the lines behind the
Guadalaviar, and after issuing a well-worded proclamation, in which he
said that Andriani’s gallant garrison must not perish unassisted, and
declared a confidence which he must have been far from feeling in the
resolution of his troops, advanced for some miles along the high-road,
so as to place himself at nightfall within striking distance of the
enemy.

His plan of operations, which was clearly set forth in his directions
to Mahy[25], was ambitious in the highest degree, and aimed at the
complete destruction of his enemy. Expecting to find Suchet drawn up to
meet him in the plain south of Saguntum, it appears that he intended
to fight a battle in which an immensely strong left wing was to turn
and break down Suchet’s right, while a weaker right wing (composed,
however, of his best troops) was to attack him frontally, and hold
his main body ‘contained,’ while the turning movement was delivered.
The left wing contained 26 battalions and nearly 20 squadrons, making
nearly 16,000 bayonets and 1,700 sabres[26]. The detached division of
Obispo, from Naquera, was to fall on the extreme French right from
the rear; the two other Valencian infantry divisions (Miranda and
Villacampa), led by Charles O’Donnell, were to tackle it in front.
Mahy’s Murcians were to support O’Donnell, at the same time reaching
out a hand towards Obispo--in order to do this Mahy was directed to
send out two battalions (under a Colonel O’Ronan) to Cabezbort, a
hillside intermediate between the point where Obispo was expected
and the left of the two other Valencian divisions. The left wing had
allotted to it the whole of the Murcian horse, 800 sabres, and one of
the two Valencian cavalry brigades, under General San Juan, which was
of about the same strength. It had also 18 guns.

  [25] Which may be read in full in Arteche, xi. pp. 157-9.

  [26] We are luckily in possession of the exact ‘morning state’
  of Blake’s army, which is printed in the rare Spanish government
  publication of 1822, _Estados de la Organizacion y Fuerza de
  los Ejércitos Españoles_, pp. 184-7. Obispo had 3,400 men,
  Miranda 4,000, Villacampa 3,350, Mahy 4,600 infantry, under
  Montijo and Creagh, and 830 horse. This wing had 2 horse- and 2
  field-batteries, 18 guns.

So much for the left wing. The right wing, conducted by Blake in
person, which had advanced up the high-road from Valencia towards
Murviedro, consisted of the two ‘Expeditionary Divisions’ of Zayas
and Lardizabal, both very weak because of the losses which they
had suffered in the campaign around Baza in August--each was eight
battalions strong; but the former had only 2,500, the latter 3,000 men,
so that the units averaged well under 400 bayonets. But these were good
old troops, which had greatly distinguished themselves at Albuera: they
were the only part of Blake’s army in which any real confidence could
be placed. In support of these veterans the Commander-in-Chief brought
up the Valencian ‘Division of Reserve,’ which consisted entirely of the
newly raised 3rd battalions of the regiments serving with Villacampa
and Miranda. They had only been under arms a few months, were not
fully equipped or clothed, and were dreadfully under-officered; for
five strong battalions, of over 700 bayonets each, there were only
75 officers in all--fifteen per battalion, where there should have
been thirty, and these were the mere leavings of the older units of
each regiment, or else newly gazetted ensigns. As a fighting force
these 3,500 men were nearly useless--and Blake put them where they
were least likely to get into trouble. They were divided into two
brigades: Brigadier-General Velasco seems to have been in command,
_vice_ Acuña, who had the division during the autumn. The right column
was accompanied by the handful of horse belonging to the ‘Expeditionary
Force’--300 sabres under General Loy--and by the second Valencian
Cavalry Brigade under General Caro, some 800 mounted men more. It was
accompanied, like the other wing, by three batteries. Thus, counting
its gunners and sappers, the right wing had under 10,500 men, while the
immensely strong left had over 17,000. But it is quality rather than
mere numbers which counts in war--the weak wing fought a good battle
against equal strength, and looked for a moment as if it might win. The
strong wing disgraced itself, and was routed by a fourth of its own
numbers.

Suchet had been somewhat troubled by the first news of Blake’s sudden
sally from Valencia, for though he desired a battle, wherein success
would probably win him the immediate surrender of the hard-pressed
garrison of Saguntum, yet he did not wish that matters should be forced
to a crisis in Palombini’s absence. It was only after the well-timed
return of that general to his camp, that he welcomed the approach of a
decisive action. But with Palombini at his disposition again, he was
eager to fight.

He had at this moment with him, in the lines before Saguntum, 35
battalions of foot (of which the three Neapolitan units under Compère
were mere skeletons, with little over a thousand men between them),
with 15 squadrons of horse and 36 field-guns. He left behind him, to
maintain the siege-works before the fortress, two battalions of the
117th line from Habert’s division, and Balathier’s Italian brigade,
making four battalions more. The weak Neapolitan brigade of Compère,
only 1,400 men, even with its cavalry included, was placed in support
of the blockading force, at Gillet and Petres, to watch the road from
Segorbe, by which some outlying Spanish detachment might possibly
attempt to communicate with the garrison of Saguntum. This left for the
line of battle 26 battalions--six of Habert’s, eleven of Harispe’s,
four of Palombini’s Italians, and five of Robert’s reserve brigade.
The total amounted to about 12,000 infantry, while the whole of the
cavalry, except the two Neapolitan squadrons, was put in the field
to the amount of some 1,800 sabres. Counting the gunners of the six
batteries of artillery, Suchet’s fighting force was not much over
14,000 men. He had left 4,000, besides the gunners of the siege-train
and the sappers, to deal with the garrison of Saguntum. This was little
more than half of Blake’s numbers, for the Spanish general--as we have
seen--was marching forward with 27,000 men in line. That Suchet gladly
took the risk sufficiently shows his opinion of the quality of the
greater part of the Valencian army. It seems, we must confess, rather
hazardous to have left 4,000 men in the blockading corps, when forces
were so unequal. In a similar case Beresford at Albuera took every
man out of the trenches, and fought with his whole army. Andriani’s
garrison was not numerous enough to execute any really dangerous sally
in the rear, and was so constricted, in its precipitous fastness, that
it could not easily come down or deploy itself. Perhaps Suchet may have
feared, however, that it would take the opportunity of absconding by
some postern, if it were not shut in upon all sides. But there were to
be moments during the battle when the Marshal would gladly have had the
assistance of two or three more battalions of steady troops.

Suchet had chosen for his fighting-ground the narrow plain south of
Saguntum, extending from the sea to the foot of the hills of the Sancti
Espiritus range--a space of less than three miles in very flat ground.
It was open for the most part, but sprinkled in certain sections with
olives and carob-trees, and contained one or two slight eminences or
mounds, which rose above the general surface, though only by a score
or two of feet, so that they had a certain command over the adjoining
flats. The left of the line, nearest to the sea, was formed of Habert’s
imperfect division, which, having detached two battalions for the
blockade of Saguntum, had only six left--2,500 bayonets--in line.
The right consisted of Harispe’s division, which was stronger than
Habert’s, as it had nine battalions in line, even after setting aside
one regiment (the 44th) for a flank-guard. Its force was about 3,600
bayonets. This division lay to the right of the road from Murviedro to
Valencia. The reserve consisted of the Italian brigade (that of Saint
Paul), which had not been told off for the siege, and of the three
French cavalry regiments, in all 2,000 bayonets and 1,300 sabres.
It was drawn up half a mile in rear of Habert and Harispe, ready to
support either of them. The batteries, horse and foot, accompanied
their respective divisions.

We have thus accounted for 10,000 men. The remainder of Suchet’s
fighting force constituted a flank-guard, to prevent his line from
being turned on its right, the side of the hills. It originally
consisted of Robert’s ‘reserve brigade,’ five battalions, or 2,500
bayonets, and of one cavalry regiment, Schiazzetti’s Italian
dragoons--450 sabres--with one battery. These troops were drawn up on
the higher slopes of the Sancti Espiritus hills, covering the pass of
the same name and the country road which goes over it. To these Suchet
added, at the last moment, one regiment from Harispe’s division, the
44th, under the Brigadier Chlopiski, who, being senior to Robert,
took command of the whole flank-guard. These two battalions--1,200
men--took post on the hill-slopes to the left of Robert, half-way
between his position and that of Harispe’s right. The whole force,
including the dragoons and the artillery, made about 4,300 men.
Compère’s Neapolitans were too far to their left rear to be reckoned an
appreciable support, and had their own separate task, though they were
never called upon to discharge it. The ground occupied by Chlopiski’s
4,300 men was exceedingly strong, and the Marshal hoped that they might
be relied upon to hold off the turning movement, which he was aware
was to be made against his inland flank. For he knew that Charles
O’Donnell was advancing from the direction of Betera, which could
only mean a projected attack on his own right. Had he realized that
not only O’Donnell, but also Obispo and Mahy’s Murcians, in all some
17,000 men, were about to operate against Chlopiski, he must surely
have strengthened his covering force, for the odds would have been
impossible if the Valencians had made any fight at all. But they did
not!

On the morning of the 25th of October Suchet was ready to receive the
attack which was impending. He could make out the general dispositions
of the enemy, and the concentric advance of Obispo’s, O’Donnell’s, and
Blake’s own men was duly reported to him. It was on receiving notice of
the heavy appearance of the second, or central, hostile column that he
detached Chlopiski’s two battalions to strengthen Robert’s flank-guard.
Presently, about 7 o’clock, the Spaniards came within touch; the left,
it would seem, somewhat before the right[27], the first shots being
interchanged between the two battalions which Mahy had sent towards
Cabezbort and Robert’s troops. This was only a trifling skirmish, the
Spaniards being completely checked. But soon after a serious attack was
delivered.

  [27] There are terrible difficulties as to the timing of the
  battle of Saguntum. Suchet says that the first engagement was
  between Obispo’s flanking division, coming over the hills on
  the west, and Robert. Schepeler says that Obispo arrived too
  late altogether, and was practically not in the fight (p. 472).
  I think that the explanation is that Suchet took O’Ronan’s two
  battalions for Obispo, because they came from the direction
  where he was expected. I follow, in my timing of the battle,
  the very clear narrative of Vacani (v. pp. 440-1), who seems
  to make it clear that the main fighting on the French right
  was well over before that in the centre, and long before that
  on the left. Schepeler (who rode with Blake that day) also
  makes it certain that Lardizabal and Zayas were fighting long
  after Miranda, Villacampa, and Mahy had been disposed of. But
  difficulties remain, which could only be cleared up if we had a
  report by Obispo. General Arteche thinks that the action began
  fairly simultaneously all along the line, and follows Schepeler
  in saying that Obispo was late (xi. p. 174), the very reverse of
  Suchet’s statement that he came, and was beaten, too early.

The next advance was that of the two Valencian divisions under Charles
O’Donnell, who were a long way ahead of the main body of Mahy’s
Murcians, their destined reserve. Blake’s intention was apparently
to strike with his left wing first, and to force in the French right
before his own column delivered its blow. Everything depended on the
successful action of the mass of Valencian and Murcian infantry against
the small hostile force posted on the slopes of the Sancti Espiritus
hills.

The divisions of Miranda and Villacampa duly descended from the lower
opposite heights of the Germanels, crossed the bottom, and began to
mount the opposing slope, Villacampa on the left, somewhat in advance,
Miranda a little to his right rear: behind them in support marched San
Juan’s Valencian cavalry. Beyond the latter there was a considerable
gap to the nearest troops of Blake’s own column, which had not yet
come into action. Mahy, whose orders definitely said that he was to
act as a reserve, and to protect O’Donnell’s flank if the latter were
checked, occupied the Germanels, when the Valencians had gone on, and
was still at the top of his own slope, having to his left front the
two detached battalions at Cabezbort under O’Ronan, when the clash
came. Waiting till the two Valencian divisions and the cavalry in
support were some little way up the hill, and had begun to drive in
his skirmishers, Chlopiski moved down upon them with the whole of his
modest force--Robert’s five battalions in front, to the right of the
pass and the road, his own two battalions of the 44th to its left and
somewhat on the flank. Meanwhile Schiazzetti’s regiment of Italian
dragoons charged down the gap between the two bodies of infantry. As
Villacampa was somewhat ahead of Miranda, the first crash fell upon
him. Robert’s infantry drove him without any difficulty right downhill,
while the Italian dragoons rode at Miranda’s battalions on his right.
Villacampa’s men fell into hopeless confusion, but what was worse was
that Miranda’s division, seeing their comrades break, gave way before
the cavalry without making any resistance whatever, apparently before
the French 44th had even got into touch with them on the flank. This
was a disgraceful business: the 7,000 Valencian infantry, and the
1,700 cavalry in support, were routed in ten minutes by half their own
numbers--one good cavalry regiment of 450 sabres sufficed to upset a
whole division of seven battalions--if a single one of them had formed
a steady square, the Italian horse ought to have been driven off with
ease!

But this was not the end of the affair. San Juan’s horse were close
behind the routed divisions--O’Donnell ordered them up to save the
wrecks of his infantry: at the same time Mahy hurried forward two
battalions of his Murcians[28] to support San Juan, and began to
advance with the rest of his division down the slope of the Germanels
hill.

  [28] Burgos and Tiradores de Cadiz.

After making havoc of the Valencian foot, Chlopiski had halted his
troops for a moment, wishing to be sure that matters were going well
with the French main body before he committed himself to any further
enterprise. But the temptation to go on was too great, for the routed
Spanish troops and their supports were weltering together in confusion
at the bottom of the hill. It is said that the dragoon colonel,
Schiazzetti, settled the matter for his superior, by charging at San
Juan’s horse the moment that he had got his squadrons re-formed. The
Valencian cavalry, though it outnumbered the Italians by two to one,
turned tail at once and bolted, riding over the two battalions of
Murcian infantry which were in its immediate rear, and carrying them
away in its panic. Chlopiski then led on his seven battalions against
the disordered mass in front of him, and swept the whole before him. It
gave way and fled uphill, horse and foot, the Murcian cavalry brigade
in reserve going off on the same panic-stricken way as the Valencian.
It was some time before Mahy could get a single regiment to stand--but
at last he found a sort of rearguard of two battalions (one of his
own, one of Villacampa’s[29]) which had kept together and were still
capable of obeying orders. The French were now exhausted; the infantry
could not follow in regular formation so fast as their enemy fled; the
handful of cavalry was dispersed, driving in prisoners on every side.
So Mahy and O’Donnell ultimately got off, with their men in a horde
scattered over the country-side--the cavalry leading the stampede and
the two rallied battalions bringing up the rear[30]. The Spanish left
wing lost over 2,000 prisoners, mainly from Miranda’s division, but
only some 400 killed and wounded; several guns from the divisional
batteries were of course lost. All this was over so early in the day
that the fighting on Blake’s right wing was at its hottest just when
the wrecks of his left were disappearing over the hills. Obispo, who
came up too late to help,[31] and the two detached battalions under
O’Ronan got off separately, more towards the north, retiring on Naquera.

  [29] Cuenca and Molina.

  [30] O’Ronan’s two battalions went off in a separate direction,
  unpursued, and joined Obispo, not being in the rout.

  [31] See above, page 36.

The tale of this part of the battle of Saguntum is lamentable.
There is no record so bad in the whole war: even the Gebora was a
well-contested fight compared with this--and at Belchite the army that
fled so easily gave way before numbers equal or superior to its own,
not inferior in the proportion of one to three. The fact was that the
Valencian troops had a long record of disasters behind them, were
thoroughly demoralized, and could not be trusted for one moment, and
that the Murcians (as Mahy confessed) were not much better. The defeat
was rendered more shameful by the fact that the smaller half of Blake’s
Army, the ‘Expeditionary Force,’ was at the same moment making head
in good style against numbers rather larger than its own, and seemed
for a moment about to achieve a splendid success. If the Spanish left,
17,000 strong, could have ‘contained’ half its own strength, if it
could have kept 8,000 instead of 4,000 French employed for one hour,
Blake might have relieved Saguntum and driven off Suchet. But the story
is disgraceful. Mahy wrote next morning to Blake, ‘I must tell you,
with my usual bluntness, that you had better sell the horses of this
cavalry, and draft the men into the infantry. I could not have believed
in the possibility of such conduct, if I had not seen it with my own
eyes take place and cost us so much[32].’ Blake actually gave orders
for one hussar regiment (a Murcian one) to be deprived of its horses
and drafted out. But did the infantry behave much better?

  [32] Quoted in Arteche, xi. p. 178.

We may now turn to a less depressing narrative, the story of the
operations of Blake’s own wing. The Commander-in-Chief, as it will
be remembered, had with him the ‘Expeditionary Divisions,’ the
Valencian Reserve Division, and Loy’s and Caro’s 1,100 cavalry. He took
post himself on the height called El Puig, with one brigade of the
Valencians, to the south of the ravine of the Picador, which crosses
the plain in a diagonal direction. The rest of the troops went forward
in two columns: Zayas formed the right near the sea; his flank was
covered by a squadron of gunboats, which advanced parallel with him,
as near the shore as their draught permitted. He was ordered to push
on and get, if possible, round Suchet’s flank, where Habert’s line
was ‘refused,’ because of the guns of the flotilla, whose fire the
French wished to avoid. If successful Zayas was to try to communicate
with the garrison of Saguntum. Further inland Lardizabal’s division,
accompanied by the 1,100 cavalry, and followed by the other brigade
of the Valencian reserve, crossed the Picador at the bridge on the
_chaussée_, and deployed in the plain, directly opposite Harispe’s
division. The whole force was about equal to the French opposed to it.

The two ‘Expeditionary Divisions’ went forward in good order and with
great confidence: Suchet remarks in his _Mémoires_ that in all his
previous campaigns he had never seen Spanish troops advance with such
resolution or in such good order[33]. Zayas, on the sea-flank, became
immediately engaged with Habert, before the village of Puzzol, in a
heavy fight, with exactly equal numbers--each had about 2,500 men.
Both sides lost heavily, and neither had any advantage: Suchet had
ordered Habert not to take the offensive till matters were settled in
the centre, but the defensive proved costly, and the Spaniards pushed
on--these were the same battalions which had behaved so well on the
hill of Albuera--Irlanda, Patria, and the Spanish and Walloon Guards.

  [33] _Mémoires_, ii. p. 182.

Further to the left Lardizabal had deployed, after crossing the ravine,
with his two weak brigades in line; the Valencian reserve remained
behind near the bridge, but Loy’s and Caro’s cavalry came forward on
the right in support. Opposite the front brigade (Prieto’s) was a long
low mound, the last outlying spur of the Sancti Espiritus range. This
was soon seen by both sides to be a point of vantage--the army that
could occupy it would have a good artillery position commanding the
hostile line. Suchet ordered up Harispe’s right battalions to seize
it, and galloped thither in person at the head of his escort of fifty
hussars. But the Spaniards had also marked it, and the Marshal had
hardly reached its top when he found Prieto’s skirmishers swarming up
the slope. He had to retire, and rode back to bring up his infantry;
but, by the time that they had come forward, the enemy had formed a
hasty line of battle along the mound, with a battery in its centre.
Suchet had therefore to attack--which he did in full force, the four
battalions of the 7th Line forming a heavy column in the centre, while
those of the 116th and the 3rd of the Vistula deployed on each side
somewhat to the rear--a clear instance of the use of the _ordre mixte_
which Napoleon loved. The left flank was covered by two squadrons of
the 4th Hussars and one of the 13th Cuirassiers, brought out from the
reserve.

This was bringing 3,600 bayonets to bear against 1,500, for Prieto’s
brigade counted no more upon the mound. The attack was successful, but
not without severe loss: General Paris, leading on the 7th regiment,
was wounded, as were both his aides-de-camp, and Harispe’s horse was
killed under him; the Spanish artillery fire had been deadly. When
the mound was stormed, the Spanish infantry were forced back, but by
no means in disorder. They formed up again not far from its foot,
and Lardizabal brought up his second brigade to support his first,
placed two batteries in line, and stood to fight again. Suchet, having
re-formed Harispe’s men, found that he had before him a second combat
on the flat ground. The infantry on both sides were heavily engaged,
and six French guns had been brought forward to enfilade Lardizabal’s
right, when a new turn was given to the battle. The Spanish general
ordered Loy’s and Caro’s 1,100 cavalry to charge in mass upon the three
squadrons of hussars and cuirassiers which covered Harispe’s left.
The move was an unexpected one, and was concealed for some time by
scattered carob-trees: the attack was well delivered, and the French
horse, outnumbered by more than two to one, were completely routed and
fled in disorder. Loy then wheeled in upon the French flank, captured
three guns of the battery there placed, and nearly broke the 116th of
the Line, which had only just time to fall back and form itself _en
potence_ to the rest of the division. The remainder of the Spanish
cavalry pursued the retreating hussars.

The moment looked black for the Marshal: he himself confesses in his
_Mémoires_ that if Harispe’s infantry had given way the battle might
have been lost[34]. But he had still a reserve: he sent back orders to
Palombini to bring up Saint Paul’s four Italian battalions into the
gap, and rode himself to the two squadrons of the 13th Cuirassiers
which had not yet advanced into the fight. They were only 350 sabres,
but the regiment was a fine one, and had won, at Margalef and other
fields, a great confidence in its ability to face long odds. They were
launched straight at the victorious Spanish cavalry, whose main body
was advancing in great disorder, and with its line broken by the groves
of carob-trees, while the remainder had turned inward against the
French infantry. The cuirassiers went straight through the squadrons
opposed to them, and swept them away: whereupon even those units of the
Spanish horse which had not been attacked wheeled round, and retreated
hastily toward the Picador ravine and its bridge. The cuirassiers
followed, upsetting everything in their front, and only halted on
the edge of the ravine, where they were checked by the fire of the
battery attached to the Valencian reserve, and the skirmishers of that
body, who had lined the farther edge of the depression[35]. Both the
Spanish brigadiers, Loy and Caro, had behaved very gallantly; both were
severely wounded, while trying to rally their men, and were left on the
field as prisoners.

  [34] _Mémoires_, ii. p. 185.

  [35] This account of the charge of the cuirassiers comes from
  the _Mémoires_ of Colonel de Gonneville, who commanded their
  leading squadron. There is a curious point to be settled here.
  Marshal Suchet says (_Mémoires_, ii. p. 185) that he rode in
  person to the head of the regiment, and harangued it shortly on
  Margalef and other ancient glories, before bidding it charge.
  While speaking he was struck by a spent ball on the shoulder.
  But de Gonneville (who had read Suchet’s book, as he quotes
  it in other places) says distinctly (p. 208 of his _Souvenirs
  militaires_) that he received no orders, and charged on his own
  responsibility. ‘N’ayant là d’ordre à recevoir de personne,
  mais comprenant la nécessité d’arrêter cette masse de cavalerie
  qui arrivait à nous, &c. ... je donnai le signal.’ Was Suchet
  romancing about his little speech? Or was de Gonneville, who
  wrote his _Mémoires_ forty years later, oblivious? Either
  hypothesis is difficult.

The defeat of the Spanish horse settled the day, which had for a moment
looked doubtful. At the sight of the French hussars breaking, and the
advance of their own line, the garrison of Saguntum, who had the whole
field in view from their lofty perch, had lined their walls, cheering
and waving their shakos in the air--despite of the shells from the
siege-batteries which continued to play upon them. The cheers died down
as the changed fortunes of the day became visible, and hearts sank in
the fortress. But the fighting was not yet concluded.

[Illustration: SAGUNTUM]

The rout of Loy’s and Caro’s horse had not directly affected
Lardizabal’s infantry, for the victorious cuirassiers had galloped
straight before them after the fugitives, though they had also ridden
over and captured a Spanish battery on the right of the line of
deployed battalions. The decisive blow in this quarter was given by
Saint Paul’s Italians, who, issuing from olive groves behind Harispe’s
left, came in upon the unprotected flank of Lardizabal’s troops, which
they rolled up, driving away at the same time a few squadrons which
had not been affected by the charge of the cuirassiers. These last
rode in among their own infantry, which was already hotly engaged
with Harispe’s battalions, and carried confusion down the line. The
division, which had hitherto fought most gallantly, gave way, and
retired in confusion towards the bridge over the Picador, and the
Cartuja where Lardizabal hoped to sustain himself by means of the
battery and the Valencian reserve battalions which he left there.

Meanwhile Blake, from the summit of the knoll of El Puig, had witnessed
with impotent grief the rout of his right centre. He had placed himself
so far to the rear that no orders which he sent reached Lardizabal in
time, and the reserve which he had kept under his own hand, three raw
Valencian battalions and a battery, would have been too weak to save
the day, even if it had not been so far--two miles--from the central
focus of the fight as to make its arrival in time quite impossible.
The General, from the moment that he had given the original order to
advance, exercised no influence whatever on the operations; one of his
staff says that he sat on his horse in blank and stupid amazement at
the rout, and that some of those who watched him thought him wanting in
personal courage no less than in decision[36]. But at last he roused
himself to issue orders for the retreat of his broken left and centre
towards Valencia, and for the instant withdrawal of his still intact
right wing.

  [36] Schepeler, p. 473.

Here Zayas’s division stood in a most difficult place, for though
it had been contending on equal terms with Habert’s in front of the
village of Puzzol, it is one thing to keep up a standing fight, and
another to withdraw from it with a victorious enemy pushing in upon the
flank. However, Zayas ordered his battalions back, and though pressed
by Habert, brought them in good order across the ravine and back to
the height of El Puig, where Blake stood waiting him with his small
reserve. Only one corps, the Walloon Guards, had thrown itself into
the houses of Puzzol, could not be extracted from them in time, and
was surrounded and captured. But this small disaster did much to save
the rest of the division, for so many of the French closed in upon the
village, where the Walloons made a good stand, that the pursuit was not
so hotly pushed as it might have been. If Suchet could have pressed
in upon Blake before Zayas joined him, the whole Spanish right column
might have been completely cut off from its retreat. But the Marshal
required some leisure to rearrange his line, after routing Lardizabal;
and by the time that he had sent off the rallied 4th Hussars to help
Chlopiski gather in prisoners, and had turned the Italians aside to
march against Blake, with Harispe in support, nearly two hours had gone
by, and the Spanish right, molested only by Habert, was drawing off
towards safety. Following the road along the sea-shore, it reached the
suburbs of Valencia without any further loss.

Not so the unfortunate remnant of Lardizabal’s troops. They had halted
at the Cartuja, behind the Picador, while their general strove to
rally them on the reserve there left. This delay, though soldier-like
and proper, enabled Suchet to catch them up: he charged them with his
last fresh regiment, the 24th Dragoons, which had been kept in hand,
apparently behind Habert’s position, till the retreat of the Spanish
right began. Then, attacking along the high-road, these squadrons broke
in upon the half-rallied troops, swept them away, and captured two
guns put in battery across the _chaussée_, and badly supported by the
Valencian reserve battalions. Lardizabal’s column went off in great
disorder, and was hunted as far as the Caraixet stream, losing many
prisoners to the dragoons, as well as four flags.

So ended the day; the loss of the Spaniards was not very heavy in
killed and wounded--about 1,000 it is said, mainly in Lardizabal’s
and Zayas’s divisions--for the others did not stand to fight. But
of prisoners they lost 4,641, including 230 officers and the two
wounded cavalry brigadiers. Miranda’s division contributed the
largest proportion to the captives, though Zayas lost 400 men of the
Walloon battalion, and Lardizabal a still greater number out of his
weak division of 3,000 bayonets[37]. Twelve guns were left behind,
seven captured in the hard fighting in the right centre, five from
O’Donnell’s easily-routed divisions. The French casualties are given by
Suchet at about 130 killed and 590 wounded--probably an understatement,
as the regimental returns show 55 officers hit, which at the ordinary
rate of casualties should imply over 1,000 rank and file disabled.
As a commentary on the fighting, it may be remarked that Chlopiski
and Robert, in dealing with Obispo, O’Donnell, and Mahy, had only 7
officers _hors de combat_, while Harispe and Habert lost 41 in the real
fight with Zayas and Lardizabal[38].

  [37] 2nd of Badajoz (two battalions) was almost exterminated,
  losing 17 officers, 21 sergeants, and 500 men, ‘mostly
  prisoners,’ out of 800 present. See its history in the Conde de
  Clonard’s great work on the Spanish army.

  [38] The 16th Line (three battalions) alone, in fighting Zayas,
  lost just double as many officers as the seven battalions of
  Chlopiski and Robert in their engagement with Mahy, Miranda, and
  Villacampa!

The actual losses in action were not the worst part of the battle
of Saguntum--the real disaster was the plain demonstration that the
Valencian troops could not stand even against very inferior numbers.
It was to no purpose that the two gallant ‘Expeditionary Divisions’
had sacrificed themselves, and lost one man in three out of their
small force of 5,500 men in hard fighting. They had been betrayed by
their worthless associates on the left. Blake’s generalship had not
been good--he dispersed his columns in the most reckless way, and kept
no sufficient reserves--but with the odds in his favour of 27,000
men to 14,000, he ought yet to have won, if the larger half of his
army had consented to fight. They did not: with such troops no more
could be hoped from further battles in the open field--whatever the
numerical odds might be. They could at most be utilized behind walls
and entrenchments, for purely passive defence. And this, as we shall
see, was the deduction that their general made from the unhappy events
of October 25.

Next morning Suchet sent in a summons to the garrison of Saguntum, and
the governor, Andriani, after short haggling for terms, surrendered.
He is not to be blamed: his garrison had seen the rout of Blake’s army
with their own eyes, and knew that there was no more hope for them.
They were, as we have seen, mainly raw troops, and their good bearing
up to this moment, rather than their demoralization after the battle,
should provoke notice. The French approaches were by this time within
a few yards of the Dos Mayo redoubt and its hastily patched breaches.
The artillery fire of the besiegers was rapidly levelling the whole
work, and the next storm, made on a wide front of shattered curtain,
must have succeeded. It is true that a governor of the type of Alvarez
of Gerona would then have held out for some time in the castle of San
Fernando. But Andriani’s troops were not like those of Alvarez, and he
himself was a good soldier, but not a fanatical genius. Two thousand
three hundred prisoners marched out on the 26th, leaving not quite 200
men in hospital behind them. The 17 guns of the fortress were many of
them damaged, and the store of shot and shell was very low, though
there were plenty of infantry cartridges left[39].

  [39] For details see Belmas, iv. pp. 140-3.




SECTION XXX: CHAPTER III

THE CAPTURE OF VALENCIA AND OF BLAKE’S ARMY. NOVEMBER 1811-JANUARY 1812


As the result of the disastrous battle of Saguntum Blake had lost the
fortress which had served him so well as an outwork: while his field
army was much decreased in numbers, and still more in self-confidence.
It was obviously impossible that he should ever again attempt to take
the offensive with it. But he was still in possession of Valencia
and all its resources, and his carefully fortified lines along the
Guadalaviar were so strong that even a defeated army could make some
stand behind them. He had still, after all his losses, more than 22,000
men under arms[40]. Yet it is doubtful whether a resolute push on the
part of the enemy would not have dislodged him, for more than half his
army was in a state of complete demoralization.

  [40] A battalion or two left in Valencia, when the rest of the
  army went out to deliver Saguntum, must be added to the 20,000
  men who came back from the battle. These corps were 2nd of Leon
  of Lardizabal’s division, and one battalion of Savoya belonging
  to Miranda.

Suchet, however, had made up his mind not to strike at once; and when a
few days had passed, and the Spaniards had been granted time to settle
down into the lines, it would undoubtedly have been hazardous to attack
them with the very modest numbers that the Army of Aragon had still
in line. The chance would have been to press the pursuit hard, on the
very day after the battle. But when the Marshal had counted up his
losses in the trenches and the field, had deducted a small garrison
for Saguntum, and had detached a brigade to escort to Tortosa his
numerous prisoners, he thought himself too weak for a decisive blow.
He would not have had 15,000 men in hand, unless he should call up
Ficatier’s brigade from Segorbe and Oropesa, and this he did not want
to do, as he was entirely dependent for food and stores on the line of
communication which Ficatier was guarding. Accordingly he resolved to
defer his next blow at Blake, till he should have summoned from Aragon
Severoli’s division, and Reille’s too, if the Emperor would give him
leave to requisition that force. He could not utilize Reille without
that leave; but Severoli’s troops belonged to his own army, and were at
his disposition, if he should judge it possible to draw them southward
without endangering the safety of Aragon. This he was prepared to do,
if a sufficient garrison for that province could be provided from
another source. And the only obvious source was the Army of the North:
if the Emperor would consent to order Dorsenne to find troops to make
Saragossa and the line of the Ebro secure, it would not be over rash to
borrow both Severoli and Reille for operations against Valencia. But it
was clear that it would take some weeks for the permission to be sent
from Paris, and for the troops of the Army of the North to be moved,
when and if the permission was granted. We shall see, as a matter of
fact, that it was not till the end of December, two full months after
the battle of Saguntum, that the two divisions were collected on the
desired ground, and the final blow against Blake was delivered.

Meanwhile Suchet could do no more than place his divisions in the
most favourable position for making the advance that would only be
possible when Severoli, and perhaps Reille also, should arrive. With
this object he pushed them forward on November 3 to the line of the
Guadalaviar, close in front of Blake’s long series of entrenchments.
Harispe on the right advanced to Paterna, Habert on the left to the
close neighbourhood of Valencia. He drove the Spanish outposts from
the outlying suburb of Serranos, which lay beyond the lines and on
the north side of the river, and also from the Grao, or port and mole
which forms the outlet of Valencia to the sea. It was most unlucky for
Blake, in the end, that his natural line of communication with the
Mediterranean and the English fleet lay north of the Guadalaviar, and
outside his line of fortifications. Indeed it looks as if there was a
cardinal fault in the planning of the defences when the Grao was left
outside them, for though rather remote from the city (two miles) it
would be of inestimable importance, supposing that the French were
to succeed in crossing the Guadalaviar and investing Valencia. With
the port safe, the defenders could receive succour and supplies to
any extent, and if finally reduced to extremity could retreat by sea.
Some of the energy which had been expended in throwing up the immense
fortified camp which embraced all the southern suburbs, and in lining
the river westward with batteries, might well have been diverted to
the fortification of the Grao and its connexion with the works of the
city. But probably Blake, in his looking forward to the possible events
of the future, did not contemplate among the contingencies to be faced
that of his being shut up with the greater part of his army within the
walls of Valencia. If he were forced from the lines of the Guadalaviar,
he must have intended to fall back inland or southward, and not to
allow himself to be surrounded in the capital. Otherwise it would
have been absolutely insane for him to leave unfortified, and abandon
without a struggle, Valencia’s sole outlet to the sea.

Meanwhile finding himself for week after week unassailed in his lines,
Blake had to take stock of his position, and see if there was anything
that he could do to avert the attack which must come one day, and
which would obviously be formidable. For it had become known to him,
ere long, that Severoli’s division, and probably other troops, were
working in towards Valencia, and would certainly join Suchet before
the winter was over. The only expedients of which Blake made use were
to keep masses of men continuously at work strengthening his lines,
and to renew the attempt, which he had made fruitlessly in September,
for loosing Suchet’s hold on Valencia by launching against his rear
the irregulars of Aragon--the bands of the Empecinado, Duran, and the
minor chiefs. To add some solidity to their hordes he detached from
his army the Conde de Montijo, with one of the two brigades which Mahy
had brought from Murcia. This turbulent nobleman, more noted for his
intrigues than for his fighting power, was given a general command
over all the bands, and marched to join them with three battalions[41]
and a few guns--the latter provision was intended to obviate the
difficulty which the irregulars had experienced in October from their
want of artillery. Blake intended to call up Freire from Murcia with
another draft from the depleted ‘Third Army,’ whose best troops Mahy
had already led to Valencia. But, as we shall see, this detachment
was presently distracted to another quarter, and never joined the
main force. The nominal strength of the mass of troops along the
Guadalaviar was, however, increased by degrees, owing to the filling
of the ranks of the divisions cut up at Saguntum by men from the
half-trained reserve and dépôts. Miranda’s division in particular,
which had lost so many prisoners in the battle, was completed to more
than its original strength by absorbing three raw ‘third battalions’
from the ‘Reserve Division,’ besides other drafts[42]. Blake also
endeavoured to make use of ‘urban guards’ and other levies of irregular
organization and more than doubtful value: the population in the north
of the kingdom, behind Suchet’s lines, were invited to form guerrillero
bands: but the Valencians never showed the zeal or energy of the
Catalans and Aragonese. The bands that appeared were few in numbers,
and accomplished nothing of note. Indeed, it appears that the patriotic
spirit of the province had run low. Mahy, in a letter to Blake of
this month, complains bitterly that the peasantry refuse to convey
letters for him, or even to give him information as to the position
and movements of the French, while he knew that hundreds of them were
visiting Suchet’s camps daily in friendly fashion[43]. It appears that
the people were sick of the war, and discontented with Blake, whose
conduct to the local authorities was even more injurious to him than
the uniform failure of all his military operations.

  [41] One battalion each of Badajoz, Burgos, and Tiradores de
  Cuenca--under 2,000 men in all.

  [42] Four thousand strong at Saguntum, it surrendered on January
  8th, 5,513 strong. Of its quality, the less said the better.

  [43] Mahy to Blake quoted at length in Arteche, xi. p. 196,
  footnote.

The diversion to be conducted by Montijo and the irregulars in Aragon
constituted the only real hope of salvation for Blake and the city of
Valencia. But it was, we may say, doomed from the first to failure,
unless some favourable chance should intervene. A couple of thousand
regulars, with the aid of guerrillero bands, hard to assemble, and not
mustering at any time more than 6,000 or 7,000 men collected on one
spot, were sent to paralyse the movements of more than 20,000 French.
For to that figure Reille’s and Severoli’s divisions, together with
the original garrison left in Aragon under Musnier, most certainly
amounted. It cannot be denied that the diversion gave much trouble to
the enemy, but it never prevented him from executing any operation of
primary importance. On October 27th the Italian general, Mazzuchelli,
with one of Severoli’s brigades, drove off the Empecinado, and relieved
the long-besieged garrison of Molina, which he brought off, abandoning
the castle. But as he was returning to his chief, who then lay at
Daroca, the Empecinado fell on his marching column in the Pass of
Cubillejo, and inflicted severe damage upon it[44]. Severoli then sent
out a second column of 800 men, to relieve Almunia, on the road to
Saragossa, another outlying garrison. But Duran surprised and scattered
this party just as it reached its destination, and then captured the
fort with its garrison of 140 men (October 31). This provoked the enemy
to march against him in force, whereupon, after fighting an obstinate
engagement with Mazzuchelli near Almunia, in which the Italians lost
220 men, he turned sideways, and descended upon Daroca, which his
adversary had left weakly manned; he stormed the town and laid siege to
the fort. This brought down upon him Pannetier, with one of Reille’s
brigades: thereupon, wisely refusing to fight, Duran went up into the
mountains of Molina (November 1811).

  [44] For details see Vacani, v. pp. 470-1.

Here he was joined some weeks later by the regular brigade under the
Conde de Montijo, which Blake had sent up from Valencia. This little
detachment had threaded its way among Reille’s columns, and had
narrowly escaped destruction near Albarracin. The Conde, assuming chief
command at the high-lying village of Mulmarcos, informed the Aragonese
guerrilleros that something desperate must be done, to relieve the
pressure on Valencia; and after sending for the Empecinado, who was
now beyond the mountains, in the province of Guadalajara, marched on
Calatayud. Unfortunately the Partida chiefs, accustomed to conduct
their expeditions on their own responsibility, viewed the advent of
Montijo, a stranger of no great military reputation, with jealousy
and dislike. Duran and the Conde having reached Ateca near Calatayud,
committed themselves to a serious combat with a column of 2,000 men
from its garrison, having every expectation of being succoured by the
Empecinado, who had reached their neighbourhood. He did not appear,
however, and they were repulsed. Thereupon the Spaniards parted, the
Conde and the regulars retiring to Torrehermosa, Duran to Deza, in the
province of Soria. The Empecinado, when all was over, sent in a letter
in which he explained that he had held off ‘because his officers and
soldiers had no confidence save in their own chief:’ but it was clear
that he himself wrecked the expedition out of self-willed indiscipline.

The month of December was now far advanced, and nothing effective
had been done to help Blake. The Aragonese bands had cost Reille and
Severoli many toilsome marches, and had inflicted on them appreciable
losses--Severoli’s division was now 2,000 men weaker than it had
been in September. But they had failed entirely to stop the larger
movements of the enemy, who was able to move wherever he pleased with
a column of 3,000 men, though any lesser force was always in danger of
being harried or even destroyed. When Suchet determined that he would
again risk trouble in his rear, and would bring both the divisions
from the Ebro down to Valencia, no one could prevent him from doing
so. It is true that Severoli and Reille were leaving behind them a
country-side still infested by an active and obstinate enemy. But if
their generalissimo judged that he was prepared to take this risk, and
was determined to crush Blake before he completed the subjugation of
Upper Aragon, there was nothing that could hinder him from carrying out
his intention. By the middle of December Severoli was on his way to
the Guadalaviar by way of Teruel, and Reille followed not far behind,
though one of his brigades (Bourke’s) had been distracted, by being
ordered to conduct the prisoners from Saguntum to the French frontier,
and the other (Pannetier’s) had been drawn so far northward in hunting
Montijo and Duran that it was several marches behind the leading
columns.

It was not, however, Reille and Severoli alone who were set in motion
for the ruin of Blake and Valencia. Nor was Suchet’s mind the final
controlling force of the operations which were to spread all over
eastern Spain in the months of December 1811 and January 1812. The
Emperor, when he hurried the Army of Aragon forward in September, had
explained that this was the crucial point of the war, and repeated in
November that ‘l’important, dans ce moment, est la prise de Valence.’
Portugal could wait--Wellington, with 18,000 men sick, and forced to
remain on the defensive,--was a negligible quantity during the winter:
he should be dealt with in the spring by a general combination of
all the French armies[45]. Acting on this comfortable but erroneous
hypothesis, Napoleon determined to shift eastward and southward not
only Reille and Severoli, but other troops from the armies which were
directly or indirectly opposed to Wellington, so as to alter for a
time the general balance of forces on the Portuguese side of the
Peninsula. On October 18th, before the battle of Saguntum had been
fought and won, Berthier had been directed to write to Marmont that,
for the support of the invasion of Valencia, King Joseph and the Army
of the Centre would be ordered to send troops to Cuenca, to take Blake
in the rear. In consequence the Army of Portugal must ‘facilitate the
task of the King,’ i. e. find detachments to occupy those parts of New
Castile from which Joseph would have to withdraw the normal garrison
for his expedition to Cuenca. But presently it became evident that the
Army of the Centre would have great difficulty in providing a column
strong enough to make this diversion, even if it were relieved in La
Mancha, or the province of Toledo, by units belonging to Marmont.
Napoleon then made the all-important determination to borrow troops
from the Army of Portugal for the Valencian expedition. By this time
he knew of the battle of Saguntum, and had received Suchet’s appeals
for reinforcements. His dispatch to Marmont of November 20th informs
the Marshal that he must provide a division of 6,000 men of all arms,
to join the disposable force which King Joseph can spare for the
assistance of Suchet. The still more important dispatch of the next day
varied the orders in an essential detail, by saying that the Marshal
must send not ‘a detachment of 6,000 men’ but _such a force as, united
to the column supplied by King Joseph, would provide a total of 12,000
men for the diversion_.’ And it was added that, in addition, the Army
of Portugal would have to find 3,000 or 4,000 men more, to keep up the
communications of the expeditionary force with its base in New Castile.
The detachment might be made without any fear of adverse consequences,
since Wellington had 20,000 men in hospital, and barely as many in
a state to take the field, so no risk would be run in depleting the
force opposed to him [46]. Napoleon, conveniently ignoring the exact
wording of his own dispatch, reproached Marmont (when evil results had
followed) for having detached ‘an army corps and thirty guns’ for the
diversion, instead of ‘a light flying column.[47]’ But it will be seen
that the Marshal was literally obeying the orders given him when he
moved 12,000 men towards Valencia. For the Army of the Centre provided
not much more than 3,000 men under General d’Armagnac for the Cuenca
expedition[48], and Marmont had, therefore, to find 9,000 men to bring
it up to the strength which the Emperor prescribed, as well as the
3,000-4,000 men to cover the line of communications.

  [45] _Correspondance de Napoléon_, 18,267, and cf. pp. 590-2 of
  vol. iv of this work.

  [46] See these dispatches printed in full in Marmont’s
  _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 256-8. This wording is most important and
  should be studied with care. Note that Wellington’s sick have
  gone up from 18,000 to 20,000 in twenty-four hours, to oblige the
  Emperor.

  [47] Berthier to Marmont, January 23, 1812. Printed in the
  latter’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 297-9.

  [48] Though King Joseph had said that if Marmont took over the
  whole of La Mancha, he could then reinforce d’Armagnac up to
  8,000 men. This he never really accomplished (Joseph to Berthier,
  Nov. 26).

All these dispatches reached Marmont’s head-quarters at Plasencia with
the tardiness that was normal in Spain, where officers bearing orders
had to be escorted by detachments many hundreds strong, supposing
that their certain arrival at their destination was desired. If they
travelled rapidly and unescorted, they became the inevitable prey of
the guerrilleros. The dispatch of October 18th, saying that Marmont
must replace King Joseph’s garrisons in La Mancha, came to hand on
November 11, and the Marshal accordingly directed Foy’s division, then
at Toledo, to break itself up and occupy the various posts which the
German division of the Army of the Centre had been holding. Foy set out
to fulfil these orders on November 22.

The Emperor’s second and third dispatches, those of November 20-21st,
turned up on December 13th[49], and Marmont found himself under orders
to find 9,000 men for the Cuenca expedition,--since d’Armagnac had
only 3,000 men to contribute--and in addition 3,000-4,000 more for
the line of communications. Now the Marshal was as fully convinced
as his master that Wellington was not in a condition to move, or to
do any serious harm, and under this impression, and being probably
stirred (as Napoleon afterwards remarked)[50] by the desire to increase
his own reputation by a dashing feat of arms, he resolved to take
charge of the expedition in person. He ordered that the divisions
of Foy and Sarrut--both weak units, the one of eight, the other of
nine battalions[51]--and Montbrun’s light cavalry should prepare to
march under his own charge to join d’Armagnac, and move on Valencia.
Another division should come into La Mancha to take up the cantonments
evacuated by Foy, and keep over the line of communications. Clausel
should be left in charge of the remainder of the army, and observe
Wellington.

  [49] Date fixed by Marmont’s letter to Berthier of Feb. 6.

  [50] ‘Sa Majesté (writes Berthier) pense que, dans cette
  circonstance, vous avez plus calculé votre gloire personnelle que
  le bien de son service,’ Jan. 23, letter quoted above on the last
  page.

  [51] Each division had about 4,000 or 4,500 men: the light
  cavalry about 1,700, so the whole would have made about 10,000
  sabres and bayonets.

This scheme was never carried out, for on December 20 Marmont received
another dispatch, ordering him to transfer his head-quarters to
Valladolid, and to move a large part of his army into Old Castile. Of
this more hereafter. But being thus prevented (for his own good fortune
as it turned out) from going on the expedition, he gave over Foy’s and
Sarrut’s divisions to Montbrun, and bade him execute the diversion. He
himself went, as ordered, to Valladolid. If he had received the last
dispatch a little later, or had started a little earlier, he would have
been put in the ignominious position of being absent from his own point
of danger, when Wellington suddenly struck at Ciudad Rodrigo in the
early days of January.

Montbrun, his substitute, had drawn together his forces in La Mancha by
the 29th of December, but receiving from d’Armagnac, who was already
on the move with 3,000 men, the assurance that the road from Cuenca to
Valencia was practically impassable at midwinter, and that he could
certainly get no guns along it, he resolved to take another route
towards the scene of active operations. Accordingly he set out to march
by the road San Clemente, Chinchilla, Almanza, which runs across the
upland plain of La Mancha and Northern Murcia, and does not cross rough
ground till it nears the descent to the sea-coast on the borders of
Valencia. The column did not leave San Clemente and El Probencio till
January 2, and (as we shall see) was too late to help Suchet, who had
brought matters to a head long before it drew near him.

Meanwhile d’Armagnac, though his force was trifling[52], had been of
far greater use. He had reoccupied Cuenca, but finding (as he had
informed Montbrun) that the roads in that direction were impracticable,
had swerved southward, avoiding the mountains, and getting to Tarazona
in La Mancha, marched towards the passes of the Cabriel River, and the
road on to Valencia by way of Requeña. His approach being reported to
Blake, who had no troops in this direction save two battalions under
Bassecourt, the Captain-General was seized with a natural disquietude
as to his rear, for he had no accurate knowledge of the French
strength. Wherefore he directed General Freire, with the succours which
he had been intending to draw up from Murcia, to abandon the idea of
reinforcing the main army, and to throw himself between d’Armagnac and
Valencia [November 20]. The French general, beating the country on
all sides, and thrusting before him Bassecourt’s small force and the
local guerrilleros, marched as far as Yniesta, and forced the passage
of the Cabriel at Valdecañas, but finding that he had got far away
from Montbrun, who did not march till many days after he himself had
started, and being informed that Freire, with a very large force, was
coming in upon his rear, he stopped before reaching Requeña and turned
back towards La Mancha[53]. He had succeeded, however, in preventing
Freire from reinforcing Valencia, and the Murcian succours never got
near to Blake. He even for a time distracted troops from the main
Spanish army, for Zayas was sent for some days to Requeña, and only
returned just in time for the operations that began on December 25th.
The net outcome, therefore, of Montbrun’s and d’Armagnac’s operations
was simply to distract Freire’s division from Valencia at the critical
moment--an appreciable but not a decisive result.

  [52] Apparently four or five battalions of the German division
  gathered from La Mancha, and a brigade of dragoons. Joseph calls
  it in his _Correspondance_ 3,000 men, when describing this
  operation (Joseph to Berthier, Nov. 12, 1811).

  [53] D’Armagnac’s obscure campaign will be found chronicled
  in detail in the narrative of the Baden officer, Riegel, iii.
  pp. 357-60, who shared in it along with the rest of the German
  division from La Mancha.

Meanwhile Suchet found himself able to deliver his decisive blow on the
Guadalaviar. By his orders Severoli and Reille had drawn southward by
way of Teruel, deliberately abandoning most of Aragon to the mercy of
the insurgent bands; for though Caffarelli had moved some battalions
of the Army of the North to Saragossa and the posts along the Ebro,
the rest of the province was left most inadequately guarded by the
small force that had originally been committed to Musnier’s charge,
when first Suchet marched on Valencia. Musnier himself accompanied
Severoli’s division, leaving his detachments under Caffarelli’s orders,
for he had been directed to come to the front and assume the command
of his old brigades, those of Ficatier and Robert, both now with the
main army. When Reille and the Italians marched south, Aragon was
exposed to the inroads of Montijo, Duran, the Empecinado, and Mina,
all of whom had been harried, but by no means crushed, by the late
marches and countermarches of the French. That trouble would ensue both
Napoleon and Suchet were well aware. But the Emperor had made up his
mind that all other considerations were to be postponed to the capture
of Valencia and the destruction of Blake’s army. When these ends were
achieved, not only Reille and Severoli, but other troops as well,
should be drawn northwards, to complete the pacification of Aragon, and
to make an end of the lingering war in Catalonia.

Severoli had reached Teruel on November 30, but was ordered to await
the junction of Reille’s troops, and these were still far off. Indeed
Reille himself only started from Saragossa with Bourke’s brigade on
December 10th, and Pannetier’s brigade (which had been hunting Duran in
the mountains) was two long marches farther behind. Without waiting for
its junction, Severoli and Reille marched from Teruel on December 20th,
and reached Segorbe unopposed on the 24th. Here they were in close
touch with Suchet, and received orders to make a forced march to join
him, as he intended to attack the lines of the Guadalaviar on the 26th.
To them was allotted the most important move in the game, for they were
to cross the Guadalaviar high up, beyond the westernmost of Blake’s
long string of batteries and earthworks, and to turn his flank and get
in his rear, while the Army of Aragon assailed his front, and held him
nailed to his positions by a series of vigorous attacks. The point on
which Reille and Severoli were to march was Ribaroja, fifteen miles
up-stream from Valencia.

When the two divisions from Aragon should have arrived, Suchet could
count on 33,000 men in line, but as Pannetier was still labouring up
two marches in the rear, it was really with 30,000 only that he struck
his blow--a force exceeding that which Blake possessed by not more
than 6,000 or 7,000 bayonets. Considering the strength of the Spanish
fortifications the task looked hazardous: but Suchet was convinced,
and rightly, that the greater part of the Army of Valencia was still
so much demoralized that much might be dared against it: and the event
proved him wise.

On the night of December 25th all the divisions of the Army of Aragon
had abandoned their cantonments, and advanced towards the Spanish
lines--Habert on the left next the sea; Palombini to the west of
Valencia, opposite the village of Mislata; Harispe and Musnier farther
up-stream, opposite Quarte. The cavalry accompanied this last column.
Reille and Severoli, on their arrival, were to form the extreme
right of the line, and would extend far beyond the last Spanish
entrenchments. The weak Neapolitan division alone (now not much over
1,000 strong) was to keep quiet, occupying the entrenched position in
the suburb of Serranos, which faced the city of Valencia. Its only duty
was to hold on to its works, in case Blake should try a sortie at this
spot, with the purpose of breaking the French line in two. That such
a weak force was left to discharge such an important function, is a
sufficient proof of Suchet’s belief in Blake’s incapacity to take the
offensive.

The lines which the French were about to assail were rather long than
strong, despite of the immense amount of labour that had been lavished
on them during the last three months. Their extreme right, on the side
of the sea, and by the mouth of the Guadalaviar was a redoubt (named
after the Lazaretto hard by) commanding the estuary: from thence a
long line of earthworks continued the defences as far as the slight
hill of Monte Oliveto, which guarded the right flank of the great
entrenched camp of which the city formed the nucleus. Here there was
a fort outside the walls, and connected with them by a ditch and a
bastioned line of earthworks, reaching as far as the citadel at the
north-east corner of the town. From thence the line of resistance
for some way was formed of the mediaeval wall of Valencia itself,
thirty feet high and ten thick. It was destitute of a parapet broad
enough to bear guns: but the Spaniards had built up against its back,
at irregular distances, scaffolding of heavy beams, and terraces of
earth, on which a certain amount of cannon were mounted. The gates were
protected by small advanced works, mounting artillery. Blake had made
Valencia and its three outlying southern and western suburbs of Ruzafa,
San Vincente, and Quarte into a single place of defence, by building
around those suburbs a great line of earthworks and batteries. It was
an immense work consisting of bastioned entrenchments provided with
a ditch eighteen feet deep, and filled in some sections with water.
From the city the line of defence along the river continued as far
as the village of Manises, with an unbroken series of earthworks and
batteries. The Guadalaviar itself formed an outer obstacle, being a
stream running through low and marshy ground, and diverted into many
water-cuts for purposes of irrigation.

The continuous line of defences from the sea as far as Manises was
about eight miles long. It possessed some outworks on the farther bank
of the Guadalaviar, three of the five bridges which lead from Valencia
northward having been left standing by Blake, with good _têtes-de-pont_
to protect them from Suchet’s attacks. Thus the Spaniards had the
power to debouch on to the French side of the river at any time that
they pleased. This fact added difficulties to the projected attack
which the Marshal was planning.

The troops behind the lines of the Guadalaviar consisted of some
23,000 regulars, with a certain amount of local urban guards and
armed peasantry whose number it is impossible to estimate with any
precision--probably they gave some 3,000 muskets more, but their
fighting value was almost negligible. The right of the line, near
the sea, was entirely made over to these levies of doubtful value.
Miranda’s division manned the fort of Monte Oliveto and the whole north
front of the city. Lardizabal garrisoned the earthworks from the end of
the town wall as far as the village of Mislata. This last place and its
works fell to the charge of Zayas. Creagh’s Murcians were on Zayas’s
left at Quarte: finally the western wing of the army was formed by
the Valencian divisions of Obispo and Villacampa; holding San Onofre
and Manises, where the fortifications ended. The whole of the cavalry
was placed so as to cover the left rear of the lines, at Aldaya and
Torrente. A few battalions of the raw ‘Reserve Division’ were held in
the city as a central reserve. The arrangements of Blake seem liable
to grave criticism, since he placed his two good and solid divisions,
those of Lardizabal and Zayas, in the strongest works in the centre of
his line, but entrusted his left flank, where a turning movement by
the French might most easily take place, to the demoralized battalions
of Villacampa and Obispo, who had a consistent record of rout and
disaster behind them. It is clear that lines, however long, can always
be turned, unless their ends rest, as did those of Torres Vedras, on
an impassable obstacle such as the sea. If the French should refuse
to attack the works in front, and should march up the Guadalaviar to
far beyond the last battery, it would be impossible to prevent them
from crossing, all the more so because, after Manises, the network of
canals and water-cuts, which makes the passage difficult in the lower
course of the river, comes to an end, and the only obstacle exposed to
the invader is a single stream of no great depth. Blake, therefore,
should have seen that the critical point was the extreme west end of
his lines, and should have placed there his best troops instead of his
worst. Moreover he appears to have had no proper system of outposts
of either cavalry or infantry along the upper stream, for (as we
shall see) the first passage of the French was made not only without
opposition, but without any alarm being given. Yet there were 2,000
Spanish cavalry only a few miles away, at Torrente and Aldaya.

Suchet’s plan of attack, which he carried out the moment that Reille
joined him, and even before the latter’s rearmost brigade had got up
into line, was a very ambitious one, aiming not merely at the forcing
of the Guadalaviar or the investment of Valencia, but at the trapping
of the whole Spanish army. It was conducted on such a broad front, and
with such a dispersion of the forces into isolated columns, that it
argued a supreme contempt for Blake and his generalship. Used against
such a general as Wellington it would have led to dreadful disaster.
But Suchet knew his adversary.

The gist of the plan was the circumventing of the Spanish lines by two
columns which, starting one above and the other below Valencia, were
to cross the river and join hands to the south of the city. Meanwhile
the main front of the works was to be threatened (and if circumstances
favoured, attacked) by a very small fraction of the French army. Near
the sea Habert’s division was to force the comparatively weak line of
works at the estuary, and then to cut the road which runs from Valencia
between the Mediterranean and the great lagoon of the Albufera. Far
inland the main striking force of the army, composed of the divisions
of Harispe and Musnier, with all the cavalry, and with Reille’s three
brigades following close behind, was to pass the Guadalaviar at
Ribaroja, three or four miles above Manises, and from thence to extend
along the south front of the Spanish lines, take them in the rear, and
push on so as to get into touch with Habert. Compère’s weak Neapolitan
brigade was to block the bridge-heads out of which Blake might make
a sally northward. Palombini’s Italians were to press close up to
Mislata, which Suchet judged to be the weakest point in the Spanish
lines, and to deliver against it an attack which was to be pushed more
or less home as circumstances might dictate. The whole force employed
(not counting Pannetier’s brigade, which had not yet joined Reille)
was just 30,000 men. Of these 25,000 were employed in the flanking
movements; less than 5,000 were left to demonstrate against Blake’s
front along the lines of the Guadalaviar.

The main and decisive blow was of course to be delivered by Harispe,
Musnier, and Reille, who were to cross the river at a point where the
Spaniards were unlikely to make any serious opposition, since it was
outside their chosen ground of defence, and was clearly watched rather
than held. If 20,000 men crossed here, and succeeded in establishing
themselves south of Valencia by a rapid march, Blake would find his
lines useless, and would be forced to fight in the open, in order to
secure a retreat southward, or else to shut himself and his whole force
up in the entrenched camp around the city. Suchet could accept either
alternative with equanimity: a battle, as he judged, meant a victory,
the breaking up of the Spanish army and the capture of Valencia. If,
on the other hand, Blake refused to fight a general engagement, and
retired within his camp, it would lead to his being surrounded, and
the desired end would only be deferred for a few days. There were only
two dangers--one was that the Spanish general might abscond southward
with the bulk of his army, without fighting, the moment that he heard
that his enemy was across the Guadalaviar. The second was that, waiting
till the French main body was committed to its flank march, he might
break out northward by the three bridges in his hands, overwhelm the
Neapolitans, and escape towards Liria and Segorbe into the mountains.
Suchet judged that his enemy would try neither of these courses; he
would not be timid enough to retreat on the instant that he learnt that
his left wing was beginning to be turned; nor would he be resourceful
enough to strike away northward, as soon as he saw that the turning
movement was formidable and certain of success. Herein Suchet judged
aright.

At nightfall on the 25th-26th of December two hundred hussars, each
carrying a voltigeur behind him, forded the Guadalaviar at Ribaroja,
and threw out a chain of posts which brushed off a few Spanish cavalry
vedettes. The moment that the farther bank was clear, the whole force
of Suchet’s engineers set to work to build two trestle-bridges for
infantry, and to lay a solid pontoon bridge higher up for guns and
cavalry. A few hours later Harispe’s division began to pass--then
Musnier’s, lastly Boussard’s cavalry. The defile took a long time,
and even by dawn Reille’s three brigades had not arrived or begun to
pass. But by that time ten thousand French were over the river. The
Spanish vedettes had reported, both to their cavalry generals at Aldaya
and to Blake at Valencia, that the enemy was busy at Ribaroja, but
had not been able to judge of his force, or to make out that he was
constructing bridges. Their commanders resolved that nothing could
be done in the dark, and that the morning light would determine the
character of the movement[54].

  [54] So Suchet’s narrative (_Mémoires_, ii. pp. 214-15). Belmas
  says that only one bridge was finished when Harispe and Musnier
  passed--the others after dawn only.

The late December sun soon showed the situation. Harispe’s division
was marching on Torrente, to cut the high-road to Murcia. The cavalry
and one brigade of Musnier were preparing to follow: the other brigade
of the second division (Robert’s) was standing fast by the bridges, to
cover them till Reille should appear and cross. But while this was the
most weighty news brought to Blake, he was distracted by intelligence
from two other quarters. Habert was clearly seen coming down by the
seaside, to attack at the estuary; and Palombini was also approaching
in the centre, in front of Mislata. The daylight was the signal for the
commencement of skirmishing on each of the three far-separated points.
Blake, strange as it may appear, made up his mind at first that the
real danger lay on the side next the sea, and that Habert’s column was
the main striking force[55]. But when it became clear that this wing
of the French army was not very strong, and was coming on slowly, he
turned his attention to Palombini, whose attack on Mislata was made
early, and was conducted in a vigorous style. It was to this point that
he finally rode out from the city, and he took up his position behind
Zayas, entirely neglecting the turning movement on his left--apparently
because it was out of sight, and he could not make the right deduction
from the reports which his cavalry had brought him.

  [55] For Blake’s opinions and actions see the record of his
  staff-officer, Schepeler (pp. 502-3).

Meanwhile Harispe’s column, pushing forward with the object of
reaching the high-road from Valencia to Murcia, the natural route
for Blake’s army to take, if it should attempt to escape southward,
ran into the main body of the Spanish horse, which was assembling in
the neighbourhood of the village of Aldaya. The French infantry were
preceded by a squadron of hussars, who were accompanied by General
Boussard, the commander of Suchet’s cavalry division. This small force
was suddenly encompassed and cut up by several regiments of Martin
Carrera’s brigade. Boussard was overthrown and left for dead--his sword
and decorations were stripped from his body. But more French squadrons
began to come up, and Harispe’s infantry opened fire on the Spaniards,
who were soon forced to retire hurriedly--they rode off southward
towards the Xucar river. They were soon completely out of touch with
the rest of Blake’s army.

Harispe’s column then continued its way, sweeping eastward towards the
Murcian _chaussée_ in the manner that Suchet had designed; but the rest
of the operations of the French right wing were not so decisive as its
commander had hoped. Mahy, learning of the movement of the encircling
column, and seeing Robert’s brigade massed opposite the extreme flank
of his position at Manises, while some notice of Reille’s near approach
also came to hand, suddenly resolved that he would not be surrounded,
and abandoned all his lines before they were seriously attacked. He
had the choice of directing Villacampa and Obispo to retire towards
Valencia and join Blake for a serious battle in the open, or of bidding
them strike off southward and eastward, and escape towards the Xucar,
abandoning the main body of the army. He chose the second alternative,
and marched off parallel with Harispe’s threatening column, directing
each brigade to get away as best it could. His force at once broke up
into several fractions, for the cross-roads were many and perplexing.
Some regiments reached the Murcian _chaussée_ before Harispe, and
escaped in front of him, pursued by the French cavalry. Others, coming
too late, were forced to forgo this obvious line of retreat, and to
struggle still farther eastward, only turning south when they got
to the marshy borders of the lagoon of Albufera. Obispo, with 2,000
of his men, was so closely hunted by the hostile cavalry that he
barely found safety by striking along the narrow strip of soft ground
between the lagoon and the sea. On the morning of the 27th he struggled
through to Cullera near the mouth of the Xucar: Mahy, with the greater
part of Villacampa’s division and some of Obispo’s and Creagh’s,
arrived somewhat earlier at Alcira, higher up the same stream, where
he found the fugitive cavalry already established. The divisions were
much disorganized, but they had lost very few killed or wounded, and
not more than 500 prisoners. Mahy rallied some 4,000 or 5,000 men at
Alcira, and Obispo a couple of thousand at Cullera, but they were a
‘spent force,’ not fit for action. Many of the raw troops had disbanded
themselves and gone home.

[Illustration: VALENCIA The Siege (Dec 1811-Jan 1812)]

Thus three-sevenths of Blake’s army were separated from Valencia
and their Commander-in-Chief without having made any appreciable
resistance. But it seems doubtful whether Mahy should be blamed--if he
had waited an hour longer in his positions his whole corps might have
been captured. If he had retired towards Valencia he would have been,
in all probability, forced to surrender with the rest of the army a
few days later. And in separating himself from his chief he had the
excuse that he knew that Blake’s intention had been to retire towards
the Xucar if beaten, not to shut himself up in Valencia. He may have
expected that the rest of the army would follow him southward, and
Blake (as we shall see) probably had the chance of executing that
movement, though he did not seize it.

Meanwhile the progress of the engagement in other quarters must be
detailed. Palombini made a serious attempt to break through the left
centre of the Spanish lines at Mislata. His task was hard, not so
much because of the entrenchments, or of the difficulty of crossing
the Guadalaviar, which was fordable for infantry, but from the many
muddy canals and water-cuts with which the ground in front of him
abounded. These, though not impassable for infantry, prevented guns
from getting to the front till bridges should have been made for
them. The Italians waded through the first canal, and then through
the river, but were brought to a stand by the second canal, that of
Fabara, behind which the Spanish entrenchments lay. After a furious
fire-contest they had to retire as far as the river, under whose bank
many sought refuge--some plunged in and waded back to the farther side.
Palombini rallied them and delivered a second attack; but at only one
point, to the left of Mislata, did the assault break into the Spanish
line. Zayas, aided by a battalion or two which Mahy had sent up from
Quarte, vindicated his position, and repulsed the attack with heavy
loss. But when the news came from the left that Harispe had turned the
lines, and when Mahy’s troops were seen evacuating all their positions
and hurrying off, Zayas found himself with his left flank completely
exposed.

Blake made some attempt to form a line _en potence_ to Zayas’s
entrenchments, directing two or three of Creagh’s battalions from
Quarte and some of his reserve from the city to make a stand at the
village of Chirivella. But the front was never formed--attacked by some
of Musnier’s troops these detachments broke up, Creagh’s men flying to
follow Mahy, and the others retiring to the entrenched camp.

Thereupon Blake ordered Zayas and Lardizabal, who lay to his right, to
retreat into Valencia before they should be turned by the approaching
French. The movement was accomplished in order and at leisure, and all
the guns in and about the Mislata entrenchments were brought away.
Palombini had been too hardly handled to attempt to pursue.

The General-in-Chief seemed stunned by the suddenness of the disaster.
‘He looked like a man of stone,’ says Schepeler, who rode at his side,
‘when any observation was made to him he made no reply, and he could
come to no decision. He would not allow Zayas to fight, and when a
colonel (the author of this work) suggested at the commencement of
the retreat that it would be well to burn certain houses which lay
dangerously close to the entrenched camp, he kept silence. Whereupon
Zayas observed in bitter rage to this officer: “Truly you are dull,
my German friend; do you not see that you cannot wake the man up?”’
According to the narratives of several contemporaries there would still
have been time at this moment to direct the retreating column southward
and escape, as Obispo did, along the Albufera. For Habert (as we shall
see) had been much slower than Harispe in his turning movement by the
side of the Mediterranean. Some, among them Schepeler, suggest that
the whole garrison might have broken out by the northern bridges and
got away. For Palombini was not in a condition to hinder them, and the
Neapolitans in front of the bridge-heads were but a handful of 1,200
men. But the General, still apparently unconscious of what was going on
about him, drew back into the entrenched camp, and did no more.

Habert, meanwhile, finally completed his movement, and joined hands
with Harispe at last. His lateness was to be accounted for not by the
strength of the opposition made by the irregular troops in front of
him, but by the fact that his advance had been much hindered by the
fire of the flotilla lying off the mouth of the Guadalaviar. Here
there was a swarm of gunboats supported by a British 74 and a frigate.
Habert would not commence his passage till he had driven them away, by
placing a battery of sixteen siege-guns on the shore near the Grao.
After much firing the squadron sheered off[56], and about midday the
French division crossed the Guadalaviar, partly by fording, partly
on a hastily constructed bridge, and attacked the line of scattered
works defended by irregulars which lay behind. The Spaniards were
successively evicted from all of them, as far as the fort of Monte
Oliveto. Miranda’s division kept within the entrenched camp, and gave
no assistance to the bands without; but it was late afternoon before
Habert had accomplished his task, and finally got into touch with
Harispe.

  [56] Napier says (iv. p. 30) that the gunboats fled without
  firing a shot. Suchet and Schepeler speak of much firing, as does
  Arteche.

Blake was thus shut up in Valencia with the divisions of Miranda,
Zayas, and Lardizabal, and what was left of his raw reserve battalions:
altogether some 17,000 fighting-men remained with him. The loss in
actual fighting had been very small--about 500 killed and wounded
and as many prisoners. The French captured a good many guns in the
evacuated works and a single standard. Suchet returned his total
casualties at 521 officers and men, of whom no less than 50 killed
and 355 wounded were among Palombini’s Italians--the only corps which
can be said to have done any serious fighting[57]. The Marshal’s
strategical combination would have been successful almost without
bloodshed, if only Palombini had not pressed his attack so hard, and
with so little necessity. But the Spanish army, which was drawn out on
a long front of nine miles, without any appreciable central reserve,
and with no protection for its exposed flank, was doomed to ruin the
moment that the enemy appeared in overwhelming force, beyond and behind
its extreme left wing. Blake’s only chance was to have watched every
ford with great vigilance, and to have had a strong flying column of
his best troops ready in some central position, from which it could be
moved out to dispute Suchet’s passage without a moment’s delay. Far
from doing this, he tied down his two veteran divisions to the defence
of the strongest part of his lines, watched the fords with nothing but
cavalry vedettes, and kept no central reserve at all, save 2,000 or
3,000 men of his untrustworthy ‘Reserve Division.’ In face of these
dispositions the French were almost bound to be successful. A disaster
was inevitable, but Blake might have made it somewhat less ruinous if
he had recognized his real position promptly, and had ordered a general
retreat, when Harispe’s successful turning movement became evident. In
this case he would have lost Valencia, but not his army.

  [57] No less than three of the Italian colonels were hit, and
  thirty-four officers in all.

As it was, a week more saw the miserable end of the campaign. Suchet’s
first precaution was to ascertain whether there was any danger from
the fraction of the Spanish army which Mahy and Obispo had carried
off. He was uncertain how strong they were, and whether they were
prepared to attack him in the rear, supposing that he should sit down
to the siege of Valencia. Accordingly he sent out at dawn on the 26th
December two light columns of cavalry and voltigeurs against Alcira
and Cullera, whither he knew that the refugees had retired. These two
reconnaissances in force discovered the enemy in position, but the
moment that they were descried Mahy retreated towards Alcoy, and Obispo
towards Alicante--both in such haste and disorder that it was evident
that they had no fighting spirit left in them.

Suchet, therefore, was soon relieved of any fear of danger from this
side, and could make his arrangements for the siege. He sent back to
the north bank of the Guadalaviar the whole division of Musnier, which
was there joined three days later by Reille’s belated brigade, that of
Pannetier. Harispe, Habert, Severoli, and Reille’s other French brigade
(that of Bourke) formed the investment on the southern bank. Palombini
lay astride of the river near Mislata, with one brigade on each bank.
The whole force of 33,000 men was sufficient for the task before it.
The decisive blow would have to be given by the siege artillery; the
whole train which had captured Saguntum had long been ready for its
work. And it had before it not regular fortifications of modern type,
but, in part of the circumference of Blake’s position, mediaeval walls
not built to resist artillery, in the rest the ditch and bank of the
entrenched camp, which, though strong as a field-work, could not be
considered capable of resisting a formal attack by a strong siege-train.

Blake was as well aware of this as Suchet, and he also knew (what
Suchet could not) that the population of 100,000 souls under his charge
had only 10 days’ provision of flour and 19 or 20 of rice and salt
fish. The city, like the army, had been living on daily convoys from
the south, and had no great central reserves of food. If he should sit
down, like Palafox at Saragossa, to make an obstinate defence behind
improvised works, he would be on the edge of starvation in less than
three weeks. But such a defence was impossible in face of the spirit
of the people, who looked upon Blake as the author of all their woes,
regarded him as a tyrant as well as an imbecile, and were as likely to
rise against him as to turn their energies to resisting the French.
Palafox at Saragossa accomplished what he did because the spirit of the
citizens was with him: Blake was despised as well as detested.

When he recovered his composure he called a council of war, which voted
almost unanimously[58] that the city was indefensible, and that the
army must try to cut its way out on the north side of the Guadalaviar.
If the sally had been made on the 27th it might have succeeded, for
it was not till late on that day that Suchet’s arrangements for the
blockade of the north bank were complete. But the investing line had
been linked up by the night of the 28th-29th, when Blake made his last
stroke for safety. At six in the evening the field army issued from
the gate of St. José and began to cross the bridge opposite it, the
westernmost of the three of which the Spaniards were in possession.
This led not to the great _chaussée_ to Saguntum and Tortosa, which
was known to have been cut and entrenched by the enemy, but to the
by-road to Liria and the mountains. Lardizabal headed the march, Zayas
followed, escorting the artillery and a considerable train, Miranda
brought up the rear. Charles O’Donnell was left to man the walls with
the urban guards and the ‘Reserve Division,’ and was given permission
to capitulate whenever he should be attacked.

  [58] Only Miranda voted against a sortie, and thought that
  nothing could be done, except to hold out for a while in the
  walls and then surrender. Arteche, xi. p. 241.

Lardizabal’s vanguard, under a Colonel Michelena, swerved from the
Liria road soon after passing the Guadalaviar, in order to avoid French
posts, and successfully got as far as the canal of Mestalla before it
was discovered or checked. The canal was too broad to be passed by
means of some beams and planks which had been brought up. But Michelena
got his men across, partly by fording and partly over a mill-dam, and
presently got to the village of Burjasort, where the artillery of
Palombini’s division were quartered. These troops, surprised in the
dark, could not stop him, and he pushed on through them and escaped
to the hills with his little force--one squadron, one battalion, and
some companies of Cazadores--some 500 or 600 men[59]. Lardizabal, who
should have followed him without delay, halted at the canal, trying
to build a bridge, till the French all along the line were alarmed by
the firing at Burjasort and began to press in upon him. He opened fire
instead of pushing on at all costs, and presently found himself opposed
by forces of growing strength. Blake thereupon made up his mind that
the sally had failed, and gave orders for the whole column to turn back
and re-enter Valencia. It seems probable that at least a great part of
the army might have got away, if an attempt had been made to push on
in Michelena’s wake, for the blockading line was thin here, and only
one French regiment seems to have been engaged in checking Lardizabal’s
exit.

  [59] Not 5,000 as Napier (probably by a misprint) says on page 31
  of his 4th vol. Apparently a misprint in the original edition has
  been copied in all the later fourteen!

Be this as it may, the sortie had failed, and Blake was faced by
complete ruin, being driven back with a disheartened army into a city
incapable of defence against a regular siege, and short of provisions.
Next morning the despair of the garrison was shown by the arrival of
many deserters in the French camp. The inevitable end was delayed for
only eleven days more. On January 1, most of the siege-guns having
been brought across the Guadalaviar, Suchet opened trenches against
two fronts of the entrenched camp, the fort of Monte Oliveto and the
southern point of the suburb of San Vincente, both salient angles
capable of being battered from both flanks. Seven batteries were built
opposite them by January 4th, and the advanced works in front were
pushed up to within fifty yards of the Spanish works. Thereupon Blake,
before the siege-guns had actually opened, abandoned the whole of his
entrenched camp on the next day, without any attempt at defence. The
French discovering the evacuation, entered, and found eighty-one guns
spiked in the batteries, and a considerable quantity of munitions.

Blake was now shut up in the narrow space of the city, whose walls
were very unsuited for defence, and were easily approachable in many
places under shelter of houses left undemolished, which gave cover only
fifty yards from the ramparts. For no attempt had been made to clear
a free space round the inner _enceinte_, in case the outer circuit of
the camp should be lost. While fresh batteries were being built in
the newly-captured ground, to breach the city wall, Suchet set all
the mortars in his original works to throw bombs into Valencia. He
gathered that the population was demoralized and probably the garrison
also, and thought that a general bombardment of the place might bring
about a surrender without further trouble. About a thousand shells
were dropped into the city within twenty-four hours, and Suchet then
(January 6th) sent a _parlementaire_ to invite Blake to capitulate.
The Captain-General replied magniloquently that ‘although yesterday
morning he might have consented to treat for terms allowing his army
to quit Valencia, in order to spare the inhabitants the horrors of a
bombardment, now, after a day’s firing, he had learnt that he could
rely on the magnanimity and resignation of the people. The Marshal
might continue his operations if he pleased, and would bear the
responsibility for so maltreating the place.’

As a matter of fact the bombardment had been very effective, numerous
non-combatants had perished, and the spirit of the population was
broken. Many openly pressed for a surrender, and only a few fanatical
monks went round the streets exhorting the citizens to resistance.
The bombardment continued on the 7th and 8th, and at the same time
Suchet pushed approaches close to the walls, and in several places
set his miners to work to tunnel under them. Actual assault was never
necessary, for on the 8th Blake held a council of war, which voted for
entering into negotiation with the enemy. The report of this meeting
sets forth that ‘it had taken into consideration the sufferings of the
people under these days of bombardment; the cry of the populace was
that an end must be put to its misery; it was impossible to prolong the
defence with any profit, without exposing the city to the horrors of an
assault, in which the besiegers would probably succeed, considering the
depressed condition of the garrison, and the feebleness of the walls.
The citizens had not only failed to aid in the defence and to second
the efforts of the regular troops, but were panic-stricken and demanded
a surrender. The army itself did not seem disposed to do its duty, and
after hearing the evidence of the commanders of different corps, the
council decided in favour of negotiating to get honourable terms. If
these were refused it might be necessary to continue a hopeless defence
and die honourably among the ruins of Valencia[60].

  [60] See the long _procès verbal_ of the Council’s proceedings
  translated in Belmas, iv. pp. 203-6.

It is probable that Blake would really have accepted any terms offered
him as ‘honourable,’ for he assented to all that Suchet dictated to
him. A feeble attempt to stipulate for a free departure for the field
army, on condition that the city and all its armaments and resources
were handed over intact, met with the curt refusal that it deserved. A
simple capitulation with the honours of war was granted: one clause,
however, was looked upon by Blake as somewhat of a concession, though
it really was entirely to Suchet’s benefit. He offered to grant an
exchange to so many of the garrison as should be equivalent man for
man, to French prisoners from the dépôts in Majorca and Cabrera, where
the unfortunate remnants of Dupont’s army were still in confinement.
As this was not conceded by the Spanish government, the clause had no
real effect in mitigating the fate of Blake’s army[61]. Other clauses
in the capitulation declared that private property should be respected,
and that no inquiry should be made after the surrender into the past
conduct of persons who had taken an active part in the revolution of
1808, or the subsequent defence of the kingdom of Valencia: also that
such civilians as chose might have three months in which to transport
themselves, their families, and their goods to such destination as they
pleased. These clauses, as we shall see, were violated by Suchet with
the most shocking callousness and shameless want of respect for his
written word.

  [61] The proposal of exchange came first to Mahy at Alicante; he
  called a council of generals, which resolved that the release of
  so many French would profit Suchet overmuch, because many of them
  had been imprisoned at Alicante and Cartagena, and had worked on
  the fortifications there. They could give the Marshal valuable
  information, which he had better be denied. The proposal must
  therefore be sent on to the Regency at Cadiz. That government,
  after much debate, refused to ratify the proposal, considering it
  more profitable to the enemy than to themselves.

On January 9 the citadel and the gate adjacent were handed over to the
French; Blake (at his own request) was sent away straight to France,
and did not remain to take part in the formal surrender of his troops
and of the city. It would seem that he could not face the rage of the
Valencians, and was only anxious to avoid even twenty-four hours of
sojourn among them after the disaster. Napoleon affected to regard him
as a traitor, though he had never done even a moment’s homage to Joseph
Bonaparte in 1808, and shut him up in close captivity in the donjon of
Vincennes, where he remained very uncomfortably lodged till the events
of April 1814 set him free[62].

  [62] Some notes about his captivity may be found in the
  _Mémoires_ of Baron Kolli, the would-be deliverer of King
  Ferdinand, who was shut up in another tower of the castle.

The total number of prisoners yielded up by Valencia was 16,270 regular
troops, of whom some 1,500 were sick or wounded in the hospitals. The
urban guards and armed peasants, who were supposed to be civilians
covered by the amnesty article in the capitulation, are not counted in
the total. The regulars marched out of the Serranos gate on January
10, and after laying down their arms and colours were sent prisoners
to France, marching in two columns, under the escort of Pannetier’s
brigade, to Saragossa. Twenty-one colours and no less than 374 cannon
(mostly heavy guns in the defences) were given over, as also a very
large store of ammunition and military effects, but very little food,
which was already beginning to fail in the city when Blake surrendered.

To prevent unlicensed plunder Suchet did not allow his own troops to
enter Valencia till January 14th, giving the civil authorities four
days in which to make preparations for the coming in of the new régime.
He was better received than might have been expected--apparently
Blake’s maladroit dictatorship had thoroughly disgusted the people.
Many of the magistrates bowed to the conqueror and took the oath of
homage to King Joseph, and the aged archbishop emerged from the village
where he had hidden himself for some time, and ‘showed himself animated
by an excellent spirit’ according to the Marshal’s dispatch.

This prompt and tame submission did not save Valencia from dreadful
treatment at the victor’s hands. Not only did he levy on the city and
district a vast fine of 53,000,000 francs (over £2,120,000), of which
3,000,000 were sent to Madrid and the rest devoted to the profit of the
Army of Aragon, but he proceeded to carry out a series of atrocities,
which have been so little spoken of by historians that it would be
difficult to credit them, if they were not avowed with pride in his own
dispatches to Berthier and Napoleon.

The second article of Blake’s capitulation, already cited above,
had granted a complete amnesty for past actions on the part of the
Valencians--‘Il ne sera fait aucune recherche pour le passé contre ceux
qui auraient pris une part active à la guerre ou à la révolution,’ to
quote the exact term. In his dispatch of January 12 to Berthier, Suchet
is shameless enough to write: ‘I have disarmed the local militia: all
guilty chiefs will be arrested, and all assassins punished; _for in
consenting to Article II of the Capitulation my only aim was to get
the matter over quickly_[63].’ ‘Guilty chiefs’ turned out to mean all
civilians who had taken a prominent part in the defence of Valencia:
‘assassins’ was interpreted to cover guerrilleros of all sorts, not
(as might perhaps have been expected) merely those persons who had
taken part in the bloody riots against the French commercial community
in 1808[64]. In his second dispatch of January 17 Suchet proceeds to
explain that he has arrested 480 persons as ‘suspects,’ that a large
number of guerrillero leaders have been found among them, who have
been sent to the citadel and have been already shot, or will be in
a few days. He has also arrested every monk in Valencia; 500 have
been sent prisoners to France: five of the most guilty, convicted of
having carried round the streets a so-called ‘banner of the faith,’
and of having preached against capitulation, and excited the people
to resistance, have been already executed. Inquiries were still in
progress. They resulted in the shooting of two more friars[65]. But
the most astonishing clause in the dispatch is that ‘all those who
took part in the murders of the French [in 1808] will be sought
out and punished. Already _six hundred_ have been executed by the
firmness of the Spanish judge Marescot, whom I am expecting soon to
meet[66].’ It was a trifling addition to the catalogue of Suchet’s
doings that 350 students of the university, who had volunteered to aid
the regular artillery during the late siege, had all been arrested
and sent off to France like the monks. Two hundred sick or footsore
prisoners who straggled from the marching column directed on Teruel
and Saragossa are said to have been shot by the wayside[67]. It is
probable that innumerable prisoners were put to death in cold blood
after the capitulation of Valencia, in spite of Suchet’s guarantee
that ‘no research should be made as to the past.’ Of this Napier says
no word[68], though he quotes other parts of Suchet’s dispatches, and
praises him for his ‘vigorous and prudent’ conduct, and his ‘care not
to offend the citizens by violating their customs or shocking their
religious feelings.’

  [63] See the dispatches printed in full in Belmas, Appendix, vol.
  iv, pp. 218-20, and 226-7 of his great work.

  [64] For which see vol. i. p. 68.

  [65] The names of all seven friars are given by Toreno and
  Schepeler.

  [66] Can the frightful figure of 600 be a mistake for 60?

  [67] See Toreno, iii. p. 28.

  [68] See his pages, iv. 33.




SECTION XXX: CHAPTER IV

SUCHET’S CONQUEST OF VALENCIA: SIDE-ISSUES AND CONSEQUENCES.
JANUARY-MARCH 1812


When once Suchet’s long-deferred movements began, on December 26, 1812,
his operations were so rapid and successful that the whole campaign
was finished in fourteen days. The unexpected swiftness of his triumph
had the result of rendering unnecessary the subsidiary operations
which Napoleon had directed the Armies of Portugal, the Centre, and
Andalusia, to carry out.

D’Armagnac, with his 3,000 men of the Army of the Centre, still lay
at Cuenca when Suchet’s advance began, hindered from further movement
by the badness of the roads and the weather. Opposite him were lying
Bassecourt’s small force at Requeña--not 2,000 men--and the larger
detachment of the Murcian army under Freire, which Blake had originally
intended to draw down to join his main body. This seems to have
consisted of some 4,000 foot and 1,000 horse[69] about the time of the
New Year.

  [69] On February 1st Freire’s infantry division, though it had
  suffered much from desertion in the meanwhile, still numbered
  3,300 men present, and his cavalry 850 sabres. See tables in _Los
  Ejércitos españoles_, pp. 149-50.

Far more important was the force under Montbrun, detached from the Army
of Portugal, which had moved (all too tardily) from La Mancha and the
banks of the Tagus, by Napoleon’s orders. Assembled, as we have already
shown[70], only on December 29th, it had started from San Clemente on
January 2 to march against Blake’s rear by the route of Almanza, the
only one practicable for artillery at midwinter. Thus the expedition
was only just getting under way when Suchet had already beaten Blake
and thrust him into Valencia. It consisted of the infantry divisions
of Foy and Sarrut, of the whole of the light cavalry of the Army of
Portugal, and of five batteries of artillery, in all about 10,000 men.
Of the succour which had been promised from d’Armagnac’s division,
to raise the force to the figures of 12,000 men, few if any came to
hand[71].

  [70] See above, p. 56.

  [71] According to Joseph’s letter to Montbrun (_Correspondence of
  King Joseph_, viii. p. 294) a battalion or two may have joined
  Montbrun, as he tells that general that he is glad to know that
  the troops of his army have given satisfaction.

Montbrun marched with Sarrut and the cavalry by Albacete and
Chinchilla, leaving Foy as a reserve échelon, to follow by slower
stages and keep up the communication with La Mancha. Between Chinchilla
and Almanza the advanced cavalry fell in with Freire’s Spanish
division, marching across its front. For on the news of Suchet’s
passage of the Guadalaviar on December 26, Freire had moved southward
from his position on the Cabriel river, with the intention of joining
Mahy, and so of building up a force strong enough to do something to
succour Blake and the beleaguered garrison of Valencia. On January 6th
Montbrun’s horse came upon one of Freire’s detachments, dispersed it,
and took some prisoners. But the greater part of the Murcians succeeded
in getting past, and in reaching Mahy at Alicante (January 9th).

So cowed was the country-side by the disasters about Valencia that
Montbrun at Almanza succeeded in getting a letter carried by one of
his staff to Valencia in two days[72]. It announced to Suchet his
arrival on the rear of the Spanish army, and his intention of pressing
on eastward so as to drive away Freire and Mahy and completely cut off
the retreat of Blake towards Murcia. But when the dispatch was received
Blake was already a prisoner, and his army had laid down its arms on
the preceding day. Suchet, therefore, wrote a reply to Montbrun to
thank him for his co-operation, to inform him that it was no longer
necessary, and to advise him to return as quickly as possible toward
the Army of Portugal and the Tagus, where his presence was now much
more needed than on the coast of the Mediterranean. The Army of Aragon
was strong enough to deal in due course with Mahy and Freire, and to
take Alicante.

  [72] Suchet, _Mémoires_, ii. p. 234, for dates.

Montbrun, however, refused to accept this advice. He was probably,
as his chief Marmont remarks, desirous of distinguishing himself by
carrying out some brilliant enterprise as an independent commander[73].
Knowing that Mahy’s and Freire’s troops were in a very demoralized
condition, and underrating the strength of the fortress of Alicante,
he resolved to march against that place, which he thought would make
little or no resistance. Accordingly he called forward Foy to Albacete
and Chinchilla, left the main part of his guns in his charge, and
marched on Alicante with the cavalry and Sarrut’s division, having only
one battery of horse artillery with him.

  [73] Marmont accuses Montbrun exactly as Napoleon accuses Marmont!

At the news of his approach Mahy, who had been at Alcoy since he
abandoned the line of the Nucar on December 27th, retired into Alicante
with Creagh’s and Obispo’s infantry. Bassecourt also joined him there,
while Freire with his own column, Villacampa’s division, and all the
Murcian and Valencian cavalry, occupied Elche and other places in
the neighbourhood. Over 6,000 regular infantry were within the walls
of Alicante by January 15th. Montbrun on the following day drove
Freire out of Elche westward, and presented himself in front of the
new fortification of Alicante, which had been much improved during
the last year, and included a new line of bastioned wall outside the
old mediaeval _enceinte_ and the rocky citadel. It is probable that
Montbrun had no knowledge of the recent improvements to the fortress,
and relied on old reports of its weakness. After advancing into the
suburbs, and throwing a few useless shells into the place, whose
artillery returned a heavy fire, he retreated by Elche and Hellin to
Albacete[74]. As he went he laid waste the country-side in the most
reckless fashion, and raised heavy requisitions of money in Elche,
Hellin, and other places. This involved him in an angry correspondence
with Suchet, who insisted that no commander but himself had a right
to extort contributions in the region that fell into his sphere of
operations.

  [74] On his first appearance he sent to summon Alicante, and
  received the proper negative answer. But Schepeler, who was in
  the place, says that the governor, General de la Cruz, showed
  signs of yielding. Fortunately the other generals did not. It
  would have been absurd to treat seriously a force of 4,000
  infantry and 1,500 horse with only six light guns! (Schepeler, p.
  520.)

Montbrun’s raid was clearly a misguided operation. Alicante was far too
strong to be taken by escalade, when it was properly garrisoned: the
only chance was that the garrison might flinch. They refused to do so,
and the French general was left in an absurd position, demonstrating
without siege-guns against a regular fortress. His action had two
ill-effects--the first was that it concluded the Valencian campaign
with a fiasco--a definite repulse which put heart into the Spaniards.
The second (and more important) was that it separated him from Marmont
and the Army of Portugal for ten days longer than was necessary. His
chief had given him orders to be back on the Tagus by the 15th-20th of
January, as his absence left the main body too weak. Owing to his late
start he would in any case have overpassed these dates, even if he had
started back from Almanza on January 13th, after receiving the news
of the fall of Valencia. But by devoting nine days to an advance from
Almanza to Alicante and then a retreat from Alicante to Albacete, he
deferred his return to Castile by that space of time. He only reached
Toledo on January 31st with his main column. Foy’s division, sent on
ahead, arrived there on the 29th. Montbrun’s last marches were executed
with wild speed, for he had received on the way letters of the most
alarming kind from Marmont, informing him that Wellington had crossed
the Agueda with his whole army and laid siege to Ciudad Rodrigo. The
Army of Portugal must concentrate without delay. But by the time that
Montbrun reached Toledo, Rodrigo had already been twelve days in the
hands of the British general, and further haste was useless. The troops
were absolutely worn out, and received with relief the order to halt
and wait further directions, since they were too late to save the
fallen fortress. It is fair to Montbrun to remark that, even if he had
never made his raid on Alicante, he would still have been unable to
help his chief. If he had turned back from Almanza on January 13th, he
would have been at Toledo only on the 22nd--and that city is nearly 200
miles by road from Ciudad Rodrigo, which had fallen on the 19th. The
disaster on the Agueda was attributable not to Montbrun’s presumptuous
action, but to the Emperor’s orders that the Army of Portugal should
make a great detachment for the Valencian campaign. Even if the
raiding column had started earlier, as Napoleon intended, it could not
have turned back till it got news of the capitulation of Blake, which
only took place on January 8th. And whatever might then have been its
exact position, it could not have been back in time to join Marmont
in checking the operations of Wellington, which (as we have already
stated) came to a successful end on January 19th. Wherefore, though
Montbrun must receive blame, the responsibility for the fall of Rodrigo
lay neither with him nor with Marmont, but with their great master.

Another diversion made by Napoleon’s orders for the purpose of
aiding Suchet was quite as futile--though less from the fault of the
original direction, and more from an unforeseen set of circumstances.
Like Marmont and King Joseph, Soult had also been ordered to lend
Suchet assistance against Valencia, by demonstrating from the side of
Granada against Murcia and its army. This order, issued apparently
about November 19, 1811[75]. and repeated on December 6th, reached
the Duke of Dalmatia just when he had assembled all his disposable
field-forces for the siege of Tarifa, an operation where preparations
began on December 8th and which did not end till January 5th.
Having concentrated 13,000 men in the extreme southern point of his
viceroyalty, Soult had not a battalion to spare for a sally from its
extreme eastern point. He could not give up a great enterprise already
begun; and it was only when it had failed, and the troops from Tarifa
were returning--in a sufficiently melancholy plight--that Soult could
do anything. But by this time it was too late to help Suchet, who had
finished his business without requiring assistance from without.

  [75] It is alluded to in a dispatch of the Emperor to Berthier on
  that day. ‘Le duc de Dalmatie a l’ordre d’envoyer une colonne en
  Murcie pour faire une diversion.’ St. Cloud, Nov. 19.

[Illustration: _Marshal Suchet, Duke of Albufera_

_from the portrait by Charpentier_]

Whether Soult was already aware of the surrender of Valencia or not,
when January 20th had arrived, he had before that day issued orders
to his brother, the cavalry general, Pierre Soult, to take the light
horse of the 4th Corps from Granada, and to execute with them a raid
against Murcia, with the object of drawing off the attention of any
Spanish troops left in that direction from Suchet. The General, with
about 800 sabres, pushing on by Velez Rubio and Lorca, arrived
before the gates of Murcia quite unopposed on January 25th. Freire had
left no troops whatever to watch the borders of Granada, and had drawn
off everything, save the garrison of Cartagena, toward the Valencian
frontiers. Pierre Soult summoned the defenceless city, received its
surrender, and imposed on it a ransom of 60,000 dollars. He entered
next day, and established himself in the archbishop’s palace; having
neither met nor heard of any enemy he was quite at his ease, and was
sitting down to dine, when a wild rush of Spanish cavalry came sweeping
down the street and cutting up his dispersed and dismounted troopers.
This was General Martin La Carrera, whose brigade was the nearest force
to Murcia when Soult arrived. Hearing that the French were guarding
themselves ill, he had resolved to attempt a surprise, and, dividing
his 800 men into three columns, assailed Murcia by three different
gates. His own detachment cut its way in with success, did much damage,
and nearly captured the French general. But neither of the other
parties showed such resolution; they got bickering with the French at
the entries of the city, failed to push home, and finally retired with
small loss. The gallant and unfortunate La Carrera, charging up and
down the streets in vain search for his reinforcements, was finally
surrounded by superior numbers, and died fighting gallantly.

His enterprise warned Soult that Spanish troops were collecting in
front of him, and indeed Villacampa’s infantry was not far off.
Wherefore he evacuated Murcia next day, after raising so much of the
contribution as he could, and plundering many private houses. The
Spaniards reoccupied the place, and Joseph O’Donnell, now placed in
command of the Murcian army in succession to Mahy, gave La Carrera’s
corpse a splendid funeral. Soult retreated hastily to the Granadan
frontier, pillaging Alcantarilla and Lorca by the way. This was the
only part taken by the French Army of Andalusia in the January campaign
of 1812. The siege of Tarifa had absorbed all its energies.

Montbrun’s and Pierre Soult’s enterprises had little effect on the
general course of events in eastern Spain. It was Suchet’s own
operations which, in the estimation of every observer from the Emperor
downwards, were to be considered decisive. When Valencia had fallen,
every one on the French side supposed that the war was practically
at an end in this region, and that the dispersion of the remnants of
Mahy’s and Freire’s troops and the capture of Peniscola, Alicante, and
Cartagena,--the three fortresses still in Spanish hands,--were mere
matters of detail. No one could have foreseen that the region south
of the Xucar was destined to remain permanently in the hands of the
patriots, and that Suchet’s occupation of Valencia was to last for
no more than eighteen months. Two causes, neither of them depending
on Suchet’s own responsibility, were destined to save the kingdom of
Murcia and the southern region of Valencia from conquest. The first was
Napoleon’s redistribution of his troops in eastern Spain, consequent
on the approach of his war with Russia. The second was the sudden
victorious onslaught of Wellington on the French in the western parts
of the Peninsula. How the former of these causes worked must at once
be shown--the effect of the latter cause did not become evident till a
little later.

Of the 33,000 men with whom Suchet had conquered Valencia and captured
Blake, no less than 13,000 under Reille had been lent him from the
Army of the North, and were under orders to return to the Ebro as
soon as possible. Indeed, till they should get back, Aragon, very
insufficiently garrisoned by Caffarelli’s division, was out of hand,
and almost as much in the power of the Empecinado, Duran, and Montijo,
as of the French. Moreover, so long as Caffarelli was at Saragossa,
and his troops dispersed in the surrounding region, both Navarre and
Old Castile were undermanned, and the Army of the North was reduced to
little more than Dorsenne’s two divisions of the Young Guard. To secure
the troops for the great push against Valencia, so many divisions
had shifted eastward, that Marmont and Dorsenne between them had, as
the Emperor must have seen, barely troops enough in hand to maintain
their position, if Wellington should make some unexpected move--though
Napoleon had persuaded himself that such a move was improbable. In
spite of this, he was anxious to draw back Reille’s and Caffarelli’s,
no less than Montbrun’s, men to more central positions.

But this was not all: in December the Emperor’s dispatches begin
to show that he regarded war with Russia in the spring of 1812 as
decidedly probable, and that for this reason he was about to withdraw
all the Imperial Guard from Spain. On December 15th a note to Berthier
ordered all the light and heavy cavalry of the Guard--chasseurs,
grenadiers à cheval, dragoons, Polish lancers--to be brought home, as
also its horse artillery and the _gendarmes d’élite_. All these were
serving in the Army of the North, and formed the best part of its
mounted troops. This was but a trifling preliminary warning of his
intentions: on January 14, 1812--the results of the Valencian campaign
being still unknown--he directed Berthier to withdraw from Spain
the whole of the Infantry of the Guard and the whole of the Polish
regiments in Spain. This was an order of wide-spreading importance,
and created large gaps in the muster-rolls of Suchet, Soult, and
Dorsenne. Suchet’s Poles (three regiments of the Legion of the Vistula,
nearly 6,000 men, including the detachments left in Aragon) formed
a most important part of the 3rd Corps. Soult had the 4th, 6th, and
9th Polish regiments and the Lancers, who had done such good service
at Albuera, a total of another 6,000 men. But Dorsenne was to be the
greatest sufferer--he had in the Army of the North not only the 4th
of the Vistula, some 1,500 bayonets, but the whole of the infantry
of the Young Guard, the two divisions of Roguet and Dumoustier,
twenty-two battalions over 14,000 strong. The dispatch of January 14
directed that Suchet should send off his battalions of the Legion
‘immediately after the fall of Valencia.’ Soult was to draft away
his Poles ‘within twenty-four hours after the receipt of the order.’
Dorsenne, of course, could not begin to send off the Guard Divisions
of infantry till the troops lent from the Army of the North (Reille
and Caffarelli) were freed from the duties imposed on them by the
Valencian expedition. A supplementary order of January 27th told him
that he might keep them for some time longer if the English took the
offensive--news of Wellington’s march on Rodrigo was just coming to
hand. ‘Le désir,’ says the Emperor, ‘que j’ai d’avoir ma Garde n’est
pas tellement pressant qu’il faille la renvoyer avant que les affaires
aient pris une situation nouvelle dans le Nord[76].’ As a matter of
fact some Guard-brigades did not get off till March, though by dint
of rapid transport, when they had once passed the Pyrenees, they
struggled to the front in time to take part in the opening of the great
Russian campaign in June. The fourth brigade, eight battalions under
Dumoustier, did not get away till the autumn was over.

  [76] Napoleon to Berthier, Paris, Jan. 27, 1812.

Thus the Emperor had marked off about 27,000 good veteran troops for
removal from the Peninsula, with the intention of using them in the
oncoming Russian war. The Army of the North was to lose the best of its
divisions--those of the South and of Aragon very heavy detachments.
Nothing was to come in return, save a few drafts and _bataillons de
marche_ which were lying at Bayonne. The Emperor in his dispatch makes
some curious self-justificatory remarks, to the effect that he should
leave the Army of Spain stronger than it had been in the summer of
1811; for while he was withdrawing thirty-six battalions, he had sent
into the Peninsula, since June last, forty-two battalions under Reille,
Caffarelli, and Severoli. This was true enough: but if the total
strength of the troops now dedicated to Spain was not less than it had
been in June 1811, it was left weaker by 27,000 men than it had been in
December 1811.

Now Suchet, when deprived of Reille’s aid, and at the same time
directed to send back to France his six Polish battalions, was left
with a very inadequate force in Valencia--not much more than half what
he had at his disposition on January 1. It would seem that the Emperor
overrated the effect of the capture of Blake and the destruction of his
army. At any rate, in his dispatches to Suchet, he seemed to consider
that the whole business in the East was practically completed by the
triumph at the New Year. The Marshal was directed ‘to push an advanced
guard towards Murcia, and put himself in communication with the 4th
Corps--the eastern wing of Soult’s army--which would be found at
Lorca[77].’ But the operations of the troops of the Army of Andalusia
in this quarter were limited to the appearance for two days at Murcia
of Pierre Soult’s small cavalry raid, of which Suchet got no news till
it was passed and gone. He was left entirely to his own resources,
and these were too small for any further advance: the Emperor not only
took away both Reille and the Poles, but sent, a few days later, orders
that Palombini’s Italian division, reduced by now to 3,000 men by its
heavy casualties on December 26th, should be sent into southern Aragon
against Duran and Montijo. The departure of Palombini (February 15th)
left Suchet with less than 15,000 men in hand. It must be remembered
that the conquest of a Spanish province always meant, for the French,
the setting aside of a large immobilized garrison, to hold it down,
unless it were to be permitted to drop back into insurrection. It was
clear that with the bulk of the kingdom of Valencia to garrison, not to
speak of the siege of the still intact fortress of Peniscola, Suchet
would have an infinitesimal field-force left for the final move that
would be needed, if Mahy and Freire were to be crushed, and Alicante
and Cartagena--both strong places--to be beleaguered.

  [77] See Suchet’s _Mémoires_, ii. pp. 237-8.

The Marshal had by the last week in January pushed Harispe’s division
to Xativa, beyond the Xucar, and Habert’s to Gandia near the sea-coast.
These 9,000 men were all his disposable force for a further advance:
Valencia had to be garrisoned; Musnier’s division had gone north,
to cover the high-road as far as Tortosa and the Ebro; some of the
Italians were sent to besiege Peniscola. Suchet might, no doubt, have
pushed Habert and Harispe further forward towards Alicante, but he
had many reasons for not doing so. That fortress had been proved--by
Montbrun’s raid--to be in a posture of defence: besides its garrison
there were other Spanish troops in arms in the neighbourhood. To the
forces of Freire, Obispo, Villacampa, and Bassecourt, there was added
the newly-formed brigade of General Roche, an Irish officer lent by
the British government to the Spaniards, who had been drilling and
disciplining the cadres of the battalions handed over to him[78],
till they were in a better condition than most of the other troops
on this coast. The muster-rolls of the ‘united 2nd and 3rd armies,’
as these remnants were now officially styled, showed, on February 1,
1812, 14,000 men present, not including Villacampa’s division, which
was moving off to its old haunts in Aragon. By March 1 this figure
had risen to 18,000, many deserters who had gone home after the fall
of Valencia having tardily rejoined the ranks of their battalions.
Over 2,000 cavalry were included in the total--for nearly the whole of
Blake’s squadrons had escaped (not too gloriously) after the disastrous
combats on December 26, 1812.

  [78] These were Chinchilla, 2nd of Murcia, and a new locally
  raised battalion called 2nd of Alicante. He was in March handed
  over also Canarias, Burgos, and Ligero de Aragon, which had
  belonged to Freire till that date.

If Suchet, therefore, had moved forward with a few thousand men at
the end of January, he would have risked something, despite of the
depressed morale of his enemies. But in addition there was vexatious
news from Catalonia, which presently caused the sending of part of
Musnier’s division beyond the Ebro, and it was reported (only too
correctly) that the yellow fever had broken out with renewed violence
at Murcia and Cartagena. An advance into the infected district might
be hazardous. But most of all was any further initiative discouraged
by the consideration that no help could be expected from Marmont or
Soult. By the end of January Suchet was aware of Wellington’s invasion
of Leon, and of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo. Not only did this move
absorb all the attention of Marmont, Dorsenne, and King Joseph, but
Soult was convinced that it boded evil for him also, and that a new
attack on Badajoz was imminent. Hill’s manœuvres in Estremadura (of
which more elsewhere) attracted all his attention, and he let it be
known that he had neither the wish nor the power to send expeditions
eastward, to co-operate against Murcia. Last, but most conclusive, of
all Suchet’s hindrances was a grave attack of illness, which threw
him on a bed of sickness early in February, and caused him to solicit
permission to return to France for his convalescence. The Emperor
(with many flattering words) refused this leave, and sent two of his
body physicians to Valencia to treat the Marshal’s ailment. But it was
two months before Suchet was able to mount his horse, and put himself
at the head of his army. From February to the beginning of April
operations were necessarily suspended for the Army of Aragon, since its
chief was not one of those who gladly hand over responsibility and the
power of initiative to his subordinates.

Hence there was a long gap in the story of the war in south-eastern
Spain from January to April 1812. The only events requiring notice
during that period were the occupation by the French of Denia and
Peniscola. The former, a little port on the projecting headland south
of Valencia, was furnished with fortifications newly repaired during
Blake’s régime, and had been an important centre of distribution
for stores and munitions of war, after the Spaniards lost the Grao
of Valencia in November, since it was the nearest harbour to their
positions along the Guadalaviar. In the general panic after Blake’s
surrender Mahy withdrew its garrison, but forgot to order the removal
of its magazines. Harispe seized Denia on January 20, and found sixty
guns mounted on its walls, and forty small merchant vessels, some of
them laden with stores, in its port. He garrisoned the place, and
fitted out some of the vessels as privateers. Mahy’s carelessness in
abandoning these resources was one of the reasons which contributed
most to his removal from command by the Cadiz Regency. It was indeed
a gross piece of neglect, for at least the guns might have been
destroyed, and the ships brought round to Alicante.

The story of Peniscola, however, was far more disgraceful. This
fortress sometimes called ‘the little Gibraltar’ from its impregnable
situation--it is a towering rock connected with the mainland by a
narrow sand-spit 250 yards long--was one of the strongest places in all
Spain. It had appeared so impregnable to Suchet, that, on his southward
march from Tortosa to Valencia, he had merely masked it, and made no
attempt to meddle with it[79]. Peniscola had suffered no molestation,
and was regularly revictualled by Spanish and British coasting vessels
from Alicante, Cartagena, and the Balearic Isles. The governor, Garcia
Navarro, was an officer who had an excellent reputation for personal
courage--taken prisoner at Falset in 1811[80] he had succeeded in
escaping from a French prison and had reported himself again for
further service. The garrison of 1,000 men was adequate for such a
small place, and was composed of veteran troops. In directing it to be
formally beleaguered after the fall of Valencia, Suchet seems to have
relied more on the general demoralization caused by the annihilation of
Blake’s army than on the strength of his means of attack. On January
20th he ordered Severoli with two Italian and two French battalions to
press the place as far as was possible, and assigned to him part of the
siege-train that had been used at Saguntum. The trenches, on the high
ground of the mainland nearest the place, were opened on the 28th, and
on the 31st the besiegers began to sap downhill towards the isthmus,
and to erect five batteries on the best available points. But it was
clear that the fortress was most inaccessible, and that to reach its
walls across the low-lying sand-spit would be a very costly business.

  [79] See above, p. 14.

  [80] See vol. iii. pp. 503-4.

Nevertheless, when a summons was sent in to the governor on February
2nd, he surrendered at once, getting in return terms of an unusually
favourable kind--the men and officers of the garrison were given leave
either to depart to their homes with all their personal property, or
to enlist in the service of King Joseph. This was a piece of mere
treachery: Navarro had made up his mind that the cause of Spain
was ruined by Blake’s disaster, and had resolved to go over to the
enemy, while there were still good terms to be got for deserters. As
Suchet tells the story, the affair went as follows. A small vessel,
sailing from Peniscola to Alicante, was taken by a privateer fitted
out by Harispe at Denia. Among letters seized by the captors[81] was
one from the governor, expressing his disgust with his situation,
and in especial with the peremptory advice given him by the English
naval officers who were in charge of the revictualling service and
the communications. He went on to say that he would rather surrender
Peniscola to the French than let it be treated as a British dependency,
whereupon the Marshal asked, and obtained, the surrender of the place.
Napier expresses a suspicion--probably a well-founded one--that the
letter may have been really intended for Suchet’s own eye, and that
the whole story was a piece of solemn deceit. ‘Such is the Marshal’s
account of the affair--but the colour which he thought it necessary
to give to a transaction so full of shame to Navarro, can only be
considered as part of the price paid for Peniscola[82].’ The mental
attitude of the traitor is sufficiently expressed by a letter which
reached Suchet along with the capitulation. ‘I followed with zeal,
with fury I may say, the side which I considered the just one. To-day
I see that to render Spain less unhappy it is necessary for us all to
unite under the King, and I make my offer to serve him with the same
enthusiasm. Your excellency may be quite sure of me--I surrender a
fortress fully provisioned and capable of a long defence--which is the
best guarantee of the sincerity of my promise[83].’

  [81] Suchet says that the captain of the boat threw his letters
  overboard at the last moment, but that they floated and were
  picked up by the French. Was this a farce? Or is the whole story
  doubtful?

  [82] Napier, _Peninsular War_, iv. p. 38.

  [83] See letter printed in Belmas, iv. p. 248.

The most astounding feature of the capitulation was that Navarro got
his officers to consent to such a piece of open treachery. If they had
done their duty, they would have arrested him, and sent him a prisoner
to Alicante. Demoralization and despair must have gone very far in this
miserable garrison.

The capture of Peniscola was Suchet’s last success. He fell sick
not long after, and when he once more assumed the active command
of his troops in April, the whole situation of French affairs in
Spain was changed, and no further advance was possible. The results
of Wellington’s offensive operations in the West had begun to make
themselves felt.

Meanwhile the remains of the Valencian and Murcian armies were
reorganizing themselves, with Alicante as their base and central port
of supply. Joseph O’Donnell, though not a great general, was at least
no worse than Blake and Mahy--of whom the former was certainly the most
maladroit as well as the most unlucky of commanders, while the latter
had shown himself too timid and resourceless to play out the apparently
lost game that was left to his hand in January 1812. By March there was
once more an army in face of the French, and in view of the sudden halt
of the invaders and the cheerful news from the West, hope was once more
permissible. The main body of O’Donnell’s army remained concentrated
in front of Alicante, but Villacampa’s division had gone off early to
Aragon, to aid in the diversion against Suchet’s communications, which
was so constantly kept up by Duran and the Empecinado. This was a good
move: the weak point of the French occupation was the impossibility
of holding down broad mountain spaces, in which small garrisons were
useless and helpless, while heavy columns could not live for more than
a few days on any given spot.




SECTION XXXI

MINOR CAMPAIGNS OF THE WINTER OF 1811-12


CHAPTER I

CATALONIA AND ARAGON


The chronicle of the obstinate and heroic defence made by the Catalans,
even after the falls of Tarragona and Figueras had seemed to make all
further resistance hopeless, was carried in the last volume of this
work down to October 28, 1811, when Marshal Macdonald, like St. Cyr and
Augereau, was recalled to Paris, having added no more to his reputation
than had his predecessors while in charge of this mountainous
principality. We have seen how General Lacy, hoping against hope,
rallied the last remnants of the old Catalan army, and recommenced
(just as Macdonald was departing) a series of small enterprises against
the scattered French garrisons. He had won several petty successes
in evicting the enemy from Cervera, Igualada, and Belpuig--the small
strongholds which covered the main line of communication east and west,
through the centre of the land, between Lerida and Barcelona. The enemy
had even been forced to evacuate the holy mountain of Montserrat, the
strongest post on the whole line.

Hence when, in November, General Decaen arrived to take over
Macdonald’s task, he found before him a task not without serious
difficulties, though the actual force of Spaniards in the field was far
less than it had been before the disasters at Tarragona and Figueras.
Lacy had a very small field army--he had reorganized 8,000 men by
October, and all through his command the total did not grow very much
greater. When he handed over his office to Copons fifteen months after,
there were no more than 14,000 men under arms, including cadres and
recruits. On the other hand he had a central position, a free range
east and west, now that the line of French posts across Catalonia had
been broken, and several points of more or less safe access to the sea.
Munitions and stores, and occasionally very small reinforcements from
the Balearic Isles, were still brought over by the British squadron
which ranged along the coast. Some of the officers, especially the much
tried and never-despairing Eroles, and the indefatigable Manso, were
thoroughly to be relied upon, and commanded great local popularity.
This Lacy himself did not possess--he was obeyed because of his stern
resolve, but much disliked for his autocratic and dictatorial ways,
which kept him in constant friction with the Junta that sat at Berga.
Moreover he was a stranger, while the Catalans disliked all leaders who
were not of their own blood: and he was strongly convinced that the
brunt of the fighting must be borne by the regular troops, while the
popular voice was all in favour of the _somatenes_ and guerrilleros,
and against the enforcement of conscription. Much was to be said on
either side: the warfare of the irregulars was very harassing to the
French, and had led to many petty successes, and one great one--the
capture of Figueras. On the other hand these levies were irresponsible
and untrustworthy when any definite operation was in hand: they might,
or they might not, turn up in force when they were required: the frank
disregard of their chiefs for punctuality or obedience drove to wild
rage any officer who had served in the old army. With regular troops
it was possible to calculate that a force would be where it was wanted
to be at a given time, and would at least attempt to carry out its
orders: with the _somatenes_ it was always possible, nay probable,
that some petty quarrel of rival chiefs, or some rival attraction of
an unforeseen sort, would lead to non-appearance. To this there was
the easy reply that ever since Blake first tried to make the Catalans
work ‘_militarmente_ and not _paisanmente_’ the regular army for some
two years had never gained a single battle, nor relieved a single
fortress[84]. The best plan would probably have been to attempt to
combine the two systems: it was absolutely necessary to have a nucleus
of regular troops, but unwise to act like Blake and Lacy, who tried
to break up and discourage the _somatenes_, in order that they might
be forced into the battalions of the standing army. The constant
series of defeats on record had been caused rather by the unskilful
and over-ambitious operations of the generals than by their insisting
on keeping up the regular troops, who had behaved well enough on many
occasions. But too much had been asked of them when, half-trained
and badly led, they were brought into collision with the veterans of
France, without the superiority of numbers which alone could make up
for their military faults.

  [84] See notes on discussions of this sort in Sir Edward
  Codrington’s _Memoirs_, i. pp. 264 and 277. He had seen much of
  the evils of both kinds of organization, and leaned on the whole
  to the irregulars, from a personal dislike for Lacy.

Since the capture of Cervera, Belpuig, and Igualada in October, the
territories held by the French in Catalonia fell into two separate and
divided sections. On the western side, adjacent to Aragon, Frère’s
division, left behind by Suchet, garrisoned Lerida, Tarragona, and
Tortosa: though it was a powerful force of over 7,000 men, it could
do little more than occupy these three large places, each requiring
several battalions. At the best it could only furnish very small
flying columns to keep up the communication between them. It was hard
to maintain touch with the other group of French fortresses, along
the sea-coast road from Tarragona to Barcelona, which were often
obsessed by Spanish bands, and always liable to be molested by Edward
Codrington’s British ships, which sailed up and down the shore looking
for detachments or convoys to shell. The fort of the Col de Balaguer,
twenty miles north of Tortosa, was the look-out point towards Tarragona
and the sole French outpost in that direction.

In eastern Catalonia the newly-arrived commander, General Decaen (a
veteran whose last work had been the hopeless defence of Bourbon and
Mauritius, where he had capitulated in 1810), had some 24,000 men in
hand. But he was much hampered by the necessity for holding and feeding
the immense Barcelona, a turbulent city which absorbed a whole division
for its garrison. It was constantly on the edge of starvation, and was
only revictualled with great trouble by vessels sailing from the ports
of Languedoc, of which more than half were habitually captured by the
British, or by heavy convoys labouring across the hills from Gerona,
which were always harassed, and sometimes taken wholesale, by the
Spanish detachments told off by Lacy for this end. Gerona and Figueras,
both fortresses of considerable size, absorbed several battalions each.
Smaller garrisons had also to be kept in Rosas, Hostalrich, Mataro,
and Montlouis, and there were many other fortified posts which guarded
roads or passes, and were worth holding. It was with difficulty that
6,000 or 8,000 men could be collected for a movable field-force, even
by borrowing detachments from the garrisons. An additional nuisance
cropped up just as Decaen took over the command: Lacy, seeing that the
Pyrenean passes were thinly manned, sent Eroles with 3,000 men to raid
the valleys of Cerdagne on the French side of the hills. The invaders
beat two battalions of national guards near Puigcerda, and swept far
down the valley (October 29-November 2), returning with thousands
of sheep and cattle and a large money contribution levied from the
villages. This raid (which enraged Napoleon[85]) made it necessary to
guard the Pyrenees better, and to send up more national guards from the
frontier departments.

  [85] Who called the raid an ‘insult’--Napoleon to Berthier,
  Paris, Feb. 29, 1812, and compare letter of March 8.

Thus it came to pass that though Lacy had no more than 8,000 men
available, and no fortress of any strength to serve as his base
(Cardona and Seu d’Urgel, his sole strongholds, were mediaeval
strongholds with no modern works), he paralysed the French force
which, between Lerida and Figueras, could show more than three times
that strength. Such was the value of the central position, and the
resolute hatred of the countryside for its oppressors. Catalonia could
only be held down by garrisoning every village--and if the army of
occupation split itself up into garrisons it was helpless. Hence,
during the winter of 1811-12 and the spring and summer of the following
year, it may be said that the initiative lay with the Catalans, and
that the enemy (despite of his immensely superior numbers) was on the
defensive. The helplessness of the French was sufficiently shown by
the fact that from June to December 1811 Barcelona was completely cut
off from communication with Gerona and France. It was only in the
latter month that Decaen, hearing that the place was on the edge of
starvation, marched with the bulk of Lamarque’s division from Upper
Catalonia to introduce a convoy; while Maurice Mathieu, the governor of
Barcelona, came out with 3,000 men of the garrison to meet him, as far
as Cardadeu. Lacy, determined that nothing short of a vigorous push by
the enemy should make their junction possible, and relieve Barcelona,
offered opposition in the defile of the Trentapassos, where Vives had
tried to stop St. Cyr two years back, showing a front both to Decaen
and to Mathieu. But on recognizing the very superior numbers of the
enemy he wisely withdrew, or he would have been caught between the two
French columns. Decaen therefore was able to enter Barcelona with his
immense convoy. [December 3rd-4th, 1811.] The Spaniards retreated into
the inland; their headquarters on the first day of the New Year were at
Vich.

There being no further profit in pressing Barcelona for the time being,
Lacy, in January, resolved to turn his attention to the much weaker
garrison of Tarragona, which belonged to Frère’s division and Suchet’s
army, and was not under Decaen’s immediate charge. Its communications
with Lerida and Tortosa were hazardous, and its stores were running
low. The Spanish general therefore (about January 2) sent down Eroles’s
division to Reus, a few miles inland from Tarragona, with orders to
cut all the roads leading into that fortress. The place was already
in a parlous condition for want of food, and its governor had sent
representations to Suchet that he was in need of instant succour.
Therefore the moment that Valencia fell, the Marshal directed Musnier,
whose division he had told off to hold the sea-coast between the Ebro
and Guadalaviar, to march with the bulk of his men to Tortosa, to pick
up what reinforcements he could from its garrison, and to open the road
from thence to Tarragona.

Lafosse, the governor of Tortosa, was so impressed with the danger of
his colleague in Tarragona, that he marched ahead along the coast-road
before Musnier arrived, and reached the Col de Balaguer with a
battalion of the 121st regiment and one troop of dragoons on January
18. Here he should have waited for the main column, but receiving false
news that Eroles had left Reus and returned to the north, he resolved
to push on ahead and clear the way for Musnier, believing that nothing
but local _somatenes_ were in front of him. He had reached Villaseca,
only seven miles from Tarragona, when he was suddenly surprised
by Eroles descending on his flank with over 3,000 men. He himself
galloped on with the dragoons towards Tarragona, and escaped, with only
twenty-two men, into the fortress. But his battalion, after barricading
itself in Villaseca village and making a good resistance for some
hours, was forced to surrender. Eroles took nearly 600 prisoners, and
over 200 French had fallen. Lafosse, sallying from Tarragona with all
that could be spared from the garrison, arrived too late to help his
men, and had to return in haste [January 19][86].

  [86] There is an interesting account of the combat of Villaseca
  in Codrington’s _Memoirs_, i. pp. 254-6: he was present, having
  chanced to come on shore to confer with Eroles as to co-operation
  against Tarragona. An odd episode of the affair was that, when
  the French surrendered, they were found to have with them as
  prisoners Captains Flinn and Pringle, R.N., whom they had
  surprised landing at Cape Salou on the previous day.

Tarragona now seemed in imminent danger, and both Musnier at Tortosa
and Maurice Mathieu at Barcelona saw that they must do their best to
relieve the place, or it would be starved out. Musnier spent so much
time in organizing a convoy that he was late, and the actual opening
of the road was carried out by the governor of Barcelona. That great
city chanced to be crammed with troops at the moment, since Lamarque’s
division, which had escorted the December convoy, was still lying
within its walls. Maurice Mathieu, therefore, was able to collect 8,000
men for the march on Tarragona. Eroles, unfortunately for himself, was
not aware of this, and believing that the enemy was a mere sally of
the Barcelona garrison, offered them battle at Altafulla on January
24. The French had marched by night, and a fog chanced to prevent
the Catalans from recognizing the strength of the two columns that
were approaching them. Eroles found himself committed to a close
fight with double his own numbers, and after a creditable resistance
was routed, losing his only two guns and the rearguard with which he
tried to detain the enemy. His troops only escaped by breaking up and
flying over the hills, in what a French eye-witness described as _un
sauve-qui-peut général_. About 600 of them in all were slain or taken:
the rest assembled at Igualada three days later. Eroles blamed Lacy
and Sarsfield for his disaster, asserting that the Captain-General
had promised to send the division of the latter to his help. But his
anger appears to have been misplaced, for at this very time Decaen,
to make a division in favour of Maurice Mathieu’s movement, had sent
out two columns from Gerona and Figueras into Upper Catalonia. They
occupied Vich, Lacy’s recent head-quarters, on January 22, two days
before the combat of Altafulla, and Sarsfield’s troops were naturally
sent to oppose them. After wasting the upper valleys, Decaen drew
back to Gerona and Olot on the 29th, having sufficiently achieved his
purpose. Tarragona, meanwhile, was thoroughly revictualled by Musnier,
who brought up a large convoy from Tortosa. Reinforcements were also
thrown into the place, and a new governor, General Bertoletti, who was
to distinguish himself by a spirited defence in the following year.

In February the whole situation of affairs in Aragon and western
Catalonia (eastern Catalonia was less affected), was much modified by
the return from the south of the numerous troops which had been lent
to Suchet for his Valencian expedition. It will be remembered that
Napoleon had ordered that Reille should march back to the Ebro with his
own and Severoli’s divisions, and that shortly afterwards he directed
that Palombini’s division should follow the other two into Aragon. Thus
a very large body of troops was once more available for the subjection
of Aragon and western Catalonia, which, since Reille’s departure in
December, had been very inadequately garrisoned by Caffarelli’s and
Frère’s battalions, and had been overrun in many districts by the bands
of the Empecinado, Duran, Mina, and the Conde de Montijo. Napoleon’s
new plan was to rearrange the whole of the troops in eastern Spain.

[Illustration: CATALONIA]

Reille was to be the chief of a new ‘Army of the Ebro,’ composed of
four field divisions--his own, Palombini’s and Severoli’s Italians, and
a new composite one under General Ferino constructed from so many of
Frère’s troops as could be spared from garrison duty (seven battalions
of the 14th and 115th of the line), and six more battalions (1st Léger
and 5th of the line) taken half from Musnier’s division of Suchet’s
army and half from Maurice Mathieu’s Barcelona garrison[87]. This
last division never came into existence, as Suchet and Maurice Mathieu
both found themselves too weak to give up the requisitioned regiments,
which remained embodied respectively with the Valencian and Catalan
armies. Nevertheless Reille had more than 20,000 men actually in hand,
not including the fixed garrisons of Tarragona, Lerida, and the other
fortresses on the borders of Aragon and Catalonia. This, when it is
remembered that Caffarelli was still holding the Saragossa district,
seemed an adequate force with which to make an end of the guerrilleros
of Aragon, and then to complete, in conjunction with Decaen’s Corps,
the subjection of inland Catalonia. For this last operation was to be
the final purpose of Reille: while Decaen was to attack Lacy from the
eastern side, Reille (with Lerida as his base) was to fall on from the
west, to occupy Urgel and Berga (the seat of the Catalan Junta and the
centre of organized resistance), and to join hands with Decaen across
the crushed remnants of the Spanish army[88]. So sure did the Emperor
feel that the last elements of Catalan resistance were now to be
destroyed, that he gave orders for the issue of the proclamation (drawn
up long before[89]) by which the Principality was declared to be united
to the French empire. It was to be divided into the four departments
of the Ter [capital Gerona], Montserrat [capital Barcelona],
Bouches-de-l’Ebre [capital Lerida], and Segre [capital Puigcerda].
Prefects and other officials were appointed for each department, and
justice was to be administered in the name of the Emperor. The humour
of the arrangement (which its creator most certainly failed to see) was
that three-fourths of the territory of each department was in the hands
of the patriots whom he styled rebels, and that none of his prefects
could have gone ten miles from his _chef-lieu_ without an escort of 200
men, under pain of captivity or death.

  [87] Napoleon to Berthier, Paris, Jan. 25, after the receipt of
  the news of the fall of Valencia.

  [88] Details may be found in the dispatches of Feb. 29, and May
  1st and 8th.

  [89] See vol. iv. p. 215.

Reille’s start was much delayed by the fact that one of his French
brigades had been told off to serve as escort to the mass of Blake’s
prisoners from Valencia, and could not get quit of them till, marching
by Teruel, it had handed them over for transference beyond the Pyrenees
to the garrison of Saragossa. Of his two Italian divisions, Palombini’s
was instructed to devote itself to the clearing of southern Aragon,
and the opening up of the communications between the French garrisons
of Daroca, Teruel, and Calatayud. The other, Severoli’s, called off
from the siege of Peniscola, which had originally been entrusted to
it[90], marched for Lerida in two columns, the one by the sea-coast and
Tortosa, the other inland, by way of Morella and Mequinenza. When his
troops had begun to concentrate on the borders of Aragon and Catalonia,
in and about Lerida, Reille began operations by sending a column, one
French brigade and one Italian regiment, to attack the ubiquitous
Eroles, who, since his defeat at Altafulla a month before, had betaken
himself to the inland, and the rough country along the valleys of the
two Nogueras, with the object of covering Catalonia on its western
front.

  [90] See above, p. 88.

This expedition, entrusted to the French brigadier Bourke, ended in
an unexpected check: Eroles offered battle with 3,000 men in a strong
position at Roda, with a torrent bed covering his front (March 5).
Bourke, having far superior numbers, and not aware of the tenacity of
the Catalan troops, whom he had never before encountered, ordered a
general frontal attack by battalions of the 60th French and 7th Italian
line. It was handsomely repulsed, with such heavy loss--600 casualties
it is said--that the French retreated as far as Barbastro, pursued for
some distance by the troops of Eroles, who thus showed that their late
disaster had not impaired their morale[91]. This was a most glorious
day for the Baron, one of the few leaders of real capacity whom the
war in Catalonia revealed. He had been a civilian in 1808, and had to
learn the elements of military art under chiefs as incapable as Blake
and Campoverde. From a miquelete chief he rose to be a general in the
regular army, purely by the force of his unconquerable pertinacity and
a courage which no disasters could break. As a local patriot he had an
advantage in dealing with his Catalan countrymen, which strangers like
Reding, Blake, Lacy, or Sarsfield never possessed, and their confidence
was never betrayed. A little active man of great vivacity, generally
with a cigar in the corner of his mouth, and never long still, he
was not only a good leader of irregular bands, but quite capable of
understanding a strategical move, and of handling a division in a
serious action. His self-abnegation during his service under chiefs
whose plans were often unwise, and whose authority was often exercised
in a galling fashion, was beyond all praise[92].

  [91] The exact loss is uncertain, but Bourke himself was wounded,
  and Martinien’s lists show 15 other casualties among French and
  Italian officers: Vacani (vi. p. 65) says that the 7th Italian
  line alone lost 15 killed and 57 wounded. A loss of 16 officers
  implies _at least_ 300 men hit.

  [92] For numerous anecdotes of Eroles and lively pictures of his
  doings the reader may refer to the Memoirs of Edward Codrington,
  with whom he so often co-operated.

The check at Roda forced Reille to turn aside more troops against
Eroles--practically the whole of Severoli’s division was added to
the column which had just been defeated, and on March 13th such a
force marched against him that he was compelled to retire, drawing
his pursuers after him toward the upper course of the Noguera, and
ultimately to seek refuge in the wilds of Talarn among the foot-hills
of the higher Pyrenees. His operations with a trifling force paralysed
nearly half Reille’s army during two critical months of the spring of
1812. Meanwhile, covered by his demonstration, Sarsfield executed a
destructive raid across the French border, overran the valleys beyond
Andorra, and exacted a ransom of 70,000 dollars from Foix, the chief
town of the department of the Arriège (February 19). This was the best
possible reply to Napoleon’s recent declaration that Catalonia had
become French soil. The Emperor was naturally enraged; he reiterated
his orders to Reille to ‘déloger les insurgents: il n’est que trop
vrai qu’ils se nourrissent de France’--’il faut mettre un terme à ces
insultes [93].’ But though Reille pushed his marches far into the
remote mountainous districts where the borders of Aragon and Catalonia
meet, he never succeeded in destroying the bands which he was set to
hunt down: a trail of burnt villages marked his course, but it had
no permanent result. The inhabitants descended from the hills, to
reoccupy their fields and rebuild their huts, when he had passed by,
and the insurgents were soon prowling again near the forts of Lerida,
Barbastro, and Monzon.

  [93] Napoleon to Berthier, March 8th, 1812.

Palombini in southern Aragon had equally unsatisfactory experiences.
Coming up from Valencia by the high-road, he had reached Teruel on
February 19th, and, after relieving and strengthening the garrison
there, set out on a circular sweep, with the intention of hunting down
Gayan and Duran--the Conde de Montijo had just returned to the Murcian
army at this moment[94], while the Empecinado was out of the game for
some weeks, being, as we shall presently see, busy in New Castile.
But the movements of the Italian general were soon complicated by the
fact that Villacampa, with the remnants of his division, had started
from the neighbourhood of Alicante and Murcia much at the same time as
himself, to seek once more his old haunts in Aragon. This division had
given a very poor account of itself while serving as regular troops
under Blake, but when it returned to its native mountains assumed a
very different efficiency in the character of a large guerrilla band.
Appearing at first only 2,000 strong, it recruited itself up to a much
greater strength from local levies, and became no mean hindrance to
Palombini’s operations.

  [94] Apparently about the same time that Villacampa and his
  division came up to replace him in Aragon.

On the 29th of February the Italian general relieved Daroca, and a few
days later he occupied Calatayud, which had been left ungarrisoned
since the disaster of the previous October[95]. After fortifying the
convent of Nostra Señora de la Peña as a new citadel for this place,
he split up his division into several small columns, which scoured the
neighbourhood, partly to sweep in provisions for the post at Calatayud,
partly to drive off the guerrilleros of the region. But to risk small
detachments in Aragon was always a dangerous business; Villacampa, who
had now come up from the south, cut off one body of 200 men at Campillo
on March 5, and destroyed six companies at Pozohondon on the 28th of
the same month. Taught prudence by these petty disasters, and by some
less successful attacks on others of his flying columns, Palombini once
more drew his men together, and concentrated them in the upland plain
of Hused near Daroca. From thence he made another blow at Villacampa,
who was at the same time attacked in the rear by a column sent up
by Suchet from Valencia to Teruel. The Spaniard, however, easily
avoided the attempt to surround him, and retired without much loss or
difficulty into the wild Sierra de Albarracin (April 18th). Meanwhile,
seeing Palombini occupied in hunting Villacampa, the guerrillero Gayan
made a dash at the new garrison of Calatayud, and entering the city
unexpectedly captured the governor and sixty men, but failed to reduce
the fortified convent in which the rest of the Italians took refuge
[April 29th]. He then sat down to besiege them, though he had no guns,
and could work by mines alone: but Palombini soon sent a strong column
under the brigadiers Saint Paul and Schiazzetti, who drove off Gayan
and relieved Calatayud [May 9th].

  [95] See above, page 21.

Nevertheless three months had now gone by since the attempt to reduce
southern Aragon began, and it was now obvious that it had been wholly
unsuccessful. The hills and great part of the upland plains were still
in the possession of the Spaniards, who had been often hunted but never
caught nor seriously mishandled. Palombini owned nothing more than the
towns which he had garrisoned, and the spot on which his head-quarters
chanced for the moment to be placed. His strength was not sufficient
to enable him to occupy every village, and without such occupation
no conquest could take place. Moreover the time was at hand when
Wellington’s operations in the West were to shake the fabric of French
power all over Spain--even in the remote recesses of the Aragonese
Sierras. Palombini was to be drawn off in July to join the Army of the
Centre and to oppose the English. And with his departure such hold as
the French possessed on the rugged region between Calatayud, Saragossa,
and Teruel was to disappear.

It will be noted that during these operations of the spring no mention
has been made of the Empecinado, who had been so prominent in this
quarter during the preceding autumn and winter. This chief was now
at the bottom of his fortunes: raiding in New Castile after his
accustomed fashion, he had been completely defeated by General Guy
and a column of King Joseph’s army near Siguenza (February 7). He lost
1,000 men, only saved his own person by throwing himself down an almost
impracticable cliff, and saw his whole force dispersed. This affair
is said to have been the result of treachery: one of the Empecinado’s
lieutenants, a certain guerrillero leader named Albuir (better known
as El Manco from having lost a hand) being taken prisoner a few days
before, saved his neck by betraying his chief’s position and plans:
hence the surprise. El Manco entered the King’s service and raised a
‘counter-guerrilla’ band, with which he did considerable harm for a
space. The Empecinado had only collected 600 men even by April, when he
joined Villacampa and aided him in a raid round Guadalajara[96].

  [96] For all this see Schepeler, pp. 570-1; King Joseph’s Letters
  (Ducasse), viii. pp. 291 and 305; and Toreno, iii. pp. 81-2.

Mina, on the other hand, the greatest of all the partisans, was doing
some of his best service to the cause of liberty during the early
months of 1812. This was the period when he was conducting his bloody
campaign of reprisals against Abbé, the governor of Navarre, who had
published in December 1811 the celebrated proclamation which not only
prohibited any quarter for guerrilleros, but made their families
and villages responsible for them, and authorized the execution of
‘hostages’ levied on them, as well as the infliction of crushing fines.
Mina replied by the formal declaration of a ‘war of extermination
against all French without distinction of rank,’ and started the system
of shooting four prisoners for every Spaniard, soldier or civilian,
executed by the enemy. This he actually carried out for some months,
till the French proclamation was withdrawn. The most horrid incident
of this reign of terror was the shooting by the French, on March 21,
of the four members of the ‘insurrectional junta’ of the province
of Burgos, all magistrates and civilians, whom they had captured in
a raid, and the counter-execution of eighty French soldiers by the
Curate Merino, one of Mina’s colleagues, a few days later. This time of
atrocities ended shortly after, when Abbé withdrew his proclamation and
Mina followed his example.

On the departure of Reille’s troops from Valencia it will be
remembered that one of his French brigades, that of Pannetier, had
been sent as escort to the captive Spaniards of Blake’s army. While
the remainder of the new ‘Army of the Ebro’ went off in the direction
of Lerida, as has already been seen, this brigade was turned aside
against Mina. Dorsenne at the same time directed the greater part
of his available field-force to join in the hunt, and all such of
Caffarelli’s troops as were not shut up in garrisons were told off for
the same purpose. These detachments, when added to the normal force
of occupation in Navarre and Biscay, made up in all some 30,000 men.
Divided into many columns, each of which was strong enough to face
the 3,000 or 4,000 irregulars under Mina’s command, they endeavoured
to converge upon him, and to enclose him within the net of their
operations. The chase was very hot in March: on the first of that month
Caffarelli invaded the remote Pyrenean valley of Roncal, where it had
been discovered that Mina kept his dépôts, his ammunition factory, and
his hospitals. The valley was swept clean, but no appreciable number
of the guerrilleros were captured. On the 24th, however, it looked as
if disaster was impending, as three columns under Abbé, Dumoustier
(who had a brigade of the Young Guard), and Laferrière had succeeded
in disposing themselves around Mina’s main body, between Sanguessa and
Ochagavia. The guerrillero, however, saved himself by a night march
of incredible difficulty across impracticable hills, and got away
into Aragon. He was lost to sight, and was believed to have been too
harassed to be formidable for many a day.

Such was not the true state of affairs. Mina at once came back to his
old haunts, by a circuitous march through southern Navarre, and on
April 9th performed one of his most notable exploits. On that day he
surprised an immense convoy of convalescents, civilians, baggage, and
food-stuffs, which was marching from Vittoria to Mondragon, in the
Pass of Salinas (or Puerto de Arlaban). Though escorted by 2,000 men
(including the whole of the 7th Polish regiment just drawn off from
Soult for the Russian war), it was completely destroyed. Five hundred
of the Poles were slain, 150 captured, and an enormous booty, including
(it is said) several hundred thousand francs in cash, fell into Mina’s
hands. He also delivered 450 Spanish prisoners, who were being
conducted to captivity beyond the Pyrenees.

Such an exploit naturally drew down once more upon Mina the attention
of all the neighbouring French commanders: Dorsenne and Reille again
sent columns to aid the governor of Navarre, and from the 23rd to
the 28th of April Mina was being hunted by powerful detachments
converging on him from all sides[97]. He himself was very nearly
captured at Robres by General Pannetier--who surprised him at dawn,
helped by treachery on the part of a subordinate guerrillero chief,
and dispersed his followers for the moment[98]. But all who were not
slain or captured rallied around their indomitable leader, and followed
him in a hazardous retreat, in which he threaded his way between the
converging columns of the French and ultimately escaped to the Rioja.
He asserts in his Memoirs, and with truth, that he was at this time of
the highest service to Wellington’s main operations, since he attracted
and detained beyond the Ebro such a large proportion of Dorsenne’s Army
of the North, that in April and May it had not a man to spare to help
Marmont. Even Dumoustier’s Guard division, under orders to return to
France for the Russian war, was put into the pack of pursuers who tried
in vain to hunt him down.

  [97] There seems to be an error of dates in Napier, iv. p. 172,
  concerning Mina’s operations, as the surprise of the convoy at
  Salinas is put _after_ Mina’s escape from Pannetier at Robres.
  But Mina’s own Memoirs fix the date of the latter as April 23rd,
  1812, while the former certainly happened on April 7th. Toreno
  (iii. p. 87) has got the sequence right.

  [98] There is a curious and interesting account of this in Mina’s
  own Memoirs, pp. 31-2, where he relates his narrow escape,
  and tells how he had the pleasure of hanging his treacherous
  lieutenant, and three local alcaldes, who had conspired to keep
  from him the news of Pannetier’s approach.

To sum up the results of all the operations in Catalonia, Aragon,
and Navarre, which followed on the release of Reille’s troops from
the Valencian expedition, it may be said that Napoleon’s scheme for
the complete reduction of north-eastern Spain had completely failed
by April. Large forces had been put in motion; toilsome marches had
been executed over many mountain roads in the worst season of the
year; all the bands of the insurgents had been more than once defeated
and dispersed. But the country-side was not conquered: the isolated
garrisons were still cut off from each other by the enemy, wherever
the heavy marching columns had passed on. The communications were no
more safe and free than they had been in December. The loss of men
by sickness and in the innumerable petty combats and disasters had
been immense. The game had yet to be finished, and the spare time in
which it could be conducted was drawing to an end. For Wellington was
on the march, and ere long not a man from the Armies of the North or
the Centre was to be available to aid Reille, Suchet, and Decaen in
their unending and ungrateful task. Gone, too, were the days in which
reserves without end could be poured in from France: the Russian war
was about to open, and when once it began reinforcements were to be
drawn from Spain rather than sent into it. The invasion had reached
its high-water mark in January 1812 before the walls of Valencia and
Alicante.




SECTION XXXI: CHAPTER II

OPERATIONS OF SOULT IN ANDALUSIA: THE SIEGE OF TARIFA, DEC. 1811-JAN.
1812


In the south-west no less than in the south-east of Spain the month
of January 1812 was to witness the last offensive movement of the
French armies of invasion. But while Suchet’s advance ended, as we
have seen, in a splendid success, that of Soult was to meet with a
disastrous check. Neither marshal was to have another chance of taking
the initiative--thanks, directly or indirectly, to the working out of
Wellington’s great plan of campaign for the New Year.

In the previous volume the fortunes of Soult and the Army of Andalusia
were narrated down to the first days of November 1811, when Hill’s raid
into Estremadura, after the surprise of Arroyo dos Molinos, ended with
his retreat within the borders of Portugal. That raid had inflicted
a severe blow on Drouet’s corps of observation, which formed Soult’s
right wing, and covered his communications with Badajoz. But its net
result was only to restrict the activities of the French on this side
to that part of Estremadura which lies south of the Guadiana. Hill
had made no attempt to drive away Drouet’s main body, or to blockade
Badajoz, and had betaken himself to winter quarters about Elvas,
Portalegre, and Estremos. Consequently Drouet was able to settle
down opposite him once more, in equally widespread cantonments, with
his right wing at Merida, and his left at Zafra, and to devote his
attention to sending successive convoys forward to Badajoz, whenever
the stores in that fortress showed signs of running low. Drouet’s
force no longer bore the name of the ‘5th Corps’--all the old corps
distinctions were abolished in the Southern Army this autumn, and no
organization larger than that of the divisions was permitted to remain.
The troops in Estremadura were simply for the future Drouet’s and
Daricau’s divisions of the ‘Armée du Midi.’ The composition of this
‘containing force,’ whose whole purpose was now to observe Hill, was
somewhat changed after midwinter: for the Emperor sent orders that the
34th and 40th regiments, the victims of Girard’s carelessness at Arroyo
dos Molinos, were to be sent home to France to recruit their much
depleted ranks. They duly left Drouet, and marched off northward[99],
but they never got further than Burgos, where Dorsenne detained them
at a moment of need, so that they became attached to the ‘Army of
the North,’ and (after receiving some drafts) were involved in the
operations against Wellington in the valley of the Douro. Two regiments
from Andalusia (the 12th Léger and 45th Line) came up to replace them
in Drouet’s division, but even then the French troops in Estremadura
did not exceed 13,500 men, if the garrison of Badajoz (about 5,000
strong) be deducted. This constituted a field-force insufficient to
hold back Hill when next he should take the offensive; but all through
November and far into December Hill remained quiescent, by Wellington’s
orders, and his adversary clung to his advanced positions as long as he
could, though much disturbed as to what the future might bring forth.

  [99] Napoleon to Berthier, Dec. 30, 1811, speaks of the order
  to march having been _already_ given. The two regiments were
  in Castile by March: when precisely they left Drouet I cannot
  say--perhaps as late as February.

Of the remainder of Soult’s army, the troops in front of Cadiz,
originally the 1st Corps, had been cut down to an irreducible minimum,
by the necessity for keeping flank-guards to either side, to watch the
Spanish forces in the Condado de Niebla on the west and the mountains
of Ronda on the south. Even including the marines and sailors of the
flotilla, there were seldom 20,000 men in the Lines, and the Spanish
force in Cadiz and the Isle of Leon, stiffened by the Anglo-Portuguese
detachment which Wellington always retained there, was often not
inferior in numbers to the besiegers. The bombardment from the heavy
Villoutreys mortars, placed in the works of the Matagorda peninsula,
continued intermittently: but, though a shell occasionally fell in
the city, no appreciable harm was done. The inhabitants killed or
injured by many months of shelling could be counted on the fingers of
two hands. The citizens had come to take the occasional descent of a
missile in their streets with philosophic calm, and sang a derisive
street ditty which told how

    ‘De las bombas que tiran los Gavachos
    Se hacen las Gaditanas tirabuzones.’

‘The splinters of the bombs that the French threw served the ladies of
Cadiz as weights to curl their hair[100].’

  [100] See Schepeler, p. 172.

The Fort of Puntales, on the easternmost point of the isthmus that
links Cadiz to the Isle of Leon, felt the bombardment more severely,
but was never seriously injured, and always succeeded in keeping up
an effective return fire. With the artillery of those days--even when
mortars of the largest calibre, specially cast in the arsenal of
Seville, were used--Cadiz was safe from any real molestation.

Marshal Victor was still in command of the troops in the Lines at the
end of 1811, but the Emperor gave orders for his return to France,
when he ordered the Army of Andalusia to drop its organization into
army-corps, and replaced them by divisions. He directed that the
Marshal should set out at once, unless he was engaged in some serious
enterprise at the moment that the summons arrived. This--as we shall
see--chanced to be the case, and Victor was still hard at work in
January, and did not leave Spain till early in April.

The third main section of Soult’s troops consisted of the two infantry
and one cavalry divisions which had lately formed the 4th Corps, and
had, since their first arrival in the South, been told off for the
occupation of the kingdom of Granada. The whole of the coast and the
inland from Malaga as far as Baza fell to their charge. The corps had
been a strong one--16,000 foot and 4,000 horse--but was shortly to be
reduced; the order of December 30, recalling troops for the expected
Russian war, took off the whole Polish infantry division of Dembouski,
5,000 bayonets: the regiment of Lancers of the Vistula, who had won
such fame by their charge at Albuera, was also requisitioned, but did
not get off till the autumn. But in the last month of the old year
the Poles were still present and available, and Soult was far from
expecting their departure. Yet even before they were withdrawn the
garrison of the kingdom of Granada was by no means too strong for the
work allotted to it. The greater part of its available field-force
had been drawn to the south-west, to curb the insurrection of the
_Serranos_ of the Ronda mountains, and the inroads of Ballasteros.
The forces left in Granada itself and the other eastern towns were so
modest that Soult protested, and apparently with truth, that he could
not spare from them even a small flying column of all arms, to make the
demonstration against Murcia in assistance of Suchet’s operations which
the Emperor ordered him to execute. Nothing, as it will be remembered,
was done in this direction during December and January, save the
sending out of Pierre Soult’s raid[101], a mere affair of a single
cavalry brigade.

  [101] See above, p. 81.

The total force of the Andalusian army was still in December as high
as 80,000 men on paper. But after deducting the sick, the garrison
of Badajoz--5,000 men,--the troops of Drouet, entirely taken up with
observing and containing Hill, the divisions in the Lines before Cadiz,
and the obligatory garrisons of Granada, Malaga, Cordova, and other
large towns, the surplus left over for active operations was very
small. At the most ten or twelve thousand men, obtained by borrowing
from all sides, could be formed to act as a central reserve, prepared
to assist Drouet in Estremadura, Victor in the Cadiz region, or Leval
in the East, as occasion might demand. During the two crises when Soult
brought up his reserves to join Drouet, in the winter of 1811-12 and
the spring of 1812, their joint force did not exceed 25,000 men. The
Marshal was resolved to hold the complete circuit of Andalusia, the
viceroyalty which brought him so much pride and profit; and so long as
he persisted in this resolve he could make no offensive move, for want
of a field army of competent strength.

Soult made some effort to supplement the strength of his garrisons by
raising Spanish levies--both battalions and squadrons of regulars,
and units for local service in the style of urban guards. The former
‘Juramentados’ never reached any great strength: they were composed
of deserters, or prisoners who volunteered service in order to avoid
being sent to France. Occasionally there were as many as 5,000 under
arms--usually less. The men for the most part disappeared at the first
opportunity, and rejoined the national army or the guerrilleros: the
officers were less prone to abscond, because they were liable to
be shot as traitors on returning to their countrymen. Two or three
cases are recorded of such renegades who committed suicide, when they
saw themselves about to fall into the hands of Spanish troops[102].
The urban guards or ‘escopeteros’ were of a little more service,
for the reason that, being interested in the preservation of their
own families, goods, and houses, they would often prevent the entry
into their towns of any roving Spanish force which showed itself for
a moment. For if they admitted any small band, which went on its
way immediately, and could make no attempt to defend them on the
reappearance of the enemy, they were liable to be executed as traitors
by the French, and their town would be fined or perhaps sacked. Hence
it was to their interest, so long as Soult continued to dominate all
Andalusia, to keep the guerrilleros outside their walls. But their
service was, of course, unwilling; and they were usually ready to
yield on the appearance of any serious Spanish force, whose size was
sufficient to excuse their submission in the eyes of Soult. Often a
town was ostensibly held for King Joseph, but was privately supplying
recruits, provisions, and money contributions to the national cause.
Nevertheless there were real ‘Afrancesados’ in Andalusia, people who
had so far committed themselves to the cause of King Joseph that they
could not contemplate the triumph of the Patriots without terror. When
Soult evacuated Andalusia in September 1812 several thousand refugees
followed him, rather than face the vengeance of their countrymen.

  [102] One case is noted of a captain of the ‘Juramentado’
  detachment at Badajoz who blew himself from a gun when he saw
  the place taken (Lamare’s _Défense de Badajoz_, p. 260). Carlos
  de España shot the other five Spanish officers captured on that
  occasion (Belmas, iv. p. 362).

During the midwinter of 1811-12 Soult’s main attention was taken up by
a serious enterprise in the extreme south of his viceroyalty, which
absorbed all the spare battalions of his small central reserve, and
rendered it impossible for him to take the offensive in any other
direction. This was the attempt to crush Ballasteros, and to capture
Tarifa, which rendered his co-operation in Suchet’s Valencian campaign
impossible.

General Ballasteros, as it will be remembered, had landed from Cadiz
at Algeciras on September 4th, 1811, and had been much hunted during
the autumn by detachments drawn both from the troops in the kingdom of
Granada and those of Victor[103]. As many as 10,000 men were pressing
him in October, when he had been forced to take refuge under the cannon
of Gibraltar. But when want of food compelled the columns of Barrois,
Sémélé, and Godinot to withdraw and to disperse, he had emerged
from his refuge, had followed the retiring enemy, and had inflicted
some damage on their rearguards [November 5, 1811]. His triumphant
survival, after the first concentrated movement made against him, had
much provoked Soult, who saw the insurrectionary movement in southern
Andalusia spreading all along the mountains, and extending itself
towards Malaga on the one side and Arcos on the other. The Marshal,
therefore, determined to make a serious effort to crush Ballasteros,
and at the same time to destroy one of the two bases from which he was
wont to operate. Gibraltar was, of course, impregnable: but Tarifa, the
other fortress at the southern end of the Peninsula, was not, and had
proved from time to time very useful to the Spaniards. It was now their
only secure foothold in southern Andalusia, and was most useful as a
port of call for vessels going round from Cadiz to the Mediterranean,
especially for the large flotilla of British and Spanish sloops, brigs,
and gunboats, which obsessed the coast of Andalusia, and made the use
of routes by the seaside almost impracticable for the enemy. Soult
was at this time trying to open up communications with the Moors of
Tangier, from whom he hoped to get horses for his cavalry, and oxen for
the army before Cadiz. But he could not hope to accomplish anything
in this way so long as Tarifa was the nest and victualling-place of
privateers, who lay thick in the straits only a few miles from the
coast of Morocco.

  [103] See vol. iii. pp. 594-5.

The main reason for attacking Tarifa, however, was that it had recently
become the head-quarters of a small Anglo-Spanish field-force, which
had been molesting the rear of the lines before Cadiz. The place had
not been garrisoned in 1810, when Soult first broke into Andalusia:
but a few months after General Colin Campbell, governor of Gibraltar,
threw into it a small force, that same battalion of flank-companies
of the 9th, 28th, 30th, and 47th Foot, which distinguished itself so
much at Barrosa in the following year, when led by Colonel Brown of the
28th. This hard fighter had moved on with his regiment later in 1811,
but his place had been taken by Major King of the 82nd--a one-legged
officer of great energy and resolution[104]. The garrison was trifling
down to October 1811, when General Campbell threw into Tarifa a brigade
under Colonel Skerrett, consisting of the 2/47th and 2/87th, and some
details[105], making (with the original garrison) 1,750 British troops.
Three days later the Spaniards sent in from Cadiz another brigade[106]
of about the same strength, under General Copons. After the French
expedition against Ballasteros had failed, Copons and Skerrett went
out and drove from Vejer the southernmost outposts of Victor’s corps
in the Lines (November 6th). A fortnight later they marched across the
hills to Algeciras, and prepared to join Ballasteros in an attack on
the French troops in the direction of Ronda, but returned to Tarifa
on the news that Victor was showing a considerable force at Vejer,
and threatening to cut them off from their base[107]. Ballasteros by
himself was a sufficient nuisance to Soult, but when his operations
began to be aided by another separate force, partly composed of
British troops, the Duke of Dalmatia determined that a clean sweep must
be made in southern Andalusia.

  [104] After the 28th went off, the flank-companies were those of
  the 2/11th, 2/47th, and 1/82nd, two from each battalion.

  [105] 2/47th (8 companies) 570 men, 2/87th (560 men), 1 company
  95th (75 men), 70 2nd Hussars K.G.L., 1 field-battery (Captain
  Hughes) 83 men, or in all 1,358 of all ranks.

  [106] A battalion each of Irlanda and Cantabria, and some
  light companies of cazadores, with 120 gunners and 25 cavalry,
  amounting to about 1,650 men (sick included).

  [107] For details of these operations see the anonymous _Defence
  of Tarifa_ (London, 1812), and letters in Rait’s _Life of Lord
  Gough_, i. pp. 69-70.

The idea of capturing Tarifa did not appear by any means impracticable.
This little decayed place of 6,000 souls had never been fortified in
the modern style, and was surrounded by nothing more than a mediaeval
wall eight feet thick, with square towers set in it at intervals.
There was a citadel, the castle of Guzman El Bueno[108], but this,
too, was a thirteenth-century building, and the whole place, though
tenable against an enemy unprovided with artillery, was reckoned
helpless against siege-guns. It is described by one of its defenders
as ‘lying in a hole,’ for it was completely commanded by a range of
low heights, at no greater distance than 300 yards from its northern
front. In the sea, half a mile beyond it, was a rocky island, connected
with the mainland by a very narrow strip of sand, which was well
suited to serve as a final place of refuge for the garrison, and
which had been carefully fortified. It was furnished with batteries,
of which one bore on the sand-spit and the town: a redoubt (Santa
Catalina) had been erected at the point where the isthmus joined the
mainland: several buildings had been erected to serve as a shelter
for troops, and a great series of caves (Cueva de los Moros) had been
converted into casemates and store-rooms: they were perfectly safe
against bombardment. In the eyes of many officers the island was
the real stronghold, and the city was but an outwork to it, which
might be evacuated without any serious damage to the strength of the
defence. Nevertheless something had been done to improve the weak
fortifications of the place: the convent of San Francisco, seventy
yards from its northern point, had been entrenched and loopholed, to
serve as a redoubt, and some of the square towers in the _enceinte_ had
been strengthened and built up so as to bear artillery. The curtain,
however, was in all parts far too narrow and weak to allow of guns
being placed upon it, and there was no glacis and practically no
ditch, the whole wall to its foot being visible from the heights which
overlook the city on its eastern side. There were only twenty-six
guns available, and of these part belonged to the defences of the
island. In the town itself there were only two heavy guns mounted on
commanding towers, six field-pieces (9-pounders) distributed along the
various fronts, and four mortars. When the siege actually began, the
main defence was by musketry fire. It was clear from the topography of
Tarifa that its northern front, that nearest to and most completely
commanded by the hills outside, would be the probable point of attack
by the enemy; and long before the siege began preparations were made
for an interior defence. The buildings looking on the back of the
ramparts were barricaded and loopholed, the narrow streets were blocked
with traverses, and some ‘entanglements’ were contrived with the iron
window-bars requisitioned from all the houses of the town, which served
as a sort of _chevaux de frise_. The outer _enceinte_ was so weak that
it was intended that the main defence should be in the network of
streets. Special preparations were thought out for the right-centre of
the north front, where the walls are pierced by the ravine of a winter
torrent of intermittent flow, called the Retiro. The point where it
made its passage under the _enceinte_ through a portcullis was the
lowest place in the front, the walls sinking down as they followed
the outline of the ravine. Wherefore palisades were planted outside
the portcullis, entanglements behind it, and all the houses looking
down on the torrent bed within the walls were prepared with loopholes
commanding its course[109]. There was ample time for work, for while
the first certain news that the French were coming arrived in November,
the enemy did not actually appear before the walls till December 20. By
that time much had been done, though the balance was only completed in
haste after the siege had begun.

  [108] This was the famous knight who, holding the place for King
  Sancho IV in 1294, refused to surrender it when the Moors brought
  his son, captured in a skirmish, before the walls, and threatened
  to behead him if his father refused to capitulate. Guzman would
  not yield, saw his son slain, and successfully maintained the
  fortress.

  [109] For these precautions, the work of Captain Charles Smith,
  R.E., see the anonymous _Defence of Tarifa_ (p. 62), and Napier,
  iv. pp. 59-60.

The long delay of the enemy was caused by the abominable condition of
the roads of the district--the same that had given Graham and La Peña
so much trouble in February 1811[110]: moreover, any considerable
concentration of troops in southern Andalusia raised a food problem
for Soult. The region round Tarifa is very thinly inhabited, and it
was clear that, if a large army were collected, it would have to carry
its provisions with it, and secure its communication with its base,
under pain of falling into starvation within a few days. Heavy guns
abounded in the Cadiz lines, and Soult had no trouble in selecting a
siege-train of sixteen pieces from them: but their transport and that
of their ammunition was a serious problem. To complete the train no
less than 500 horses had to be requisitioned from the field artillery
and military wagons of the 1st Corps. While it was being collected,
Victor moved forward to Vejer, near the coast, half-way between
Cadiz and Tarifa, with 2,000 men, in order to clear the country-side
from the guerrillero bands, who made survey of the roads difficult
and dangerous. Under cover of escorts furnished by him, several
intelligence officers inspected the possible routes: there were two,
both passing through the mountainous tract between the sea and the
lagoon of La Janda (which had given Graham so much trouble in the last
spring). One came down to the waterside at the chapel of Virgen de
la Luz, only three miles from Tarifa, but was reported to be a mere
mule-track. The other, somewhat more resembling a road, descended to
the shore several miles farther to the north, and ran parallel with it
for some distance. But in expectation of the siege, the Spaniards, with
help from English ships, had blown up many yards of this road, where
it was narrowest between the water and the mountain. Moreover, ships
of war were always stationed off Tarifa, and their guns would make
passage along this defile dangerous. Nevertheless General Garbé, the
chief French engineer, held that this was the only route practicable
for artillery, and reported that the road could be remade, and that
the flotilla might be kept at a distance by building batteries on
the shore, which would prevent any vessel from coming close enough
to deliver an effective fire. It was determined, therefore, that the
siege-train should take this path, which for the first half of its way
passes close along the marshy borders of the lagoon of La Janda, and
then enters the hills in order to descend to the sea at Torre Peña.

  [110] See vol. iv. pp. 101-2.

On December 8th the siege-train was concentrated at Vejer, and in
the hope that it would in four days (or not much more) reach its
destination before Tarifa, Victor gave orders for the movement of the
troops which were to conduct the siege. Of this force the smaller
part, six battalions[111] and two cavalry regiments, was drawn from
Leval’s command, formerly the 4th Corps. These two divisions had also
to provide other detachments to hold Malaga in strength, and watch
Ballasteros. The troops from the blockade of Cadiz supplied eight
battalions[112], and three more to keep up communications[113]; one
additional regiment was borrowed from the brigade in the kingdom of
Cordova, which was always drawn upon in times of special need[114]. The
whole force put in motion was some 15,000 men, but only 10,000 actually
came before Tarifa and took part in the siege.

  [111] Two battalions each of 43rd Line and 7th and 9th Poles, and
  16th and 21st Dragoons.

  [112] Three of 16th Léger, two of 54th Line, one each of 27th
  Léger and 94th and 95th Line.

  [113] Two of 63rd and one of 8th Line.

  [114] 51st Line.

The various columns, which were under orders to march, came from
distant points, and had to concentrate. Barrois lay at Los Barrios,
inland from Algeciras, with six battalions from the Cadiz lines,
watching Ballasteros, who had once more fallen back under shelter of
the guns of Gibraltar. To this point Leval came to join him, with the
3,000 men drawn from Malaga and Granada. The third column, under Victor
himself, consisting of the siege-train and the battalions told off for
its escort, came from the side of Vejer. All three were to meet before
Tarifa: but from the first start difficulties began to arise owing to
the bad weather.

The winter, which had hitherto been mild and equable, broke up into
unending rain-storms on the day appointed for the start, and the sudden
filling of the torrents in the mountains cut the communications between
the columns. Leval, who had got as far as the pass of Ojen, in the
range which separates the district about Algeciras and Los Barrios
from the Tarifa region, was forced to halt there for some days: but
his rear, a brigade under Cassagne, could not come forward to join
him, nor did the convoy-column succeed in advancing far from Vejer.
Victor sent three successive officers with escorts to try to get into
touch with Cassagne, but each returned without having been able to push
through. It was not till the 12th that a fourth succeeded in reaching
the belated column, which only got under way that day and joined on
the following afternoon. The siege-train was not less delayed, and was
blocked for several days by the overflowing of the lagoon of La Janda,
along whose shore its first stages lay. It only struggled through to
the south end of the lagoon on the 14th, and took no less than four
days more to cover the distance of sixteen miles across the hills to
Torre Peña, where the road comes down to the sea. Forty horses, it is
said, had to be harnessed to each heavy gun to pull it through[115].
Much of the ammunition was spoilt by the rain, which continued to fall
intermittently, and more had to be requisitioned from the Cadiz lines,
and to be brought forward by supplementary convoys.

  [115] For details of this toilsome march see Belmas, iv. pp.
  15-17.

These initial delays went far to wreck the whole scheme, because of
the food problem. Each of the columns had to bring its own provisions
with it, and, when stopped on the road, consumed stores that had been
intended to serve it during the siege. The distance from Vejer to
Tarifa is only thirty miles, and from Los Barrios to Tarifa even less:
but the columns, which had been ordered to march on December 8th, did
not reach their destination till December 20th, and the communications
behind them were cut already, not by the enemy but by the vile weather,
which had turned every mountain stream into a torrent, and every
low-lying bottom into a marsh. The column with the siege artillery
arrived two days later: it had got safely through the defile of Torre
Peña: the sappers had repaired the road by the water, and had built
a masked battery for four 12-pounders and two howitzers, whose fire
kept off from the dangerous point several Spanish and English gunboats
which came up to dispute the passage. The column from the pass of Ojen
had been somewhat delayed in its march by a sally of Ballasteros, who
came out from the Gibraltar lines on the 17th-18th and fell upon its
rear with 2,000 men. He drove in the last battalion, but when Barrois
turned back and attacked him with a whole brigade, the Spaniard gave
way and retreated in haste to San Roque. Nevertheless, by issuing from
his refuge and appearing in the open, he had cut the communications
between the army destined for the siege and the troops at Malaga. At
the same time that Ballasteros made this diversion, Skerrett, with his
whole brigade and a few of Copons’s Spaniards, had issued from Tarifa
to demonstrate against the head of the approaching French column, and
advanced some distance on the road to Fascinas, where his handful of
hussars bickered with the leading cavalry in the enemy’s front. Seeing
infantry behind, he took his main body no farther forward than the
convent of Nuestra Señora de la Luz, three miles from the fortress. On
the 19th the French showed 4,000 men on the surrounding hills, and on
the 20th advanced in force in two columns, and pushed the English and
Spanish pickets into Tarifa, after a long skirmish in which the British
had 31, the Spaniards about 40 casualties, while the French, according
to Leval’s report, lost only 1 officer and 3 men killed and 27 wounded.
By four in the afternoon the place was invested--the French pickets
reaching from sea to sea, and their main body being encamped behind the
hills which command the northern side of Tarifa. They could not place
themselves near the water, owing to the fire of two British frigates
and a swarm of gunboats, which lay in-shore, and shelled their flanks
all day, though without great effect.

Copons and Skerrett had divided the manning of the town and island
between their brigades on equal terms, each keeping two battalions in
the town and a third in the island and the minor posts. Of the British
the 47th and 87th had the former, King’s battalion of flank-companies
(reinforced by 70 marines landed from the ships) the latter charge. The
convent of San Francisco was held by a company of the 82nd, the redoubt
of Santa Catalina on the isthmus by one of the 11th. Seeing the French
inactive on the 21st--they were waiting for the siege-train which was
not yet arrived--Skerrett sent out three companies to drive in their
pickets, and shelled the heights behind which they were encamped. On
the following day the sortie was repeated, by a somewhat larger force
under Colonel Gough of the 87th, covered by a flanking fire from the
gunboats. The right wing of the French pickets was driven in with some
loss, and a house too near the Santa Catalina redoubt demolished. The
besiegers lost 3 men killed and 4 officers and 19 men wounded, mainly
from the 16th Léger. The sallying troops had only 1 man killed and 5
wounded (2 from the 11th, 4 from the 87th). That night the siege-train
arrived, and was parked behind the right-hand hill of the three which
face the northern side of Tarifa.

The engineer officers who had come up with the siege-train executed
their survey of the fortress next morning, and reported (as might have
been expected) that it would be best to attack the central portion of
the north front, because the ground facing it was not exposed to any
fire from the vessels in-shore, as was the west front, and could only
be searched by the two or three guns which the besieged had mounted
on the towers of Jesus and of Guzman, the one in the midst of the
northern front, the other in a dominating position by the castle, at
the southern corner. However, the 24-pounders on the island, shooting
over the town, could throw shells on to the hillside where the French
were about to work, though without being able to judge of their effect.

On the night of the 23rd the French began their first parallel, on
their right flank of the central hill, at a distance of 300 yards from
the walls: the approaches to it needed no spadework, being completely
screened by a ravine and a thick aloe hedge. The besieged shelled it on
the succeeding day, but with small effect--only 3 workers were killed
and 4 wounded. On the 24th a minor front of attack was developed on
the left-hand hill, where a first parallel was thrown up about 250
yards from the walls. The gunboats on the southern shore fired on this
work when it was discovered, but as it was invisible to them, and as
they could only shoot at haphazard, by directions signalled from the
town, they generally failed to hit the mark, and did little to prevent
the progress of the digging. The besiegers only lost 4 killed and 25
wounded this day, and on the original point of attack were able to
commence a second parallel, in which there was marked out the place for
the battery which was destined to breach the town wall at the lowest
point of its circuit, just south of the bed of the Retiro torrent.

On the two following days the French continued to push forward with
no great difficulty; they completed the second parallel on the centre
hill, parts of which were only 180 yards from the town. On the left or
eastern hill the trenches were continued down the inner slope, as far
as the bottom of the ravine, so as almost to join those of the right
attack. On the 26th a violent south-east gale began to blow, which
compelled the British and Spanish gunboats to quit their station to
the right of Tarifa, lest they should be driven ashore, and to run
round to the west side of the island which gave them shelter from wind
coming from such a quarter. The French works were, therefore, only
molested for the future by the little 6-pounders on the north-east (or
Corchuela) tower, and the heavy guns firing at a high trajectory from
the island and the tower of Guzman.

But the gale was accompanied by rain, and this, beginning with
moderate showers on the 26th, developed into a steady downpour on the
27th and 28th, and commenced to make the spadework in the trenches
more laborious, as the sappers were up to their ankles in mud, and
the excavated earth did not bind easily into parapets owing to its
semi-liquid condition. Nevertheless the plans of the engineers were
carried out, and two batteries were finished and armed on the central
hill, one lower down to batter the walls, the other higher up, to deal
with the guns of the besieged and silence them if possible. The French
lined all the advanced parallel with sharpshooters, who kept up a heavy
fire on the ramparts, and would have made it difficult for the garrison
to maintain a reply, if a large consignment of sandbags had not been
received from Gibraltar, with which cover was contrived for the men on
the curtain, and the artillery in the towers.

At eleven o’clock on the morning of the 29th the two French batteries
opened[116], with twelve heavy guns. The weakness of the old town
wall at once became evident: the first shot fired went completely
through it, and lodged in a house to its rear. Before evening there
was a definite breach produced, just south of the Retiro ravine,
and it was clear that the enemy would be able to increase it to any
extent that he pleased--the masonry fell to pieces the moment that
it was well pounded. The two small field-guns on the tower of Jesus
were silenced by 3 o’clock, and the heavy gun on Guzman’s tower also
ceased firing--of which more anon. By night only the distant guns on
the island, and the ships in the south-western bay, were making an
effective reply to the French.

  [116] The breaching battery on the lower slope with four 16-
  and two 12-pounders: the upper battery with four howitzers
  for high-trajectory fire against the more distant guns of the
  besieged and the island, and two 12-pounders.

This, from the psychological point of view, was the critical day of the
siege, for on the clear demonstration of the weakness of the walls,
Colonel Skerrett, who had never much confidence in his defences,
proposed to evacuate the city of Tarifa. At a council of officers he
argued in favour of withdrawing the garrison into the island, and
making no attempt to hold the weak mediaeval walls which the French
were so effectively battering. This would have been equivalent, in the
end, to abandoning the entire foothold of the British on this point of
the coast. For there was on the island no cover for troops, save two
or three recently erected buildings, and the recesses of the ‘Cueva de
los Moros.’ Some of the inhabitants had already taken refuge there,
and were suffering great privations, from being exposed to the weather
in tents and hastily contrived huts. It is clear that if 3,000 men,
British and Spanish, had been lodged on the wind-swept rocks of the
island, it would soon have been necessary to withdraw them; however
inaccessible the water-girt rock, with its low cliffs, might be, no
large body of troops could have lived long upon it, exposed as they
would have been not only to wind and wet, but to constant molestation
by heavy guns placed in and about the city and the hills that dominate
it. Meanwhile the French would have possessed the excellent cover of
the houses of Tarifa, and would have effectively blocked the island
by leaving a garrison to watch the causeway, the only possible exit
from it. It is certain that the abandonment of the island would have
followed that of the town within a few days: indeed Skerrett had
already obtained leave from General Cooke, then commanding at Cadiz,
to bring his brigade round to that port as soon as he should feel it
necessary. He regarded the evacuation of the place as so certain, that
he ordered the 18-pounder gun on Guzman’s tower to be spiked this day,
though it was the only piece of heavy calibre in the city[117]--the
reason given was that one of its missiles (spherical case-shot) had
fallen short within the streets, and killed or wounded an inhabitant.
But the real cause was that he had fully decided on abandoning Tarifa
that night or the following day, and thought the moving of such a big
gun in a hurry impossible--it had been hoisted with great difficulty to
its place by the sailors, with cranes and tackle[118].

  [117] According to some authorities he also spiked a 32-lb.
  carronade. See _Defence of Tarifa_, p. 63.

  [118] The author of the _Defence of Tarifa_ pretends not to know
  the real story (p. 63), saying that the spiking caused much
  ‘indignation, apprehension, and discontent,’ and that ‘whence the
  order proceeded is unknown.’ For the explanation see the letter
  from an officer of the garrison in Napier, iv, Appendix, p. 438.

Skerrett stated his decision in favour of the evacuation at the
council of war, produced General Cooke’s letter supporting his plan,
and stated that Lord Proby, his second in command, concurred in the
view of its necessity. Fortunately for the credit of the British arms,
his opinion was boldly traversed by Captain C. F. Smith, the senior
engineer officer, Major King commanding the Gibraltar battalion of
flank-companies, and Colonel Gough of the 87th. The former urged that
the town should be defended, as an outwork of the island, to the last
possible moment: though the breach was practicable, he had already made
arrangements for cutting it off by retrenchments from the body of the
town. The streets had been blocked and barricaded, and all the houses
looking upon the back of the walls loopholed. Tarifa could be defended
for some time in the style of Saragossa, lane by lane. He pointed
out that such was the configuration of the ground that if the enemy
entered the breach, he would find a fourteen-foot drop between its
rear and the ground below, on to which he would have to descend under
a concentric fire of musketry from all the neighbouring buildings.
Even supposing that the worst came, the garrison had the castle to
retire into, and this was tenable until breached by artillery, while a
retreat from it to the island would always be possible, under cover of
the guns of the flotilla. There was no profit or credit in giving up
outworks before they were forced. Major King concurred, and said that
his battalion, being Gibraltar troops, was under the direct orders of
General Campbell, from whom he had received directions to hold Tarifa
till the last extremity. If Skerrett’s brigade should embark, he and
the flank-companies would remain behind, to defend it, along with
Copons’s Spaniards. Gough concurred in the decision, and urged that the
evacuation would be wholly premature and ‘contrary to the spirit of
General Campbell’s instructions’ until it was seen whether the French
were able to effect a lodgement inside the walls[119].

  [119] Gough speaks of his reply that ‘evacuation would be
  contrary to the spirit of General Campbell’s instructions,’ as
  if given at an earlier date, but, the 29th seems fixed by King’s
  letter to Napier in appendix to the latter’s _Peninsular War_,
  iv. pp. 443-4, quoted above.

Skerrett’s resolve was shaken--he still held to his opinion, but
dismissed the council of war without coming to a decision: he tried
to avoid responsibility by requesting the officers who voted for
further resistance to deliver him their opinions in writing. This
King, Smith, and Gough did, in the strongest wording. The first named
of these three resolute men sent that same night a messenger by boat
to Gibraltar, to inform General Campbell of Skerrett’s faint-hearted
decision, and to observe that, with a few companies more to aid his own
flank-battalion and the Spaniards, he would try to hold first Tarifa
and then the island, even if Skerrett withdrew his brigade. Campbell,
angry in no small degree, sent a very prompt answer to the effect
that the town should not be abandoned without the concurrence of the
commanding officers of artillery and engineers, while the Gibraltar
battalion should be concentrated in the island, in order to ensure its
defence even if Tarifa itself fell. Still more drastic was an order to
the officers commanding the transports to bring their ships back at
once to Gibraltar: this decisive move made it impossible for Skerrett
to carry out his plan[120]. A few days later Campbell sent two more
flank-companies to join the garrison--but they only arrived after the
assault.

  [120] See especially the notes from officers on the spot in
  Napier’s appendix to vol. iv. pp. 442-4.

The idea of evacuating the town without attempting any defence was
all the more ignominious because Copons had declared his intention of
holding it to the last, had protested against the spiking of the heavy
gun in Guzman’s tower, and next morning, when Leval summoned the place
to surrender, sent in a most unhesitating, if somewhat bombastic[121],
note of refusal. If Skerrett had withdrawn into the island, or taken to
his ships, and Copons had been overwhelmed, fighting in the streets,
the disgrace to the British flag would have been very great. As a
sidelight on the whole matter, we may remember that this was the same
officer who had refused to land his troops to defend the breach of
Tarragona six months before. He was no coward, as he showed in many
fights, and he died gallantly at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1814, but he was
undoubtedly a shirker of responsibilities.

  [121] ‘Sin duda ignorará V.S. que me hallo yo en esta plaza,
  cuando se prononce á su gubernador que admite una capitulacion.
  Á la cabeza de mis tropas me encontrará V.S. y entonces
  hableremos.’ See Arteche, appendix to vol. xi. p. 524.

On the morning of the 30th the besiegers’ batteries opened again,
and enlarged the breach to a broad gap of thirty feet or more; they
also dismounted a field-piece which the besieged had hoisted on the
Jesus tower, to replace those injured on the previous day. At midday
Leval sent in the summons already recorded, and receiving Copons’s
uncompromising reply, directed the fire to continue. It was very
effective, and by evening the breach was nearly sixty feet long,
occupying almost the whole space between the tower at the portcullis
over the ravine, and that next south of it. At dusk the garrison
crept out to clear the foot of the breach, and began also to redouble
the inner defences in the lanes and houses behind it. All work on
both sides, however, was stopped, shortly after nightfall, by a
most torrential downpour of rain, which drove the French from their
batteries and the English and Spaniards from their repairing. The sky
seemed to be falling--the hillsides became cataracts, and the Retiro
ravine was soon filled with a broad river which came swirling against
the walls, bearing with it fascines, planks, gabions, and even dead
bodies washed out of the French lines. Presently the mass of débris,
accumulating against the palisades erected in front of the portcullis,
and urged on by the water, swept away these outer defences, and then,
pressing against the portcullis itself, bent it inwards and twisted
it, despite of its massive iron clamps, so as to make an opening into
the town, down which everything went swimming through the ravine. The
flood also swept away some of the defensive works on each side of the
depression. When the hurricane was over, the rain still continued to
fall heavily, but the garrison, emerging from shelter, commenced to
repair their works, and had undone much of the damage by daylight[122].

  [122] For this, see Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, ii. p. 477,
  from which Napier copies his narrative, iv. p. 55.

If the besieged had been sorely incommoded by the tempest, the
besiegers on the bare hillsides had been still worse tried. They had
been forced to abandon their trenches and batteries, of which those
high up the slope were water-logged, while those below had been largely
swept away by the flood. The breach had been pronounced practicable
by the engineers, and an assault had been fixed for dawn. But it
was necessary to put it off for some hours, in order to allow the
artillery to reoccupy their batteries, and recommence their fire, and
the infantry to come up from the camps where they had vainly tried
to shelter themselves during the downpour. Nevertheless the French
commanders resolved to storm as soon as the men could be assembled,
without waiting for further preparations. ‘The troops,’ says the French
historian of the siege, ‘unable to dry themselves, or to light fires
to cook their rations, loudly cried out for an assault, as the only
thing that could put an end to their misery.’ A large force had been
set apart for the storm, the grenadier and voltigeur companies of each
of the battalions engaged in the sieges, making a total of over 2,200
men. They were divided into two columns--the grenadiers were to storm
the breach; the voltigeurs to try whether the gap at the Portcullis
tower was practicable or not: they were to break in if possible, if
not, to engage the defenders in a fusilade which should distract their
attention from the main attack.

As soon as day dawned, the besieged could detect that the trenches
were filling, and that the storm was about to break. They had time to
complete their dispositions before the French moved: the actual breach
was held by Copons with a battalion of his own troops[123]: the 87th,
under Gough, occupied the walls both to right and left of the breach,
including the Portcullis tower, with two companies in reserve. Captain
Levesey with 100 of the 47th was posted in the south-eastern (Jesus)
tower, which completely enfiladed the route which the enemy would have
to take to the foot of the breach. The rest of the 47th was in charge
of the south front of the town.

  [123] Their part in the defence must not be denied to the
  Spaniards. Napier, with his usual prejudice, remarks (iv. p. 60)
  that Skerrett ‘assigned the charge of the breach entirely to the
  Spaniards, and if Smith had not insisted upon placing British
  troops alongside of them this would have ruined the defence,
  because hunger and neglect had so broken the spirit of these
  poor men that few appeared during the combat, and Copons alone
  displayed the qualities of a gallant soldier.’

At nine o’clock the column of French grenadiers issued from the
trenches near the advanced breaching battery, and dashed down the side
of the Retiro ravine towards the breach, while the voltigeur companies,
at the same time, running out from the approaches on the eastern hill,
advanced by the opposite side of the ravine towards the Portcullis
tower. Demonstrations to right and left were made by Cassagne’s brigade
on one flank and Pécheux’s on the other. The progress of the storming
column was not rapid--the slopes of the ravine were rain-sodden and
slippery; its bottom (where the flood had passed) was two feet deep
in mud. The troops were forced to move slowly, and the moment that
they were visible from the walls they became exposed to a very heavy
fire of musketry, both from the curtain and the enfilading towers on
each of their flanks. Of guns the besieged had only one available--a
field-piece in the northernmost (or Corchuela) tower, which fired
case-shot diagonally along the foot of the walls.

Nevertheless the French grenadiers pushed forward across the open space
towards the breach, under a rain of bullets from the 87th which smote
them on both flanks. The Fusiliers were firing fast and accurately,
to the tune of _Garry Owen_, which the regimental band was playing by
order of Gough just behind the breach, accompanied by bursts of shouts
and cheering. On arriving at the foot of the walls, in great disorder,
the French column hesitated for a moment; many men began to fire
instead of pressing on, but some bold spirits scaled the rough slope of
the breach and reached its lip--only to get a momentary glimpse of the
fourteen-foot drop behind it, and to fall dead. The bulk of the column
then swerved away to its right, and fell upon the palisades and other
defences in front of the Portcullis tower, where the hasty repairs
made after the flood of the preceding night did not look effective.
Apparently many of the voltigeurs who had been already engaged in this
quarter joined in their assault, which surged over the outer barricades
and penetrated as far as the portcullis itself. It was found too well
repaired to be broken down, and the stormers, crowded in front of it,
and caught in an angle between the front wall defended by the 87th, and
the flanking Jesus tower from which the 47th were firing, found the
corner too hot for them, and suddenly recoiled and fled. The officer
at the head of the forlorn hope gave up his sword to Gough through the
bars of the portcullis, which alone separated them, and many other
men at the front of the column also surrendered, rather than face the
point-blank fire at close range which would have accompanied the first
stage of their retreat.

This was a striking instance of an assault on a very broad breach, by
a strong force, being beaten off by musketry fire alone. The French
seem never to have had a chance in face of the steady resistance of
the 87th and their comrades. Their loss is given by the official
French historian at only 48 killed and 159 wounded, which seems an
incredibly low figure when over 2,000 men were at close quarters with
the besieged, in a very disadvantageous position, for some time[124].
The British lost 2 officers and 7 men killed, 3 officers, 2 sergeants,
and 22 men wounded: the Spaniards had a lieutenant-colonel killed and
about 20 men killed and wounded.

  [124] Skerrett and Copons estimated the loss of the enemy at
  nearly 500, no doubt an exaggeration. But Leval’s 207 seems far
  too few. The commanding officer of the 51st Ligne reports from
  his four flank-companies 7 officers and 81 men hit (Belmas, iv,
  Appendix, p. 58). Of the sapper detachment which led the column,
  from 50 men 43 were _hors de combat_ (Belmas, iv. p. 31). It
  seems incredible that when 23 companies took part in the assault
  5 of them should have suffered 131 casualties out of a total of
  207. Martinien’s tables show 18 officers killed and wounded on
  Dec. 31, a figure which proves nothing, for though at the usual
  casualty rate of 20 men per officer this would imply a total loss
  of 360, yet it is well known that in assaults the officers often
  suffer a loss out of all proportion to that of the rank and file.
  Eighteen officers hit might be compatible with a loss as low as
  200 or as high as 400 in such a case.

The assault having failed so disastrously, the spirits of the
besiegers sank to a very low pitch. The rain continued to fall during
the whole day and the following night, and the already water-logged
trenches became quite untenable. On New Year’s Day, 1812, the dawn
showed a miserable state of affairs--not only were the roads to the
rear, towards Fascinas and Vejer, entirely blocked by the swelling
of mountain torrents, but communications were cut even between the
siege-camps. All the provision of powder in the siege-batteries was
found to be spoilt by wet, and a great part of the cartridges of the
infantry. Nearly a third of the horses of the train had perished from
cold combined with low feeding. No rations were issued to the troops
that day, and on the three preceding days only incomplete ones had been
given, because of the impossibility of getting them up from the reserve
dépôt, and many of the men wandered without leave for three miles to
the rear in search of food or shelter. An exploring party of the 47th
pushing out into the trenches found them quite unguarded[125] and full
of water. Leval wrote a formal proposal for the abandonment of the
siege to his chief, Victor, saying that the only choice was to save
the army by retreat, or to see it perish in a few days if it remained
stationary[126]. The Marshal, however, refused to turn back from an
enterprise in which he considered his honour involved, and the tempest
having abated on the night of Jan. 2nd-3rd, ordered the batteries and
approaches to be remanned, and directed that an attempt should be made
to sap forward toward the Jesus tower from the left advanced trenches.
The work done was feeble--the batteries had fired only fifty shots by
evening, and the repairs to the damaged works were very incomplete.

  [125] _Defence of Tarifa_, p. 47.

  [126] See the letter in Belmas, iv. pp. 55-6.

Even Victor’s obstinacy yielded, however, when on the night of the
3rd-4th January another furious storm arose, and once more stopped all
possibility of continuing operations. No food had now come up from the
base for many days, and the stores at the front being exhausted, the
Marshal saw that it was necessary to march at once. An attempt was
made to withdraw the guns from the batteries, but only one 12-pounder
and two howitzers were got off--the horses were so weak and the
ground so sodden that even when 200 infantry were set to help, most of
the pieces could not be dragged more than a few yards. Wherefore the
attempt was given over, the powder in the batteries was thrown open to
the rain, the balls rolled into the Retiro ravine, the nine remaining
heavy guns spiked.

[Illustration: TARIFA]

On the night of the 4th-5th the army crawled off on the road to Vejer,
abandoning nearly all its material in its camps. An attempt was made
to fire a mass of abandoned vehicles, but the rain stopped it. Next
morning the French were passing the defile of Torre Peña, under the
not very effective fire of an English frigate, which kept as close
to the shore as was possible on a very rough day. The four guns from
the battery at this point were brought on, with much toil, and no
wounded were abandoned. On the 6th the column reached Tayvilla, where
it found a convoy and 100 horses, which were of inestimable value, for
those with the field-force were completely spent. Nevertheless the one
12-pounder brought off from Tarifa was abandoned in the mud. On the
7th Vejer was reached, and the expedition was at an end. The troops of
Victor’s division, after a short rest, went back to the Cadiz Lines,
those of Leval’s division marched for Xeres.

Thus ended the leaguer of Tarifa, which cost the besiegers about 500
lives, more by sickness than by casualties in the trenches. There
were also some deserters--fifteen Poles came over in a body and
surrendered to Captain Carroll on the 3rd[127], and other individuals
stole in from time to time. But the main loss to the French, beyond
that of prestige, was that the battalions which had formed part of the
expeditionary force were so tired out and war-worn, that for several
weeks they continued to fill the hospitals in the Lines with sick, and
were incapable of further active service. Wherefore Soult could not
send any appreciable detachment to help Suchet on the side of Valencia:
the cavalry brigade, which sacked Murcia on January 26 and killed La
Carrera,[128] was his only contribution to the operations on the east
side of Spain. The field-force which might otherwise have accompanied
Pierre Soult’s cavalry raid had been used up in the Tarifa expedition.

  [127] _Defence of Tarifa_, p. 75.

  [128] See page 8 above.

Another distraction had come upon Soult while the Tarifa expedition
was in progress. On December 27, six days after Victor and Leval
commenced the siege, General Hill had once more begun to move on the
Estremaduran side, after remaining quiescent for nearly two months
since the surprise of Arroyo dos Molinos. His advance was a diversion
made by Wellington’s direct orders, with the purpose of drawing Soult’s
attention away from the pursuit of Ballasteros and the molesting
of Tarifa[129]. It failed to achieve the latter purpose, since the
operations of Victor had gone so far, before Hill moved, that the
Marshal stood committed to the siege, and indeed only heard that Hill
was on the move after the assault of December 31st had been made and
beaten off. But it caused Soult to cut off all support from Victor,
to turn his small remaining reserves in the direction of Estremadura,
and to welcome as a relief, rather than to deplore as a disaster, the
return of the defeated expeditionary force to the Lines of Cadiz on
January 7th. For about that date Hill was pushing Drouet before him,
and the reserves from Seville were moving northwards, so that Soult
was pleased to learn that the 10,000 men from Tarifa had returned, and
that, in consequence of their reappearance, he could draw off more
men from the direction of Cadiz to replace the troops moved toward
Estremadura.

  [129] See Wellington to Hill, Dec. 18th, _Dispatches_, ix. pp.
  465-6.

Hill crossed the Portuguese frontier north of the Guadiana on December
27th, with his own division, Hamilton’s Portuguese, two British cavalry
brigades (those of Long and de Grey[130]) and one of Portuguese (4th
and 10th regiments under J. Campbell of the former corps), or about
12,000 men. The small remainder of his force[131] was left about Elvas,
to watch any possible movement of the French from the direction of
Badajoz. His objective was Merida, where it was known that Dombrouski,
with the greater part of the 5th French Division, was lying, in a
position far advanced from the main body of Drouet’s troops, who were
cantoned about Zafra and Llerena. There was some hope of surprising
this force, and a certainty of driving it in, and of throwing Drouet
and Soult into a state of alarm. Wellington directed Hill to keep
to the desolate road north of the Guadiana, because a winter raid
from this direction would be the last thing expected by the enemy. He
bade his lieutenant keep a wary eye in the direction of Truxillo and
Almaraz, from which the divisions of Marmont’s army then in New Castile
might possibly descend upon his rear. But the warning turned out to
be superfluous, since, before Hill moved, Marmont had been forced by
the Emperor’s orders to detach his troops on the Tagus for the ruinous
expedition under Montbrun to Alicante.

  [130] But the last-named officer was absent.

  [131] One Portuguese infantry and one Portuguese cavalry brigade.

Marching very rapidly Hill reached Albuquerque on the 27th, and La
Rocca, only twenty miles from Merida, on the 28th. On the next day[132]
the prospect of surprising Dombrouski came to an end by the merest of
chances. The French general had sent out that morning a small column
to raise requisitions of food in the villages on this road. A troop
of hussars at its head discovered Hill’s advanced cavalry, near Navas
de Membrillo, and alarmed the infantry, three companies of the 88th
regiment under a Captain Neveux, who formed up and began to retreat
hastily towards Merida. Hill sent two squadrons each of the 13th Light
Dragoons and 2nd Hussars of the King’s German Legion in pursuit, with
orders to head off and capture, if possible, these 400 men. The result
was a combat of the same sort as that of Barquilla in 1810, where
it had already been shown that steady infantry could not be ridden
down by cavalry save under very exceptional circumstances. Neveux,
seeing the dragoons hurrying forward, turned off the road, formed
his men in square, and made for a cork wood on a rising ground. The
cavalry overtook him, and delivered five determined charges, which
were all beaten off with heavy loss. We are told that their order and
impetus were both broken by scattered trees outside the wood, but the
main cause of their defeat was the impossibility of breaking into a
solidly-formed square of determined men, well commanded[133]. After the
final charge the squadrons drew off, and Neveux hastened on through
the wood, fell back again into the road, and reached Merida, though he
lost a few men[134] by shells from Hawker’s battery, which came up late
in the day. The K.G.L. Hussars had 2 men killed and 1 officer and 17
men wounded: the 13th Light Dragoons 1 killed and 19 wounded.

  [132] Napier (iv. 49) wrongly puts the combat of Navas de
  Membrillo on the 28th of December, not the 29th. The diaries
  of Stoltzenberg of the 2nd K.G.L. Hussars and Cadell of the
  28th prove that the second date is correct. No force could have
  marched from Albuquerque to Navas in one day.

  [133] Hill’s dispatch has a handsome but ungrammatical testimony
  to the enemy: ‘the intrepid and admirable way in which the French
  retreated, the infantry formed in square, and favoured as he was
  by the nature of the country, of which he knew how to take the
  fullest advantage, prevented the cavalry alone from effecting
  anything against him.’

  [134] Apparently two killed and nine wounded.

Dombrouski, warned of the approach of the allies in force, immediately
evacuated Merida, where Hill made prize of 160,000 lb. of wheat,
unground, and a large magazine of biscuit. He found that the French had
been fortifying the town, but the works were too unfinished to allow
them to defend it. On January 1st Hill, continuing his advance, marched
across the bridge of Merida on Almendralejo, thinking that Drouet might
possibly have come up to help Dombrouski, and that he might force him
to fight. This was not to be: the rearguard of the force from Merida
was discovered drawn up in front of Almendralejo, but gave way at the
first push: a small magazine of food was captured in the town.

It was now clear that Drouet did not intend to make a stand, but would
fall back towards the Andalusian frontier, and wait for aid from Soult.
Hill resolved to move his main body no further, but sent out a small
flying column under Major-General Abercrombie, with orders to press
the French rearguard as long as it would give way, but to halt and
turn back on finding serious forces in front of him. This detachment
(1/50th regiment, two squadrons 2nd Hussars K.G.L., two squadrons
10th Portuguese, three guns) passing Fuente del Maestre neared Los
Santos on January 3rd, and found Dombrouski, with a rearguard of all
arms, disposed to fight. This led to a sharp cavalry combat, between
two squadrons of the 26th French Dragoons and the allied horse. One
squadron of the hussars and one of the Portuguese, gallantly led by
Colonel Campbell, charged the enemy in front, the other squadrons
remaining in reserve. The dragoons, soon broken, lost 6 killed, many
wounded, and 2 officers and 35 men prisoners. Thereupon the French
infantry moved rapidly off southwards, making no attempt to stand. The
victors lost 1 man killed and 14 wounded from the hussars, 1 officer
and 5 men from the Portuguese.

Drouet was now concentrating at Llerena, and ready to give up all
Estremadura north of that point. He was sending daily appeals for
succour to Soult, who had little to give him, while Victor and the
expeditionary force were away at Tarifa. On January 5th the Duke of
Dalmatia wrote a dispatch which ordered that the siege should be
abandoned--but long ere it came to hand Victor had been forced to
depart, as we have seen, for reasons entirely unconnected with Hill’s
midwinter raid. Wellington’s plan would have worked if the weather had
not already driven Victor away, but had in actual fact no effect on his
proceedings.

Hill, having accomplished all that could be done in the way of alarming
Soult, held Merida and Almendralejo for a few days, with his advanced
cavalry about Fuente del Maestre: but retired on January 13th to
Albuquerque and Portalegre, to the intense relief of his enemy. The
raising of the siege of Tarifa being known, there was no further reason
for keeping Hill in an advanced position, which might have tempted
Soult to make a great concentration and take the offensive. Wellington
had no desire that he should do so, since the Army of Andalusia, while
dispersed, was harmless, but might become dangerous if it should
evacuate great regions, and so be able to collect in force. Soult did
not wish to make such sacrifices unless he were obliged, and on hearing
of Hill’s retreat countermanded all orders for concentration, and
contented himself with bringing back Drouet to Llerena and Zalamea, and
with reopening his communication with Badajoz, which had been cut while
the allies were at Fuente del Maestre. He did not at this time reoccupy
Merida, partly because the position had been demonstrated to be
dangerous by Hill’s recent raid, partly because its main importance was
that it covered the road to Truxillo and Almaraz and Marmont’s army.
But Marmont having, for the moment, no troops in this direction, owing
to the Alicante expedition, it was useless to try to keep in touch with
him.

Hill’s expedition, by driving Drouet for some time from the line of
the Guadiana, made possible a sudden irruption of the Spaniards into La
Mancha, where none of their regular troops had been since the battle
of Ocaña two years before. This raid was carried out by Morillo at the
head of a brigade of the Estremaduran army of Castaños. That general
had heard of the way in which the upper valley of the Guadiana had
been denuded of troops, in order that the Army of the Centre might
assist Suchet in the direction of Cuenca and Requeña[135]. Nothing
was left in La Mancha save a few battalions of King Joseph’s German
Division, and a brigade of Treillard’s dragoons, a force which could
only provide garrisons for a few large towns and watch the high-road
from Madrid to Andalusia. Morillo was directed to slip eastward through
the gap made by Hill between the Armies of the South and Portugal,
to endeavour to cut up the French posts, and to collect recruits and
contributions in the country-side. With luck he might even break the
line of communication between Soult and Madrid. His force of 3,000 men
was insufficient for anything more than a raid.

  [135] See page 56 above.

Starting from Montanches near Caçeres on December 30th--three days
after Hill’s expedition had begun--Morillo crossed the Guadiana, and
after making a fruitless dash at Belalcazar, the isolated French
garrison which protected the northernmost corner of Andalusia, marched
straight on by Agudo and Sarceruela into the heart of La Mancha, where
he seized Ciudad Real, its capital [January 15]. The small French force
quartered there fled at his approach, which was wholly unexpected--no
Spanish army had ever marched up the valley of the Guadiana before. On
the next day Morillo attacked Almagro, where there was a garrison of
500 men; but before he had made any impression he was surprised by the
arrival of General Treillard, with a column hastily gathered from the
posts along the high-road. The Spanish general refused to fight, and,
abandoning Ciudad Real, withdrew with little loss into the passes of
the Sierra de Guadalupe, where his enemy declined to follow. Since Hill
had by this time abandoned Merida and returned to Portugal, Morillo
felt his position to be uncomfortably isolated, and feared that French
troops from Estremadura or from the Tagus valley might intercept his
way homeward. The danger turned out to be imaginary, and on reaching
Truxillo on January 30 the column was able to rest unmolested for a
fortnight at that important strategical point, and then to retire at
leisure to Montanches, its original starting-point.

Thus ended an extraordinary raid, which, though it had no positive
results whatever, demonstrated two things clearly enough--one was
the marching power of the Spanish infantry, which between December
28 and January 30 covered 250 miles of vile mountain roads in bitter
weather, and came back intact with little loss[136], the other was the
slightness of the French hold on La Mancha, where the appearance of a
small brigade of 3,000 men upset the whole country-side. Morillo was
only driven off by a concentration of many small garrisons, and, when
they were withdrawn, the local guerrillero bands overran the land.
Their chiefs, El Medico [Palarea], Chaleco, and others, did an immense
amount of damage while the French were concentrated, and ravaged up
to the very gates of Madrid. Chaos reigned in New Castile till Foy’s
and Sarrut’s divisions came back from the Alicante expedition, and
dispersed themselves along the valley of the Tagus at the beginning of
February. For, as we have often had occasion to remark before, every
province of Spain required not only to be conquered but to be held
down by a permanent garrison. The moment that it was left too lightly
held, the guerrilleros came down from the hills, occupied all the open
country, and cut all communications.

  [136] Napier (iv. p. 50) overrates the damage that Morillo
  suffered. He was not ‘completely defeated’ by Treillard, because
  he absconded without fighting. In his elaborate dispatch he gives
  his whole loss as two killed and nine wounded. See his life by
  Rodriguez Villa, appendices to vol. ii, for an almost daily
  series of letters describing his march.




SECTION XXXI: CHAPTER III

POLITICS AT CADIZ AND ELSEWHERE


The military operations in the South during the winter of 1811-12
were inconclusive, and only important in a negative way, as showing
that the initiative of the French armies was spent in this direction.
But it must not be forgotten that while Soult had been brought to
a standstill, Suchet’s operations were still progressing: January,
indeed, saw the last great Spanish disaster of the war, the fall of
Valencia, so that the spirits of government and people still ran very
low. It was not till the sudden irruption of Wellington into the
kingdom of Leon had ended in the capture of Ciudad Rodrigo (January
19), that there was any great occasion for hopefulness. And for a long
time after that event its importance was not fully understood. That
the central turning-point of the war had come, that for the future the
allies were to be on the offensive, and the French on the defensive,
was not realized till Badajoz had fallen in April, a blow which shook
the whole fabric of King Joseph’s power throughout the regions where he
seemed to reign. Nor was it only the state of affairs in the Peninsula
which, during the winter of 1811-12, seemed sufficiently gloomy
both for the present and for the future. The news from the Spanish
colonies in America grew steadily worse: in most of the viceroyalties
of the Western world there was now a nucleus of trouble: the name of
Ferdinand VII was still used by the insurgents as a rallying cry,
except in Venezuela, where Miranda had proclaimed an independent
republic in July 1811. But in La Plata and Chili lip-loyalty to the
sovereign was accompanied by practical secession from the Spanish
state: the _Cabildos_ or Juntas paid no attention to orders received
from Cadiz. In Mexico, though the capital and the greater part of the
country were still in the hands of the constituted authorities, there
was a lively insurrection on foot since September 1810, under the
priest Hidalgo--he was captured and executed in 1812, but his death
did not crush his faction. The Viceroyalty of Peru was almost the
only part of Spanish America which still remained loyal. The Cortes
at Cadiz made elaborate attempts to conciliate the Americans, but was
unable to satisfy their expectations or to end their discontents. The
deeply-rooted belief of the Creoles that they and their country were
still being exploited for the benefit of Spain, could not be removed
by any declaration that they were now to be Spanish citizens with full
rights, or by giving them representation in the Cortes. The idea of
autonomy was already abroad in Spanish America, and in every quarter
ambitious men were quoting the precedent of the revolt of the Thirteen
United Colonies from Great Britain in the previous generation. Truly
Spain had committed an unwise act when she joined France in wrecking
the British domination in North America. She revenged an old grudge
successfully, but she taught her own colonists a lesson impossible to
forget and easy to copy.

The Peninsular War had hitherto been maintained in no small degree by
the money which kept flowing in from America: what would happen if
the treasure-ships with their regular supply of silver dollars from
the mines of Mexico and Peru ceased altogether to come in? Already
affairs were looking so threatening that, despite of all the needs of
the campaign at home, reinforcements were being sent out to the New
World from Cadiz and from Corunna: the Army of Galicia, as we shall
presently see, was nearly put out of action in the spring of 1812 by
the dispatch of an over-great proportion of its trained artillerymen to
America[137]. Some French observers of the situation formed the idea
that the Spaniards, if pressed to a decision between the possible loss
of their colonies and the chance of obtaining a free hand by peace with
Napoleon, might make the choice for empire rather than freedom. By
acknowledging Joseph Bonaparte as king, and coming into the Napoleonic
system, they might be able to turn their whole strength against the
discontented Americans. This idea had one fatal error: any Spaniard
could see that submission to France meant war with Great Britain:
and then the way across the Atlantic would be closed. The British
government would be forced into an alliance with the colonists; it
had already thought of this device in the old days before Napoleon’s
invasion of the Peninsula. Whitelock’s unhappy Buenos Ayres expedition
in 1807 had been sent out precisely to take advantage of the discontent
of the Americans, and in the hope that they would rise against the
mother country if promised assistance. The adventurer Miranda had
spent much time in pressing this policy on the Portland cabinet.
Whitelock’s descent on the Rio de la Plata, it is true, had been as
disappointing in the political as in the military line: he had got no
help whatever from the disaffected colonists. But feeling in America
had developed into much greater bitterness since 1807: in 1812 actual
insurrection had already broken out. British aid would not, this time,
be rejected: the malcontents would buy it by the grant of liberal
trading concessions, which the Cadiz government, even in its worst time
of trouble, had steadily refused to grant. There was every chance,
therefore, that a policy of submission to Napoleon would ensure the
loss of America even more certainly and more rapidly than a persistence
in the present war. It does not seem that any person of importance at
Cadiz ever took into serious consideration the idea of throwing up
the struggle for independence, in order to obtain the opportunity of
dealing with the American question.

  [137] See below, section xxxiii, page 337.

The idea, however, was in the air. This was the time at which King
Joseph made his last attempt to open up secret negotiation with
the patriots. His own condition was unhappy enough, as has been
sufficiently shown in an earlier chapter: but he was well aware that
the outlook of his enemies was no less gloomy. One of the numerous--and
usually impracticable--pieces of advice which his brother had sent him
was the suggestion that he should assemble some sort of a Cortes, and
then, posing as a national king, try to open up communications with
the Cadiz government, setting forth the somewhat unconvincing thesis
that Great Britain, and not France, was the real enemy of Spanish
greatness. The idea of calling a Cortes fell through: the individuals
whom Joseph could have induced to sit in it would have been so few,
so insignificant, and so unpopular, that such a body could only have
provoked contempt[138]. But an attempt was made to see if anything
could be done at Cadiz: the inducement which Joseph was authorized to
offer to the patriots was that immediately on his recognition as a
constitutional king by the Cortes--and a constitution was to be drawn
up in haste at Madrid--the French army should retire from Spain, and
the integrity of the realm should be guaranteed. Napoleon even made a
half-promise to give up Catalonia, though he had practically annexed it
to his empire in the previous year[139].

  [138] For all this scheme see the Memoirs of Miot de Melito, iii.
  pp. 215-16, beside the Emperor’s own dispatches. Note especially
  the instructions which the French ambassador, Laforest, was to
  set before Joseph.

  [139] See vol. iv. p. 215.

Joseph and his ministers had no confidence either in the Emperor’s
sincerity in making these offers, or in the likelihood of their
finding any acceptance among the patriots. He sent, however, to Cadiz
as his agent a certain Canon La Peña, a secret _Afrancesado_, but a
brother of Manuel La Peña, the incapable general who had betrayed
Graham at Barrosa. This officer was on his trial at the moment for his
misbehaviour on that occasion, and the canon pretended to have come
to assist him in his day of trouble on grounds of family affection.
It would seem that he sounded certain persons but with small effect.
Toreno, who was present in Cadiz at the time, and well acquainted
with every intrigue that was in progress, says that the Regency never
heard of the matter, and that very few members of the Cortes knew what
La Peña was doing. It seems that he had conversations with certain
freemasons, who were connected with lodges in Madrid that were under
French influence, and apparently with one member of the ministry. ‘I do
not give his name,’ says the historian, ‘because I have no documentary
proof to bear out the charge, but moral proof I have[140].’ Be this as
it may, the labours of La Peña do not seem to have been very fruitful,
and the assertion made by certain French historians, and by Napoleon
himself in the _Mémorial de Ste-Hélène_, that the Cortes would have
proceeded to treat with Joseph, but for Wellington’s astonishing
successes in the spring of 1812, has little or no foundation. As Toreno
truly observes, any open proposal of the sort would have resulted
in the tearing to pieces by the populace of the man hardy enough to
make it. The intrigue had no more success than the earlier mission
of Sotelo, which has been spoken of in another place[141]. But it
lingered on, till the battle of Salamanca in July, and the flight of
Joseph from Madrid in August, proved, to any doubters that there may
have been, that the French cause was on the wane[142]. One of the most
curious results of this secret negotiation was that Soult, hearing that
the King’s emissary was busy at Cadiz, and not knowing that it was at
Napoleon’s own suggestion that the experiment was being made, came to
the conclusion that Joseph was plotting to abandon his brother, and to
make a private peace with the Cortes, on condition that he should break
with France and be recognized as king. He wrote, as we shall presently
see, to denounce him to Napoleon as a traitor. Hence came no small
friction in the following autumn.

  [140] Toreno, iii. p. 100.

  [141] See vol. ii. p. 168.

  [142] Toreno says that the mistress of the Duke of Infantado was
  implicated in the negotiation, after he had become a regent, but
  that he himself had no treasonable intentions, being a staunch
  supporter of Ferdinand.

These secret intrigues fell into a time of keen political strife at
Cadiz--the famous Constitution, which was to cause so much bickering
in later years, was being drafted, discussed, and passed through the
Cortes in sections, all through the autumn of 1811 and the winter of
1811-12. The Liberals and the Serviles fought bitterly over almost
every clause, and during their disputes the anti-national propaganda of
the handful of _Afrancesados_ passed almost unnoticed. It is impossible
in a purely military history to relate the whole struggle, and a few
words as to its political bearings must suffice.

The Constitution was a strange amalgam of ancient Spanish national
tradition, of half-understood loans from Great Britain and America,
and of political theory borrowed from France. Many of its framers
had obviously studied the details of the abortive ‘limited monarchy’
which had been imposed on Louis XVI in the early days of the French
Revolution. From this source came the scheme which limited within
narrow bounds the sovereign’s power in the Constitution. The system
evolved was that of a king whose main constitutional weapon was that
right of veto on legislation which had proved so unpopular in France.
He was to choose ministers who, like those of the United States of
America, were not to sit in parliament, nor to be necessarily dependent
on a party majority in the house, though they were to be responsible
to it. There was to be but one Chamber, elected not directly by the
people--though universal suffrage was introduced--but by notables
chosen by the parishes in local primary assemblies, who again named
district notables, these last nominating the actual members for the
Cortes.

The right of taxation was vested in the Chamber, and the Ministry was
placed at its mercy by the power of refusing supply. The regular army
was specially subjected to the Chamber and not to the King, though the
latter was left some power with regard to calling out or disbanding
the local militia which was to form the second line in the national
forces--at present it was in fact non-existent, unless the guerrillero
bands might be considered to represent it.

The most cruel blows were struck not only at the King’s power but at
his prestige. A clause stating that all treaties or grants made by him
while in captivity were null and void was no doubt necessary--there
was no knowing what documents Napoleon might not dictate to Ferdinand.
But it was unwise to formulate in a trenchant epigram that ‘the nation
is free and independent, not the patrimony of any family or person,’
or that ‘the people’s obligation of obedience ceases when the King
violates the laws.’ And when, after granting their sovereign a veto on
legislation, the Constitution proceeded to state that the veto became
inoperative after the Cortes had passed any act in three successive
sessions, it became evident that the King’s sole weapon was to be made
ineffective. ‘Sovereignty,’ it was stated, ‘is vested essentially in
the nation, and for this reason the nation alone has the right to
establish its fundamental laws.’ But the most extraordinary attack on
the principle of legitimate monarchy was a highhanded resettlement
of the succession to the throne, in which the regular sequence of
next heirs was absolutely ignored. If King Ferdinand failed to leave
issue, the crown was to go to his brother Don Carlos: if that prince
also died childless, the Constitution declared that the infante Don
Francisco and his sister the Queen of Etruria were both to be passed
over. No definite reasons were given in the act of settlement for
this astonishing departure from the natural line of descent. The real
meaning of the clause concerning Don Francisco was that many suspected
him of being the son of Godoy and not of Charles IV[143]. As to the
Queen of Etruria, she had been in her younger days a docile tool of
Napoleon, and had lent herself very tamely to his schemes. But it is
said that the governing cause of her exclusion from the succession
was not so much her own unpopularity, as the incessant intrigues of
her sister Carlotta, the wife of the regent João of Portugal, who had
for a long time been engaged in putting forward a claim to be elected
as sole regent of Spain. She had many members of the Cortes in her
pay, and their influence was directed to getting her name inserted in
the list above that of her brother in the succession-roll, and to the
disinheritance of her sister also. Her chance of ever reaching the
throne was not a very good one, as both Ferdinand and Carlos were still
young, and could hardly be kept prisoners at Valençay for ever. It is
probable that the real object of the manœvres was rather to place her
nearer to the regency of Spain in the present crisis, than to seat her
upon its throne at some remote date. For the regency was her desire,
though the crown too would have been welcome, and sometimes not only
the anti-Portuguese party in the Cortes, but Wellington and his brother
Henry Wellesley, the Ambassador at Cadiz, were afraid that by patience
and by long intrigue her partisans might achieve their object.

  [143] See Villa Urrutia, i. p. 13 and ii. pp. 355-9.

Wellington was strongly of opinion that a royal regent at Cadiz
would be most undesirable. The personal influences of a _camarilla_,
surrounding an ambitious but incapable female regent, would add another
difficulty to the numerous problems of the relations between England
and Spain, which were already sufficiently tiresome.

This deliberate humiliation of the monarchy, by clauses accentuated
by phrases of insult, which angered, and were intended to anger, the
_Serviles_, was only accomplished after long debate, in which protests
of the most vigorous sort were made by many partisans of the old
theory of Spanish absolutism. Some spoke in praise of the Salic Law,
violated by the mention of Carlotta as heiress to the throne, others
(ignoring rumours as to his paternity) defended Don Francisco, as
having been by his youth exempted from the ignominies of Bayonne, and
dwelt on the injustice of his fate. But the vote went against them by a
most conclusive figure.

The majority in the Cortes, which made such parade of its political
liberalism, did not pursue its theories into the realm of religion.
After reading its fulsome declarations in favour of freedom, it is
astounding to note the black intolerance of the clause which declares
not only, as might naturally be expected, that ‘the religion of the
Spanish nation is, and ever shall be, the Catholic Apostolic Roman,
the one true faith,’ but that ‘the nation defends it by wise laws,
_forbidding the exercise of any other_.’ Schism and unorthodoxy still
remained political as well as ecclesiastical crimes, no less than
in the time of Philip II. The Liberals, despite of murmurs by the
_Serviles_, refused to recreate the Inquisition, but this was as far as
their conception of religious freedom went.

Contemplating this exhibition of mediaeval intolerance, it is
impossible to rate at any very high figure the ostentatious liberalism
which pervades the greater part of the Constitution. We are bound to
recognize in it merely the work of a party of ambitious politicians,
who desired to secure control of the state-machine for themselves,
and to exclude the monarchy from all share in its manipulation. No
doubt any form of limited government was better than the old royal
bureaucracy. But this particular scheme went much farther than the
needs or the possibilities of the time, and was most unsuited for
a country such as the Spain of 1812. When its meaning began to be
understood in the provinces, it commanded no enthusiasm or respect.
Indeed, outside the Cortes itself the only supporters that it possessed
were the populace of Cadiz and a few other great maritime towns.
Considered as a working scheme it had the gravest faults, especially
the ill-arranged relations between the ministers (who did not form
a real cabinet) and the Chamber, in which they were prohibited from
sitting. In 1814 Lord Castlereagh observed, with great truth, that he
could now say from certain experience, that in practice as well as in
theory the Constitution of 1812 was one of the worst among the modern
productions of its kind[144].

  [144] The best and most recent account of all this, explaining
  many contradictions and some insincere suppression of fact in
  Toreno’s great history, is to be found in chapter ix of vol. ii
  of Señor Villa Urrutia’s _Relaciones entre España y Inglaterra
  1808-14_.

Among the many by-products of the Constitution was a change in the
membership of the Regency. The old ‘trinitarian’ body composed of
Blake, Agar, and Cisgar, had long been discredited, and proposals for
its dissolution had been debated, even before its further continuance
was rendered impossible by Blake’s surrender to the French at Valencia
in the earliest days of 1812. A furious discussion in the Cortes had
ended in a vote that no royal personage should be a member of any
new regency, so that the pretensions of the Princess of Portugal
were finally discomfited. The new board consisted of the Duke of
Infantado, Joaquim Mosquera, a member of the Council of the Indies,
Admiral Villavicencio, military governor of Cadiz, Ignacio Rodriguez de
Rivas, and Henry O’Donnell, Conde de la Bispal, the energetic soldier
whose exploits in Catalonia have been set forth in the last volume of
this book. He was the only man of mark in the new regency: Infantado
owed his promotion to his rank and wealth, and the fact that he had
been the trusted friend of Ferdinand VII. He possessed a limited
intelligence and little education, and was hardly more than a cipher,
with a distinct preference for ‘Serviles’ rather than for Liberals.
Villavicencio had no military reputation, but had been an energetic
organizer, and a fairly successful governor during the siege of Cadiz.
Mosquera and Rivas were elected mainly because they were of American
birth--their choice was intended to conciliate the discontented
colonists. Neither of them was entitled by any great personal merit to
the promotion which was thrust upon him. Henry O’Donnell, now at last
recovered from the wound which had laid him on a sick bed for so many
months in 1811[145], was both capable and energetic, but quarrelsome
and provocative: he belonged to that class of men who always irritate
their colleagues into opposition, by their rapid decisions and
imperious ways, especially when those colleagues are men of ability
inferior to their own. The Duke of Infantado was absent for some time
after his election--he had been serving as ambassador in London. Of
the other four Regents two ranked as ‘Serviles,’ two as Liberals, a
fact which told against their efficiency as a board. They had little
strength to stand out against the Cortes, whose jealousy against any
power in the State save its own was intense. On the whole it may be
said that the substitution of the five new Regents for the three old
ones had no great political consequences. The destiny of the patriot
cause was not in the hands of the executive, but of the turbulent,
faction-ridden, and ambitious legislative chamber, an ideally
bad instrument for the conduct of a difficult and dangerous war.
Fortunately it was neither the Regency nor the Cortes whose actions
were to settle the fate of the campaign of 1812, but purely and solely
Wellington and the Anglo-Portuguese army. The intrigues of Cadiz turned
out to be a negligible quantity in the course of events.

  [145] See vol. iv. p. 240.

In Lisbon at this time matters were much more quiet than they had
been a little while back. The Portuguese government had abandoned any
overt opposition to Wellington, such as had been seen in 1810, when
the Patriarch and the President Souza had given him so much trouble.
The expulsion of Masséna from Portugal had justified the policy of
Wellington, and almost silenced his critics. He had not even found it
necessary to press for the removal of the men whom he distrusted from
the Council of Regency[146], in which the word of his loyal coadjutor,
Charles Stuart, who combined the rather incompatible functions of
British Ambassador and Regent, was now supreme. Open opposition had
ceased, but Wellington complained that while compliance was always
promised, ‘every measure which I propose is frittered away to nothing,
the form and the words remain, but the spirit of the measure is taken
away in the execution[147].’ This was, he remarked, the policy of the
Portuguese government: they no longer refused him anything; but if
they thought that any of his demands might offend either the Prince
Regent at Rio Janeiro or the popular sentiment of the Portuguese
nation, they carried out his proposals in such a dilatory fashion, and
with so many exceptions and excuses, that he failed to obtain what he
had expected.

  [146] Early in 1812, however, Wellington once more spoke of
  requiring Souza’s retirement from office. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 88.

  [147] Wellington to Charles Stuart, April 9, 1812. _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 48.

In this there was a good deal of injustice. Wellington does not always
seem to have realized the abject poverty which four years of war had
brought upon Portugal. The Regency calculated that, on account of
falling revenue caused by the late French invasion, for 1812 they could
only count on 12,000,000 _cruzados novos_ of receipts[148]--this silver
coin was worth about 2_s._ 6_d._ sterling, so that the total amounted
to about £1,500,000. Of this three-fourths, or 9,000,000 cruzados, was
set aside for the army, the remainder having to sustain all the other
expenses of the State--justice, civil administration, roads, navy, &c.
The British subsidy had been raised to £2,000,000 a year, but it was
paid with the utmost irregularity: in one month of 1811 the Portuguese
treasury had received only £6,000, in another only £20,000, instead
of the £166,000 promised[149]. When such arrears accumulated, it was
no wonder that the soldiers starved and the magazines ran low. It
was calculated that to keep the army up to its full numbers, and to
supply all military needs efficiently, 45,000,000 cruzados a year were
required. Taking the British subsidy as equalling 16,000,000, and the
available national contribution at 9,000,000 cruzados, there was little
more than half the required sum available. This Portuguese calculation
appears to be borne out by the note of Beresford’s chief of the staff,
D’Urban, in February 1812. ‘The Marshal at Lisbon finds that, after a
perfect investigation, it appears that the expenditure must be nearly
£6,000,000--the means at present £3,500,000! _Nous verrons._’

  [148] Napier (iv. p. 212) says that Portugal raised 25,000,000
  cruzados this year. I cannot understand this, comparing it with
  Soriano de Luz, iii. p. 523, which quotes 12,000,000 cruzados as
  the total receipt of taxes for 1811. Does Napier include loans,
  and the inconvertible paper issued by the government?

  [149] See complaints of the Conde de Redondo, the Portuguese
  finance minister, in Soriano de Luz, iii. p. 520.

It is clear that the Portuguese government must have shrunk from many
of Wellington’s suggestions on account of mere lack of resources.
A third of the country had been at one time or another overrun by
the French--the provinces north of the Douro in 1809, the Beira and
northern Estremadura in 1810-11. It would take long years before
they were in a position to make their former contributions to the
expenses of the State. It was impossible to get over this hard fact:
but Wellington thought that a rearrangement of taxes, and an honest
administration of their levy, would produce a much larger annual
revenue than was being raised in 1812. He pointed out, with some
plausibility, that British money was being poured into Portugal by
millions and stopped there: some one--the merchant and contractor for
the most part--must be making enormous profits and accumulating untold
wealth. Moreover he had discovered cases of the easy handling of the
rich and influential in the matter of taxation, while the peasantry
were being drained of their last farthing. Such little jobs were
certain to occur in an administration of the _ancien régime_: fidalgos
and capitalists knew how to square matters with officials at Lisbon.
‘A reform in the abuses of the Customs of Lisbon and Oporto, a more
equal and just collection of the Income Tax on commercial property,
particularly in those large and rich towns [it is scandalous to hear
of the fortunes made by the mercantile classes owing to the war,
and to reflect that they contribute practically nothing to bear its
burdens], a reform of the naval establishment and the arsenal, would
make the income equal to the expenditure, and the government would get
on without calling upon Great Britain at every moment to find that
which, in the existing state of the world, cannot be procured, viz.
money[150].’ So wrote Wellington, who was always being irritated by
discovering that the magazines of Elvas or Almeida were running low, or
that recruits were not rejoining their battalions because there was no
cash to arm or clothe them, or that troops in the field were getting
half-rations, unless they were on the British subsidy list.

  [150] See tables on pp. 324-5 of Halliday’s _Present State of
  Portugal_, published in 1812.

No doubt Wellington was right in saying that there was a certain
amount of jobbery in the distribution of taxation, and that more could
have been raised by a better system. But Portuguese figures of the
time seem to make it clear that even if a supernatural genius had
been administering the revenue instead of the Conde de Redondo, all
could not have been obtained that was demanded. The burden of the war
expenses was too heavy for an impoverished country, with no more than
two and a half million inhabitants, which was compelled to import a
great part of its provisions owing to the stress of war. The state
of Portugal may be estimated by the fact that in the twelve months
between February 1811 and January 1812 £2,672,000 worth of imported
corn, besides 605,000 barrels of flour, valued at £2,051,780 more,
was brought into the country and sold there[151]. On the other hand
the export of wine, with which Portugal used to pay for its foreign
purchases, had fallen off terribly: in 1811 only 18,000 pipes were
sold as against an average of 40,000 for the eight years before the
outbreak of the Peninsular War. An intelligent observer wrote in 1812
that the commercial distress of the country might mainly be traced to
the fact that nearly all the money which came into the country from
England, great as was the sum, found its way to the countries from
which Portugal was drawing food, mainly to the United States, from
which the largest share of the wheat and flour was brought. ‘As we
have no corresponding trade with America, the balance has been very
great against this country: for the last three years this expenditure
has been very considerable, without any return whatever, as the money
carried to America has been completely withdrawn from circulation.’

  [151] Halliday’s _Present State of Portugal_, p. 320.

The shrinkage in the amount of the gold and silver current in Portugal
was as noticeable in these years as the same phenomenon in England,
and (like the British) the Portuguese government tried to make up the
deficiency by the issue of inconvertible paper money, which gradually
fell in exchange value as compared with the metallic currency. The
officers of the army, as well as all civil functionaries, were paid
their salaries half in cash and half in notes--the latter suffered a
depreciation of from 15 to 30 per cent. Among the cares which weighed
on Wellington and Charles Stuart was that of endeavouring to keep the
Regency from the easy expedient of issuing more and more of a paper
currency which was already circulating at far less than its face value.
This was avoided--fortunately for the Portuguese people and army, no
less than for the Anglo-Portuguese alliance.

After all, the practical results of the efforts made by the Portuguese
government were invaluable. Wellington could not have held his ground,
much less have undertaken the offensive campaign of 1812, without the
aid of the trusty auxiliaries that swelled his divisions to normal
size. Without their Portuguese brigades most of them would have been
mere skeletons of 3,000 or 4,000 men. Beresford’s army was almost up
to its full establishment in January 1812--there were 59,122 men on
the rolls, when recruits, sick, men on detachment, and the regiment
lent for the succour of Cadiz are all counted. Deducting, beyond these,
the garrisons of Elvas, Abrantes, Almeida, and smaller places, as also
the dismounted cavalry left in the rear[152], there were over 30,000
men for the fighting-line, in ten brigades of infantry, six regiments
of cavalry, and eight field-batteries. Beresford, lately entrusted
by orders from Rio Janeiro with still more stringent powers over the
military establishment, was using them to the full. An iron hand kept
down desertion and marauding, executions for each of those offences
appear incessantly in the _Ordens do Dia_, which give the daily
chronicle of the Portuguese head-quarters. In addition to the regular
army it must be remembered that he had to manage the militia, of which
as many as 52,000 men were under arms at one time or another in 1812.
Counting the first and the second line together, there were 110,000 men
enrolled--a fine total for a people of two and a half million souls.

  [152] The deductions were--sick, 7,500; untrained recruits,
  4,000; dismounted cavalry, 3,000; regiment at Cadiz, 1,500;
  garrisons (infantry and artillery) and men on detachment, 10,000;
  leaving some 33,000 for the field. By May the gross total had
  gone down to 56,674.

Putting purely Portuguese difficulties aside, Wellington was much
worried at this time by a trouble which concerned the British and not
the local finances. This was the delay in the cashing of the ‘_vales_’
or bills for payment issued by the Commissary-General for food and
forage bought from the peasantry. As long as they were settled at short
intervals, no difficulty arose about them--they were indeed treated
as negotiable paper, and had passed from hand to hand at a lesser
discount than the inconvertible Portuguese government papers. But all
through the year 1811 the interval between the issue of the ‘_vale_’
and its payment in cash at Lisbon had been growing longer, and an
uncomfortable feeling was beginning to spread about the country-side.
The peasantry were growing suspicious, and were commencing to sell
the bills, for much less than their face value, to speculators who
could afford to wait for payment. To recoup themselves for their loss
they were showing signs of raising prices all round. Fortunately they
were a simple race, and communication between districts was slow and
uncertain, so that no general tendency of this sort was yet prevalent,
though the symptoms were making themselves visible here and there.
Hence came Wellington’s constant applications for more cash from
England at shorter notice. Late in the spring he devised a scheme by
which interest at 5 per cent. was to be paid by the Commissary-General
on bonds or certificates representing money or money’s worth advanced
to the British army, till the principal was repaid--two years being
named as the period after which the whole sum must be refunded. This
was a desperate measure, an endeavour to throw forward payment on to
a remote future, ‘when it is not probable that there will be the same
difficulty in procuring specie in England to send abroad as there is
at the present moment.’ The plan[153] was never tried, and was not
good: for how could small creditors of the English army be expected
to stand out of their money--representing the price of their crops
or their cattle--for so long a period as two years, even if they
were, in the meantime, receiving interest on what was really their
working capital? Wellington himself remarked, when broaching the
scheme to Lord Liverpool, that there remained the difficulty that no
one could look forward, and say that the British army would still be
in the Peninsula two years hence. If it had left Portugal--whether
victorious and pushing towards the Pyrenees, or defeated and driven
back on to Great Britain--how would the creditors communicate with
the Commissary-General, their debtor? They could only be referred to
London, to which they would have no ready access: indeed many of them
would not know where, or what, London was. That such an idea should
have been set forward only shows the desperate financial situation of
the British army.

  [153] Set forth in detail, and with a sample bond for 1,000
  dollars added, in _Dispatches_, ix. pp. 104-5.

We shall have to be referring to this problem at several later points
of the history of the campaign of 1812[154]: at the opening of the
invasion of Leon in June it reached its worst point, just before
the great victory of Salamanca. But it was always present, and
when Wellington’s mind was not occupied with deductions as to the
manœuvres of French marshals, it may undoubtedly be said that his
main preoccupation was the normally depleted state of the military
chest, into which dollars and guineas flowed, it is true, in enormous
quantities, but only to be paid out at once, in settling arrears many
months old. These were never fully liquidated, and began to accumulate
again, with distressing rapidity, after every tardy settlement.

  [154] See especially below in chapter iii of section xxxiii. p.
  349.

Whig historians have often tried to represent Wellington’s financial
difficulties as the fault of the home government, and it is easy to
pick passages from his dispatches in which he seems to assert that
he is not being supported according to his necessities. But a nearer
investigation of the facts will not bear out this easy theory, the
product of party spite. The Whigs of 1811-12 were occupied in decrying
the Peninsular War as a failure, in minimizing the successes of
Wellington, and in complaining that the vast sums of money lavished on
his army were wasted. Napoleon was invincible, peace was the only way
out of disaster, even if the peace must be somewhat humiliating. It
was unseemly for their representatives, twenty years after, to taunt
the Perceval and Liverpool ministries with having stinted Wellington
in his hour of need. We have learnt to estimate at their proper
value tirades against ‘the administration which was characterized
by all the corruption and tyranny of Mr. Pitt’s system, without his
redeeming genius.’ We no longer think that the Napoleonic War was waged
‘to repress the democratic principle,’ nor that the cabinets which
maintained it were ‘the rapacious usurpers of the people’s rights[155].’

  [155] For these phrases and much more abuse, see Napier, iv. p.
  199, a most venomous and unjust passage.

Rather, in the spirit of Mr. Fortescue’s admirable volume on _British
Statesmen of the Great War_, shall we be prone to stand amazed at
the courage and resolution of the group of British ministers who
stood out, for long years and against tremendous odds, to defeat the
tyrant of Europe and to preserve the British Empire. ‘On the one side
was Napoleon, an autocrat vested with such powers as great genius
and good fortune have rarely placed in the hands of one man, with
the resources of half Europe at his disposition, and an armed force
unsurpassed in strength and devotion ready to march to the ends of
the world to uphold his will. On the other were these plain English
gentlemen, with not so much as a force of police at their back, with a
population by nature five times as turbulent as it is now, and in the
manufacturing districts inflamed alike by revolutionary teaching and by
real distress, with an Ireland always perilously near revolt, with a
House of Commons unreformed indeed, but not on that account containing
a less factious, mischievous, and obstructive opposition than any
other House of Commons during a great war. In face of all these
difficulties they had to raise armies, maintain fleets, construct and
pursue a military policy, and be unsuccessful at their peril. Napoleon
might lose whole armies with impunity: five thousand British soldiers
beaten and captured would have brought any British minister’s head
perilously near the block. Such were the difficulties that confronted
Perceval, Liverpool, and Castlereagh: yet for their country’s sake they
encountered them without flinching[156].’

  [156] Fortescue’s _British Statesmen_, pp. 277-8.

The winter of 1811-12 was not quite the darkest hour: the Russian war
was looming in the near future, and Napoleon was already beginning to
withdraw troops from Spain in preparation for it. No longer therefore,
as in 1810 and the earlier half of 1811, was there a high probability
that the main bulk of the French armies, under the Emperor himself,
might be turned once more against the Peninsula. It was all but certain
that England would soon have allies, and not stand practically alone
in the struggle, as she had done ever since Wagram. Nevertheless, even
with the political horizon somewhat brightened in the East, the time
was a sufficiently anxious one. In Great Britain, as in the rest of
Europe, the harvest of 1811 had been exceptionally bad, and the high
price of bread, coinciding with much unemployment, was causing not only
distress but wide-spread turbulence in the manufacturing districts.
This was the year of the first outbreak of the ‘Luddites,’ and of their
senseless exploits in the way of machine-smashing. The worst stringency
of domestic troubles coincided with the gradual disappearance of the
external danger from the ambition of Napoleon.

In addition it must be remembered that the Perceval cabinet, on which
all the responsibilities fell, was by no means firmly established in
power. When it first took office many politicians believed that it
could not last for a single year. All through 1811 the Prince Regent
had been in secret negotiation with the Whigs, and would gladly have
replaced his ministers with some sort of a coalition government. And
in January 1812 Lord Wellesley, by far the most distinguished man in
the cabinet, resigned his post as Foreign Minister. He asserted that
he did so because his colleagues had failed to accept all his plans
for the support of his brother and the Peninsular army: and no doubt
this was to a certain extent true. Yet it cannot be said that, either
before or after his resignation, the Ministry had neglected Wellington;
in 1811 they had doubled his force of cavalry, and sent him about a
dozen new battalions of infantry. It was these reinforcements which
made the victories of 1812 possible, and in that year the stream of
reinforcements did not cease--nine more infantry regiments came out,
mostly in time for the great crisis in June[157]. In the autumn the
dispatch of further succours had become difficult, because of the
outbreak of the American war, which diverted of necessity to Canada
many units that might otherwise have gone to Spain. It is impossible to
maintain that Wellington was stinted of men: money was the difficulty.
And even as regards money--which had to be gold or silver, since paper
was useless in the Peninsula--the resources placed at his disposal were
much larger than in previous years, though not so large as he demanded,
nor as the growing scale of the war required.

  [157] _Per contra_ five depleted second battalions went home.

It is difficult to acquit Wellesley of factiousness with regard to
his resignation, and the most damaging document against him is the
_apologia_ drawn up by his devoted adherent Shawe[158], in the belief
that it afforded a complete justification for his conduct: many of
the words and phrases are the Marquess’s own. From this paper no one
can fail to deduce that it was not so much a quixotic devotion to his
brother’s interests, as an immoderate conception of his own dignity
and importance that made Wellesley resign. He could not stand the free
discussion and criticism of plans and policies which is essential in
a cabinet. ‘Lord Wellesley has always complained, with some justice,
that his suggestions were received as those of a mere novice.... His
opinions were overruled, and the opposition he met with could only
proceed from jealousy, or from a real contempt for his judgement.
It seemed to him that they were unwilling to adopt any plan of his,
lest it might lead to his assuming a general ascendancy in the
Cabinet.... He said that he took another view of the situation: the
Government derived the most essential support from his joining it,
because it was considered as a pledge that the war would be properly
supported.... “The war is popular, and any government that will
support Lord Wellington properly will stand. I do not think the war
is properly supported, and I cannot, as an honest man, deceive the
nation by remaining in office.” ... It is needless to particularize all
the points of difference between Lord Wellesley and his colleagues:
Spain was the main point, but he also disapproved of their obstinate
adherence to the Orders in Council, and their policy towards America
and in Sicily’--not to speak of Catholic Emancipation.

  [158] Printed in Wellington’s _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii.
  pp. 257-88.

These are the words of injured pride, not of patriotism. The essential
thing at the moment was that the war in Spain should be kept up
efficiently. By resigning, Wellesley intended to break up the Ministry,
and of this a probable result might have been the return to office of
the Whigs, whose policy was to abandon the Peninsula and make peace
with Napoleon. Wellesley’s _apologia_ acknowledges that his influence
in the Cabinet had brought about, on more occasions than one, an
increase of the support given to his brother, e.g. his colleagues had
given in about additions to the Portuguese subsidy, and about extra
reinforcements to the army. This being so, it was surely criminal in
him to retire, when he found that some of his further suggestions were
not followed. Would the wrecking of the Perceval cabinet, and the
succession of the Whigs to power, have served Wellington or the general
cause of the British Empire?

Wellington himself saw the situation with clear eyes, and in a letter,
in which a touch of his sardonic humour can be detected, wrote in reply
to his brother’s announcement of his resignation that ‘In truth the
republic of a cabinet is but little suited to any man of taste or of
large views[159].’ There lay the difficulty: the great viceroy loved to
dictate, and hated to hear his opinions criticized. Lord Liverpool, in
announcing the rupture to Wellington in a letter of a rather apologetic
cast, explains the situation in a very few words: ‘Lord Wellesley
says generally that he has not the weight in the Government which he
expected, when he accepted office.... The Government, though a cabinet,
is necessarily _inter pares_, in which every member must expect to
have his opinions and his dispatches canvassed, and this previous
friendly canvass of opinions and measures appears necessary, under
a constitution where all public acts of ministers will be hostilely
debated in parliament.’ The Marquess resented all criticism whatever.

  [159] Wellington to Wellesley, camp before Badajoz,
  _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii. p. 307.

The ministers assured Wellington that his brother’s resignation would
make no difference in their relations with himself, and invited him to
write as freely to Lord Castlereagh, who succeeded Wellesley at the
Foreign Office, as to his predecessor. The assurance of the Cabinet’s
good will and continued confidence was received--as it had been
given--in all sincerity. Not the least change in Wellington’s relations
with the Ministry can be detected from his dispatches. Nor can it be
said that the support which he received from home varied in the least,
after his brother’s secession from the Cabinet. Even the grudging
Napier is forced to concede this much, though he endeavours to deprive
the Perceval ministry of any credit, by asserting that their only
chance of continuance in office depended on the continued prosperity
of Wellington. Granting this, we must still conclude that Wellesley’s
resignation, even if it produced no disastrous results--as it well
might have done--was yet an unhappy exhibition of pride and petulance.
A patriotic statesman should have subordinated his own _amour propre_
to the welfare of Great Britain, which demanded that a strong
administration, pledged to the continuance of war with Napoleon, should
direct the helm of the State. He did his best to wreck Perceval’s
cabinet, and to put the Whigs in power.

The crisis in the Ministry passed off with less friction and less
results than most London observers had expected, and Lord Liverpool
turned out to be right when he asserted that in his opinion[160]
it would be of no material prejudice to the Perceval government.
Castlereagh, despite of his halting speech and his involved phrases,
was a tower of strength at the Foreign Office, and certainly replaced
Wellesley with no disadvantage to the general policy of Great Britain.

  [160] Liverpool to Wellington, _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii.
  p. 257.

Here the jealousies and bickerings in London may be left for a space.
We shall only need to turn back for a moment to ministerial matters
when, at midsummer, the whole situation had been transformed, for
France and Russia were at last openly engaged in war, a great relief
to British statesmen, although at the same time a new trouble was
arising in the West to distract their attention. For the same month
that started Napoleon on his way to Moscow saw President Madison’s
declaration of war on Great Britain, and raised problems, both on
the high seas and on the frontiers of Canada, that would have seemed
heart-breaking and insoluble if the strength of France had not been
engaged elsewhere. But the ‘stab in the back,’ as angry British
politicians called it, was delivered too late to be effective.




SECTION XXXII

WELLINGTON’S FIRST CAMPAIGN OF 1812


CHAPTER I

THE CAPTURE OF CIUDAD RODRIGO


It is with no small relief that we turn away from the annals of the
petty warfare in the provinces and of the bickerings of politicians,
to follow the doings of Wellington. All the ‘alarms and excursions’
that we have been narrating were of small import, compared with the
operations on the frontiers of Portugal and Leon which began at the New
Year of 1812. Here we have arrived at the true backbone of the war, the
central fact which governed all the rest. Here we follow the working
out of a definite plan conceived by a master-mind, and are no longer
dealing with spasmodic movements dictated by the necessities of the
moment. For the initiative had at last fallen into Wellington’s hands,
and the schemes of Soult and Marmont were no longer to determine his
movements. On the contrary, it was he who was to dictate theirs.

The governing factor in the situation in the end of December 1811 was,
as we have already shown, the fact that Marmont’s army had been so
distracted by the Alicante expedition, undertaken by Napoleon’s special
orders, that it was no longer in a position to concentrate, in full
force and within a reasonably short period of time. It was on December
13th[161] that the Duke of Ragusa received the definitive orders,
written on November 20-1, that bade him to send towards Valencia, for
Suchet’s benefit, such a force as, when joined by a detachment from
the Army of the Centre, should make up 12,000 men, and to find 3,000
or 4,000 more to cover the line of communications of the expedition.
Accordingly orders were issued to Montbrun to take up the enterprise,
with the divisions of Foy and Sarrut, and his own cavalry; the
concentration of the corps began on December 15th, and on December 29th
it marched eastward from La Mancha[162] on its fruitless raid.

  [161] For this date see Marmont to Berthier, from Valladolid,
  Feb. 6, 1812.

  [162] For details, see chapter iii of section xxx above.

Wellington’s policy at this moment depended on the exact distribution
of the hostile armies in front of him. He lay with the bulk of his army
wintering in cantonments along the frontier of Portugal and Leon, but
with the Light Division pushed close up to Ciudad Rodrigo, and ready to
invest it, the moment that the news should arrive that the French had
so moved their forces as to make it possible for him to close in upon
that fortress, without the danger of a very large army appearing to
relieve it within a few days. On December 28th he summed up his scheme
in a report to Lord Liverpool, in which he stated that, after the El
Bodon-Aldea da Ponte fighting in September, he had ‘determined to
persevere in the same system till the enemy should make some alteration
in the disposition of his forces[163].’ In the meanwhile he judged that
he was keeping Marmont and Dorsenne ‘contained,’ and preventing them
from undertaking operations elsewhere, unless they were prepared to
risk the chance of losing Rodrigo. ‘It would not answer to remove the
army to the frontiers of Estremadura (where a chance of effecting some
important object might have offered), as in that case General Abadia
[and the Spanish Army of Galicia] would have been left to himself, and
would have fallen an easy sacrifice to the Army of the North[164].’
Therefore Wellington refused to take the opportunity of descending upon
Badajoz and driving Drouet out of Estremadura, though these operations
were perfectly possible. He confined himself to ordering Hill to
carry out the two raids in this direction, of which the first led to
the destruction of Girard at Arroyo dos Molinos in October, and the
second to the occupation of Merida and the expulsion of the French from
central Estremadura at midwinter [December 27, 1811-January 13, 1812].

  [163] _Dispatches_, viii. p. 516.

  [164] Wellington to Lord Liverpool, Dec. 28.

In October Wellington had hoped for some time that Rodrigo would be
gravely incommoded for lack of provisions, for it was almost cut
off from the army to which it belonged by the guerrillero bands of
Julian Sanchez, who dominated all the country between the Agueda
and Salamanca, while the Light Division lay on the heights close
above it, ready to pounce on any convoy that might try to pass in.
This expectation, however, had been disappointed, as a large amount
of food had been thrown into the place on November 2nd by General
Thiébault, the governor of Salamanca. This revictualling had only
been accomplished by a mixture of good management and good luck. The
governor saw that any convoy must have a large escort, because of the
guerrilleros, who would have cut off a small one. But a large escort
could not move very fast, or escape notice. Wherefore, taking no mean
risk, Thiébault collected 3,400 men for a guard, stopped all exit of
Spaniards from Salamanca two days before the convoy started, gave out
a false destination for his movement, and sent out requisitions for
rations for 12,000 men in the villages between the starting-place and
Rodrigo. Wellington had been on the look-out for some such attempt,
and had intended that the Light Division, from its lair at Martiago
in the mountain-valleys above the city, should descend upon any force
of moderate size that might approach. But receiving, rather late, the
false news that at least three whole divisions were to serve as escort,
he forbade Craufurd to risk anything till he should have received
reinforcements. The same day the Agueda became unfordable owing to
sudden rains, and no troops could be sent across to join Craufurd.
Wherefore Thiébault got by, ere the smallness of his force was
realized, and retreated with such haste, after throwing in the food,
that the Light Division could not come up with him[165]. Such luck
could not be expected another time!

  [165] For details of this operation see Thiébault’s _Mémoires_,
  iv. pp. 538-43, corroborated by Wellington’s _Dispatches_, viii.
  pp. 373-5 and 385-6.

Wellington had begun to hurry up the nearest divisions to support
Craufurd, and had supposed for two days that he would have serious
fighting, since he imagined that 15,000 or 18,000 men at least had been
brought up to guard the convoy. It was a grave disappointment to him
to find that he had been misled, for it was clear that Rodrigo would
not be straitened for food for many a day. He had now to fall back on
his original scheme of reducing the place by a regular siege, when the
propitious instant should come round.

Meanwhile, waiting for the moment when Marmont and Dorsenne should
disperse their troops into a less concentrated position, he took
preliminary measures to face that eventuality when it should occur.
The main thing was to get the battering-train, with which Ciudad
Rodrigo would have to be attacked, close up to its objective. As we
have already seen[166], it had been collected far to the rear, at the
obscure village of Villa da Ponte near Trancoso. Between that spot and
Rodrigo there were eighty miles of bad mountain roads: if Wellington
had waited till he heard that Marmont had moved, before he began to
bring up his heavy guns, he would have lost many days. Accordingly
he commenced to push them forward as early as November 12th: their
temporary shelter was to be in the fortress of Almeida, which was
already so far restored that it could be regarded as safe against
anything short of a regular siege. It was certain that Marmont would
not come forward at midwinter for any such operation, and against
raids or demonstrations the place was already secure. On December 4th
Wellington reported[167] to Lord Liverpool that it would be completely
‘re-established as a military post’ within a few weeks; and on the
19th he announced that it was now ‘a place of security,’ and could
be trusted to resist any attack whatever. But, long before even the
first of these dates, it was beginning to receive the siege-material
which Alexander Dickson was ordered to bring up from the rear. As
early as November 22nd the first division of heavy guns entered its
gates: it was given out--to deceive French spies--that the pieces
were only intended to arm the walls, and at the same time Dickson
was actively employed in mounting on them a number of guns of heavy
calibre, wrecked in the explosion when Brennier evacuated Almeida in
May 1811. Twenty-five of them were in position before Christmas Day.
The indefatigable artillery commandant had also hunted out of the
ruins no less than 8,000 round shot: it was originally intended that
they should go into the magazines of the garrison; but, when the time
for action came, Wellington sent the greater part of this stock of
second-hand shot to the front, because they were immediately available,
and ordered the Almeida stores to be replenished, as occasion served,
by the later convoys that arrived from Villa da Ponte.

  [166] See vol. iv. p. 549.

  [167] _Dispatches_, viii, Report of Dec. 28 to Lord Liverpool on
  the late campaign.

Nor was it in bringing forward guns and ammunition alone that
Wellington was busy during December: he caused a great quantity of
gabions and fascines to be constructed by the men of the four divisions
nearest the front, giving two vintems (2½_d._) for every fascine
and four for every gabion. He had a very strong trestle-bridge cast
across the Agueda at Marialva, seven miles north of Rodrigo and out of
the reach of its garrison, and he began to collect carts from every
direction. Not only were they requisitioned in Beira, but Carlos de
España, who was lying in a somewhat venturesome position within the
frontiers of Leon, ordered the Spanish peasantry, even as far as
Tamames, to send every available ox-wain west-ward--and many came,
though their owners were risking dire chastisement at the hands of the
governor of the province of Salamanca.

Marmont, as we have seen, began to move troops eastward for Montbrun’s
Valencian expedition about December 15th. The first news of this
displacement reached Wellington on the 24th, when he heard that
Brennier’s division had evacuated Plasencia and fallen back behind
the Tietar, taking with it all its baggage, sick, and stores. This
might be no more than a change of cantonments for a single division,
or it might be a part of a general strategical move. Wellington wrote
to Hill that evening, ‘some say they are going to Valencia, some that
they are to cross the Tagus. I will let you know if I should learn
anything positive. I have not yet heard whether the movement has been
general, or is confined to this particular division[168].’ The right
deduction was not drawn with certainty, because at the same time false
intelligence was brought that Foy had started from Toledo and gone into
La Mancha, but had returned again. This was a confused account of his
movement; but the rumour of his coming back discounted the certain
news about Brennier’s eastward move[169].

  [168] Wellington to Hill, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 482, compare
  Wellington to Liverpool, viii. pp. 485-6, of the next morning.

  [169] See _Dispatches_, viii. p. 520. See the Dickson MSS.,
  edited by Major Leslie, for letter from Almeida in December.

On the 29th came the very important additional information that on the
26th Clausel’s Division, hitherto lying on the Upper Tormes, above
Salamanca, had marched upon Avila, and that the division already at
Avila was moving on some unknown eastward destination. At the same time
Wellington received the perfectly correct information that all the
cavalry of the Imperial Guard in Old Castile had already started for
Bayonne, and that the two infantry divisions of the Young Guard, which
formed the most effective part of Dorsenne’s Army of the North, were
under orders to march northward from Valladolid, and had already begun
to move.[170] This was certain--less so a report sent in by Castaños to
the effect that he had learnt that the whole Army of Portugal was about
to concentrate at Toledo. On this Wellington writes to Graham that ‘he
imagines it is only a report from Alcaldes’--a class of correspondents
on whose accuracy and perspicacity he was not accustomed to rely
over-much[171].

  [170] Wellington to Lord Liverpool, Jan. 1, _Dispatches_, viii.
  p. 524.

  [171] See Wellington to Graham, Dec. 26, _Dispatches_, viii. p.
  521.

But enough information had come to hand to make it clear that a
general eastward movement of the French was taking place, and that
the troops immediately available for the succour of Ciudad Rodrigo
were both decreased in numbers and removed farther from the sphere of
Wellington’s future operations. He thought that the opportunity given
justified him in striking at once, and had drawn at last the correct
deduction: ‘I conclude that all these movements have for their object
to support Suchet’s operations in Valencia, or even to co-operate with
him[172].’ If Marmont were extending his troops so far east as the
Valencian border, and if Dorsenne were withdrawing divisions northward
from Valladolid, it was clear that they could not concentrate in any
short space of time for the deliverance of Rodrigo. It was possible
that the siege might linger on long enough to enable the Armies of
Portugal and the North to unite; Wellington calculated that it might
take as much as twenty-four or even thirty days--an estimate which
happily turned out to be exaggerated: in the end he stormed it only
twelve days after investment. But even if Rodrigo should resist its
besiegers sufficiently long to permit of a general concentration of
the enemy, that concentration would disarrange all their schemes, and
weaken their hold on many outlying parts of the Peninsula. ‘If I do not
succeed,’ wrote Wellington, ‘I shall at least bring back some of the
troops of the Army of the North, and the Army of Portugal, and shall
so far relieve the Guerrillas [Mina, Longa, Porlier] and the Spanish
Army in Valencia[173].’ The last-named force was, as a matter of fact,
beyond saving, when Wellington wrote his letter to Lord Liverpool. But
he could not know it, and if Blake had behaved with common prudence
and foresight in the end of December, his game ought not to have been
played out to a disastrous end early in January, just when the British
were moving out to the leaguer of Rodrigo.

  [172] Wellington to Lord Liverpool, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 524.

  [173] Another extract from the explanatory dispatch to Lord
  Liverpool, written on Jan. 1st, 1812.

All the divisions cantoned upon or behind the Beira frontier received,
on January 2nd-3rd, the orders which bade them prepare to push up to
the line of the Agueda. Only the 6th Division, which lay farthest off,
as far back as Mangualde and Penaverde near the Upper Mondego, was not
brought up to the front within the next few days. The 1st Division had
a long march from Guarda, Celorico, and Penamacor, the 4th and 5th
Divisions very short ones from Aldea del Obispo and Alameda, Villa de
Ciervo, and other villages near Almeida. The 3rd Division from Aldea
da Ponte and Navas Frias had a journey greater than those of the two
last-named units, but much less than that of the 1st Division. Finally
the Light Division was, it may be said, already in position: its
outlying pickets at Pastores and Zamorra were already within six miles
of Rodrigo, and its head-quarters at Martiago only a short distance
farther back.

By January 5th the divisions were all at the front, though their march
had been carried out in very inclement weather--heavy snow fell on
the night of the 1st-2nd of the month, and continued to fall on the
third; while on the 4th the wind shifted, the snow turned to sleet, and
the roads grew soft and slushy. The carts with stores and ammunition,
pushing forward from Almeida, only reached Gallegos--ten miles away--in
two days. The troops were well forward--the 1st Division at Espeja and
Gallegos, the 3rd at Martiago and Zamorra, the 4th at San Felices,
beyond the Agueda, the Light Division at Pastores, La Encina and El
Bodon. But Wellington nevertheless had to put off the investment for
three days, because the train was not to the front. On the 6th he
crossed the Agueda with his staff and made a close reconnaissance of
the place, unmolested by the garrison. But it was only on the 8th that
the divisions, who were suffering severely from exposure to the wintry
weather, received orders to close in and complete the investment.

Of the topography of Ciudad Rodrigo we have already spoken at some
length, when dealing with its siege by Ney in 1810. The French
occupation had made no essential change to its character. The only
additions to its works made during the last eighteen months were the
erection of a small fort on the summit of the Greater Teson, and the
reinforcing by masonry of the three large convents in the suburb of San
Francisco, which the Spaniards had already used as places of strength.
The first-named work was a redoubt (named Redout Renaud, from the
governor whom Julian Sanchez had kidnapped in October): it mounted
three guns, had a ditch and palisades, and was built for a garrison of
seventy men. Its gorge contained a sally-port opening towards the town,
and was closed with palisades only. Four guns on the stone roof of the
fortified convent of San Francisco, and many more in the northern front
of the _enceinte_, bore upon it, and were intended to make access to it
dangerous and costly.

The breaches made during Ney’s siege, in the walls facing the Tesons,
had been well built up: but the new masonry, clearly distinguishable
by its fresh colour from the older stone, had not set over well, and
proved less hard when battered.

The garrison, supplied by the Army of the North, was not so numerous
as it should have been, particularly when it was intended to hold not
only the _enceinte_ of the small circular town but the straggling
suburb outside. It consisted of a battalion each of the 34th Léger and
the 113th Line, from the division of Thiébault (that long commanded
in 1810-11 by Serras), making about 1,600 men, with two companies
of Artillery and a small detachment of sappers--the whole at the
commencement of the siege did not amount to quite 2,000 of all ranks,
even including the sick in the hospital. The governor was General
Barrié, an officer who had been thrust into the post much contrary
to his will, because he was the only general of brigade available at
Salamanca when his predecessor Renaud was taken by Julian Sanchez[174].
The strength of the garrison had been deliberately kept low by
Dorsenne, because of the immense difficulty of supplying it with
provisions. The first convoy for its support had only been introduced
by bringing up 60,000 men, at the time of the fighting about El Bodon
in September: the second only by Thiébault’s risky expedient on
November 2nd.

  [174] For details of this see Thiébault’s _Mémoires_, iv. p. 537,
  where Barrié’s frank dismay at his appointment, and the arguments
  used to overcome it, are described at length.

The one thing that was abundant in the garrison of Ciudad Rodrigo on
January 8th, 1812, was artillery. Inside the place was lying the whole
siege-train of the Army of Portugal, which Masséna had stored there
when he started on his march into Portugal in September 1811. No less
than 153 heavy guns, with the corresponding stores and ammunition, were
parked there. A small fortress was never so stocked with munitions of
war, and the besieged made a lavish and unsparing use of them during
the defence: but though the shot and shell were available in unlimited
quantities, the gunners were not--a fortunate thing for the besiegers.

The details of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo are interesting. This was
the only one of Wellington’s sieges in which everything went without
a serious hitch from first to last--so much so that he took the place
in twelve days, when he had not dared to make his calculation for
less than twenty-four[175]. Even the thing which seemed at first his
greatest hindrance--the extreme inclemency of the weather--turned
out in the end profitable. The sleet had stopped on the 6th, and a
time of light frosts set in, without any rain or snow. This kept the
ground hard, but was not bitter enough to freeze it for even half an
inch below the surface; the earth was not difficult to excavate, and
it piled together well. A persistent north-east wind kept the trenches
fairly dry, though it chilled the men who were not engaged in actual
spade work to the very bones. The worst memory recorded in the diaries
of many of the officers present in the siege is the constant necessity
for fording the Agueda in this cold time, when its banks were fringed
each morning with thin ice. For the camps of all the divisions, except
the 3rd, which lay at Serradilla del Arroyo, some miles south-east of
the city, were on the left bank of the river, and the only bridge was
so far off to the north that it was little used, the short cut across
the ford to the south of the town saving hours of time: ‘and as we were
obliged to cross the river with water up to our middles, every man
carried a pair of iced breeches into the trenches with him[176].’ There
being very few villages in the immediate neighbourhood of Rodrigo, many
of the brigades had to bivouac on the open ground--life being only made
tolerable by the keeping up of immense fires, round which the men spent
their time when off duty, and slept at night. But for the troops in the
trenches there could be no such comfort: they shivered in their great
coats and blankets, and envied those of their comrades who did the
digging, which at any rate kept the blood circulating. It is said that
several Portuguese sentries were found dead at their posts from cold
and exhaustion each morning.

  [175] Wellington to Liverpool, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 536, Jan.
  7th, 1812, ‘I can scarcely venture to calculate the time that
  this operation will take, but I should think not less than
  twenty-four or twenty-five days.’

  [176] Kincaid, _Adventures in the Rifle Brigade_, p. 104.

Wellington’s general plan was to follow the same line which Ney had
adopted in 1810, i. e. to seize the Greater Teson hill, establish a
first parallel there, and then sap down to the lower Little Teson,
on which the front parallel and the breaching batteries were to be
established, at a distance of no more than 200 yards from the northern
_enceinte_ of the city. But he had to commence with an operation which
Ney was spared--there was now on the crest of the Greater Teson the
new Redout Renaud, which had to be got rid of before the preliminary
preparation could be made.

This little work was dealt with in the most drastic and summary way.
On the same evening on which the army crossed the Agueda and invested
the fortress, the Light Division was ordered to take the redoubt
by escalade, without any preliminary battering. In the dark it was
calculated that the converging fires from the convent of San Francisco
and the northern walls would be of little importance, since the French
could hardly shell the work at random during an assault, for fear of
hitting their own men; and the attacking column would be covered by the
night till the very moment when it reached its goal.

Colonel Colborne led the storming-party, which consisted of 450 men,
two companies from each British battalion, and one each from the 1st
and 3rd Caçadores[177]. His arrangements have received well-deserved
praise from every narrator of the enterprise. The column was conducted
to within fifty yards of the redoubt without being discovered; then the
two rifle companies and two of the 52nd doubled out to the crest of
the glacis, encircled the work on all sides, and, throwing themselves
on the ground, began a deliberate and accurate fire upon the heads of
the garrison, as they ran to the rampart, roused at last by the near
approach of the stormers. So close and deadly was the fire of this
ring of trained marksmen, that after a few minutes the French shrank
from the embrasures, and crouched behind their parapets, contenting
themselves with throwing a quantity of grenades and live shells at
haphazard into the ditch. Their three cannon were only fired once! Such
casual and ineffective opposition could not stop the veterans of the
Light Division. For three companies of the 43rd and 52nd, forming the
escalading detachment, came rushing up to the work, got into the ditch
by descending the ladders which were provided for them, and then reared
them a second time against the fraises of the rampart, up which they
scrambled without much difficulty, finding the scarp not too steep and
without a _revêtement_. The garrison flinched at once--most of them
ran into their guard-house or crouched under the guns, and surrendered
tamely. At the same time entrance was forced at another point, the
gorge, where a company, guided by Gurwood of the 52nd, got in at the
gate, which was either unlocked by some of the French trying to escape,
or accidentally blown open by a live shell dropped against it[178]. Of
the garrison two captains and forty-eight rank and file were unwounded
prisoners, three were killed, and about a dozen more wounded. No more
than four, it is said, succeeded in getting back into the town[179].
This sudden exploit only cost the stormers six men killed, and three
officers[180] and sixteen men wounded. Colborne remarks in his report
that all the losses were during the advance or in the ditch, not a man
was hurt in the actual escalade, for the enemy took cover and gave way,
instead of trying to meet the stormers with the bayonet.

  [177] I take Colborne’s own account (see letter in his life by
  Moore Smith, p. 166). There were two companies each from the
  1/43rd, 1/52nd, 2/52nd, and 95th, and one from each Caçador
  battalion. Jones wrongly says (p. 116) three companies of the
  52nd only, Napier (as usual) omits all mention of the Portuguese.
  Cf. Harry Smith’s _Autobiography_, i. p. 55.

  [178] In Moorsom’s _History of the 52nd_ it is stated that a
  sergeant of the French artillery, while in the act of throwing
  a live shell, was shot dead: the shell fell back within the
  parapet, and was kicked away by one of the garrison, on which it
  rolled down into the gorge, was stopped by the gate, and then
  exploded and blew it open (p. 152).

  [179] So Belmas, iv. p. 266. Barrié’s report says that there were
  60 infantry and 13 gunners inside altogether. It is an accurate
  and very modest narrative, in which there is nothing to correct.

  [180] Mein and Woodgate of the 52nd, and Hawkesley of the 95th.
  The last named died of his wounds.

The moment that the redoubt was stormed, the French gunners in the city
and the convent of San Francisco opened a furious fire upon it, hoping
to make it untenable. But this did little harm, for Colborne withdrew
the stormers at once--and the important spot that night was no longer
the work but the ground behind it, which was left unsearched. For here,
by Wellington’s orders, a first parallel 600 yards long was opened, and
approaches to it along the top of the Teson were planned out. So little
was the digging hindered, that by dawn the trenches were everywhere
three feet deep and four broad, sites for three batteries had been
marked out, and a communication had been run from the parallel up to
the redoubt, whose rear wall was broken down into the ditch, so as to
make it easily accessible.

It had been calculated that if the assault had failed, the redoubt
could only have been reduced by regular battering for five days--that
amount of time, therefore, was saved by the escalade. The operation
contrasts singularly with the fruitless assaults on Fort San Cristobal
at Badajoz during the summer months of the preceding year, to which
it bore a considerable similarity. The difference of results may be
attributed mainly to the superiority of the arrangements made by
Colborne, more especially to the great care that he took to keep down
the fire of the besieged by a very large body of marksmen pushed close
up to the walls, and to the way in which he had instructed each officer
in charge of a unit as to the exact task that was imposed on him.
At San Cristobal there had been much courage displayed, but little
management or intelligence in the command.

On the morning of January 9th, the first parallel, along the front
of the Great Teson, was not so far advanced as to afford good cover,
and the working parties were kept back till dark, and employed in
perfecting the approaches from the rear: only fifty men were slipped
forward into the dismantled Redout Renaud, to improve the lodgement
there. The garrison fired fiercely all day on the parallel, but as
there was little to shoot at, very small damage was done. At noon the
1st Division relieved the Light Division at the front: for the rest of
the siege the arrangement was that each division took twenty-four hours
at the front in turn, and then returned to its camp. The order of work
was:

Light Division 8th-9th January, 12th-13th, 16th-17th, and for the storm
on the 19th.

1st Division 9th-10th, 13th-14th, 17th-18th.

4th Division 10th-11th, 14th-15th, 18th-19th.

3rd Division 11th-12th, 15th-16th, and for the storm on the 19th.

The 1st Division had very responsible work on the second night of the
siege, for when darkness had set in the first parallel had to be made
tenable, and the three batteries in front of it developed. Owing to
the very powerful artillery of the besieged, it was settled that the
batteries were to be made of exceptional strength and thickness--with
a parapet of no less than 18 feet breadth at the top. To procure the
necessary earth it was determined that an exterior ditch should be dug
in front of them, and that their floor (_terre-plain_) should be sunk
3 feet below the level of the hillside within. A row of large gabions
was placed in front of the exterior ditch to give cover to the men
digging it.

Great progress was made with the work under cover of the night, but
when morning came the besieged, whose fire had been at haphazard during
the night, could see the works and commenced to shoot more accurately.
A curious _contretemps_ was discovered at dawn. By some miscalculation
the locality of the left-hand battery had been laid out a little too
far to the east, so that half its front was blocked by the ruins of
the Redout Renaud. This, of course, was the effect of working in pitch
darkness, when the outline of that work was invisible even from a score
or so of yards away. Possibly the error may have originated from the
fact that, early in the night, the directing engineer officer, Captain
Ross, was killed by a flanking shot from the convent of San Francisco.
Thus the men constructing the battery had been deprived of all superior
direction. In the morning Colonel Fletcher directed that the east end
of the battery should have no guns; the five which should have been
placed there were to be transferred to the right-hand battery, which
thus became designed for sixteen guns instead of eleven[181].

  [181] This mistake is acknowledged in Jones’s _Sieges_,
  i. p. 120, and much commented on by Burgoyne [_Life and
  Correspondence_, i. p. 161], who complains that an immense amount
  of work was wasted, two nights’ digging put in, the _terre-plain_
  levelled, and even some platforms laid, before the error was
  detected.

On the 10th-11th January, when the 4th Division had charge of the
trenches the first parallel was nearly completed, the batteries
continued to be built up, magazine emplacements were constructed in
them, and a trench of communication between them was laid out. When
daylight revealed to the French the exact situation of the three
batteries, which were now showing quite clearly, a very fierce fire
was opened on them, the rest of the works being neglected. The losses,
which had hitherto been insignificant, began to grow heavy, and so many
men were hit in the exterior trenches, which were being dug in front of
each battery, that Wellington and Colonel Fletcher gave orders that
they should be discontinued. Heavy damage was done to the batteries
themselves--the French adopted a system of firing simultaneous flights
of shells with long fuses at given points, ‘of which several falling
together upon the parapets blew away in an instant the work of whole
hours.’

On the 11th-12th, with the 3rd Division in charge, the work was
continued; the platforms were placed in the batteries, and the
splinter-proof timbers laid over the magazine emplacements. But half
the exertion of the men had to be expended in repairs: as each section
of the batteries was completed, part of it was ruined by the besiegers’
shells. ‘The nights were long and bitter cold, and the men could not
decently be kept working for twelve hours on end[182],’ especially
when it was considered that they had to march four or five miles from
their camps to the trenches before commencing their task of digging, so
that they did not arrive fresh on the ground. Reliefs were therefore
arranged to exchange duty at one hour after midnight, so that no man
was at work for more than half of the cold hours of darkness.

  [182] Burgoyne, i. p. 162.

On the 12th-13th, with the Light Division doing its second turn at
the front, the batteries were nearly completed, despite of much
heart-breaking toil at repairs. Wellington, before starting the task
of battering, put the problem to Colonel Fletcher as to whether it
would be possible to breach the walls with the batteries in the
first parallel, or whether these would only be useful for subduing
the fire of the besieged, and the actual breaching would have to be
accomplished by another set of batteries, to be placed in a second
parallel which was, as yet, contemplated but not begun. Fletcher,
after some cogitation, replied that he thought it could be done,
though Ney, in the siege of 1810, had failed in such a project, and
had breached the walls with batteries in situations much farther
forward. Wellington’s inquiry was dictated by his doubt as to whether
Marmont and Dorsenne might not be in a position to appear with a heavy
relieving force, before a second parallel could be thrown up. There
were, as yet, no signs of such a danger; the enemy having apparently
been taken completely unawares by the opening of the siege. But if
the second parallel advanced no faster in proportion than the first,
and had to be built on much more dangerous ground, it was clear that
there was a risk of its taking an inordinate time to complete. On
Fletcher’s conclusion being made, Wellington decided that he would try
to breach the walls with his original batteries, but would push forward
a second parallel also: if Marmont and Dorsenne showed signs of rapid
concentration, he would try to storm the place before the trenches were
pressed forward to the neighbourhood of the walls. If they did not, he
would proceed in more regular style, build a second and perhaps a third
parallel, with batteries close to the _enceinte_, and end by blowing in
the counterscarp, and assaulting from close quarters.

This resolution having been formed, Wellington ordered the second
parallel to be commenced on the night of the 13th-14th, with the 1st
Division in charge. Despite of a heavy fire from the French, who
discovered (by throwing fire-balls) that men were at work in front of
the first parallel, an approach by flying sap was pushed out, from
the extreme right end of the original trenches, down the slope which
separates the Great from the Lesser Teson, and a short length of
excavation was made on the western end of the latter height, enough to
allow of a small guard finding cover. This move brought the besiegers
very close to the fortified convent of Santa Cruz, outside the
north-western walls of the city, and lest it should give trouble during
the succeeding operations Wellington ordered it to be stormed. The
troops employed were 300 volunteers from the Line brigade of the German
Legion and one company of the 5/60th. They broke down the palisades
of the convent with axes, under a heavy fire, and as they entered the
small garrison fled with some loss. That of the stormers was 6 killed
and 1 officer and 33 men wounded[183]. Only by clearing the French out
of this post could the zig-zags leading down from the first to the
second parallel be completed without paying a heavy price in lives,
for the musketry of the convent would have enfiladed them in several
places. The same night the siege-guns, which had reached the camp on
the 11th, were moved into the three batteries.

  [183] See Schwertfeger’s _History of the German Legion_, i. p.
  353. Jones (_Sieges_, i. p. 125) is quite wrong in saying that
  the convent was carried ‘with no loss.’

Next day (January 14-15) was a very lively one. General Barrié was
convinced that the establishment of a second parallel on the Lesser
Teson, only 200 yards from his walls, must not be allowed at any cost,
and executed a sortie with 500 men, all that he could spare from the
garrison. He (very cleverly) chose for his time the hour (11 a.m.) when
the 4th Division was relieving the workmen of the First, for, as Jones
remarks, ‘a bad custom prevailed that as soon as the division to be
relieved saw the relieving division advancing, the guards and workmen
were withdrawn from the trenches, and the works were left untenanted
for some time during the relief, which the French could observe from
the steeple of the cathedral, where there was always an officer on the
look-out.’

The sortie recaptured the convent of Santa Cruz, swept along the second
parallel, where it upset the gabions and shovelled in some of the
earth, and then made a dash at the first parallel, where it might have
done much mischief in the batteries if General Graham and the engineer
officer on duty had not collected a few belated workmen of the 24th
and 42nd, who made a stand behind the parapet, and opened a fire which
checked the advance till the relieving division came running up from
the rear. The French then turned and retired with little loss into the
place.

The advanced parallel and Santa Cruz were not reoccupied while daylight
lasted, but at about 4.30 in the afternoon the three batteries opened
with the 27 guns, which had been placed in them. Two 18-pounders in the
left battery were directed against the convent of San Francisco, the
rest against the northern part of the city, on the same point where
Ney’s breach had been made in 1810. Of the gunners, 430 in number,
nearly 300 were Portuguese[184]. The fire opened so late in the day
that by the time that it was growing steady and accurate dusk fell, and
it was impossible to judge what its future effect would be.

  [184] See _Dickson Papers_, Jan. 1812.

Meanwhile, when the big guns were silent, the work of preparing for
the nearer approach was resumed after dark. The most important move
on the night of the 14th-15th was the storming of the convent of San
Francisco by three companies of the 40th regiment. The garrison made
little resistance, and retired, abandoning three guns and two wounded
men. Immediately afterwards the posts in the neighbouring suburb were
all withdrawn by Barrié, who considered that he could not afford to
lose men from his small force in the defence of outlying works, when
his full strength was needed for the holding of the town itself.
Santa Cruz, on the other side, though recovered in the morning, was
abandoned on this same night for identical reasons. The French general
was probably wise, but it was a great profit to the besiegers to be
relieved from the flanking fire of both these convents, which would
have enfiladed the two ends of the second parallel. That work itself
was reoccupied under the cover of the night: the gabions upset during
the sortie of the morning were replaced, and much digging was done
behind them. The zig-zags of the approach from the upper trenches on
the Great Teson were deepened and improved. All this was accomplished
under a heavy fire from the guns on the northern walls, which were so
close to the second parallel that their shells, even in the dark, did
considerable damage.

When day dawned on the 15th, the breaching batteries on the Great Teson
opened again with excellent effect. Their fire was concentrated on
the rebuilt wall of the _enceinte_, where the French breach of 1810
had been mended. It was necessary to batter both the town wall proper
and the _fausse-braye_ below it, so as to make, as it were, an upper
and a lower breach, corresponding to each other, in the two stages of
the _enceinte_. It will be remembered that, as was explained in our
narrative of the French siege[185], the mediaeval ramparts of the old
wall showed well above the eighteenth-century _fausse-braye_ which ran
around and below them, while the latter was equally visible above the
glacis, which, owing to the downward slope from the Little Teson, gave
much less protection than was desirable to the work behind it. The
French breach had been carefully built up; but, lime being scarce in
the neighbourhood, the mortar used in its repairs had been of inferior
quality, little better than clay in many places. The stones, therefore,
had never set into a solid mass, even eighteen months after they had
been laid, and began to fly freely under the continuous battering.

  [185] See vol. iii. p. 239. The illustration of Rodrigo on the
  morning after the storm, inserted to face page 186 of this
  volume, shows the facts excellently.

The breaching being so successful from the first, Wellington resolved
to hurry on his operations, though there were still no signs that
Marmont or Dorsenne was about to attempt any relief of the garrison.
Yet it was certain that they must be on the move, and every day
saved would render the prospect of their interference less imminent.
Accordingly it was settled that the second parallel should be
completed, and that, if possible, more batteries should be placed in
it, but that it was to be looked upon rather as the base from which
an assault should be delivered than as the ground from which the main
part of the breaching work was to be done. That was to be accomplished
from the original parallel on the Great Teson, and one more battery
was marked out on this hill, close to the Redout Renaud, but a little
lower down the slope, and slightly in advance of the three original
batteries. From this new structure, whose erection would have been
impossible so long as San Francisco was still held by the French,
Wellington proposed to batter a second weak point in the _enceinte_,
a mediaeval tower three hundred yards to the right of the original
breach. All the attention of the French being concentrated on the work
in the second parallel, this new battery (No. 4) was easily completed
and armed in three days, and was ready to open on its objective on
January 18th.

Meanwhile the completion of the second parallel proved a difficult
and rather costly business. By Wellington’s special orders all the
energies of the British batteries were devoted to breaching, and no
attempt was made to subdue the fire of those parts of the _enceinte_
which bore upon the trenches, but were far from the points selected
for assault. Hence the French, undisturbed by any return, were able
to shoot fast and furiously at the advanced works, and searched the
second parallel from end to end. It was completed on the 18th, and
two guns were brought down into a battery built on the highest point
of the Little Teson, only 180 yards from the walls. An attempt to sap
forward from the western end of the second parallel, so as to get a
lodgement a little nearer to the place, was completely foiled by the
incessant fire of grape kept up on the sap-head. After many workmen had
been killed, the endeavour to push forward at this point was abandoned,
such an advance forming no essential part of Wellington’s scheme. The
enemy’s fire on the second parallel was made somewhat less effective
on the 16th-18th by digging rifle-pits in front of the parallel,
from which picked marksmen kept up a carefully aimed fusillade on
the embrasures of the guns to left and right of the breach. Many
artillerymen were shot through the head while serving their pieces, and
the discharges became less incessant and much less accurate. But the
fire of the besieged was never subdued, and the riflemen in the pits
suffered very heavy casualties.

The 18th may be described as the crucial day of the siege. The new
battery (No. 4) on the Greater Teson opened that morning against the
tower which had been chosen as its objective. By noon it was in a very
ruinous condition, and at dusk all its upper part fell forward ‘like
an avalanche,’ as the governor says in his report, and covered all the
platform of the _fausse-braye_ below. Barrié remarks that this point
was admirably chosen by Wellington’s engineers, ‘it was unique in the
_enceinte_ for the facilities which it offered for breaching and the
difficulties for defence. This is the spot where the walls are lowest,
the parapet thinnest, and the platforms both of the ramparts and the
_fausse-braye_ narrowest. Moreover here had been situated the gun which
best flanked the original great breach[186].’

  [186] See Barrié’s report in appendix to Belmas, iv. p. 299.

The garrison found it impossible either to repair the breaches or to
clear away the débris which had fallen from them. All that could be
done was to commence retrenchments and inner defences behind them.
This was done with some effect at the great breach, where cuts were
made in the ramparts on each side of the demolished section, parapets
thrown up behind the cuts, and two 24-pounders dragged into position to
fire laterally into the lip of the easy slope of débris which trended
up to the ruined wall. At the second or smaller breach much less was
accomplished--the warning was short, for it had never been guessed that
this tower was to be battered, and the space upon which work could be
done was very limited. It was hoped that the narrowness of the gap
might be its protection--it was but a seam in the wall compared with
the gaping void at the first and greater breach.

[Illustration: CIUDAD RODRIGO]

On the morning of the 19th the fire was recommenced, with some little
assistance from the two guns which had now begun to work from the
advanced battery in the second parallel. The breaches continued to
crumble: that at the tower looked as easy in slope (though not nearly
so broad) as that at the original point of attack, and an incessant
fire all day kept the enemy from making any repairs. No more could be
done for the breaches, wherefore Wellington ordered that some of the
siege-guns should turn their attention to silencing the French fire
from the remoter points of the northern wall. Several of their guns
were dismounted: but even by dusk there were many still making reply.

There was now nothing to prevent the assault from being delivered,
since it had been settled that no attempt was to be made to sap up
nearer the walls, or to blow in the counterscarp. Wellington wrote his
elaborate directions for the storm sitting under cover in a trench of
one of the advanced approaches, to which he had descended in order to
get the closest possible view of the fortress[187].

  [187] Jones’s _Sieges_, i. p. 137.

The orders were as follows. The chosen time was seven o’clock, an hour
sufficiently dark to allow the troops to get forward without being seen
as they filled the trenches, yet soon enough after nightfall to prevent
the French from doing any appreciable repairs to the breaches under
cover of the dark.

The main assaults were to be delivered by the 3rd Division on the great
breach, and by the Light Division on the lesser breach. There were also
to be two false attacks delivered by small bodies of Portuguese troops,
with the purpose of distracting the attention of the besieged to points
remote from the main assault: either of them might be turned into
serious attempts at escalade if the circumstances favoured.

The two brigades of the 3rd Division were given two separate ways of
approaching the main breach. Campbell’s brigade [2/5th, 77th, 2/83rd,
94th], after detaching the 2/83rd to line the second parallel, and
to keep up a continual fire on the walls, was to assemble behind the
ruined convent of Santa Cruz. Debouching from thence, the 2/5th,
turning to the right, were to make for the place where the counterscarp
(covering the whole north front) joined with the body of the place,
under the castle and not far from the river. They were to hew down the
gate by which the ditch was entered, jump down into it, and from thence
scale the _fausse-braye_ by ladders, of which a dozen, 25 feet long,
were issued to them. It was probable that there would be few French
found here, as the point was 500 yards west of the main breach. After
establishing themselves upon the _fausse-braye_, they were to scour it
eastward, clearing off any parties of the enemy that might be found
upon it, and to push for the breach, where they would meet the main
assaulting column. The 94th were to make a similar dash at the ditch,
half-way between the point allotted to the 5th and the breach, but not
to mount the _fausse-braye_: they were to move to their left along the
bottom of the ditch, clearing away any palisades or other obstacles
that might be found in it, and finally to join the main column. The
77th was to form the brigade-reserve, and support where necessary.

Mackinnon’s brigade was to undertake the frontal storm of the great
breach. Its three battalions (1/45th, 74th, 1/88th) were to be preceded
by a detachment of 180 sappers carrying hay-bags, which were to be
thrown into the ditch to make the leap down more easy. The head of the
column was to be formed by 300 volunteers from all the battalions, then
came the main body in their usual brigade order, the 1/45th leading.
Power’s Portuguese (9th and 21st Line) formed the divisional reserve,
and were to be brought down to the second parallel when Mackinnon’s
column had ascended the breach.

A support on the left flank of the breach was to be provided by three
companies of the 95th, detached from the Light Division, who, starting
from beside the convent of San Francisco, were to carry out the same
functions that were assigned to the 94th on the other side, viz. to
descend into the ditch half-way between the two breaches, and proceed
along its bottom, removing any obstacles found, till they joined
Mackinnon’s brigade at the foot of the wall.

Craufurd, with the rest of the Light Division, which was to move
from the left of San Francisco, was to make the attack on the
lesser breach. The storming-column was to be formed of Vandeleur’s
brigade (1/52nd and 2/52nd, four companies of the 1/95th, and the 3rd
Caçadores). Barnard’s brigade was to form the reserve, and to close in
towards the place when the leading brigade should reach the ditch. The
division was to detach marksmen (four companies of the 95th) who were
to keep up a fire upon the enemy on the walls, just as the 2/83rd did
for the 3rd Division. A provision of hay-bags carried by caçadores was
made, in the same fashion as at the great breach.

The two subsidiary false attacks were to be made--one by Pack’s
Portuguese (1st and 16th regiments) on the outworks of the gate of
Santiago on the south-east side of the town, the other by O’Toole’s
Portuguese battalion (2nd Caçadores), headed by the light company of
the 2/83rd, on the outwork below the castle, close to the bank of the
Agueda. This column would have to rush the bridge, which the French had
left unbroken, because it was completely commanded by the castle and
other works immediately above it. Both the Portuguese columns carried
ladders, and were authorized to attempt an escalade, if they met little
or no resistance at points so remote from the breaches, as was quite
possible.

Both the Light and 3rd Divisions were fresh troops that night, as
the 4th Division had been in charge of the trenches on the 19th.
The stormers marched straight up from their distant camps to the
starting-points assigned to them in the afternoon. The news that the
Light Division had moved to the front out of its turn was the clearest
indication to the whole army that the assault was fixed for that night.

A few minutes before seven o’clock the storm began, by the sudden rush
of the 2/5th, under Major Ridge, from behind the convent of Santa
Cruz, across the open ground towards the ditch on their left of the
castle. The governor had expected no attack from this side, the troops
on the walls were few, and it was only under a very scattering fire
that the battalion hewed down the gate in the palisades, got down into
the ditch, and then planted their ladders against the _fausse-braye_.
They were established upon it within five minutes of their start, and
then, turning to their left, drove along its platform, chasing before
them a few small parties of the enemy. In this way they soon arrived
at the heap of ruins representing the spot where _fausse-braye_ and
inner wall had been wellnigh battered into one common mass of débris.
Here they found the 94th, who had entered the ditch at the same time
as themselves, but a little to their left, and had met with equally
feeble resistance, already beginning to mount the lower slopes of the
breach. Thus by a curious chance these two subsidiary columns arrived
at the crucial point a little before the forlorn hope of the main
storming-column. Mackinnon’s brigade, starting from the parallels, had
to climb over the parapets of the trenches, and to cross rougher ground
than the 5th and 94th: they were also hindered by the tremendous fire
opened upon them: all the attention of the French had been concentrated
on them from the first, as their route and their destination were
obvious. Hence, unlike Campbell’s battalions, they suffered heavily
before they crossed the glacis, and they were delayed a little by
waiting for the hay-bags which were to help their descent. When the
storming-party, under Major Manners of the 74th, reached the breach,
it was already covered by men of the 5th and 94th. The whole, mixed
together, scrambled up the higher part of the débris under a deadly
fire, and reached the lip of the breach, where they found before them
a sixteen-foot drop into the level of the city, on to ground covered
with entanglements, beams, _chevaux de frise_, and other obstacles
accumulated there by the prescience of the governor. On each flank, for
the whole breadth of the wall, was a cutting, surmounted by a parapet,
on which was mounted a 24-pounder firing grape downwards on to them.

The head of the column had scarcely gained the lip of the breach when
it was raked by the simultaneous discharge of these two guns, which
absolutely exterminated the knot of men at its head. At the same time
an explosion took place lower down, from some powder-bags which the
enemy had left among the débris and fired by means of a train. The
impetus of the column was checked, and it was some little time before
more men fought their way up to the summit: a second discharge from the
two flanking guns made havoc of these, and shut in by the cuts, upon a
space of about 100 feet wide, with the impracticable descent into the
town in front, the assailants came to a stand again. The only way out
of the difficulty was to cross the cuts, and storm the parapets behind
them. This was done at both ends: on the one side a small party of the
88th, throwing down their muskets, so as to have hands to climb with,
scrambled over the gap and slew with their bayonets the gunners at the
left-hand gun, before they could fire a third round: they were followed
by many men of the 5th, and a footing was gained on the ramparts behind
the obstacle[188]. On the right flank Major Wylde, the brigade-major of
Mackinnon’s brigade, found a few planks which the French had been using
to bridge the cut before the storm, and which they had thrown down but
neglected to remove. These were relaid in haste, and a mass of men
of the 45th rushed across them under a dreadful fire, and forced the
right-hand retrenchment. The garrison, giving way at both ends, fired a
mine prepared under a postern of the upper wall as they retired[189].
This produced an explosion much more deadly than the one at the
commencement of the storm; it slew among others General Mackinnon, the
senior brigadier of the 3rd Division, whose body was found thrown some
distance away and much blackened with powder.

  [188] For a lively account of this exploit see Grattan’s _With
  the Connaught Rangers_, p. 154.

  [189] Many narratives speak of General Mackinnon as being killed
  by the first explosion, and others (including Wellington’s
  dispatch) call the second explosion that of an expense magazine
  fired by accident. Barrié’s report, however, settles the fact
  that it was a regular mine: and for Mackinnon’s death _after_ the
  storming of the cuts I follow the narrative by an eye-witness
  appended at the end of the general’s diary.

Meanwhile, even before the fighting at the great breach was over, the
fate of Ciudad Rodrigo had been settled at another point. The storm
of the lesser breach by the Light Division had been successful, after
a shorter fight and with much less loss of blood. Vandeleur’s brigade
here conducted the assault, headed by 300 volunteers from the three
British regiments of the division under Major George Napier of the
52nd: Lieutenant Gurwood of the same regiment had the forlorn hope of
25 men. The column did not come under fire for some time after leaving
cover, but the assault had been expected, and a keen watch was being
kept. Nevertheless the ditch was reached without any great loss, and
the stormers leaped in, unaided for the most part by the hay-bags which
150 of Elder’s caçadores were to have cast down for them, for the
greater part of the Portuguese were late in arriving[190]. They then
began to plant their ladders, but the forlorn hope went wrong in an
odd way, for moving too far to the left along the _fausse-braye_ they
scrambled up and over a traverse[191] which had been built across it,
so finding themselves still on the same level. The head of the main
storming party was better directed, and poured up the breach, which
was very narrow but clean and clear: the only obstacle at its head
was a disabled gun placed horizontally across the gap. Another piece,
still in working order, had a diagonal view of the whole slope. The
first discharge of this gun, crammed with grape, shattered the head of
the column: Major Napier was dashed down with a mangled arm, Colonel
Colborne, who was leading the 52nd, got a ball in the shoulder, and
several other officers fell. At about the same moment General Craufurd,
who was standing on the glacis above the ditch, directing the movements
of the supports, received a bullet which passed through his arm, broke
two ribs, and finally lodged in his spine. By his mortal hurt and the
almost simultaneous wounding of his senior brigadier, Vandeleur, the
command of the Light Division passed to Andrew Barnard of the 95th, who
was leading the rear brigade.

  [190] Several narrators accuse them of shirking, but Geo. Napier
  writes (_Life_, p. 215), ‘Neither Elder nor his excellent
  regiment were likely to neglect any duty, and I am sure the blame
  rested elsewhere, for George Elder was always ready for any
  service.’ Compare George Simmons’s autobiography--possibly he
  put things out by ordering the Portuguese company to carry the
  ladders, which he clearly was not authorized to do. [_A British
  Rifleman_, p. 221.]

  [191] Some narrators say a low ravelin, but the best authority is
  in favour of its having been a traverse.

But the division had been started on its way up the breach, and the
gun on its flank got no second opportunity to fire. After its first
discharge the survivors at the head of the column, now led by Uniacke
and W. Johnston both of the 95th, dashed furiously up the remaining
few feet of débris and reached the summit. The voltigeurs facing them
broke before the onset, and since there were here no traverses or cuts
to prevent the extension of the troops to right or left as they reached
their goal, many hundreds were soon in possession of the ramparts
on each side of the breach. The men of the 52nd wheeled to the left
and swept the ramparts as far as the Salamanca gate, which they found
walled up: the 43rd and Rifles turned to the right, and came upon the
French retreating from the great breach, where the 3rd Division were
just bursting through. Some of them arrived just in time to suffer
from the final explosion which killed Mackinnon and so many of his
brigade[192].

  [192] The point has often been raised as to whether it was not
  the success of the Light Division at the lesser breach which
  enabled the 3rd Division to break through at the greater. Some
  Light Division diarists (e.g. Harry Smith) actually state that
  it was their attack on the rear of the defenders which made them
  flinch from a position which they had hitherto maintained. I
  think that the case is decided in favour of the 3rd Division by
  Belmas’s statement that the French fired the mine at the great
  breach only when the 3rd Division had got through, combined with
  the fact that the leading men of the Light Division reached
  the back of the great breach just in time to suffer from the
  explosion, which killed Captain Uniacke of the 95th and a few
  others. Apparently, therefore, the breach was forced before the
  head of the Light Division stormers had come up, but only just
  before.

With their line forced in two places simultaneously, the garrison could
do no more: there was a little fighting in the streets, but not much.
The majority of the garrison retired to the Plaza Mayor in front of the
castle, and there laid down their arms in mass. At the same time the
two Portuguese subsidiary attacks had succeeded. O’Toole’s caçadores,
headed by the light company of the 2/83rd, had not only captured by
escalade the outwork against which they were directed, but found and
hewed down its sally-port by which they got entrance into the town.
Pack’s brigade, on the other side of the place, stormed the redan in
front of the Santiago gate, and lodged themselves therein, capturing
its small garrison. The governor and his staff had taken refuge in
the castle, a mediaeval building with a lofty square tower commanding
the Agueda bridge. They had hardly any men with them, and wisely
surrendered at the first summons[193].

  [193] There is considerable controversy as to what officer
  received Barrié’s surrender. For the Gurwood-Mackie dispute see
  note in Appendix.

Seven thousand excited and victorious soldiers, with all traces of
regimental organization lost, were now scattered through the streets
of Ciudad Rodrigo. This was the first time on which the Peninsular
Army had taken a place by assault, and the consequent confusion does
not seem to have been foreseen by any one. But while the officers
and the steady men were busy in collecting the French prisoners,
throwing open the gates, and seeing to the transport of the wounded
into houses, the baser spirits--and in every battalion, as Sir John
Colborne remarks[194], there were in those days from fifty to a
hundred incorrigibles--turned to plunder. The first rush was to the
central brandy-store of the garrison, where hundreds got drunk in a
few minutes, and several killed themselves by gorging raw spirits
wholesale. But while the mere drunkards proceeded to swill, and
then turned out into the streets firing objectlessly in the air,
the calculating rascals set themselves to the plunder of private
houses, which was a more profitable task than rummaging the French
magazines. There was an immense amount of unlicensed pillage and
wanton destruction of property--inexcusable in a place where only a
small minority of the people were _Afrancesados_, and the majority
had been getting ready to welcome their deliverers. The officers did
their best to restore order, ‘the voice of Sir Thomas Picton was
heard with the strength of twenty trumpets proclaiming damnation
to all and sundry, while Colonels Barnard and Cameron with other
active officers, seized the broken barrels of muskets, which were
lying about in great abundance, and belaboured misdemeanants most
unmercifully[195].’ But active officers could not be everywhere--three
houses, including the spirit store in the great square, were set on
fire by drunken plunderers, and it was feared that a conflagration
might arise, which fortunately did not happen, for the solid stone
structures were not easily kindled. The disorder, however, did not
reach the shameful pitch which was afterwards seen at Badajoz and St.
Sebastian. A competent observer, present at all three sacks, remarks
that ‘no town taken by assault suffered less than Rodrigo. It is true
that soldiers of all regiments got drunk, pillaged, and made great
noise and confusion in streets and houses, despite of every exertion of
their officers to prevent it. But bad and revolting as such scenes are,
I never heard that either the French garrison, after its surrender,
or the inhabitants suffered personal indignities or cruelty from the
troops[196].’ There were apparently no lives lost, except those of a
few men shot accidentally by their drunken comrades, and of certain
drunkards who perished in the spirit store. The greater part of the
men were under control long before dawn, and were collected by their
officers on the ramparts: they marched out next morning, when the 5th
Division, newly arrived at the front from its distant cantonments in
Beira, came into the town. By an unfortunate accident an explosion
of an unsuspected magazine took place, just as the French prisoners
were being marched out, and some of them and of their escort were
killed[197]. The storming regiments made a strange spectacle as they
left the town. ‘As we marched over the bridge dressed in all varieties
imaginable, some with jack-boots on, others with white French trousers,
others in frock-coats with epaulettes, some even with monkeys on their
shoulders, we met the 5th Division on their way to repair the breaches.
They immediately formed upon the left of the road, presented arms, and
cheered us. I was afterwards told that Lord Wellington, who saw us
pass, inquired of his staff, “Who the devil are _those_ fellows[198]?”’

  [194] See his _Life and Letters_, p. 396.

  [195] Kincaid, _Adventures in the Rifle Brigade_, p. 117.

  [196] Leach’s _Sketches in the Life of an Old Soldier_, p. 250.
  For an amusing story about a plundering Connaught Ranger who came
  down a chimney, see Grattan, p. 162. He tried to propitiate the
  officer who found him by presenting him with a case of surgical
  instruments. Kincaid speaks of worse than plunder--armed violence
  and some cases of rape.

  [197] So Napier and most other authorities. John Jones, however,
  says that the explosion was not accidental, but deliberate--some
  English deserters had hidden themselves in a small magazine
  under the rampart. ‘These desperate men, on seeing an officer
  approach, deeming discovery and capture inevitable, and assured
  that an ignominious death would follow, blew themselves up in
  the magazine. The explosion first found vent through the door,
  and shot the refugees up into the street, some alive, but so
  mutilated, blackened, and distorted, as to be painful to behold.’

  [198] Costello (a Light Division narrator), pp. 151-2.

The garrison, out of a little under 2,000 men present when the siege
began, showed 60 officers and 1,300 rank and file of unwounded
prisoners. Eight officers had been killed, 21 wounded, and about 500
rank and file, mostly on the day of the assault. The artillery and
engineers suffered most--of 8 artillery officers in the place 5 were
killed or wounded, of three engineer officers two fell.

The British and Portuguese loss during the whole siege was 9 officers
killed and 70 wounded, and of other ranks 186 were killed and 846
wounded, with 10 missing--apparently deserters. Of these, 59 officers
and 503 rank and file fell in the actual storm. The tables appended at
the end of this volume demonstrate that the 3rd Division suffered far
more heavily than the Light--the battalions with the greatest losses
were the 2/5th and 94th, which were early on the great breach and got
the benefit of the explosion. Of the 9 officers killed or mortally hurt
two were generals, Craufurd and Mackinnon. The death of the former,
who lingered in great agony for four days, though shot through to the
spine, was no small event in the war: his talents were sadly missed in
its latter years: an outpost officer of his capacity would have been
invaluable to Wellington during the fighting in the Pyrenees in 1813,
when the Light Division, though regimentally as good as ever, much
lacked the skilful leading of its old chief. He was a man with many
friends and many enemies: of his merits and defects I spoke at length
in another place[199]. Here I feel compelled to quote nothing more than
the words of his friend, Lord Londonderry--the Charles Stewart of the
Peninsular War. ‘He was an officer of whom the highest expectation had
been formed, and who on every occasion found an opportunity to prove
that, had his life been spared, the proudest hopes of his country
would not have been disappointed, and he was a man to know whom in
his profession without admiring him was impossible. To me his death
occasioned that void which the removal of a sincere friend alone
produces. While the memory of the brave and the skilful shall continue
to be cherished by British soldiers, he will not be forgotten, and the
hand which scrawls this humble tribute to his worth must be cold as his
own, before the mind which dictates it shall cease to think of him with
affection and regret[200].’

  [199] See vol. iii. pp. 233-7.

  [200] Londonderry’s _Peninsular War_, ii. p. 268.

[Illustration: CIUDAD RODRIGO ON THE MORNING AFTER THE STORM FROM THE
ADVANCED BATTERY ON THE LESSER TESON

(A contemporary sketch.)]




SECTION XXXII: CHAPTER II

THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FALL OF CIUDAD RODRIGO


The extraordinary speed with which Wellington had in twelve days
reduced Ciudad Rodrigo, a fortress that had held out for twenty-four
days of open trenches when besieged by Ney in 1810, surprised the
captor himself, who had reckoned on taking no shorter time in its
leaguer than had the French. But it absolutely appalled his two
adversaries, Marmont and Dorsenne, whose whole scheme of operations had
rested on the idea that they could count on some three weeks or more
for preparation, when the news that the place was invested got to their
hands.

Thiébault, the governor of Salamanca, had been warning both the
commander of the Army of the North and the commander of the Army of
Portugal for some weeks that Wellington might move at any moment[201].
But his reports to the effect that the British were making gabions
and fascines, preparing a bridge over the Agueda, and bringing up
siege-guns to Almeida, made little or no impression on his superiors,
because they had come to the conclusion that it was unlikely that
Wellington would undertake a siege at midwinter. His preparations, they
thought, were probably intended to force his enemies to concentrate, at
a time when roads were bad and food unprocurable: ‘ils n’ont d’autre
but que de nous faire faire de faux mouvements,’ said one of Marmont’s
aides-de-camp. It was only in the spring that the allied army would
become really enterprising and dangerous.

  [201] See Thiébault’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 551-2. Extracts from
  two of his letters are printed in Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp.
  280-1, and bear out all that he says in his own book.

Astonishing as it may appear, though Wellington’s troops started on
January 2nd, and though Rodrigo was invested and the Redout Renaud
stormed on January 8th, the definitive news that the siege had
actually begun only reached Salamanca on January 13th. No better proof
could be given of the precarious nature of the French hold on the
kingdom of Leon. The fact was that the guerrilleros of Julian Sanchez
so obsessed all the roads from Salamanca to Rodrigo, that no messenger
could pass without a very large escort. Barrié only got the news that
he was attacked to Thiébault by entrusting it to a Spanish emissary,
who carried his note in disguise, and by a long détour. Marmont and
Dorsenne only received it on the 14th: King Joseph at Madrid only on
the 25th. On the 13th Marmont was in such a state of blindness as to
the actual situation that he was writing to Berthier that ‘si l’armée
anglaise passait l’Agueda j’attendrais sur la Tormès la division du
Tage et les troupes que le Général Dorsenne pourrait m’amener, _mais
sans doute ce cas n’arrivera pas_. Ciudad Rodrigo sera approvisionné
jusqu’à la récolte, et à moins d’un siège il ne doit pas être l’objet
d’aucune sollicitude[202].’ Wellington, when this was written, had
already passed troops over the Agueda some ten days back, and had been
beleaguering Ciudad Rodrigo for five. Yet Marmont was dating from
Valladolid, which was not much over 100 miles from the hard-pressed
fortress. Truly, thanks to the guerrilleros, the ‘fog of war’ was lying
heavily round the Marshal.

  [202] Marmont to Berthier, Valladolid, Jan. 13, 1812.

Owing to a circumstance of which Wellington could have no knowledge,
the moment which he chose for his advance was even more propitious than
he guessed. He knew of the march of Montbrun towards Valencia, and had
made it the determining factor in his operations. But he was not, and
could not be, aware of another fact of high importance. On December
29th Marmont, then at Talavera, had received a dispatch from Paris,
dated on the 13th of the same month, informing him that the Emperor
had resolved on making a sweeping change with regard to the respective
duties and stations of the Armies of the North and of Portugal.
Hitherto Dorsenne had been in charge of the whole kingdom of Leon: the
troops stationed in it belonged to his army, and on him depended the
garrisons of Ciudad Rodrigo, Astorga, and its other fortresses. He was,
therefore, responsible for the keeping back of Wellington from all the
ground north of the Sierra de Gata. Marmont, with his Army of Portugal,
had to ‘contain’ the Anglo-Portuguese army south of that range, and had
charge of the valley of the Tagus--northern Estremadura and those parts
of New Castile which had been taken away from King Joseph’s direct
control. From this central position the Duke of Ragusa had hitherto
been supposed to be able to stretch out a hand to Dorsenne, in case of
Wellington’s making a move in the valley of the Douro, to Soult in case
of his showing himself opposite Badajoz. This indeed Marmont had done:
he had brought up his army to Dorsenne’s aid in September, at the time
of El Bodon and Aldea da Ponte: he had carried it down to the Guadiana
and assisted Soult to relieve Badajoz in June.

Berthier’s dispatch[203], received on December 29th--it had taken
sixteen days to reach its destination--informed Marmont that the
Emperor had resolved to place the task of ‘containing’ Wellington, when
he should operate north of the Tagus, in the hands of one instead of
two commanders-in-chief. ‘Considering the importance of placing the
command on the whole frontier of Portugal under a single general, His
Majesty has decided that the provinces of Avila, Salamanca, Plasencia,
Ciudad Rodrigo, the kingdom of Leon, Palencia, and the Asturias, shall
belong to the Army of Portugal.’ Along with them were to be handed
over to Marmont Souham’s division, then lying in the direction of
Zamora, Benavente, and La Baneza, and Bonnet’s division, then in the
Asturias--whose central parts (as it will be remembered[204]) that
general had reconquered in November 1811. The district of the Army of
the North was for the future to be limited to the eastern parts of
Old Castile, Santander, Biscay, and Navarre. The real cause of this
change, though Berthier’s dispatch lays no stress upon it, was the
order recently sent to Dorsenne, which bade him return to France the
two strong divisions of the Imperial Guard, which had hitherto formed
the most important and effective section of the Army of the North. They
were wanted for the probable Russian war, and without them Napoleon
rightly judged that Dorsenne would be too weak to ‘contain’ Wellington,
hold down all Leon, and observe the Galicians, in addition to hunting
Mina and curbing the incursions of Longa and Porlier. Wherefore he
resolved to confine the activity of the Army of the North to the lands
east and north of Burgos, where its main task would be the crushing of
Mina and his compatriots. Marmont should take upon his shoulders the
entire responsibility for holding back the Anglo-Portuguese.

  [203] Printed in full in Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 271-6.

  [204] See vol. iv. p. 586.

But, by the Emperor’s orders, the Army of Portugal, though now charged
with a much heavier task than before, was not to get any appreciable
increase in numbers. It is true that Marmont was to take over the
divisions of Souham and Bonnet, along with the regions that they were
occupying. These were strong units, and would have increased his
total strength by 16,000 men. But at the same time he was told that
Thiébault’s division[205], the other force in the kingdom of Leon, was
not to be given him, but to be withdrawn eastward and to remain under
Dorsenne. With it were to go other details belonging to the Army of
the North, employed in garrison duty in the valley of the Douro, such
as the Swiss battalions long garrisoning the city of Leon, Benavente,
and Valladolid[206]. Now it was clear that if these garrisons were
withdrawn, Marmont would have to find other troops from his own
divisions to replace them. Moreover, he was in addition instructed that
Bonnet’s division, though now to be regarded as under his command, was
not on any excuse to be moved out of the Asturias. ‘It is indispensable
that he should remain there, because in that position he menaces
Galicia, and keeps down the people of the mountains. You would have to
use more troops to guard all the edge of the plain from Leon to St.
Sebastian than are required for the Asturias. It is demonstrable in
theory, and clearly proved by experience, that of all operations the
most important is the occupation of the Asturias, which makes the right
of the army rest upon the sea, and continually threatens Galicia.’

  [205] 34th Léger, 113th Line, 4th Vistula, Neuchâtel.

  [206] Also two cavalry regiments, the 1st Hussars and 31st
  Chasseurs.

If, therefore, Marmont was forbidden to use Bonnet, and had to replace
all the existing garrisons of Leon (including that of Ciudad Rodrigo,
as he was specially informed) by troops drawn from his own force, he
was given a vast increase of territory to watch, but no appreciable
increase of numbers to hold it--no more in fact than the difference
between the strength of Souham’s division (placed on the side of gain)
and that of the new garrisons (placed on the side of loss). The net
profit would be no more than 3,000 or 4,000 men at the most.

In addition the Marshal was restricted further as to the way in which
he was to dispose of his army. He was told to leave one division (or,
if he chose, two) in the valley of the Tagus, about Plasencia and
Almaraz, for the purpose of keeping up his communication with Madrid
and Andalusia. The rest of his army was to be moved across the Sierra
de Gata into the valley of the Douro, and its head-quarters were to
be placed at Valladolid, or if possible at Salamanca. Therefore,
if Wellington advanced, only four and a half, or five and a half,
divisions out of the eight now comprising the Army of Portugal, could
be concentrated against him with promptitude: Bonnet and the troops
left in the Tagus valley would be long in arriving. So would the
nearest divisions of the Army of the North, of which the most westerly
would be as far off as Burgos, the rest still farther towards the
Pyrenees. Till he had received some of these outlying succours, Marmont
would be too weak to resist Wellington. Five divisions (say 30,000 men)
could not keep the Anglo-Portuguese contained--though eight might very
possibly suffice.

But on December 29, 1811, Marmont had not eight divisions at his
disposition. The Emperor’s misguided order for the Valencian expedition
was in progress of being executed, and it was precisely on that same
day that Montbrun with two divisions of foot and one of horse was
marching off eastward from La Mancha, in an excentric direction, which
took him to the shore of the Mediterranean.

Marmont’s available force, after this march began, was as follows:

  (1) Souham’s division at La Baneza, Benavente, and Zamora,
  watching Abadia’s Army of Galicia. This unit had yet to be
  informed that it had become part of the Army of Portugal.

  (2-3) Brennier’s and Maucune’s divisions at Almaraz and Talavera
  in the valley of the Tagus.

  (4) Clausel’s division at Avila.

  (5) Ferey’s division in La Mancha, keeping up communication with
  Montbrun’s expeditionary column.

The other three divisions of the Army of Portugal, as now constituted,
those of Bonnet in the Asturias, and of Foy and Sarrut in march for
Valencia, were hopelessly out of reach.

Being directed, in very clear and decisive terms, to transfer himself
in person to Valladolid or Salamanca, and to move the bulk of his
troops thither from the valley of the Tagus, the Marshal had to obey.
He directed Brennier’s division alone to remain behind at Almaraz and
Talavera. Maucune and Clausel, with Ferey presently to follow, began
a toilsome march across the mountains to Leon. They had to abandon
the magazines (such as they were) which had been collected for their
subsistence in winter-quarters, and to march across bad roads, in the
most inclement month of the year, through an unpeopled country, for
cantonments where no stores were ready for them.

While Marmont was marching up in the early days of January to occupy
his newly-designated positions, Dorsenne was employed in withdrawing
his troops eastward, away from the neighbourhood of Wellington, towards
the province of Burgos. He himself stopped behind at Valladolid, to see
Marmont and hand over in person the charge of the districts which he
was ordered to evacuate. His view of the situation at the moment may
be judged by an extract from a letter which he directed to Marmont on
January 5[207].

  [207] Marmont, _Correspondance_, book xv _bis_, p. 287.

‘I have the honour to enclose herewith two letters dated on the 1st and
3rd instant from General Thiébault at Salamanca. I attach no credence
to their contents, for during the last six months I have been receiving
perpetually similar reports.... If, contrary to my opinion, the English
have really made some tentative movements on Ciudad Rodrigo, and if
Julian Sanchez has tried to cut our communication with that place, I
can only attribute it to your recent movement on Valencia. In that
case, the unforeseen reappearance of your Excellency here may make the
enemy change his plan of operations, and may prove harmful to him.’

Thiébault had cried ‘Wolf!’ too often to please Dorsenne, and the
latter had no real apprehension that Wellington was already on the
move. No more had Marmont. On arriving at Valladolid on January 13th
he wrote to Berthier (five days after the trenches were opened at
Rodrigo!), ‘It is probable that the English may be on the move at the
end of February, and then I shall have need of all my troops: I have,
therefore, told Montbrun to start on his backward march towards me
before the end of January[208].’ By the end of January Rodrigo had
already been for twelve days in the hands of the British army.

  [208] Ibid., p. 291.

And if Dorsenne and Marmont were blind to the actual situation, so,
most of all, was their master. The dispatch which gave over the charge
of the kingdom of Leon to Marmont contains the following paragraph:

‘If General Wellington (_sic_) after the rainy season is over (i.
e. after February) should determine to take the offensive, you
can then unite all your eight divisions for a battle: General
Dorsenne from Burgos would support you, by marching up from Burgos
to your assistance. But such a move is not to be expected (_n’est
pas présumable_). The English, having suffered heavy losses, and
experiencing great difficulties in recruiting their army, all
considerations tend to make us suppose that they will simply confine
themselves to the defence of Portugal.... Your various dispatches
seem to prove that it is at present no longer possible for us to take
the offensive against Portugal, Badajoz being barely provisioned, and
Salamanca having no magazines. It is necessary, therefore, to wait till
the crops of the present year are ripe [June!], and till the clouds
which now darken the political situation to the North have disappeared.
His Majesty has no doubt that you will profit by the delay, to organize
and administer the provinces under your control with justice and
integrity, and to form large magazines.... The conquest of Portugal and
the immortal glory of defeating the English are reserved for you. Use
therefore all possible means to get yourselves into good condition for
commencing this campaign, when circumstances permit that the order for
it should be given.... Suggestions have been made that Ciudad Rodrigo
should be dismantled. The Emperor considers that this would be a great
mistake: the enemy, establishing himself in that position, would be
able to intercept the communications between Salamanca and Plasencia,
and that would be deplorable. The English know quite well that if they
press in upon Rodrigo, or invest it, they expose themselves to be
forced to deliver a battle--that is the last thing they want: however,
if they did so expose themselves, it would be your duty to assemble
your whole army and march straight at them[209].’

  [209] Berthier to Marmont, Dec. 13, as above.

Such being Napoleon’s views at midwinter, it is strange to find
Napier asserting that the disasters of the French at this time were
caused partly by the jealousies of his lieutenants, partly by their
failing to understand his orders in their true spirit, so that they
neglected them, or executed them without vigour[210]. Without denying
that Marmont, Dorsenne, and Soult were jealous of each other, we may
assert that the real fundamental origin of all their disasters was that
their master persisted in directing the details of the war from Paris,
founding his orders on data three weeks old, and sending those orders
to arrive another fortnight or three weeks after they had been written.
As a fair example of what was perpetually happening we may cite the
following dates. Wellington started to move on January 1st, 1812, as
Thiébault wrote to Dorsenne (on the report of a Spanish spy) on January
3rd: on January 27 the general information that the Anglo-Portuguese
army had crossed the Agueda, without any details, reached the Emperor,
and caused him to dictate a dispatch for Dorsenne, giving him leave to
detain the two divisions of the Imperial Guard under orders for France,
and to support Marmont with them: the Emperor added that he hoped that
by January 18th Montbrun would be nearing Madrid, and that by the end
of the month his column would have joined the Army of Portugal. Eight
days _before_ this dispatch was written Ciudad Rodrigo was already in
Wellington’s hands: the news of its fall on January 19th seems to have
reached Paris on February 11th[211], whereupon, as we shall presently
see, the Emperor dictated another dispatch to Marmont, giving elaborate
instructions on the new condition of affairs. This (travelling quicker
than most correspondence) reached Marmont at Valladolid on February
26[212]: but of what use to the Marshal on that day were orders
dictated upon the basis of the state of affairs in Leon on January
19th? ‘On ne dirige pas la guerre à trois ou quatre cents lieues de
distance,’ as Thiébault very truly observed[213].

  [210] _Peninsular War_, iv. p. 134.

  [211] Correspondence in King Joseph’s _Letters_, viii. pp. 306-7.

  [212] See Marmont’s letter acknowledging its receipt in his
  _Correspondance_, iv. pp. 342-3.

  [213] _Mémoires_, iv. p. 554.

It was precisely Napoleon’s determination to dictate such operations
as Montbrun’s Alicante expedition, or the transference of Marmont’s
head-quarters from the valley of the Tagus to Valladolid, without any
possible knowledge of the circumstances of his lieutenants at the
moment when his orders would come to hand, that was the fatal thing.
With wireless telegraphy in the modern style he might have received
prompt intelligence, and sent directions that suited the situation. But
under the conditions of Spain in 1812 such a system was pure madness.

‘The Emperor chose,’ as Marmont very truly observes, ‘to cut down
the numbers of his troops in Spain [by withdrawing the Guards and
Poles] and to order a grand movement which dislocated them for a time,
precisely at the instant when he had increased the dispersion of
the Army of Portugal, by sending a detachment of 12,000 men against
Valencia. He was undoubtedly aware that the English army was cantoned
in a fairly concentrated position on the Agueda, the Coa, and the
Mondego. But he had made up his mind--I cannot make out why--that the
English were not in a condition to take the field: in every dispatch
he repeated this statement.’ In fairness to his master, Marmont should
have added that he was of the same opinion himself, that Dorsenne
shared it, and that both of them agreed to treat the Cassandra-like
prophecies which Thiébault kept sending from Salamanca as ‘wild and
whirling words.’

Marmont reached Valladolid, marching ahead of the divisions of Clausel
and Maucune, on the 11th or 12th of January. He found Dorsenne waiting
for him, and they proceeded to concert measures for the exchange of
territory and troops which the Emperor had imposed upon them. After
dinner on the evening of the 14th arrived Thiébault’s definite and
startling news that Wellington, with at least five divisions in
hand, had invested Rodrigo on the 8th, and was bringing up a heavy
battering-train. The siege had already been six days in progress.

This was very alarming intelligence. The only troops actually in hand
for the relief of Rodrigo were Thiébault’s small division at Salamanca,
Souham’s much larger division about La Baneza and Benavente, and
Clausel’s and Maucune’s divisions, now approaching Valladolid from the
side of Avila. The whole did not make much more than 20,000 men, a
force obviously insufficient to attack Wellington, if he were in such
strength as Thiébault reported. Dorsenne at once sent for Roguet’s
division of the Imperial Guard from Burgos: Marmont ordered Bonnet to
evacuate the Asturias and come down by the route of Leon to join him:
he also directed Brennier to come up from the Tagus, and Ferey to hurry
his march from La Mancha. Aides-de-camp were sent to hunt for Foy, who
was known to be on the borders of the Murcian regions, where Montbrun
had dropped him on his march to Alicante. Montbrun himself, with the
rest of his column, was also to turn back as soon as the orders should
reach him.

By this concentration Marmont calculated[214] that he would have 32,000
men in line opposite Wellington by January 26 or 27th, as Bonnet,
Brennier, and Dorsenne’s Guards should have arrived by then. And by
February 1 Ferey and Foy ought also to be up, and more than 40,000 men
would be collected. Vain dates! For Wellington captured Rodrigo on the
19th, seven days before the Marshal and Dorsenne could collect even
32,000 men.

  [214] _Mémoires_, iv. p. 184.

Meanwhile Marmont pushed on for Salamanca, where the troops were
to concentrate, having with him only the divisions of Clausel and
Maucune. On January 21st he had reached Fuente Sauco, one march
north of Salamanca, when he received the appalling news that Ciudad
Rodrigo had been stormed by Wellington two days before. This was a
thunderstroke--his army was caught not half concentrated, and he
was for the moment helpless. He advanced as far as Salamanca, and
there picked up Thiébault’s division, but even so he had not more
that 15,000 men in hand, and dared not, with such a handful, march
on Rodrigo, to endeavour to recover it before Wellington should have
restored its fortifications. Bonnet had not yet even reached Leon:
Ferey and Dorsenne’s Guard division had not been heard of. As to where
Foy and Montbrun might be at the moment, it was hardly possible to
hazard a guess. The only troops that could be relied upon to appear
within the next few days were the divisions of Souham and Brennier.
Even with their help the army would not exceed 26,000 or 28,000 men.

Meanwhile Wellington, with seven divisions now in hand, for he had
brought up both the 5th and the 7th to the front, was lying on the
Agueda, covering the repairs of Ciudad Rodrigo. Marmont had at first
thought that, elated by his recent success, the British general might
push his advance towards Salamanca. He made no signs of doing so: all
his troops remained concentrated on the Portuguese frontier, ready
to protect the rebuilding of Rodrigo. Here, on the day after the
storm, all the trenches were filled in, and the débris on the breaches
removed. Twelve hundred men were then turned to the task of mending the
breaches, which were at first built up with fascines and earth only,
so as to make them ready within a few days to resist a _coup-de-main_.
In a very short time they were more or less in a state of defence, and
on February 15th Castaños produced a brigade of Spanish infantry to
form the new garrison of the place. The work was much retarded by the
weather. Throughout the time of the siege it had been bitterly cold
but very dry: but on the 28th the wind shifted to the west, and for
the nine days following there was incessant and torrential rain, which
was very detrimental to the work. It had, however, the compensating
advantage of preventing Marmont from making any advance from Salamanca.
Every river in Leon was over its banks, every ford impassable, the
roads became practically useless. When, therefore, on February 2nd[215]
the Agueda rose to such a height that Wellington’s trestle-bridge was
swept away, and the stone town-bridge of Rodrigo was two feet under
water, so that the divisions cantoned on the Portuguese frontier were
cut off from the half-repaired fortress, there was no pressing danger
from the French, who were quite unable to move forward.

  [215] Napier says Jan. 29. But Jones, then employed in repairing
  Rodrigo, gives Feb. 2 in his diary of the work.

Marmont, as we have seen, had reached Fuente Sauco on January 21st,
and Salamanca on January 22nd. On the following day Souham, coming in
from the direction of Zamora, appeared at Matilla, half way between
Salamanca and Ciudad Rodrigo, so that he was in touch with his chief
and ready to act as his advanced guard. But no other troops had come
up, and on the 24th the Marshal received a hasty note from Dorsenne,
saying that the division of the Young Guard from Burgos would not
reach the Tormes till February 2[216]. With only four divisions at his
disposition (Clausel, Maucune, Thiébault, Souham) Marmont dared not
yet move forward, since he knew that Wellington had at least six in
hand, and he shrank from committing himself to decisive action with
little more than 20,000 men assembled. On the 28th Dorsenne sent in a
still more disheartening dispatch than his last: he had now ordered
Roguet’s Guards, who had got as far forward as Medina del Campo, to
return to Burgos[217]. The reasons given were that Mina had just
inflicted a severe blow on General Abbé, the commanding officer in
Navarre, by beating him near Pampeluna with a loss of 400 men, that
the Conde de Montijo, from Aragon, had laid siege to Soria, and was
pressing its garrison hard, and that another assembly of guerrillero
bands had attacked Aranda del Duero, and would take it, if it were not
succoured in a few days. ‘I therefore trust that your excellency will
approve of my having called back Roguet’s division, its artillery, and
Laferrière’s horse, to use them for a _guerre à outrance_ against the
guerrillas.’ Nothing serious--he added--would follow, as all reports
agreed that Wellington was sitting tight near Ciudad Rodrigo, and would
make no advance toward Salamanca.

  [216] Dorsenne to Marmont, from Valladolid, Feb. 24.

  [217] Same to same, from Valladolid, Feb. 27.

No succours whatever, therefore, were to be expected from the Army of
the North: Bonnet had only just recrossed the Cantabrian mountains,
much incommoded by the bad weather in the passes, and Foy and Montbrun
were only expected in the neighbourhood of Toledo early in February.
Therefore Marmont abandoned all hope of attacking Wellington before
Ciudad Rodrigo should be in a state of defence. The desperately rainy
weather of January 28th to February 6th was no doubt the last decisive
fact in making the Marshal give up the game. Before the rain had ceased
falling, he concluded that all chance of a successful offensive move
was gone, for he returned from Salamanca to Valladolid on February 5th.

On February 6th he wrote to Berthier[218] that he had ordered Montbrun
and Foy, on their return from the Alicante expedition, to remain behind
in the valley of the Tagus, and not to come on to Salamanca. His reason
for abandoning all idea of a general concentration against Wellington
in the kingdom of Leon, was that he was convinced that the next move
of the British general would be to make a dash at Badajoz, and that he
wished to have a considerable force ready in the direction of Almaraz
and Talavera, with which he could succour the Army of the South,
when it should be compelled to march, as in 1811, to relieve that
fortress. His forecast of Wellington’s probable scheme of operations
was perfectly correct, and his idea that the best way to foil it would
be to hold a large portion of his army in the valley of the Tagus was
correct also. But he was not to be permitted to carry out his own plan:
the orders from Paris, which he so much dreaded, once more intervened
to prescribe for him a very different policy[219].

  [218] Marmont to Berthier, Valladolid, Feb. 6. Not in Marmont’s
  _Mémoires_, but printed in King Joseph’s Correspondance, viii. p.
  301.

  [219] I must confess that all Napier’s comment on Marmont’s
  doings (vol. iv. pp. 94-5) seems to me to be vitiated by a wish
  to vindicate Napoleon at all costs, and to throw all possible
  blame on his lieutenant. His statements contain what I cannot
  but call a _suggestio falsi_, when he says that ‘Bonnet quitted
  the Asturias, Montbrun hastened back from Valencia, Dorsenne
  sent a detachment in aid, and on Jan. 25 six divisions of
  infantry and one of cavalry, 45,000 men in all, were assembled
  at Salamanca, from whence to Ciudad is only four marches.’ This
  misses the facts that (1) Marmont had only _four_ divisions
  (Souham, Clausel, Maucune, and the weak division of Thiébault);
  (2) that Bonnet had not arrived, nor could for some days; (3)
  that Dorsenne sent nothing, and on Jan. 27 announced that nothing
  would be forthcoming; (4) that Montbrun (who was at Alicante on
  Jan. 16) was still far away on the borders of Murcia. With 22,000
  men only in hand Marmont was naturally cautious.

Wellington during the critical days from January 20th to February 6th
was naturally anxious. He knew that Marmont would concentrate against
him, but he hoped (as indeed he was justified in doing) that the
concentration would be slow and imperfect, and that the Marshal would
find himself too weak to advance from Salamanca. His anxiety was made
somewhat greater than it need have been, by a false report that Foy
and Montbrun were already returned from the Alicante expedition--he
was told that both had got back to Toledo by the beginning of
January[220]--a most mischievous piece of false news. An equally
groundless rumour informed him that Bonnet had left the Asturias,
many days before his departure actually took place. On January 21 he
wrote to Lord Liverpool that Bonnet had passed Benavente on his way
to Salamanca, and that ‘the whole of what had gone eastward’ [i. e.
Foy and Montbrun] was reported to be coming up from the Tagus to
Valladolid, so that in a few days Marmont might possibly have 50,000
men in hand[221]. To make himself strong against such a concentration
he ordered Hill, on January 22, to bring up three brigades of the 2nd
Division to Castello Branco, with which he might join the main army at
a few days’ notice[222]. At the same time he directed General Abadia to
send a force to occupy the Asturias, which must be empty since Bonnet
had evacuated it. It was not till some days later that he got the
reassuring, and correct, news that Foy and Montbrun, instead of being
already at the front in Castile, were not even expected at Toledo till
January 29th, and that Bonnet had started late, and was only at La
Baneza when February had already begun. But, by the time that he had
received this information, it had already become evident that Marmont
was not about to take the offensive, and Ciudad Rodrigo was already
in a condition to resist a _coup-de-main_; while, since the whole
siege-train of the Army of Portugal had been captured therein, it was
certain that the Marshal could not come up provided with the artillery
required for a regular siege.

  [220] See _Dispatches_, viii. p. 547.

  [221] I fancy that Wellington’s erroneous statement that Marmont
  had six divisions collected at Salamanca on the 23rd-24th
  [misprinted by Gurwood, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 577, as ‘the 6th
  Division!’] was Napier’s source for stating that such a force
  was assembled, which it certainly was not, Wellington reckoned
  that Marmont had Souham, Clausel, Maucune, Thiébault, and two
  divisions from the East, which last had not really come up--and
  never were to do so.

  [222] Wellington to Hill, Jan. 22, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 566.

By February 12th the real state of affairs became clear, ‘the enemy
has few troops left at Salamanca and in the towns on the Tormes, and
it appears that Marshal Marmont has cantoned the right of his army on
the Douro, at Zamora and Toro, the centre in the province of Avila,
while one division (the 6th) has returned to Talavera and the valley
of the Tagus.’ This was nearly correct: Marmont, on February 6th, had
defined his position as follows--two divisions (those just returned
from the Alicante expedition) in the valley of the Tagus; one, the
6th (Brennier), at Monbeltran, in one of the passes leading from the
Tagus to the Douro valley; one (Clausel) at Avila; three on the Douro
and the Esla (Zamora, Toro, Benavente) with a strong advanced guard at
Salamanca. The heavy detachment towards the Tagus, as he explained, was
to provide for the probable necessity of succouring Badajoz, to which
Wellington was certain to turn his attention ere long.

Marmont was perfectly right in his surmise. Ciudad Rodrigo had hardly
been in his hands for five days, when Wellington began to issue orders
presupposing an attack on Badajoz. On January 25th Alexander Dickson
was directed to send the 24-lb. shot and reserve powder remaining at
the artillery base at Villa da Ponte to be embarked on the Douro for
Oporto, where they were to be placed on ship-board[223]. Next day it
was ordered that sixteen howitzers of the siege-train should start
from Almeida overland for the Alemtejo, each drawn by eight bullocks,
while twenty 24-pounders were to be shipped down the Douro from Barca
de Alva to Oporto, and sent round from thence to Setubal, the seaport
nearest to Elvas[224]. On the 28th Dickson himself was ordered to start
at once for Setubal, in order that he might be ready to receive each
consignment on its arrival, and to make arrangements for its transport
to Elvas[225], while a dispatch was sent to Hill[226] definitely
stating that, if all went well, the siege of Badajoz was to begin in
the second week of March.

  [223] _Dickson Papers_, ii. p. 571.

  [224] Wellington, _Dispatches_, viii. pp. 568-9.

  [225] _Dickson Papers_, ii. p. 576.

  [226] Wellington to Hill, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 571.

These plans were drawn up long before it was clear that the army might
not have to fight Marmont on the Agueda, for the defence of Ciudad
Rodrigo. ‘If they should move this way, I hope to give a good account
of them,’ Wellington wrote to Douglas (the British officer attached to
the Army of Galicia)[227]: but he judged it more likely that no such
advance would be made. ‘I think it probable that when Marmont shall
have heard of our success, he will not move at all[228].’ Meanwhile
there was no need to march the army southward for some time, since
the artillery and stores would take many weeks on their land or water
voyage, when roads were bad and the sea vexed with winter storms.
So long as seven divisions were cantoned behind the Agueda and Coa,
Marmont could have no certain knowledge that the attack on Badajoz was
contemplated, whatever he might suspect. Therefore no transference
southward of the divisions behind the Agueda was begun till February
19th. But Wellington, with an eye on Marmont’s future movements,
contemplated a raid by Hill on the bridge of Almaraz, the nearest and
best passage which the French possessed on the Tagus. If it could be
broken by a flying column, any succours from the Army of Portugal to
the Army of the South would have to take a much longer route and waste
much time[229]. The project was abandoned, on Hill’s report that he
doubted of its practicability, since a successful _coup-de-main_ on
one of the bridge-head forts might not secure the actual destruction
of the boats, which the French might withdraw to the farther side of
the river, and relay at their leisure[230]. But, as we shall see, the
scheme was postponed and not entirely rejected: in May it was carried
out with complete success.

  [227] Wellington to Sir Howard Douglas, Jan. 22, _Dispatches_,
  viii. p. 568.

  [228] Wellington to Hill, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 567, same day as
  last.

  [229] Wellington to Hill, Jan. 28, _Dispatches_, viii. pp. 571-2
  and 586-7.

  [230] Wellington to Hill, Feb. 12, _Dispatches_. viii. p. 603.

While Wellington was awaiting the news that his siege artillery was
well forward on the way to Elvas, Marmont had been undergoing one of
his periodical lectures from Paris. A dispatch sent to him by Berthier
on January 23, and received at Valladolid on February 6th--fourteen
days only having been occupied by its travels--had of course no
reference to Wellington or Ciudad Rodrigo, the news of the investment
of that fortress having only reached Paris on January 27th. It was
mainly composed of censures on Montbrun’s Alicante expedition, which
Napoleon considered to have been undertaken with too large a force--’he
had ordered a flying column to be sent against Valencia, a whole army
corps had marched.’ But the paragraph in it which filled Marmont with
dismay was one ordering him to make over at once 6,000 men to the Army
of the North, whose numbers the Emperor considered to be running too
low, now that the two Guard divisions had been directed to return to
France.

‘Twenty-four hours after the receipt of this dispatch you will start
off on the march one of your divisions, with its divisional artillery,
and its exact composition as it stands at the moment of the arrival of
this order, and will send it to Burgos, to form part of the Army of
the North. His Majesty forbids you to change any general belonging to
this division, or to make any alterations in it. In return you will
receive three provisional regiments of detachments, about 5,000 men,
whom you may draft into your battalions. They are to start from Burgos
the day that the division which you are ordered to send arrives there.
All the Guards are under orders for France, and can only start when
your division has reached that place.... The Army of the North will
then consist of three divisions: (1) that which you are sending off;
(2) Caffarelli’s division (due at Pampeluna from Aragon); (3) a third
division which General Dorsenne will organize from the 34th Léger,
the 113th and 130th of the line and the Swiss battalions.... By this
arrangement the Army of the North will be in a position to aid you with
two divisions if the English should march against you[231].’

  [231] The ‘third division’ practically represented Thiébault’s
  old division of the Army of the North, which had long held the
  Salamanca district. This division was to be deprived of its
  Polish regiment (recalled to France with all other Poles) and
  to be given instead the 130th, then at Santander. But the 130th
  really belonged to the Army of Portugal (Sarrut’s division),
  though separated from it at the moment. So Marmont was being
  deprived of one regiment more.

Along with this dispatch arrived another from Dorsenne[232], clamouring
for the division which was to be given him--he had already got the
notice that he was to receive it, as he lay nearer to France than
Marmont. He promised that the three provisional regiments should be
sent off, as the Emperor directed, the moment that the ceded division
should reach him. The Duke of Ragusa could not refuse to obey such
peremptory orders from his master, and ordered Bonnet’s division, from
Benavente and Leon, to march on Burgos. His letter acknowledging the
receipt of the Emperor’s dispatch was plaintive. ‘I am informed that,
according to the new arrangement, the Army of the North will be in
a position to help me with two divisions if I am attacked. I doubt
whether His Majesty’s intentions on this point will be carried out, and
in no wise expect it. I believe that I am justified in fearing that
any troops sent me will have to be long waited for, and will be an
insignificant force when they do appear. Not to speak of the slowness
inevitable in all joint operations, it takes so long in Spain to get
dispatches through, and to collect troops, that I doubt whether I shall
obtain any help at the critical moment. ... The net result of all is
that I am left much weaker in numbers.’

  [232] Dorsenne to Marmont, from Uñas, Feb. 5.

Marmont might have added that the three provisional regiments, which he
was to receive in return for Bonnet’s division and the 130th Line, were
no real reinforcement, but his own drafts, long due to arrive at the
front, but detained by Dorsenne in Biscay and Old Castile to garrison
small posts and keep open communications. And he was not destined
to receive them as had been promised: Dorsenne wrote on February 24
apologizing for not forwarding them at once: they were guarding the
roads between Irun and Vittoria, and could not be spared till other
troops had been moved into their scattered garrisons to relieve them.

On January 27th the news of the advance of Wellington against Ciudad
Rodrigo had at last reached Paris--eight days after the fortress
had fallen. It caused the issue of new orders by the Emperor, all
exquisitely inappropriate when they reached Marmont’s hands on February
10th. The Marshal had been contemplating the tiresome results of the
storm of the fortress for nearly three weeks, but Napoleon’s orders
presupposed much spare time before Rodrigo would be in any danger:
Dorsenne is to stop the march of the Guards towards France, and to
bring up all the forces he can to help the Army of Portugal: Montbrun
will be back at Madrid by January 18 [on which day he was really in
the middle of the kingdom of Murcia], and at the front in Leon before
February 1st. After his arrival the Army of Portugal will be able to
take up its definitive line of action. Finally, there is a stab at
Marmont, ‘the English apparently have advanced in order to make a
diversion to hamper the siege of Valencia; they only did so because
they had got information of the great strength of the detachment which
the Army of Portugal made in that direction[233].’

  [233] Napoleon to Berthier, Jan. 27.

The Marshal could only reply by saying that the orders were all out of
date, that he had (as directed) given up Bonnet’s division to the Army
of the North, and that, Ciudad Rodrigo having fallen far earlier than
any one had expected, and long before any sufficient relieving force
could be collected, he had been unable to save it, and had now cantoned
his army (minus Bonnet) with four divisions in the valley of the Douro
and three in the valley of the Tagus, in expectation of an approaching
move on the part of Wellington towards Badajoz.

These dispositions had not long been completed when another dispatch
arrived from Paris, dated February 11th, in which the Emperor censured
once more all his lieutenant’s actions, and laid down for him a new
strategical policy from which he was forbidden to swerve.

‘The Emperor regrets that when you had the division of Souham and three
others united [i. e. on January 23] you did not move on Salamanca, to
make out what was going on. That would have given the English much
to think about, and might have been useful to Ciudad Rodrigo. The
way to help the army under the present circumstances is to place its
head-quarters at Salamanca, and concentrate your force there, detaching
one division to the Tagus valley and also reoccupying the Asturias.
[This concentration] will oblige the enemy to remain about Almeida and
in the North, for fear of an invasion of Portugal. You might even march
on Rodrigo, and, if you have the necessary siege artillery, capture the
place--your honour is bound up with it. If want of the artillery or
of food renders it necessary to put off such an operation, you could
at least make an incursion into Portugal, and advance towards the
Douro and Almeida. This menace would keep the enemy “contained”....
Your posture should be offensive, with Salamanca as base and Almeida
as objective: as long as the English know that you are in strength
at Salamanca they will not budge: but if you retire to Valladolid
yourself, and scatter divisions to the rear, and above all if you have
not got your cavalry effective by the time that the rainy season ends,
you will expose all the north of Spain to misfortunes.

‘It is indispensable to reoccupy the Asturias, because more troops are
needed to hold the edge of the plain as far as Biscay than to keep down
that province. Since the English are divided into two corps, one in the
South and the other opposite you, they cannot be in heavy strength: you
ought to outnumber them greatly.... I suppose that you consider the
English mad, for you believe them capable of marching against Badajoz
when you are at Salamanca, i. e. of allowing you to march to Lisbon
before they can get back. They will only go southward if you, by your
ill-devised schemes, keep two or three divisions detached on the Tagus:
that reassures them, and tells them that you have no offensive projects
against them.

‘To recapitulate, the Emperor’s intentions are that you should stop at
Salamanca, that you should reoccupy the Asturias, that your army should
base itself on Salamanca, and that from thence you should threaten the
English.’

It may seem profane to the worshippers of the Emperor to say that this
dispatch was purely wrong-headed, and argued a complete misconception
of the situation. But it is impossible to pass any other verdict
on it. Marmont, since Bonnet’s division had been stolen from him,
had seven divisions left, or about 44,000 men effective, including
cavalry and artillery. The Emperor tells him to keep one division on
the Tagus, to send a second to occupy the Asturias. This leaves him
about 34,000 net to concentrate at Salamanca. With this force he is
to attempt to besiege Rodrigo, or at least to execute a raid as far
as Almeida and the Douro. ‘The English are divided and so must be
much numerically inferior to you.’ But, as a matter of fact, the only
British detachment that was not under Wellington’s hand at the moment
was Hill’s 2nd Division, and he had just brought that up to Castello
Branco, and would have had it with him in five days, if Marmont had
advanced from Salamanca. The Marshal would have seen 55,000 men
falling upon his 34,000 if he had moved on any day before the 20th of
February, and Wellington was ‘spoiling for a fight,’ or, in his own
quiet phraseology, ‘if the French move this way, I hope to give a good
account of them[234].’ Supposing Marmont had, by some evil inspiration,
done what the Emperor had wished him to do before the orders came,
he would have been crushed by almost double numbers somewhere in the
neighbourhood of Rodrigo or Almeida. The battle of Salamanca would have
been fought six months too soon.

  [234] Wellington to Douglas, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 568.

This is the crucial objection to Napoleon’s main thesis: he underrated
Wellington’s numbers and his readiness to give battle. As to details
we may observe (1) that there was no siege-train to batter Rodrigo,
because the whole of the heavy guns of the Army of Portugal had been
captured in that fortress. (2) That Wellington was ‘mad’ enough to
march upon Badajoz with his whole army, precisely because he knew that,
even if Marmont should invade Portugal, he could never get to Lisbon.
He realized, as the Emperor did not, that an army of five or six
divisions could not march on Lisbon in the casual fashion recommended
in this dispatch, because it would starve by the way. Central Portugal,
still suffering from the blight of Masséna’s invasion, could not
have sustained 30,000 men marching in a mass and trying to live upon
the country in the usual French style. And Marmont, as his adversary
well knew, had neither great magazines at his base, nor the immense
transport train which would have permitted them to be utilized. The
best proof of the impracticability of Napoleon’s scheme was that
Marmont endeavoured to carry it out in April, when nothing lay in front
of him but Portuguese militia, and failed to penetrate more than a
few marches into the land, because he could not feed his army, and
therefore could not keep it concentrated.

The Marshal knew long beforehand that this plan was hopeless. He wrote
to Berthier from Valladolid on February 26th as follows:

‘Your Highness informs me that if my army is united at Salamanca the
English would be “mad” to move into Estremadura, leaving me behind
them, and free to advance on Lisbon. But they tried this precise
combination in May 1811, though all my army was then quite close to
Salamanca, and though the Army of the North was then twice as strong as
it is to-day, and though the season was then later and allowed us to
find provender for our horses, and though we were then in possession
of Ciudad Rodrigo. They considered at that time that we could not
undertake such an operation [as a march on Lisbon], and were perfectly
right. Will they think that it is practicable to-day, when all the
conditions which I have just cited are changed to our disadvantage, and
when they know that a great body of troops has returned to France?...
Consequently no movement on this side can help Badajoz. The only
possible course is to take measures directly bearing on that place, if
we are to bring pressure upon the enemy and hope to attain our end.
The Emperor seems to ignore the food question. This is the important
problem; and if it could be ended by the formation of base-magazines,
his orders could be executed with punctuality and precision. But we are
far from such a position--by no fault of mine.... When transferred to
the North in January, I found not a grain of wheat in the magazines,
not a sou in the treasury, unpaid debts everywhere. As the necessary
result of the absurd system of administration adopted here, there
was in existence a famine--real or artificial--whose severity was
difficult to realize. We could only get food for daily consumption in
our cantonments by using armed force: there is a long distance between
this state of affairs and the formation of magazines which would allow
us to move the army freely.... The English army is always concentrated
and can always be moved, because it has an adequate supply of money
and transport. Seven or eight thousand pack-mules bring up its daily
food--hay for its cavalry on the banks of the Coa and Agueda has
actually been sent out from England[235]. His Majesty may judge from
this fact the comparison between their means and ours--we have not
four days’ food in any of our magazines, we have no transport, we
cannot draw requisitions from the most wretched village without sending
thither a foraging party 200 strong: to live from day to day we have to
scatter detachments to vast distances, and always to be on the move....
It is possible that His Majesty may be dissatisfied with my arguments,
but I am bound to say that I cannot carry out the orders sent me
without bringing about a disaster ere long. If His Majesty thinks
otherwise, I must request to be superseded--a request not made for the
first time: if I am given a successor the command will of course be
placed in better hands[236].’

  [235] An exaggeration, but hay was actually brought to Lisbon and
  Coimbra, and used for the English cavalry brigades, which had
  been sent to the rear and cantoned on the Lower Mondego.

  [236] Marmont to Berthier, Valladolid, Feb. 26. Marmont’s
  _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 344-5.

[Illustration: _Marshal Marmont, Duke of Ragusa_]

This was an admirable summary of the whole situation in Spain, and
might have caused the Emperor to change his policy, if he had not by
this time so hardened himself in his false conceptions as to be past
conviction. As Marmont complains, his master had now built up for
himself an imaginary picture of the state of affairs in the Peninsula,
and argued as if the situation was what he wished it to be, not what
it actually was. ‘Il suppose vrai tout ce qu’il voudrait trouver
existant[237].’

  [237] Marmont’s ‘Observations on the Imperial Correspondence of
  Feb. 1812,’ _Mémoires_, iv. p. 512.

A subsequent letter from Paris, dated February 21st and received about
March 2nd, contained one small amelioration of Marmont’s lot--he
was told that he might take back Bonnet’s division, and not cede
it to Dorsenne, on condition that he sent it at once to occupy the
Asturias. But it then proceeded to lay down in the harshest terms the
condemnation of the Marshal’s strategy:

‘The Emperor charges me to repeat to you that you worry too much about
matters with which you have no concern. Your mission was to protect
Almeida and Rodrigo--and you have let them fall. You are told to
maintain and administer the North, and you abandon the Asturias--the
only point from which it can be dominated and contained. You are
getting into a state of alarm because Lord Wellington sends a division
or two towards Badajoz. Now Badajoz is a very strong fortress, and the
Duke of Dalmatia has 80,000 men, and can draw help from Marshal Suchet.
If Wellington were to march on Badajoz [he had done so the day before
this letter was written] you have a sure, prompt, and triumphant means
of bringing him back--that of marching on Rodrigo and Almeida.’

Marmont replied, with a suppressed rage that can be read between the
lines even more clearly than in his earlier letters, ‘Since the Emperor
attributes to me the fall of Almeida, which was given up before I had
actually taken over the command of this army[238], I cannot see what I
can do to shelter myself from censures at large: ... I am accused of
being the cause of the capture of Ciudad Rodrigo: it fell because it
had an insufficient garrison of inferior quality and a bad commandant.
Dorsenne was neither watchful nor prescient. Was it for me to take
care of a place not in my command, and separated from me by a chain
of mountains, and by the desert that had been made by the six months’
sojourn of the Army of Portugal in the valley of the Tagus?... I am
blamed for having cantoned myself in the valley of the Tagus after
repulsing Lord Wellington beyond the Coa [at the time of El Bodon],
but this was the result of the imperative orders of the Emperor, who
assigned me no other territory than the Tagus valley. Rodrigo was
occupied by troops of the Army of the North.... I have ordered General
Bonnet to reoccupy the Asturias at once, and quite see the importance
of the occupying of that province.... I am told that the Emperor thinks
that I busy myself too much about the interests of others, and not
enough about my own. I had considered that one of my duties (and one of
the most difficult of them) was to assist the Army of the South, and
that duty was formally imposed on me in some twenty dispatches, and
specially indicated by the order which bade me leave three divisions
in the valley of the Tagus. To-day I am informed that I am relieved
of that duty, and my position becomes simpler and better! But if the
Emperor relies with confidence on the effect which demonstrations
in the North will produce on the mind of Wellington, I must dare to
express my contrary opinion. Lord Wellington is quite aware that I have
no magazines, and is acquainted with the immensely difficult physical
character of the country, and its complete lack of food resources at
this season. He knows that my army is not in a position to cross the
Coa, even if no one opposes me, and that if we did so we should have to
turn back at the end of four days, unable to carry on the campaign, and
with our horses all starved to death[239].’

  [238] To be exact, it was on May 10 that Marmont took over the
  command from Masséna, and Almeida was evacuated by Brennier that
  same night.

  [239] I extract these various paragraphs from Marmont’s vast
  dispatch of March 2, omitting much more that is interesting and
  apposite.

This and much more to the same effect had apparently some effect on the
mind of the Emperor. But the result was confusing when formulated on
paper. Berthier replied on March 12:

‘Your letters of February 27 and 28 and March 2 have been laid before
the Emperor. His Majesty thinks that not only must you concentrate
at Salamanca, but that you must throw a bridge across the Agueda, so
that, if the enemy leaves less than five divisions north of the Tagus,
you may be able to advance to the Coa, against Almeida, and ravage all
northern Portugal. If Badajoz is captured by two divisions of the enemy
its loss will not be imputed to you, the entire responsibility will
fall on the Army of the South. If the enemy leaves only two, three, or
even four divisions north of the Tagus, the Army of Portugal will be
to blame if it does not at once march against the hostile force before
it, invest Almeida, ravage all northern Portugal, and push detachments
as far as the Mondego. Its rôle is simply to “contain” six British
divisions, or at least five: it must take the offensive in the North,
or, if the enemy has taken the initiative, or other circumstances
necessitate it, must dispatch to the Tagus, by Almaraz, the same number
of divisions that Lord Wellington shall have dispatched to conduct the
siege of Badajoz.’

This double-edged document reached Salamanca on March 27, _eleven days
after Wellington had invested Badajoz_. The whole allied field army had
marched for Estremadura in the last days of February, and not a single
British division remained north of the Tagus. In accordance with the
Emperor’s dispatches of February 11th and of February 18th, Marmont had
already concentrated the bulk of his resources at Salamanca, drawing
in everything except Bonnet (destined for the Asturias), Souham, who
was left on the Esla to face the Army of Galicia, and the equivalent of
another division distributed as garrisons in Astorga, Leon, Palencia,
Zamora, and Valladolid. With five divisions in hand, or just coming up,
he was on the move, as the Emperor had directed, to threaten Rodrigo
and Almeida and invade northern Portugal.

The Paris letter of March 12, quoted above, suddenly imposed on Marmont
the choice between continuing the attack on Portugal, to which he was
committed, or of leading his whole army by Almaraz to Badajoz--it must
be the whole army, since he was told to send just as many divisions
southward as Wellington should have moved in that direction, and every
one of the seven units of the allied army had gone off.

Since Badajoz was stormed on April 6th, only ten days after Marmont
received on March 27 the Emperor’s dispatch of March 12, it is clear
that he never could have arrived in time to help the fortress. In June
1811 he had accomplished a similar movement at a better season of the
year, and when some time had been allowed for preparation, in fifteen
days, but only by making forced marches of the most exhausting sort. It
could not have been done in so short a time in March or April, when the
crops were not ripe, the rivers were full, and the roads were far worse
than at midsummer. Moreover (as we shall presently see) Wellington had
placed a large containing force at Merida, half-way between Almaraz and
Badajoz, which Marmont would have had to drive in--at much expense of
time.

The Marshal’s perplexity on receiving the dispatch that came in upon
March 27 was extreme. ‘The instructions just received,’ he wrote
to Berthier, ‘are wholly contradictory to those of February 18 and
February 21, imperative orders which forced me, against my personal
conviction, to abandon my own plan, and to make it impossible to do
what I regarded as suitable to the interests of the Emperor. The
letters of February 18 and February 21 told me that his Majesty
thought me a meddler in matters which did not concern me: he told me
that it was unnecessary for me to worry about Badajoz, “a very strong
fortress supported by an army of 80,000 men.” ... He gave me formal
orders to abandon any idea of marching to succour it, and added that
if Lord Wellington went thither, he was to be left alone, because by
advancing to the Agueda I could bring him back at once. The letters of
the 18th and 21st made it quite clear that His Majesty freed me from
all responsibility for Badajoz, provided I made a demonstration on the
Agueda. ... To-day your Highness writes that I _am_ responsible for
Badajoz, if Lord Wellington undertakes its siege with more than two
divisions. The concluding paragraph of your letter seems to give me
permission to succour the place, by bringing up troops to the Tagus.
So, after imperative orders have wrecked my original arrangement, which
had prepared and assured an effective help for Badajoz, and after all
choice of methods has been forbidden to me, I am suddenly given an
option when it is no longer possible to use it.... To-day, when my
troops from the Tagus valley have repassed the mountains, and used up
the magazines collected there at their departure, when it is impossible
to get from Madrid the means to establish a new magazine at Almaraz, my
army, if it started from this point [Salamanca], would consume every
scrap of food that could be procured before it could possibly reach
Badajoz.... The movement was practicable when I was in my original
position: it is almost impracticable now, considering the season of the
year, and the probable time-limit of the enemy’s operations.... After
ripe reflection on the complicated situation, considering that my main
task is to hold down the North, and that this task is much greater
than that of holding the South, taking into consideration the news
that an English force is said to be landing at Corunna (an improbable
story, but one that is being repeatedly brought me), considering that
the Portuguese and Galician troops threaten to take the offensive from
Braganza, remembering that your letters of February 18 and 21 state
that Suchet’s Army of Aragon is reckoned able to reinforce the Army
of the South, and considering that my dispositions have been made (in
spite of immense preliminary difficulties) for a fifteen days’ march on
the Agueda, which is already begun, I decide in favour of continuing
that operation, though I have (as I said before) no great confidence in
its producing any effective result.

‘Accordingly I am putting the division that came up from the Tagus in
motion for Plasencia, with orders to spread the rumour that it is to
rejoin the army by the pass of Perales and enter Portugal; I start
from here with three more divisions for the Agueda; ... if I fought
on the Tormes I could put one more division in line, five in all: the
number of seven divisions of which the Emperor speaks could only be
concentrated if the Army of the North[240] could send two divisions to
replace my own two now on the lines of communications and the Esla.’

  [240] Marmont writes the Army of the Centre, evidently in
  confusion for the Army of the North. The nearest posts of the
  Army of the Centre were 150 miles away from the Esla, while
  the Army of the North at Burgos was much closer. Moreover, the
  Army of the Centre had not two infantry divisions, but only
  one--d’Armagnac’s--and some _Juramentado_ regiments.

The recapitulation of all this correspondence may seem tedious, but it
is necessary. When it is followed with care I think that one definite
fact emerges. Napoleon was directly and personally responsible for the
fall of Badajoz. Down to March 27th Marmont was strictly forbidden to
take any precautions for the safety of that fortress, and was censured
as a meddler and an alarmist, for wishing to keep a strong force in
the valley of the Tagus, ready to march thither. On March 27 he was
suddenly given an option of marching to Estremadura with his whole
army. It appears to be an option, not a definite order, for Berthier’s
sentence introducing the new scheme is alternative--the Army of
Portugal is ‘to take the offensive in the North _or_, under certain
circumstances, to march for Almaraz.’ But this point need not be
pressed, for if taken as a definite order it was impracticable: Marmont
received it so late that, if he had marched for Badajoz with the
greatest possible speed, he would have reached it some days after the
place was stormed. The fact that he believed that he would never have
got there at all, because lack of food would have stopped him on the
way, is indifferent. The essential point of Napoleon’s responsibility
is that he authorized the march too late, after having most stringently
forbidden it, in successive letters extending over several weeks.

That a march on Badajoz by the whole Army of Portugal (or so much of it
as was not required to contain the Galicians and to occupy Asturias),
if it had begun--as Marmont wished--in February or early March, would
have prevented Wellington from taking the fortress, is not certain.
A similar march in June 1811 had that effect, at the time of the
operations on the Caya. But Wellington’s position was much better
in February 1812 than it had been eight months earlier. This much,
however, is clear, that such an operation had a possible chance of
success, while Napoleon’s counter-scheme for a demonstration on the
Agueda and an invasion of the northern Beira had no such prospect.
The Emperor, for lack of comprehension of the local conditions,
misconceived its efficacy, as Marmont very cogently demonstrated in his
letters. Northern Portugal was a waste, where the Marshal’s army might
wander for a few days, but was certain to be starved before it was many
marches from the frontier. Napier, in an elaborate vindication of the
Emperor, tries to argue that the Marshal might have taken Rodrigo by
escalade without a battering-train, have assailed Almeida in similar
fashion, have menaced Oporto and occupied Coimbra[241]. He deliberately
ignores one essential condition of the war, viz. that because of the
French system of ‘living on the country,’ Marmont had no magazines, and
no transport sufficient to enable his army to conduct a long offensive
campaign in a devastated and hostile land. His paragraphs are mere
rhetoric of the most unfair kind. For example, he says, ‘Wellington
with 18,000 men[242] escaladed Badajoz, a powerful fortress defended by
an excellent governor and 5,000 French veterans: Marmont with 28,000
men would not attempt to escalade Rodrigo, although its breaches were
scarcely healed and its garrison disaffected.’ This statement omits the
essential details that Wellington had a large siege-train, had opened
three broad breaches in the walls of Badajoz, and, while the enemy
was fully occupied in defending them, escaladed distant points of the
_enceinte_ with success. Marmont had no siege-train, and therefore
could have made no breaches; he would have had to cope with an
undistracted garrison, holding ramparts everywhere intact. Moreover,
Ciudad Rodrigo and its outworks form a compact fortress, of not half
the circumference of Badajoz and its dependencies. If Ney and Masséna,
with an adequate siege apparatus, treated Rodrigo with respect in 1810,
and proceeded against it by regular operations, Marmont would have been
entirely unjustified in trying the desperate method of escalade in
1812. The fortifications, as Napier grudgingly admits, were ‘healed’:
an escalade against Carlos de España’s garrison would certainly have
met the same fate as Suchet’s assault on Saguntum, a much weaker and
unfinished stronghold. But it is unnecessary to follow into detail
Napier’s controversial statements, which are all part of a wrong-headed
scheme to prove Napoleon infallible on all occasions and at all costs.

  [241] See chapter vii of book iv, _Peninsular War_, iv. pp.
  138-40.

  [242] Why omit the 30,000 men of Graham and Hill?

The governing facts cannot be disputed: Marmont in February placed
three divisions on the Tagus, which were to form the advanced guard
of an army that was to march to the relief of Badajoz, whose siege he
foresaw. Napoleon told him not to concern himself about Badajoz, and
compelled him to concentrate his army about Salamanca. He instructed
him that the proper reply to an attack on Badajoz by Wellington was
an invasion of northern Portugal, and gave him elaborate instructions
concerning it. Marmont reluctantly obeyed, and was starting on such an
expedition when he was suddenly told that he might move on Badajoz.
But he only received this permission ten days before that fortress
was stormed: it was therefore useless. The Emperor must take the
responsibility.




SECTION XXXII: CHAPTER III

THE SIEGE OF BADAJOZ. MARCH-APRIL 1812


In narrating the troubles of the unlucky Duke of Ragusa, engaged
in fruitless strategical controversy with his master, we have been
carried far into the month of March 1812. It is necessary to return to
February 20th in order to take up the story of Wellington’s march to
Estremadura. We have seen that he commenced his artillery preparations
in January, by sending Alexander Dickson to Setubal, and dispatching a
large part of his siege-train southward, partly by sea, partly across
the difficult mountain roads of the Beira.

The Anglo-Portuguese infantry and cavalry, however, were not moved till
the guns were far on their way. It was Wellington’s intention to show
a large army on the frontier of Leon till the last possible moment. He
himself kept his old headquarters at Freneda, near Fuentes de Oñoro,
till March 5th, in order that Marmont might be led to persist in the
belief that his attention was still concentrated on the North. But,
starting from February 19th, his divisions, one by one, had made their
unostentatious departure for the South: on the day when he himself
followed them only one division (the 5th) and one cavalry brigade (V.
Alten’s) still remained behind the Agueda. The rest were at various
stages on their way to Elvas. Most of the divisions marched by the
route Sabugal, Castello Branco, Villa Velha, Niza. But the 1st Division
went by Abrantes, in order to pick up there its clothing for the new
year, which had been brought up the Tagus in boats from Lisbon to that
point. Some of the cavalry and the two independent Portuguese brigades
of Pack and Bradford, whose winter cantonments had been rather to the
rear, had separate routes of their own, through places so far west as
Thomar[243] and Coimbra. The three brigades of the 2nd Division, under
Hill, which had been brought up to Castello Branco at the beginning of
January, were at the head of the marching army, and reached Portalegre,
via Villa Velha, long before the rest of the troops were across the
Tagus. Indeed, the first of them (Ashworth’s Portuguese) started
as early as February 2nd, and was at Castello de Vide, near Elvas,
by February 8th, before the troops behind the Agueda had begun to
move[244].

  [243] This was the case with G. Anson’s brigade and Bradford’s
  Portuguese infantry. Pack went by Coimbra, Slade’s cavalry
  brigade by Covilhão, and the horse artillery of Bull and McDonald
  with it.

  [244] Nothing is rarer, as all students of the Peninsular War
  know to their cost, than a table of the exact movements of
  Wellington’s army on any march. For this particular movement the
  whole of the detailed orders happen to have been preserved in the
  D’Urban Papers. The starting-places of the units were:--

  1st Division--Gallegos, Carpio, Fuentes de Oñoro.

  3rd Division--Zamorra (by the Upper Agueda).

  4th Division--San Felices and Sesmiro.

  5th Division--Ciudad Rodrigo.

  6th Division--Albergaria (near Fuente Guinaldo).

  7th Division--Payo (in the Sierra de Gata).

  Light Division--Fuente Guinaldo.

  Bradford’s Portuguese--Barba del Puerco.

  Pack’s Portuguese--Campillo and Ituero.

  The marches were so arranged that the 7th Division passed through
  Castello Branco on Feb. 26, the 6th Division on Feb. 29, the
  Light Division on March 3, the 4th Division on March 5. All these
  were up to Portalegre, Villa Viçosa, or Castello de Vide, in
  touch with Elvas, by March 8. The 1st Division, coming by way of
  Abrantes, joined on March 10. Pack and Bradford, who had very
  circuitous routes, the one by Coimbra, the other by Thomar, were
  not up till several days later (16th). The 5th Division did not
  leave Rodrigo till March 9.

The lengthy column of infantry which had marched by Castello Branco and
the bridge of Villa Velha was cantoned in various places behind Elvas,
from Villa Viçosa to Portalegre, by March 8th: the 1st Division, coming
in from the Abrantes direction, joined them on March 10th, and halted
at Monforte and Azumar. Only the 5th Division and the two Portuguese
independent brigades were lacking, and of these the two former were
expected by the 16th, the latter by the 20th. With the exception of
the 5th Division the whole of Wellington’s field army was concentrated
near Elvas by the 16th. Only the 1st Hussars of the King’s German
Legion, under Victor Alten, had been left to keep the outpost line in
front of Ciudad Rodrigo, in order that the French vedettes in Leon
should not detect that all the army of Wellington had disappeared, as
they were bound to do if only Portuguese or Spanish cavalry showed at
the front[245]. Counting Hill’s corps, now long returned to its old
post in front of Badajoz, there were now nearly 60,000 troops nearing
Elvas, viz. of infantry, all the eight old Anglo-Portuguese divisions,
plus Hamilton’s Portuguese division[246], and Pack’s and Bradford’s
independent Portuguese brigades. Of cavalry not only were all the old
brigades assembled (save Alten’s single regiment), but two powerful
units now showed at the front for the first time. These were the
newly-landed brigade of German heavy dragoons under Bock[247], which
had arrived at Lisbon on January 1st, and Le Marchant’s brigade of
English heavy dragoons[248], which had disembarked in the autumn, but
had not hitherto been brought up to join the field army. Of Portuguese
horse J. Campbell’s brigade was also at the front: the other Portuguese
cavalry brigade, which had served on the Leon frontier during the
preceding autumn, had been made over to General Silveira, and sent
north of the Douro. But even after deducting this small brigade of 900
sabres, Wellington’s mounted arm was immensely stronger than it had
ever been before. He had concentrated it on the Alemtejo front, in
order that he might cope on equal terms with the very powerful cavalry
of Soult’s Army of Andalusia.

  [245] The other regiment of V. Alten’s brigade (11th Light
  Dragoons) was on March 12 at Ponte de Sor, on its way to the
  South.

  [246] Which lay at Arronches and Santa Olaya.

  [247] 1st and 2nd Heavy Dragoons K.G.L.

  [248] 3rd Dragoons, 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards. They had been
  lying during the winter in the direction of Castello Branco.

The Commander-in-Chief himself, travelling with his wonted speed, left
his old head-quarters at Freneda on March 5th, was at Castello Branco
on the 8th, at Portalegre on the 10th, and had reached Elvas, his
new head-quarters, on the 12th. Before leaving the North he had made
elaborate arrangements for the conduct of affairs in that quarter.
They are contained in two memoranda, given the one to Castaños, who
was still in command both of the Galician and the Estremaduran armies
of Spain, and the other to Generals Baccelar and Silveira, of whom the
former was in charge of the Portuguese department of the North, with
head-quarters at Oporto, and the other of the Tras-os-Montes, with
head-quarters at Villa Real[249].

  [249] Dated Feb. 24 and 27, _Dispatches_, viii. pp. 629 and 638.

It was a delicate matter to leave Marmont with nothing save the
Spaniards and Portuguese in his front. Of the former the available
troops were (1) the Army of Galicia, four weak field divisions, making
about 15,000 men, of whom only 550 were cavalry, while the artillery
counted only five batteries. There were 8,000 garrison and reserve
troops in Corunna, Vigo, Ferrol, and other fortified posts to the rear,
but these were unavailable for service[250]. Abadia still commanded
the whole army, under the nominal supervision of Castaños. He had one
division (3,000 men under Cabrera) at Puebla Senabria on the Portuguese
frontier, two (9,000 men under Losada and the Conde de Belveder) at
Villafranca, observing the French garrison of Astorga and Souham’s
division on the Esla, which supported that advanced post, and one
(2,500 men under Castañon) on the Asturian frontier watching Bonnet.
(2) The second Spanish force available consisted of that section of
the Army of Estremadura, which lay north of the Sierra de Gata, viz.
Carlos de España’s division of 5,000 men, of whom 3,000 had been thrown
into Ciudad Rodrigo, so that the surplus for the field was small, and
of Julian Sanchez’s very efficient guerrillero cavalry, who were about
1,200 strong and were now counted as part of the regular army and
formally styled ‘1st and 2nd Lancers of Castille.’

  [250] These figures are those of January, taken from the ‘morning
  state’ in _Los Ejércitos españoles_, the invaluable book of 1822
  published by the Spanish Staff.

The Portuguese troops left to defend the northern frontier were all
militia, with the exception of a couple of batteries of artillery and
the cavalry brigade of regulars which had been with Wellington in Leon
during the autumn, under Madden, but was now transferred to Silveira’s
charge, and set to watch the frontier of the Tras-os-Montes, with the
front regiment at Braganza. Silveira in that province had the four
local regiments of militia, of which each had only one of its two
battalions actually embodied. Baccelar had a much more important force,
but of the same quality, the twelve regiments forming the divisions
of Trant and J. Wilson, and comprising all the militia of the Entre
Douro e Minho province and of northern Beira. Three of these regiments
were immobilized by having been told off to serve as the garrison of
Almeida. Farther south Lecor had under arms the two militia regiments
of the Castello Branco country, watching their own district. The total
force of militia available on the whole frontier must have been about
20,000 men of very second-rate quality: each battalion had only been
under arms intermittently, for periods of six months, and the officers
were for the most part the inefficient leavings of the regular army. Of
the generals Silveira was enterprising, but over bold, as the record of
his earlier campaigns sufficiently demonstrated--Trant and Wilson had
hitherto displayed equal energy and more prudence: but in the oncoming
campaign they were convicted of Silveira’s fault, over-confidence.
Baccelar passed as a slow but fairly safe commander, rather lacking in
self-confidence.

Wellington’s very interesting memoranda divide the possibilities
of March-April into three heads, of which the last contains three
sub-sections:--

(1) Marmont may, on learning that Badajoz is in danger, march with
practically the whole of his army to succour it, as he did in May-June
1811. If this should occur, Abadia and Carlos de España will advance
and boldly take the offensive, laying siege to Astorga, Toro, Zamora,
Salamanca, and other fortified posts. Silveira will co-operate with
his cavalry and infantry, within the bounds of prudence, taking care
that his cavalry, which may support Abadia, does not lose communication
with, and a secure retreat upon, his infantry, which will not risk
itself.

(2) Marmont may leave a considerable force, perhaps the two divisions
of Souham and Bonnet, in Leon, while departing southward with the
greater part of his army: ‘this is the operation which it is probable
that the enemy will follow.’ What the Army of Galicia can then
accomplish will depend on the exact relative force of itself and of
the French left in front of it, and on the state of the fortified
places on the Douro and Tormes [Toro, Zamora, Salamanca] and the
degree of equipment with which General Abadia can provide himself for
siege-work. But España and Julian Sanchez must make all the play that
they can, and even Porlier and Longa, from distant Cantabria, must be
asked to co-operate in making mischief. Silveira and Baccelar will
support, but risk nothing.

(3) Marmont may send to Estremadura only the smaller half of his army,
and keep four or five divisions in the north, a force strong enough to
enable him to take the offensive. He may attack either (_a_) Galicia,
(_b_) Tras-os-Montes, or (_c_) the Beira, including Almeida and Ciudad
Rodrigo.

(_a_) If Marmont should invade Galicia, Abadia had better retreat, but
in the direction that will bring him near the frontiers of Portugal
(i. e. by Puebla Senabria) rather than on Lugo and Corunna. In that
case Silveira and Baccelar will be on the enemy’s flank and rear, and
will do as much mischief as they can on his communications, always
taking care that they do not, by pushing too far into Leon, lose their
communication with the Galicians or with Portugal. In proportion as the
French may advance farther into Galicia, Baccelar will take measures
to collect the whole of the militia of the Douro provinces northward.
Carlos de España and Julian Sanchez ought to have good opportunities of
making trouble for the enemy in the Salamanca district, if he pushes
far from his base.

(_b_) If Marmont should invade Tras-os-Montes [not a likely operation,
owing to the roughness of the country], Baccelar and Silveira should
oppose him in front, while Abadia would come down on his flank and
rear, and annoy him as much as possible. ‘Don Carlos and the guerrillas
might do a great deal of mischief in Castille.’

(_c_) If Marmont should attack Beira, advancing by Ciudad Rodrigo and
Almeida, both these fortresses are in such a state of defence as to
ensure them against capture by a _coup-de-main_, and are supplied with
provisions to suffice during any time that the enemy could possibly
remain in the country. Baccelar and Silveira will assemble all the
militia of the northern provinces in Upper Beira, and place themselves
in communication with Carlos de España. They will endeavour to protect
the magazines on the Douro and Mondego [at Celorico, Guarda, Lamego,
St. João de Pesqueira], and may live on the last in case of urgent
necessity, but not otherwise, as these stores could not easily be
replaced. An attempt should be made, if possible, to draw the enemy
into the Beira Baixa (i. e. the Castello Branco country) rather than
towards the Douro. Abadia will invade northern Leon; what he can do
depends on the force that Marmont leaves on the Esla, and the strength
of his garrisons at Astorga, Zamora, Toro, &c. Supposing Marmont takes
this direction, Carlos de España will destroy before him all the
bridges on the Yeltes and Huebra, and that of Barba del Puerco, and the
three bridges at Castillejo, all on the Lower Agueda.

It will be seen that the alternative (2) was Marmont’s own choice, and
that he would have carried it out but for Napoleon’s orders, which
definitively imposed upon him (3_c_) the raid into northern Beira.
With the inconclusive operations resulting from that movement we shall
deal in their proper place. It began on March 27th, and the Marshal
was over the Agueda on March 30th. The last British division had left
Ciudad Rodrigo three weeks before Marmont advanced, so difficult was
it for him to get full and correct information, and to collect a
sufficiently large army for invasion. On the 26th February he was under
the impression that two British divisions only had yet marched for
Badajoz, though five had really started. On March 6th, when only the
5th Division remained in the North, he still believed that Wellington
and a large fraction of his army were in their old positions. This
was the result of his adversary’s wisdom in stopping at Freneda till
March 5th; as long as he was there in person, it was still thought
probable by the French that only a detachment had marched southward.
Hence came the lateness of Marmont’s final advance: for a long time he
might consider that he was, as his master ordered, ‘containing’ several
British divisions and the Commander-in-Chief himself.

Meanwhile, on taking stock of his situation at Elvas on March 12th,
Wellington was reasonably satisfied. Not only was the greater part
of his army in hand, and the rest rapidly coming up, but the siege
material had escaped all the perils of storms by sea and rocky
defiles by land, and was much where he had expected it to be. The
material which moved by road, the sixteen 24-lb. howitzers which had
marched on January 30th, and a convoy of 24-pounder and 18-pounder
travelling-carriages and stores, which went off on February 2, had
both come to hand at Elvas, the first on February 25th, the second on
March 3, and were ready parked on the glacis. This was a wonderful
journey over mountain roads in the most rainy season of the year. The
sea-borne guns had also enjoyed a surprising immunity from winter
storms; Dickson, when he arrived at Setubal on February 10th, found
that the 24-pounders from Oporto had arrived thirty-six hours before
him, and on the 14th was beginning to forward them by river-boat to
Alcacer do Sal, from where they were drawn by oxen to Elvas, along
with their ammunition[251]. The only difficulty which arose was that
Wellington had asked Admiral Berkeley, commanding the squadron at
Lisbon, to lend him, as a supplementary train, twenty 18-pound ship
guns. The admiral sent twenty Russian guns (leavings of Siniavins’s
squadron captured in the Tagus at the time of the Convention of
Cintra). Dickson protested, as these pieces were of a different calibre
from the British 18-pounder, and would not take its shot. The admiral
refused to disgarnish his own flagship, which happened to be the only
vessel at Lisbon with home-made 18-pounders on board. Dickson had
to take the Russian guns perforce, and to cull for their ammunition
all the Portuguese stores at Lisbon, where a certain supply of round
shot that fitted was discovered, though many thousands had to be
rejected as ‘far too low.’ On March 8th the whole fifty-two guns of
the siege-train were reported ready, and the officer commanding the
Portuguese artillery at Elvas announced that he could even find a small
supplement, six old heavy English iron guns of the time of George II,
which had been in store there since General Burgoyne’s expedition of
1761, besides some Portuguese guns of similar calibre. The old brass
guns which had made such bad practice in 1811 were not this time
requisitioned--fortunately they were not needed. The garrison of Elvas
had for some weeks been at work making gabions and fascines, which
were all ready, as was also a large consignment of cutting-tools from
the Lisbon arsenal, and a train of twenty-two pontoons. Altogether the
material was in a wonderful state of completeness.

  [251] For details see Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, Appendix
  in vol. i. pp. 421-5, and the _Dickson Papers_, ed. Leslie, for
  Feb. 1812.

For the service of the siege Wellington could dispose of about 300
British and 560 Portuguese artillerymen, a much larger force than had
been available at the two unlucky leaguers of 1811. Colonel Framingham
was the senior officer in this arm present, but Wellington had directed
that Alexander Dickson should take charge of the whole service of the
siege, just as he had been entrusted with all the preparations for
it. There were fifteen British, five German Legion, and seventeen
Portuguese artillery officers under his command. The Portuguese gunners
mostly came from the 3rd or Elvas regiment, the British were drawn from
the companies of Holcombe, Gardiner, Glubb, and Rettberg.[252] Under
Colonel Fletcher, senior engineer officer, there were 115 men of the
Royal Military Artificers present at the commencement of the siege, and
an additional party came up from Cadiz during its last days. But though
this was an improvement over the state of things in 1811, the numbers
were still far too small; there were no trained miners whatever, and
the volunteers from the line acting as sappers, who were instructed by
the Artificers, were for the most part unskilful--only 120 men of the
3rd Division who had been at work during the leaguer of Ciudad Rodrigo
were comparatively efficient. The engineer arm was the weak point in
the siege, as Wellington complained in a letter which will have to be
dealt with in its proper place. He had already been urging on Lord
Liverpool the absolute necessity for the creation of permanent units
of men trained in the technicalities of siege-work. Soon after Rodrigo
fell he wrote, ‘I would beg to suggest to your lordship the expediency
of adding to the Engineer establishment a corps of sappers and miners.
It is inconceivable with what disadvantage we undertake a siege, for
want of assistance of this description. There is no French _corps
d’armée_ which has not a battalion of sappers and a company of miners.
We are obliged to depend for assistance of this sort upon the regiments
of the line; and, although the men are brave and willing, they want
the knowledge and training which are necessary. Many casualties occur,
and much valuable time is lost at the most critical period of the
siege[253],’

  [252] For details see Duncan’s _History of the Royal Artillery_,
  ii. pp. 318-19.

  [253] Wellington, _Dispatches_, viii. p. 601.

The situation on March 12th, save in this single respect, seemed
favourable. It was only fourteen miles from Elvas, where the
siege-train lay parked and the material was ready, to Badajoz.
Sufficient troops were already arrived not only to invest the place,
but to form a large covering army against any attempt of Soult to
raise the siege. There was every reason to believe that the advance
would take the French unawares. Only Drouet’s two divisions were in
Estremadura, and before they could be reinforced up to a strength
which would enable them to act with effect some weeks must elapse.
Soult, as in 1811, would have to borrow troops from Granada and the
Cadiz Lines before he could venture to take the offensive. Unless he
should raise the siege of Cadiz or evacuate Granada, he could not
gather more than 25,000 or 30,000 men at the very most: and it would
take him three weeks to collect so many. If he approached with some
such force, he could be fought, with very little risk: for it was not
now as at the time of Albuera: not three Anglo-Portuguese infantry
divisions, but eight were concentrated at Elvas: there would be nine
when the 5th Division arrived. Not three British cavalry regiments
(the weak point at Albuera), but fourteen were with the army. If Soult
should push forward for a battle, 40,000 men could be opposed to him,
all Anglo-Portuguese units of old formation, while 15,000 men were
left to invest Badajoz. Or if Wellington should choose to abandon the
investment for three days (as Beresford had done in May 1811) he could
bring 55,000 men to the contest, a force which must crush Soult by the
force of double numbers, unless he should raise the siege of Cadiz and
abandon Granada, so as to bring his whole army to the Guadiana. Even if
he took that desperate, but perhaps necessary, measure, and came with
45,000 men, leaving only Seville garrisoned behind him, there was no
reason to suppose that he could not be dealt with.

The only dangerous possibility was the intervention of Marmont with
five or six divisions of the Army of Portugal, as had happened at the
time of the operations on the Caya in June 1811. Wellington, as we
have seen in his directions to Baccelar and Castaños, thought this
intervention probable. But from the disposition of Marmont’s troops
at the moment of his own departure from Freneda, he thought that he
could count on three weeks, or a little more, of freedom from any
interference from this side. Two at least of Marmont’s divisions
(Souham and Bonnet) would almost certainly be left in the North, to
contain the Galicians and Asturians. Of the other six only one (Foy)
was in the valley of the Tagus: the rest were scattered about, at
Salamanca, Avila, Valladolid, &c., and would take time to collect[254].
Wellington was quite aware of Marmont’s difficulties with regard to
magazines; he also counted on the roughness of the roads, the fact that
the rivers were high in March, and (most of all) on the slowness with
which information would reach the French marshal[255]. Still, here lay
the risk, so far as Wellington could know. What he could not guess
was that the movement which he feared had been expressly forbidden
to Marmont by his master, and that only on March 27th was permission
granted to the Marshal to execute the march to Almaraz. By that time,
as we have already seen, it was too late for him to profit by the
tardily-granted leave.

  [254] For Wellington’s speculations (fairly correct) as to
  Marmont’s distribution of his troops, see _Dispatches_, viii. p.
  618, Feb. 19, to Graham.

  [255] Wellington to Victor Alten, March 5, _Dispatches_, viii. p.
  649, makes a special point of ‘the difficulties which the enemy
  experiences in getting intelligence’ as a means of gaining time
  for himself.

But it was the possibility of Marmont’s appearance on the scene, rather
than anything which might be feared from Soult, which made the siege
of Badajoz a time-problem, just as that of Ciudad Rodrigo had been.
The place must, if possible, be taken somewhere about the first week
in April, the earliest date at which a serious attempt at relief was
likely to be made[256].

  [256] Napier (iv. p. 98) tries to make out that Wellington’s
  siege began ten days later than he wished and hoped, by the fault
  of the Portuguese Regency. I cannot see how Badajoz could have
  been invested on the 6th of March, when (as the route-directions
  show) the head of the marching column from the Agueda only
  reached Portalegre on the 8th. The movement of the army was not
  delayed, so far as I can see, by the slackness of Portuguese
  management at Lisbon or Elvas. But Wellington certainly grumbled.
  Did he intend that Hill alone should invest Badajoz, before the
  rest of the army arrived?

On March 14th, every preparation being complete, the pontoon train,
with a good escort, moved out of Elvas, and was brought up to a point
on the Guadiana four miles west of Badajoz, where it was laid without
molestation. On the next day Le Marchant’s heavy dragoons crossed, but
(owing to an accident to one of the boats) no more troops. On the 16th,
however, the 3rd, 4th, and Light Divisions passed, and invested Badajoz
without meeting any opposition: the garrison kept within the walls,
and did not even prevent Colonel Fletcher, the commanding engineer,
from approaching for purposes of reconnaissance to the crest of the
Cerro de San Miguel, only 200 yards from the _enceinte_. The investing
corps of 12,000 bayonets was under Beresford, who had just returned
from a short and stormy visit to Lisbon, where he had been harrying
the regency, at Wellington’s request, upon financial matters, and
had been dealing sternly with the Junta de Viveres, or Commissariat
Department[257]. The situation had not been found a happy one. ‘After
a perfect investigation it appears that the expenditure must be nearly
£6,000,000--the means at present are £3,500,000! A radical reform
grounded upon a bold and fearless inquiry into every branch of the
revenue, expenditure, and subsidy, and an addition to the latter
from England, can alone put a period to these evils. To this Lord
Wellington, though late, is now turning his eyes. And when the Marshal,
in conjunction with our ambassador, shall have made his report, it must
be _immediately_ acted upon--for there is no time to lose[258].’

  [257] D’Urban’s diary, Feb. 7-16: he accompanied Beresford, being
  his Chief-of-the-Staff.

  [258] I spare the reader the question of Portuguese paper money
  and English exchequer bills, which will be found treated at great
  length in Napier, iv. pp. 97-9. Napier always appears to think
  that cash could be had by asking for it at London, in despite of
  the dreadful disappearance of the metallic currency and spread of
  irredeemable bank-notes which prevailed in 1812.

The investment was only part of the general movements of the army on
the 16th. The covering-force was proceeding to take up its position in
two sections. Graham with the 1st, 6th, and 7th Divisions, and Slade’s
and Le Marchant’s horse, crossed the Guadiana, and began to advance
down the high road to Seville, making for Santa Marta and Villafranca.
Hill with the other section, consisting of his own old troops of the
Estremaduran army, the 2nd Division and Hamilton’s Portuguese, Long’s
British and Campbell’s Portuguese cavalry, marched by the north bank
of the Guadiana, via Montijo, towards Merida, which had not been
occupied by either party since January 17th. These two columns, the
one 19,000, the other 14,000 strong, were to drive in the two French
divisions which were at this moment cantoned in Estremadura--Drouet
was known to be lying about Zafra and Llerena, covering the Seville
_chaussée_, Daricau to have his troops at Zalamea and Los Hornachos,
watching the great passage of the Guadiana at Merida. As each division
with its attendant cavalry was not much over 6,000 strong, there was
no danger of their combining so as to endanger either of the British
columns. Each was strong enough to give a good account of itself. Hill
and Graham were to push forward boldly, and drive their respective
enemies before them as far as the Sierra Morena, so that Soult, when he
should come up from Seville (as he undoubtedly would in the course of a
few weeks), should have no foothold in the Estremaduran plain to start
from, and would have to manœuvre back the containing force in his front
all the way from the summit of the passes to Albuera.

In addition to these two columns and the investing corps at Badajoz,
Wellington had a reserve of which some units had not yet come up,
though all were due in a few days, viz. the 5th Division, Pack’s and
Bradford’s independent Portuguese brigades, and the cavalry of Bock and
Anson--about 12,000 men--: the last of them would be up by the 21st at
latest.

There was still one more corps from which Wellington intended to get
useful assistance. This was the main body of the Spanish Army of
Estremadura, the troops of Penne Villemur and Morillo, about 1,000
horse and 4,000 foot[259], which he destined to play the same part in
this campaign that Blake had played during the last siege of Badajoz.
By Castaños’s leave this little force had been moved from its usual
haunts by Caçeres and Valencia de Alcantara, behind the Portuguese
frontier, to the Lower Guadiana, from whence it was to enter the
Condado de Niebla. It passed Redondo on March 17th on its way towards
San Lucar de Guadiana, feeding on magazines provided by its allies;
Penne Villemur’s orders were that he should establish himself in the
Condado (where there was still a small Spanish garrison at Ayamonte),
and strike at Seville, the moment that he heard that Soult had gone
north towards Estremadura. The city would be found ill-garrisoned by
convalescents, and _Juramentados_ of doubtful loyalty: if it were not
captured, its danger would at any rate cause Soult to turn back, just
as he had in June 1811, for he dared not lose his base and arsenal. It
was hoped that Ballasteros with his roving corps from the mountain of
Ronda would co-operate, when he found that the troops usually employed
to ‘contain’ him had marched off. But Ballasteros was always a ‘law
unto himself,’ and it was impossible to count upon him: he particularly
disliked suggestions from a British quarter, while Castaños was always
sensible and obliging[260].

  [259] The Conde had 1,114 horse and 3,638 foot on Jan. 1, not
  including two of Morillo’s battalions then absent. The total
  force used for the raid was probably as above.

  [260] Details in a dispatch to Colonel Austin of March 15,
  _Dispatches_, viii, p. 666. General scheme in a letter to
  Castaños of Feb. 16. Ibid., p. 614.

Before dealing with the operations of the actual siege of Badajoz,
which require to be studied in continuous sequence, it may be well to
deal with those of the covering corps.

Graham marched in two columns, one division by Albuera, two by
Almendral. He ran against the outposts of Drouet at Santa Marta, from
which a battalion and a few cavalry hastily retired to Villafranca,
where it was reported that Drouet himself was lying. Graham judged
that the French general would probably retire towards Llerena by the
main road, and hoped to harass, if not to surprise him, by a forced
night march on that place. This was executed in the night of the
18th-19th, but proved a disappointment: the vanguard of the British
column entered Llerena only to find it empty--Drouet had retired
not southward but eastward, so as to get into touch with Daricau’s
division at Zalamea--he had gone off by Ribera to Los Hornachos. Graham
thereupon halted his main body at Zafra, with the cavalry out as far
as Usagre and Fuente Cantos. A dispatch from Drouet to his brigadier
Reymond was intercepted on the 21st, and showed that the latter, with
four battalions at Fregenal, had been cut off from his chief by the
irruption of the British down the high-road, and was ordered to rejoin
him by way of Llerena. Graham thought that he might catch this little
force, so withdrew his cavalry from Llerena, in order that Reymond
might make his way thither unmolested, and be caught in a trap by
several British brigades converging upon him by a night march. This
operation, executed on the night of the 25th, unfortunately miscarried.
The French actually entered Llerena, but as the columns were closing in
upon them an unlucky accident occurred. Graham and his staff, riding
ahead of the 7th Division, ran into a cavalry picket, which charged
them. They came back helter-skelter on to the leading battalion of
the infantry, which fired promiscuously into the mass, killed two
staff officers, and nearly shot their general[261]. The noise of
this outburst of fire, and the return of their own dragoons, warned
the 1,800 French in Llerena, who escaped by a mountain path towards
Guadalcanal, and did not lose a man.

  [261] ‘Something too like a panic was occasioned at the head of
  the 7th by the appearance of the few French dragoons and the
  galloping back of the staff and orderlies. A confused firing
  broke out down the column without object! Mem.--Even British
  troops should not be allowed to load before a night attack.’
  D’Urban’s diary, March 26.

Improbable as it would have been judged, Drouet had abandoned the
Seville road altogether, and gone off eastward. His only communication
with Soult would have to be by Cordova: clearly he had refused to
be cut off from Daricau: possibly he may have hoped to await in the
direction of Zalamea and Castuera the arrival of troops from the Army
of Portugal, coming down by Truxillo and Medellin from Almaraz. For
Soult and his generals appear to have had no notice of the Emperor’s
prohibition to Marmont to send troops to Estremadura. On the other
hand the Duke of Ragusa had written, in perfect good faith, before
he received the imperial rescript, that he should come to the aid of
Badajoz with four or five divisions, as in June 1811, if the place were
threatened.

On the 27th Graham resolved to pursue Drouet eastward, even hoping
that he might slip in to the south of him, and drive him northward
in the direction of Merida and Medellin, where he would have fallen
into the arms of Hill’s column. He had reached Llera and La Higuera
when he intercepted another letter--this time from General Reymond
to Drouet; that officer, after escaping from Llerena on the night of
the 25th-26th, had marched to Azuaga, where he had picked up another
detachment under General Quiot. He announced that he was making the
best of his way towards Fuente Ovejuna, behind the main crest of the
Sierra Morena, by which circuitous route he hoped to join his chief.

Graham thought that he had now another opportunity of surprising
Reymond, while he was marching across his front, and swerving southward
again made a second forced night march on Azuaga. It failed, like that
on Llerena three days before--the French, warned by _Afrancesados_,
left in haste, and Graham’s exhausted troops only arrived in time to
see them disappear.

Reymond’s column was joined next day at Fuente Ovejuna by Drouet and
Daricau, so that the whole of the French force in Estremadura was
now concentrated--but in an unfavourable position, since they were
completely cut off from Seville, and could only retire on Cordova if
further pressed. Should Soult wish to join them with his reserves, he
would have to march up the Guadalquivir, losing four or five days.

Graham and his staff were flattering themselves that they had won a
considerable strategical advantage in this matter, when they were
disappointed, by receiving, on March 30, a dispatch from Wellington
prohibiting any further pursuit of Drouet, or any longer stay on the
slopes of the Sierra Morena. The column was ordered to come back and
canton itself about Fuente del Maestre, Almendralejo, and Villafranca.
By April 2nd the three divisions were established in these places.
Their recall would seem to have been caused by Wellington’s knowledge
that Soult had by now concentrated a heavy force at Seville, and that
if he advanced suddenly by the great _chaussée_, past Monasterio and
Fuente Cantos, Graham might be caught in a very advanced position
between him and Drouet, and find a difficulty in retreating to join
the main body of the army for a defensive battle on the Albuera
position[262].

  [262] For details of this forgotten campaign I rely mainly on
  D’Urban’s unpublished diary. As he knew Estremadura well, from
  having served there with Beresford in 1811, he was lent to
  Graham, and rode with his staff to advise about roads and the
  resources of the country.

Meanwhile Hill, with the other half of the covering army, had been
spending a less eventful fortnight. He reached Merida on March 17
and found it unoccupied. Drouet was reported to be at Villafranca,
Daricau to be lying with his troops spread wide between Medellin, Los
Hornachos, and Zalamea. Hill crossed the Guadiana and marched to look
for them: his first march was on Villafranca, but Drouet had already
slipped away from that point, avoiding Graham’s column. Hill then
turned in search of Daricau, and drove one of his brigades out of Don
Benito near Medellin. The bulk of the French division then went off to
the south-east, and ultimately joined Drouet at Fuente Ovejuna, though
it kept a rearguard at Castuera. Hill did not pursue, but remained in
the neighbourhood of Merida and Medellin, to guard these two great
passages of the Guadiana against any possible appearance of Marmont’s
troops from the direction of Almaraz and Truxillo. Wellington (it will
be remembered) had believed that Marmont would certainly come down with
a considerable force by this route, and (being ignorant of Napoleon’s
order to the Marshal) was expecting him to be heard of from day to day.
As a matter of fact only Foy’s single division was in the Tagus valley
at Talavera: that officer kept receiving dispatches for his chief from
Drouet and Soult, imploring that Marmont should move south without
delay. This was impossible, as Foy knew; but he became so troubled
by the repeated requests that he thought of marching, on his own
responsibility, to try to join Drouet. This became almost impracticable
when Drouet and Daricau withdrew southward to the borders of Andalusia:
but Foy then thought of executing a demonstration on Truxillo, on his
own account, hoping that it might at least distract Wellington. On
April 4 he wrote to Drouet that he was about to give out that he was
Marmont’s advanced guard, and to march, with 3,000 men only, on that
point, leaving the rest of his division in garrison at Talavera and
Almaraz; he would be at Truxillo on the 9th[263]. If he had started
a week earlier, he would have fallen into the hands of Hill, who was
waiting for him at Merida with four times his force. But the news of
the fall of Badajoz on the 6th reached him in time to prevent him from
running into the lion’s mouth. Otherwise, considering Hill’s enterprise
and Foy’s complete lack of cavalry, there might probably have been
something like a repetition of the surprise of Arroyo dos Molinos.

  [263] The letter may be found in King Joseph’s _Correspondance_,
  viii. pp. 345-6. See also Girod de l’Ain’s _Vie militaire du
  Général Foy_, pp. 368-9.

So much for the covering armies--it now remains to be seen how
Wellington dealt with Badajoz, in the three weeks during which Graham
and Hill were keeping the peace for him in southern and eastern
Estremadura.

On surveying the fortress upon March 16th the British engineers found
that it had been considerably strengthened since the last siege in
June 1811. Fort San Cristobal had been vastly improved--its glacis
and counterscarp had been raised, and a strong redoubt (called by the
French the Lunette Werlé, after the general killed at Albuera) had been
thrown up on the rising slope where Beresford’s breaching batteries
had stood, so that this ground would have to be won before it could be
again utilized. On the southern side of the Guadiana the Castle had
been provided with many more guns, and some parts of the precipitous
mound on which it stood had been scarped. The breach of 1811 had been
most solidly built up. No danger was feared in this quarter--it was
regarded as the strongest part of the defences. The approach toward
the much more accessible bastions just below the Castle had been made
difficult, by damming the Rivillas stream: its bridge near the San
Roque gate had been built up, and the accumulated water made a broad
pool which lay under the bastions of San Pedro and La Trinidad; its
overflow had been turned into the ditch in front of San Pedro, and, by
cutting a _cunette_ or channel, a deep but narrow water obstruction had
been formed in front of the Trinidad also--the broad dry ditch having a
narrow wet ditch sunk in its bottom just below the counterscarp. This
inundation was destined to give great trouble to the besiegers. The
Pardaleras fort had been connected with the city by a well-protected
trench between high earthen banks. Finally the three bastions on the
south side next the river, San Vincente, San José, and Santiago, had
been strengthened by demi-lunes, which they had hitherto lacked, and
also by driving a system of mines from their counterscarps under the
glacis: these were to be exploded if the besiegers should push up their
trenches and breaching batteries close to the walls on this side,
which was one of the weakest in the city, since it was not covered,
as were the other fronts, by outlying works like the Pardaleras and
Picurina forts or the San Roque lunette. The existence of this series
of mines was revealed to the besiegers by a French sergeant-major of
sappers, a skilful draughtsman, who had been employed in mapping out
the works. Having been insulted, as he conceived, by his captain,
and refused redress by the governor, he fled to the British camp in
a rage, and placed his map (where the mines are very clearly shown)
and his services at the disposition of Wellington[264]. The identical
map, a very neat piece of work, lies before me as I write these lines,
having passed into the possession of General D’Urban, the chief of
the Portuguese staff. It was in consequence of their knowledge of
these defences that the British engineers left the San Vincente front
alone[265].

  [264] This man is mentioned in Wellington’s Dispatches, viii.
  p. 609: ‘The _Sergent-major des Sapeurs_ and _Adjudant des
  travaux_ and the French miner may be sent in charge of a steady
  non-commissioned officer to Estremoz, there to wait till I send
  for them.’

  [265] This renegade’s name must have been Bonin, or Bossin: I
  cannot read with certainty his extraordinary signature, with a
  _paraphe_, at the bottom of his map. The English engineers used
  it, and have roughly sketched in their own works of the third
  siege on top of the original coloured drawing.

The garrison on March 15th consisted of five battalions of French
regulars, one each from certain regiments belonging to Conroux,
Leval, Drouet, and Daricau (2,767 men), of two battalions of the
Hesse-Darmstadt regiment of the Rheinbund division of the Army of the
Centre (910 men), three companies of artillery (261 men), two and a
half companies of sappers (260 men), a handful of cavalry (42 men), a
company of Spanish Juramentados, and (by casual chance) the escort of
a convoy which had entered the city two days before the siege began.
The whole (excluding non-combatants, medical and commissariat staff,
&c.) made up 4,700 men, not more than an adequate provision for such
a large place. The governor, Phillipon, the commandants of artillery
and engineers (the last-named, Lamare, was the historian of the three
sieges of Badajoz), and nearly all the staff had been in the fortress
for more than a year. The battalions of the garrison (though not the
same as those who had sustained the assaults of 1811) had been many
months settled in the place, and knew it almost as well as did the
staff. They were all picked troops, including the German regiment,
which had an excellent record. But undoubtedly the greatest factor
in the defence was the ingenuity and resource of the governor, which
surpassed all praise: oddly enough Phillipon did not show himself a
very skilful mover of troops in the field, when commanding a division
in the Army of Germany in 1813, after his capture and exchange: but
behind the walls of Badajoz he was unsurpassable[266].

  [266] When he commanded the 1st Division of the 1st Corps
  under Vandamme, and was present when that corps was nearly all
  destroyed on Aug. 30, 1813, at Culm.

The scheme of attack which Wellington, under the advice of his
engineers, employed against Badajoz in March 1812 differed entirely
from that of May-June 1811. The fact that the whole was a time-problem
remained the same: the danger that several of the French armies might,
if leisure were granted them, unite for its relief, was as clear as
ever. But the idea that the best method of procedure was to assail
the most commanding points of the fortress, whose capture would make
the rest untenable, was completely abandoned. Fort San Cristobal and
the lofty Castle were on this occasion to be left alone altogether.
The former was only observed by a single Portuguese brigade (first
Da Costa’s and later Power’s). The second was not breached, or even
battered with any serious intent. This time the front of attack was to
be the bastions of Santa Maria and La Trinidad, on the south-eastern
side of the town. The reason for leaving those of San Vincente and
San José, on the south-western side, unassailed--though they were
more accessible, and defended by no outer forts--was apparently the
report of the renegade French sergeant-major spoken of above; ‘they
were countermined, and therefore three or four successive lodgements
would have to be formed against them[267].’ To attack Santa Maria
and the Trinidad a preliminary operation was necessary--they were
covered by the Picurina fort, and only from the knoll on which that
work stands could they be battered with effect. The Picurina was far
weaker than the Pardaleras fort, from whose site a similar advantage
could be got against the bastions of San Roque and San Juan. It must
therefore be stormed, and on its emplacement would be fixed the
batteries of the second parallel, which were to do the main work of
breaching. The exceptional advantage to be secured in this way was that
the counterguard (inner protective bank) within the _glacis_ of the
Trinidad bastion was reputed to be so low, that from the Picurina knoll
the scarp of the bastion could be seen almost to its foot, and could
be much more effectively battered than any part of the defences whose
upper section alone was visible to the besieger.

  [267] Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, i. p. 163.

Despite, therefore, of the need for wasting no time, and of the fact
that the preliminary operations against the Picurina must cost a day or
two, this was the general plan of attack adopted. The investment had
been completed on the evening of the 16th: on the same day 120 carts
with stores of all kinds marched from Elvas, and on the 17th these were
already being deposited in the Engineers’ Park, behind the Cerro de San
Miguel, whose rounded top completely screened the preparations from the
sight of the garrison.

The besieged had no notion whatever as to the front which would, on
this third attempt, be selected for the attack of the British. The
elaborate fortifications and improvements made in the Castle and San
Cristobal tend to show that these old points of attack were expected
to be once more assailed. Hence the besiegers got the inestimable
advantage of an unmolested start on the night of March 17th. Colonel
Fletcher had risked the dangers of drawing the first parallel at a very
short distance from the Picurina fort. On a night of tempestuous rain
and high wind, a parallel 600 yards long was picketed out, on a line
ranging only from 160 to 200 yards from the covered-way of the work,
and 1,800 workmen in the course of the night threw up the parallel, and
4,000 feet of a communication-trench, leading backward to the head of
a ravine in the hill of San Miguel, which gave good cover for bringing
men and material up from the rear. Not a shot was fired by the French
all through the night, and at dawn the parallel and approach were
already 3 feet deep and 3 feet 6 inches wide--a good start.

With daylight the enemy discovered what had been done, and opened a
furious fire both of cannon and musketry upon the trenches. The three
nearest bastions of the fortress joined in with their heavy guns,
but the 18th was a day of such constant rain that even at a distance
of only 500 or 600 yards it was impossible to see much, or take
accurate aim at the trenches. The working parties went on deepening
and improving the parallel and the communication behind it, without
suffering any great loss.

During the night of the 18th-19th they were able to trace out and begin
two batteries, destined to breach the Picurina, in the line of the
parallel, and to extend it at both ends, from the Rivillas on one side
to the foot of the hill of San Miguel on the other.

This was visible on the following morning, and Phillipon thought the
prospects of the fort so bad that he resolved to risk a sortie, to
destroy at all costs the trenches which were so dangerously near to
their objective. At midday two battalions--1,000 men--starting from the
lunette of San Roque, dashed up the hill, got into the north end of the
parallel, and drove out the working parties for a distance of some 500
yards: they carried off many entrenching tools, for which the governor
had offered the _bonus_ of one dollar a piece. But they had no time to
do any serious damage to the parallel, for the guard of the trenches
and the working parties, rallying fifty yards up the hill, came down
on them in force, within a quarter of an hour, and evicted them again
after a sharp tussle. The loss on the two sides was very different--the
British lost 150 men, the besieged 304, of whom many were drowned in
the inundation, while trying to take short cuts through it to the
gates. The effect of the sortie had been practically _nil_, as far as
destroying the works went. During this skirmish Colonel Fletcher was
wounded in the groin by a ball, which hit his purse, and while failing
to penetrate further, forced a dollar-piece an inch into his thigh. He
was confined to his tent for some fourteen days, and his subordinates,
Majors Squire and Burgoyne, had to take up his duty, though Wellington
ordered that he should still retain nominal charge of the work, and
consulted him daily upon it.

On the next night (March 20th) the parallel and approach against the
Picurina being practically complete, and only the battery emplacements
in it requiring to be finished, the engineers of the besieging army
resolved to continue the line of trenches into the flat ground in
front of the Bastion of San Pedro and the Castle, it being intended
that batteries should be constructed here to play on the Trinidad and
the neighbouring parts of the fortress, when the Picurina should have
fallen. It would save time to have everything ready on this side, when
the fort should have been mastered. Trouble at once began--not only
from the enemy’s fire, which swept all this low ground, but still more
from the continuous bad weather. The rain which had easily run away
from the sloping trenches on the Cerro de San Miguel, lodged in the
new works, could not be drained off, and melted away the earth as fast
as it was thrown up. Mud cast into the gabions ran off in the form of
slimy water, and the parapets could only be kept upright by building
them of sandbags. The men were actually flooded out of the trenches
by the accumulated water, which was almost knee deep. In the rear the
Guadiana rose, and washed away the two bridges which connected the army
with its base at Elvas. The deluge lasted four days and was a terrible
hindrance, it being impossible to finish the parallel in the low
ground, or to begin moving the battering-guns, even those destined for
the long-completed batteries on the Cerro de San Miguel.

It was not till the afternoon of the 24th that fine weather at last
set in; this permitted the guns to be brought at once into the two
batteries facing the Picurina, and, after herculean efforts, into other
batteries (nos. 4 and 5) in the low ground also. Three days at least
had been lost from the vile weather.

On the morning of the 25th all the batteries opened simultaneously,
ten guns against the Picurina, eighteen against the parts of the
fortress behind it. The fort was completely silenced, as was the little
lunette of San Roque. Not much damage appeared to have been inflicted
on the Picurina beyond the breaking of many of its palisades, and the
degradation of its salient angle. But Wellington ordered that it should
be stormed that night, in order that he might make up for the lost time
of the 20th-24th.

The storm was duly carried out by General Kempt and 500 men of the
Light and the 3rd Divisions, at ten o’clock that night. It was a
desperate affair, for the ditch was deep, and not in the least filled
with rubbish, and the scarp was intact save at the extreme salient
angle. Though the garrison’s guns had been silenced, they kept up a
furious fire of musketry, which disabled 100 men before the stormers
reached the ditch. The main hope of the assault had been that two
turning columns might break in at the gorge: but it was found so
strongly closed, with a double row of palisades and a cutting, that all
efforts to force an entrance were repelled with loss. Baffled here,
one party tried the desperate expedient of casting three long ladders,
not into, but _across_ the ditch on the right flank of the fort, which
though deep was not so broad but that a 30-foot ladder would reach from
its lip to the row of fraises, or projecting beams, ranged horizontally
at the top of the scarp some feet below the brim of the parapet. The
ladders sagged down but did not break, and some fifty men headed by
Captain Oates of the 88th ran across on the rungs and got a lodgement
inside the fort. At the same moment General Kempt launched the reserve
of the storming party--100 men, mostly from the 2/83rd and headed by
Captain Powys of that regiment--at the exact salient of the fort, the
only place where it was seriously damaged, and succeeded in breaking
in. The garrison, who made a stubborn resistance, were overpowered--83
were killed or wounded, the governor, Colonel Gaspard-Thierry, and 145
taken prisoners, only 1 officer and 40 men escaped into the town. The
losses of the stormers had been over 50 per cent. of the men engaged!
Four officers and 50 rank and file were killed, 15 officers and 250 men
wounded, out of a little over 500 who joined in the assault. Phillipon
tried a sortie from the lunette of San Roque, just as the fort fell, in
hopes to recover it: but the battalion which came out was easily beaten
off by the fire of the men in the trenches to the right, and lost 50
killed and wounded.

The last stage of the siege had now been reached. By capturing
the Picurina on its commanding knoll, the British had established
themselves within 400 yards of the Trinidad and 450 yards of the Santa
Maria bastions, which they could batter with every advantage of slope
and ground. But it was a very costly business to make the necessary
lodgement in the ruined fort, to demolish it, and throw its earth in
the reverse direction, and to build in its gorge the two batteries
(nos. 8, 9), which were to breach the body of the place. The fire of
three bastions bore directly on the spot where the batteries were to
be placed, and there was also a most deadly enfilading fire from the
high-lying Castle, and even from the distant San Cristobal. Though the
three batteries in the flat ground (to which a fourth was presently
added) endeavoured to silence this fire, they only succeeded in doing
so very imperfectly, for the French kept replacing one gun by another,
from their ample store, when any were disabled. From the 26th to the
30th four days were employed in building the Picurina batteries, with
great loss of life all the time, which fell mainly on the engineer
officers who were directing the work and on the sappers under their
orders. The French covered the whole of the Picurina knoll with such
a hail of projectiles that no amount of cover seemed to guarantee
those labouring in it from sudden death. When the batteries had been
completed, the bringing forward of the guns and the ammunition cost
many lives more. Twice there were considerable explosions of powder,
while the magazines in the batteries were being filled.

At last, however, on March 30, one of the two new batteries in the
gorge of the Picurina was able to open, and on the 31st the other
followed suit, supported by a third supplementary battery (no. 7),
planned under the left flank of the fort. The practice was excellent,
but at first the effect was not all that had been hoped: the Trinidad
and the Santa Maria bastions were solidly built and resisted well. On
April 2, however, both began to show considerable and obvious injury,
and it was clear that a few days more would ruin them. But there was
one serious _contretemps_: the inundation between the Picurina and the
fortress showed no signs of going down--it had been swollen by the
rains of the 20th-24th, and could not flow away so long as the dam at
the lunette of San Roque kept it back. While the water was held up,
the breaches, soon about to develop, could only be got at by a narrow
and curved route, between the inundation and the steep slope on which
stands the Pardaleras. It had been intended that the assault should be
delivered from the trenches, but this was impossible till the Rivillas
should have fallen to its usual insignificant breadth and depth. Hence
efforts were made to burst the dam at all costs, but neither did
artillery fire suffice, nor a venturesome expedition on the night of
the 2nd of April by the engineer Lieutenant Stanway and 20 sappers, who
slipped down the ravine and laid powder-bags against the dam, despite
of the French fire. The powder exploded, but did not do its work. For
several days an attempt was made to sap down to the dam from the second
parallel. But it cost so many lives at the head of the sap, and the
zig-zags advanced so slowly, that on the 3rd of April the attempt was
given up, and it was determined that the breaches must be assaulted
from the west bank of the Rivillas only.

Meanwhile the two breaches, the larger one in the front of the Trinidad
bastion, the smaller in the flank of the Santa Maria, began to be very
apparent, and gave good hope to the besiegers. The French, however,
delayed their progress by the most gallant efforts: 200 men worked in
the ditch after dark, to clear away the débris that was falling into
it. This they did under constant artillery fire from the batteries,
which played on the ditch with grape at intervals in the night, and
killed scores of the workmen. They also deepened the ditch at the foot
of the counterscarp, till it was 18 feet from the covered-way to the
bottom of its level. The ruined parapets were built up every night
with earth and wool-packs, only to be destroyed again every morning.
The garrison began to feel uncomfortable, for not only was the loss of
life great, but the furious fire, by which they strove to keep down the
efficiency of the siege-batteries, had begun to tell so much on their
reserves of ammunition that, by April 3, there was no common shell
left, and very little grape--of the round-shot much more than half had
been expended. Phillipon was obliged to order the artillerymen to be
sparing, or a few days more would leave him helpless. As the French
fire slackened, that of the besiegers grew more intense, and Wellington
put forward the last twelve guns of his siege-park, hitherto reserved,
to form some new supplementary batteries on the right of his line [nos.
10, 11, 12].

On April 4th the breaches were both growing practicable, and news from
the South warned Wellington that he must hurry; Soult was at last over
the Sierra Morena with all the troops that he could scrape together
from Andalusia. It was lucky indeed that Marmont was not marching to
join Soult, but was executing a raid into central Portugal, not by
his own wish but by the special orders of the Emperor, as has already
been explained elsewhere. His irruption into the Beira was absolutely
disregarded by Wellington: for as long as the two French armies were
not united, the British commander did not much fear either of them.
Still, if Soult came close up to Badajoz, it would be necessary to send
part of the siege-troops to join the covering force--and this would be
inconvenient. Wherefore Wellington resolved to strike at once, while
Soult was still four or five marches away.

On the 4th the breaches, both in the Trinidad and in Santa Maria,
looked practicable--on the morning of the 5th they were certainly so.
But the question was raised as to whether the mere practicability of
the breaches was enough to ensure success--it was clearly made out that
the garrisons were building a semicircular inner retrenchment among the
houses of the town, which would cut off the breaches, and give a second
line of resistance. Moreover Colonel Fletcher, who was just out of bed,
his wound of the 19th March being on the mend, reported from personal
observation that it was clear that all manner of obstacles were being
accumulated behind both breaches, and every preparation made for a
desperate defence of them. Wherefore Wellington ordered the storm to
be put off for a day, and turned two batteries on to a new spot, where
Spanish informants reported that the wall of the curtain was badly
built, between Santa Maria and the Trinidad. So true was this report,
that a very few hours battering on the morning of the 6th made a third
breach at this point, as practicable as either of the others.

To prevent the enemy from getting time to retrench this third opening
into the town, the storm was ordered for 7.30 o’clock on the same
evening--it would have been well if the hour had been kept as first
settled.




SECTION XXXII: CHAPTER IV

THE STORM OF BADAJOZ. APRIL 6, 1812


The arrangements which Wellington made for the assault--a business
which he knew would be costly, and not absolutely certain of
success--were as follows.

The Light and 4th Divisions were told off for the main attack at
the three breaches. They were forced to make it on the narrow front
west of the Rivillas, because the inundation cramped their approach
on the right. The 4th Division, under Colville, was to keep nearest
to that water, and to assail the breach in the Trinidad bastion and
also the new breach in the curtain to its left. The Light Division
was to devote itself to the breach in the flank of Santa Maria. Each
division was to provide an advance of 500 men, with which went twelve
ladders and a party carrying hay-bags to cast into the ditch. For the
counterscarp not being ruined, it was clear that there would be a very
deep jump into the depths. The two divisions followed in columns of
brigades, each with a British brigade leading, the Portuguese in the
centre, and the other British brigade in the rear. Neither division was
quite complete--the 4th having to provide the guard of the trenches
that night, while the Light Division detached some of its rifles, to
distract the attention of the enemy in the bastions to the left, by
lying down on the glacis and firing into the embrasures when their
cannon should open. Hence the Light Division put only 3,000, the 4th
3,500 men into the assault. When the breaches were carried, the Light
Division was to wheel to the left, the 4th to the right, and to sweep
along the neighbouring bastions on each side. A reserve was to be left
at the quarries below the Pardaleras height, and called up when it was
needed.

In addition to the main assault two subsidiary attacks were to be
made--a third (as we shall see) was added at the last moment. The
guards of the trenches, furnished by the 4th Division, were to try to
rush the lunette of San Roque, which was in a dilapidated condition,
and were to cut away the dam if successful. A much more serious matter
was that, on the express petition of General Picton, he was allowed to
make an attempt to take the Castle by _escalade_. This daring officer
argued that all the attention of the enemy would be concentrated on
the breaches, and that the Castle was in itself so strong that it was
probable the governor would only leave a minimum garrison in it. He had
marked spots in its front where the walls were comparatively low, owing
to the way in which the rocky and grassy slope at its foot ran up and
down. The escalade was to be a surprise--the division was to cross the
Rivillas at a point far below the inundation, where the ruins of a mill
spanned the stream, and was to drag ladders up the steep mound to the
foot of the wall.

Two demonstrations, or false attacks, were to be made with the
intention of distracting the enemy--one by Power’s Portuguese brigade
beyond the Guadiana, who were to threaten an escalade on the fort
at the bridge-head: the other by the Portuguese of the 5th Division
against the Pardaleras. At the last moment--the order does not appear
in the full draft of the directions for the storm--Leith, commanding
the 5th Division, was told that he might try an escalade, similar to
that allotted to Picton, against the river-bastion of San Vincente, the
extreme north-west point of the defences, and one that had hitherto
been left entirely untouched by the besiegers. For this he was to
employ one of his two British brigades, leaving the other in reserve.

Every student of the Peninsular War knows the unexpected result of the
storm: the regular assault on the breaches failed with awful loss, but
all the three subsidiary attacks, on San Roque, the Castle, and San
Vincente, succeeded in the most brilliant style, so that Badajoz was
duly taken, but not in the way that Wellington intended.

The reason why the main assault failed was purely and simply that
Phillipon and his garrison put into the defence of the breaches
not only the most devoted courage, but such an accumulation of
ingenious devices as had never before been seen in a siege of that
generation--apparently Phillipon must share the credit with his
commanding engineer, Lamare, the historian of the siege. The normal
precaution of cutting off the breaches by retrenchments on both sides,
and of throwing up parapets of earth, sandbags, and wool-packs behind
them, was the least part of the work done. What turned out more
effective was a series of mines and explosive barrels planted at the
foot of the counterscarp, and connected with the ramparts by covered
trains. This was on the near side of the ditch, where there was dead
ground unsearched by the besiegers’ artillery. In the bottom of it,
and at the foot of the breaches, had been placed or thrown all manner
of large cumbrous obstacles, carts and barrows turned upside down,
several large damaged boats, some rope entanglements, and piles of
broken gabions and fascines. The slopes of the breaches had been strewn
with crowsfeet, and were covered with beams studded with nails, not
fixed, but hung by ropes from the lip of the breach; in some places
harrows, and doors studded with long spikes, were set upon the slope.
At the top of each breach was a device never forgotten by any observer,
the _chevaux de frise_, formed of cavalry sword-blades[268] set in
foot-square beams, and chained down at their ends. For the defence of
the three breaches Phillipon had told off 700 men, composed of the
light and grenadier companies of each of his battalions, plus the
four fusilier companies of the 103rd Line--about 1,200 men in all. A
battalion of the 88th was in the cathedral square behind, as general
reserve. The two Hessian battalions were on the left, holding the
Castle, the lunette of San Roque, and the San Pedro bastion. The three
other French battalions occupied the long range of bastions from San
Juan to San Vincente. As there had been many casualties, the total of
the available men had sunk to about 4,000, and since nearly half of
them were concentrated at or behind the breaches, the guard was rather
thin at other points--especially (as Picton had calculated) at the
Castle, which, though its front was long, was held by only 250 men,
mostly Hessians.

  [268] These swords were those of the large body of Spanish
  dismounted cavalry which had surrendered at the capitulation in
  March 1811.

It was a most unfortunate thing that the time of the assault,
originally fixed for 7.30, was put off till 10--and that the
siege-batteries slacked down after dark. For the two hours thus
granted to the besieged were well spent in repairing and strengthening
all their devices for defence. An earlier assault would have found the
preparations incomplete, especially in the matter of the combustibles
placed in the ditch.

It would be useless, in the narrative of the doings of this bloody
night, to make any attempt to vie with those paragraphs of lurid
description which make Napier’s account of the storm of Badajoz perhaps
the most striking section of one of the most eloquent books in the
English language. All that will be here attempted is to give a clear
and concise note of what happened between ten and one o’clock on the
night of April 6, 1812, so far as it is possible to secure a coherent
tale from the diaries and memoirs of a number of eye-witnesses.
Burgoyne and Jones of the Royal Engineers, Dickson the commander of the
Artillery, Grattan and McCarthy from the 3rd Division, Leith Hay of
the 5th, and Kincaid, Simmons, and Harry Smith of the Light Division,
along with many more less well-known authorities, must serve as our
instructors, each for the part of the storm in which he was himself
concerned.

It had been intended, as was said above, that all the columns should
converge simultaneously on their points of attack, and for that reason
the distances between the starting-point of each division and its
objective had been calculated with care. But, as a matter of fact, the
hour of 10 p.m. was not quite accurately kept. On the right Picton’s
division was descried by the French in the Castle as it was lining
the first parallel, and was heavily fired upon at 9.45, whereupon the
general, seeing that his men were discovered, ordered the advance to
begin at once--the 3rd Division was fording the Rivillas under a blaze
of fire from the Castle and the San Pedro bastion before 10 struck
on the cathedral clock. On the other hand, at the western flank, the
officer in charge of the ladder and hay-bag party which was to lead the
5th Division, lost his way along the bank of the Guadiana, while coming
up from the Park to take his place at the head of Leith’s men. The
column had to wait for the ladders, and was more than an hour late in
starting. Only the central attack, on the three breaches, was delivered
with exact punctuality.

It is perhaps best to deal with this unhappy assault first--it was a
horrible affair, and fully two-thirds of the losses that night were
incurred in it. The two divisions, as ordered, came down the ravine
to the left of the Pardaleras hill without being discovered: the line
of vision from the town was in their favour till they were actually
on the glacis, and heavy firing against Picton’s column was heard as
they came forward. The 4th Division was turning to the right, the Light
Division to the left, just as they drew near the ditch, when suddenly
they were descried, and the French, who were well prepared and had long
been waiting for the expected assault, opened on them with musketry
from all the breaches, and with artillery from the unruined flanking
bastions. The storm began as unhappily as it was to end. The advance
of the 4th Division bearing to the right, came on a part of the ditch
into which the inundation had been admitted--not knowing its depth,
nor that the French had made a six-foot cutting at the foot of the
counterscarp. Many men, not waiting for the ladders, sprang down into
the water, thinking it to be a mere puddle. The leading files nearly
all perished--the regimental record of the Welsh Fusiliers shows
twenty men drowned--that of the Portuguese regiment which was behind
the Fusiliers as many as thirty. Finding the ditch impassable here,
the rest of the 4th Division storming-party swerved to the left, and,
getting beyond the inundation, planted their ladders there: some came
down in this way, more by simply taking a fourteen-foot leap on to the
hay-bags, which they duly cast down. At the same moment the advance
of the Light Division descended in a similar fashion into the ditch
farther to the left, towards Santa Maria. Many men were already at the
bottom, the rest crowded on the edge, where the French engineers fired
the series of fougasses, mines, and powder-barrels which had been laid
in the ditch. They worked perfectly, and the result was appalling--the
500 volunteers who formed the advance of each division were almost all
slain, scorched, or disabled. Every one of the engineer officers set
to guide the column was killed or wounded, and the want of direction,
caused by the absence of any one who knew the topography of the
breaches, had the most serious effect during the rest of the storm. Of
the Light Division officers with the advance only two escaped unhurt.

There was a horrible check for a minute or two, and then the heads of
the main column of each division reached the edge of the ditch, and
began to leap down, or to make use of those of the ladders which had
not been broken. The gulf below was all ablaze, for the explosions had
set fire to the carts, boats, broken gabions, &c., which the French
had set in the ditch, and they were burning furiously--every man as
he descended was clearly visible to the enemy entrenched on the top
of the breaches. The troops suffered severely as they dribbled over
the edge of the counterscarp, and began to accumulate in the ditch.
From the first there was great confusion--the two divisions got mixed,
because the 4th had been forced to swerve to its left to avoid the
inundation, and so was on ground originally intended for the Light.
Many men mistook an unfinished ravelin in the bottom of the ditch for
the foot of the central breach, and climbed it, only to find themselves
on a mass of earth divided by a wide sunken space from the point
they were aiming at. To get to the foot of the largest breach, that
in the Trinidad bastion, it was necessary to push some way along the
blazing bottom of the ditch, so as to turn and get round the end of the
inundation. The main thrust of the attack, however, went this way, only
part of the Light Division making for the Santa Maria breach, on which
it had been intended that all should concentrate. As to the central
breach in the curtain, it seems that few or none made their way[269]
thither: the disappointment on reaching the top of the ravelin in front
of it, made all who got alive to that point turn right or left, instead
of descending and pushing straight on. Jones records that next morning
there was hardly a single body of an English soldier on the central
breach, while the slopes and foot of each of the two flank breaches
were heaped with hundreds of corpses. This was a misfortune, as the
curtain breach was the easiest of the three, and having been made only
that afternoon was not retrenched like the others.

  [269] This fact, much insisted on by Jones, is disputed by
  certain Light Division witnesses, but does not seem to be
  disproved by them.

From ten to twelve the surviving men in the ditch, fed by the coming up
of the rear battalions of each division, and finally by the reserve,
delivered a series of desperate but disorderly attacks on the Trinidad
and Santa Maria breaches. It is said that on no occasion did more
than the equivalent of a company storm at once--each officer as he
struggled to the front with those of his men who stuck to him, tried
the breach opposite him, and was shot down nearer or farther from its
foot. Very few ever arrived at the top, with its _chevaux de frise_ of
sword-blades. The footing among the beams and spikes was uncertain,
and the French fire absolutely deadly--every man was armed with three
muskets. Next morning observers say that they noted only one corpse
impaled on the _chevaux de frise_ of the Trinidad breach, and a few
more under it, as if men had tried to crawl below, and had had their
heads beaten in or blown to pieces. But the lower parts of the ascent
were absolutely carpeted with the dead, lying one on another.

More than two hours were spent in these desperate but vain attempts
to carry the breaches: it is said that as many as forty separate
assaults were made, but all to no effect--the fire concentrated on the
attacked front was too heavy for any man to face. At last the assaults
ceased: the survivors stood--unable to get forward, unwilling to
retreat--vainly answering the volleys of the French on the walls above
them by an ineffective fire of musketry. Just after twelve, Wellington,
who had been waiting on the hill above, receiving from time to time
reports of the progress of the assault, sent down orders for the recall
of the two divisions. They retired, most unwillingly, and formed up
again, in sadly diminished numbers, not far from the glacis. The only
benefit obtained from their dreadful exertions was that the attention
of the French had been concentrated on the breaches for two hours--and
meanwhile (without their knowledge) the game had been settled elsewhere.

The losses had been frightful--over one man in four of those engaged:
the Light Division had 68 officers and 861 men killed and wounded out
of about 3,000 present: the 4th Division 84 officers and 841 men out of
3,500. The Portuguese battalions which served with them had lost 400
men more--altogether 2,200 of the best troops in Wellington’s army had
fallen--and all to no result.

But while the main stroke failed, each of the subsidiary attacks,
under Picton and Leith, had met with complete success, and despite
of the disaster on the breaches, Badajoz was at Wellington’s mercy by
midnight. The success of either escalade by itself would have been
enough to settle the game.

Picton’s division, as already mentioned, had been detected by the
French as it was filing into the parallel below the Castle: and since
a heavy fire was at once opened on it, there was no use in halting,
and the general gave the order to advance without delay. The men
went forward on a narrow front, having to cross the Rivillas at the
ruined mill where alone it was fordable. This was done under fire, but
with no great loss. The palisade on the other bank of the stream was
broken down by a general rush, and the storming-party found itself
at the foot of the lofty Castle hill. To get the ladders up it was a
most difficult business--the slope was very steep, almost precipitous
in parts, and the ladders were thirty feet long and terribly heavy.
Though no assault had been expected here, and the preparations were
not so elaborate as at the breaches, yet the besieged were not caught
unprepared, and the column, as it climbed the hill, was torn by cannon
shot and thinned by musketry. The French threw fire-balls over the
wall, and other incandescent stuff (_carcasses_), so there was fair
light by which to see the stormers. Picton was hit in the groin down
by the Rivillas, and the charge of the assault fell to his senior
brigadier, Kempt, and Major Burgoyne of the Engineers. The narrow space
at the foot of the walls being reached, the ladders were reared, one
after the other, toward the south end of the Castle wall. Six being
at last ready in spots close to each other, an attempt was made to
mount, with an officer at the head of each. But the fire was so heavy,
that no man reached the last rungs alive, and the enemy overthrew
all the ladders and broke several of them. One is said to have been
pulled up by main force into the Castle! Meanwhile the besieged cast
heavy stones and broken beams into the mass of men clustering along
the foot of the wall, and slew many. But the 3rd Division was not
spent--Kempt’s brigade had delivered the first rush--Champlemond’s
Portuguese headed the second, when they had climbed the slope--but also
to no effect. Lastly the rear brigade--Campbell’s--came up, and gave
a new impetus to the attack. There was now a very large force, 4,000
men, striving all along the base of the wall, on a front of some 200
yards. Wherever footing could be found ladders were reared, now at
considerable distances from each other. The garrison of the Castle was
not large--two Hessian and one French company and the gunners, under
300 men, and when simultaneous attacks were delivered at many points,
some of them were scantily opposed. Hence it came that in more places
than one men at last scrambled to the crest of the wall. A private of
the 45th is said to have been the first man whose body fell inside,
not outside, the battlements--the second, we are told, was an ensign
(McAlpin) of the 88th, who defended himself for a moment on the crest
before he was shot. The third man to gain the summit was Colonel Ridge
of the 5th Fusiliers, who found a point where an empty embrasure made
the wall a little lower, entered it with two or three of his men, and
held out long enough to allow more ladders to be planted behind him,
and a nucleus to gather in his rear. He pushed on the moment that
fifteen or twenty men had mounted, and the thin line of defenders being
once pierced the resistance suddenly broke down--all the remaining
ladders were planted, and the 3rd Division began to stream into the
Castle. Picton was by this time again in command; he had recovered his
strength, and had hobbled up the slope, relieving Kempt, who was by now
also wounded. The time was about eleven o’clock, and the din at the
breaches down below showed that they were still being defended.

It took some time to dislodge the remainder of the garrison from the
Castle precinct; many took refuge in the keep, and defended it from
stair to stair, till they were exterminated. But by 12 midnight all
was over, and Picton would have debouched from the Castle, to sweep
the ramparts, but for the fact that all its gates, save one postern,
were found to have been bricked up--the French having intended to make
it their last point of resistance if the town should fall. The one
free postern being at last found, the division was preparing to break
out, when the head of its column was attacked by the French general
reserve, a battalion of the 88th, which Phillipon had sent up from the
cathedral square, when he heard that the Castle had been forced. There
was a sharp fight before the French were driven off, in which (most
unhappily) Ridge, the hero of the escalade, was shot dead. By the time
that this was over, Badajoz had been entered at another point, and
Picton’s success was only part of the decisive stroke. But as he had
captured in the Castle all the French ammunition reserve, and nearly
all their food, the town must anyhow have fallen, because of his daring
exploit. The loss of the division was not excessive considering the
difficulties they had overcome, about 500 British and 200 Portuguese
out of 4,000 men engaged.

Meanwhile, in the valley below the Castle, the guards of the trenches
had stormed the lunette of San Roque, and were hard at work cutting the
dam, so that in an hour or two the inundation was beginning to drain
off rapidly. This also would have been a decisive success, if nothing
else had been accomplished elsewhere.

The blow, however, which actually finished the business, and caused the
French to fail at the breaches, was delivered by quite another force.
It will be remembered that a brigade--Walker’s--of the 5th Division,
had been directed to escalade the remote river-bastion of San Vincente.
It was nearly an hour late, because of the tiresome mistake made by
the officer charged with the bringing up of the ladders from the Park.
And only at a few minutes past eleven did Leith, heading the column,
arrive before the palisades of the covered way, near the Guadiana.
Walker’s men were detected on the glacis, and a heavy artillery fire
was opened on them from San Vincente and San José, but they threw
down many of the palisades and began to descend into the ditch--a
drop of 12 feet. There was a cut in the bottom, to which water from
the Guadiana had been let in, and the wall in front was 30 feet high.
Hence the first attempts to plant the ladders were unavailing, and many
men fell. But coasting around the extreme north end of the bastion,
close to the river, some officers found that the flank sloped down
to a height of only 20 feet, where the bastion joined the waterside
wall. Three or four ladders were successfully planted here, while the
main attention of the garrison was distracted to the frontal attack,
and a stream of men of the 4th, 30th, and 44th began to pour up them.
The French broke before the flank attack: they were not numerous, for
several companies had been drawn off to help at the breaches, and the
bastion was won. As soon as a few hundred men were formed, General
Walker led them along the ramparts, and carried the second bastion,
that of San José. But the two French battalions holding the succeeding
western bastions now massed together, and made a firm resistance in
that of Santiago. The stormers were stopped, and an unhappy incident
broke their impetus--some lighted port-fires thrown down by the French
artillerymen were lying about--some one called out that they were the
matches of mines. Thereupon the advancing column instinctively fell
back some paces--the French charged and drove them in, and the whole
retired fighting confusedly as far as San Vincente. Here General Leith
had fortunately left a reserve battalion, the 2/38th, which, though
only 230 strong, stopped the panic and broke the French advance.
Walker’s brigade rallied and advanced again--though its commander was
desperately wounded--and once more the enemy were swept all along the
western bastions, which they lost one by one.

Some of the 5th Division descended into the streets of the town, and
pushing for the rear of the great breaches, by a long détour through
the silent streets, at last came in upon them, and opened a lively fire
upon the backs of the enemy who were manning the retrenchments. The
main body, however, driving before them the garrison of the southern
bastions, hurtled in upon the flank of the Santa Maria. At this moment
the 4th and Light Divisions, by Wellington’s orders, advanced again
towards the ditch, where their dead or disabled comrades were lying so
thick. They thought that they were going to certain death, not being
aware of what had happened inside the city. But as they descended
into the ditch only a few scattering shots greeted them. The French
main body--for 2,000 men had been driven in together behind the
breaches--had just thrown down their arms and surrendered to the 5th
Division. Even when there was no resistance, the breaches proved hard
to mount, and the obstructions at the top were by no means easy to
remove.

The governor, Phillipon, had escaped into San Cristobal with a few
hundred men, and surrendered there at dawn, having no food and little
ammunition. But he first sent out the few horsemen of the garrison to
run the gauntlet of the Portuguese pickets, and bear the evil news to
Soult.

Thus fell Badajoz: the best summary of its fall is perhaps that
of Leith Hay, who followed his relative, the commander of the 5th
Division, in the assault on San Vincente:--

‘Had Lord Wellington relied on the storming of the breaches alone, the
town would not have been taken. Had General Leith received his ladders
punctually and escaladed at 10, as intended, he would have been equally
successful, and the unfortunate divisions at the breaches would have
been saved an hour of dreadful loss. If Leith had failed, Badajoz would
still have fallen, in consequence of the 3rd Division carrying the
Castle--but not till the following morning; and the enemy might have
given further trouble. Had Picton failed, still the success of the 5th
Division ensured the fall of the place.’ The moral would seem to be
that precautions cannot be too numerous--it was the afterthoughts in
this case, and not the main design, that were successful and saved the
game.

Wellington himself, in a document--a letter to Lord Liverpool--that
long escaped notice, and did not get printed in its right place in
the ninth volume of his _Dispatches_[270], made a commentary on the
perilous nature of the struggle and the greatness of the losses which
must not be suppressed. He ascribed them to deficiencies in the
engineering department. ‘The capture of Badajoz affords as strong an
instance of the gallantry of our troops as has ever been displayed. But
I greatly hope that I shall never again be the instrument of putting
them to such a test as they were put to last night. I assure your
lordship that it is quite impossible to carry fortified places by _vive
force_ without incurring grave loss and being exposed to the chance of
failure, unless the army should be provided with a sufficient trained
corps of sappers and miners.... The consequences of being so unprovided
with the people necessary to approach a regularly fortified place are,
first, that our engineers, though well-educated and brave, have never
turned their minds to the mode of conducting a regular siege, as it
is useless to think of that which, in our service, it is impossible
to perform. They think that they have done their duty when they have
constructed a battery, with a secure communication to it, which can
breach the place. Secondly, these breaches have to be carried by _vive
force_ at an infinite sacrifice of officers and soldiers.... These
great losses could be avoided, and, in my opinion, time gained in every
siege, if we had properly trained people to carry it on. I declare that
I have never seen breaches more practicable in themselves than the
three in the walls of Badajoz, and the fortress must have surrendered
with these breaches open, if I had been able to “approach” the place.
But when I had made the third breach, on the evening of the 6th, I
could do no more. I was then obliged either to storm or to give the
business up; and when I ordered the assault I was certain that I should
lose our best officers and men. It is a cruel situation for any person
to be placed in, and I earnestly request your lordship to have a corps
of sappers and miners formed without loss of time.’

  [270] My attention was called to this letter, found among Lord
  Liverpool’s papers in 1869, by Mr. F. Turner, of Frome.

The extraordinary fact that no trained corps of sappers and miners
existed at this time was the fault neither of Wellington nor of the
Liverpool ministry, but of the professional advisers of the cabinets
that had borne office ever since the great French War broke out. The
need had been as obvious during the sieges of 1793-4 in Flanders as in
1812. That the Liverpool ministry could see the point, and wished to
do their duty, was shown by the fact that they at once proceeded to
turn six companies of the existing corps of ‘Royal Military Artificers’
into sappers. On April 23, less than three weeks after Badajoz fell,
a warrant was issued for instructing the whole corps in military
field-works. On August 4 their name was changed from ‘Royal Military
Artificers’ to ‘Royal Sappers and Miners.’ The transformation was
much too late for the siege of Burgos, but by 1813 the companies were
beginning to join the Peninsular Army, and at San Sebastian they were
well to the front. An end was at last made to the system hitherto
prevailing, by which the troops which should have formed the rank and
file of the Royal Engineers were treated as skilled mechanics, mainly
valuable for building and carpentering work at home stations.

[Illustration: BADAJOZ]

One more section, a most shameful one, must be added to the narrative
of the fall of Badajoz. We have already had to tell of the grave
disorders which two months before had followed the storm of Ciudad
Rodrigo. These were but trifling and venial compared with the
offences which were committed by the men who had just gone through the
terrible experiences of the night of April 6th. At Rodrigo there was
much drunkenness, a good deal of plunder, and some wanton fire-raising:
many houses had been sacked, a few inhabitants were maltreated, but
none, it is believed, were mortally hurt. At Badajoz the outrages of
all kinds passed belief; the looting was general and systematic, and
rape and bloodshed were deplorably common. Explanatory excuses have
been made, to the effect that the army had an old grudge against the
inhabitants of the city, dating back to the time when several divisions
were quartered in and about it, after Talavera. It was also said that
all the patriotic inhabitants had fled long ago, and that those who had
remained behind were mainly _Afrancesados_, traitors to the general
cause. There was some measure of truth in both allegations: it was no
doubt true that there had been quarrels in 1809, and that many loyalist
families had evacuated the city after the French occupation, and had
transferred themselves to other parts of Estremadura. The population
at the time of the British storm was not two-thirds of the normal
figure. But these excuses will not serve. There can be no doubt that
the outrages were in no sense reasoned acts of retribution, but were a
simple outburst of ruffianism.

Old military tradition in all the armies of Europe held that a
garrison which refused to surrender when the breaches had become
practicable was at the mercy of the conqueror for life and limb,
and that a town resisting to extremity was the natural booty of the
stormers. In the eighteenth century there were countless instances of
a fortress, defended with courage up to the moment when an assault
was possible, surrendering on the express plea that the lives of the
garrison were forfeit if it held out, when resistance could no longer
be successful. The attacking party held that all the lives which it
lost after the place had become untenable were lost unnecessarily,
because of the unreasonable obstinacy of the besieged: the latter
therefore could expect no quarter. This was not an unnatural view when
the circumstances are considered. The defender of a wall or a breach
has an immense advantage over the stormer, till the moment when the
latter has succeeded in closing, and in bringing his superior numbers
to bear. In a curious hortatory address which Phillipon published
to his garrison[271], the passage occurs, ‘realize thoroughly that
a man mounting up a ladder cannot use his weapon unless he is left
unmolested: the head comes up above the parapet unprotected, and a
wary soldier can destroy in succession as many enemies as appear at
the ladder-top.’ This is perfectly true: but Phillipon naturally
avoided stating the logical conclusion, viz. that when the stormers
finally succeed in crowning the ramparts, they will be particularly
ill-disposed towards the garrison who have, till the last moment, been
braining their comrades or shooting them through the head at small
risk to themselves. When the assailant, after seeing several of his
predecessors on the ladder deliberately butchered by a man under cover,
gets by some special piece of luck on a level with his adversary, it
will be useless for the latter to demand quarter. If it is a question
of showing mercy, why did not the other side begin? _Que messieurs
les assassins commencent_, as the French humorist remarked to the
humanitarian, who protested against capital punishment for murderers.
There is a grim story of a party of Tuscan soldiers of the 113th Line,
who were pinned into a ravelin on the flank of the lesser breach at
Rodrigo, and after firing to the last minute upon the flank of the
Light Division, threw down their arms, when they saw themselves cut
off, calling out that they were ‘_poveros Italianos_’--’So you’re not
French but _Italians_ are you--then here’s a shot for you,’ was the
natural answer[272]:--reflections as to the absence of any national
enmity towards the victors should have occurred to the vanquished
before, and not after, the breach was carried. The same thing happened
at the Castle of Badajoz to the companies, mainly Hessians, who so long
held down the stormers of the 3rd Division. If the defenders of the
breaches escaped summary massacre, it was because the breaches were not
carried by force, and the main body of the French surrendered some time
after the assault had ceased, and to troops of the 5th Division, who
had not been personally engaged with them.

  [271] Printed in Belmas, iv, Appendix, p. 369, and dated March 26.

  [272] The story may be found in Kincaid, p. 114, and in several
  other sources.

It was universally held in all armies during the wars of the early
nineteenth century that the garrison which resisted to the last moment,
after success had become impossible, had no rights. Ney wrote to the
governor of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1810, ‘further resistance will force
the Prince of Essling to treat you with all the rigour of the laws
of war. You have to choose between honourable capitulation and the
terrible vengeance of a victorious army[273].’ Suchet, in more brutal
words, told the governor of Tortosa that he should put to the sword a
garrison which resisted instead of capitulating ‘when the laws of war
make it his duty to do so, large breaches being opened and the walls
ruined[274].’ A very clear statement of this sanguinary theory is
found in a passage in the Memoirs of Contreras, the unlucky governor
of Tarragona in 1811[275]. ‘The day after the storm General Suchet had
me brought before him on a stretcher [he was severely wounded] and in
presence of his chief officers and of my own, told me in a loud voice
that I was the cause of all the horrors which his troops had committed
in Tarragona, because I had held out beyond the limit prescribed in
the laws of war, and that those laws directed him to have me executed,
for not capitulating when the breach was opened; that having taken the
place by assault he had the right to slay and burn _ad infinitum_.’
I replied that ‘if it is true that the laws of war state that, if
the besieger gets in, he may deliver to the sword and the flames
town and garrison, and if they therefore suggest as a proper moment
for capitulation that when an assault has become practicable, it is
nevertheless true that they do not prohibit the besieged from resisting
the assault, if he considers that he can beat it off: I had sufficient
forces to hold my own, and should have done so if my orders had been
properly carried out. Therefore I should have been called a coward if
I had not tried to resist, and no law prohibited me from repulsing an
assault if I could.’

  [273] Document in Belmas, iii. p. 287.

  [274] Ibid., p. 442.

  [275] Published in the collection of _Mémoires sur la guerre
  d’Espagne_ in 1821.

But, as has been pointed out recently[276], Wellington himself may be
quoted in favour of this theory. In a letter written to Canning in
1820 concerning quite another matter, he remarked, ‘I believe that it
has always been understood that the defenders of a fortress stormed
have no claim to quarter, and the practice which prevailed during the
last century of surrendering fortresses when a breach was opened,
and the counterscarp blown in, was founded on this understanding. Of
late years the French availed themselves of the humanity of modern
warfare, and made a new regulation that a breach should stand one
assault at least. The consequence of this regulation of Bonaparte’s
was the loss to me of the flower of my army, in the assaults on Ciudad
Rodrigo and Badajoz. I should have thought myself justified in putting
both garrisons to the sword, and if I had done so at the first, it is
probable that I should have saved 5,000 men at the second. I mention
this to show you that the practice which refuses quarter to a garrison
that stands an assault is not a _useless_ effusion of blood.’

  [276] By Colonel Callwell, in an article in _Blackwood’s
  Magazine_ for September 1913.

Comparatively few of the garrisons of Rodrigo and Badajoz were shot
down, and those all in hot blood in the moment after the walls were
carried. Suchet’s army was much more pitiless at Tarragona, where a
great part of the Spanish garrison was deliberately hunted down and
slaughtered. But there was, of course, a much more bitter feeling
between French and Spaniards than between English and French.

The only reason for enlarging on this deplorable theme is that there
was a close connexion in the minds of all soldiers of the early
nineteenth century, from the highest to the lowest ranks, between the
idea that an over-obstinate garrison had forfeited quarter, and the
idea that the town they had defended was liable to sack. This may be
found plainly stated in Lannes’s summons to Palafox at Saragossa in
January 1809[277], in the capitulation-debate before the surrender
of Badajoz in 1811, in Augereau’s address to the inhabitants of
Gerona[278], in Leval’s summons to the governor of Tarifa[279], and
with special emphasis in Suchet’s threatening epistle to Blake on the
day before the fall of Valencia: ‘in a few hours a general assault
will precipitate into your city the French columns: if you delay till
this terrible moment, it will not be in my power to restrain the fury
of the soldiery, and you alone will be responsible before God and man
for the evils which will overwhelm Valencia. It is the desire to avert
the complete destruction of a great town that determines me to offer
you honourable terms of capitulation[280].’ It was hardly necessary
in the Napoleonic era to enlarge on the connexion between storm and
sack--it was presupposed. Every governor who capitulated used to put in
his report to his own government a mention of his ‘desire to spare the
unfortunate inhabitants the horrors of a storm.’

  [277] See Belmas, ii. p. 381.

  [278] Ibid., ii. pp. 844-5.

  [279] Text in the _Defence of Tarifa_, p. 64, and in Arteche.

  [280] Belmas, iv. p. 202.

This idea, sad to say, was as deeply rooted in the minds of British as
of French soldiers. It is frankly confessed in many a Peninsular diary.
‘The men were permitted to enjoy themselves (!) for the remainder of
the day,’ says Kincaid in his narrative of the fall of Badajoz, ‘and
the usual frightful scene of plunder commenced, which officers thought
it prudent to avoid for the moment by retiring to the camp[281].’ ‘The
troops were, of course, admitted to the immemorial privilege of tearing
the town to pieces,’ says another writer on another occasion[282]. The
man in the ranks regarded the connexion of storm and sack as so close
that he could write, ‘the prisoners being secured and the gates opened,
we were allowed to enter the town _for the purpose of plundering
it_[283].’ But perhaps the most eye-opening sentence on the subject is
Wellington’s official order of April 7, 1812, issued late in the day,
and when the sack had already been going on for fifteen or eighteen
hours, ‘It is now full time that the plunder of Badajoz should cease;
an officer and six steady non-commissioned officers will be sent from
each regiment, British and Portuguese, of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and Light
Divisions into the town, at 5 a.m. to-morrow morning, to bring away any
men still straggling there[284].’

  [281] Kincaid, p. 39.

  [282] Leith Hay, ii. pp. 256-7.

  [283] Memoirs of Donaldson of the 94th, p. 158.

  [284] Wellington, _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii. p. 311.

It was unfortunately the fact that Badajoz was a Spanish and not a
French town, and this adds a special shame to the lamentable outrages
which were perpetrated in its streets for many hours after the storm.
It is comparatively seldom in war that an army takes by assault a town
which does not belong to the hostile power. The only parallel of recent
years to the sack of Badajoz had been that of Lübeck in November
1806. Blücher’s Prussian corps, retiring before the pursuing French,
trespassed on neutral territory by seizing on the old Hanseatic city,
which lay in its way, and endeavouring to defend it. The magistrates
protested, but were powerless, as they had no armed force at their
disposition. Then the French came upon the scene, and, after a fierce
fight, won their way over wall and ditch and took the place. They
sacked it from end to end with every circumstance of atrocity[285]:
Marshal Bernadotte, when importuned by the Burgomaster to stay the
horrors, said that he was sorry, but that his troops only recognized
the fact that they were in a stormed town--he and his officers
could only succeed in calling them off after the city had been half
destroyed. This was sufficiently horrible; but to sack a town belonging
to a friendly nation is a shade worse than to sack a neutral place--and
this the British troops did.

  [285] It is said on good first-hand authority that all the
  inmates of an asylum for female lunatics were raped. See
  Lettow-Vorbeck, _Geschichte des Krieges von 1806-7_, ii. p. 384.

Two short quotations from eye-witnesses may serve to show the kind of
scenes that prevailed in Badajoz from the early hours of the morning on
April 7th down to the following night.

‘Unfortunate Badajoz,’ writes one narrator[286], ‘met with the usual
fate of places taken at the point of the bayonet. In less than an
hour after it fell into our possession it looked as if centuries had
gradually completed its destruction. The surviving soldier, after
storming a town, considers it as his indisputable property, and thinks
himself at liberty to commit any enormity by way of indemnifying
himself for the risking of his life. The bloody strife has made him
insensible to every better feeling: his lips are parched by the
extraordinary exertions that he has made, and from necessity, as well
as inclination, his first search is for liquor. This once obtained,
every trace of human nature vanishes, and no brutal outrage can be
named which he does not commit. The town was not only plundered of
every article that could be carried off, but whatever was useless or
too heavy to move was wantonly destroyed. Whenever an officer appeared
in the streets the wretched inhabitants flocked round him with terror
and despair, embraced his knees and supplicated his protection. But it
was vain to oppose the soldiers: there were 10,000 of them crowding
the streets, the greater part drunk and discharging their pieces in
all directions--it was difficult to escape them unhurt. A couple of
hundred of their women from the camp poured also into the place, when
it was barely taken, to have their share of the plunder. They were,
if possible, worse than the men. Gracious God! such tigresses in the
shape of women! I sickened when I saw them coolly step over the dying,
indifferent to their cries for a drop of water, and deliberately search
the pockets of the dead for money, or even divest them of their bloody
coats. But no more of these scenes of horror. I went deliberately into
the town to harden myself to the sight of human misery--and I have had
enough of it: my blood has been frozen with the outrages I witnessed.’

  [286] Hodenberg of the K.G.L. See his letters published in
  _Blackwood’s Magazine_ for March 1913, by myself.

Another eye-witness gives a passing glimpse of horrors. ‘Duty being
over, I chanced to meet my servant, who seemed to have his haversack
already well filled with plunder. I asked him where the regiment was:
he answered that he did not know, but that he had better conduct me to
the camp, as I appeared to be wounded. I certainly was hit in the head,
but in the excitement of the escalade had not minded it, nor had I felt
a slight wound in my leg: but, as I began to be rather weak, I took
his advice, and he assisted me on. In passing what appeared to be a
religious house I saw two soldiers dragging out an unfortunate nun, her
clothes all torn: in her agony she knelt and held up a cross. Remorse
seized one of the men, who appeared more sober than the other, and he
swore she should not be outraged. The other soldier drew back a step
and shot his comrade dead. At this moment we found ourselves surrounded
by several Portuguese: they ordered us to halt, and presented their
muskets at us. I said to my servant, “throw them some of your plunder:”
he instantly took off his haversack and threw it among them: some
dollars and other silver coin rolled out. They then let us pass--had
he not done so they would have shot us--as they did several others. We
got safe to the bastion, and my servant carried me on his back to the
camp, where I got a draught of water, fell asleep instantly, and did
not waken till after midday[287].’

  [287] _Recollections of Col. P. P. Nevill, late Major 63rd_ [but
  with the 30th at Badajoz], pp. 15-16.

‘In justice to the army’--we quote from another authority[288]--’I
must say that the outrages were not general: in many cases they were
perpetrated by cold-blooded villains who had been backward enough in
the attack. Many risked their lives in defending helpless women, and,
though it was rather a dangerous moment for an officer to interfere,
I saw many of them running as much risk to prevent inhumanity as they
did in the preceding night while storming the town.’ The best-known
incident of the kind is the story of Harry Smith of the 95th, who saved
a young Spanish lady in the tumult, and married her two days later,
in the presence of the Commander-in-Chief himself, who gave away the
bride. This hastily-wedded spouse, Juana de Leon, was the Lady Smith
who was the faithful companion of her husband through so many campaigns
in Spain, Belgium, and South Africa, and gave her name to the town in
Natal which, nearly ninety years after the siege of Badajoz, was to be
the scene of the sternest leaguer that British troops have endured in
our own generation. Harry Smith’s narrative of the Odyssey of himself
and his young wife in 1812-14, as told in his autobiography, is one of
the most romantic tales of love and war that have ever been set down on
paper.

  [288] Donaldson of the 94th, p. 159.

It was not till late in the afternoon of the 7th that Wellington, as
has been already mentioned, came to the rather tardy conclusion that
‘it was now full time that the plunder of Badajoz should cease.’ He
sent in Power’s Portuguese brigade to clear out those of the plunderers
who had not already gone back exhausted to their camps, and erected
a gallows in the cathedral square, for the hanging of any criminals
who might be detected lingering on for further outrages. Authorities
differ as to whether the Provost Marshal did, or did not, put his
power in action: the balance of evidence seems to show that the mere
threat sufficed to bring the sack to an end. The men were completely
exhausted: Napier remarks that ‘the tumult rather subsided than was
quelled.’




SECTION XXXII: CHAPTER V

OPERATIONS OF THE FRENCH DURING THE SIEGE OF BADAJOZ


Before proceeding to demonstrate the wide-spreading results of the
fall of the great Estremaduran fortress, it is necessary to follow
the movements of the French armies which had been responsible for its
safety.

Soult had been before Cadiz when, on March 11, he received news from
Drouet that troops were arriving at Elvas from the North, and on March
20 the more definite information that Wellington had moved out in
force on the 14th, and invested Badajoz on the 16th. The Marshal’s
long absence from his head-quarters at Seville at this moment, when
he had every reason to suspect that the enemy’s next stroke would be
in his own direction, is curious. Apparently his comparative freedom
from anxiety had two causes. The first was his confidence that Badajoz,
with its excellent governor and its picked garrison, could be relied
upon to make a very long defence. The second was that he was fully
persuaded that when the time of danger arrived he could count on
Marmont’s help--as he had in June 1811. On February 7 he wrote to his
colleague[289] that he had just heard of the fall of Rodrigo, that
Wellington’s next movement would naturally be against Badajoz, and that
he was glad to learn that Montbrun’s divisions, on their return from
Alicante, were being placed in the valley of the Tagus. ‘I see with
pleasure that your excellency has given him orders to get in touch
with the Army of the South. As long as this communication shall exist,
the enemy will not dare to make a push against Badajoz, because at
his first movement we can join our forces and march against him for
a battle. I hope that it may enter into your plans to leave a corps
between the Tagus and the Guadiana, the Truxillo road, and the Sierra
de Guadalupe, where it can feed, and keep in touch with the troops
which I keep in the Serena [the district about Medellin, Don Benito,
and Zalamea, where Daricau was cantoned]. I am persuaded that, when
the campaigning season begins, the enemy will do all he can to seize
Badajoz, because he dare attempt nothing in Castille so long as that
place offers us a base from which to invade Portugal and fall upon his
line of communications.... I am bound, therefore, to make a pressing
demand that your left wing may be kept in a position which makes the
communication between our armies sure, so that we may be able, by
uniting our disposable forces, to go out against the enemy with the
assurance of success.’

  [289] The letter is printed in Marmont’s _Correspondance_, iv.
  pp. 304-5.

This was precisely what Marmont had intended to do. He was convinced,
like Soult, that Wellington’s next move would be against Badajoz, and
he placed Montbrun and the divisions of Foy, Brennier, and Sarrut about
Talavera, Monbeltran, and Almaraz, precisely in order that they might
be in easy touch with Drouet. On February 22 he wrote to his colleague
explaining his purpose in so doing, and his complete acquiescence in
the plan for a joint movement against Wellington, whenever the latter
should appear on the Guadiana[290]. His pledge was quite honest and
genuine, and in reliance on it Soult made all his arrangements. These,
however, appear to have been rather loose and careless: the Marshal
seems to have felt such complete confidence in the combination that he
made insufficient preparations on his own side. No reinforcements were
sent either to Badajoz or to Drouet, whose 12,000 men were dispersed
in a very long front in Estremadura, reaching from Medellin and Don
Benito on the right to Fregenal on the left. This is why Graham, when
he moved forward briskly on March 17th, found no solid body of the
enemy in front of him, but only scattered brigades and regiments, which
made off in haste, and which only succeeded at last in concentrating
so far to the rear as Fuente Ovejuna, which is actually in Andalusia,
and behind the crest of the Sierra Morena. We may add that having been
advised by Drouet as early as March 11th[291] that British troops were
accumulating behind Elvas, Soult ought to have taken the alarm at once,
to have moved back to Seville from Santa Maria by Cadiz, where he lay
on that date, and to have issued orders for the concentration of his
reserves. He did none of these things, was still in front of Cadiz on
March 20[292], and did not prescribe any movement of troops till, on
that day, he received Drouet’s more definite and alarming news that
Wellington was in person at Elvas, and had moved out toward Badajoz on
the 16th. Clearly he lost nine days by want of sufficient promptness,
and had but himself to blame if he could only start from Seville
with a considerable field-force on March 30. All that he appears to
have done on March 11 was to write to Marmont that the long-foreseen
hypothesis of a move of Wellington on Badajoz was being verified, and
that they must prepare to unite their forces. Jourdan has, therefore,
some justification for his remark that he does not see why Soult should
have been before Cadiz, amusing himself by throwing shells into that
place[293] as late as March 20th.

  [290] This Soult quotes in his recriminatory letter to Marmont of
  April 8, and in his angry dispatch to Berthier of the same date
  (printed in King Joseph’s _Correspondance_, viii. p. 355).

  [291] The date is proved by the letter from Soult to Marmont of
  March 11, printed in Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. p. 359.

  [292] The date is proved by Soult’s letter to the Emperor of
  that date from Santa Maria, in which he announces his intention
  to start, and says that he is writing to Marmont, to get him to
  unite the armies as soon as possible.

  [293] See his _Mémoires_, p. 377.

From the 20th to the 30th of that month Soult was busily engaged in
organizing the relief-column which, after picking up Drouet on the
way, was to march to the succour of Badajoz. He could not venture
to touch the divisions of Conroux and Cassagne, which together were
none too strong to provide for the manning of the Cadiz Lines and the
fending off of Ballasteros from their rear. But he called off the
whole division of Barrois, nearly 8,000 strong[294], Vichery’s brigade
of infantry from Leval’s division in the province of Granada[295],
and six regiments of Digeon’s and Pierre Soult’s dragoons. This, with
the corresponding artillery, made a column of some 13,000 men, with
which the Marshal started from Seville on the 30th March, crossed
the Guadalquivir at Lora del Rio next day, and moved on Constantina
and Guadalcanal. An interesting complication would have been caused
if Graham had been allowed to stop with his 19,000 men at Azuaga and
Llerena, where he was directly between Soult and Drouet’s position at
Fuente Ovejuna, and if Hill from Merida had moved against Drouet’s
corps. But as Wellington had withdrawn Graham’s column to Villafranca
on March 31, there was nothing left to prevent Drouet from coming in
from his excentric position, and joining his chief at Llerena on April
4th, with the 12,000 men of his own and Daricau’s divisions. This
gave the Marshal some 25,000 men[296] in hand, a force which would be
manifestly incapable of raising the siege of Badajoz, for he knew that
Wellington had at least 45,000 men in hand, and, as a matter of fact,
the arrival of the 5th Division and other late detachments had raised
the Anglo-Portuguese army to something more like 55,000 sabres and
bayonets.

  [294] To be exact, 7,776 officers and men on March 1. He also
  brought with him some ‘bataillons d’élite’ of grenadier companies
  from Villatte’s division.

  [295] The 55th, three battalions about 1,500 strong, the fourth
  being left at Jaen. Soult says in his dispatch of April 8 that
  he took a whole _brigade_ from Leval, but the states of April 14
  show the 32nd and 58th regiments of Leval’s division, and three
  of the four battalions of the 43rd, all left in the kingdom of
  Granada. Apparently three battalions of the 55th and one of the
  43rd marched, about 2,200 strong.

  [296] Though he calls them only 21,000 in his dispatches. But the
  figures [see Appendix no. VIII] show 23,500. The total in the
  monthly reports indicate 25,000 as more likely.

Wellington’s orders, when he heard that Soult was in the passes, and
that Drouet was moving to join him, directed Graham to fall back on the
Albuera position, and Hill to join him there by the route of Lobon and
Talavera Real, if it should appear that all the French columns were
moving directly to the relief of Badajoz, and none of them spreading
out eastward towards the Upper Guadiana[297]. These conditions were
realized, as Soult moved in one solid body towards Villafranca and
Fuente del Maestre: so Hill evacuated Merida, after destroying its
bridge, and joined Graham on the old Albuera ground on April 6th. They
had 31,000 men, including four British divisions and four British
cavalry brigades, and Wellington could have reinforced them from the
lines before Badajoz with two divisions more, if it had been necessary,
while still leaving the fortress adequately blockaded by 10,000 or
12,000 men. But as Soult did not appear at Fuente del Maestre and
Villafranca till the afternoon of April 7th, a day after Badajoz had
fallen, this need did not arise. The Marshal, learning of the disaster,
hastily turned back and retired towards Andalusia, wisely observing
that he ‘could not fight the whole English army.’ It is interesting to
speculate what would have happened if he had lingered five days less
before Cadiz, had issued his concentration orders on the 14th or 15th
instead of the 20th March, and had appeared at Villafranca on the 2nd
instead of the 7th of the next month. His dispatch of April 17 states
that he had intended to fight, despite of odds, to save Badajoz: if he
had done so, and had attacked 40,000 Anglo-Portuguese with his 25,000
men, he must inevitably have suffered a dreadful disaster. He must
have fought a second battle of Albuera with much the same strength
that he had at the first, while his enemy would have had six British
divisions instead of two, and an equal instead of a wholly inferior
cavalry. The result of such a battle could hardly have failed to be
not only a crushing defeat for the French, but the prompt loss of all
Andalusia; for thrown back on that kingdom with a routed army, and
unable to gather in promptly reserves scattered over the whole land,
from the Cadiz Lines to Granada and Malaga, he must have evacuated his
viceroyalty, and have retreated in haste either on La Mancha or on
Valencia.

  [297] The orders to Hill issued by Wellington on April 4 and 5
  (_Dispatches_, ix. p. 30) contemplate two possibilities: (1)
  Soult is marching with his whole force on Villafranca, and Foy is
  remaining far away: in this case Hill is to move _en masse_ on
  Albuera. This is the case that actually occurred; (2) if Foy is
  moving toward the Upper Guadiana, and Soult is showing signs of
  extending to join him, Howard’s British and Ashworth’s Portuguese
  brigades and Campbell’s Portuguese horse will stay at Merida as
  long as is prudent, in order to prevent the junction, and will
  break the bridge at the last moment and then follow Hill.

  Wellington, when he wrote his first orders of the 4th to
  Hill, was intending to storm Badajoz on the 5th, and knew, by
  calculating distances, that Soult could not be in front of
  Albuera till the 7th. He ultimately chanced another day of
  bombardment, running the time limit rather fine. But there was no
  real risk with Graham and Hill at Albuera: Soult could not have
  forced them.

It is most improbable, however, that Soult would really have ventured
to attack the Albuera position[298], in spite of the confident
language of his ex-post-facto dispatches. His whole plan of operations
depended on his being joined by the Army of Portugal, in accordance
with Marmont’s promise of February 22nd. And he was well aware, by a
letter sent by Foy to Drouet on March 31st, and received on April 6th,
that he could expect no help from the North for many weeks, if any
came at all. That Badajoz was never relieved was due, not to Soult’s
delay in concentrating (though this was no doubt unwise), nor to his
over-confidence in Phillipon’s power of resistance, which was (as it
turned out) misplaced. He wrote to Berthier that ‘the garrison wanted
for nothing--it had still food for two months, and was abundantly
provided with munitions: its total strength was 5,000 men: it had
victoriously repulsed three assaults: the men were convinced that,
however great a hostile force presented itself before the breaches,
it would never carry them: Phillipon had been informed on March 28th
that I was marching to his help: the troops were in enthusiastic
spirits, though they had already lost 500 men in successful sorties: my
advanced guard was at only one long day’s march from the place, when it
succumbs!’ It was indeed an _évènement funeste_!

  [298] He says in his letter to Berthier of April 8 that he had
  intended (but for the fall of Badajoz) to move by his right that
  morning, to the lower course of the Guadajira river--which would
  have brought on an action near Talavera Real, lower down the
  stream of the Albuera than the battle-spot of May 1811.

But Soult’s late arrival and miscalculation of the time that the
siege would take, were neither of them the causes of the fall of
Badajoz. It would have fallen none the less if he had arrived on the
Albuera upon April 2nd. The fate of the place was really settled
by Napoleon’s dispatches to Marmont, with which we dealt at great
length in an earlier chapter[299]. The orders of February 11 and
February 21 (received by the Duke of Ragusa on February 26 and March
2 respectively) forbade him to worry about Badajoz, ‘a very strong
fortress supported by an army of 80,000 men,’ and told him to withdraw
to Salamanca two of the three divisions which he was keeping in the
valley of the Tagus, and to reply to any movement of Wellington into
Estremadura by invading Northern Portugal. The plan which Soult and
Marmont had concerted for a joint relief of Badajoz was expressly
forbidden by their master, on his erroneous hypothesis that a thrust at
Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida must bring Wellington home again. Marmont’s
promise of co-operation, sent off on February 22nd to Seville, was
rendered impossible--through no fault of his--by the imperial dispatch
received four days later, which expressly forbade him to stand by it.
‘The English will only go southward if you, by your ill-devised scheme,
keep two or three divisions detached on the Tagus: that reassures them,
and tells them that you have no offensive projects against them.’ So
Marmont, protesting and prophesying future disaster, was compelled to
withdraw two divisions from the central position on the Tagus, and to
leave there only Foy’s 5,000 men--a negligible quantity in the problem.
Nor was this all--he was not even allowed to send them back, since the
whole Army of Portugal was ordered to march into the Beira.

  [299] See chapter ii above, pp. 54, 55.

Soult, therefore, was justified in his wrath when he wrote to Marmont
that he had been given a promise and that it had been broken, ‘if there
had been the least attempt to concert operations between the armies of
Portugal and the South, the English army would have been destroyed, and
Badajoz would still be in the power of the Emperor. I deplore bitterly
the fact that you have not been able to come to an arrangement with me
on the subject.’ But the wrath should have been directed against the
Emperor, not against his lieutenant, who had so unwillingly been forced
to break his promise. The only censure, perhaps, that can be laid upon
Marmont is that he should have made it more clear to Soult that, by
the new directions from Paris, he was rendered unable to redeem his
pledge. Soult was not, however, without warnings that something of the
kind might happen: Berthier had written to him on February 11th, and
the letter must have arrived by the middle of March, that the Emperor
was displeased to find him appealing for troops of the Army of Portugal
to be moved to Truxillo, and that he ought to be more dependent on his
own strength[300]. It would have been better if the Emperor’s trusty
scribe had explained to Soult that Marmont was expressly forbidden, in
a dispatch written that same day, to keep more than one division on the
Tagus, or to worry himself about the danger of Badajoz.

  [300] Berthier to Soult, Feb. 11. The same date as the fatal
  dispatch sent to Marmont, who was given a copy of that to Soult
  as an enclosure.

Marmont’s original plan for joining Soult via Almaraz might have
failed--he himself confesses it in one of his replies to Berthier. But
it was the only scheme which presented any prospect of success. By
making it impossible Napoleon rendered the fall of Badajoz certain. For
it is no defence whatever to point out that his dispatch of March 12th,
which reached Salamanca on March 27, finally gave Marmont the option
of going southward. By that time it was too late to try the move:--if
the Duke of Ragusa had marched for Almaraz and Truxillo next morning,
he would still have been many days too late to join Soult before April
6th, the date on which Badajoz fell.

Summing up the whole operation, we must conclude that Wellington’s
plan, which depended for its efficacy on the slowness with which
the French always received information, and the difficulty which
they always experienced in concentrating and feeding large bodies of
troops in winter or early spring, was bound to be successful, unless
an improbable conjunction of chances had occurred. If Marmont and
Soult had both taken the alarm at the earliest possible moment, and
had each marched with the strongest possible field army, Soult with
the 25,000 men that he actually collected, Marmont with the three
divisions that lay on the Tagus on March 1st, and three more from
Castile[301], they might have met east of Merida somewhere about the
last days of March. In that case their united strength would have been
from 50,000 to 55,000 men: Wellington had as many, so that he would
not have been bound down to the mere defensive policy that he took
up on the Caya in June-July 1811, when his numbers were decidedly
less than now. But the chance that both Marmont and Soult would do
the right thing in the shortest possible time was unlikely. They
would have had terrible difficulties from the torrential rains that
prevailed in the last ten days of March, and the consequent badness of
the roads. Marmont’s (if not Soult’s) food-problem would have been a
hard one, as he himself shows in several of his letters. Soult got his
first definite alarm on March 11th: Marmont could hardly move till
he had learnt that Wellington had started for Estremadura in person:
till this was certain, he could not be sure that the main body of the
Anglo-Portuguese army was not still behind the Agueda. Wellington only
left Freneda on March 5th, and Marmont did not know of his departure
till some days later. If the two marshals had each issued prompt
concentration orders on March 11, it still remains very doubtful if
they would have met in time to foil Wellington’s object. As a matter of
fact Soult (as we have seen) delayed for nine days before he determined
to concentrate his field-force and march on Badajoz, and this lateness
would have wrecked the combination, even if Marmont had been more ready
than his colleague.

  [301] More probably he would have brought only _two_ divisions
  from north of the mountains, as he had to leave Bonnet to look
  after the Asturians, and Souham’s single division would hardly
  have sufficed to contain the Galicians, the Portuguese, and the
  Guerrilleros.

Still there was some chance that the armies might have joined, if
Napoleon had not intervened with his misguided refusal to allow Marmont
to keep three divisions in the valley of the Tagus or to ‘worry about
affairs that did not concern him.’ Wellington could not know of these
orders: hence came his anxieties, and his determination to hurry the
siege of Badajoz to a conclusion at the earliest possible date. He was
never--as it turned out--in serious danger, but he could not possibly
be aware of the fact that Marmont was fettered by his instructions. It
was only the gradual accumulation of reports proving that the Army of
Portugal was moving against Ciudad Rodrigo, and not on Almaraz, that
finally gave him comparative ease of mind with regard to the situation.
As to Soult, he somewhat over-estimated his force, taking it at 30,000
or even 35,000 men rather than the real 25,000: this was, no doubt,
the reason why he resolved to fight with his ‘covering army’ ranged on
the Albuera position, and not farther forward. If he had known that
on April 1 Soult had only 13,000 men at Monasterio, and was still
separated from Drouet, he might possibly have been more enterprising.

No signs of Marmont’s arrival being visible, Wellington could afford
to contemplate with great equanimity Soult’s position at Villafranca
on April 7th. If the Marshal moved forward he would be beaten--but it
was almost certain that he would move back at once, for, as it will
be remembered, precautions had been taken to give him an alarming
distraction in his rear, by means of the operations of Penne Villemur
and Ballasteros[302]. This combination worked with perfect success,
far more accurately than Blake’s similar raid on Seville had done in
June 1811. Ballasteros, it is true, did much less than was in his
power. He started from his refuge under the guns of Gibraltar, passed
down from the Ronda mountains, and reached Utrera, in the plain of the
Guadalquivir less than twenty miles from Seville, on April 4. But he
then swerved away, having done more to alarm than to hurt the French,
though he had a force of 10,000 infantry and 800 horse[303], sufficient
to have put Seville in serious peril. But Penne Villemur and Morillo,
though they had not half the numbers of Ballasteros, accomplished all
that Wellington required: having slipped into the Condado de Niebla
almost unobserved, they pushed rapidly eastward, and occupied San Lucar
la Mayor, only twelve miles from Seville, on April 4, the same day
that Ballasteros appeared at Utrera. Their cavalry pushed up so boldly
toward the suburbs that they had to be driven off by cannon-shot from
the _tête-de-pont_ at the bridge of Triana. General Rignoux, governor
of Seville, had a very motley and insufficient garrison, as Wellington
had calculated when he sent Penne Villemur forth. The only organized
units were a battalion of ‘Swiss’ Juramentados--really adventurers
of all nations--and a regiment of Spanish horse, making 1,500 men
altogether: the rest consisted of convalescents and weakly men
belonging to the regiments in the Cadiz Lines, and of 600 dismounted
dragoons. These made up some 2,000 men more, but many were not fit to
bear arms. In addition there were some companies of the recently raised
‘National Guards.’ The enormous size of Seville, and the weakness
of its old wall, compelled Rignoux to concentrate his force in the
fortified Cartuja convent, leaving only small posts at the gates and
the bridge. He sent at once, as Wellington had hoped, pressing appeals
to Soult, saying that he was beset by 14,000 men, and that the citizens
would probably rise and let in the enemy.

  [302] See above, p. 229.

  [303] Infantry divisions of Cruz Murgeon (5,400 men) and the
  Prince of Anglona (4,300 men) and five squadrons of horse,
  besides irregulars.

On the 6th Ballasteros received false news that Conroux was marching
against him with the troops from the Cadiz Lines, and drew back into
the mountains. It is said that he was wilfully deceived by persons in
the French interest; at any rate he must have been badly served by his
cavalry and intelligence officers, who ought to have been able to tell
him that there was no foundation for the report. Penne and Morillo,
however, though disappointed at failing to meet their colleague’s army,
made a great parade of their small force under the walls of Seville,
and skirmished with the French at the bridge-head of Triana, and under
the walls of the Cartuja, so boldly that Rignoux expected a serious
attack. They could only have accomplished something more profitable if
the people of Seville had risen, but no disturbance took place. After
remaining in front of the place all the 7th and 8th of April, they
disappeared on the 9th, having received news of the fall of Badajoz,
and drawn the correct deduction that Soult would turn back to hunt them
when freed from his other task. Wellington, indeed, had written to give
them warning to that effect on the very morning that they retired[304]:
but they anticipated the danger, and were safely behind the Rio Tinto
when Soult turned up in hot haste at Seville on the 11th, after four
days of exhausting forced marches.

  [304] Wellington to Col. Austin from Badajoz, April 9.

The Marshal had left the two divisions of Drouet and Daricau with
Perreymond’s cavalry in Estremadura, to act as an observing force,
and had marched with his remaining 13,000 men to save Seville, which
owing to Ballasteros’s timidity had never been in any real danger. But
the Spanish diversion had nevertheless had precisely the effect that
Wellington had expected and desired. During Soult’s short absence of
twelve days great part of the open country of Andalusia had fallen out
of his control, the communications with La Mancha and King Joseph had
been cut off, and the guerrilleros had blockaded all the smaller French
posts. The hold of the invaders upon the kingdom was never so secure as
it had been before the fall of Badajoz.

Ballasteros, after his fiasco in front of Seville, made two fruitless
attempts against isolated French garrisons. He failed at the Castle
of Zahara on April 11th. One of his columns in an assault on Osuna
two days later got into the town and killed or captured 60 of the
defenders, but failed to take the citadel, where the remainder defended
themselves till Pierre Soult was reported to be at hand, and the
Spaniards withdrew[305]. He ended his campaign of raids, however, with
a more successful stroke. Hearing that the brigadier Rey, with three
battalions and some dragoons, was marching from Malaga to relieve
the garrison of Ronda, he fell upon him at Alhaurin on the 14th with
his main body, encompassed him with fourfold strength, and drove him
in rout back to Malaga, capturing his two guns and inflicting more
than 200 casualties upon him[306]. Ballasteros then hoped to seize
on Malaga, where the French were much alarmed, and prepared to shut
themselves up in the citadel of Gibalfaro. But the news that Pierre
Soult and Conroux were approaching with a strong column caused the
Spaniards to retire to the mountains above Gibraltar [April 19th]. Thus
the operations in Andalusia, which had opened with Soult’s march to
Badajoz, came to an end, with no ruinous disaster to the French, but
with a diminution of their prestige, and a distinct weakening of their
hold on the kingdom. In the Condado de Niebla Soult made no attempt
to reoccupy lost ground, and east of Granada his line of posts had
recoiled considerably on the Murcian side: Baza and Ubeda had been
abandoned for good. It was but a vain boast when the Marshal wrote to
Berthier that, after he had set all things to rights in the central
parts of Andalusia, he intended to organize a general concentration to
crush Ballasteros, and that his next task would be to lay siege for a
second time to Tarifa, ‘the loss of which place would be more injurious
to the English and the Insurgents than that of Alicante, or even that
of Badajoz--against which last-named fortress I ought to make no
attack till I shall have finished matters on the Tarifa side, and so
have nothing to fear on my left flank[307].’

  [305] Napier, I know not on what authority, says that Osuna was
  only defended by ‘Juramentados’ who made a gallant resistance
  against their own countrymen. But Soult, in a letter to Berthier
  dated April 21 from Seville, says that Osuna was held by some
  companies of the 43rd Line and a detachment of the 21st Dragoons.
  He cannot be wrong. Moreover, the 43rd shows losses at Osuna,
  April 13, in Martinien’s tables.

  [306] Martinien’s tables show three officers killed and nine
  wounded at ‘Alora near Malaga’ on this date, in the 43rd, 58th
  Line, and 21st Dragoons. Soult’s dispatch makes out that only
  Rey’s advanced guard under Maransin was cut up, and that the
  main body defeated the Spaniards. If so, why did they retreat on
  Malaga?

  [307] Soult to Berthier from Seville, April 17, 1812.

To complete the survey of the fortunes of the Army of the South in
April, it only remains that we should mention the doings of Drouet,
now left once more with his two old divisions to form the ‘corps of
observation’ opposite the Anglo-Portuguese. Soult during his retreat
had dropped his lieutenant at Llerena, with orders to give back on
Seville without fighting any serious action, if the enemy should
pursue him in force, but if he were left alone to hold his ground,
push his cavalry forward, and keep a strong detachment as near the
Upper Guadiana as possible. For only by placing troops at Campanario,
Medellin, and (if possible) Merida, could communication be kept up via
Truxillo and Almaraz with the Army of Portugal.

As it turned out, Drouet was not to be permitted to occupy such a
forward position as Soult would have liked. He was closely followed
by Stapleton Cotton, with Le Marchant’s and Slade’s heavy and
Ponsonby’s[308] light cavalry brigades, who brought his rearguard
to action at Villagarcia outside Llerena on April 11th. This was
a considerable fight. Drouet’s horse was in position to cover the
retirement of his infantry, with Lallemand’s dragoons in first line,
and Perreymond’s hussars and chasseurs in support. Lallemand evidently
thought that he had only Ponsonby’s brigade in front of him, as Le
Marchant’s was coming up by a side-road covered by hills, and Slade’s
was far out of sight to the rear. Accordingly he accepted battle on an
equal front, each side having three regiments in line. But, just as the
charge was delivered, the 5th Dragoon Guards, Le Marchant’s leading
regiment, came on the ground from the right, and, rapidly deploying,
took the French line in flank and completely rolled it up[309]. The
enemy went to the rear in confusion, and the pursuit was continued
till, half-way between Villagarcia and Llerena, the French rallied on
their reserve (2nd Hussars) behind a broad ditch. Cotton, who had not
let his men get out of hand, re-formed Anson’s brigade and delivered
a second successful charge, which drove the French in upon Drouet’s
infantry, which was in order of battle to the left of Llerena town. It
was impossible to do more, as three cavalry brigades could not attack
12,000 men of all arms in a good position. But a few hours later the
whole French corps was seen in retreat eastward: it retired to Berlanga
and Azuaga on the watershed of the Sierra Morena, completely abandoning
Estremadura.

  [308] This officer was in command of the brigade of Anson, then
  absent on leave, which at this time consisted of the 12th, 14th,
  and 16th Light Dragoons.

  [309] There is a good account of all this in the admirable diary
  of Tomlinson of the 16th, which I so often have had to cite. He
  has an interesting note that the 16th in their charge found a
  stone wall in their way, and that the whole regiment took it in
  their stride, and continued their advance in perfect order (p.
  150).

The French (outnumbered, if Slade’s brigade be counted, but it was far
to the rear and never put in line) lost 53 killed and wounded and 4
officers and 132 rank and file taken prisoners. Cotton’s casualties
were 14 killed and 2 officers and 35 men wounded: he insisted that
his success would have been much greater if Ponsonby had held back a
little longer, till the whole of Le Marchant’s squadrons came on the
field--Lallemand would then have been cut off from Llerena and his line
of retreat, and the greater part of his brigade ought to have been
captured, though the light cavalry in the second line might have got
off[310]. However, the affair was very creditable to all concerned.

  [310] Soult only acknowledges a loss of three officers and
  about 110 men in his dispatch of April 21 to Berthier, adding
  the ridiculous statement that the British had 100 killed and
  many more wounded, and that the 5th Dragoon Guards had been
  practically destroyed. Martinien’s tables show four French
  officers wounded and one killed, but (of course) take no account
  of unwounded prisoners. The British lost two missing, men who had
  ridden ahead in the pursuit into the French infantry.

Hill’s infantry did not follow the retreating French, and had halted
about Almendralejo and Villafranca, only the cavalry having gone on in
pursuit to Llerena. The rest of the Anglo-Portuguese army was already
in movement for the North, as Wellington had given up the idea, which
had somewhat tempted him at first, of pursuing Soult to Seville and
trying to upset the whole fabric of French power in Andalusia. Of this
more in its due place. Suffice it to say here that he fell back on his
old partition of forces, leaving Hill in Estremadura as his ‘corps of
observation’, with precisely the same force that he had been given in
1811, save that one British cavalry brigade (that of Slade) was added.
The rest of the corps consisted of the 2nd Division, Hamilton’s two
Portuguese brigades, Long’s British and John Campbell’s Portuguese
horse[311]. The whole amounted to about 14,000 men, sufficient not
only to hold Drouet in check, but also to keep an eye upon the French
troops in the valley of the Tagus, against whom Wellington was now
meditating a raid of the sort that he had already sketched out in his
correspondence with Hill in February.

  [311] This was the brigade formerly under Barbaçena, 4th and 10th
  regiments.

So much for the Army of Andalusia and its fortunes in April 1812. We
must now turn to those of Marmont and the Army of Portugal during the
same critical weeks.

The Duke of Ragusa, as it will be remembered, had been caught at
Salamanca, on March 27th, by Napoleon’s dispatch giving him an
over-late option of detaching troops to the relief of Badajoz. But
being already committed to the invasion of Portugal prescribed by
the Emperor’s earlier letters, and having his field-force and his
magazines disposed for that project, he had resolved to proceed with
it, though he had no great belief in the results that would follow
from his taking the offensive[312]. As he informed his master, there
was nothing at which he could strike effectively. ‘It would seem that
His Majesty thinks that Lord Wellington has magazines close behind the
frontier of northern Portugal. Not so. These magazines are at Abrantes,
or in Estremadura. His hospitals are at Lisbon, Castello Branco, and
Abrantes. There is nothing of any importance to him on the Coa.’ And
how was Almeida or Ciudad Rodrigo to be assailed in such a way as to
cause Wellington any disquietude, when the Army of Portugal had not a
single heavy gun left? ‘General Dorsenne had the happy idea of leaving
in Rodrigo, a fortress of inferior character on the front of our line,
the whole siege-train prepared for this army at great expense, so that
new guns of large calibre must actually be brought up from France.’

  [312] Mes dispositions étant faites pour une marche de quinze
  jours sur l’Agueda, déjà commencée, je continue ce mouvement,
  sans cependant (je le répète) avoir une très grande confiance
  dans les résultats qu’il doit donner.’ Marmont to Berthier, March
  27.

Marmont’s striking force was not so large as he would have wished.
Bonnet was, by the Emperor’s orders, beginning his advance for the
reoccupation of the Asturias. Foy was in the valley of the Tagus.
Souham had to be left on the Esla, to observe the Army of Galicia.
This left five divisions for active operations: but the Marshal came
to the conclusion that he must split up one more (Ferey’s) to hold
Valladolid, Salamanca, Zamora, Toro, Avila, Benavente, and other
places, which in an elaborate calculation sent to Berthier he showed
to require 4,910 men for their garrisons. He therefore marched with
four infantry divisions only [Clausel, Maucune, Sarrut, Brennier]
and 1,500 light cavalry, about 25,000 men in all: his division of
dragoons was left behind in Leon, to keep open communication between
his various garrisons. A rather illusory help was sought by sending to
Foy, who then lay at Almaraz, orders to the effect that he might push
a detachment to Plasencia, and give out that he was about to join the
main army by the pass of Perales. But Foy’s real concern, as he was
told, was to keep up communication with the Army of the South, and to
give any help that was possible on the side of Truxillo, if (by some
improbable chance) the Army of the Centre should be able to lend him
the aid of any appreciable number of battalions.

On the 30th the French army appeared in front of Rodrigo, and Carlos
de España, leaving 3,000 men as garrison there, under General Vives,
retired with the small remainder of his division towards the Portuguese
frontier. He was pursued and molested by the enemy’s cavalry, not
having been covered or assisted, as Wellington had directed, by Victor
Alten’s regiment of German Hussars. That officer, neglecting his
orders in the most flagrant fashion, did not retire slowly and in a
fighting posture, when the French drove in his line of vedettes in
front of Rodrigo, but collected his regiment and rode hard for Castello
Branco, without concerning himself in the least as to the safety of the
Spanish and Portuguese forces in his neighbourhood, or the procuring of
intelligence as to the strength and the purpose of the French army. His
carelessness or shirking of responsibility, which was to be displayed
in still worse form as the campaign went on, drew on him such a sharp
and bitter rebuke from Wellington that it is a wonder that he was not
sent home forthwith[313].

  [313] Wellington to V. Alten, April 18, ‘You were desired “not to
  be in a hurry,” to give them (España and General Baccelar) your
  countenance so far as might be in your power, and to tell them
  that you were left in the front for a particular object.... I
  beg you to observe that if you had assembled the 1st Hussars at
  Pastores on March 30 and April 1, the Agueda being then scarcely
  fordable for cavalry, you could have kept open the communications
  between Almeida and Ciudad Rodrigo.... You wrote on the seventh
  from Castello Branco that you knew nothing about the enemy! and
  instead of receiving from you (as I had expected) a daily account
  of their operations, you knew nothing, and, from the way in which
  you made your march, all those were driven off the road who might
  have given me intelligence, and were destined to keep up the
  communication between me and Carlos de España.’

Marmont looked at Rodrigo, but refused to attempt anything against
it, though he was informed that the garrison was undisciplined and
dispirited. Without siege artillery he held that it was useless
to attack the place. After sending in a formal summons to Vives
(who gave the proper negative answer in round terms), and throwing
into the streets a few shells from the howitzers attached to his
field-batteries, he told off Brennier’s division to blockade Rodrigo,
as also to guard a flying bridge which he cast across the Agueda at La
Caridad, a few miles up-stream.

His next move was to send forward Clausel with two divisions to
investigate the state of Almeida. He had heard that its walls were
unfinished, and thought that there might be some chance of executing a
_coup-de-main_ against it. The general, however, came back next day,
reporting that he thought the scheme impossible. He had apparently been
deterred from pressing in upon the place both by the defiant attitude
of the governor, Le Mesurier, whose outposts skirmished outside the
walls for some time before allowing themselves to be driven in, and
still more by the sight of a considerable force of Portuguese troops
encamped close to the town on the other side of the Coa. This was
Trant’s militia, the first detachment that had got to the front of the
various bodies of troops which Wellington had told off for the defence
of the Beira. They had taken up the strong position behind the bridge
of the Coa, which Craufurd had so obstinately defended against Ney in
July 1810.

On the alarm being given on March 29th that Marmont was marching
against that province, and not against Galicia or the Tras-os-Montes,
Wellington’s orders suiting that contingency were carried out with more
or less accuracy. Silveira, with the Tras-os-Montes militia and his
small body of regular cavalry, began to move on Lamego, where Baccelar,
the chief commander in the North, had concentrated the regiments from
the Oporto region and the Beira Alta, even before Marmont had left
Salamanca. General Abadia had been requested to press forward against
the French on the Esla, so as to threaten the flank and rear of the
invading army. He did not accomplish much, being convinced that the
forces left opposite him were too strong to be lightly meddled with.
But he directed a raid to be made from the Western Asturias towards
the city of Leon, and the division at Puebla de Senabria threatened
Benavente. Both movements were executed too late to be of any
importance in affecting the course of the campaign.

Baccelar had been ordered to avoid committing himself to a general
action with any large body of the enemy, but to show such a mass of
troops concentrated that Marmont would have to keep his main body
together, and to act cautiously on the offensive. His primary duty was
to cover, if possible, the large magazines at São João de Pesqueira and
Lamego on the Douro, and the smaller ones at Villa da Ponte, Pinhel,
and Celorico. To these Wellington attached much importance, as they
were the intermediate dépôts from which his army drew its sustenance
when it was on the northern frontier, and he knew that he would be
requiring them again ere many weeks had passed. As long as Marmont
remained near Almeida, it was necessary to keep a force as far forward
as possible, behind the very defensible line of the Coa, and Trant
was advanced for this purpose, though he was directed not to commit
himself. His presence so close to Almeida was very valuable, as he
would have to be driven off before the Marshal formally invested the
place. Le Mesurier, the governor, was not at all comfortable as to
his position: though he had a proportion of British artillery left
with him, the whole of the infantry of the garrison consisted of Beira
militia, who had no experience under arms. On taking over charge of the
place, on March 18, the governor had complained that though the walls
were in a sufficient state of repair, and there were plenty of guns
forthcoming, yet few or none of them were mounted ready for service,
the powder magazines were insufficiently sheltered, and many details
of fortification (palisades, platforms, &c.) had to be completed in a
hurry[314]. However, the place looked so sound for defence when Clausel
reconnoitred it, that--as we have seen--he made no attempt to invest
it, and promptly withdrew, reporting to his chief that Almeida was not
to be taken by a _coup-de-main_.

  [314] For complaints by Le Mesurier as to the defects of the
  place when he took over charge of it on March 18, see his letter
  of the 28th of the same month, to Wellington, in the Appendix to
  Napier, iv. pp. 450-1.

Marmont then made the move which Wellington had most desired, and
which in his dispatch to Baccelar he had specified as the happiest
thing that could come about. Instead of sitting down before Almeida or
Ciudad Rodrigo, or making a push against the dépôts on the Douro, he
turned southward towards the Lower Beira, and (leaving Brennier behind
to guard communications) marched with three divisions to Sabugal via
Fuente Guinaldo. This policy could have no great results--the Marshal
might ravage the country-side, but such a movement with such a force
could not possibly alarm Wellington overmuch, or draw him away from
the siege of Badajoz if he were determined to persevere in it. There
was nothing of importance to him in central Beira--only minor dépôts
at Celorico and Castello Branco, much less valuable than the larger
ones at Lamego and São João de Pesqueira on the Douro. ‘He can do no
more,’ as an acute observer on the Portuguese staff remarked, ‘than
drive off some cattle, burn some cottages, and ruin a few wretched
peasants[315].’ For the country about the sources of the Zezere and
round Castello Branco is one of the most thinly peopled districts of
Portugal.

  [315] The observation comes from D’Urban’s unpublished Journal.

To meet Marmont’s southern move Baccelar brought up Trant’s and
Wilson’s militia by a parallel march to Guarda, while Le Cor, with
the two regiments of the Beira Baixa, held on at Castello Branco till
he should be evicted from it. To Wellington’s intense disgust[316],
Victor Alten, whose orders directed him to fall back no farther than
that town, continued his precipitate retreat with the German Hussars
to the bridge of Villa Velha on the Tagus, and began to take measures
to destroy that all-important link of communications between north and
south. Fortunately he was stopped before he had done the damage. The
bridge was only taken over to the south bank, not committed to the
flames.

  [316] Wellington to Alten, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 69. ‘You were
  positively ordered by your instructions to go to Castello Branco
  and no farther. The reason for this instruction was obvious.
  First the militia of Lower Beira would be there in the case
  supposed [that of Marmont’s making an invasion south of the
  Douro], and they _were_ there. Secondly, as soon as I should
  be informed of the enemy’s approach to the Coa, it would be
  necessary for me to assemble a force at Castello Branco--of
  which the foundation would be the 1st Hussars K.G.L. Yet
  notwithstanding my orders you marched from Castello Branco on
  the 8th, and crossed the Tagus on the 9th. Till I received your
  letter I did not conceive it possible that you could so far
  disregard your instructions.’

Halting at Sabugal, on April 8th, Marmont sent out flying columns,
which ravaged the country-side as far as Penamacor, Fundão, and
Covilhão, and dispatched Clausel with a whole division against Castello
Branco, the one important place in the whole region. Le Cor evacuated
it on April 12th, after burning such of the magazines as could not be
removed in haste: and Clausel--who occupied it for two days--did not
therefore get possession of the stores of food which his chief had
hoped to find there. In revenge the town and the small proportion of
its inhabitants who did not take to the hills were badly maltreated:
many buildings, including the bishop’s palace, were burnt.

Hearing that Marmont had dispersed the larger portion of his army with
flying columns, and was lying at Sabugal, on the 12th, with only a few
thousand men, Trant conceived the rash idea that it would be possible
to surprise him, at his head-quarters, by a night march of his own
and Wilson’s combined divisions from Guarda. The distance was about
twenty miles over mountain roads, and the scheme must have led to
disaster, for--contrary to the information which the militia generals
had gathered--the Marshal’s concentrated main body was still stronger
than their own, despite of all his detachments[317]. ‘You could not
have succeeded in your attempt, and you would have lost your division
and that of General Wilson[318],’ wrote Wellington to Trant, when
the scheme and its failure were reported to him a week later. It was
fortunately never tried, owing to Baccelar’s having made objections to
his subordinate’s hare-brained plan.

  [317] I cannot resist quoting here, as an example of Trant’s
  over-daring and reckless temperament, his letter to Wilson,
  urging him to co-operate in the raid, which was lent me by
  Wilson’s representative of to-day:--

    GUARDA, 11th _April_, 1812.

  MY DEAR WILSON,--I arrived last night. Hasten up your division:
  there never was a finer opportunity of destroying a French corps,
  in other words and in my opinion, their 2nd Division: but I have
  no certainty of what force is the enemy. At any rate send me
  your squadron of cavalry, or even _twenty_ dragoons. I am very
  ill-treated by Baccelar in regard to cavalry. Push on yourself
  personally. You know how happy I shall be in having you once more
  as the partner of my operations. Order up everything you can from
  Celorico to eat: here there is _nothing_.--Yrs. N. T.

  The French 2nd Division was Clausel’s, as it chanced, the one
  that was precisely _not_ at Sabugal, but executing the raid on
  Castello Branco.

  [318] Wellington to Trant, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 73.

But the best comment on the enterprise is that on the very night
(April 13-14) which Trant had fixed for his march, he was himself
surprised by Marmont, so bad had been his arrangements for watching the
country-side. The Marshal had learnt that there was an accumulation
of militia at Guarda threatening his flank, and resolved to give it
a lesson. He started with a brigade each from Sarrut’s and Maucune’s
divisions and five squadrons of light cavalry--about 7,000 men--and
was, at dawn, on the 14th, at the foot of the hill of Guarda, where
he had the good luck to cut off all Trant’s outposts without their
firing a shot--so badly did the militia keep their look-out. ‘Had he
only dashed headlong into the town he might have captured Wilson’s and
my divisions without losing probably a single man,’ wrote Trant. But
the ascent into Guarda was long and steep, and Marmont, who had only
cavalry up, did not guess how careless were his adversaries. He took
proper military precautions and waited for his infantry: meanwhile the
Portuguese were roused, almost by chance as it seems. ‘My distrust of
the militia with regard to the execution of precautions,’ continues
Trant, ‘had induced me at all times to have a drummer at my bedroom
door, in readiness to beat to arms. This was most fortunately the case
on the night of April 13, 1812, for the first intimation that I had of
the enemy being near at hand was given me by my servant, on bringing me
my coffee at daybreak on the 14th. He said that there was such a report
in the street, and that the soldiers were assembling at the alarm
rendezvous. I instantly beat to arms, and the beat being as instantly
taken up by every drummer in the place, Marmont, who was at that very
moment with his cavalry at the entrance of the town, held back. I was
myself the first man out of the town, and he was not then 400 yards
away[319].’

  [319] Narrative of Trant in Napier’s Appendix to vol. iv. p. 451.

The Marshal, in his account of the affair, says that the Portuguese
formed up on the heights by the town, apparently ready to fight, but
drew off rapidly so soon as he had prepared for a regular attack on
the position. Wise not quite in time, the two militia generals sent
their men at a trot down the steep road at the back of the place, with
the single troop of regular dragoons that they possessed bringing
up the rear. It had now begun to rain in torrents, and Trant and
Wilson having obtained two or three miles start, and being able to
see no distance owing to the downpour, thought that they had got
off safe. This was not the case: Marmont realized that his infantry
could not catch them, but seeing their hurry and disorder ordered his
cavalry--his own escort-squadron and the 13th Chasseurs--to pursue
and charge the rearguard of the retreating column. They overtook it
by the bridge of Faya, three miles outside Guarda, where the road to
Celorico descends on a steep slope to cross the river. The leading
French squadron scattered the forty dragoons at the tail of Trant’s
division, and rode on, mixed with them, against the rearguard battalion
(that of Oporto). The militiamen, startled and caught utterly by
surprise, tried to form across the road and to open fire: but the rain
had damped their cartridges, and hardly a musket gave fire. Thereupon
the battalion went to pieces, the men nearest the French throwing
down their guns and asking for quarter, while those behind scattered
uphill or downhill from the road, seeking safety on the steep slopes.
The charge swept downhill on to the battalion of Aveiro, and the other
successive units of the Oporto brigade, which broke up in confusion.
Five of their six colours were taken, and 1,500 prisoners were cut off,
while some tumbled into the Mondego and were drowned, by losing their
footing on the steep hillside. Hardly a Frenchman fell, and not very
many Portuguese, for the _chasseurs_, finding that they had to deal
with helpless militiamen who made no resistance, were sparing with
the sabre[320]. The greater part of the prisoners were allowed, in
contempt, to make off, and only a few hundred and the five flags were
brought back to Marmont at Guarda. The pursuit did not penetrate so
far as Wilson’s division, which got across the Mondego while Trant’s
was being routed, and formed up behind the narrow bridge, where the
_chasseurs_, being a trifling force of 400 men, did not think fit to
attack them. The French infantry had marched over twenty miles already
that day, and were dead beat: Marmont did not send them down from
Guarda to pursue, in spite of the brilliant success of his cavalry.

  [320] There is an account of this rout from the French side in
  the _Mémoires_ of Parquin, of the 13th Chasseurs, an officer
  mentioned in Marmont’s dispatch as having taken one of the flags.
  Parquin calls it that of the regiment of _Eurillas_. There was
  no such corps: those which lost standards were Aveiro, Oliveira,
  and Penafiel. A lengthy account may be found also in Beresford’s
  _Ordens do Dia_ for May 7, where blame and praise are carefully
  distributed, and the curious order is made that the disgraced
  regiments are to leave their surviving flags at home, till they
  have washed out the stain on their honour by good service in the
  field.

The day after the ‘Rout of Guarda’ Marmont pushed an advanced guard
to Lagiosa, half-way to Celorico, where Trant and Wilson had taken
refuge, with their ranks short of some 2,000 men scattered in the
hills. Thereupon the militia generals set fire to the stores, and
evacuated Celorico, falling back into the hills towards Trancoso. But
finding that the French were not coming on, they halted; and when they
ascertained that the enemy was actually returning to Guarda, they came
back, extinguished the fires, and rescued great part of the magazines.
Marmont’s unexpected forbearance was caused by the fact that the news
of the fall of Badajoz reached him on the 15th, along with a report
from Clausel (who had just evacuated Castello Branco) that Wellington’s
army had already started northward, and that its advanced guard was
across the Tagus at Villa Velha.

This was startling, nay appalling, intelligence. Badajoz had been
reckoned good for a much longer resistance, and the news had come
so slowly--it had taken nine days to reach Marmont--that it was
possible that the British army was already in a position to cut off
his expeditionary force from its base on the Agueda. Wherefore Marmont
hastily evacuated Guarda, and was back at Sabugal by the 16th, where
Clausel and the other dispersed fractions of his army joined him. Here
he regarded himself as reasonably safe, but determined to retire behind
the Spanish frontier ere long, raising the blockade of Ciudad Rodrigo.
‘My troops,’ he wrote to Berthier on that day, ‘have used up the little
food to be gathered between the Tagus and the Zezere; and now that
the enemy is on the Tagus I cannot possibly remain on the Mondego, as
I should be leaving him on my line of communications. I shall fall
back to the right bank of the Agueda. If the enemy resolves to pursue
me thither I shall fight him. If not I shall fall back on Salamanca,
because of the absolute impossibility of feeding an army between the
Agueda and the Tormes.’

Marmont remained at Sabugal and its neighbourhood for nearly a week--by
the 22nd he had drawn back a few miles to Fuente Guinaldo--with about
20,000 men. His position was more dangerous than he knew; for on the
18th the heavy rains, which began on the day of the combat of Guarda,
broke his bridge over the Agueda at La Caridad, so that he was cut off
from Brennier and from Salamanca. He was under the impression that
Wellington had only brought up a couple of divisions against him, and
that these were still south of Castello Branco[321], whereas as a
matter of fact seven had marched; and on the day that he wrote this
incautious estimate Wellington’s headquarters were at Penamacor, the
Light and 3rd Divisions were closing in on Sabugal, the 4th and 5th
were a full march north of Castello Branco, and the 1st, 6th, and 7th
were at Losa, quite close to that city. Thirty-six hours more of delay
would have placed Marmont in the terrible position of finding himself
with a broken bridge behind him, and 40,000 enemies closing in upon his
front and flank.

  [321] Marmont to Berthier: Fuente Guinaldo, April 22. ‘Les
  rapports des prisonniers sont que trois divisions de l’armée
  anglaise reviennent sur le Coa. Mais cette nouvelle ayant été
  donnée avec affectation par les parlementaires, et n’ayant vu
  jamais autre chose que le seul 1er de Hussards Allemands, qui
  était précédemment sur cette rive, et point d’infanterie, ni rien
  qui annonce la présence d’un corps de troupes, je suis autorisé
  à croire que c’est un bruit qu’on a fait courir à dessein, et
  qu’il n’y a pas d’Anglais en présence. Je suis à peu près certain
  qu’il a parti de Portalègre deux divisions, qui se sont portées
  à Villa Velha: mais il me paraît évident qu’elles ne se sont
  beaucoup éloignées du Tage.’ The actual situation was 1st Hussars
  K.G.L. Quadraseyes in front of Sabugal: Light Division, Sabugal:
  3rd Division, Sortelha: 4th Division, Pedrogão, 5th Division,
  Alpedrinha; 1st, 6th, 7th Divisions, Losa: Pack’s Portuguese,
  Memoa. The map will show what a fearful situation Marmont would
  have been in had he halted for another day.

To explain the situation, Wellington’s movements after the capture
of Badajoz must now be detailed. It had been his hope, though not
his expectation, that Soult might have remained at Villafranca after
hearing of the disaster of the 6th April; in this case he had intended
to fall upon him with every available man, crush him by force of
numbers, and then follow up his routed army into Andalusia, where the
whole fabric of French occupation must have crumpled up. But Soult
wisely retreated at a sharp pace; and the idea of following him as far
as Seville, there to find him reinforced for a general action by all
the troops from the Cadiz Lines and Granada, was not so tempting as
that of bringing him to battle in Estremadura. On the day after the
fall of Badajoz Wellington formulated his intentions in a letter to
Lord Liverpool. ‘It would be very desirable that I should have it in
my power to strike a blow against Marshal Soult, before he could be
reinforced.... But it is not very probable that he will risk an action
in the province of Estremadura, which it would not be difficult for
him to avoid; and it is necessary for him that he should return to
Andalusia owing to the movements of General Ballasteros and the Conde
de Penne Villemur ... if he should retire into Andalusia I must return
to Castille[322].’

  [322] Wellington to Liverpool, April 7, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 43.

The reason given by Wellington for his resolve to turn north again was
that Carlos de España had informed him that Ciudad Rodrigo, though
otherwise tenable enough, had only provisions for twenty-three
days, partly from what Wellington called the general policy of
‘Mañana’[323]--of shiftless procrastination--partly from the definite
single fact that a very large convoy provided from the British
magazines on the Douro had been stopped at Almeida on March 30th. This,
in Wellington’s estimation, was the fault of Victor Alten, who, if he
had held the outposts beyond the Agueda for a day longer, might have
covered the entry of the convoy into Ciudad Rodrigo[324]. Marmont’s
operations on the Coa and the Agueda would have been quite negligible
from the strategic point of view but for this one fact. He might
ravage as far as Guarda or Castello Branco without doing any practical
harm, but it could not be permitted that he should starve Rodrigo into
surrender: even allowing for a firm resistance by the garrison, and a
judicious resort to lessened rations, the place would be in danger from
the third week of April onward. Wherefore, unless Marmont withdrew into
Spain by the middle of the month, he must be forced to do so, by the
transference of the main body of the Anglo-Portuguese Army to the North.

  [323] Wellington to Henry Wellesley, April 4, _Dispatches_, ix.
  p. 29.

  [324] Wellington to Alten, April 18, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 68,
  ‘I beg to observe that if you had assembled the 1st Hussars at
  Pastores on the 30th March and 1st April ... you would have kept
  open the communication between Almeida and Ciudad Rodrigo, and
  the convoy would probably have got into the latter place.’

The Marshal, during the critical days following the fall of Badajoz,
showed no such intention. Indeed he advanced to Sabugal on the 8th,
seized Castello Branco on the 12th, and executed his raid on Guarda
upon the 13th-14th. Ignorant of the fall of Badajoz, he was naturally
extending the sphere of his operations, under the belief that no
serious force was in his front. While he was overrunning Beira Baixa,
Ciudad Rodrigo continued to be blockaded by Brennier, and its stores
were now running very low.

On April 11th[325] Wellington made up his mind that this state of
things must be brought to an end, and he determined that no mere
detachment should march, but a force sufficient to overwhelm Marmont
if he could be brought to action. The movement began with the march
of the 11th Light Dragoons and Pack’s and Bradford’s Portuguese to
Elvas on the afternoon of the 11th April, all being ordered to move
on Arronches and Portalegre. On the 12th a larger force started off
from the camps around Badajoz and on the Albuera position: the 3rd
and Light Divisions moved (following Pack and Bradford) on Portalegre
via Arronches, the 4th and 5th, making a shorter move, to Campo Mayor
on the same road, the 7th from Valverde to Elvas. The 1st and 6th
under Graham, bringing up the rear, went off on the 13th from Valverde
and Elvas northward. Orders were sent to Stapleton Cotton, then in
pursuit of Drouet in southern Estremadura, to come with Anson’s and Le
Marchant’s cavalry brigades to join the main army, leaving only Slade’s
and Long’s to Hill. Bock’s Heavy Dragoon brigade of the King’s German
Legion was also directed to take part in the general movement.

  [325] The date can be fixed from D’Urban’s Journal: ‘Marmont has
  blockaded Rodrigo, reconnoitred Almeida, and has now made an
  inroad as far as Fundão: all this obliges a movement toward him.
  April 11.’

Only Hill, with the troops that had served under him since the summer
of 1811, plus one new cavalry brigade, was left behind in Estremadura
to ‘contain’ Drouet. It was highly unlikely that Soult would be heard
of in that province, as he had his own troubles in Andalusia to keep
him employed. Indeed Wellington in his parting message to this trusty
lieutenant told him that it was ‘impossible’ that the enemy could
assemble enough troops to incommode him at present, and explained that
his chief duty would be to cover the repairing of Badajoz, into which
three Portuguese line regiments[326] under Power, hitherto forming the
garrisons of Elvas and Abrantes, were thrown, to hold it till Castaños
should provide 3,000 Spaniards for the purpose.

  [326] 5th and 17th from Elvas, 22nd from Abrantes.

The movement of the army marching against Marmont was rapid and
continuous, though it might have been even more swift but for the fact
that the whole long column had to pass the bridge of Villa Velha, the
only passage of the Tagus that lay straight on the way to the Lower
Beira: to send troops by Abrantes would have cost too much time. On
the 16th the Light and 3rd Divisions crossed the bridge, on the 17th
some cavalry and Pack’s and Bradford’s Portuguese, while the 4th, 5th,
and 6th Divisions were now close to the river at Castello de Vide and
Alpalhão, and only the 1st was rather to the rear at Portalegre[327].
Alten’s German Hussars, picked up at Castello Branco on the 18th by the
head of the column, were the only cavalry which Wellington showed in
his front. This was done on principle: Marmont knew that this regiment
was in his neighbourhood, and if it pressed in upon his outposts, it
told him nothing as to the arrival of new troops opposite him. As we
have already seen, when quoting one of his dispatches[328], he drew the
inference that Wellington intended, and so late as the 22nd believed
that his adversary’s main army was still behind the Tagus, and that at
most two divisions had come up to Villa Velha--but probably no further.

  [327] All these movements are taken from the elaborate tables in
  D’Urban’s Journal for these days.

  [328] See above, p. 288.

Steadily advancing, the column, with the 3rd and Light Divisions
leading, reached Castello Branco on the 17th. They found that it had
been reoccupied on the 15th by Alten’s Hussars and Le Cor’s militia;
but it was in a dreadful state of dilapidation owing to the ravages
of Clausel’s troops during the two days of their flying visit. Clear
information was received that Marmont was still at Sabugal, and his
vedettes lay as far south as Pedrogão. The British staff were in hopes
that he might be caught. ‘His ignorance (as we hope) of the real force
in march against him may end in his destruction,’ wrote D’Urban to
Charles Stewart on the 18th, ‘for he has put the Agueda in his rear,
which the late rains have made impassable: his situation is very
critical. If he discovers his error at once, he may get off by his
left down the Perales road, and so reach Plasencia: but if he does
not, and waits to be _driven_ out of the ground he holds, I don’t see
how he is to get away. Lord Wellington will be all closed up by the
21st; meanwhile he shows little to his front, and avoids giving serious
alarm: the fairest hopes may be entertained of a decisive blow[329].’

  [329] Letter in the D’Urban Papers.

It looked indeed as if Marmont was waiting over-long: on the 17th-18th
his exploring parties came as far south as Idanha Nova, where by an ill
chance they captured Wellington’s most famous intelligence-officer,
Major Colquhoun Grant, who there commenced that extraordinary
series of adventures which are told in detail in the life of his
brother-in-law, Dr. McGrigor, Wellington’s chief medical officer. He
escaped at Bayonne, and returned to England via Paris and the boat of a
Breton fisherman[330].

  [330] See the _Life of Surgeon-General Sir Jas. McGrigor_, pp.
  284-96. I have before me, among the Scovell papers, Grant’s
  original signed parole as far as Bayonne, witnessed by General
  Lamartinière, the chief of Marmont’s staff. It was captured by
  _Guerrilleros_ in Castile, and sent to Wellington. Accompanying
  it is the General’s private letter, commending Grant to the
  attention of the French police, with the explanation that he was
  only not treated as a spy because he was captured in British
  uniform, though far in the rear of the French outpost line.

The rear of the column had dropped behind somewhat, owing to the
incessant rains which had set in from April 14th, and which had broken
Marmont’s bridge four days later. Wellington had given the 4th Division
leave to halt for a day, because of the state of the roads and the
entire want of cover for the night in the desolate tract between
Villa Velha and Abrantes[331]. It reached Castello Branco, however,
on the 20th, on which day only (by some extraordinary mismanagement)
Wellington got the tardy news of Trant’s disaster at Guarda on the
morning of the 14th. And this news was brought not by any official
messenger, but by a fugitive ensign of militia, who garnished it with
all manner of untrue additions--whereupon Beresford had him tried
and shot, for deserting his troops and spreading false intelligence.
Clearly Trant, Wilson, and Baccelar between them should have got the
true narrative to head-quarters before six days had elapsed.

  [331] Wellington to Graham, Castello Branco, April 18,
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 70.

The 21st April was the critical day of this campaign. Marmont was
still at Fuente Guinaldo, on the wrong side of the Agueda, and his
bridge at La Caridad was still broken and not relaid. Though unaware
that Wellington was close upon him with an overwhelming force, whose
existence he denied (as we have seen) in a letter sent off so late as
the 22nd, he was yet feeling uncomfortable, both because of his broken
communications, and because he had used up his food. Wherefore he gave
orders that his artillery, using very bad side-roads, should pass the
Agueda by the bridge of Villarubia, a small mountain crossing quite
near its source, which would take it, not by the ordinary route past
Ciudad Rodrigo, but by Robledo to Tamames, through a very difficult
country.[332] He himself with the infantry stood fast on the 21st and
22nd, unaware of his dangerous position.

  [332] Marmont to Berthier, Fuente Guinaldo, April 22 [original
  intercepted dispatch in Scovell Papers]: ‘J’ai eu la plus grande
  peine à faire arriver mon artillerie sur la rive droite de cette
  rivière. Les ponts que j’avais fait construire sur l’Agueda
  ayant été détruits par les grandes crues d’eau, et n’ayant pas
  la faculté de les rétablir, je n’ai su d’autre moyen que de la
  diriger par les sources de cette rivière, et les contreforts
  des montagnes.’ The wording of Wellington’s intercepted copy
  differs slightly from that of the duplicate printed in Ducasse’s
  _Correspondence of King Joseph_, viii. pp. 404-10.

For the allies were closing in upon him--the head-quarters of
Wellington were on the 21st at Pedrogão, the 1st German Hussars,
covering the advance, had reached Sabugal, and the Light and 3rd
Divisions were close behind, as were Pack’s and Bradford’s Portuguese,
while the 4th and 5th were both beyond Castello Branco. On the morning
of the 22nd the head of the infantry column had passed Sabugal, and the
Hussars were in front of them, pushing in Marmont’s vedettes. A delay
of twenty-four hours more on the part of the French would have brought
the armies into collision, when Marmont gave orders for his infantry
to retreat across the Agueda by the fords near Ciudad Rodrigo, where
the water on that day had at last fallen enough to render the passage
possible, though difficult and dangerous. The leading division marched
on the 22nd, the rest on the 23rd: by the night of the latter day all
were across the river, and retiring rapidly on Salamanca; for, as
Marmont truly observed, there was not a ration of food to be got out of
the devastated country between Rodrigo and the Tormes.

The odd part of this sudden, if long-deferred, retreat was that it
was made without the slightest knowledge that it was imperative,
owing to Wellington’s near approach; in the letter announcing it
to Berthier the Marshal reiterates his statement that he does not
believe that Wellington has a man north of Castello Branco save the
1st Hussars K.G.L. The retreat is only ordered because it is clear
that, with 20,000 men only in hand, it is useless to continue the
tour of devastation in the Beira. ‘Your highness may judge that the
result of the diversion which I have sought to make in favour of the
Army of the South has been practically nil. Such a movement could only
be effective if carried out with a force great enough to enable me
to march against the enemy with confidence, and to offer him battle,
even if he had every available man collected. With 18,000 or 19,000
men (reduced to 15,000 or 16,000 because I have to leave detachments
to keep up communications) I could not move far into Portugal without
risk, even if I have no one in front of me, and the whole hostile
army is on the farther bank of the Tagus. For if I passed the Zezere
and marched on Santarem, the enemy--master of Badajoz and covered by
the Guadiana--could pass the Tagus behind me, and seize the defiles
of Zarza Major, Perales, and Payo, by which alone I could return....
There are several places at which he could cross the Tagus, above and
below Alcantara, and so place himself by a rapid and secret movement
that my first news of him would be by the sound of cannon on my line of
communications--and my position would then be desperate[333].’

  [333] Intercepted dispatch in the Scovell Papers, Fuente
  Guinaldo, April 22, quoted above.

The real danger that was threatening him, on the day that he wrote this
dispatch, Marmont did not suspect in the least, indeed he denied its
existence. But he moved just in time, and was across the Agueda when,
on the 24th, Wellington had his head-quarters at Alfayates, and three
divisions at Fuente Guinaldo, which the French had only evacuated on
the preceding day, with three more close behind. Only the 1st and 6th,
under Graham, were still at Castello Branco and Losa. Evidently if the
fords of the Agueda had remained impassable for another twenty-four
hours, Marmont’s four divisions would have been overwhelmed by superior
numbers and driven against the bridgeless river, over which there would
have been no escape. As it was, he avoided an unsuspected danger, and
returned to Salamanca with his army little reduced in numbers, but with
his cavalry and artillery almost ruined: his dispatch of the 22nd says
that he has lost 1,500 horses, and that as many more needed a long rest
if they were ever again to be fit for service.

On the 24th Wellington bade all his army halt, the forced marches
which they had been carrying out for the last ten days having failed
to achieve the end of surprising and overwhelming Marmont, who had
obtained an undeserved escape. On the 26th he paid a flying visit to
Ciudad Rodrigo, whose safety he had at least secured, and commended
General Vives for his correct attitude during the three weeks of
the late blockade. The next movements of the allied army belong to
a different series of operations, and must be dealt with in a new
section.




SECTION XXXIII

THE SALAMANCA CAMPAIGN


CHAPTER I

KING JOSEPH AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF


On March 16, 1812, the day on which Wellington opened his trenches
before Badajoz, the Emperor Napoleon took a step of no small importance
with regard to the control of his armies in Spain. He had now made up
his mind that the long-threatened war with Russia must begin within a
few months, and that he must leave Paris ere long, and move forward
to some central point in Germany, from which he could superintend the
preparations for a campaign, the greatest in scale of any which he
had hitherto undertaken. He was persuaded that war was inevitable:
the Czar Alexander had dared to dispute his will; and in the state of
megalomania, to which his mind had now accustomed itself, he could
tolerate no opposition. Yet he was aware, in his more lucid moments,
that he was taking a great risk. On March 7th Colonel Jardet, Marmont’s
confidential aide-de-camp, was granted an interview, in which he
set forth all the difficulties of the Army of Portugal. The Emperor
heard him out, and began, ‘Marmont complains that he is short of many
resources--food, money, means, &c.... Well, here am I, about to plunge
with an immense army into the heart of a great country which produces
_absolutely nothing_.’ And then he stopped, and after a long silence
seemed suddenly to rouse himself from a sombre reverie, and looking
the colonel in the face asked, ‘How will it all end?’ Jardet, thrown
off his balance by such a searching query, stammered that it would of
course end in the best possible fashion. But he went out filled with
gloomy forebodings, inspired by his master’s evident lack of confidence
in the future[334].

  [334] See Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. p. 202. Jardet’s long report
  to Marmont was captured on its journey out to Salamanca from
  Paris, and lies among the Scovell Papers.

Some weeks were yet to elapse before the Emperor’s actual departure
from France; but, ere he went, he had to set in good working order the
conduct of his policy during his absence, and of all its complicated
machinery the Spanish section was one of the most puzzling and the
most apt to get out of order. It was clearly impossible that he should
continue to send from Dresden or Wilna elaborate orders every five
or ten days, as he had been wont to do from Paris. If it took three
weeks to get an order to Seville in February, it might take five or
six in July, when the imperial head-quarters might be in some obscure
Lithuanian hamlet. Something must be done to solve the problem of
continuous policy, and of co-operation between the five armies of
Spain, and after much consideration the Emperor dictated to Berthier
the solution which he thought least bad--’Send by special messenger a
dispatch to the King of Spain, informing him that I confide to him the
command of all my Spanish armies, and that Marshal Jourdan will serve
as his Chief-of-the-Staff. You will send, at the same time, a similar
intimation to that marshal. You will inform the King that I shall keep
him advised of my political intentions through my ambassador at Madrid.
You will write to Marshal Suchet, to the Duke of Dalmatia, and the
Duke of Ragusa that I have entrusted the King with the charge of all
my armies in his realm, and that they will have to conform to all the
orders which they may receive from the King, to secure the co-operation
of their armies. You will write, in particular, to the Duke of Ragusa
that the necessity for obtaining common action between the Armies of
the South, of Valencia, and of Portugal, has determined me to give
the King of Spain control over all of them, and that he will have to
regulate his operations by the instructions which he will receive.
To-morrow you will write in greater detail to the King, but the special
messenger must start this very night for Bayonne[335].’

  [335] King Joseph had been prepared for the formal proposal by a
  tentative letter sent off to him about three weeks earlier, on
  February 19, inquiring whether it would suit him to have Jourdan
  as his Chief-of-the-Staff, supposing that the Emperor went off to
  Russia and turned over the command in Spain to him. See Ducasse’s
  _Correspondence_, ix. p. 322.

Of the bundle of dispatches that for the King was delivered at Madrid
on March 28th, after twelve days of travel. Marmont got his a little
later, as he had started on his Portuguese expedition when it reached
Salamanca. Communication between his field-force and his base being
difficult, owing to the activity of Julian Sanchez, it appears to have
been on March 30, when before Ciudad Rodrigo, that he became aware
that he had a new commander-in-chief[336]. Soult was apprised of the
situation much later, because, when preparing for his expedition to
relieve Badajoz, he had ordered his posts in the Sierra Morena to be
evacuated, and the communication with La Mancha to be broken off for
the moment. It seems that he must have got Berthier’s dispatch quite
late in April, as on the 17th of that month he was only acknowledging
Paris letters of February 23rd[337], and the first courier from Madrid
got through only some time later. Suchet would appear also to have been
advised of the change of command very late--he published the imperial
decree in his official gazette at Valencia only on May 10, giving as
its date the 29th instead of the 16th of March[338], which looks as
if the first copy sent to him had miscarried, and the repetition made
thirteen days later had alone reached him. These dates are only worth
giving as illustrations of the extreme difficulty of getting orders
from point to point in Spain during the French occupation, even when
Andalusia and Valencia were supposed to be thoroughly subdued.

  [336] This is proved by Berthier’s letter to King Joseph of April
  16 (Ducasse’s _Correspondence of King Joseph_, viii. p. 382),
  which says that he has just received Marmont’s dispatch of March
  30 acknowledging his own of March 16, and that the Marshal now
  knows that he must obey orders from Madrid.

  [337] Soult to Berthier from Seville, April 17.

  [338] A copy of this print is among the Scovell Papers: it does
  credit to the Valencian press by its neat appearance.

It will be noted that in Napoleon’s instructions to Berthier no mention
is made of either the Army of Catalonia or the Army of the North[339];
and it might have been thought that, clinging to the theory of his
paper annexation of Spain north of the Ebro, he was deliberately
exempting from the King’s control the troops in the districts on which
he had resolved to lay hands for his own benefit. But a supplementary
dispatch of April 23rd placed Decaen and the garrison of Catalonia
under the general charge of Suchet, and as that marshal had been
directed to obey King Joseph’s military instructions, the four new
‘French’ departments on the Ebro were now theoretically under the same
general command as the rest of Spain. As to the Army of the North,
Dorsenne wrote (April 19th), with evident glee, to say that he was
exempted from obedience to the King, by not being included in the list
of recipients of the dispatch of March 16, and that he regretted his
inability to carry out a series of orders which Jourdan had sent him.
But he had not many more days to serve in his present capacity, and his
successor, Caffarelli, though equally recalcitrant in spirit, presently
received a formal notice that he was under King Joseph’s command.

  [339] The question about the Army of the North is a very curious
  one. The authorized copy of the dispatch of May 16, printed in
  Napoleon’s correspondence and in Ducasse’s _Correspondence of
  King Joseph_, certainly omits its name. But the King declared
  that in his original copy of it Dorsenne and his army were
  mentioned as put under his charge. In one of the intercepted
  dispatches in the Scovell Papers, Joseph writes angrily to
  Berthier, giving what purports to be a verbatim duplicate of the
  document, and in this duplicate, which lies before my eyes as I
  write this, the Army of the North _is_ cited with the rest.

Napoleon’s general policy in placing the supreme control of all the
Spanish armies in the hands of one chief, and bringing to an end (in
theory at least) the system of separate viceroyalties was undoubtedly
the right one. And it cannot be disputed that one second-rate
commander-in-chief is more effective than four good ones, working each
for his own private and local profit and glory. But in this particular
case the new arrangement was not likely to bring about any great change
for the better, owing to the personal equation. During the last three
years Napoleon had been inflicting affronts at short intervals upon his
brother, had annexed integral portions of his realm, had disregarded
most of his complaints and suggestions, and had allowed him to become
the butt of the viceroys, whose insults and injuries he had never
been allowed to resent. They had raided the districts assigned to his
personal governance[340], had plundered his magazines, imprisoned his
officials, and set up courts of justice of their own to supersede the
regular magistracy of the land. The Emperor had never punished such
proceedings; at the most he had ordered that they should cease, when
they were injurious to the progress of the French arms in Spain. It
was useless to issue a sudden order that for the future the marshals
were under Joseph’s control, and that ‘he must make them obey him,’
as the phrase ran in one letter to Madrid. As the King’s minister,
Miot de Melito, wrote, ‘What chance was there of success when all
the individuals concerned were at variance with each other? The
marshals had been accustomed for three years to absolute independence.
The new Chief-of-the-Staff, in spite of his acknowledged capacity,
was known to be out of favour with the Emperor, and in consequence
could exercise no moral authority over the masters of the armies.
The apparent testimonial of confidence which was given to the King,
by making him Commander-in-Chief, was a matter to cause disquietude
rather than satisfaction[341].’ The plain fact was that Napoleon was
over-busy, worried with other problems, and he merely took the easiest
and simplest method of throwing the burden of the Spanish war on to the
shoulders of another. The consequences, be they what they might be,
were now of little importance, compared with the success or failure of
the impending Russian campaign.

  [340] One of Marmont’s colonels in the province of Segovia was
  at this moment threatening to use armed force against the King’s
  troops for resisting his requisitions. See Miot, iii. p. 222.

  [341] See Miot de Melito’s _Mémoires_, iii. p. 215.

Jourdan sums up the situation in much the same terms. ‘The King
for two years had been allowed to have no direct relations with
the generals-in-chief: he had no exact knowledge of the military
situation in each of their spheres of command, nor was he better
informed as to the strength, organization, and distribution of the
troops under their orders. Unable to use his new authority till he had
got together detailed statements as to these data, he directed his
chief-of-the-staff to ask for reports. Dorsenne replied that he should
not send any at present, because Berthier, when announcing to him that
the Armies of the South, of Portugal, and of Aragon had been put under
the King’s orders, had informed him that the Emperor would let him know
in due course what was to be done with the Army of the North. Marshal
Suchet demonstrated that he had received special instructions from the
Emperor, which presently were seen to make the King’s authority over
the Army of Aragon quite illusory. Soult had removed all the posts
on the lines of communication when he marched to relieve Badajoz, and
showed so little zeal in reopening them, that even in May it was not
known at Madrid whether he was yet aware that he was under the King’s
orders. Marmont was the only one who sent without delay the report
which had been asked for--but he announced at the same time that, in
obedience to the Emperor’s earlier orders, he was already operating
beyond the Agueda, to make a diversion for the relief of Badajoz[342].’

  [342] Jourdan’s _Mémoires_, p. 384.

Of what use was it to send orders to the marshals, when they
could plead that the execution of them was rendered impossible by
instructions received directly from the Emperor, which prescribed a
different policy? Unfortunately for King Joseph each commander-in-chief
still preserved his direct communication with the Minister of War at
Paris: even after the Emperor had started for Poland in May, each
continued to send in his own plans, and to demonstrate how far superior
they were to those prescribed by King Joseph. Soult, in particular,
generally commenced a dispatch by demonstrating that the directions
received from Madrid could not possibly be executed, and then produced
an elaborate scheme of his own, which would be beneficial for the Army
of Andalusia, but impracticable for those of Portugal, Valencia, and
the Centre. When his suggestions were rejected, he wrote privately to
Paris, declaring that Joseph and Jourdan were absolutely incapable,
and sometimes adding that the King was trying to serve his private
interests rather than those of his brother and suzerain. It was the
accidental receipt by Joseph of an intercepted letter of Soult’s to the
Minister of War, in which he was accused of absolute treason to the
Emperor, that brought about the final rupture between the King and the
Marshal, and led to the recall of the latter to France[343].

  [343] Oddly enough this letter was in duplicate, and while
  one copy fell into Joseph’s hands, the other was captured by
  guerrilleros and sent to Wellington. The cipher was worked out
  by Scovell, and the contents gave Wellington useful information
  as to the relations between Soult and the King. See below, pages
  530-39.

King Joseph, though liable to fits of depression and despair, was, on
the whole, of a mercurial and self-sufficient temperament. A few weeks
before the receipt of the Emperor’s dispatch granting him the command
of the Spanish armies, all his letters had been full of complaints and
threats of abdication. But the decree of March 16th filled him with a
sudden confidence--at last his military talents should be displayed and
recognized; he would, as his brother desired, ‘make the marshals obey
him;’ for the future the armies should all act together for a single
end, and not be guided by the selfish interests of their leaders. He
accepted the position of Commander-in-Chief with undisguised pleasure,
and proceeded to draw out schemes of his own, with Jourdan as his
adviser in technical matters of military logistics.

It cannot be denied that the ‘_Mémoire_ of May 1812[344],’ in which
Jourdan set forth the situation after the fall of Badajoz, and
the policy which he considered that it demanded, is a document of
much greater merit than might have been expected. It is by far the
best summary of the position of the French power in Spain that was
ever drawn up, and it recognizes with great clearness the two main
limitations of that power, which were (1) that the imperial troops
were an army of occupation rather than a genuine field army, and (2)
that the Napoleonic system, by which hosts were supposed to ‘live
on the countryside,’ might be applicable for a short campaign in
Lombardy or Bavaria, but was impossible for protracted manœuvres in an
exhausted and thinly-peopled land like central Spain. Jourdan’s note
on the _Mémoire_ sums up the situation in a few lines--’Two measures
were indispensable: one was to render the army mobile, by giving it
ample transport, and by establishing large magazines on all lines of
communication: without these all permanent concentration of heavy
forces, and all continuous operations were impossible. The second was
to abandon the deplorable system of occupying as much territory as
possible--of which the real object was double: firstly, to enable the
armies to live on the country-side; secondly, to appear in the eyes of
Europe to be dominant over the whole of Spain.’

  [344] Printed whole in Jourdan’s _Mémoires_, pp. 386-94.

The _Mémoire_ itself is worth analysing. Its gist runs as follows:--

‘(1) The recent departure of the Imperial Guards, the Poles, and other
troops, and the lack of any adequate system of transport or magazines,
renders the Imperial Army--though still 230,000 men strong--incapable
of undertaking any offensive operations. The present situation is
exceptionally trying, because of the successes of Wellington, and the
deplorable effect on Spanish public opinion of the recent annexation
[Catalonia], the arbitrary government of the generals, and the famine
which has lately prevailed. The discontent thereby engendered has led
to the enormous increase in the number of the guerrillero bands. It has
also encouraged the government at Cadiz to multiply its levies and its
military energy.

(2) It is not yet certain whether the Emperor intends the Army of the
North to be at the King’s disposal. General Dorsenne refuses to send in
reports or to accept orders. But since its recent reduction in numbers
[by the departure of the Imperial Guard, and the transfer of Souham’s
and Bonnet’s divisions to the Army of Portugal] it is believed that
it has not more than 48,000 men under arms, and it appears to be a
fact that it can do no more than hold down the wide regions committed
to its charge, and guard the line of communications with France. Even
if placed at the King’s disposition, it can furnish no important
reinforcements to other armies. Nevertheless it should be put under his
control, as it might under certain circumstances be called upon to lend
a moderate force for a short time.

(3) As to the Army of Aragon [60,000 men, including the divisions in
Catalonia]: the King was informed that Marshal Suchet was placed under
his command, and that if he needed reinforcements he might draw on the
troops in Valencia. He therefore [during the siege of Badajoz] ordered
the Marshal to send a division to join the Army of the Centre for an
indispensable operation[345]. The Marshal sent a formal declaration in
reply, to the effect that he could not execute this order, and that
he was even about to withdraw from Cuenca the regiment that he had
placed there, as its absence imperilled the safety of Valencia. He
says that the Emperor has placed Catalonia under his charge, and that
he is authorized to employ his whole force for the protection of the
provinces entrusted to him. Apparently, then, the Army of Aragon cannot
co-operate in operations outside its own sphere, and the Marshal’s
special instructions place him in an exceptional position. His
relations with the King consist in a polite exchange of views, not in
the giving and taking of orders--his Majesty’s control over this army
is purely illusory.

  [345] i. e. for the collection of troops in the valley of the
  Tagus, to join Foy and operate for the relief of Badajoz.

(4) As to the Army of the South, Marshal Soult has about 54,000 men
effective [not including _Juramentados_, &c.]. The Cadiz Lines and the
garrisons pin down a large force to fixed stations. The Marshal has
also to keep a considerable flying column in hand, to hunt Ballasteros
and other partisans. For operations outside the bounds of Andalusia he
can only collect a field-force of 24,000 men; this is the total figure
of the corps that tried to relieve Badajoz, and in its absence Seville
was nearly lost. The posts in the Sierra Morena were called in at that
time, and have never come back: correspondence with the Army of the
South is therefore precarious and slow.

(5) The Army of Portugal has 52,000 men effective. It holds the front
line against Wellington; its divisions are much scattered, because it
has to live on the country, and has also to furnish several important
garrisons. One division of 6,000 men is fixed down in the Asturias by
the Emperor’s special orders. The garrisons of Astorga, Valladolid,
Salamanca, Leon, Palencia, &c., absorb 6,000 or 7,000 men more. Only
29,000 infantry [or a total of 35,000 of all arms] are available
as a field-force to use against the English, if they attack on the
front of the Tormes. If Marshal Marmont has to march out of his own
sphere, to join in a combined operation against Wellington [e. g. in
Estremadura], he can bring a still smaller force--say 25,000 men.
The Army of Portugal is many months in arrear of its pay, and has
hardly any transport or magazines: the troops have become terrible
marauders--largely from necessity.

(6) Lastly we come to the Army of the Centre. It consists of 9,500 men
borne on the Imperial muster-rolls, and 5,800 troops belonging to the
King [his Guards and Hugo’s _Juramentados_, horse and foot]. There
are also at present in Madrid 3,200 drafts for the Army of the South,
temporarily retained--so that the whole makes up 18,500 men. But only
15,000 are effective, the remainder consisting of dépôts, dismounted
cavalry, train, &c. Having to hold down the extensive provinces of
Madrid, Segovia, Guadalajara, Toledo, La Mancha, and Cuenca, this
force is a mere “army of occupation.” It can provide no troops for
expeditions outside its own territory, and is spread so thin that even
Madrid would be in danger without the Royal Guards. The pay is eight
months in arrear.

(7) Civil administration is still localized: the commanders of the
armies levy their own taxes, and nothing comes to Madrid. The King has
to feed the Army of the Centre, and to maintain his civil service,
from the revenues of New Castile alone. None of the marshals will help
another with money or stores. The claim of the King to rule all Spain
seems absurd to the people, so long as he cannot exercise any civil
control outside the _arrondissement_ of the Army of the Centre.

(8) Conclusion. All offensive operations are impossible, as long as
the imperial armies have to hold down the entirety of the occupied
provinces. If Lord Wellington concentrates all his forces, he can march
with 60,000 men [not including Spaniards] against either the Army of
Portugal or the Army of the South. Neither of them can assemble a
sufficient force to resist him, unless they abandon whole provinces.
The King has ordered Soult and Marmont to march to each other’s aid if
either is attacked. But they have to unite, coming from remote bases,
while the enemy can place himself between them and strike at one or the
other. The lines of communication between them are long and circuitous.
It is easily conceivable that one of them may be attacked and beaten
before the other is even aware of the danger. A catastrophe is quite
possible if Lord Wellington should throw himself suddenly, with his
whole force, upon either the Army of Portugal or that of the South.

The only possible way of dealing with this danger is to collect
a central reserve of 20,000 men at Madrid, which can be promptly
transferred to right or left, to join either Soult or Marmont as
the conditions of the moment dictate. The Army of the Centre cannot
serve this purpose--it is not a field-force, but an immovable army of
occupation. If the Emperor could send a new corps of this size from
France, Marmont could be reinforced up to a strength sufficient to
enable him to face Wellington, and to besiege Ciudad Rodrigo.

But the present posture of European affairs [the Russian war]
probably makes it impossible to draw such a corps from France. This
being so, the central reserve must be obtained from troops already
existing in the Peninsula. The only way to find them is for the Emperor
to consent to the evacuation of Andalusia. Thirty thousand men of the
Army of the South can then be placed to cover Madrid, in La Mancha:
this force would be ample against any Spanish levies that might come
up to the Sierra Morena from Cadiz and elsewhere. The remainder of
the Army of the South must form the central reserve, and prepare to
reinforce Marmont. The Army of Portugal would then be so strong that
Wellington could not dare to take the offensive--he would be hopelessly
outnumbered. If this scheme is approved by the Emperor, he may be
certain that, when he comes back from Poland, his Spanish armies will
be in the same secure defensive position in which he leaves them now.
The right wing rests on the Bay of Biscay in the Asturias: the left on
the Mediterranean in Valencia.

When Andalusia is evacuated, the remaining provinces in French
occupation will not be able to pay or feed the 54,000 men of the Army
of the South, in addition to the armies already stationed in them; a
liberal subsidy from Paris will be necessary. In addition the King
must, for the sake of his prestige, be given real civil authority over
all the provinces.

It will only be when all authority, civil, military, and
administrative, is concentrated in one hand, that of the King, and when
His Majesty shall have received from the Emperor instructions suiting
the present posture of affairs, that he can be fully responsible for
Spain.’

On the whole this is a very well-reasoned document. It was perfectly
true that the offensive power of the French in the Peninsula had shrunk
to nothing, because no province could be held down without a large
garrison. If left unoccupied, it would burst into revolt and raise an
army. This was the inevitable nemesis for a war of annexation directed
against a proud and patriotic people. There were 230,000 French
troops in Spain; but so many of them were tied down to occupation
duty, that only about 50,000 or 60,000 could be collected to curb
Wellington, unless some large province were evacuated. Either Andalusia
or else Valencia must be abandoned. The former was the larger and the
more wealthy; but it was more remote from the strategical centre of
operations in Madrid, much more infested by the bands of the patriots,
and it lay close to the sphere of operations of Wellington--the great
disturbing element in French calculations. Moreover its evacuation
would set free a much larger field army. Against this was to be set
the adverse balance in loss of prestige: as long as Cadiz appeared to
be beleaguered, the national government of Spain looked like a handful
of refugees in a forlorn island. To abandon the immense lines in front
of it, with their dependent flotilla (which must be burnt, since it
could not be removed), would be a conclusive proof to all Europe that
the main frontal offensive against the Spanish patriots had failed.
Seville and Granada, great towns of world-wide fame, would also have to
be abandoned. Andalusia was full of _Afrancesados_, who must either be
shepherded to Madrid, or left to the vengeance of their countrymen.

But to weigh prestige against solid military advantage, though it might
appeal to Napoleon--whose reputation as universal conqueror was part
of his political stock-in-trade--did not occur to the common-sense
intellect of Jourdan. He voted for the evacuation of Andalusia: so did
his friend and master, King Joseph. Possibly their decision was not
rendered more unwelcome by the fact that it would certainly be most
distasteful to Soult, whom they both cordially detested. The Viceroy
should pay at last for the selfish policy of the General: his realm,
for the last two years, had been administered with much profit and
glory to himself, but with little advantage to the King at Madrid, or
the general prosperity of the French cause in Spain. Whether personal
motives entered into the decision of Joseph and Jourdan we need not
trouble to consider: it was certainly the correct one to take.

Permission to evacuate Andalusia was therefore demanded from the
Emperor: King Joseph did not dare to authorize it on his own
responsibility. Meanwhile, long before the _Mémoire_ of May 1812 had
been completed or sent off, to Napoleon, he issued the orders which
he thought himself justified in giving in the interim, to act as a
stop-gap till the permission should be granted. Marmont was told to
fall back on his own old policy of keeping a large detachment in the
Tagus valley, in order that he might get into touch with Drouet and
Soult’s Estremaduran corps of observation. He was directed to send
two divisions of infantry and a brigade of light cavalry to join Foy,
who was still in the direction of Almaraz and Talavera. They were to
be ready to act as the advance of the Army of Portugal for a march on
Truxillo and Merida, if Wellington’s next move should turn out to be
an attack on Soult in Andalusia. In a corresponding fashion, Soult was
ordered to reinforce Drouet up to a force of 20,000 men, and to push
him forward to his old position about Almendralejo, Zalamea, Merida,
and Medellin, in order that he might march via Truxillo to join the
Army of Portugal, in case the Anglo-Portuguese army should choose
Salamanca, not Seville, as its next objective. The small part of the
Army of the Centre that could be formed into a field-force--three
battalions and two cavalry regiments, under General d’Armagnac--was
directed to move to Talavera, to relieve Foy there if he should be
called to move either north to join Marmont on the Tormes, or south
to join Soult on the Guadiana[346]. To replace these troops, drawn
from the provinces of Cuenca and La Mancha, Joseph--as we have already
seen[347]--requested Suchet to send ‘a good division’ from Valencia by
Cuenca, on to Ocaña in La Mancha[348]. In this way the King and Jourdan
thought they would provide for active co-operation between the Armies
of Portugal and Andalusia, whether Wellington should make his next move
to the South or the North.

  [346] See Jourdan to Berthier of April 3, 1812.

  [347] See Jourdan’s _Mémoire_, quoted above, p. 304.

  [348] Jourdan to Suchet, April 9, 1812.

It is curious, but perhaps not surprising, to find that these orders,
the first-fruits of Joseph’s new commission as Commander-in-Chief, were
obeyed neither by Suchet, by Soult, nor by Marmont.

The former, as we have already seen, when analysing Jourdan’s _Mémoire_
of May 1812, not only refused to send a division to Ocaña, but stated
that he should be obliged to withdraw the regiment that he was keeping
at Cuenca, because he was authorized by the Emperor to reserve all his
own troops for the defence of his own sphere of action, in Valencia,
Aragon, and Catalonia. Soult declared that it was impossible for him
to reinforce Drouet--‘he could not keep 20,000 men on the Guadiana
unless he received large reinforcements: all that he could promise
was that the force in Estremadura should move up again to Medellin
and Villafranca, possibly even to Merida, if Wellington had really
gone northward with his main army. Drouet, with his 10,000 or 12,000
men, might serve to “contain” Hill and the British detachment in
Estremadura, and his position would prevent the enemy from making any
important movement in the valley of the Tagus. Meanwhile he himself
must, as an absolute necessity, lay siege to Tarifa for the second
time, and make an end of Ballasteros: no more troops, therefore, could
be sent to Drouet: but when Tarifa and Ballasteros had been finished
off, the siege of Cadiz should be pressed with vigour.’ This reply
is not only a blank refusal to obey the King’s orders, but amounts
to a definite statement that the local affairs of Andalusia are more
important than the general co-operation of the French armies in Spain.
As we shall presently see, Soult was ready to formulate this startling
thesis in the plainest terms--he was, ere long, to propose that the
King and the Army of the Centre should evacuate Madrid and retire upon
Andalusia, when things went wrong with the Army of Portugal.

As to Marmont, his reply to King Joseph’s dispatch was couched in
terms of less open disobedience, but it was by no means satisfactory.
He wrote from Salamanca, on April 29th, after his return from the
raid to Sabugal and Guarda, that he had now learnt (what he did not
know ten days before), that Wellington had been pursuing him with
five divisions. This force was still in the Beira, and the British
general himself had been at Ciudad Rodrigo on the 26th. It was,
therefore, quite clear that Soult had not ‘the whole English army on
his shoulders.’ This being so, it was not necessary to send into the
valley of the Tagus such a large force as was asked. But one division
should move to Avila at once, and could drop down on to Talavera
in two days, if it turned out to be necessary. Two more should be
cantoned about Arevalo and the Pass of Piedrahita [20 miles north-west
of Avila] respectively, points from which they could be transferred
to the valley of the Tagus in a few days. Marmont then proceeded to
warn Jourdan against any scheme for concentrating any considerable
force in the direction of La Mancha, urging that he must be able to
collect as many of his divisions opposite Wellington as possible, in
case of an advance by the Anglo-Portuguese army towards the Tormes. All
that was necessary on the Tagus was to have the forts at Almaraz well
garrisoned and provided with stores, so that troops dropping down from
Avila on a southward march should find a base and magazines ready for
them. Summing up, he ends with a dictum that ‘if we defend Andalusia
by sacrificing the Army of Portugal, we may save that province for
the moment, but the North will be in danger: if a disaster occurs
there, Andalusia will soon be lost also. If, on the contrary, we make
its defence in the North, the South may be lost, but the North still
remains secure.’ By these somewhat cryptic words, Marmont seems to mean
that, looking at the affairs of Spain at large, Andalusia may be lost
without any shock to the imperial domination in Leon and Old Castile.
But a disaster in Leon or Old Castile entails inevitably the loss of
Andalusia also. This was true enough, though Soult refused to see it.

But the result of Marmont’s very partial fulfilment of Joseph’s
orders, and of Soult’s and Suchet’s entire neglect of them, was that
Jourdan’s main design of providing for close and speedy co-operation
between the Armies of Portugal and Andalusia was completely foiled.
When, on May 17th-19th, Hill made his celebrated irruption into the
valley of the Tagus, with the object of destroying the bridge and
forts of Almaraz, the point where the interests of Soult and Marmont
were linked together, he found no French troops within fifty miles
of his objective, save the single division of Foy and D’Armagnac’s
3,000 men from the Army of the Centre. Marmont’s nearest division in
support was at Avila, Soult’s in the Sierra Morena; both lay so far
off from Almaraz that Hill could not only deliver his blow, but could
depart at leisure when it was struck, without any risk of being beset
by superior forces. If King Joseph’s orders of April had been carried
out, Wellington’s stroke in May would have been impossible--or risky
to the verge of rashness. Indeed we may be certain, on Wellington’s
record, that he would not have made it, if three French divisions,
instead of one, had been about Talavera and Almaraz. We may add that
his self-reliance during the Salamanca campaign rested largely on the
fact that Soult could not succour Marmont, within any reasonable space
of time, even if he wished to do so, because the bridge of Almaraz was
broken. Wherefore Jourdan and King Joseph must be pronounced to have
been wise in their foresight, and the Dukes of Ragusa and Dalmatia
highly blameworthy for their disregard of the orders given them. They
looked each to their own local interests, not to the general strategic
necessities of the French position in Spain, which the King and his
Chief-of-the-Staff were keeping in mind.

So far their precautions were wise: to blame them for not taking the
tremendous step of evacuating Andalusia without the Emperor’s leave,
and concentrating such a force in central Spain as would have paralysed
Wellington’s offensive, would be unjust. They dared not have given such
an order--and if they had, Soult would have disobeyed it.

Napoleon himself, indeed, would have agreed with Soult at this time.
For not long after Jourdan’s _Mémoire_ of May 1812, with its request
for leave to abandon Andalusia, had started on its journey for Dresden,
there arrived at Madrid a dispatch from Berthier, setting forth the
final instructions left by the Emperor before he started from Paris
on May 9th. It was of a nature to strike dismay into the heart of the
level-headed and rather despondent Jourdan; for it ignored all the
difficulties which his recently dispatched appeal set forth with such
clearness. The King was directed to keep a grip on all the conquered
provinces of Spain, and to extend their limits till the enemy should
be extirpated. The conquest of Portugal might be postponed till ‘les
événements détermineraient absolument cette mesure.’ The region to
which the Emperor devoted most attention was the sphere of the Army of
the North. ‘This is the part on which it is indispensable to keep a
firm hold, never to allow the enemy to establish himself there, or to
threaten the line of communications. Wherefore a most active war must
be waged upon the “Brigands” [Mina, Porlier, Longa, &c.]: it is of
no use to hunt and scatter them, leaving them power to reunite and to
renew their incursions. As to the English, the present situation seems
rather to require a defensive posture: but it is necessary to maintain
an imposing attitude in face of them, so that they may not take any
advantage of our position. The strength of the forces at the King’s
disposition enables him to do, in this respect, all that circumstances
may demand. Such are the principal ideas which the Emperor, before
departing, has expressed on the Spanish problem.’

This was a heart-breaking document. Just when the King and Jourdan had
demonstrated that they had no available field army left to hold back
Wellington, they were informed that their forces were ample for the
purpose. When they had asked leave to evacuate Andalusia they are told
to ‘conserver les conquêtes et les étendre successivement.’ They had
been wishing to concentrate at all costs a central reserve--now they
were directed to spread the already scattered army of occupation over
a still greater surface--presumably the Emperor’s phrase meant that he
wished to see Murcia, the Catalonian inland, the whole of the Asturias,
and the Condado de Niebla garrisoned, in addition to all that was held
already. The one central problem to Joseph and Jourdan was how to face
Wellington’s expected onslaught by making the armies co-operate--the
Emperor forbids concentration, and recommends ‘the assumption of an
imposing attitude!’ As if Wellington, whose knowledge of the movements
and plans of his adversaries was beginning to appear almost uncanny to
them, was to be contained by ‘attitudes,’ imposing or otherwise.

The unhappy Commander-in-Chief and Chief-of-the-Staff of the united
armies of Spain were reduced to a sort of apathetic despair by the
Emperor’s memorandum. Jourdan, in his _Mémoires_, appears to shrug the
shoulders of resignation in commenting on its effect. ‘If only instead
of “hold all you have, and conquer the rest bit by bit,” we had been
told that we might evacuate some provinces and concentrate the troops,
there would have been much good in the instructions. The King might
have dared to abandon the South in order to keep down the North, if he
had not received this dispatch. But he could not take that portentous
step without the imperial permission. All that he could now do, was to
reiterate his directions to Soult and Marmont that they must so place
their troops as to be able to succour each other. We shall see how they
obeyed those orders[349].’

  [349] Jourdan’s _Mémoires_, pp. 395-6.

So, by the special and deliberate directions of the Emperor, the
230,000 effective men ‘present under arms,’ forming the five imperial
armies of Spain, were placed at the mercy of Lord Wellington and his
modest force of eight divisions of Anglo-Portuguese. In a flight of
angry rhetoric, Berthier, writing under Napoleon’s dictation, had once
asked whether it was reasonable ‘_que quarante mille Anglais gâtent
toutes les affaires d’Espagne_.’ The reply of the fates was to be that
such a contingency was perfectly possible, under the system which the
Emperor had instituted, and with the directions which he persisted in
giving.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER II

THE BRIDGE OF ALMARAZ. MAY 1812


On April 24th Wellington halted his pursuing army at Fuente Guinaldo
and Sabugal, on hearing that Marmont had escaped him by a margin of
twenty-four hours. The French were in full march for Salamanca, and it
was impossible to pursue them any further, firstly because the allied
army needed a few days of rest after the forced march from Badajoz, and
secondly because its train had dropped behind, food was nearly out, and
convoys had to be brought up from Lamego and São João de Pesqueira.
There was, of course, nothing to be got out of the unhappy region in
which Marmont’s locusts had just been spread abroad. The only fortunate
thing was that the Duke of Ragusa had turned his raid against the Beira
Baixa, and left the great dépôts on the Douro unmolested. From them
ample sustenance could be got up, in a week, to the positions behind
the Agueda and Coa where the army had halted.

Wellington, as it will be remembered, had contemplated an attack on
Andalusia after Badajoz fell. But the necessity for seeing to the
relief and revictualling of Almeida and Ciudad Rodrigo had brought
him up to the frontiers of Leon with the main body of his host. In
the position where he now lay, he was well placed for an advance
on Salamanca, and an attack on the Army of Portugal. To return to
Estremadura would involve a long and weary countermarch. Moreover
there was no doubt that operations in Leon would be more decisive
than operations in Andalusia. As Marmont was to write to Berthier a
few days later, a victory of the allies in the North would involve
the evacuation of the South by Soult, while a victory in Andalusia
would leave the French power in the valleys of the Douro and Tagus
unshaken[350]. Advancing from the line of the Agueda against Salamanca
and Valladolid, Wellington would have his base and his main line of
communications in his direct rear, safe against any flank attack. A
raid against Andalusia, even if successful, would separate him from
Lisbon, and compel him to take up a new base at Cadiz--a doubtful
expedient. But what seems, in the end, to have been the main cause for
Wellington’s choosing Leon rather than Andalusia as his next sphere of
operations, was that Marmont (as he judged) had the larger available
army for field movements outside his own ground. Soult was more pinned
down to his viceroyalty by local needs: he would not raise the siege of
Cadiz or evacuate Granada and Cordova. Therefore he could not collect
(as his movement at the time of the fall of Badajoz had shown) more
than 24,000 men for an offensive operation. This was the absolute limit
of his power to aid Marmont. But the latter, if he chose to evacuate
Asturias and other outlying regions, could bring a much larger force to
help Soult. Therefore an attack on Andalusia would enable the enemy to
concentrate a more numerous defensive force than an attack on Leon. ‘Of
the two armies opposed to us that of Portugal can produce the larger
number of men for a distant operation. Marmont has nothing to attend to
but the British army, as he has been repeatedly told in [intercepted]
time he may lose some plunder and contributions, but he loses nothing
that can permanently affect his situation, or which he could not
regain as soon as he has a superiority, particularly of cavalry, in
the open plains of Castille. Marmont’s, then, being what may be called
of the two the _operating_ army, the movement which I might make into
Andalusia would enable the enemy to bring the largest body of men to
act together on one point. It would be a false movement, and this must
by all means be avoided[351].’

  [350] See above, p. 311.

  [351] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 173.

This decision was not made immediately on Marmont’s retreat of April
24th: for some days after the British headquarters settled down at
Fuente Guinaldo, Wellington had not quite made up his mind between the
two operations: his letters to Lord Liverpool, to Hill, and Graham,
are full of the needs of the moment, and do not lay down any general
strategical plan. The staff, in their discussions with each other,
canvassed the situation. ‘While Marmont remains in Old Castile he
[Wellington] must leave a certain force near the frontier of the Beira.
But leaving the 3rd, 4th, 5th Divisions, and Pack’s and Bradford’s
Portuguese (perhaps 18,000 men) for that purpose, he can move upon
Andalusia, if he wishes, with the 1st, 6th, 7th, and Light Divisions,
afterwards picking up Power’s Portuguese brigade and all General Hill’s
_corps d’armée_--perhaps 36,000 infantry. This would do.’ So wrote
D’Urban the chief of the Portuguese staff in his private diary, on
May 5, evidently after discussion with Beresford, and others of those
who were nearest the centre of decision. Wellington, however, was
pondering over alternatives: he could not move for a week or two at the
best, for he had to replenish his stores at the front, and to see that
the repairs and revictualling of Almeida and Rodrigo were completed,
before he could start on any offensive movement. In that time, too,
he would be able to learn how Marmont was disposing of his army, and
whether Soult was showing any tendency to reinforce Drouet’s force in
Estremadura.

It seems that an insight into his enemies’ purposes was made specially
easy for Wellington at this moment by the successive capture of a
great deal of French correspondence. When Marmont was in Portugal,
between the 1st and 23rd of April, three of the duplicates of his
dispatches were captured, one by Portuguese Ordenança, the others by
Julian Sanchez between Rodrigo and Salamanca[352]. They were all in
cipher, but the ingenuity of Captain Scovell, the cipher-secretary at
head-quarters, was capable of dealing with them, and from them could
be made out a great deal about the strength of the Marshal’s army, and
his general views on the campaign. If they had been taken and sent in
a little earlier, they might have enabled Wellington to complete that
surprise and dispersion of the French expeditionary force which had
been in his mind.

  [352] The cipher-originals are all in the Scovell papers,
  worked out into their interpretation by that ingenious officer:
  Wellington only kept the fair copies for himself. The dispatches
  are dated Sabugal, 11 April (to Brennier about the Agueda
  bridge); Sabugal, April 16 (to Berthier); Fuente Guinaldo, April
  22 (to Berthier). The last two are full of the most acrimonious
  criticism of Napoleon’s orders for the invasion of Beira. Scovell
  made out much, but not all, of the contents of these letters.

But though they arrived too late for this purpose, they were valuable,
as showing Marmont’s dislike of the imperial orders that he had been
sent to carry out, and his preference for his own schemes. They were
also full of bitter complaints of the neglect in which the Army of
Portugal was left as to pay, stores, and transport. Wellington might
reasonably deduce from them that any reconcentration of that army would
be slow, and that if it had to march to reinforce Soult in the South,
the effort would be a severe one.

But shortly after Marmont’s return to Salamanca, his adversary got
an even more valuable insight into his plans. The guerrilleros
carried off, between Salamanca and Valladolid, an officer bearing
five dispatches, dated April 28 and April 30th. One was directed to
Dorsenne, two to Berthier, one to Jourdan, the fifth contained the
parole to Bayonne of the great scout, Colquhoun Grant[353]. The first,
couched in very peremptory terms, asked for food--the Army of Portugal
must absolutely receive 8,000 quintals of wheat, once promised,
without delay--it was in a state of danger and penury, and could not
keep concentrated to face the British. Of the letters to Berthier one
announced that Bonnet’s division was duly in march for the Asturias,
and that without it the Marshal thought his own strength dangerously
low. The other asked for 4,000,000 francs owing to the Army of Portugal
for pay and sustenance, and declared that, unless money came to hand at
once, it was impossible to see how the troops were to be kept alive in
the two months still remaining before harvest. A postscript asked for a
siege-train to be sent on at all costs--the Marshal had heard that one
was on the way from Bayonne: but nothing was known about it at Burgos.
The letter to Jourdan was the most important of all[354]: it was the
document, already quoted in the previous chapter, in which the Marshal
detailed his intentions as to the dispersion of his army, protested
against being obliged to send too many men into the valley of the
Tagus, and explained the importance of the bridge-forts and magazines
at Almaraz, by which his troops at Avila, &c., would debouch southward
whenever they were ordered to concentrate for a junction with Soult.
‘On ne peut agir que par Lugar Nuevo [the name by which Marmont always
designates the Almaraz forts] ... il faut bien se garder de jeter trop
de troupes sur le Tage, et se contenter de bien assurer une défense de
huit jours pour les forts de Lugar Nuevo et Mirabete, temps suffisant
pour que les troupes rassemblées à Avila débouchent.... Un dépôt de
400 à 500 mille fanegas (qui n’est pas au delà de ce que Madrid et La
Manche peuvent fournir) donnerait les moyens d’agir sans compromettre
la subsistance des troupes.’

  [353] All the originals are in the Scovell Papers.

  [354] It is the one printed in Ducasse’s _Correspondence of King
  Joseph_, viii. pp. 413-17.

Undoubtedly it was the deciphering of the greater part of this letter,
which set forth so clearly the importance of the Almaraz bridge,
and showed at the same time that only one French division [Foy’s at
Talavera] was anywhere near it, that determined Wellington to make the
sudden stroke at that central strategical point which he had thought
of in February[355]. At that time he had refused to try it, because
there were three French divisions on the Tagus. Now there was only one
at Talavera, two marches from Almaraz, and the nearest reinforcements
at Avila were two very long marches from Talavera. The possibility
presented itself that a column might strike at Almaraz from somewhere
on the Portuguese frontier, and take the place by a _coup-de-main_,
with or without first beating Foy, whose strength of 5,000 men was
perfectly known to Wellington.

  [355] See above, p. 202.

Hill could count on two or three days of undisturbed operations before
the nearest reinforcing division, that of Foy, could reach Almaraz: on
four or five more, before troops from Avila could come up. It must be
noted that everything would depend on the absolute secrecy that could
be preserved as to the start of the expedition: but on this Wellington
thought that he could count. The Spanish peasantry seldom or never
betrayed him: the French had no outlying posts beyond Almaraz which
might give them warning. The garrison was in a normal state of blockade
by guerrillero bands haunting the Sierra de Guadalupe.

It may be added that a blow at Almaraz was just as useful as a means
for keeping Soult from joining Marmont as Marmont from joining Soult.
It would be profitable if Wellington’s final decision should be
given in favour of an Andalusian expedition. But his mind was by now
leaning towards an attack on Leon rather than on the South. The final
inclination may have been given by the receipt of another intercepted
dispatch--Soult’s to Jourdan of April 17[356], sent in by guerrilleros
who had probably captured the bearer in the Sierra Morena about April
20th. This document, which we have already had occasion to quote for
another purpose[357], was full of angry denunciations of Marmont for
letting Badajoz fall unaided, and served to show that, if Soult had
to help the Army of Portugal, he would do so with no good will to
its commander. Moreover it was largely occupied by proposals for the
circumventing of Ballasteros and the siege of Tarifa--movements which
would disperse the Army of the South even more than it was already
dispersed, and would clearly prevent it from succouring Marmont within
any reasonable space of time.

  [356] Original in the Scovell Papers. Place of capture uncertain,
  but clearly taken by guerrilleros between Seville and Madrid.

  [357] See above, pp. 269-70.

The decision that Hill should make his long-deferred _coup-de-main_
upon Almaraz first appears in Wellington’s dispatches on May 4th[358],
but Hill had been warned that the operation was likely to be sanctioned
some days earlier, on April 24, and again more definitely on April
30th[359]. That the final judgement of Wellington was now leaning
in favour of the advance on Salamanca rather than the Andalusian
raid appears to emerge from a note of D’Urban dated May 6th--’The
retirement of Marmont within a given distance--the slow progress of the
Spaniards at Rodrigo, which renders it unsafe to leave that place and
this frontier--the retiring altogether of Soult, and the state of his
army not making him dangerous now--these and other combining reasons
determine Lord Wellington to make his offensive operation _north_ of
the Tagus, and to move upon Marmont. All necessary preparations making,
but secretly: it will be very feasible to keep the movement unforeseen
till it begins. Meanwhile General Hill is to move upon and destroy
everything at Almaraz[360].’

  [358] Wellington to Graham, Fuente Guinaldo, May 4, _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 114.

  [359] Ibid., p. 101.

  [360] D’Urban’s unpublished diary, under May 6.

The orders for Hill’s move were given out on May 7th. He was to march
from his head-quarters at Almendralejo with two British brigades
(Howard’s and Wilson’s) of the 2nd Division, and the Portuguese brigade
attached to the division (Ashworth’s), one British cavalry regiment
(13th Light Dragoons), and to cross the Guadiana at Merida. Beyond the
Guadiana he would pick up Campbell’s Portuguese cavalry brigade, which
was lying at Arroyo dos Molinos. The march was then to be as rapid as
possible, via Jaraicejo and Miravete. The expeditionary force made up
7,000 men in all.

There were left in Estremadura to ‘contain’ Drouet the two English
cavalry brigades of Hill’s force (Slade’s and Long’s)[361], one British
infantry brigade (Byng’s) of the 2nd Division, Hamilton’s Portuguese
division, and Power’s unattached Portuguese brigade (late the garrison
of Elvas, and more recently acting as that of Badajoz). The whole would
make up 11,000 men. Power, or at least some of his regiments, was now
disposable, because the Spaniards destined to hold Badajoz had begun to
arrive, and more were daily expected[362].

  [361] Minus, of course, the 13th Light Dragoons.

  [362] Erskine was the senior officer left with the corps--a
  dangerous experiment. One marvels that Wellington risked it after
  previous experience.

But this was not the only precaution taken against Drouet, who had
recently been reported as a little inclined to move northward from
Fuente Ovejuna--detachments of his cavalry had been seen as far north
as Zalamea[363]. Wellington determined to move down towards the
Guadiana the southern or right wing of his main army--the 1st and 6th
Divisions under Graham. First one and then the other were filed across
the bridge of Villa Velha and sent to Portalegre. Here they would be
in a position to support the force left in front of Drouet, if Soult
should unexpectedly reinforce his Estremaduran corps. Wellington
acknowledged that he disliked this wide extension of his army, but
justified himself by observing that, if he had now his left wing almost
touching the Douro, and his right wing almost touching the Sierra
Morena, he might risk the situation, because he was fully informed as
to Marmont’s similar dispersion. The Army of Portugal was scattered
from the Asturias to Talavera, and from its want of magazines and
transport, which Marmont’s intercepted dispatches made evident, would
be unable to concentrate as quickly as he himself could.

  [363] Wellington to Graham, May 7, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 128.

The movement of Graham’s two divisions from the Castello Branco region
to south of the Tagus had an additional advantage. If reported to the
French it would tend to make them believe that the next offensive
operation of the allied army would be in the direction of Andalusia,
not towards the Tormes. If Soult heard of it, he would begin to prepare
to defend his own borders, and would not dream that Marmont was really
the enemy at whom Wellington was about to strike; while Marmont, on the
other hand, thinking that Soult was to be the object of Wellington’s
attentions, might be less careful of his own front. The expedition to
Almaraz would not undeceive either of them, since it was well suited
for a preliminary move in an attack on Andalusia, no less than for one
directed against Leon.

Hill’s column reached Merida on May 12th, but was delayed there
for some hours, because the bridge, broken in April, had not yet
been repaired, as had been expected, the officers sent there having
contented themselves with organizing a service of boats for the
passage. The bridge was hastily finished, but the troops only passed
late in the day; they picked up in the town the artillery and engineers
told off for the expedition, Glubb’s British and Arriaga’s Portuguese
companies of artillery, who brought with them six 24-pounder howitzers,
a pontoon train, and wagons carrying some 30-foot ladders for
escalading work. The importance attached to the raid by Wellington is
shown by the fact that he placed Alexander Dickson, his most trusted
artillery officer, in charge of this trifling detachment, which came up
by the road north of the Guadiana by Badajoz and Montijo to join the
main column.

Once over the Guadiana, Hill reached Truxillo in three rapid marches
[May 15], and there left all his baggage-train, save one mule for each
company with the camp-kettles. The most difficult part of the route had
now been reached, three successive mountain ranges separating Truxillo
from the Tagus. On the 16th, having crossed the first of them, the
column reached Jaraicejo: at dawn on the 17th, having made a night
march, it was nearing the Pass of Miravete, the last defile above the
river. Here, as Hill was aware, the French had outlying works, an old
castle and two small forts, on very commanding ground, overlooking the
whole defile in such a way that guns and wagons could not possibly
pass them. The British general’s original intention was to storm the
Miravete works at dawn, on the 17th, and at the same time to attack
with a separate column the forts at the bridge. With this purpose he
divided his troops into three detachments. Ashworth’s Portuguese and
the artillery were to keep to the _chaussée_, and make a demonstration
of frontal attack on the Castle: General Tilson-Chowne [interim
commander of the 2nd Division at the moment[364]] was, with Wilson’s
brigade and the 6th Caçadores, to make a détour in the hills to the
left and to endeavour to storm the Castle from its rear side. General
Howard, with the other British brigade, was to follow a similar bridle
path to the right, and to descend on to the river and attack the forts
by the bridge.

  [364] This was the Tilson of 1809: he had lengthened his name.

A miscalculation had been made--the by-paths which the flanking
columns were to take proved so far more steep and difficult than had
been expected, that by dawn neither of them had got anywhere near its
destination. Hill ordered them to halt, and put off the assault. This
was fortunate, for by a long and close reconnaissance in daylight it
was recognized that the Castle of Miravete and its dependent outworks,
Forts Colbert and Senarmont, were so placed on a precipitous conical
hill that they appeared impregnable save by regular siege operations,
for which the expeditionary force had no time to spare. The most
vexatious thing was that the garrison had discovered the main column
on the _chaussée_, and it could not be doubted that intelligence must
have been sent down to the lower forts, and most certainly to Foy
at Talavera also. After a thorough inspection of the ground, Hill
concluded that he could not hope to master Miravete, and, while it was
held against him, his guns could not get through the pass which it so
effectively commanded. It remained to be seen what could be done with
the forts at the bridge.

The Almaraz forts crowned two hills on each side of the Tagus. The
stronger, Fort Napoleon, occupied the end of a long rising ground,
about 100 yards from the water’s edge; below it, and connecting
with it, was a masonry _tête-de-pont_ covering the end of the
pontoon-bridge. The weaker work, Fort Ragusa, was on an isolated
knoll on the north bank, supporting the other end of the bridge. Fort
Napoleon mounted nine guns, had a good but unpalisaded ditch around
its bastioned front, and a second retrenchment, well palisaded, with
a loopholed stone tower within. Fort Ragusa was an oblong earthwork
mounting six guns, and also provided with a central tower. It had as
outwork a _flèche_ or lunette, commanding the north end of the bridge.
The small _tête-de-pont_ mounted three guns more. Half a mile up-stream
was the ruined masonry bridge which had formed the old crossing,
with the village of Almaraz on the north bank behind it. Between the
_tête-de-pont_ and the old bridge were the magazines and storehouses in
the village of Lugar Nuevo.

The garrison of the works consisted of a depleted foreign corps, the
_régiment de Prusse_ or 4th Étranger, mustering under 400 bayonets, of
a battalion of the French 39th of the Line, and of two companies of
the 6th Léger, from Foy’s division, with a company of artillery and
another of sappers. The whole may have amounted to 1,000 men, of whom
300 were isolated in the high-lying Castle of Miravete, five miles from
the bridge-head. The governor, a Piedmontese officer named Aubert,
had manned Fort Napoleon with two companies of the 6th and 39th. The
foreign corps and one company of the 6th were in Fort Ragusa and the
bridge-head; Miravete was held by the centre companies of the 39th.

Though delay after the French had got the alarm was dangerous, Hill
spent the whole of the 17th in making fruitless explorations for
vantage-ground, from which Miravete might be attacked. None was found,
and on the 18th he made up his mind to adopt a scheme hazardous beyond
his original intention. It would be possible to mask the Castle by a
false attack, in which all his artillery should join, and to lead part
of his infantry over the hills to the right, by a gorge called the Pass
of La Cueva, for a direct attack by escalade, without the help of guns,
upon the Almaraz forts.

The detachment selected for this purpose was Howard’s brigade (1/50th,
1/71st, 1/92nd), strengthened by the 6th Portuguese Line from
Ashworth’s brigade, and accompanied by 20 artillerymen in charge of the
ladders. So rough was the ground to be covered, that the long 30-foot
ladders had to be sawn in two, being unwieldy on slopes and angles, as
was soon discovered when they were taken off the carts for carriage
by hand. The route that had to be followed was very circuitous, and
though the forts were only five miles, as the crow flies, from the
place where the column left the road, it took the whole night to reach
them. An eye-witness[365] describes it as a mazy sheep-walk among
high brushwood, which could not have been used without the help of
the experienced peasant-guide who led the march. The men had to pass
in Indian file over many of its stretches, and it resulted from long
walking in the darkness that the rear dropped far behind the van, and
nearly lost touch with it. Just before dawn the column reached the
hamlet of Romangordo, a mile from the forts, and rested there for some
time before resuming its march.

  [365] Captain MacCarthy of the 50th.

The sun was well up when, at 6 o’clock, the leading company, coming
to the edge of a thicket, suddenly saw Fort Napoleon only 300 yards
in their front. The French had been warned that a column had crossed
the hills, and had caught some glimpse of it, but had lost sight of
its latest move: many of the garrison could be seen standing on the
ramparts, and watching the puffs of smoke round the Castle of Miravete,
which showed that the false attack on that high-lying stronghold
had begun. General Tilson-Chowne was making a noisy demonstration
before it, using his artillery with much ostentation, and pushing up
skirmishers among the boulders on the sides of the castle-hill[366].

  [366] The statement in Jones’s _Sieges_, i. p. 259, that the
  enemy were unaware of the turning column is disproved by the
  official reports of the surviving French officers Sêve and Teppe.

Hill was anxious to assault at once, before the sun should rise higher,
or the garrison of the forts catch sight of him. But some time had
to be spent to allow a sufficient force to accumulate in the cover
where the head of the column was hiding. So slowly did the companies
straggle in, that the General at last resolved to escalade at once with
the 50th and the right wing of the 71st, all that had yet come up.
Orders were left behind that the left wing of the 71st and the 92nd
should attack the bridge-head entrenchment when they arrived, and the
6th Portuguese support where they were needed.

At a little after 6 o’clock the 900 men available, in three columns of
a half-battalion each, headed by ladder parties, started up out of the
brake on the crest of the hillside nearest Fort Napoleon, and raced for
three separate points of its _enceinte_. The French, though taken by
surprise, had all their preparations ready, and a furious fire broke
out upon the stormers both from cannon and musketry. Nevertheless all
three parties reached the goal without any very overwhelming losses,
jumped into the ditch, and began to apply their ladders to such points
of the rampart as lay nearest to them. The assault was a very daring
one--the work was intact, the garrison adequate in numbers, the
assailants had no advantage from darkness, for the sun was well up and
every man was visible. All that was in their favour was the suddenness
of their onslaught, the number of separate points at which it was
launched, and their own splendid dash and decision. Many men fell in
the first few minutes, and there was a check when it was discovered
that the ladders were over-short, owing to their having been sawn up
before the start. But the rampart had a rather broad berm[367], a fault
of construction, and the stormers, discovering this, climbed up on
it, and dragging some of the ladders with them, relaid them against
the upper section of the defences, which they easily overtopped. By
this unexpected device a footing was established on the ramparts at
several points simultaneously--Captain Candler of the 50th is said to
have been the first man over the parapet: he was pierced by several
balls as he sprang down, and fell dead inside. The garrison had kept
up a furious fire till the moment when they saw the assailants swarm
over the parapet--then, however, there can be no doubt that most of
them flinched[368]: the governor tried to lead a counter-charge, but
found few to follow him; he was surrounded, and, refusing to surrender
and striking at those who bade him yield, was piked by a sergeant of
the 50th and mortally wounded. So closely were the British and French
mixed that the latter got no chance of manning the inner work, or the
loopholed tower which should have served as their rallying-point.
Many of the garrison threw down their arms, but the majority rushed
out of the rear gate of the fort towards the neighbouring redoubt
at the bridge-head. They were so closely followed that pursuers and
pursued went in a mixed mass into that work, whose gunners were unable
to fire because their balls would have gone straight into their own
flying friends. The foreign garrison of the _tête-de-pont_ made little
attempt to resist, and fled over the bridge[369]. It is probable that
the British would have reached the other side along with them if the
centre pontoons had not been sunk: some say that they were struck by
a round-shot from Fort Ragusa, which had opened a fire upon the lost
works; others declare that some of the fugitives broke them, whether by
design or by mischance of overcrowding[370].

  [367] The berm is the line where the scarp of the ditch meets
  the slope of the rampart: the scarp should be perpendicular, the
  rampart-slope tends backward, hence there is a change on this
  line from the vertical to the obtuse in the profile of the work.
  The berm should have been only a foot or so wide and was three.

  [368] The official report of the French captain, Sêve of the
  6th Léger, accuses the grenadiers of the 39th of giving way and
  bolting at the critical moment, and this is confirmed by the
  report of the _chef de bataillon_ Teppe of the 39th, an unwilling
  witness.

  [369] According to Teppe’s narrative they left the walls, and
  many hid in the bakehouses, while most of the officers headed the
  rush for the bridge.

  [370] Foy says that the centre link of the bridge was not a
  regular pontoon but a river boat, which could be drawn out when
  the garrison wanted to open the bridge for any purpose, and being
  light it collapsed under the feet of the flying crowd (p. 163).

This ought to have been the end of Hill’s sudden success, since passage
across the Tagus was now denied him. But the enemy were panic-stricken;
and when the guns of Fort Napoleon were trained upon Fort Ragusa by
Lieutenant Love and the twenty gunners who had accompanied Hill’s
column, the garrison evacuated it, and went off with the rest of the
fugitives in a disorderly flight towards Naval Moral. The formidable
works of Almaraz had fallen before the assault of 900 men--for the
tail of Hill’s column arrived on the scene to find all over[371].
Four grenadiers of the 92nd, wishing to do something if they had been
disappointed of the expected day’s work, stripped, swam the river,
and brought back several boats which had been left moored under Fort
Ragusa. By means of these communication between the two banks was
re-established, and the fort beyond the river was occupied[372].

  [371] The 92nd and the right wing of the 71st reached the
  _tête-de-pont_ just as the fugitives from Fort Napoleon entered
  it, and swept away the garrison. They only lost two wounded.

  [372] Gardyne’s history of the 92nd gives the names of two of
  these gallant men, Gauld and Somerville.

The loss of the victors was very moderate--it fell mostly on the 50th
and 71st, for Chowne’s demonstration against Miravete had been almost
bloodless--only one ensign and one private of the 6th Caçadores were
wounded. But the 50th lost one captain and 26 men killed, and seven
officers and 93 men wounded, while the half-battalion of the 71st had
five killed and five officers and 47 men wounded[373]. The 92nd had two
wounded. Thus the total of casualties was 189.

  [373] Hill’s total of casualties is 2 officers and 31 men killed:
  13 officers and 143 wounded. The second officer killed was
  Lieutenant Thiele of the Artillery of the K.G.L., accidentally
  blown up by a mine on the day of the evacuation. But two of the
  wounded officers died.

Of the garrison the 4th Étranger was pretty well destroyed--those who
were neither killed nor taken mostly deserted, and its numbers had gone
down from 366 in the return of May 15 to 88 in that of July 1. The
companies of the 39th and 6th Léger also suffered heavily, since they
had furnished the whole of the unlucky garrison of Fort Napoleon. Hill
reports 17 officers and 262 men taken prisoners, including the mortally
wounded governor and a _chef de bataillon_ of the 39th[374]. It is
probable that the whole loss of the French was at least 400.

  [374] Teppe by name, whose narrative, written in captivity, is
  our best source for the French side. It is a frank confession of
  misbehaviour by the troops--particularly the 4th Étranger.

The trophies taken consisted of a colour of the 4th Étranger, 18 guns
mounted in the works, an immense store of powder and round-shot,
120,000 musket cartridges, the 20 large pontoons forming the bridge,
with a store of rope, timbers, anchors, carriages, &c., kept for its
repair, some well-furnished workshops, and a large miscellaneous
magazine of food and other stores. All this was destroyed, the
pontoons, &c., being burnt, while the powder was used to lay many mines
in the forts and bridgehead, which were blown up very successfully
on the morning of the 20th, so that hardly a trace of them remained.
Thiele of the German artillery, the officer charged with carrying
out the explosions, was unfortunately killed by accident: a mine had
apparently failed; he went back to see to its match, but it blew up
just as he was inspecting it.

[Illustration: ALMARAZ]

Having accomplished his purpose with complete success, Hill moved
off without delay, and by two forced marches reached Truxillo and
his baggage on the 21st. Here he was quite safe: Foy, being too weak
to pursue him to any effect, followed cautiously, and only reached
Miravete (whose garrison he relieved) on the 23rd and Truxillo on the
25th, from whence he turned back, being altogether too late. He had
received news of Hill’s movement rather late on the 17th, had been
misinformed as to his strength, which report made 15,000 men instead
of the real 7,000, and so had been disposed to act cautiously. He had
ordered a battalion of the 6th Léger from Naval Moral to join the
garrison of Almaraz, but it arrived on the afternoon of the 19th,
only in time to hear from fugitives of the disaster[375]. He himself
was confident that the forts could hold out eight days even against
artillery, which was also Marmont’s calculation. Hence their fall
within 48 hours of Hill’s appearance was a distressing surprise: Foy
had calculated on being helped not only by D’Armagnac from Talavera but
by the division of Clausel from Avila, before moving to fight Hill and
relieve them.

  [375] D’Armagnac also sent the battalion of Frankfort for the
  same purpose, which arrived late with less excuse. See Foy, p.
  375.

Wellington appears to have been under the impression that this
expedition, which Hill had executed with such admirable celerity and
dispatch, might have been made even more decisive, by the capture of
the castle of Miravete, if untoward circumstances had not intervened.
In a letter to Lord Liverpool, written on May 28[376], he expresses
the opinion that Tilson-Chowne might have taken it on the night of the
16th--which must appear a hazardous decision to those who look at the
precipitous position of the place and the strength of its defences.
He also says that Hill might have stopped at Almaraz for a few days
more, and have bombarded Miravete with Dickson’s heavy howitzers, if
he had not received false news from Sir William Erskine as to Drouet’s
movements in Estremadura. There can be no doubt, as we shall see, about
the false intelligence: but whether the bombardment would have been
successful is another thing. Probably Wellington considered that the
garrison would have been demoralized after what had happened at Almaraz.

  [376] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 189.

As to Drouet’s movements, having received rather tardy notice of
Hill’s northward march from Merida, he had resolved to make a push to
ascertain what was left in his front. Lallemand’s dragoons, therefore,
pressed out in the direction of Zafra, where they came into contact
with Slade’s outposts and drove them in. At the same time Drouet
himself, with an infantry division and some light cavalry, advanced
as far as Don Benito, near Medellin, on the 17th May, from whence he
pushed patrols across the Guadiana as far as Miajadas. This movement,
made to ascertain whether Hill had departed with his whole corps, or
whether a large force had been left in Estremadura, was reported to Sir
William Erskine, the commander of the 2nd cavalry division, along with
rumours that Soult was across the Sierra Morena and closely supporting
Drouet. Erskine sent on the news to Graham at Portalegre, and to Hill,
who was then before Miravete, with assertions that Soult was certainly
approaching. This, as Wellington knew, was unlikely, for the Marshal
had been before Cadiz on the 11th, and could not possibly have crossed
the Sierra Morena by the 17th. As a matter of fact he only learnt on
the 19th, at Chiclana, that Hill had started, and Drouet’s move was
made purely to gain information and on his own responsibility. But
Graham, naturally unaware of this, brought up his two divisions to
Badajoz, as he had been directed to do if Estremadura were attacked
during Hill’s absence. And Hill himself was certainly induced to return
promptly from Almaraz by Erskine’s letter, though it is doubtful
whether he would have lingered to besiege Miravete even if he had not
received it. For Foy might have been reinforced by D’Armagnac and the
Avila division up to a strength which would have made Hill’s longer
stay on the Tagus undesirable.

Drouet did no more; indeed, with his own force he was quite helpless
against Hill, since when he discovered that there was a large body
of allied troops left in Estremadura, and that more were coming up,
it would have been mad for him to move on Merida, or take any other
method of molesting the return of the expedition from Almaraz. Though
Soult spoke of coming with a division to his aid, the succours must be
many days on the way, while he himself could only act effectively by
marching northward at once. But if he had taken his own division he
would have been helpless against Hill, who could have beaten such a
force; while if he had crossed the Guadiana with his whole 12,000 men,
he would have been cut off from Soult by the ‘uncontained’ allied force
left in Estremadura, which he knew to be considerable.

But to move upon Almaraz on his own responsibility, and without Soult’s
orders, would have been beyond Drouet’s power: he was a man under
authority, who dared not take such a step. And when Soult’s dispatches
reached him, they directed him not to lose touch with Andalusia, but to
demonstrate enough to bring Hill back. The Marshal did not intend to
let Drouet get out of touch with him, by bidding him march toward the
Tagus.

Hill’s column, then, was never in any danger. But Wellington, who had
for a moment some anxiety in his behalf, was deeply vexed by Erskine’s
false intelligence, which had given rise to that feeling, and wrote in
wrath to Henry Wellesley and Graham[377] concerning the mischief that
this very incapable officer had done. He was particularly chagrined
that Graham had been drawn down to Badajoz by the needless alarm, as he
was intending to bring him back to join the main army within a short
time, and the movement to Badajoz had removed him three marches from
Portalegre, so that six days in all would be wasted in bringing him
back to his original starting-point. It is curious that Wellington did
not harden his heart to get rid of Erskine after this mishap: but
though he wrote bitterly about his subordinate’s incapacity, he did
not remove him. ‘Influence’ at home was apparently the key to his long
endurance: it will be remembered that this was by no means the first of
Erskine’s mistakes[378].

  [377] To both on June 1. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 197. Erskine’s name
  is the blank to be filled up.

  [378] See vol. iv. pp. 133 and 191.

The fall of the Almaraz forts, as might have been expected, was
interpreted by Marmont and Soult each from his own point of view. The
former, rightly as it turned out, wrote to Foy that he must be prepared
to return to Leon at short notice, and that the Army of the Centre
and Drouet must guard the valley of the Tagus on his departure[379].
Soult, on the other hand, having heard of Graham’s arrival at Badajoz
and Hill’s return to Merida, argued that the allies were massing on
the Guadiana for an advance into Andalusia. He made bitter complaints
to Jourdan that he had violated the rules of military subordination by
sending a letter to Drouet warning him that he might be called up to
the Tagus. It was unheard of, he said, to communicate directly with a
subordinate, who ought to be written to only through the channel of
his immediate superior. He even threatened to resign the command of
the Army of the South[380]--but when Joseph showed no signs of being
terrified by this menace, no more was heard of it. The viceroyalty of
Andalusia was not a thing to be lightly given up.

  [379] Marmont to Foy, June 1.

  [380] See Jourdan’s _Mémoires_, pp. 399-400.

It soon became evident to Wellington that the surprise of Almaraz was
not to be resented by the enemy in any practical form. Foy was not
reinforced, nor was Drouet brought up to the Tagus: it was clear that
the French were too weak to take the offensive either in the North or
the South, even under such provocation. They could not even rebuild
the lost bridge: the transport from Madrid of a new pontoon train as a
substitute for the lost boats was beyond King Joseph’s power. One or
two boats were finally got to Almaraz--but nothing that could serve as
a bridge. Nor were the lost magazines ever replaced.

It was at this same time that Wellington took in hand a scheme for
facilitating his communications north and south, which was to have a
high strategical importance. As long as Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz
were in the enemy’s hands, the most eastern crossing of the Tagus
practicable for the Anglo-Portuguese army was the boat-bridge of Villa
Velha. But when these two fortresses were regained, it was possible
to open up a line farther east, which had not been available for two
years. Since Mayne blew up the ancient Roman bridge of Alcantara in
June 1809[381], the Middle Tagus had been impassable for both sides.
The allies had usually been in possession of both banks of the Tagus
in this direction, but so intermittently that it had never been worth
their while to restore the passage, which would have been lost to them
whenever the French (as not unfrequently happened) extended their
operations into the Coria-Zarza Mayor country on the north bank, or the
Caçeres-Albuquerque country on the other. But when the enemy had lost
both Badajoz and Rodrigo, and had no posts nearer to Alcantara than the
Upper Tormes, the forts of Miravete, and Zalamea, when, moreover, he
had adopted a distinctly defensive attitude for many months, Wellington
thought it worth while to recover possession of a passage which would
shorten the route from Estremadura to the frontiers of Leon by a
hundred miles, and would therefore give him an advantage of six marches
over the enemy in transferring troops from north to south. Whether
Almaraz were again seized and reoccupied by the French mattered little:
the restoration of Alcantara would be safe and profitable.

  [381] See vol. ii. p. 444.

Accordingly, on May 24th, Colonel Sturgeon[382] and Major Todd
of the Royal Staff Corps were sent to Alcantara to report on the
practicability of restoring the broken arch, which, owing to the
immense depth of the cañon of the Tagus, overhung the river by no less
than 140 feet. It was intended that if the engineering problem should
prove too hard, a flying bridge of rafts, boats, or pontoons should
be established at the water level[383]. But Sturgeon and Todd did
more than Wellington had expected, and succeeded in a very few days
in establishing a sort of suspension-bridge of ropes between the two
shattered piers of Trajan’s great structure. The system adopted was
that of placing at each end of the broken roadway a very large and
solid beam, clamped to the Roman stones, by being sunk in channels cut
in them. These beams being made absolutely adhesive to the original
work, served as solid bases from which a series of eighteen cables were
stretched over the gap. Eight more beams, with notches cut in them
to receive the cables, were laid at right angles across the parallel
ropes, and lashed tight to them. The long cables were strained taut
with winches: a network of rope yarn for a flooring was laid between
the eight beams, and on this planks were placed, while a screen of
tarpaulins supported on guide-ropes acted as parapets. The structure
was sound enough to carry not only infantry and horses, but heavy
artillery, yet could always be broken up in a short time if an enemy
had ever appeared in the neighbourhood[384]. Several times it was
rolled up, and then replaced.

  [382] An officer probably better remembered by the general reader
  as the husband of Sarah Curran, Robert Emmet’s sometime fiancée,
  than as the executor of some of Wellington’s most important
  engineering works. He fell before Bayonne in 1814.

  [383] See Wellington to Graham, 23rd and 24th May. _Dispatches_,
  ix. pp. 163-5.

  [384] The best and most elaborate account of this is in Leith
  Hay, i. pp. 300-1.

When the completion of the repairs of Alcantara and the destruction of
the French bridge of Almaraz are taken together, it must be concluded
that Wellington’s work in May gave him an advantage over the French of
at least ten or twelve marches in moving troops from north to south
or vice versa. For the route from Ciudad Rodrigo to Merida, now open
to him, had at least that superiority over the only itinerary of the
enemy, which would be that by Avila, Talavera, Toledo, and the eastern
passes of the Sierra Morena. Though the narrow bridge of Arzobispo on
the Middle Tagus still remained in French hands, it did not lead on to
any good road to Estremadura or Andalusia, but on to the defiles of the
Mesa d’Ibor and the ravines of the Sierra de Guadalupe. No large force
could march or feed in those solitudes.

All was now ready for the advance upon the Tormes, which Wellington had
made up his mind to execute.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER III

WELLINGTON’S ADVANCE INTO LEON


It was not till June 13th that Wellington crossed the Agueda and began
his march upon Salamanca, the first great offensive movement against
the main fighting army of the French since the advance to Talavera in
1809. But for many days beforehand his troops were converging on Fuente
Guinaldo and Ciudad Rodrigo from their widely-spread cantonments.
Graham’s divisions quitted Portalegre on May 30th, and some of the
other troops, which had been left on the western side of the Beira,
had also to make an early start. Every available infantry unit of the
Anglo-Portuguese army had been drawn in, save the 2nd Division and
Hamilton’s Portuguese--left as usual with Hill in Estremadura--and
Power’s new Portuguese brigade--once the garrisons of Elvas and
Abrantes--which had become available for the field since the fall
of Badajoz made it possible to place those fortresses in charge of
militia. Its arrival made Hill stronger by 2,000 in infantry than he
had ever been before, and he was also left the three brigades (Long’s
and Slade’s British and John Campbell’s Portuguese) of Erskine’s
cavalry division. The total was 18,000 men. Wellington’s own main army,
consisting of the seven other infantry divisions, Pack’s and Bradford’s
Portuguese brigades, and the cavalry of Anson, Bock, Le Marchant,
and Victor Alten, made up a force of 48,000 men, of which 3,500 were
cavalry: there were only eight British and one Portuguese batteries
with the army--a short allowance of 54 guns.

But though these 48,000 men constituted the striking force, which was
to deal the great blow, their action was to be supported by a very
elaborate and complicated system of diversions, which were intended
to prevent the French armies of the South, North, Centre, and Aragon
from sending any help to Marmont, the foe whom Wellington was set
on demolishing. It is necessary to explain the concentric scheme
by which it was intended that pressure should be brought to bear
on all the outlying French armies, at the same moment at which the
Anglo-Portuguese main body crossed the Agueda.

Soult had the largest force--over 50,000 men, as a recently captured
morning-state revealed to his adversary[385]. But he could not
assemble more than some 24,000 men, unless he abandoned the siege of
Cadiz and the kingdom of Granada--half his army was pinned down to
occupation-work. Wherefore Wellington judged that his field-force
could be ‘contained’ by Hill, if only means were found of preventing
him from reinforcing Drouet’s divisions in Estremadura by any
appreciable succours. This means lay to hand in the roving army of
Ballasteros, whose random schemes of campaign were often irrational,
but had the solitary advantage of being quite inscrutable. He might do
anything--and so was a most tiresome adversary for Soult to deal with,
since his actions could not be foreseen. At this moment Wellington had
urged the Cadiz Regency to stir up Ballasteros to activity, and had
promised that, if Soult concentrated against him, Hill should press
in upon Drouet, and so call off the Marshal’s attention. Similarly
if Soult concentrated against Hill, Ballasteros was to demonstrate
against Seville, or the rear of the Cadiz Lines. There was always the
possibility that the Spanish general might refuse to obey the orders of
his Government, or that he might commit himself to some rash enterprise
and get badly beaten. Both these chances had to be risked. The one that
occurred was that Ballasteros took up the idea desired, but acted too
early and too incautiously, and sustained a severe check at the battle
of Bornos (June 1). Fortunately he was ‘scotched but not slain,’ and
kept together a force large enough to give Soult much further trouble,
though he did not prevent the Marshal from sending reinforcements to
Drouet and putting Hill upon the defensive. Of this more in its due
place.

  [385] See Wellington to Henry Wellesley at Cadiz, June 7.
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 219.

So much for the diversion against Soult. On the other flank Wellington
had prepared a similar plan for molesting the French in the Asturias,
and threatening Marmont’s flank and rear, at the same moment that his
front was to be assailed. The force here available was Abadia’s Army of
Galicia, which nominally counted over 24,000 men, but had 6,000 of them
shut up in the garrisons of Corunna, Ferrol, and Vigo. About 16,000
could be put into the field by an effort, if only Abadia were stirred
up to activity. But there were many hindrances: this general was (like
most of his predecessors) at strife with the Galician Junta. He was
also very jealous of Sir Howard Douglas, the British Commissioner at
Corunna, who was in favour with the Junta and people, and was inclined
to resent any advice offered by him[386]. His army was not only (as in
1810-11) very short of cavalry--there were only about 400 effective
sabres--but also of artillery. For the Cadiz government, searching
for troops to send against the rebels of South America, had recently
drafted off several batteries, as well as several foot regiments, to
the New World. The most effective units had been taken, to the wild
indignation of the Galicians, who wanted to keep the troops that
they had raised for their own protection. There were only about 500
trained artillerymen left in Galicia, and when deduction was made for
the garrisons of Ferrol, Vigo, and Corunna, very few remained for the
active army. Abadia had, therefore, many excuses to offer for taking
the field late, and with insufficient equipment[387]. It was fortunate
that his superior, Castaños, who commanded (as Captain-General both
of Estremadura and Galicia) all the troops in western Spain, fell in
completely with Wellington’s plan, and brought pressure to bear upon
his subordinate, coming up to Santiago in person to expedite matters.

  [386] An extraordinary case of Abadia’s ill will occurred in this
  spring: a damaged transport, carrying British troops to Lisbon,
  having put in to Corunna to repair, permission was refused for
  the men to land: apparently it was suspected that they were
  trying to garrison Corunna.

  [387] For all this Galician business see the _Life of Sir Howard
  Douglas_, pp. 120-60.

The part which the Army of Galicia was to play in the general scheme
was that of marching upon Astorga, and laying siege to the considerable
French garrison which was isolated in that rather advanced position. If
Marmont should attempt to succour it, he would be left weak in front
of the oncoming British invasion. If he did not, its fall would turn
and expose his right flank, and throw all the plains of northern Leon
into the power of the allies. A move in force upon Astorga would also
have some effect on the position of General Bonnet in the Asturias, and
ought certainly to keep him uneasy, if not to draw him away from his
conquests.

It will be remembered that Bonnet had been directed to reoccupy the
Asturias by Napoleon’s special command, and by no means to Marmont’s
liking[388]. He marched from Leon on May 15, by the road across
the pass of Pajares, which he had so often taken before on similar
expeditions. The Asturians made no serious resistance, and on May 17-18
Bonnet seized Oviedo and its port of Gijon. But, as in 1811, when he
had accomplished this much, and planted some detachments in the coast
towns, his division of 6,000 men was mainly immobilized, and became
a string of garrisons rather than a field-force. It was observed
by Porlier’s Cantabrian bands on its right hand, and by Castañon’s
division of the Army of Galicia on its left, and was not strong enough
to hunt them down, though it could prevent them from showing themselves
anywhere in the neighbourhood of Oviedo.

  [388] See above, p. 210.

But if the Galicians should lay siege to Astorga, and push advanced
guards beyond it, in the direction of the city of Leon, it was clear
that Bonnet’s position would be threatened, and his communications with
his chief, Marmont, imperilled. Wellington, who knew from intercepted
dispatches the importance attached by the Emperor to the retention of
the Asturias, judged that Bonnet would not evacuate it, but would spend
his energy in an attempt to hold back the Galicians and keep open his
connexion with Leon. He thus hoped that the French division at Oviedo
would never appear near Salamanca--an expectation in which he was to
be deceived, for Marmont (disregarding his master’s instructions)
ordered the evacuation of the Asturias the moment that he discovered
the strength of the attack that was being directed against his front
on the Tormes. Hence Wellington’s advance cleared the Asturias of the
enemy, and enabled the Galicians to besiege Astorga unmolested for two
months--good results in themselves, but not the precise benefits that
he had hoped to secure by putting the Galician army in motion.

No item of assistance being too small to be taken into consideration,
Wellington also directed Silveira to advance from the Tras-os-Montes,
with the four militia regiments of that province[389], to cross the
Spanish frontier and blockade Zamora, the outlying French garrison on
the Douro, which covered Marmont’s flank, as Astorga did his rear.
To enable this not too trustworthy irregular force to guard itself
from sudden attacks, Wellington lent it a full brigade of regular
cavalry[390], which was entrusted to General D’Urban, who dropped the
post of Chief-of-the-Staff to Beresford to take up this small but
responsible charge. His duty was to watch the country on each side
of the Douro in Silveira’s front, so as to prevent him from being
surprised, and generally to keep Wellington informed about Marmont’s
right wing, when he should begin to concentrate. Toro, only 20 miles
farther up the Douro than Zamora, was another French garrison, and a
likely place for the Marshal to use as one of his minor bases. Silveira
being as rash as he was enterprising, it was D’Urban’s task to see that
he should be warned betimes, and not allowed to get into trouble. He
was to retreat on Carvajales and the mountains beyond the Esla if he
were attacked by a superior force.

  [389] Chaves, Braganza, Miranda, Villa Real.

  [390] Silveira already had Nos. 11 and 12, D’Urban brought up No.
  1, which had not hitherto operated on this frontier.

A much more serious diversion was prepared to distract the free
movement of the French Army of the North, from which Caffarelli
might naturally be expected to send heavy detachments for Marmont’s
assistance, when the British striking-force should advance on
Salamanca. Caffarelli’s old enemies were the patriot bands of Cantabria
and Navarre, who had given his predecessor, Dorsenne, so much trouble
earlier in the year. Mina, on the borders of Navarre, Aragon, and
Old Castile, was very far away, and not easy to communicate with or
to bring into the general plan, though his spirit was excellent. But
the so-called ‘Seventh Army,’ under Mendizabal, was near enough to be
treated as a serious factor in the general scheme. This force consisted
of the two large bands under Porlier in Cantabria, and Longa in the
mountains above Santander, each of which was several thousands strong:
these were supposed to be regular divisions, though their training
left much to be desired: in addition there were several considerable
guerrilla ‘partidas’ under Merino, Salazar, Saornil, and other chiefs,
who lived a hunted life in the provinces of Burgos, Palencia, and
Avila, and were in theory more or less dependent on Mendizabal. The
chief of the Seventh Army was requested to do all that he could to keep
Caffarelli employed during the month of June--a task that quite fell in
with his ideas--he executed several very daring raids into Old Castile,
one of which put the garrison of Burgos in great terror, as it was
surprised at a moment when all its better items chanced to be absent,
and nothing was left in the place but dépôts and convalescents[391].

  [391] See Thiébault, _Mémoires_, v. p. 561.

But the main distraction contrived to occupy the French Army of the
North was one for which Wellington was not primarily responsible,
though he approved of it when the scheme was laid before him. This
was a naval expedition to attack the coast-forts of Cantabria and
Biscay, and open up direct communication with Mendizabal’s bands
from the side of the sea. The idea was apparently started by Sir
Howard Douglas and Sir Home Popham, the former of whom was a great
believer in the _guerrilleros_, and the latter a strong advocate of
the striking power of the navy. Nothing serious had been done on the
Biscay coast since the two expeditions of 1810, of which the former
had been very successful, but the latter had ended in the disastrous
tempest which wrecked Renovales’s flotilla on that rocky shore[392].
Lord Liverpool consented to give Popham two battalions of marines and
a company of artillery, to add to the force provided by the crews of
the _Venerable_, his flagship, five frigates (_Surveillante_, _Rhin_,
_Isis_, _Diadem_, _Medusa_), and several smaller vessels. The plan was
to proceed eastward along the coast from Gijon, to call down Longa and
Porlier to blockade each isolated French garrison from the land side,
and to batter it with heavy ship guns from the water. The opportunity
was to be taken at the same time of making over to the Cantabrian bands
a large store of muskets and munitions which had been prepared for
them. The arrangements were made in May, and Popham’s squadron was
ready to move precisely at the same moment that Wellington crossed the
Agueda. Its first descent was made on June 17th, a day exactly suitable
for alarming the Army of the North at the same time that Marmont’s
first appeals for help were likely to reach Caffarelli. The plan, as
we shall see, worked exceedingly well, and the fact that the Army of
Portugal got no reinforcements from Burgos or Biscay was due entirely
to the dismay caused to Caffarelli by this unexpected descent on his
rear. He conceived that the squadron carried a large landing force, and
that he was about to see Biscay slip out of his hands. The tale of this
useful diversion will be told in its due place.

  [392] See vol. iii. pp. 486-7.

There was yet one more item in the long list of outlying distractions
on which Wellington relied for the vexing of the French. He was
strongly of opinion that Suchet would spare troops to reinforce King
Joseph at Madrid, if his own invasion of Leon had a prosperous start.
Indeed, he somewhat overvalued the Duke of Albufera’s will and power to
interfere in central Spain, his idea being that King Joseph had a much
more direct control over the Valencian and Aragonese armies than was
really the case. One of the king’s intercepted dispatches, directing
Suchet to send troops into La Mancha, had fallen into his hands, and
he was unaware that the Marshal had refused to obey it, and had found
plausible reasons to cloak his disobedience[393].

  [393] See above, p. 304. The intercepted cipher is in the Scovell
  Papers.

The opportunity of finding means to harass Suchet depended on the
general posture of affairs in the Mediterranean caused by the outbreak
of the Russian war. As long as Napoleon kept a large army in Italy,
there was always a possibility that he might some day try a descent on
Sicily, where the authority of King Ferdinand rested on the bayonets
of a strong British garrison. There were a dozen red-coated battalions
always ready in Sicily, beside the rather inefficient forces of King
Ferdinand. In September 1810 Murat had massed a Franco-Neapolitan army
at Reggio, and tried an actual invasion, which ended ignominiously in
the capture of the only two battalions that succeeded in landing. But
by the early spring of 1812 it was known that nearly all the French
troops in Italy had been moved northward, and a great part of Murat’s
Neapolitan army with them. By April, indeed, there was only one French
division left in the whole Peninsula, nearly all the old ‘Army of
Italy’ having marched across the Alps. Lord William Bentinck, the
commander of the British forces in Sicily, had early notice of these
movements, and being a man of action and enterprising mind, though
too much given to wavering councils and rapid changes of purpose, was
anxious to turn the new situation to account. He was divided between
two ideas--the one which appealed to him most was to make a bold
descent on the under-garrisoned Italian peninsula, either to stir up
trouble in Calabria--where the ruthless government of Murat’s military
satraps had barely succeeded in keeping down rebellion, but had not
crushed its spirit--or, farther away, in the former dominions of the
Pope and the small dukes of the Austrian connexion. But the memory
of the fruitless attempt against the Italian mainland in 1809 under
Sir John Stuart survived as a warning: it was doubtful whether the
occasional adventurers who came to Palermo to promise insurrection
in northern Italy had any backing[394], and though Calabria was a
more promising field, it was to be remembered that such troops as
the enemy still retained were mainly concentrated there. Thus it
came to pass that Lord William Bentinck at times despaired of all
Italian expeditions, and thought of sending a force to Catalonia or
Valencia to harass Suchet. ‘I cannot but imagine,’ he wrote, ‘that the
occasional disembarkation at different points of a large regular force
must considerably annoy the enemy, and create an important diversion
for other Spanish operations[395].’ But when he wrote this, early in
the year, he was hankering after descents on Elba and Corsica--the
latter a most wild inspiration! These schemes the ministry very wisely
condemned: Lord Liverpool wrote in reply that ‘though there might be a
considerable degree of dissatisfaction, and even of ferment, pervading
the greater part of Italy,’ there was no evidence of any systematic
conspiracy to shake off the yoke of France. Corsica and Elba, even if
conquered, would only be of secondary importance. A diversion to be
made upon the east coast of Spain would be far the best way in which
the disposable force in Sicily could be employed. Wellington had been
informed of the proposal, and might probably be able to lend part of
the garrison of Cadiz, to make the expedition more formidable. Sir
Edward Pellew, the admiral commanding on the Mediterranean station,
would be able to give advice, and arrange for the co-operation of the
fleet[396]. Lord Liverpool wrote on the next day (March 4) to inform
Wellington of the answer that had been made to Bentinck, but pointed
out that probably the aid could only be given from May to October, as
the expedition would depend on the fleet, and naval men thought that
it would be impossible to keep a large squadron in attendance on the
Sicilian force during the winter months. The troops would probably have
to return to their old quarters at the close of autumn[397].

  [394] See Lord Wellesley to Lord W. Bentinck, December 27, 1811,
  in Wellington’s _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii. p. 249.

  [395] Bentinck to Lord Liverpool, January 25, 1812, ibid., pp.
  290-1.

  [396] Liverpool to Bentinck, March 4. Wellington’s _Supplementary
  Dispatches_, vii. p. 300.

  [397] Liverpool to Wellington, March 5, ibid., p. 301.

Wellington, as it chanced, was already in communication with Bentinck,
for the latter had sent his brother, Lord Frederick, to Lisbon, with
a dispatch for the Commander-in-Chief in Portugal, in which he stated
that he leaned himself to the Corsican scheme, but that if the home
government disliked it, he would be prepared to send in April or May
an expedition of 10,000 men to operate against Suchet[398]. The letter
from London reached Wellington first, about March 20th[399], and was
a source of great joy to him, as he saw that the Cabinet intended to
prohibit the Italian diversion, and wished to direct Bentinck’s men
towards Spain. He wrote to London and to Palermo, to state that a
descent upon the coast of Catalonia seemed to him ‘the most essential
object.’ It should be aimed at Barcelona or Tarragona: it might not
succeed so far as its immediate object was concerned, but it would
have the infallible result of forcing Suchet to come up with all his
available forces from Valencia, and would prevent him from interfering
in the affairs of western and central Spain during the next campaign.
Ten thousand men, even with such aid as Lacy and the Catalan army
might give, were probably insufficient to deal with a place of such
strength as Barcelona; but Tarragona, which was weakly garrisoned,
might well be taken. Even if it were not, a great point would be gained
in opening up communication with the Catalans, and throwing all the
affairs of the French in eastern Spain into confusion. Bentinck was
advised in the strongest terms to land north of the Ebro, and not in
Valencia: an attack on Catalonia would draw Suchet out of Valencia,
which would then fall of its own accord. Wellington added, writing
to Lord Liverpool only, not to Bentinck, that he did not see how any
appreciable aid could be got from the Cadiz garrison, or those of
Tarifa or Cartagena[400]: the British regiments there had been cut down
to a necessary minimum, but there were 1,400 Portuguese and two foreign
regiments, of whom some might possibly be spared. The government must
give him a definite order to detach such and such battalions, and it
should be done--the responsibility being their own. Lord Frederick
Bentinck arrived from Palermo at Badajoz just after that place fell:
Wellington charged him with additional advices for his brother, to the
effect that he would send him a siege-train and officers and gunners
to work it, which might serve to batter Tarragona, if that proved
possible. Though he could himself spare no British troops, the Spanish
Regency should be urged to lend, for an expedition to Catalonia, two
divisions, one under Roche at Alicante, the other under Whittingham
in Majorca, which consisted each of 3,000 men recently entrusted
for training to those British officers. Their aid was hardly likely
to be refused, and they had been better trained, fed, and clothed
of late than other Spanish troops. Wellington was not deceived in
this expectation, the Regency very handsomely offered to place both
divisions at Bentinck’s disposition[401], and they turned out to have
swelled in numbers of late, owing to vigorous recruiting of dispersed
men from Blake’s defunct army. The available figure was far over the
6,000 of which Wellington had spoken.

  [398] Bentinck to Wellington, February 23, ibid., p. 296.

  [399] The answer to Lord Liverpool went off on March 20, that to
  Bentinck on March 24th.

  [400] Whither the 2/67th, a company of artillery, and five
  companies of De Watteville’s Swiss regiment had been sent, on the
  news of Blake’s disasters before Valencia. _Dispatches_, viii. p.
  448.

  [401] The best source of information about these subsidized
  corps is the life of Sir Samford Whittingham, who raised and
  disciplined one of them in Majorca, on the skeletons of the old
  regiments of Cordova, Burgos, and 5th Granaderos Provinciales.
  He had only 1,500 men on January 1, 1812, and 2,200 on February
  21, but had worked them up to over 3,000 by April. Roche, who
  had to work on the cadres of Canarias, Alicante, Chinchilla,
  Voluntarios de Aragon, 2nd of Murcia, and Corona, had 5,500 men
  ready on March 1, and more by May. Whittingham maintains that his
  battalions always did their duty far better than other divisions,
  commanded by officers with unhappy traditions of defeat, and
  attributes the previous miserable history of the Murcian army to
  incapacity and poor spirit in high places.

There seemed, therefore, in May to be every probability that a force of
some 17,000 men might be available for the descent on Catalonia which
Wellington advised: and both Admiral Pellew and Roche and Whittingham
made active preparations to be found in perfect readiness when Lord
William Bentinck should start off the nucleus of the expeditionary
force from Palermo[402]. Wellington had fixed the third week in June
as the date at which the appearance of the diversion would be most
effective[403]. On June 5th he was able to state that two separate
divisions of transports had already been sent off from Lisbon, one to
Alicante and one to Majorca, to pick up the two Spanish divisions.

  [402] Henry Wellesley to Wellington. _Supplementary Dispatches_,
  vii. p. 320.

  [403] See as evidence of eagerness Whittingham’s letter to Pellew
  of May 28 in the former’s _Memoirs_, p. 161.

Now, however, came a deplorable check to the plan, which only became
known to Wellington when he had already committed himself to his
campaign against Marmont. Bentinck could never get out of his head the
original idea of Italian conquest which he had laid before the Cabinet
in January. There was no doubt that it had been discouraged by the
home government, and that he had received very distinct instructions
that Spain was to be the sphere of his activity, and that he was to
take Wellington into his councils. But Lord Liverpool’s dispatch had
contained the unfortunate phrase that ‘unless the project of resistance
to the French power in Italy should appear to rest upon much better
grounds than those of which we are at present apprised,’ the diversion
to Catalonia was the obvious course[404].’ This gave a discretionary
power to Bentinck, if he should judge that evidence of discontent in
Italy had cropped up in unexpected quantity and quality since March.
It does not appear, to the unprejudiced observer, that such evidence
was forthcoming in May. But Bentinck, with his original prejudice
in favour of a descent on Italy running in his brain, chose to take
certain secret correspondence received from the Austrian general
Nugent, and other sources, as justification for holding back from
the immediate action in eastern Spain, on which Wellington had been
led to rely. No troops sailed from Palermo or Messina till the very
end of June, and then the numbers sent were much less than had been
promised, and the directions given to Maitland, the general entrusted
with the command, were by no means satisfactory[405]. The underlying
fact would appear to be that, since March, Bentinck had begun to be
alarmed at the intrigues of the Queen of Sicily, and feared to send
away British troops so far afield as Spain. That notorious princess and
her incapable spouse had been deprived in the preceding autumn of their
ancient status as absolute sovereigns, and a Sicilian constitution and
parliament, somewhat on the British model, had been called into being.
For some time it had been supposed that Caroline, though incensed,
was powerless to do harm, and the native Sicilians were undoubtedly
gratified by the change. But Bentinck presently detected traces of a
conspiracy fostered by the Queen among the Italian and mercenary troops
employed by the Sicilian government: and, what was more surprising,
it was suspected (and proved later on) that the court had actually
opened up negotiations with Napoleon and even with Murat, in order
to get rid of the English from Sicily at all costs[406]. In view of
the fact that there were 8,000 Italian and foreign troops of doubtful
disposition quartered in Sicily, Bentinck was seized with qualms
at the idea of sending away a large expedition, mainly composed of
British regiments. In the end he compromised, by detaching only three
British and two German Legion battalions, along with a miscellaneous
collection of fractions of several foreign corps, making 7,000 men in
all[407]. They only arrived off the coast of Catalonia on July 31st,
and Maitland’s freedom of operations was hampered by instructions to
the effect that ‘the division of the Sicilian army detached has for
its first object the safety of Sicily; its employment on the Spanish
coast is temporary.’ He was told that he was liable to be withdrawn at
any moment, if complications arose in Sicily or Italy, and was not to
consider himself a permanent part of the British army in Spain. Yet at
the same time that Bentinck had given these orders, the home government
had told Wellington to regard the expeditionary force as placed at his
disposal, and authorized him to send directions to it.

  [404] Liverpool to Bentinck, 4th March, quoted above.

  [405] See Wellington to Lord W. Bentinck in _Dispatches_, ix. pp.
  60-1.

  [406] That veritable ‘stormy petrel of politics,’ Sir Robert
  Wilson, was passing through Sicily in May, and seems to have
  acted a mischievous part in visiting the Queen, and allowing her
  to set before him all her grievances against Bentinck, and the
  ‘Jacobin Parliament’ that he was setting up. She told Wilson that
  Bentinck ‘went to jails and took evidence of miserable wretches,
  actual malefactors or suspects, inducing them to say what he
  wished for his plans, and acting without any substantiating
  facts.’ As to the army Wilson gathered that ‘the Neapolitan
  soldiery hate us to a man, the Germans would adhere to us, the
  native Sicilians at least not act against us.’ But there were
  only 2,000 Sicilians and 1,900 Germans, and 8,000 Neapolitans
  and other Italians, eminently untrustworthy. [So untrustworthy
  were they, indeed, that the Italian corps sent to Spain in the
  autumn deserted by hundreds to the French.] See Wilson’s _Private
  Diary_, 1812-15, pp. 35-62.

  [407] For details, see table in Appendix no. XIII.

All this worked out less unhappily than might have been expected; for
though Wellington got little practical military help from the Sicilian
corps, and though Maitland’s operations were most disappointing and
started far too late, yet the knowledge that great transport squadrons
were at Alicante and Majorca, and the rumour that a large force was
coming from Sicily, most certainly kept Suchet in a state of alarm,
and prevented him from helping Soult or King Joseph. It is interesting
to find from his correspondence[408] that in the earliest days of
July he was anxiously watching the ships at Alicante, and expecting a
descent either on Valencia or on Catalonia, though Maitland was yet
far away, and did not appear off Palamos till July 31. The fear of
the descent was an admirable help to Wellington--perhaps more useful
than its actual appearance at an early date might have been, since the
expeditionary troops were decidedly less in numbers than Wellington
had hoped or Suchet had feared. At the same time the news that the
Sicilian force had not sailed, and perhaps might never appear, reached
Salamanca at one of the most critical moments of the campaign, and
filled Wellington with fears that the Army of Valencia might already be
detaching troops against him, while he had calculated upon its being
entirely distracted by the projected demonstration[409]. The news that
Maitland had sailed at last, only came to hand some time after the
battle of Salamanca had been won, when the whole position in Spain had
assumed a new and more satisfactory aspect.

  [408] Suchet’s correspondence (in the Archives of the French War
  Ministry) begins to be anxious from July 6 onward. On that date
  he hears that ships are at Alicante to take Roche on board, who
  is to join a very large English force, and 15,000 (!) men from
  Majorca. On July 13th he hears that Maitland is to have 17,000
  men, though only 3,000 British regulars.

  [409] Wellington to Lord Bathurst, July 14: ‘I have this day
  received a letter from Lord W. Bentinck of the 9th of June, from
  which I am concerned to observe that his Lordship does not intend
  to carry into execution the operation on the east coast of the
  Peninsula, until he shall have tried the success of another plan
  on the coast of Italy. I am apprehensive that this determination
  may bring upon us additional forces of the Army of Aragon:
  but I still hope that I shall be able to retain at the close
  of this campaign the acquisitions made at its commencement.’
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 285.

Such were the subsidiary schemes with which Wellington supported his
main design of a direct advance against Marmont’s army. Some of them
worked well--Hill, Home Popham, and Mendizabal did all, and more than
all, that had been expected of them, in the way of containing large
French forces. Others accomplished all that could in reason have been
hoped--such was the case with Silveira and Ballasteros. Others fell far
below the amount of usefulness that had been reckoned upon--both the
Galician army and the Sicilian army proved most disappointing in the
timing of their movements and the sum of their achievements. But on the
whole the plan worked--the French generals in all parts of Spain were
distracted, and Marmont got little help from without.

It is certain that, at the moment of Wellington’s starting on his
offensive campaign, the thing that gave him most trouble and anxiety
was not the timing or efficacy of the various diversions that he had
planned, but a purely financial problem. It was now a matter of years
since the money due for the pay and maintenance of the army had been
coming in with terrible unpunctuality. Officers and men had grown to
regard it as normal that their pay should be four or six months in
arrears: the muleteers and camp followers were in even worse case. And
the orders for payment (_vales_ as they were called) issued by the
commissariat to the peasantry, were so tardily settled in cash, that
the recipients would often sell them for half or two-thirds of their
face value to speculators in Lisbon, who could afford to wait many
months for the money.

This state of things was deplorable: but it did not proceed, as Napier
usually hints, and as Wellington himself seems sometimes to have felt,
from perversity on the part of the home government. It was not the case
that there was gold or silver in London, and that the ministers did
not send it with sufficient promptness. No one can be so simple as to
suppose that Lord Liverpool, Mr. Perceval, the Marquess of Wellesley,
or Lord Castlereagh, did not understand that the Army of Portugal must
have cash, or it would lose that mobility which was its great strength.
Still less would they wittingly starve it, when the fortunes of the
ministry were bound up with the successful conduct of the war.

But the years 1811-12, as has been already pointed out in the last
volume of this work, were those of the greatest stringency in the
cash-market of Great Britain. The country was absolutely drained dry
of metallic currency in the precious metals: no silver had been coined
at the Mint since the Revolutionary war began: no guineas since 1798.
England was transacting all her internal business on bank-notes, and
gold was a rare commodity, only to be got by high prices and much
searching. This was the time when the Jews of Portsmouth used to
board every home-coming transport, to offer convalescents or sailors
27_s._, or even more, in paper for every guinea that they had on
them. The Spanish dollar, though weighing much less than an English
five-shilling piece (when that valuable antiquity could be found[410]),
readily passed for six shillings in paper. And even this coin could
not now be got so easily as in 1809 or 1810, for the growing state of
disturbance in the Spanish-American colonies was beginning to affect
the annual import of silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru, which
had for a long time been the main source from which bullion for Europe
was procured. To buy dollars at Cadiz with bills on London was becoming
a much more difficult business. In May 1812 a special complication
was introduced--Lord William Bentinck wishing to provide Spanish coin
for the expedition which was about to sail for Catalonia, sent agents
to Gibraltar, who bought with Sicilian gold all the dollars that
they could procure, giving a reckless price for them, equivalent to
over six shillings a dollar, and competing with Wellington’s regular
correspondents who were at the same moment offering only 5_s._ 4_d._
or 5_s._ 6_d._ for the coin. Of course the higher offer secured the
cash, and Wellington made bitter complaints that the market had been
spoilt, and that he suddenly found himself shut out from a supply on
which he had hitherto reckoned with security[411]. But the competition
was only transient, though very tiresome at a moment when silver coin
was specially wanted for payments in Leon. For, as Wellington remarked,
the people about Salamanca had never seen the British army before,
and would be wanting to do business on a prompt cash basis, not being
accustomed to credit, as were the Portuguese.

  [410] No silver crowns had been coined since 1760 at the Mint.
  They weighed 463 grains: the Spanish dollar only 415 grains.

  [411] See Wellington to Lord Bathurst. _Dispatches_, vii. p. 370.

The army started upon the campaign with a military chest in the most
deplorable state of depletion. ‘We are absolutely bankrupt,’ wrote
Wellington, ‘the troops are now five months in arrears instead of one
month in advance. The staff have not been paid since February; the
muleteers not since June 1811! and we are in debt in all parts of
the country. I am obliged to take money sent me by my brother [Henry
Wellesley, British Minister at Cadiz] for the Spaniards, in order to
give my own troops a fortnight’s pay, who are really suffering for want
of money[412].’ Some weeks before this last complaint Wellington had
sounded an even louder note of alarm. ‘We owe not less than 5,000,000
dollars. The Portuguese troops and establishments are likewise in the
greatest distress, and it is my opinion, as well as that of Marshal
Beresford, that we must disband part of that army, unless I can
increase the monthly payments of the subsidy. The Commissary-General
has this day informed me that he is very apprehensive that he will not
be able to make good his engagements for the payment for the meat for
the troops. If we are obliged to stop that payment, your Lordship may
as well prepare to recall the army, for it will be impossible to carry
up salt meat (as well as bread) to the troops from the sea-coast....
It is not improbable that we may not be able to take advantage of
the enemy’s comparative weakness in this campaign _for sheer want of
money_[413].’ One almost feels that Wellington is here painting the
position of the army in the blackest possible colours, in order to
bring pressure on his correspondent at home. But this dismal picture
was certainly reflected in the language of his staff at the time: a
letter from his aide-de-camp, Colin Campbell, speaks (on May 30) of
the depleted state of the military chest being a possible curb to the
campaign: ‘Lord W. cannot take supplies with him to enable him to do
more than demonstrate towards Valladolid, when so good an opportunity
offers, and an inconsiderable addition would suffice. The harvest
is ripening, the country round Salamanca is full of all requisite
supplies, but they are not procurable without cash[414].’

  [412] Ibid., vii. p. 319.

  [413] Wellington to Lord Liverpool, April 22. _Supplementary
  Dispatches_, vii. p. 318.

  [414] Campbell to Shawe. _Supplementary Dispatches_, vii. p. 362.

Yet it is hard to be over-censorious of the home government. They were
in the most bitter straits for money. Gold and silver were simply
not to be got in the quantities that Wellington required. The amount
actually sent was very large: it would have been larger if economic
conditions had not been desperate. The rupture with the United States
of America which took place in June (fortunately too late to serve
Napoleon’s purpose), had just added a new source of anxiety to the
troubles of the Cabinet: both money and men were now wanted for Canada.
There can be no doubt that when Lord Bathurst wrote, in the middle
of the Salamanca campaign, that ‘£100,000 in cash, chiefly gold, had
been sent off,’ and that ‘I wish to God we could assist you more in
money,’ he was writing quite honestly, and amid most adverse financial
circumstances. Great Britain was at the most exhausting point of her
long struggle with Napoleon. The Russian war had begun--but there
was no sign as yet that it was to be the ruin of the Emperor: his
armies seemed to be penetrating towards Moscow in the old triumphant
style: many politicians spoke of a humiliating peace dictated to Czar
Alexander in the autumn as the probable end of the campaign, and
speculated on Napoleon’s appearance at Madrid in 1813 as a possible
event. Wheat had risen in this spring to 130_s._ the quarter. The
outbreak of the long-threatened but long-averted American war looked
like the last blow that was to break down the British Empire. It was no
wonder that the national credit was low in June 1812. There was nothing
to revive it till Wellington’s Salamanca triumph in July: nor did any
one understand that Napoleon’s star had passed its zenith, till the
news of the disasters of the Moscow retreat began to drift westward in
November and December.

[Illustration: CENTRAL SPAIN]

Meanwhile, if the financial outlook was gloomy, the actual military
situation was more promising than it had ever been before. Well aware,
from intercepted dispatches, of the quarrels of his adversaries,
and perfectly informed as to their numbers and their cantonments,
Wellington considered with justice that he had such a game in his hands
as he had never before had set before him. On June 13th he crossed
the Agueda with his army in three parallel columns. The left was
under charge of Picton, and consisted of the 3rd Division, Pack’s and
Bradford’s Portuguese, and Le Marchant’s brigade of heavy dragoons.
The centre, which Beresford conducted, was composed of the Light, 4th,
and 5th Divisions. It was preceded by Alten’s German hussars, and
accompanied by Bock’s dragoons. The right column, under Graham, had
the 1st, 6th, and 7th Divisions, with a regiment of Anson’s horse for
purposes of exploration. It is to be noted that both Picton and Graham
were destined to remain only a few weeks with the army: the former had
taken the field ere his Badajoz wound was properly healed: it broke
open again, he fell into a high fever, and had to be sent to the rear.
Wellington’s brother-in-law, Pakenham, took over charge of the 3rd
Division on June 28th. Graham had been suffering for some months from
an affection of the eyes, which the physicians told him might at any
time grow worse and threaten his sight. He persisted on staying with
the army till the last possible moment, but became more blind each day,
and was compelled to throw up his command on July 6th and to return to
England for skilled medical advice. Thus, during the greater part of
the Salamanca campaign, Wellington was working without his best-trusted
lieutenants--Craufurd was dead, both Picton and Graham invalided. In
consequence of Graham’s departure a very difficult point was raised.
If some illness or wound should disable the Commander-in-Chief, to
whom would the charge of operations fall[415]? Wellington considered
that Beresford was entitled to expect the succession, and deprecated
the sending out of some senior officer from England with a commission
to act as second in command. He observed that no one coming fresh from
home would have a real grasp of the conditions of the war: that he
would probably start with _a priori_ views, and have to unlearn them
in a time of imminent danger. Moreover, a second-in-command was, when
his superior was in good health, either an unnecessary person or else
a tiresome one, if he presumed on his position to offer advice or
remonstrances. Fortunately the question remained a wholly academic one,
since Wellington’s iron physique, and unbroken luck when bullets were
flying, never failed him. An understudy turned out to be superfluous.

  [415] Wellington to Bathurst. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 277.

The three columns of the allied army advanced on a very narrow front of
not more than ten miles, though the cavalry spread out considerably to
the flanks. On the 13th the columns bivouacked on the Guadapero river,
in front of Ciudad Rodrigo, between Santi Espiritus and Tenebron. On
the 14th they advanced four leagues to the Huebra, and camped on each
side of San Muñoz, with head-quarters at Cabrillas. On the 15th a
rather longer march took them to Matilla and Cayos. Nothing had yet
been seen of any enemy. It was only on the 16th, in the morning, that
the advanced cavalry of the centre column, after crossing the Valmusa
river, came into contact with two squadrons of French _chasseurs_, not
more than two leagues outside of Salamanca. These outposts gave way
when pushed, and retired across the Tormes. The British army bivouacked
in sight of Salamanca that night, and received the information that
Marmont had already evacuated the city, save for a garrison left in its
three new forts[416].

  [416] The itinerary of this march in detail may be found in the
  excellent Diary of Tomkinson of the 16th Light Dragoons.

The Army of Portugal had been caught, just as Wellington had hoped,
in a condition of wide dispersion. It was not that Marmont did not
expect the attack, but that, till the day when it should be actually
delivered, he dared not concentrate, because of his want of magazines
and the paucity of transport. He had resolved that he must be content
to abandon all the land west of Salamanca, in order that his point of
concentration should be out of reach of his enemy’s first stroke. It
was fixed at Bleines and Fuente Sauco, twenty miles north of Salamanca
on the road to Toro. On the morning of the 14th, when the news that
Wellington was over the Agueda first reached him, the Marshal issued
orders to all his divisions to march on this point, not even excepting
that of Bonnet in the Asturias. For, despite of the Emperor’s wish to
keep a hold upon that province, Marmont held, and rightly, that it
was more important to place in front of the Anglo-Portuguese every
possible bayonet, and he could not spare a solid division of 6,500
men. Unfortunately for him, however, it was clear that Bonnet could
not arrive for fifteen or twenty days. The other seven divisions were
concentrated by the fifth night from the giving of the alarm[417]. They
formed a mass of 36,000 infantry, with 80 guns, but only 2,800 horse.
This total does not include either Bonnet, nor three battalions of
Thomières’s division left to hold Astorga, nor small garrisons placed
in Toro, Zamora, the Salamanca forts, and certain other posts farther
east[418]. Nor does it take account of a dépôt of 3,000 men, including
many dismounted dragoons, at Valladolid. The total of the field army,
including artillery, sappers, &c., was about 40,000 of all arms.

  [417] Foy, who had been drawn away from the Tagus after the
  affair at Almaraz, had to march from Avila, Clausel from
  Peñaranda, Ferey from Valladolid, Sarrut from Toro, Maucune and
  Brennier had been at Salamanca, Thomières came from Zamora.
  Boyer’s dragoons were at Toro and Benavente, Curto’s light
  cavalry division had been with Maucune and Brennier at Salamanca.
  Valladolid, Avila, and Benavente were the most distant points:
  but the troops from them were all up by the 19th. Nor was it
  possible for Wellington to interfere with the concentration,
  though possibly he might have forced Foy from Avila to make a
  détour, if he had followed Marmont very close.

  [418] Nor do we reckon the regiment of Sarrut’s division (130th)
  permanently detached at Santander.

This force was distinctly inferior in number to that of the
Anglo-Portuguese, who, without counting three infantry battalions on
their way to the front from Lisbon, or D’Urban’s Portuguese horse
on the side of Zamora, had some 40,000 infantry in line, and 3,500
excellent cavalry, in which arm Wellington, for the first time in his
life, had a slight advantage over the enemy. Carlos de España was also
approaching, with the 3,000 Spanish infantry that were available after
the garrison of Ciudad Rodrigo had been completed, and in all the
allied army must have had 48,000 men at the front[419]. The balance
of numbers, of which each general was pretty well informed, was such
as to make both sides careful--Marmont was 8,000 men short of his
adversary’s power, and was particularly depressed by the knowledge of
his inferiority in cavalry, an arm on which the French had hitherto
relied with confidence. But the horse of the Army of Portugal had
never recovered from the consequences of Masséna’s retreat in the last
spring, and all the regiments were very weak: while Wellington was
at last profiting from the liberal way in which the home government
had reinforced his mounted arm during the autumn of 1811. He had ten
British regiments with him, whereas at Fuentes de Oñoro he had owned
but four.

  [419] See tables of the armies of both sides in the Appendix no.
  IX.

On the other hand Wellington, among his 48,000 men, had only 28,000
British; there were 17,000 Portuguese and 3,000 Spaniards with him, and
excellent though the conduct of the former had been during the late
campaign, it would be hypocrisy to pretend that their commander could
rely upon them under all circumstances, as he would have done upon a
corresponding number of British infantry. He was ready to give battle,
but it must be a battle under favourable conditions. Marmont felt much
the same: it was necessary to beat Wellington if the French domination
in Spain was to be preserved. But it would be rash to attack him
in one of his favourite defensive positions: there must be no more
Bussacos. And every available man must be gathered in, before a general
action was risked. The only justification for instant battle would be
the unlikely chance of catching the Anglo-Portuguese army in a state
of dispersion or some other unlucky posture--and Wellington’s known
caution did not make such a chance very probable.

Marmont’s main purpose, indeed, was to hold Wellington ‘contained’ till
he should have succeeded in bringing up Bonnet, and also reinforcements
from the Armies of the North and Centre--if not even from some distant
forces. On Bonnet’s eventual arrival he could rely--but not on any
fixed date for his appearance, for it was difficult to get orders
promptly to the Asturias, and there might be many unforeseen delays in
their execution. But Marmont was also counting on aid from Caffarelli,
which would presumably reach him even before Bonnet appeared. In
expectation of Wellington’s advance, he had written to the Commander
of the Army of the North on May 24th and 30th, and again on June
5th, asking for assurances of help, and reminding his colleague of
the Emperor’s directions. The answers received were, on the whole,
satisfactory: the last of them, dated at Vittoria on June 14th, said
that the disposable field-force was 8,000 men, including a brigade of
light cavalry and 22 guns. They should march from Vittoria as soon
as some troops of Abbé’s division arrived from Pampeluna to replace
them, and they should be écheloned along the high-road from Burgos
to Valladolid ready to move up when called upon[420]. It must be
remembered that on this date Caffarelli was answering a hypothetical
inquiry as to his exact power to help, not a definite demand for men,
since Wellington had only crossed the Agueda on the previous day, and
nothing was known at Vittoria of his actual start. But the dispatch was
encouraging, as it seemed to show a good spirit, and named the exact
force available, and the route that it would take. Marmont received
it upon the 19th, just as he had completed his own concentration at
Fuente Sauco. It seemed to justify him in believing that before July 1
he would have 8,000 men from Caffarelli at his disposition, including,
what was specially valuable, 1,000 horse.

  [420] See Caffarelli to Marmont of June 10 and June 14th in
  Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 408-10.

The dispatches from King Joseph and Jourdan were less satisfactory. At
this moment they were in a state of hesitation caused by contradictory
intelligence. ‘Your letter of June 6th,’ wrote Jourdan to Marmont,
‘says that Wellington will soon fall upon you. But we have similar
letters from Soult, declaring that the blow is to be delivered against
him: he encloses two notes of June 2nd and 5th from General Daricau
in Estremadura, declaring that 60,000 of the allies are just about
to begin an invasion of Andalusia. We are too far off from the scene
of operations to determine whether it is you or the Duke of Dalmatia
who is deceived. We can only tell you, meanwhile, not to be misled by
demonstrations, and to be ready to start off three divisions to Soult’s
help without a moment’s delay, if Lord Wellington’s real objective is
Andalusia. Similarly we have sent Soult express orders that he shall
move Drouet to the north bank of the Tagus, if Wellington has called up
Hill to join him, and is making the true attack on you. Caffarelli has
stringent orders to support you with what troops he can collect, when
you are able to tell him definitely that you are the person threatened,
not Soult[421].’

  [421] Jourdan to Marmont, June 14th, in _Mémoires_, iv. pp.
  411-12.

It is clear that the hallucinations of the Duke of Dalmatia were most
valuable to Wellington, who had foreseen them long ago by a study of
intercepted dispatches. Whatever happened, Soult could not refrain from
believing that he had the great rôle to play, and that his Andalusian
viceroyalty was the centre of all things. At this moment his picture
of Wellington about to move on Cordova with 60,000 men seems to have
been a belated conception caused by Graham’s march to Elvas on May 20.
He had not yet realized that ten days later Graham’s corps had gone
northward again, and had joined Wellington on the Agueda about the
time that he was writing his alarmist letters. There was nothing in
front of him save Hill’s 18,000 men: but he refused to see the facts,
and deceived Joseph and Jourdan for some days by the definite and
authoritative restatement of absolutely erroneous intelligence. Hence
it was not till Marmont was able to say, without any possible chance
of error, that Wellington was across the Agueda, and had advanced to
Salamanca at the head of at least 40,000 men, that the King and his
Chief-of-the-Staff at last recognized the true seat of danger. Long
after they had detected it, they continued (as we shall see) to receive
preposterous dispatches from Soult, still maintaining that they were
mistaken, and still discovering excuses for not obeying the peremptory
orders that they sent him.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER IV

THE SALAMANCA FORTS. TEN DAYS OF MANŒUVRES, JUNE 20TH-30TH, 1812


Wellington’s conduct on reaching Salamanca was not that which might
have been expected. When a general has, by a careful and well-arranged
concentration, collected all his own troops into one solid mass, and
then by a rapid advance has thrown himself into the midst of the
scattered cantonments of an enemy who has no superiority to him in
numbers, it is natural for him to press his pursuit vigorously. Far the
most effective way of opening the campaign would have been to cut up
the two divisions which Marmont had just led out of Salamanca, or at
least to follow them so closely that they could be brought to action
before all the outlying divisions had come in. This would certainly
have been Napoleon’s method.

Wellington, however, wanted to fight a battle in one of his favourite
defensive positions, and he thought that he had a means of compelling
Marmont to attack him, by laying siege to the Salamanca forts. After
Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, no French marshal would like to see a
third important post captured ‘under his nose.’ The British general
judged that Marmont would fight him, in order to save his prestige and
his garrison. And since he believed that Bonnet would not evacuate
the Asturias, and that Caffarelli would send help late, if at all,
he thought that he could count upon a superiority of numbers which
rendered victory certain.

This seems to be the only rational way of explaining Wellington’s
conduct on June 17th. On arriving in front of Salamanca his army made
a majestic encircling movement, Picton’s column crossing the Tormes
by the fords of El Canto below the city, Beresford’s and Graham’s by
those of Santa Marta above it. The use of the unbroken town-bridge was
made impossible by Marmont’s forts. The heads of the two columns met
on the north side, and they then moved three miles on, and took up a
long position below the heights of San Cristobal, which lie outside
Salamanca on its northern and eastern front. These formed the chosen
defensive fighting-ground which Wellington had already in his mind.

Only the 14th Light Dragoons and Clinton’s infantry of the 6th Division
turned into Salamanca by the Toro gate, and acted as Wellington’s
escort, while he was received by the municipality and made his
arrangements for the attack on the forts, which, though they commanded
the bridge, had no outlook on the spacious arcaded Plaza Mayor, where
the reception took place. It was a lively scene. ‘We were received with
shouts and _vivas_,’ writes an eye-witness. ‘The inhabitants were out
of their senses at having got rid of the French, and nearly pulled Lord
Wellington off his horse. The ladies were the most violent, many coming
up to him and embracing him. He kept writing orders upon his sabretash,
and was interrupted three or four times by them. What with the joy
of the people, and the feeling accompanying troops about to attack a
fortress, it was a half-hour of suspense and anxiety, and a scene of
such interest as I never before witnessed[422].’

  [422] Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 162.

Head-quarters were established that night in the city, and Clinton’s
division invested the forts, which looked formidable enough to require
close study before they were attacked. The rest of the army took up
its bivouacs, with the cavalry out in front, and remained practically
without movement on the ground now selected, for the next two days,
till Marmont came to pay his expected visit.

The three Salamanca forts were built on high ground in the south-west
corner of the city, which overlooks the long Roman bridge. To make
them Marmont had destroyed a great part of the old University quarter
of the place, levelling the majority of the colleges--for Salamanca,
till 1808, had been a university of the English rather than the usual
continental type, and had owned a score of such institutions. Nearly
all the buildings on the slopes had been pulled down, leaving a wide
open glacis round three massive convents, which had been transformed
into places of strength. San Vincente occupied the crest of the knoll
overlooking the river, and lay in the extreme angle of the old city
wall, which enclosed it on two sides. The smaller strongholds, San
Cayetano and La Merced, were separated from San Vincente by a narrow
but steep ravine, and lay close together on another rising-ground of
about the same height. The three formed a triangle with crossing fires,
each to a large extent commanding the ground over which the others
would have to be approached. The south and west sides of San Vincente
and La Merced overhung precipitous slopes above the river, and were
almost inaccessible. The north sides of San Cayetano and San Vincente
were the only fronts that looked promising for attack, and in each
elaborate preparations had been made in view of that fact. Marmont
had originally intended to enclose all three forts and many buildings
more--such as the Town Hospital, the convent of San Francisco, and the
colleges of Ireland and Cuenca, in an outer _enceinte_, to serve as
a large citadel which would contain several thousand men and all his
magazines. But money and time had failed, and on the slopes below the
forts, several convents and colleges, half pulled to pieces, were still
standing, and offered cover for besiegers at a distance of some 250
yards from the works. The garrison consisted of six flank-companies
from the 15th, 65th, 82nd, and 86th of the line and the 17th Léger,
and of a company of artillery, under the _chef de bataillon_ Duchemin
of the 65th. They made up a total of 800 men, and had thirty-six guns
in position, of which, however, the greater part were only light
field-pieces: two guns (commanding the bridge) were in La Merced,
four in San Cayetano, the remaining thirty in San Vincente, the most
formidable of the three.

Wellington had come prepared to besiege ‘three fortified convents,’
and had been sent a confused sketch of them drawn by an amateur’s
hand[423]. They turned out much stronger than he had been led to
expect, owing to the immense amount of hewn stone from the demolished
colleges and other buildings that was available to build them up. The
walls had been doubled in thickness, the windows stopped, and scarps
and counterscarps with solid masonry had been thrown around them. The
roofs of the two minor forts had been taken off, and the upper stories
casemated, by massive oak beams with a thick coating of earth laid
upon them. This surface was so strong that guns, protected by sandbag
embrasures, had been mounted on it at some points. There was also an
ample provision of palisades, made from strong oak and chestnut beams.
Altogether it was clear that the works would require a systematic
battering, and were not mere patched-up mediaeval monasteries, as had
been expected.

  [423] Jones, _Sieges_, i. p. 269.

It was, therefore, most vexatious to find that the very small
battering-train which Wellington had brought with him from Ciudad
Rodrigo was obviously insufficient for the task before it; there were
no more than four iron 18-pounder guns, with only 100 rounds of shot
each, at the front; though six 24-pound howitzers, from the train that
had taken Badajoz, were on their way from Elvas to join, and were due
on the 20th. It was not, however, howitzers so much as more heavy 18-or
24-pounders that were required for battering, and the lack of them at
the moment was made all the more irksome by the known fact that there
were plenty of both sorts at Rodrigo and Almeida, five or six marches
away. The mistake was precisely the same that was to be made again at
Burgos in the autumn--undervaluation of the means required to deal
with works of third-class importance. Whether Wellington himself or
his artillery and engineer advisers were primarily responsible is not
clear[424].

  [424] At any rate Dickson was not, as he was with the howitzers
  that were coming up from Elvas, and had not started from Rodrigo
  with the army.

The responsibility for the working out of the little siege with
inadequate means fell on Lieut.-Colonel Burgoyne, as senior engineer
(he had with him only two other officers of that corps and nine
military artificers!), and Lieut.-Colonel May, R.A., who was in charge
of the four 18-pounders. The latter borrowed three howitzers from
field-batteries to supplement his miserable means, and afterwards two
6-pounder field-guns, which, of course, were only for annoying the
garrison, not for battering.

It looked at first as if the only practicable scheme was to build a
battery for the 18-pounders on the nearest available ground, 250 yards
from San Vincente to the north, and lower down the knoll on which
that fort stood. There was good cover from ruined buildings up to
this distance from the French works. On the night of the occupation
of Salamanca 400 workmen of the 6th Division commenced a battery on
the selected spot and approaches leading to it from the cover in the
ruins. The work done was not satisfactory: it was nearly full moon,
the night was short, and the enemy (who knew well enough where the
attack must begin), kept up a lively fire of artillery and musketry
all night. Unfortunately the 6th Division workmen had no experience
of sieges--they had never used pick or shovel before, and there were
only two engineer officers and nine artificers to instruct them. ‘Great
difficulty was found in keeping the men to work under the fire: the
Portuguese in particular absolutely went on hands and knees, dragging
their baskets along the ground[425].’ By daylight the projected line of
the battery was only knee-high, and gave no cover, so that the men had
to be withdrawn till dusk. An attempt had been made during the night to
ascertain whether it were possible to creep forward to the ditch, and
lay mines there, to blow in the counterscarp. But the party who tried
to reach the ditch were detected by the barking of a dog, who alarmed
the French out-picket, and the explorers had to retire with several men
wounded.

  [425] Burgoyne’s diary in his _Life_, i. p. 192.

Seeing that the fire of the garrison was so effective, the officers
in charge of the siege asked for, and obtained from Wellington, three
hundred marksmen to keep down the _tiraillade_. They were taken from
the Light Brigade of the King’s German Legion, and spread among the
ruins to fire at the embrasures and loopholes of the French. They also
hoisted, with some difficulty, two field-guns on to the first floor of
the convent of San Bernardo, which lies north-west of San Vincente,
and kept up a lively discharge ‘out of the drawing-room window, so to
speak. We fired for some hours at each other, during which time an
unlucky shot went as completely through my captain’s (Eligé’s) heart as
possible. But considering how near we were, I am much surprised that
our loss was so slight--one killed and one wounded at my own gun[426].’
But the fire of the San Vincente artillery was by no means silenced.

  [426] Letter of F. Monro, R.A., lent me by his representative.
  See _Fortnightly Review_ for July 1912.

On the night of June 18th-19th the working party of the 6th Division
succeeded in finishing the battery which was to breach the main fort,
and also commenced two smaller batteries, to right and left, in places
among the ruins, one by the College of Cuenca, the other below San
Bernardo[427]. On the morning of the 19th the four 18-pounders and
three howitzers opened, and brought down the upper courses of the
masonry of that part of San Vincente on which they were trained.
But they could not move its lower part, or reach the counterscarp.
Wherefore two howitzers were put into the second battery, near the
College of Cuenca, which could command the counterscarp. The play of
these guns proved insufficient, however, to shake it, and the garrison
concentrated such a fire upon them, mainly from musketry at loopholes,
that twenty gunners were killed or hurt while working the two howitzers.

  [427] Nos. 2 and 3 in the map respectively.

Next morning Dickson’s six howitzers from Elvas came up, and served to
replace those borrowed from the field companies, wherefore there was
only an addition of three pieces net to the battering-train. Two of the
18-pounders were moved round to the battery (No. 2) which had been so
hard hit on the preceding day: their fire proved much more effective
than that of the howitzers, and brought down an angle of the upper wall
of San Vincente and part of its roof, which fell on and crushed many of
the French.

But on the 21st it was impossible to continue the battering, for the
ignominious reason that there were hardly any more shot left to fire.
Only sixty balls remained in store for the 18-pounders, and a little
over one hundred for the howitzers[428]. The calculations of the
besiegers had been so erroneous that they had used up their stock just
as the critical moment had arrived. On the previous day Wellington,
seeing what was coming, had sent a hurried message to Almeida for more
shot and powder--but the convoy, though urged on with all possible
speed, did not arrive at Salamanca till the 26th.

  [428] Of course a few rounds more for the howitzers could have
  been borrowed from the field-batteries with the divisions. For
  the 18-pounders, the really important guns, there was no such
  resource for borrowing.

Meanwhile the general engagement for which Wellington had prepared
himself seemed likely to come off. Marmont had all his army, save
Bonnet alone, collected by the 19th, at Fuente Sauco. On the following
day he came boldly forward and drove in the British cavalry vedettes.
He showed three columns moving on a parallel front, which observers
estimated at 18,000 foot and 2,000 horse--but there were more behind,
still invisible. At four in the afternoon he was drawing so close that
Wellington assumed his battle position. Five divisions and the two
independent Portuguese brigades formed the fighting-line, from San
Cristobal southward to Cabrerizos on the bank of the Tormes: the order
was (from right to left) 1st-7th-4th-Light-3rd-Pack and Bradford. The
reserve was composed of the 5th Division, of Hulse’s brigade of the
6th (of which the remainder was left to blockade the Salamanca forts),
and of Carlos de España’s 3,000 Spaniards. Alten’s cavalry covered the
British right, Ponsonby’s[429] the left, Bock’s and Le Marchant’s heavy
squadrons were in reserve.

  [429] Acting vice G. Anson, absent.

It looked at first as though Marmont intended to force on the battle
that Wellington desired. Moving with great order and decision, his
three columns deployed opposite the heights, and advanced to within a
very moderate distance of them--not more than 800 yards at one point.
They were extremely visible, as the whole country-side below the
British position was a fine plain covered with ripening wheat. The
only breaks in the surface were the infrequent villages--in this part
of Spain they are all large and far apart--and a few dry watercourses,
whose line could be detected winding amid the interminable cornfields.
Warning to keep off the position was given to the French by long-range
fire from several of the British batteries on salient points of the
line. The enemy replied noisily and with many guns: Wellington’s
officers judged that he was doing his best to make his approach audible
to the garrison of the besieged forts.

At dusk the French occupied the village of Castellanos de Morisco, in
front of the right centre of the heights, and then advanced a regiment
to attack Morisco, which was absolutely at the foot of them, and had
been occupied by Wellington as an advanced post. It was held by the
68th regiment from the 7th Division, a battalion which had come out
from England in the preceding autumn, but had, by chance, never been
engaged before. It made a fine defence, and beat off three attacks
upon the village: but after dark Wellington called it back uphill to
the line of the position, abandoning Morisco[430]. Apparently he was
glad to see the French pressing in close, and looked for an attack upon
his position next morning. Standing on the sky-line above Castellanos
at dusk, with a map in his hand, he demonstrated to all the assembled
generals commanding divisions the exact part which they were to play,
till several French round-shot compelled him to shift his position a
little farther back[431]. The whole army slept that night in order of
battle, with strong pickets pushed down to the foot of the slopes.

  [430] The 68th lost four officers and 46 men killed and wounded,
  and one officer taken prisoner. For a good account of the fight
  see the Memoirs of Green of the 68th, pp. 89-90.

  [431] See Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 165.

There was, however, no attack at dawn. Marmont’s two rear divisions
(those of Foy and Thomières) and a brigade of dragoons were not yet on
the ground, and only got up in the course of the afternoon: hence he
was naturally unwilling to move, as he had a certain knowledge that
he was outnumbered. It would seem that Wellington had, that morning,
an opportunity of crushing his enemy, which he must have regretted to
have lost on many subsequent days of the campaign. Marmont’s position
was one of very great risk: he had pushed in so close to the British
heights, that he might have been attacked and brought to action in half
an hour, and could not have got away without fighting. His position
was visible from end to end--it had no flank protection, and its only
strong points were the two villages of Morisco and Castellanos de
Morisco on its left centre. Behind was an undulating sea of cornfields
extending to the horizon. Wellington (after deducting the two missing
brigades of the 6th Division) could have come down in a general charge
from his heights, with 37,000 Anglo-Portuguese infantry, and 3,500
horse--not to speak of Carlos de España’s 3,000 Spaniards. Marmont
had only five divisions of infantry (about 28,000 bayonets) on the
ground at daybreak, and less than 2,000 horse. He was in a thoroughly
dominated position, and it is hard to see what he could have done,
had Wellington strengthened his left wing with all his cavalry and
delivered a vigorous downhill assault on the unprotected French right.
The opportunity for an attack was so favourable that Wellington’s staff
discussed with curiosity the reasons that might be preventing it, and
formed varying hypotheses to account for his holding back[432]. As a
matter of fact, as his dispatch to Lord Liverpool explains[433], the
British Commander-in-Chief was still hoping for a second Bussaco. He
saw that Marmont was not going to attack till his rear had come up,
but hoped that he might do so that afternoon or next morning, when he
had all his men in hand. The daring way in which the Marshal continued
to hold on to an untenable position, within cannon shot of his enemy’s
line, seemed to argue an ultimate intention to bring on an action.

  [432] Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 166.

  [433] Wellington to Liverpool, Salamanca, June 25, in
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 252.

Nor was Wellington very far out in his ideas: Marmont was in a state of
indecision. When the missing 10,000 men came up he called a council of
war--the regular resort of generals in a difficulty. We have concerning
it only the evidence of Foy, who wrote as follows in his diary.

‘At dusk on the 21st there was a grand discussion, on the problem as
to whether we should or should not give battle to the English. The
Marshal seemed to have a desire to do so, but a feeble and hesitating
desire. Remembering Vimeiro, Corunna, and Bussaco, I thought that it
would be difficult to beat the English, our superiors in number, on
such a compact position as that which they were occupying. I had not
the first word: I allowed Maucune, Ferey[434], and La Martinière to
express their views, before I let them see what I thought. Then Clausel
having protested strongly against fighting, I supported his opinion.
Because we had left a small garrison in the Salamanca forts, we were
not bound to lose 6,000 killed and wounded, and risk the honour of the
army, in order to deliver them. The troops were in good spirits, and
that is excellent for the first assault: but here we should have a long
tough struggle: I doubted whether we had breath enough to keep it up
to the end. In short, I saw more chances of defeat than victory. I
urged that we ought to keep close to the English, “contain” them, and
wait for our reinforcements; this could be done by manœuvring along the
left bank of the Tormes above and below Salamanca. Clausel and I set
forth this policy from every aspect. The Marshal was displeased: he
fancied that his generals were plotting to wreck his plan: he wanted to
redeem the blunder which he saw that he had made in leaving a garrison
in Salamanca: he dreads the Emperor and the public opinion of the army.
He would have liked a battle, but he had not determination enough to
persist in forcing it on[435].’

  [434] The first two were great fire-eaters, and always urged
  action.

  [435] Foy’s _Vie militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, pp. 165-6.

It seems, therefore, certain that Wellington nearly obtained the
defensive general action that he had desired and expected, and was only
disappointed because Marmont was talked down by his two best divisional
generals. If the Marshal had made his attack, it is clear that his
disaster would have been on a far more complete and awful scale than
the defeat which he was actually to endure on July 22. For he would
have had behind him when repulsed (as he must have been) no friendly
shelter of woods and hills, such as then saved the wrecks of his army,
but a boundless rolling plain, in which routed troops would have been
at the mercy of a cavalry which exceeded their own in the proportion of
seven to five (or slightly more).

On the morning of the 22nd, the British general, who had now kept his
army in position for thirty-six hours on end, began to guess that he
was not to be attacked. Was it worth while to advance, since the enemy
refused to do so? The conditions were by no means so favourable as at
the dawn of the 21st, when Marmont had been short of 10,000 men. But
the allied army still possessed a perceptible superiority in numbers,
a stronger cavalry, and a dominating position, from which it would be
easy to deliver a downhill attack under cover of their artillery.

Wellington, however, made no decisive movement: he threw up some
_flèches_ to cover the batteries in front of the 1st and 7th Divisions,
of which the latter was pushed a little nearer to the Tormes. He
brought up the six heavy howitzers which had been used against the
forts, and placed them on this same right wing of his position. Then
he commenced a partial offensive movement, which was apparently
designed to draw Marmont into a serious bickering, if he were ready
to stand. The 7th Division began to make an advance towards Morisco:
the skirmishers of the Light Brigade of the King’s German Legion moved
down, and began to press in the pickets opposite them, their battalions
supporting. Soon after the 51st and 68th, from the other brigade of
the division, that of De Bernewitz, were ordered to storm a knoll
immediately above Morisco, which formed the most advanced point of the
enemy’s line. Wellington directed Graham to support them with the whole
1st and Light Divisions, if the enemy should bring up reinforcements
and show fight. But nothing of the kind happened: the two battalions
carried the knoll with a single vigorous rush, losing some 30 killed
and wounded[436]. But the French made no attempt to recapture it, drew
back their skirmishing line, and retired to the village, only 200 yards
behind, where they stood firm, evidently expecting a general attack. It
was not delivered: Wellington had been willing to draw Marmont into a
fight, but was not intending to order an advance of the whole line, and
to precipitate a general offensive battle.

  [436] The 51st lost 3 killed and an officer and 20 men wounded:
  the 68th 2 killed and 6 wounded, the K.G.L. Light Battalions 3
  killed and 3 officers and 17 men wounded. There are narratives of
  the combat in the Memoirs of Green of the 68th, and Major Rice
  and Private Wheeler of the 51st.

There was no more fighting that day, and next morning the whole French
army had disappeared save some cavalry vedettes. These being pressed
in by Alten’s hussars, it was discovered that Marmont had gone back
six miles, to a line of heights behind the village of Aldea Rubia, and
was there in a defensive position, with his left wing nearly touching
the Tormes near the fords of Huerta. Wellington made no pursuit: only
his cavalry reconnoitred the new French position. He kept his army on
the San Cristobal heights, only moving down Anson’s brigade of the
4th Division to hold Castellanos, and Halkett’s of the 7th Division
to hold Morisco. Hulse’s brigade of the 6th Division was sent back
to Salamanca, as were also Dickson’s six howitzers, and Clinton was
directed to press the siege of the forts--notwithstanding the unhappy
fact that there was scarcely any ammunition left in the batteries.

Marmont had undoubtedly been let off easily by Wellington: yet he
hardly realized it, so filled was his mind with the idea that his
adversary would never take the offensive. His report to King Joseph
shows a sublime ignorance of his late danger. As the document has never
been published and is very short, it may be worth quoting.

‘Having concentrated the greater part of this army on the evening of
the 19th, I marched on Salamanca the same day. I seized some outlying
posts of the enemy, and my army bivouacked within half cannon-shot of
the English. Their army was very well posted, and I did not think it
right to attack yesterday (June 21) without making a reconnaissance of
it. The result of my observations has convinced me that as long as my
own numbers are not _at least equal_ to theirs, I must temporize, and
gain time for the arrival of the troops from the Army of the North,
which General Caffarelli has promised me. If they arrive I shall
be strong enough to take an enterprising course. Till then I shall
manœuvre round Salamanca, so as to try to get the enemy to divide his
army, or to move it out of its position, which will be to my advantage.
The Salamanca forts are making an honourable defence. Since we came up
the enemy has ceased to attack them, so that I have gained time, and
can put off a general action for some days if I think proper[437].’

  [437] Marmont to Joseph, night of the 22nd June, from bivouac
  before San Cristobal. Intercepted dispatch in the Scovell Papers.

Marmont’s plan for ‘manœuvring around Salamanca’ proved (as we shall
see) quite ineffective, and ended within a few days in a definite
retreat, when he found that the succours promised by Caffarelli were
not about to appear.

Meanwhile the siege of the Salamanca forts had recommenced, on the
23rd, under the depressing conditions that the artillery had only
60 rounds (15 apiece!) for the four heavy 18-pounders, which were
their effective weapons, and 160 for the six howitzers, which had
hitherto proved almost useless. The two light field-guns (6-pounders)
were also replaced on the first floor of San Bernardo to shell the
enemy’s loopholes--they were no good at all for battering. This time
the besiegers placed one of their heavy guns in the right flanking
battery near San Bernardo, to get an oblique enfilading fire against
the gorge of the San Cayetano fort. The new idea was to leave San
Vincente alone, as too hard a nut to crack with the small supply of
shot available, and to batter the lesser fort from flank and rear with
the few rounds remaining. The entire stock, together with a hundred
rounds of shell, was used up by the afternoon, when no practicable
breach had been made, though the palisades of San Cayetano had been
battered down, and its parapet much injured. Nevertheless Wellington
ordered an attempt to storm (or rather to escalade) the minor fort at
10 p.m. on the same evening. It was to be carried out by the six light
companies of Bowes’s and Hulse’s brigades of the 6th Division, a force
of between 300 and 400 men. ‘The undertaking was difficult, and the men
seemed to feel it,’ observes the official historian of the Peninsular
sieges[438]. The major of one of the regiments engaged remarks, ‘the
result was precisely such as most of the officers anticipated--a
failure attended with severe loss of life.’ The storming-column,
starting from the ruins near the left flanking battery, had to charge
for the gorge of San Cayetano, not only under the fire of that work,
but with musketry and artillery from San Vincente taking them in the
rear. The casualties from the first moment were very heavy--many men
never got near the objective, and only two ladders out of twenty
were planted against the fort[439]. No one tried to ascend them--the
project being obviously useless, and the stormers ran back under cover
after having lost six officers and 120 men, just a third of their
numbers[440]. Among the killed was General Bowes, commanding the
second brigade of the division, who had insisted on going forward with
his light companies--though this was evidently not brigadier’s work.
Apparently he thought that his personal influence might enable his
men to accomplish the impossible. He was hit slightly as the column
started, but bound up his wound, and went forward a second time, only
to be killed at the very foot of the ladders, just as his men broke and
retired.

  [438] Jones, i. p. 281.

  [439] The regimental history of the 53rd says that the ladders
  were so badly made, of green wood, that many of them came to
  pieces in the hands of their carriers long before they got near
  the fort.

  [440] The loss has got exaggerated in many reports, because the
  casualties in the 7th Division at Morisco on the preceding day
  are added to the total.

This, as all engaged in it agreed, was a very unjustifiable enterprise;
the escalade was impracticable so long as San Vincente was intact, and
able to cover the gorge of San Cayetano with an effective fire from
the rear. The siege now had a second period of lethargy, all the shot
having been used up. It was only on the morning of the 26th, three
days later, that the convoy from Almeida, ordered up on the 20th by
Wellington, arrived with 1,000 rounds carried by mules, and enabled the
battering to begin once more.

Meanwhile Marmont had been making persistent but ineffective diversions
against Wellington. The advantage of the position to which he had
withdrawn was that it commanded the great bend, or elbow, of the
Tormes, where (at the ford of Huerta) that river turns its general
course from northward to westward. Troops sent across the river
here could threaten Salamanca from the south, and, if in sufficient
strength, might force Wellington to evacuate part of the San Cristobal
position, in order to provide a containing force to prevent them from
communicating with and relieving the besieged forts. The Marshal’s
own statement of his intention[441] was that he hoped, by manœuvring,
to get Wellington either to divide his army or to leave his strong
ground, or both. He aimed, no doubt, at obtaining the opportunity for
a successful action with some isolated part of Wellington’s force, but
was still too much convinced of the danger of fighting a general action
to be ready to risk much. Moreover he was expecting, from day to day,
the 8,000 men of the Army of the North whom Caffarelli had promised
him: and it would be reckless to give battle before they arrived--if
only they were really coming.

  [441] See above, p. 370.

Wellington could see, by his own eyes no less than by the map, for he
rode along Marmont’s new front on the 23rd, that the French position
gave good possibilities for a passage of the elbow of the Tormes at
Huerta: wherefore he detached Bock’s brigade of German Dragoons to the
south of the river, with orders to watch the roads debouching from the
fords, and to act as a detaining force if any hostile cavalry crossed
them. He also threw forward Alten’s hussars to Aldea Lengua, a village
and ford half-way between Cabrerizos and Aldea Rubia, with the object
of keeping a similar close watch on any attempt of Marmont’s to move
north of the river. One brigade of the Light Division came forward to
support Alten--the other was écheloned a little back, on hills above
Aldea Lengua.

On the late evening of the 23rd Marmont sent a squadron or two across
the Huerta fords, which turned back after running into Bock’s vedettes.
This was merely an exploring party to test the practicability of
the passage; but next morning, in a heavy fog, skirmishing fire and
occasional reports of cannon told Wellington that some more important
detachment was across the Tormes, and engaged with the Germans. The
British head-quarters staff rode to the hill above Aldea Lengua, which
commands a wide view over the south bank, and, when the morning vapours
rolled up at 7 o’clock, saw Bock retiring across the rolling plain in
very good order, pressed by a heavy force of all arms--two divisions
of infantry headed by a light cavalry brigade with a horse artillery
battery, which was doing some harm to the two dragoon regiments as they
retired in alternate échelons across the slopes.

Fortunately there was excellent defensive fighting-ground south of the
Tormes, in prolongation of the San Cristobal position north of it.
The ravine and brook[442] called the Ribera de Pelagarcia with wooded
heights above them, run in front of Santa Marta and its ford, for some
miles southward from the Tormes. There was a similar line of high
ground facing it, with the villages of Pelabravo and Calvarisa de Ariba
on its top, which the French might occupy, but on passing down from
them they would run against a formidable position. Along these hills,
indeed, Wellington’s first line of defence was to be formed a month
later, on the day of the battle of Salamanca. On seeing Bock’s careful
retreat in progress, the Commander-in-Chief ordered Graham to cross the
Tormes at Santa Marta with the 1st and 7th Divisions, and to occupy the
ground in front of him. This was a short move, and easily accomplished
while the French detachment was pushing the German dragoons slowly
backward. The 4th and 5th Divisions moved down to the north bank of the
Tormes, ready to follow if Marmont should support his advanced guard,
by sending more men over the Huerta fords. Le Marchant’s heavy brigade
crossed the river with a horse artillery battery, and went to reinforce
Bock, whom the French could now only push in by bringing forward
infantry. Their advance continued as far as the village of Calvarisa
de Abaxo, and a little beyond, where the whole 9,000 or 10,000 men
deployed, as if intending to attack Graham. But just as observers on
the Aldea Lengua heights were beginning to think that serious fighting
was probable[443], the whole fell back into column of march, and,
retiring to Huerta covered by their _chasseurs_, recrossed the river.

  [442] I find the name Ribera de Pelagarcia only in the more
  modern Spanish maps: contemporary plans do not give it.

  [443] Tomkinson, p. 170: ‘Just before they began to retire, I
  thought that their advance looked serious. Our position was good,
  and if they had fought with what had crossed, our force would
  have been the greater.’

The state of affairs at nightfall was just what it had been at dawn.
Graham and Le Marchant went back to their old ground north of the
river, and south of it cavalry alone was left--this time Alten’s
brigade, for Bock’s had had a heavy day, and needed rest. So ended a
spectacular but almost bloodless manœuvre--the German dragoons lost
three killed and two wounded: the French light horse probably no more.

In a dispatch written the same night Marmont frankly owns that he was
foiled by Wellington’s counter-move. This hitherto unpublished document
is worth quoting. It is addressed to General Caffarelli, and runs as
follows[444]. ‘The movement which I have made toward Salamanca has
caused the enemy to suspend his attack on the forts of that town. [An
error, as it was not the movement but the lack of ammunition which
stopped the bombardment.] This consideration, and the way in which I
found him posted to keep me off, and not least your assurance that your
powerful reinforcements would reach me very soon, have determined me
to suspend the attack which I was about to deliver against him. I stop
here with the object of gaining time, and in the expectation of your
arrival.’ From this it is clear that if Graham had not been found so
well posted, in a position where he could readily be reinforced from
San Cristobal, Marmont would have followed up his advanced guard with
the rest of his army, and have struck at Salamanca from the South. But
finding the ground on the left bank of the river just as unfavourable
to him as that on the north, he gave up the game and retired. He risked
a serious check, for Wellington might have ordered Graham to follow and
attack the retreating divisions, who would have had great difficulty
in recrossing the Tormes without loss, if they had been pursued and
attacked while jammed at the fords. But Wellington was still in his
defensive mood, and took no risks, contented to have foiled most
effectively his enemy’s manœuvre.

  [444] This is one of the many cipher dispatches in the Scovell
  Papers, which I have found so illuminating in a period when
  Marmont’s writings, printed or in the French archives, are very
  few.

On the 25th Marmont remained stationary, waiting for further advices
from Caffarelli, which failed to come to hand. Nor did Wellington make
any move, save that of sending orders that the siege of the forts was
to be pressed as early and as vigorously as possible. The guns were
back in their batteries, waiting for the ammunition which was yet to
appear. All that could be done without shot was to push forward a
trench along the bottom of the ravine between San Vincente and the
other two forts, to cut off communication between them. The French
fired fiercely at the workers, where they could look down into the
ravine, and killed some of them. But there was much ‘dead ground’ which
could not be reached from any point in the forts, and by dawn on the
26th the trench was far advanced, and a picket was lodged safely in it,
close under the gorge of San Cayetano.

On the morning of the 26th the convoy of powder and shot from Almeida
reached the front, and at three in the afternoon the besiegers
recommenced their fire. This time no guns were placed in the original
battery opposite the north front of San Vincente; the four 18-pounders
all went into the right flank attack, and were concentrated on the
gorge of San Cayetano. Four of the howitzers were placed in the left
flank battery, near the College of Cuenca, and directed to fire red-hot
shot into the roof and upper story of San Vincente. The field-guns in
San Bernardo, aided by one howitzer, took up their old work of trying
to keep down the fire of the forts.

The battering in of the gorge of San Cayetano made considerable
progress, but the most effective work was that of the red-hot shot,
which before night had set the tower of San Vincente and several points
of its roof in flames. By heroic exertions the garrison succeeded in
extinguishing them, but the besiegers’ fire was kept up all night, and
from time to time new conflagrations burst out. The governor afterwards
informed the British engineers that eighteen separate outbreaks were
kept down within the twenty-four hours before his surrender[445]. The
fort was very inflammable, owing to the immense amount of timber that
had been used for casemating, traverses, barricades, and parapets,
inside its walls. Still it was holding out at daybreak, though the
garrison was nearly exhausted: the governor signalled to Marmont that
he could not resist for more than three days--a sad over-estimate of
his power, as was to be shown in a few hours. As a subsidiary aid to
the work of the guns two mines were commenced, one from the ravine,
destined to burrow under San Cayetano, the other from the cliff by the
river, intended to reach La Merced. But neither was fated to be used,
other means sufficing.

  [445] Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, i. p. 285.

After four hours’ pounding on the morning of the 27th, the gorge of San
Cayetano had been battered into a real and very practicable breach,
while a new fire had broken out in San Vincente, larger than any one
which had preceded it. It reached the main store of gabions and planks
within the fort, and threatened the powder magazine. The garrison were
evidently flinching from their guns, as the counter-fire from the
place, hitherto very lively, began to flag, and the whole building was
wrapped in smoke.

Thereupon Wellington ordered San Cayetano to be stormed for the second
time. The column charged with the operation crept forward along the
trench at the bottom of the ravine, fairly well covered till it had
reached the spot immediately below the gorge of the fort. Just as the
forlorn hope was about to start out of the trench, a white flag was
shown from the breach. The captain commanding in San Cayetano asked for
two hours’ truce, to enable him to communicate with his chief in San
Vincente, promising to surrender at the end of that time. Wellington
offered him five minutes to march out, if he wished to preserve his
garrison’s lives and baggage. As the Frenchmen continued to haggle and
argue, he was told to take down his white flag, as the assault was
about to be delivered. When the stormers ran in, San Cayetano made
practically no defence, though a few shots were fired, which caused six
casualties in the assaulting column: the greater part of the garrison
threw down their muskets and made no resistance.

[Illustration: SALAMANCA FORTS]

At the same moment the white flag went up on San Vincente also: here
the conflagration was now burning up so fiercely that the French had
been able to spare no attention for the storming-party that captured
San Cayetano. The governor, Duchemin, asked for three hours’ suspension
of arms, and made a proposal of terms of surrender. Wellington, here
as at the smaller fort, refused to grant time, as he thought that the
fire would be subdued and the defence prolonged, if he allowed hours
to be wasted in negotiations. He sent in the same ultimatum as at San
Cayetano--five minutes for the garrison to march out, and they should
have all the ‘honours of war’ and their baggage intact. Duchemin, like
his subordinate, returned a dilatory message, but while his white flag
was still flying, the 9th Caçadores pushed up out of the ravine and
entered the battery on the east side of the work. They were not fired
on, no one in San Vincente being prepared to continue the defence, and
the French standard came down without further resistance.

Not quite 600 unwounded men of the garrison were captured. They had
lost just 200 during the siege, including 14 officers[446]. The
casualties among the British were, as might have been expected, much
heavier, largely owing to the unjustifiable assault of June 23rd. They
amounted to 5 officers and 94 men killed, and 29 officers and 302
men wounded. A considerable store of clothing, much powder, and 36
guns of all sorts were found in the three forts. The powder was made
over to Carlos de España, one of whose officers, having moved it into
the town on the 7th July, contrived to explode many barrels, which
killed several soldiers and twenty citizens, besides wrecking some
houses[447]. The three forts were destroyed with care, when they had
been stripped of all their contents.

  [446] The total given by the governor to Warre of Beresford’s
  staff (see his _Letters_, ed. Dr. Warre, p. 270) were 3 officers
  and 40 men killed, 11 officers and 140 men wounded. Martinien’s
  lists show 12 officers hit, 5 in the 65th, 2 each in the 15th and
  17th Léger, 1 each in 86th, artillery, and engineers. But these
  admirable lists are not quite complete.

  [447] This is said to have been the result of the escort’s
  smoking round the store!

The fall of the Salamanca forts happened just in time to prevent
Marmont from committing himself to a serious offensive operation
for their succour. It will be remembered that, on June 24th, he had
used the plea that Caffarelli’s troops must be with him, ere many
days had passed, as a justification for not pushing on to attack the
British divisions in front of Santa Marta. And this expectation was
reasonable, in view of that general’s last dispatch from Vittoria of
June 14th[448], which spoke of his appearance with 8,000 men as certain
and imminent. On the 26th, however, the Marshal received another letter
from the Army of the North, couched in a very different tone, which
upset all his plans. Caffarelli, writing on the 20th, reported the
sudden arrival on the Biscay coast of Sir Home Popham’s fleet, whose
strength he much exaggerated. In co-operation with the English, Longa,
Renovales, and Porlier had all come down from their mountains, and
Bilbao was in danger from their unexpected and simultaneous appearance.
It would probably be necessary to march to drive off the ‘7th Army’ and
the British expedition without delay. At any rate the transference of
any infantry towards the Douro for the succour of the Army of Portugal
had become impossible for the moment. The brigade of light cavalry and
the guns might still be sent, but the infantry division had become
indispensable elsewhere. ‘I am sorry,’ ended Caffarelli, ‘but I could
not have foreseen this development, and when I spoke of marching
towards you I was far from suspecting that it could arise.’

  [448] Printed in Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. p. 410.

This epistle changed the whole aspect of affairs: if the infantry
division from Vittoria had been diverted into Biscay for an indefinite
period, and if even the cavalry and guns (an insignificant force so
far as numbers went, yet useful to an army short of horse) had not
even started on June 20th, it was clear that not a single man would
be available from the North for many days. Meanwhile the governor of
the forts signalled at dawn on the 27th that seventy-two hours was
the limit of his power of resistance. Thereupon Marmont came to the
desperate resolve to attempt the relief of San Vincente with no more
than his own 40,000 men. He tells us that he intended to move by the
south side of the Tormes, crossing not at Huerta (as on the 24th) but
at Alba de Tormes, seven miles higher up, where he had a small garrison
in the old castle, which protected the bridge. This move would have
brought him precisely on to the ground where he ultimately fought the
disastrous battle of July 22nd. He would have met Wellington with
7,000 men less than he brought to the actual battle that was yet to
come, while the Anglo-Portuguese army was practically the same in July
as it was in June[449]. The result could not have been doubtful--and
Marmont knew that he was taking a serious risk. But he did not fathom
its full danger, since he was filled with an unjustifiable confidence
in his adversary’s aversion to battle, and thought that he might be
manœuvred and bullied out of his position, by a move against his
communications[450]. He would have found out his error in front of the
Arapiles on June 29th if he had persevered.

  [449] If Marmont had marched for Alba de Tormes on the 28th, as
  he intended to do, Wellington would have had the 6th Division
  in hand, as well as the rest of his troops, for a battle on the
  29th: for the forts fell early on the 27th June.

  [450] See his explanation of his intentions in _Mémoires_, iv.
  pp. 219-20.

But he did not persevere: in the morning of June 27 the firing at
Salamanca ceased, and a few hours later it was known that the forts had
fallen. Having now no longer any reason for taking risks, the Marshal
changed his whole plan, and resolved to remove himself in haste from
Wellington’s neighbourhood, and to take up a defensive position till
he should receive reinforcements. Two courses were open to him--the
first was to retire due eastward toward Arevalo, and put himself in
communication, by Avila and Segovia, with the Army of the Centre and
Madrid. The second was to retire north-eastward toward Valladolid, and
to go behind the strong defensive line of the Douro. Taking this line
the Marshal would sacrifice his touch with Madrid and the South, but
would be certain of picking up the reinforcement under Bonnet which he
was expecting from the Asturias, and would also be able to receive
with security whatever succour Caffarelli might send--even if it turned
out to be no more than cavalry and guns.

This alternative he chose, probably with wisdom, for in a position on
the Douro he threatened Wellington’s flank if he should advance farther
eastward, and protected the central parts of the kingdom of Leon from
being overrun by the Army of Galicia and Silveira’s Portuguese, who
would have had no containing force whatever in front of them if he had
kept south of the Douro and linked himself with Madrid. His retreat,
commenced before daybreak on the 28th, took him behind the Guarena
river that night: on the 29th he crossed the Trabancos, and rested for
a day after two forced marches. On the 30th he passed the Zapardiel,
and reached Rueda, close to the Douro, on the following morning. From
thence he wrote to King Joseph a dispatch which explains sufficiently
well all his designs: it is all the more valuable because its details
do not entirely bear out the version of his plans which he gives in his
_Mémoires_.

‘The Salamanca forts,’ he said, ‘having surrendered, there was no
reason for lingering on the Tormes; it was better to fall back on his
reinforcements. If he had not done so, he would have been himself
attacked, for Wellington was preparing to strike, and pursued promptly.
He had detached one division [Foy] towards Toro and the Lower Douro to
keep off Silveira, who had passed that river at Zamora. Moreover the
Galicians had blockaded Astorga, and crossed the Orbigo. He felt that
he could defend the line of the Douro with confidence, being aided by
the line of fortified posts along it--Zamora, Toro, and Tordesillas.
But to take the offensive against Wellington he must have 1,500 more
cavalry and 7,000 more infantry than he actually had in hand--since
the Anglo-Portuguese army was nearly 50,000 strong, and included 5,000
English horse.’ This reinforcement was precisely what Caffarelli had
promised, but by the 28th not one man of the Army of the North had
reached Valladolid. ‘If the general can trump up some valid excuse
for not sending me the infantry, there is none for keeping back the
cavalry--which is useless among his mountains--or the artillery, which
lies idle at Burgos.’ Would it not be possible for the Army of the
Centre to lend the Army of Portugal Treillard’s division of dragoons
from the valley of the Tagus, since Caffarelli sent nothing? If only
the necessary reinforcements, 1,500 horse and 7,000 foot, came to hand,
the Army of Portugal could take the offensive with a certainty of
success[451]; in eight days Wellington’s designs could be foiled, and
Salamanca could be recovered. But without that succour the Marshal must
keep to the defensive behind the Douro--’I can combat the course of
events, but cannot master them[452].’

  [451] In this dispatch and that of July 6 following, Marmont
  seems to understate his own force at the moment, saying that
  he can dispose of only 30,000 infantry, and 2,000 cavalry or a
  trifle over. Allowing for the artillery, engineers and sappers,
  gendarmerie and train, which the monthly returns show, this would
  give an army of some 35,000 or 36,000 in all. But the returns
  (see Appendix) indicate a higher figure for the infantry; after
  all deductions for detachments, garrisons, and sick have been
  made, it looks as if there must have been 33,000 or even 34,000
  available. Generals with a ‘point to prove’ are always a little
  easy with their figures.

  [452] This is again one of the Scovell intercepted
  cipher-dispatches, captured and brought to Wellington a day or
  two after it was written. It was a duplicate, and presumably the
  other copy reached Madrid.

This interesting dispatch explains all that followed. Marmont was
prepared to fight whenever he could show a rough numerical equality
with Wellington’s army. He obtained it a few days later, by the arrival
of Bonnet with his 6,500 infantry, and the increase of his cavalry by
800 or 900 sabres owing to measures hereafter to be described. On July
15th he had got together nearly 50,000 men of all arms, and at once
took the offensive, according to the programme which he had laid down.
It is, therefore, unfair to him to say that he declared himself unable
to fight till he should have got reinforcements either from Caffarelli
or from Madrid, and then (in despite of his declaration) attacked
Wellington without having received them. He may have been presumptuous
in acting as he did, but at least he gave his Commander-in-Chief fair
notice, a fortnight beforehand, as to his intentions. It was the
misfortune of the French that some of their dispatches miscarried,
owing to the activity of the guerrilleros, while others came to
hand very late. Marmont and King Joseph--as we shall see--were very
imperfectly and intermittently informed as to each other’s doings. But
the Marshal cannot reasonably be accused of betraying or deluding
the King out of jealousy or blind ambition. When he had collected a
force very nearly equal to Wellington’s in numbers, and far superior
in national homogeneity, he cannot be blamed over-much for attacking a
foe whose fighting spirit and initiative he much undervalued. That his
conception of Wellington’s character and capacity was hopelessly wrong
cannot be denied: the estimate was to prove his ruin. But it had not
been formed without much observation and experiment: after what he had
seen on the Caya, and at Aldea da Ponte, and recently on the heights of
San Cristobal, he thought he could take liberties with his opponent. He
was to be undeceived in a very rude fashion before July was out.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER V

MARMONT TAKES THE OFFENSIVE. JULY 1812


On July 2nd Wellington had arrived at the end of the first stage of
his campaign. He had cleared the French out of the whole of southern
Leon as far as the Douro, had taken the Salamanca forts, and had beaten
off with ease Marmont’s attempts to meddle with him. All this had been
accomplished with the loss of less than 500 men. But the success,
though marked, was not decisive, since the enemy’s army had not been
beaten in the open field, but only manœuvred out of the considerable
region that it had evacuated. The most tangible advantage secured was
that Marmont had been cut off from Madrid and the Army of the Centre:
he could now communicate with King Joseph only by the circuitous line
through Segovia. All the guerrilleros of Castile, especially the bands
of Saornil and Principe, were thrown on the Segovia and Avila roads,
where they served Wellington excellently, for they captured most of the
dispatches which were passing between King Joseph and Marmont, who were
really out of touch with each other after the Marshal’s retreat from
the Tormes on June 27th.

But till Marmont had been beaten in action nothing was settled, and
Wellington had been disappointed of his hope that the Army of Portugal
would attack him in position, and allow him to deal with it in the
style of Bussaco. The Marshal had retired behind the Douro with his
host intact: it was certain that he would be joined there by Bonnet’s
division from the Asturias, and very possible that he might also
receive succour from the Army of the North. The junction of Bonnet
would give him a practical equality in numbers with the British army:
any considerable reinforcement from Caffarelli would make him superior
in force. And there was still a chance that other French armies might
intervene, though hitherto there were no signs of it. For it was only
during the first fortnight of the campaign that Wellington could reckon
on having to deal with his immediate adversary alone. He was bound to
have that much start, owing to the wide dispersion of the French, and
their difficulty in communicating with each other. But as the weeks
wore on, and the enemy became more able to grasp the situation, there
was a growing possibility that outlying forces might be brought up
towards the Douro. If Marmont had only been defeated on June 21st this
would have mattered little: and Wellington must have regretted more
and more each day that he had not taken the obvious opportunity, and
attacked the Army of Portugal when it placed itself, incomplete and in
a poor position, beneath the heights of San Cristobal.

Now, however, since Marmont had got away intact, everything depended
on the working of the various diversions which had been prepared to
distract the other French armies. One of them, Sir Home Popham’s,
had succeeded to admiration, and had so scared Caffarelli that not
a man of the Army of the North was yet in motion toward the Douro.
And this fortunate expedition was to continue effective: for another
three weeks Marmont got no succours from the army that was supposed
to constitute his supporting force by the instructions of the Emperor
and of King Joseph. But Wellington--not having the gift of prophecy,
though he could see further into the fog of war than other men--was
unable to rely with certainty on Caffarelli’s continued abstinence from
interference. As to Soult, there were as yet no signs of any trouble
from Andalusia. The Duke of Dalmatia had somewhat reinforced D’Erlon’s
corps in Estremadura, but not to such an extent as threatened any
real danger to Hill, who reported that he could keep D’Erlon in check
on the Albuera position, and was not certain that he might not be
able to attack him at advantage--a move for which he had his chief’s
permission[453]. If only Wellington had been fortunate enough to
receive some of Soult’s letters to King Joseph, written in the second
half of June, he would have been much reassured: for the Marshal was
(as we shall see) refusing in the most insubordinate style to carry
out the orders sent him to move troops northward. Two minor pieces
of intelligence from the South were of no primary importance--though
vexatious enough--one was that Ballasteros had ventured on a battle at
Bornos on June 1, and got well beaten: but his army was not destroyed.
The second was that General Slade had suffered a discreditable check at
Maguilla on June 11th in a cavalry combat with Lallemand’s dragoons.
But neither of these events had much influence on Soult’s general
conduct at the time, as we shall show in the proper place.

  [453] See Wellington to Lord Liverpool, June 25. _Dispatches_,
  ix. pp. 253-4, and to Hill, ix. pp. 256-7, and again to Lord
  Liverpool, ix. pp. 261-2.

There remained one quarter from which Wellington had received
information that was somewhat disturbing. An intercepted letter from
King Joseph to D’Erlon showed that the latter had been directed to move
towards the Tagus, and that the King himself was evidently thinking of
bringing succour to Marmont, so far as his modest means allowed[454].
But since this projected operation seemed to depend on assistance being
granted by Soult, and since it was doubtful in the highest degree
whether Soult would give it, Wellington was not without hopes that it
might come to nothing. ‘I have requested the Empecinado,’ he writes
to Lord Liverpool, ‘to alarm the King for the safety of his situation
about Madrid, and I hope that Marshal Soult will find ample employment
for his troops in the blockade of Cadiz, the continued operations of
General Ballasteros, and those in Estremadura of Lieut.-General Hill,
whose attention I have called to the probable march of this corps of
the Army of the South through Estremadura.’ As a matter of fact Soult
prevented D’Erlon from giving any help to the King or Marmont; but a
contingency was to arise of which Wellington, on July 1st, could have
no expectation--viz. that, though refused all help from the South,
Joseph might come to the desperate but most soldier-like determination
to march with his own little army alone to the Douro, in order to bring
to bear such influence as he possessed on what was obviously a critical
moment in the war. The King and Jourdan were the only men in Spain who
showed a true appreciation of the crisis: but they made their move too
late: the fault was undoubtedly Soult’s alone. However, on July 1st,
Wellington was justified in doubting whether any danger would arise on
the side of Madrid. Joseph could not move the Army of the Centre to
the Douro, without risking his capital and abandoning all New Castile.
As late as July 11th Wellington suspected that he would not make this
extreme sacrifice, but would rather push a demonstration down the
Tagus to alarm central Portugal, a hypothesis which did not much alarm
him[455]. The King and Jourdan knew better than to make this indecisive
move, and marched where their 14,000 men might have turned the whole
course of the campaign--but marched too late.

  [454] See Wellington to Lord Liverpool, June 18. _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 241, and June 25, p. 253. There was also in Wellington’s
  hands an intercepted letter of Joseph to Soult of May 26,
  distinctly saying that if Marmont is attacked in June, D’Erlon
  must pass the Tagus and go to his help. This is in the Scovell
  ciphers.

  [455] Wellington to Hill, July 11. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 281.
  The idea that Joseph might operate on his own account begins to
  emerge in the correspondence on the 14th. _Dispatches_, ix. p.
  283.

There was still a chance that Suchet might be helping the King--this
depended entirely on an unknown factor in the game, the diversion
which Lord William Bentinck had promised to execute on the coast of
Catalonia. If it had begun to work, as it should have done, by the
second half of June, there was little chance that any troops from the
eastern side of Spain would interfere in the struggle on the Douro. But
no information of recent date was yet forthcoming: it was not till July
14th that the vexatious news arrived that Lord William was faltering
in his purpose, and thinking of plans for diverting his expeditionary
force to Italy.

The situation, therefore, when Marmont went behind the Douro on
July 1st, had many uncertain points: there were several dangerous
possibilities, but nothing had yet happened to make ultimate success
improbable. On the whole the most disappointing factor was the conduct
of the Army of Galicia. It will be remembered that Wellington had
arranged for a double diversion on Marmont’s flank and rear. Silveira,
with the militia of the Tras-os-Montes and D’Urban’s Portuguese cavalry
brigade, was to cross the Esla and besiege Zamora. Santocildes, with
the Army of Galicia, had been directed to attack Astorga with part of
his force, but to bring the main body forward to the Esla and overrun
the plains of northern Leon. Silveira had but a trifling force, and the
task allotted to him was small: but on July 1st he had not yet reached
Zamora with his infantry, and was only at Carvajales on the Esla[456].
On the other hand D’Urban’s cavalry had pushed boldly forward in front
of him, had swept the whole north bank of the Douro as far as Toro,
and reported that all the French garrisons save Astorga, Zamora, and
Toro had been drawn in--that Benavente, Leon, and all the northern
plain were unoccupied. On July 2 D’Urban was at Castronuevo, north of
Toro, right in the rear of Marmont’s flank--a very useful position,
since it enabled him to keep up communication between Silveira and
the Galicians, as well as to report any movement of the French right.
Moreover, though his force was very small, only 800 sabres, it was
enough to prevent any foraging parties from Marmont’s rear from
exploiting the resources of the north bank of the Douro. Some such
appeared, but were driven in at once, so that the Marshal had to live
on his magazines and the villages actually within his lines: in the end
these resources would be exhausted, and the old choice--starvation or
dispersion--would once more be presented to the Army of Portugal[457].

  [456] By no fault of his own, according to D’Urban. The orders
  for him to move were, by some delay at head-quarters, only
  forthcoming on June 8th. Only two of the four Tras-os-Montes
  militia regiments were then mobilized, and it took a long time to
  collect the rest and the transport needed for moving across the
  frontier.

  [457] D’Urban’s manœuvres on both sides of the Douro are detailed
  at great length in his very interesting diary, and his official
  correspondence, both of which have been placed at my disposal. He
  worked on both sides of the Douro, but went definitely north of
  it after July 1.

But as a military body neither D’Urban’s 800 horse nor Silveira’s 4,000
militia had any threatening power against Marmont’s rear. They might
almost be neglected, while the real pressure which Wellington had
intended to apply in this quarter was not forthcoming. He had hoped
that, by the time that he and Marmont were at close quarters, the
Army of Galicia would have been taking a useful part in the campaign.
It was not that he intended to use it as a fighting force: but if it
could have appeared in the French rear 15,000 strong, it would have
compelled Marmont to make such a large detachment for the purpose of
‘containing’ it, that he would have been left in a marked numerical
inferiority on the Douro.

Unfortunately the Galicians moved late, in small numbers, and with
marked timidity. They exercised no influence whatever on the course of
the campaign, either in June or in July. Yet after Bonnet evacuated
the Asturias and went off eastward on June 15th, the Army of Galicia
had no field-force of any kind in front of it. The only French left in
its neighbourhood were the 1,500 men[458] who formed the garrison of
Astorga. Castaños, who had moved up to Santiago in June, and assumed
command, did not take the field himself, but handed over the charge of
the troops at the front to Santocildes. The latter sat down in front
of Astorga with his main body, and only pushed forward a weak division
under Cabrera to Benavente, where it was still too remote from Marmont
to cause him any disquiet. The siege of Astorga was only a blockade
till July 2nd, as no battering-train was brought up till that date.
First Abadia, and later Castaños had pleaded that they had no means for
a regular siege, and it was not till Sir Howard Douglas pointed out a
sufficient store of heavy guns in the arsenal of Corunna, that Castaños
began to scrape together the battering-train that ultimately reached
Astorga[459]. But this was not so much the weak point in the operations
of the Galician army, as the fact that, of 15,000 men brought together
on the Orbigo, only 3,800 were pushed forward to the Esla, while the
unnecessarily large remainder conducted a leisurely siege of the small
garrison of Astorga. Wellington had reckoned on having an appreciable
force, 10,000 or 12,000 men, at the front, molesting Marmont’s flank;
this would have forced the Marshal to make a large detachment to keep
it off. But not a man appeared on the east bank of the Esla, and the
operations of D’Urban’s small brigade were of far more service to the
main army than that of the whole of the Galicians. Marmont ignored the
presence of the few thousand men pushed forward to Benavente, and was
justified in so doing. Meanwhile Santocildes, with an optimism that
proved wholly unjustifiable, sent messages that Astorga would be taken
within a few days, and that he would then move forward with his main
body. As a matter of fact the place held out till the 18th of August.

  [458] Two battalions of 23rd Léger and one of 1st Line from
  Thomières’s division.

  [459] For the curious story of their ignorance of their own
  resources see Sir Howard Douglas’s _Life_, pp. 156-7.

Wellington, therefore, was building on a false hypothesis when he wrote
to Lord Bathurst, on July 7, that he was surveying all the fords of the
Douro, and waiting till the river should have fallen a little and made
them more practicable. ‘By that time I hope that the Army of Galicia
under General Santocildes will have been able to advance, the siege of
Astorga having been brought to a conclusion[460].’ Two days later he
added, ‘it would not answer to cross the river at all in its present
state, unless we should be certain of having the co-operation of the
Galician troops[461].’ His delay in making an attempt to force the line
of the Douro, therefore, may be attributed in the main to the tiresome
conduct of Santocildes, who played to him much the same part that
Caffarelli played to Marmont.

  [460] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 274.

  [461] Ibid., ix. p. 276.

While remaining in this waiting posture, Wellington placed his troops
opposite the various passages of the Douro, on a line of some fifteen
miles. His left, consisting of the 3rd Division, Pack’s and Bradford’s
Portuguese, and Carlos de España’s Spaniards, with Le Marchant’s and
Bock’s heavy dragoons, lay near the point where the Trabancos falls
into the Douro, holding the ford of Pollos, where the favourable
configuration of the ground enabled them to be sure of the passage, the
enemy’s line being perforce drawn back to some distance on the north
bank. It was always open to Wellington to use this ford, when he should
determine on a general advance. The Light, 4th, 5th, and 6th Divisions,
forming the right wing, lay opposite Tordesillas, with Rueda and La
Seca behind them. Their front was covered by Alten’s cavalry brigade,
their right (or outer) flank by Anson’s. The reserve was formed by the
1st and 7th Divisions quartered at Medina del Campo, ten miles to the
rear. The whole could be assembled for an offensive or a defensive move
in a day’s march.

Marmont was drawn up, to face the attack that he expected, in an almost
equally close and concentrated formation: his front, extending from the
junction of the Pisuerga with the Douro near Simancas on his left, to
the ground opposite the ford of Pollos on his right, was very thickly
held[462]; but on the 5th he rightly conceived doubts as to whether it
would not be easy for Wellington to turn his western flank, by using
the ford of Castro Nuño and other passages down-stream from Pollos. He
then detached Foy’s division to Toro and the neighbourhood, to guard
against such a danger: but this was still an insufficient provision,
since Toro is fifteen miles from Pollos, and a single division of 5,000
men would have to watch rather than defend such a length of river-line,
if it were attacked in force. Therefore when Bonnet, so long expected
in vain, arrived from the North on July 7th, Marmont placed him in this
portion of his line, for the assistance of Foy. He still retained six
divisions massed around Tordesillas, whose unbroken bridge gave him
a secure access to the southern bank of the Douro. With this mass of
35,000 men in hand, he could meet Wellington with a solid body, if the
latter crossed the Douro at or below Pollos. Or he might equally well
take the more daring step of assuming a counter-offensive, and marching
from Tordesillas on Salamanca against his adversary’s communications,
if the allies threatened his own by passing the river and moving on
Valladolid.

  [462] An interesting dispatch from D’Urban to Beresford describes
  the information he had got on the 5th by a daring reconnaissance
  along Marmont’s rear: there was not that morning any French force
  west of Monte de Cubillos, six miles down-stream from Pollos.

A word to explain the tardiness of Bonnet’s arrival in comparison with
the earliness of his start is perhaps required. He had evacuated Oviedo
and Gijon and his other posts in the Asturias as early as June 14th,
the actual day on which Wellington commenced his offensive campaign.
This he did not in consequence of Marmont’s orders, which only reached
him when he had begun to move, but on his own responsibility. He had
received correct information as to the massing of the allied army round
Ciudad Rodrigo, and of the forward movement of the Galicians towards
Astorga. He knew of the dispersed state of Marmont’s host, and saw the
danger to himself. Should the Marshal concentrate about Salamanca,
he could never join him, if the whole Army of Galicia threw itself
between. Wherefore not only did he resolve to retreat at once, but he
did not move by the pass of Pajares and Leon--the obvious route to
rejoin the Army of Portugal. For fear that he might be intercepted,
he took the coast-road, picking up the small garrisons that he had
placed in one or two small ports. He reached Santander on the 22nd,
not molested so much as he might have been by the bands of Porlier and
Longa (whose haunts he was passing), because the bulk of them had gone
off to help in Sir Home Popham’s raid on Biscay. From Santander he
turned inland, passed Reynosa, in the heart of the Cantabrian Sierras,
on the 24th June, and arrived at Aguilar del Campo, the first town
in the province of Palencia, on the 29th. From thence he had a long
march of seven days in the plains, before he reached Valladolid on the
6th, and reported himself at Marmont’s head-quarters on the 7th of
July. He brought with him a strong division of 6,500 infantry, a light
field-battery, and a single squadron of Chasseurs--even 100 sabres[463]
were a welcome reinforcement to Marmont’s under-horsed army. It was an
odd fact that Bonnet’s division had never before met the English in
battle, though one of its regiments had seen them during the last days
of Sir John Moore’s retreat in January 1809[464]. For the three years
since that date they had always been employed in the Asturias.

  [463] Ninety-four to be exact. See 28th Chasseurs in table of
  Marmont’s army in Appendix.

  [464] The 122nd Line had been in Mermet’s division, in January
  1809, but they had been in reserve at Corunna, and had not fired
  a shot in that battle.

The arrival of Bonnet brought up the total of Marmont’s infantry
to 43,000 men, and his guns to 78. The cavalry still remained the
weak point: but by a high-handed and unpopular measure the Marshal
succeeded, during his stay on the Douro, in procuring nearly 1,000
horses for the dismounted dragoons who were encumbering his dépôt
at Valladolid. In the French, as in the British, Peninsular army it
had become common for many of the junior officers of the infantry
to provide themselves with a riding-horse; most captains and many
lieutenants had them. And their seniors, _chefs de bataillon_ and
colonels, habitually had several horses more than they were entitled
to. Marmont took the heroic measure of proclaiming that he should
enforce the regulations, and that all unauthorized horses were
confiscated. He paid, however, a valuation for each beast on a moderate
scale--otherwise the act would have been intolerable. In this way,
including some mounts requisitioned from doctors, commissaries, and
suttlers, about 1,000 horses in all were procured. The number of
cavalry fit for the field had gone up by July 15th from about 2,200 to
3,200--a total which was only 300 less than Wellington’s full strength
of British sabres. It occurs to the casual observer that the horses,
having never been trained to squadron drill or to act in mass, must
have been difficult to manage, even though the riders were competent
horsemen. This may have something to do with the very ineffective part
played by the French cavalry in the next fortnight’s campaigning.

A quaint anecdote of the time shows us General Taupin, an old
Revolutionary veteran, with all the officers of his brigade called
together in a village church. ‘He ascended the pulpit and thundered
against the abuse of horses in the infantry: he would make an end of
all baggage carried on mules or asses, but most especially of the
officers’ riding-horses. “Gentlemen,” he cried, “in 1793 we were
allowed a haversack as our only baggage, a stone as our only pillow.”
Well--it was a long time since 1793: we were in 1812, and the speaker,
this old and gallant soldier, had _six_ baggage mules himself[465].’

  [465] _Mémoires_ of Lemonnier-Delafosse of the 31st Léger, pp.
  177-8.

During the first ten days after the deadlock on the Douro began, the
French were much puzzled by Wellington’s refusal to continue his
advance. Foy, the ablest of them, noted in his diary that he must
conclude either that the enemy was not numerous enough to take the
offensive--his strength might have been over-valued--or else that he
was waiting for Hill to bring up his corps from Estremadura. This last
idea, indeed, was running in the brains of many French strategists:
it obsessed Jourdan and King Joseph at Madrid, who were well aware
that Hill, marching by Alcantara and the passes of the Sierra de Gata,
could have got to the Douro in half the time that it would have taken
his opponent, D’Erlon, who would have had to move by Toledo, Madrid,
and Segovia. But the simple explanation is to be found in Wellington’s
dispatch to Lord Bathurst of July 13. ‘It is obvious that we could
not cross the Douro without sustaining great loss, and could not
fight a general action under circumstances of greater disadvantage....
The enemy’s numbers are equal, if not superior, to ours: they have in
their position thrice the amount of artillery that we have, and we are
superior in cavalry alone--which arm (it is probable) could not be used
in the sort of attack we should have to make[466].’ He then proceeds
to demonstrate the absolute necessity of bringing forward the Army of
Galicia against Marmont’s rear. Its absence was the real cause of the
deadlock in which he found himself involved. All offensive operations
were postponed--meanwhile the enemy might receive reinforcements and
attack, since he had not been attacked. ‘But I still hope that I shall
be able to retain, at the close of this campaign, those acquisitions
which we made at its commencement.’

  [466] Wellington to Bathurst. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 284.

Meanwhile Marmont, having had a fortnight to take stock of his
position, and having received reinforcements which very nearly reached
the figure that he had named to King Joseph as the minimum which would
enable him to take the offensive, was beginning to get restless.
He had now realized that he would get no practical assistance from
Caffarelli, who still kept sending him letters exaggerating the terrors
of Sir Home Popham’s raid on Biscay. They said that there were six
ships of the line engaged in it, and that there was a landing-force of
British regulars: Bonnet’s evacuation of the Asturias had allowed all
the bands of Cantabria to turn themselves loose on Biscay--Bilbao was
being attacked--and so forth. This being so, it was only possible to
send a brigade of cavalry and a horse artillery battery--anything more
was useless to ask[467]. This was written on June 26th, but by July
11th not even the cavalry brigade had started from Vittoria, as was
explained by a subsequent letter, which only reached Marmont after he
had already started on an offensive campaign[468]. As a matter of fact,
Caffarelli’s meagre contribution of 750 sabres[469] and one battery
actually got off on July 16th[470]. Marmont may be pardoned for having
believed that it would never start at all, when it is remembered that a
month had elapsed since he first asked for aid, and that every two days
he had been receiving dispatches of excuse, but no reinforcements. He
had no adequate reason for thinking that even the trifling force which
did in the end start out would ever arrive.

  [467] Caffarelli to Marmont, in the latter’s _Mémoires_, iv. p.
  417.

  [468] Ibid., pp. 421-2.

  [469] He sent finally only two regiments, not three as he had
  originally promised.

  [470] Caffarelli to Marmont, in the latter’s _Mémoires_, iv. p.
  425, announcing their departure.

Nor, as he demonstrates clearly enough in his defence of his
operations, had he any more ground for believing that Joseph and
Jourdan would bring him help from Madrid. They resolved to do so in
the end, and made a vigorous effort to collect as large a force as was
possible. But the announcement of their intention was made too late
to profit Marmont. The dispatch conveying it was sent off from Madrid
only on July 9th[471], and never reached the Marshal at all, for the
two copies of it, sent by separate messengers, were both captured by
guerrilleros between Madrid and Valladolid, and came into Wellington’s
instead of into Marmont’s hands. This was a consequence of the
insecurity of the communication via Segovia, the only one route open
when the Army of Portugal retired behind the Douro. On July 12th the
last piece of intelligence from Madrid which Marmont had received was a
dispatch from Jourdan dated June 30th--it had taken twelve days to get
150 miles, which shows the shifts to which its bearer had been exposed.
This letter is so important, as showing what the King and Jourdan
opined at the moment, that its gist is worth giving.

  [471] Original is in the Scovell ciphers. It seems to be
  unpublished.

Jourdan begins by complaining that on June 30 the last dispatch from
the Army of Portugal to hand was sixteen days old, of the date of
June 14th. It is clear, then, that no copies of the reports sent by
Marmont on June 22 and June 24 had got to Madrid--a circumstance to
be explained by the fact that Wellington had them instead of their
destined recipient[472]. Jourdan then proceeds to say that he is
informed that Wellington has 50,000 men, but only 18,000 of them
British. ‘The King thinks that if this is so, you are strong enough to
beat his army, and would like to know the motives which have prevented
you from taking the offensive. He charges me to invite you to explain
them by express messenger.’ In the South it was known that Hill, with
18,000 men, was advancing on June 18th against D’Erlon. That officer
was to be reinforced from Seville, and was probably at close quarters
with Hill. The King had sent orders that D’Erlon was to move northward
into the valley of the Tagus, if Hill marched up to join Wellington.
But, it being probable that the order would not be very promptly
executed, ‘his Majesty would like you to take advantage of the moment,
when Wellington has not all his forces in hand, to fight him. The King
has asked for troops from Marshal Suchet, but they will never be sent.
All that His Majesty can do at present is to reinforce the garrison of
Segovia, and order its governor, General Espert, to help the garrison
of Avila, if necessary, and to supply it with food.’

  [472] They are both in the Scovell ciphers, and quoted above, p.
  370.

This letter, which clearly gives no hope of immediate help for the
Army of Portugal from Madrid, and which might be taken as a direct
incitement to bring Wellington to action at once, must be read in
conjunction with the last epistle that Marmont had received from the
same quarter. This was a letter of the King’s dated June 18. The
important paragraph of it runs as follows:--

‘If General Hill has remained with his 18,000 men on the left (south)
bank of the Tagus, you ought to be strong enough to beat the English
army, more especially if you have received any reinforcements from the
Army of the North. You must choose your battlefield, and make your best
dispositions. But if Hill joins the main English army, I fancy they
are too strong for you. In that case you must manœuvre to gain time. I
should not hesitate to give you a positive order to defer fighting, if
I were certain that Count D’Erlon and his 15,000 men, and a division
from the Army of Aragon, were on their way to you: for on their arrival
the English army would be seriously compromised. But being wholly
uncertain about them, I must repeat to you that if General Hill is
still on the south side of the Tagus, you should choose a good position
and give battle with all your troops united: but if General Hill joins
Lord Wellington, you must avoid an action as long as possible, in
order to pick up the reinforcements which will certainly reach you in
the end[473].’

  [473] Joseph to Marmont, June 18, in Ducasse’s _Correspondance_,
  ix. pp. 28-39.

I think that there can be no doubt in the mind of any honest
critic that on the strength of these two dispatches from his
Commander-in-Chief, Marmont was justified in taking the offensive
against Wellington, without waiting for that help from Madrid which the
King had not offered him. Hill being far away, and Wellington having
no more than his own seven divisions of Anglo-Portuguese, Marmont is
decidedly authorized to bring him to action. The sole factor which the
second Madrid dispatch states wrongly, is the proportion of British
troops in the allied army: Jourdan guesses that there are 50,000 men,
but only 18,000 British. As a matter of fact there were 49,000 men at
the moment[474], but about 30,000 were British. This made a difference,
no doubt, and Marmont, if he had been determined to avoid a battle,
might have pleaded it as his justification. But he was not set on any
such timid policy: he had wellnigh attacked Wellington at San Cristobal
on June 21st, when he had not yet received his own reinforcements.
When Bonnet had come up, and the British had obtained no corresponding
addition to their strength, he was eager to take the offensive, and
Joseph’s and Jourdan’s dispatches distinctly authorized him to do so.

  [474] Two battalions, the 1/38 and 1/5th, joined before the
  battle of the 22nd, bringing up the total force by 1,500 bayonets
  more.

After the disaster of Salamanca, Napoleon drew up an indictment of
Marmont, of which the three chief heads were:

(1) He took the offensive without waiting for reinforcements which were
to join him.

(2) He delivered battle without the authorization of his
Commander-in-Chief.

(3) He might, by waiting only two days longer, before he committed
himself to a general action, have received at least the cavalry and
guns which he knew that Caffarelli had sent him[475].

  [475] See the letter of Clarke to Marmont enclosing the Emperor’s
  indictment, in Marmont’s _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 453-4.

The very complete answer to these charges is that:

(1) When the Marshal took the offensive he had no reason to suppose
that any reinforcements were coming. Caffarelli had excused himself:
the King had promised succour only if Hill joined Wellington, not
otherwise. Hill had never appeared: therefore no help was likely to
come from the southward.

(2) He had clear permission from Joseph to give battle, unless Hill
should have joined Wellington.

(3) The succours from Caffarelli, a weak cavalry brigade and one
battery, were so small that their arrival would have made no practical
difference to the strength of the army. But to have waited two days for
them, after the campaign had commenced, would have given Wellington
the opportunity of concentrating, and taking up a good position. It
was only after the manœuvring had begun [July 15th] that this little
brigade started from Vittoria, on July 16th. The Army of Portugal had
already committed itself to offensive operations, and could not halt
for two days in the midst of them, without losing the initiative.

From his own point of view, then, Marmont was entirely justified in
recrossing the Douro and assuming the offensive. He had got all the
reinforcements that he could count upon: they made his army practically
equal to Wellington’s in numbers: in homogeneity it was far superior.
If he had waited a little longer, he might have found 12,000 men of the
Army of Galicia at his back, setting all Old Castile and Leon aflame.
Moreover Astorga was only victualled up to August 1st, and might fall
any day. He could not have foreseen King Joseph’s unexpected march to
his aid, which no dispatch received before July 12th rendered likely.
His misfortune (or fault) was that he undervalued the capacity of
Wellington to manœuvre, his readiness to force on an offensive battle,
and (most of all) the fighting value of the Anglo-Portuguese army.

It cannot be denied that Marmont’s method of taking the offensive
against Wellington was neat and effective. It consisted in a feint
against his adversary’s left wing, followed by a sudden countermarch
and a real attack upon his right wing.

On July 15th Foy and Bonnet, with the two divisions forming the French
right, received orders to restore the bridge of Toro, to drive in
Wellington’s cavalry screen in front of it, and to cross to the south
bank of the Douro. At the same time the divisions of the French
centre, opposite the fords of Pollos, made an ostentatious move
down-stream towards Toro, accompanied by the Marshal himself, and those
on the left, near Tordesillas, shifted themselves towards Pollos.
Almost the whole French army was clearly seen marching westward, and
the two leading divisions were actually across the river next morning,
and seemed to be heading straight for Salamanca by the Toro road.

Wellington was deceived, exactly as Marmont had intended. He drew the
obvious conclusion that his adversary was about to turn his left flank,
and to strike at Salamanca and his line of communications. It would
have been in his power to make a corresponding move against Valladolid,
Marmont’s base. But his own line of communications meant much more
to him than did Marmont’s. There was a great difference between the
position of an army living by transport and magazines, and that of an
army living on the country by plunder, like that of the French marshal.
Wellington had always been jealous of his left wing, and as early as
July 12 had drawn up an elaborate order of march, providing for the
contingency of the enemy crossing the Douro at Toro and the ford of
Castro Nuño. If his entire force seemed on the move, the whole British
army would make a corresponding shift westward--if only a division
or two, the mass transferred would be less in similar proportion. He
had no idea of defending the actual course of the river: in a letter
written a few days later to Lord Bathurst, he remarked that ‘it was
totally out of my power to prevent the enemy from crossing the Douro
at any point at which he might think it expedient, as he had in his
possession all the bridges [Toro and Tordesillas] and many of the
fords[476].’ His plan was to concentrate against the crossing force,
and fight a defensive action against it, wherever a good position might
be available.

  [476] See _Supplementary Dispatches_, xiv. p. 68.

There were two reasons for which Wellington regarded a genuine
offensive move of Marmont by Toro and Castro Nuño as probable. The
first was that he had received King Joseph’s dispatch of July 9th,
captured by guerrilleros, which gave him the startling news that the
King had resolved to evacuate all New Castile save Madrid and Toledo,
and to march with his field-force of some 14,000 men to join the Army
of Portugal[477]. Wellington wrote to Graham (who was now on his way
home) early on the 16th, that either the Galicians’ approach on his
rear had induced Marmont to collect his troops near Toro, or he had
heard that Joseph was gathering the Army of the Centre at Madrid, and
was threatening the allied left ‘in order to prevent us from molesting
the King.’ It was clear that if Wellington had to shift westward to
protect his line of communications, he could make no detachment to
‘contain’ King Joseph, who would be approaching from the south-east.
Another letter, written an hour or so later, says, ‘these movements of
Marmont are certainly intended to divert our attention from the Army
of the Centre (which is collecting at Madrid), if he knows of this
circumstance, _which I doubt_[478].’ The doubt was well grounded.

  [477] See _Dispatches_, ix. p. 294.

  [478] Wellington to Clinton, July 16, 7 a.m. _Dispatches_, ix. p.
  291.

That the whole movement on Toro was a feint did not occur to
Wellington, but his orders of the 16th, given in the evening, after he
had heard that two French divisions were actually across the Douro on
his left, provide for the possibility that some serious force may still
remain at Tordesillas and may require observation.

The orders direct the transference of the great bulk of the allied
army to a position which will cover the road Toro-Salamanca. They were
issued in the evening to the following effect. The reserve (1st and
7th Divisions) was to march from Medina del Campo to Alaejos beyond
the Trabancos river, and subsequently to Canizal and Fuente la Peña
behind the Guarena river. The left wing, which was watching the fords
of Pollos (3rd Division, Bock’s cavalry, Bradford’s and Carlos de
España’s infantry), to Castrillo on the Guarena. Of the right wing
the 6th Division and two regiments of Le Marchant’s horse were to
move on Fuente la Peña, the 5th Division on Canizal. Alten’s cavalry
brigade was to follow the 1st Division. This left the 4th and Light
Divisions and Anson’s cavalry still unaccounted for. They were set
aside to act as a sort of rearguard, being directed to move westward
only as far as Castrejon on the Trabancos river, ten miles short of the
concentration-point on the Toro road, to which the rest of the army
was ordered to proceed. It is clear (though Wellington does not say
so) that they would serve as a containing force, if the enemy had left
any troops at Tordesillas, and brought them over the Douro there, or at
the fords of Pollos.

All these moves were duly executed, and on the morning of the 17th
Wellington’s army was getting into position to withstand the expected
advance of the enemy on Salamanca by the Toro road. This attack,
however, failed to make itself felt, and presently news came that the
two divisions of Foy and Bonnet, which had crossed the Douro at Toro,
had gone behind it again, and destroyed their bridge. What Marmont had
done during the night of the 16th-17th was to reverse the marching
order of his whole army, the rear suddenly becoming the head, and the
head the rear. The divisions to the eastward, which had not yet got
near Toro, countermarched on Tordesillas, and crossed its bridge,
with the light cavalry at their head. Those which had reached Toro
brought up the rear, and followed, with Foy and Bonnet, at the tail
of the column. This was a most fatiguing march for all concerned, the
distance from Toro to Tordesillas being about twenty miles, and the
operation being carried out in the night hours. But it was completely
successful--during the morning of the 17th the vanguard, consisting of
Clausel’s and Maucune’s divisions and Curto’s _chasseurs à cheval_,
was pouring over the bridge of Tordesillas and occupying Rueda and La
Seca, which the British had evacuated fifteen hours before. The rest
followed, the two rear divisions cutting a corner, and saving a few
miles, by crossing the ford of Pollos. This was a safe move, when the
cavalry had discovered that there were none of Wellington’s troops
left east of the Trabancos river. By night on the 17th the bulk of the
French army was concentrated at Nava del Rey, ten miles south-west
of Tordesillas. In the afternoon Wellington’s rearguard, the 4th and
Light Divisions, and Anson’s cavalry had been discovered in position at
Castrejon, where their commander had halted them, when he discovered
that he had been deceived as to his adversary’s purpose. The rest of
the British army had concentrated, according to orders, in the triangle
Canizal-Castrillo-Fuente la Peña, behind the Guarena river and in front
of the Toro-Salamanca road.

[Illustration: THE SALAMANCA CAMPAIGN]

Wellington’s first task was to drawback his rearguard to join his main
body, without allowing it to become seriously engaged with the great
mass of French in its front. This he undertook in person, marching at
daylight with all his disposable cavalry, the brigades of Bock and Le
Marchant, to join the force at Castrejon, while he threw out the 5th
Division to Torrecilla de la Orden to act as a supporting échelon on
the flank of the retiring detachment. The remaining divisions (1st,
3rd, 6th, 7th) took up a position in line of battle on the heights
above the Guarena, ready to receive their comrades when they should
appear.

The charge of the rearguard this day was in the hands of Stapleton
Cotton, the senior cavalry officer with the army, who outranked Cole
and Charles Alten, the commanders of the 4th and Light Divisions.
He had received no orders during the night, and his last, those of
the preceding afternoon, had directed him to halt, till his chief
should have discovered the true position and aim of the French army.
Wellington explained, in his next dispatch home, that the various
details of intelligence, which enabled him to grasp Marmont’s whole
plan, did not reach him till so late on the 17th that it was useless to
send Cotton orders to start. They could only be carried out at dawn,
and he himself intended to be present with the rearguard before the sun
was far above the horizon. He arrived at seven o’clock in the morning,
in time to find his lieutenant already engaged with the French van, but
not committed to any dangerous close fighting. Cotton had, very wisely,
sent out patrols before daylight to discover exactly what was in front
of him; if it was only a trifling body he intended to drive it in, and
advance towards La Nava and Rueda[479]; if Marmont was in force he
would take up a defensive position at Castrejon, and wait for further
orders.

  [479] See report of one of the officers commanding patrols,
  Tomkinson of the 16th L.D. in the latter’s _Memoirs_, p. 180.

The patrols soon ran into French cavalry advancing in force, and were
driven back upon Anson’s brigade, which was drawn up on a long front in
advance of the village of Castrejon. On seeing it, the enemy brought up
two batteries of horse artillery, and began to play upon the scattered
squadrons. Bull’s and Ross’s troops[480] were ordered out to reply, and
did so with effect, but the total strength of the French cavalry was
too great, and Anson’s regiments had presently to give way, though not
so much owing to the pressure on their front as to the sight of a large
column of French infantry turning the left of their line, and marching
on Alaejos, with the obvious intention of getting round to their left
rear and molesting their retreat towards the Guarena, where the main
body of the British army was awaiting them.

  [480] Belonging one to the cavalry, the other to the Light
  Division.

Wellington was involved in person in the end of the cavalry bickering,
and in no very pleasant fashion. He and Beresford, with their staffs,
had arrived on the field about seven o’clock, in advance of the two
heavy cavalry brigades, who were coming up to reinforce Cotton. He
rode forward to the left of the skirmishing line, where two squadrons,
one of the 11th and one of the 12th Light Dragoons, were supporting
two guns of Ross’s troop, on high ground above the ravine of the
Trabancos river. Just as the Commander-in-Chief came on the scene,
a squadron of French cavalry, striking in from the flank, rode at
the guns, not apparently seeing the supporting troops. They met and
broke the squadron of the 12th Light Dragoons, which came up the hill
to intercept them. ‘Some of Marshal Beresford’s staff, seeing this,
and conceiving the guns to be in danger, rode up to the retiring
squadron calling “Threes about[481]!”’ This unfortunately was heard by
the supporting squadron of the 11th, who, imagining the order to be
directed to themselves, went about and retired, instead of advancing
to relieve their broken comrades above. Therefore the mass of pursuers
and pursued from the combat on the flank, came hurtling down on the
guns, and on the head-quarters staff just behind them. Wellington and
Beresford and their followers were swept away in the rout, and had to
draw their swords to defend themselves. Fortunately the misdirected
squadron of the 11th soon saw their mistake; they halted and turned,
and falling on the scattered and exhausted French dragoons drove them
back with great loss; few, it is said, except their _chef d’escadron_,
who showed uncommon gallantry, got away[482]. It was a dangerous moment
for the allied army--a chance thrust in the _mêlée_ might have killed
or disabled Wellington, and have thrown the command into the hands of
Beresford or Stapleton Cotton.

  [481] Tomkinson, p. 188.

  [482] Compare Tomkinson’s narrative of this incident (pp.
  180-1) with Napier’s vivid and well-told tale (iv. pp. 254-5).
  Both agree that the French were inferior in numbers to the two
  squadrons, and that there was deplorable confusion.

Wellington had no sooner detected the flank movement of Marmont’s
infantry towards Alaejos, than he ordered the 4th and Light Divisions
to retire towards the Guarena, covered by G. Anson’s brigade, while
Bock’s and Le Marchant’s heavy dragoons, farther to the left, drew
up in front of the infantry of the turning column, and detained it,
retiring, when pressed, by alternate brigades. Marmont’s whole army was
now visible, moving on in two long columns, of which the more southern
followed the 4th and Light Divisions, in the direction of Torrecilla
de la Orden, and tried to come up with their rear, while the other,
passing through Alaejos, made by the high-road for Castrillo on the
Guarena, where the British reserves were posted.

There was a long bickering fight across the eight miles of rolling
ground between the Trabancos and the Guarena, not without some exciting
moments for Wellington’s rearguard. After passing Torrecilla de la
Orden, and picking up there the 5th Division, which had been waiting
as a supporting échelon to cover their southern flank, all the British
infantry had to march very hard, for troops diverging from the northern
French column got close in upon their right, and, moving parallel with
them, bid fair to reach the Guarena first. In the retreat the 4th
Division moved on the right, and was therefore most exposed, the Light
Division next them, the 5th Division farther south and more distant
from the turning column of the French. The cavalry pursuit in the rear
of the retreating force was never really dangerous: it was held off
by Le Marchant’s Heavy and Anson’s Light Dragoons without any great
difficulty, and the 5th and Light Divisions only suffered from some
distant shelling by the French horse artillery. But the 4th Division,
though covered from the pursuit in their direct rear by Bock’s German
squadrons, found a dangerous point about a mile on the near side of
the Guarena, where two batteries from the French turning column had
galloped forward to a knoll, commanding the ground over which they
had to pass, and opened a teasing fire upon the flank of the brigades
as they marched by. General Cole, however, threw out his divisional
battery and all his light companies to form a screen against their
attack, and moved on, protected by their fire, without turning from
his route. The covering force fell in to the rear when the defiling
was over, and the division suffered small loss from its uncomfortable
march[483].

  [483] See Vere’s _Marches and Movements of the 4th Division_, p.
  28. Napier’s statement that the Light Division was more exposed
  than the 4th or 5th during the retreat, seems to be discounted
  by the fact that it had not one man killed or wounded--the 5th
  Division had only two (in the 3rd Royal Scots), the 4th Division
  over 200; and though most of them fell in the last charge, a good
  number were hit in the retreat.

Wellington allowed all the three retreating divisions to halt for a
moment on the farther side of the stream, at the bottom of the trough
in which it runs. ‘The halt near the water, short as it was, gave
refreshment and rest to the troops, after a rapid march over an arid
country in extremely hot weather[484].’ But it could not be allowed
to last for more than a very few minutes, for the pursuing enemy soon
appeared in force at several points on the heights above the eastern
bank of the Guarena, and many batteries opened successively on the
three divisions, who were of necessity compelled to resume their march
up the slope to the crest, on their own side of the water. Here they
fell into position on Wellington’s chosen defensive fighting-ground,
the 4th Division forming the extreme northern section of the battle
array, by the village of Castrillo, the Light and 5th Divisions falling
in to the line of troops already drawn up in front of Canizal, while
the 1st and 7th Divisions were extended to the south, to form the new
right wing, and took their place on the heights of Vallesa, above the
village and ford of El Olmo.

  [484] Vere’s _Marches and Movements of the 4th Division_, p. 28.

Some anxious hours had been spent while the retreat was in progress,
but Wellington was now safe, with every man concentrated on an
excellent position, where he was prepared to accept the defensive
battle for which he had been waiting for the last month. It seemed
likely at first that his wish might be granted, for the French made a
vigorous attack upon his left wing, almost before it had got settled
down into its appointed ground. It would appear that General Clausel,
who commanded the more northerly of the two great columns in which the
French army was advancing (while Marmont himself was with the other),
thought that he saw his chance of carrying the heights above Castrillo
and turning the allied left, if he attacked at once, before the 4th
Division had been granted time to array itself at leisure. Accordingly,
without wasting time by sending to ask permission from his chief, he
directed a brigade of dragoons to outflank Cole’s left by crossing the
Guarena down-stream, while Brennier’s division passed it at Castrillo
and assailed the front of the 4th Division. Clausel’s own division
advanced in support of Brennier’s.

This move brought on very sharp fighting: the turning movement of the
French dragoons was promptly met by Victor Alten’s brigade [14th Light
Dragoons, 1st Hussars K.G.L.], whose squadrons had been watching the
lower fords of the Guarena all day. Alten allowed the hostile cavalry
to cross the river and come up the slope, and then charged suddenly,
in échelon of squadrons, the left squadron of the 1st Hussars K.G.L.
leading[485]. The enemy had only begun to deploy when he was attacked,
Alten’s advance having been too rapid for him. The two French regiments
(15th and 25th Dragoons) were, after a stiff fight, completely routed
and driven downhill with great loss, till they finally found refuge
behind a half-battery and an infantry battalion which formed their
supports. General Carrié, commanding the two regiments, was taken
prisoner by a German hussar, having got cut off from his men in the
flight. The French lost in all 8 officers and more than 150 men, of
whom 94 were prisoners--mostly wounded. How sharp the clash was may be
seen from the fact that Alten’s victorious brigade had not much fewer
casualties--the 14th Light Dragoons lost 75 killed and wounded, the
German hussars 60[486]. But no doubt some of these losses were suffered
not in the cavalry combat, but a little later in the day, when Alten
charged the French infantry[487].

  [485] Brotherton of the 14th L.D. says with the _right_ échelon
  advanced (Hamilton’s _History of the 14th_, p. 107), but I fancy
  that the German Hussars’ version that the _left_ échelon led is
  correct, as the right squadron of their regiment would have been
  in the middle of the brigade, not on a flank. See narrative in
  Schwertfeger, i. pp. 368-9.

  [486] These are the official returns. The regimental histories
  give only 45 and 56 respectively.

  Martinien’s lists show six casualties in officers in the two
  French regiments, and two more were taken prisoners, General
  Carrié and a lieutenant of the 25th Dragoons.

  [487] Brotherton says that the first two squadrons which charged
  the French dragoons made no impression, and that it was the
  impact of the third, led by himself, which broke them.

While this lively fight was in progress on the flank, Brennier’s
division had crossed the Guarena in a mass, and on a very short front,
apparently in three columns of regiments, battalion behind battalion.
They were ascending the lower slopes below Cole’s position, when
Wellington, who was present here in person, suddenly took the offensive
against them, sending W. Anson’s brigade (3/27th and 1/40th) against
them in line, with Stubbs’s Portuguese (11th and 23rd regiments)
supporting, in columns of quarter distance. The French division halted,
apparently with the intention of deploying--but there was no time for
this. The line of Anson’s brigade enveloped both the hostile flanks
with its superior frontage, and opened fire: after a short resistance
the French gave way in great disorder, and streamed down to the
Guarena. As they fled Alten let loose part of his brigade against their
flank: the horsemen rode in deep among the fugitives, and cut off 6
officers and 240 men as prisoners. Clausel had to bring up a regiment
of his own division to cover the broken troops as they repassed the
river; it suffered severely from Cole’s artillery, losing 6 officers
killed and wounded, and many men[488].

  [488] This was the 25th Léger.

The attempt to take liberties with Wellington’s army, when it had
assumed the defensive on favourable ground, had thus failed in the
most lamentable style, and with very heavy loss--at least 700 men
had been killed, wounded, or taken in Marmont’s army that day, and
all but a few scores belonged to the four infantry and two cavalry
regiments which Clausel sent to attack the heights by Castrillo[489].
The corresponding British loss that day was 525, including about 50
stragglers taken prisoners during the retreat from the Trabancos to
the Guarena, because they had fallen behind their regiments--foot-sore
infantry, or troopers whose horses had been shot. The cavalry, which
had so successfully covered the long march across the open, had a
certain amount of casualties, but the only units that had suffered
heavily were the four regiments--horse and foot--that dealt with
Clausel’s attack, who lost 276 men between them.

  [489] The exact figures, save for officers, are as usual missing.
  But Martinien’s invaluable lists show that of 41 French officers
  killed, wounded, or taken that day, 35 belonged to the four
  infantry regiments (17th and 25th Léger, 22nd and 65th Line) and
  the two cavalry regiments (15th and 25th Dragoons) which fought
  at Castrillo.

Wellington must have felt much disappointment at seeing Clausel’s
offensive move at Castrillo unsupported by the rest of the French
divisions, who were lining the farther bank of the Guarena parallel
with the whole of his front. But Marmont, unlike his venturesome
subordinate, nourished no illusions about the advisability of attacking
a British army in position. He made no move in the afternoon; in his
memoirs he points out that the infantry was absolutely exhausted,
having been continuously on the march for three days and one night.

This day had been a disappointing one for the French marshal also. He
had failed to cut off Wellington’s two detached divisions, so that all
the advantage which he had obtained by his marches and countermarches
between Toro and Tordesillas was now exhausted. The allied army
had succeeded in concentrating, and was now drawn up in his front,
covering Salamanca and its own line of communications in a very tenable
position. Napier truly remarks that, since the attempt to isolate and
destroy Cotton’s detachment had miscarried, Marmont had gained no more
by his elaborate feint and forced marches than he would have obtained
by continuing his original advance across Toro bridge on the 16th. He
had got the whole Anglo-Portuguese army arrayed in a defensive position
in front of him, on the line of the Guarena, instead of somewhere in
the neighbourhood of Fuente Sauco, a few miles farther east.

On the morning of the 19th July it seemed as if a new deadlock was
to bring the campaign to a standstill, for the two armies continued
to face each other across the Guarena, Wellington hoping rather than
expecting to be attacked, Marmont looking in vain for a weak point
between Castrillo and Vallesa, where it would be worth while to try a
forward thrust. While he was reconnoitring, his weary infantry got a
much-needed rest. At about four o’clock in the afternoon, however, the
whole French army was seen falling into column, and presently edged off
southward till it lay between Tarazona and Cantalapiedra. Wellington
thereupon made a corresponding movement, evacuating Castrillo to
the north, and extending his line of battle beyond Vallesa to the
south. There was a little distant cannonading across the valley of
the Guarena, and some of the shells set fire to the vast fields of
ripe wheat which covered the whole country-side in this region. The
conflagration went rolling on for a long way across the plain, leaving
a trail of smoke behind.

The situation on this evening had nothing decisive about it. It was
clear that neither side intended to fight save at an advantage. Marmont
had shown himself more cautious than had been expected. Wellington
had at this moment every motive for risking nothing, unless the
enemy proved more obliging than he had shown himself hitherto. He
had reasons for self-restraint at this moment of which his adversary
knew nothing. The first was that he was aware (from intercepted
dispatches) of King Joseph’s intention to march from Madrid to join
the Army of Portugal: with a possible 15,000 men about to appear on
his flank, he must look to the future with care. The second was that
he had received a few days before the untoward news that Lord William
Bentinck’s long-promised expedition to Catalonia might not ever take
place. The Commander-in-Chief in Sicily wrote that he had found new
opportunities in Italy, which it might be his duty to seize. His troops
had been embarked, but they were not to be expected for the present off
the coast of Spain. This was a disheartening piece of intelligence:
Wellington had been told to count upon this support both by Bentinck
himself and by the Home Government. If it should fail, Marshal
Suchet, left undisturbed by this diversion, might send considerable
reinforcements to Madrid[490].

  [490] For dismay expressed by Wellington at this news see
  dispatches to Henry Wellesley dated Rueda, July 15, and to Lord
  Bathurst (_Dispatches_, ix. pp. 285 and 287).

As a matter of fact he did not--being, like Soult, a general of much
too self-centred a type of mind to help a neighbour if he could avoid
it. Only one regiment of the Valencian army ever got to Madrid, and
that came too late for King Joseph’s purpose. But so far as Wellington
could guess on July 19, it was quite possible that Suchet might find
10,000 men, to add to the disposable 15,000 of the Army of the Centre.

There was also the possibility that D’Erlon, obeying the orders which
King Joseph kept sending to him, might make up his mind to cross the
Guadiana and Tagus, and come north by Arzobispo and Madrid. If so, Hill
was to make a parallel march by Alcantara, and would certainly arrive
many days before D’Erlon. This was a mere possibility; there were good
reasons for holding that Soult might forbid any such move; and till
D’Erlon started northward, Hill must remain behind to contain him. The
problem was not pressing: it could not develop for many days[491].

  [491] See Wellington to Hill, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 290.

On the other hand there was news that the Galicians were at last on
the move. Santocildes had been prevailed upon to leave a smaller force
to besiege Astorga, and had come down with a second division to join
Cabrera at Benavente. This force, advancing up the Douro valley, would
find absolutely no enemy in front of it, and must obviously disturb
Marmont’s operations, since it might be at the gates of Valladolid,
his base and storehouse, in a few days. He would then be forced to
detach a division or so to save his dépôts, and he could not spare
even a brigade if he wished to continue on the offensive. Certain
intelligence that there was not a Frenchman left behind on the Douro,
save the trifling garrisons of Toro, Zamora, and Tordesillas, had been
brought in by General D’Urban. That officer, after conducting a very
daring exploration round the rear of Marmont’s army, almost to the
gates of Valladolid, had recrossed the Douro by Wellington’s orders
at the ford of Fresno de Ribera, and fell in upon the left flank of
the allied army near Fuente Sauco on July 18th[492]. For the rest of
the campaign his 700 sabres were at Wellington’s disposal[493]. His
report showed that Marmont’s rear was absolutely undefended, and that
the Galicians could march up the Douro, if desired, without finding any
opponents: it would be perfectly possible for them to cut all Marmont’s
communications with Valladolid and Burgos, without being in any danger
unless the Marshal detached men against them.

  [492] Not July 17th, as Napier says. D’Urban’s diary proves that
  he recrossed the Douro on the 18th.

  [493] He left one squadron near Zamora, to serve as covering
  cavalry for Silveira’s militia, who remained waiting for
  Santocildes’s advance, which they were to observe and support.
  His force was therefore reduced to 700 men.

The 20th of July proved to be a most interesting day of manœuvring,
but still brought no decisive results. Early in the morning the whole
French army was seen in march, with its head pointing southward,
continuing the movement that it had begun on the previous day. Marmont
had made up his mind to proceed with the hitherto unsuccessful scheme
for turning his adversary’s right wing[494], in the hope of either
cutting him off from his communication with Salamanca, or of catching
him with his army strung out on too long a line from continuous and
rapid movement. The character of this day’s march differed from that
of the 19th, because the single well-marked Guarena valley ceased
after a time to separate the two hostile armies. That little river is
formed by three tributaries which meet at and above the village of
El Olmo: each of them is a paltry brook, and their courses lie along
trifling irregularities of the broad tableland from which they descend.
It is only after their junction that they flow in a deep well-marked
valley, and form a real military obstacle. Of the three brooks, that
which keeps the name of Guarena lies most to the east: up its right
bank and towards its source Marmont’s march was directed. Wellington’s
parallel movement southward, on the other hand, was directed along the
left bank of the Poreda, the middle brook of the three. Between them
there was at first a narrow triangular plateau, on which neither party
trespassed save with cavalry scouts.

  [494] He adds in his _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 251-2, that if he had
  not succeeded in getting ahead of Wellington’s van, he had a
  counter-project of trying to get round his rear, but the British
  marched so exactly parallel with him that he got no chance of
  this.

After a few miles of marching Marmont ordered his advanced guard to
cross the Guarena, which they could do with ease, no British being
near, save a few cavalry vedettes. He then turned the head of his
column south-westward, instead of keeping to his original direction
due south. Having crossed the Guarena he came in sight of the British
column marching on the other side of the Poreda brook from Vallesa. The
movements of the two armies tended to converge, the point on which both
were moving being the village of Cantalpino. It seemed likely that the
heads of the marching columns must collide, and that a combat, if not
a general action, would ensue. Each army was marching in an order that
could be converted into a battle line by simply facing the men to right
or to left respectively. Wellington had his troops in three parallel
columns, the first one, that nearest to the French, being composed
of the 1st, 4th, 5th, and Light Divisions, the second, which would
have formed the supporting line if the army had fronted and gone into
action, contained the 6th and 7th and Pack’s and Bradford’s brigades:
the 3rd Division and España’s Spaniards formed a reserve, moving
farthest from the enemy. The light cavalry were marching ahead of the
column, the heavy cavalry and D’Urban’s Portuguese brought up their
rear. Marmont was clearly seen to be moving in a similar formation,
of two columns each composed of four infantry divisions, with Curto’s
_chasseurs_ ahead, and Boyer’s dragoons at the tail of the line of
march[495].

  [495] Marmont describes the formation (_Mémoires_, iv. p. 252) as
  ‘gauche en tête, par peloton, à distance entière: les deux lignes
  pouvaient être formées en un instant par _à droite en bataille_.’

The day was warm but clouded, so that the sun did not shine with full
July strength, or the long march which both armies carried out would
have been brought to an end by exhaustion at a much earlier hour than
was actually the case. As the long morning wore on, the two hostile
forces gradually grew closer to each other, owing to the new westward
turn which Marmont had given to his van. At last they were within
long artillery range; but for some time no shot was fired, neither
party being willing to take the responsibility of attacking an enemy
in perfect order and well closed up for battle. Either general could
have brought on a fight, by simply fronting to flank, in ten minutes;
but neither did so. Marmont remarks in his _Mémoires_ that in his long
military service he never, before or after, saw such a magnificent
spectacle as this parallel march of two bodies of over 40,000 men each,
at such close quarters. Both sides kept the most admirable order, no
gaps occurred in either line, nor was the country one that offered
advantage to either: it was very nearly flat, and the depression of the
Poreda brook became at last so slight and invisible that it was crossed
without being noticed. The ground, however, on which the French were
moving was a little higher than that on which the allies marched[496].

  [496] There is an excellent description of the parallel march in
  Leith Hay, ii. pp. 38-40, as well as in Napier.

The converging lines of advance at last almost touched each other at
the village of Cantalpino: the light cavalry and the 1st Division, at
the head of Wellington’s front (or eastern) column of march had just
passed through it, when Marmont halted several batteries on a roll of
the ground a few hundred yards off, and began to shell the leading
battalions of the 4th Division, which was following closely behind the
1st. Wellington ordered Cole not to halt and reply, nor to attack, but
to avoid the village and the French fire by a slight westerly turn, to
which the other divisions conformed, both those in the first and those
in the second line[497]. This amounted to the refusing of battle, and
many officers wondered that the challenge of Marmont had been refused:
for the army was in perfect order for fighting, and in excellent
spirits. But Wellington was taking no risks that day.

  [497] This swerve and its consequence are best stated in Vere’s
  _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 30.

The slight swerve from the direct southerly direction at Cantalpino
made by the allied army, distinctly helped Marmont’s plan for turning
its right, since by drawing back from its original line of movement it
allowed the enemy to push still farther westward than his original
line of march had indicated. This meant that he was gradually getting
south of Wellington’s vanguard, and would, if not checked, ultimately
arrive at the Tormes river, near the fords of Huerta, from which he
would have been edged off, if both armies had continued in their
original direction. During the early afternoon the parallel move
continued, with a little skirmishing between cavalry vedettes, and an
occasional outbreak of artillery fire, but no further developments. The
baggage in the English rear began to trail behind somewhat, owing to
the long continuance of the forced marching, and D’Urban’s Portuguese,
who shepherded the stragglers, had great difficulty in keeping them
on the move. A few score sick and foot-sore men, and some exhausted
sumpter-beasts, fell behind altogether, and were abandoned to the
French[498].

  [498] Marmont says that if he had possessed a superior cavalry
  he could have made great captures, but he dared attempt nothing
  for want of sufficient numbers: he alleges that he took 300
  stragglers--certainly an exaggeration as the British returns show
  very few ‘missing.’ _Mémoires_, iv. p. 233.

Late in the afternoon the armies fell further apart, and all save the
outlying vedettes lost sight of each other. This was due to the fact
that Wellington had made up his mind to settle down for the night
on the heights of Cabeza Vellosa and Aldea Rubia, where Marmont had
taken up his position a month before, when he retired from before San
Cristobal. This was good fighting-ground, on which it was improbable
that the French would dare to deliver an attack. The 6th Division and
Alten’s cavalry brigade were detached to the rear, and occupied Aldea
Lengua and its fords.

This had been a most fatiguing day--the British army had marched,
practically in battle formation, not less than four Spanish leagues,
the French, by an extraordinary effort, more than five. When the
camp-fires were lighted up at night, it was seen that the leading
divisions of the enemy were as far south as Babila Fuente, quite
close to the Tormes and the fords of Huerta: the main body lay about
Villaruela, opposite the British bivouacs at Aldea Rubia and Cabeza
Vellosa. An untoward incident terminated an unsatisfactory day:
D’Urban’s Portuguese horse coming in very late from their duty of
covering the baggage-train, were mistaken for prowling French cavalry
by the 3rd Division, and shelled by its battery, with some little loss
of men and horses. The mistake was caused by a certain similarity in
their uniform to that of French dragoons--the tall helmets with crests
being worn by no other allied troops[499].

  [499] The heavy cavalry in the British army were still wearing
  the old cocked hat, the new-pattern helmet with crest was not
  served out till 1813. The light dragoons were still wearing the
  black-japanned leather headdress with the low fur crest: in 1813
  they got shakos, much too like those of French _chasseurs_.

The net result of the long parallel march of July 20th was that
Marmont had practically turned Wellington’s extreme right, and was
in a position to cross the Upper Tormes, if he should choose, in
prolongation of his previous movement. The allied army was still
covering Salamanca, and could do so for one day more, if the marching
continued: but after that limit of time it would be forced either to
fight or to abandon Salamanca, the main trophy of its earlier campaign.
There remained the chance of falling upon Marmont’s rear, when his army
should be occupied in crossing the Tormes, and forcing him to fight
with his forces divided by the river. If this offensive move were not
taken, and the parallel march were allowed to continue, the next day
would see the armies both across the Tormes, in the position where
Graham and Marmont had demonstrated against each other on June 24th.
Wellington could not, however, begin his southward move till he was
certain that the enemy was about to continue his manœuvre on the same
plan as that of the last two days. If he started too early, Marmont
might attack the San Cristobal position when it was only held by a
rearguard, and capture Salamanca. Till an appreciable fraction of the
French were seen passing the Tormes it was necessary to wait.

It appeared to Wellington that his adversary’s most probable move would
be the passage of the Tormes by the fords at and just above Huerta.
That he would abandon his previous tactics, and attack the British
army, was inconsistent with the caution that he had hitherto displayed.
That he would continue his march southward, and cross the river
higher up, was unlikely; for the obvious passage in this direction,
by the bridge of Alba de Tormes, was commanded by the castle of that
town, which had been for some time occupied by a battalion detached
from Carlos de España’s division. Wellington looked upon this route
as completely barred to the French: he was unaware that the Spanish
general had withdrawn his detachment without orders on the preceding
afternoon. This astonishing move of his subordinate was made all the
worse by the fact that he never informed his chief that he had taken
upon himself to remove the battalion. Indeed Wellington only heard
of its disappearance on the 23rd, when it was too late to remedy the
fault. He acted on the 21st and 22nd as if Alba de Tormes were securely
held. It would appear that Carlos de España thought the castle too weak
to be held by a small force, and moved his men, in order to secure
them from being cut off from the main army, as they clearly might be
when the French had reached Babila Fuente. But the importance of his
misplaced act was not to emerge till after the battle of Salamanca had
been fought.

At dawn on the 21st Wellington withdrew his whole army on to the San
Cristobal position[500], and waited for further developments, having
the fords of Aldea Lengua and Santa Marta conveniently close if Marmont
should be seen crossing the Tormes. This indeed was the move to which
the Marshal committed himself. Having discovered at an early hour that
Alba de Tormes was empty, and that there was no allied force observing
the river bank below it, he began to cross in two columns, one at the
fords of Huerta, the other three miles higher up-stream at the ford of
La Encina. Lest Wellington should sally out upon his rear, when the
greater part of his army had got beyond the Tormes, he left a covering
force of two divisions in position between Babila Fuente and Huerta.
This, as the day wore on, he finally reduced to one division[501] and
some artillery. As long as this detachment remained opposite him,
Wellington could not be sure that the French might not attack him on
both sides of the Tormes.

  [500] Napier says that this move was made on the night of the
  20th, under cover of the smoke of the already-lighted camp-fires
  of the army. This is contradicted by Vere’s journal of march of
  the 4th Division, by Leith Hay’s Journal [’at daylight we marched
  to the Heights of San Cristoval’], by Tomkinson’s diary, and
  D’Urban, Geo. Simonds, and many others who speak of the move as
  being early on the 21st.

  [501] This was the division of Sarrut.

The defile of the French army across the fords naturally took a long
time, and Wellington was able to allow his weary infantry some hours
of much-needed rest in the morning. Only cavalry was sent forward at
once, to form a screen in front of the hostile force that was gradually
accumulating on the near side of the fords. In the afternoon, however,
when the greater part of the French were over the water, nearly the
whole allied army received orders to cross the Tormes, and occupy the
heights to the south of it. It moved practically in battle order,
in two lines, of which the front passed by the ford of Cabrerizos,
the second by that of Santa Marta. Only a reserve, now consisting
of the 3rd Division and D’Urban’s Portuguese horse, remained on the
north side of the river near Cabrerizos, to contain the French force
which was still visible at dusk on the slopes by Babila Fuente. Till
this detachment had disappeared, Wellington was obliged to leave a
corresponding proportion of his men to contain it, lest the enemy
might try a dash at Salamanca by the north bank. Marmont made no such
attempt, and in the morning it was obvious that this rearguard was
following the rest of his army across the Tormes.

During the night the French advanced cavalry were holding Calvarisa
de Ariba on their left and Machacon on their right: the infantry
were bivouacked in a concentrated position in the wooded country
south of those villages. The British cavalry screen held Calvarisa de
Abaxo[502], Pelabravo, and the height of Nuestra Señora de la Peña,
close in to the corresponding front line of the enemy’s vedettes. The
infantry were encamped in two lines behind the Ribera de Pelagarcia,
the ravine, which runs north from Nuestra Señora de la Peña to the
Tormes, between Santa Marta and Cabrerizos. This was Graham’s old
position of June 24th, and excellent for defence. The right was on
well-marked high ground, the centre was covered by woods. Only the
left, near Santa Marta, was on lower slopes.

  [502] That the British cavalry were still at dawn so far forward
  as Calvarisa de Abaxo is shown by Tomkinson’s diary (p. 185),
  the best possible authority for light cavalry matters. The 4th
  Division camped in the wood just west of Nuestra Señora de la
  Peña (Vere, p. 31), the 5th on high ground in rear of Calvarisa
  de Ariba (Leith Hay, p. 45), the 7th a little farther south, also
  in woody ground (diary of Wheeler of the 51st).

About an hour after nightfall the hills where French and English
lay opposite each other were visited by an appalling tempest. ‘The
rain fell in torrents accompanied by vivid flashes of lightning, and
succeeded by instantaneous peals of thunder:’ writes one annalist:
‘a more violent crash of the elements has seldom been witnessed: its
effects were soon apparent. Le Marchands brigade of cavalry had halted
to our left: the men, dismounted, were either seated or lying on the
ground, holding their horses’ bridles. Alarmed by the thunder, the
beasts started with a sudden violence, and many of them breaking loose
galloped across the country in all directions. The frightened horses,
in a state of wildness, passing by without riders, added to the awful
effect of the tempest[503].’ The 5th Dragoon Guards suffered most by
the stampede--eighteen men were hurt, and thirty-one horses were not
to be found. Another diarist speaks of the splendid effect of the
lightning reflected on the musket-barrels of belated infantry columns,
which were just marching to their camping-ground. Before midnight the
storm had passed over--the later hours of sleep were undisturbed, and
next morning a brilliant sun rose into a cloudless sky[504]. The last
day of manœuvring was begun, and the battle which both sides had so
long avoided was at last to come.

  [503] Leith Hay, ii. p. 46.

  [504] Diary of Green of the 68th, p. 98.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER VI

THE BATTLE OF SALAMANCA, JULY 22, 1812. THE EARLY STAGES


The decisive moment of the campaign of 1812 had now been
reached--though Marmont was wholly unaware of it, and was proposing
merely to continue his manœuvring of the last five days, and though
Wellington hardly expected that the 22nd of July would turn out
more eventful than the 21st. Both of them have left record of their
intentions on the fateful morning. The Duke of Ragusa wrote to Berthier
as follows: ‘My object was, in taking up this position, to prolong
my movement to the left, in order to dislodge the enemy from the
neighbourhood of Salamanca, and to fight him at a greater advantage. I
calculated on taking up a good defensive position, against which the
enemy could make no offensive move, and intended to press near enough
to him to be able to profit from the first fault that he might make,
and to attack him with vigour[505].’ He adds in another document, ‘I
considered that our respective positions would bring on not a battle,
but an advantageous rearguard action, in which, using my full force
late in the day, with a part only of the British army left in front
of me, I should probably score a point[506].’ It is clear that he
reckoned that his adversary would continue his policy of the last five
days; Wellington, if his flank were once more turned, would move on as
before--always parrying the thrusts made at him, but not taking the
offensive himself.

  [505] Marmont to Berthier, July 31, printed in _Mémoires_, iv. p.
  443.

  [506] Marmont, _Mémoires_, iv. p. 237.

Nor was he altogether wrong in his expectation. Writing to Lord
Bathurst on the evening of July 21st, the British Commander-in-Chief
summed up his intentions in these words. ‘I have determined to cross
the Tormes, if the enemy should: to cover Salamanca as long as I
can: and above all not to give up our communication with Ciudad
Rodrigo: and not to fight an action unless under very advantageous
circumstances, or if it should become absolutely necessary[507].’ This
determination is re-stated in a dispatch which Wellington wrote three
days later, in a very different frame of mind. ‘I had determined that
if circumstances should not permit me to attack him on the 22nd, I
should move toward Ciudad Rodrigo without further loss of time[508].’
Wellington was therefore, it is clear, intending simply to continue
his retreat without delivering battle, unless Marmont should give him
an opportunity of striking a heavy blow, by putting himself in some
dangerous posture. He desired to fight, but only if he could fight
at advantage. Had Marmont continued to turn his flank by cautious
movements made at a discreet distance, and with an army always ready
to form an orderly line of battle, Wellington would have sacrificed
Salamanca, and moved back toward the Agueda. He was not prepared to
waste men in indecisive combats, which would not put the enemy out of
action even if they went off well. ‘It is better that a battle should
not be fought, unless under such favourable circumstances that there
would be reason to hope that the allied army would be able to maintain
the field, while that of the enemy would not[509].’ For if the French
were only checked, and not completely knocked to pieces, Wellington
knew that they would be reinforced within a few days by the 14,000 men
whom King Joseph (unknown to Marmont) was bringing up from Madrid.
Retreat would then again become necessary, since the enemy would be
superior in numbers to a hopeless extent. Wellington added that the
22nd was his best day of advantage, since within thirty-six hours
Marmont would have been reinforced by the cavalry brigade under General
Chauvel, which Caffarelli had at last sent forward from Burgos. It
had reached the Douro at Valladolid on the 20th, and would be up at
the front on the 23rd: this he well knew, and somewhat overrated its
strength[510].

  [507] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 299, July 21st.

  [508] Wellington to Bathurst, July 24. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 300.

  [509] Again from dispatch to Bathurst, July 21st. _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 296.

  [510] Supposing it, apparently, to be over 1,000 strong, while it
  was really not 800 sabres.

But though ready to take his advantage, if it were offered him,
Wellington evidently leaned to the idea that it would not be given.
He prepared for retreat, by sending off his whole baggage-train on
the Ciudad Rodrigo road at dawn, escorted by one of D’Urban’s three
Portuguese cavalry regiments. This was a clear expression of his
intention to move off. So is his letter of July 24 to Graham in which,
writing in confidence to a trusted subordinate, he remarks, ‘Marmont
ought to have given me a _pont d’or_, and then he would have made a
handsome operation of it.’ Instead of furnishing the proverbial bridge
of gold to the yielding adversary, the Marshal pressed in upon him in
a threatening fashion, yet with his troops so scattered and strung
out on a long front, that he was not ready for a decisive action when
Wellington at last saw his opportunity and dashed in upon him.

At dawn on the 22nd each party had to discover the exact position of
his adversary, for the country-side was both wooded and undulating.
Wellington’s army, on the line of heights reaching southward from Santa
Marta, was almost entirely masked, partly by the woods in the centre of
his position, but still more by his having placed all the divisions far
back from the sky-line on the reverse slope of the plateau. The front
was about three miles long, but little was visible upon it. Foy, whose
division was ahead of the rest of the French army, describes what he
saw as follows:--

‘The position of San Cristobal had been almost stripped of troops:
we could see one English division in a sparsely-planted wood within
cannon-shot of Calvarisa de Ariba, on the Salamanca road: very far
behind a thin column was ascending the heights of Tejares: nothing more
could be made out of Wellington’s army: all the rest was hidden from
us by the chain of heights which runs from north to south, and ends
in the high and precipitous knolls of the Arapiles. Wellington was on
this chain, sufficiently near for us to recognize by means of the staff
surrounding him[511].’

  [511] _Vie militaire_, edited by Girod de l’Ain, p. 173.

All, then, that Foy, and Marmont who was riding near him, actually
saw, was the 7th Division in the wood opposite Nuestra Señora de la
Peña, and the distant baggage-column already filing off on the Ciudad
Rodrigo road, which ascends the heights beyond Aldea Tejada four miles
to the rear.

The French army was a little more visible to Wellington, who could not
only make out Foy’s division behind Calvarisa de Ariba, but several
other masses farther south and east, in front of the long belt of
woods which extends on each side of the village of Utrera for some
two miles or more. It was impossible to see how far the French left
reached among the dense trees: but the right was ‘refused:’ no troops
were opposite Wellington’s left or northern wing, and the villages of
Pelabravo and Calvarisa de Abaxo, far in advance of it, were still
held by British cavalry vedettes. In short, only the allied right and
centre had enemies in front of them. This indicated what Wellington
had expected--an attempt of Marmont to continue his old policy of
outflanking his adversary’s extreme right: clearly the British left was
not in danger.

Marmont, as his exculpatory dispatch to Berthier acknowledges, was
convinced that Wellington would retire once more the moment that his
flank was threatened. ‘Everything led me to believe,’ he writes,
‘that the enemy intended to occupy the position of Tejares [across
the Zurgain] which lay a league behind him, while at present he was a
league and a half in front of Salamanca[512].’ Foy’s diary completely
bears out this view of Marmont’s conception of the situation. ‘The
Marshal had no definite plan: he thought that the English army was
already gone off, or at least that it was going off, to take position
on the heights of Tejares on the left [or farther] bank of the river
Zurgain. He was tempted to make an attack on the one visible English
division, with which a skirmishing fire had already begun. He was
fearing that this division might get out of his reach! How little
did he foresee the hapless lot of his own army that day! The wily
Wellington was ready to give battle--the greater part of his host
was collected, but masked behind the line of heights: he was showing
nothing on the crest, lest his intention should be divined: he was
waiting for our movement[513].’

  [512] Correspondence in _Mémoires_, iv. p. 254.

  [513] Foy, p. 174.

The skirmish to which Foy alludes was one begun by the _voltigeurs_
of his own division, whom Marmont had ordered forward, to push back
the English pickets on the height of Nuestra Señora de la Peña. These
belonged to the 7th Division, which was occupying the wood behind. Not
wishing his position to be too closely examined, Wellington sent out
two whole battalions, the 68th and the 2nd Caçadores, who formed a
very powerful screen of light troops, and pushed back the French from
the hill and the ruined chapel on top of it. Marmont then strengthened
his firing line, and brought up a battery, which checked the further
advance of the allied skirmishers. The two screens continued to
exchange shots for several hours, half a mile in front of Wellington’s
position. The _tiraillade_ had many episodes, in one of which General
Victor Alten, leading a squadron of his hussars to protect the flank
of the British skirmishers, received a ball in the knee, which put him
out of action, and threw the command of his brigade into the hands of
Arentschildt, colonel of the 1st Hussars K.G.L. After much bickering,
and when noon had long passed, the 68th and Caçadores were relieved
by some companies of the 95th from the Light Division, as Wellington
wished to employ the 7th Division elsewhere. He had at first thought
it possible that Marmont was about to make a serious attack on this
part of his front; but the notion died away when it was seen that
the Marshal did not send up any formed battalions to support his
_voltigeurs_, and allowed the light troops of the allies to cling to
the western half of the slopes of Nuestra Señora de la Peña.

[Illustration: THE GREATER OR FRENCH ARAPILE SEEN FROM THE FOOT OF THE
LESSER ARAPILE.]

[Illustration: GENERAL VIEW OF THE BRITISH AND FRENCH POSITIONS, TAKEN
FROM THE REAR OF THE FORMER, THE NEARER HILL WAS THE POSITION OF THE
5TH DIVISION. THE VILLAGE OF ARAPILES TO THE LEFT. THE DISTANT RIDGE,
ALONG WHICH SMOKE IS ROLLING, IS THE FRENCH POSITION.

From photographs by Mr. C. Armstrong.]

It was soon evident that the French were--as so often before during the
last six days--about to extend their left wing. The right or southern
flank of Wellington’s line rested on the rocky knoll, 400 feet high,
which is known as the ‘Lesser Arapile.’ Six hundred yards from it,
and outside the allied zone of occupation, lay the ‘Greater Arapile,’
which is a few feet higher and much longer than its fellow. These two
curious hills, sometimes called the ‘Hermanitos’ or ‘little brothers,’
are the most striking natural feature in the country-side. They rise
a hundred and fifty feet above the valley which lies between them,
and a hundred feet above the heights on either side. Their general
appearance somewhat recalls that of Dartmoor ‘Tors,’ rough rock
breaking out through the soil. But their shapes differ: the Greater
Arapile shows crags at each end, but has a comparatively smooth ascent
to its centre on its northern front--so smooth that steep ploughed
fields have been laid out upon it, and extend almost to the crest. The
Lesser Arapile is precipitous on its southern front, where it faces its
twin, but is joined at its back (or northern) side by a gentle slope
to the main line of the heights where Wellington’s army lay. It is in
short an integral part of them, though it rises far above their level.
The Greater Arapile, on the other hand, is an isolated height, not
belonging to the system of much lower knolls which lies to its south.
These, three-quarters of a mile away, are covered with wood, and form
part of the long forest which reaches as far as the neighbourhood of
Alba de Tormes.

Wellington had left the Greater Arapile outside his position, partly
because it was completely separated from the other heights that he
held, partly (it is said) because he had surveyed the ground in the
dusk, and had judged the knoll farther from the Lesser Arapile than
was actually the case; they were within easy cannon-shot from each
other[514]. At about eight o’clock, French skirmishers were observed
breaking out from the woods to the south of the Arapile and pushing
rapidly toward it. They were followed by supporting columns in
strength--indeed Marmont had directed the whole of Bonnet’s division
to move, under cover of the trees, to the point where the woods
approach nearest to the hill, and from thence to carry it if possible.
Wellington, now judging that it was uncomfortably near to his right
flank, ordered the 7th Caçadores--from the 4th Division, the unit that
lay nearest--to race hard for the Greater Arapile and try to seize it
before the French had arrived. They made good speed but failed: the
enemy was on the crest first, and repulsed them with some loss. They
had to fall back to behind the Lesser Arapile, which was held by the
first British brigade of their division (W. Anson’s).

  [514] So says Vere, in his _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 31.

Marmont had seized the Greater Arapile, as he tells us, to form
a strong advanced post, behind which he could move his main body
westward, in pursuance of his old design of turning Wellington’s right.
It was to be the ‘pivot on which the flanking movement should be made,’
the ‘_point d’appui_ of the right of his army’ when it should reach
its new position[515]. Bonnet’s troops being firmly established on
and behind it, he began to move his divisions to their left. On his
original ground, the plateau of Calvarisa de Ariba, he left Foy’s
division in front line--still bickering with the skirmishing line of
the allies--Ferey’s division in support, and Boyer’s dragoons to cover
the flank against any possible attack from the British cavalry, who
were in force on Wellington’s left, and still had detachments out on
the plateau by Pelabravo, beyond Foy’s extreme right. Having made this
provision against any possible attempt to attack him in the rear while
he was executing his great manœuvre, Marmont marched his five remaining
divisions[516], under cover of Bonnet’s advanced position, to the edge
of the wooded hills in rear of the Great Arapile, where they remained
for some time in a threatening mass, without further movement.

  [515] Marmont, _Mémoires_, iv. p. 255.

  [516] Clausel, Brennier, Maucune, Thomières, and Sarrut also,
  when the latter arrived late from Babila Fuente, and joined the
  main body.

Wellington, clearly discerning from the summit of the Lesser Arapile
this general shift of the enemy to the left, now made great alterations
in the arrangement of his troops, and adopted what may be called
his second battle-position. The 4th Division, about and around that
height, was placed so as to serve for the allied army the same purpose
that Bonnet was carrying out for the French on the other Hermanito.
Of Cole’s three brigades, that of Anson occupied the Arapile--the
3/27th on the summit, the 1/40th in support on the rear slope. Pack’s
independent Portuguese brigade was placed beside Anson. The Fusilier
brigade (under Ellis of the 1/23rd) and Stubbs’s Portuguese, the
remaining units of the 4th Division, were formed up to the right of the
hill, extending as far as the village which takes its name of Arapiles
from the two strange knolls. Two guns of Cole’s divisional battery
(that of Sympher[517]) were hoisted up with some difficulty to the
level of the 3/27th. The other four were left with the Fusiliers near
the village[518]. Thus the little Arapile became the obtuse angle of a
formation ‘en potence,’ with Pack and two brigades of the 4th Division
on its right, and the 7th Division (still engaged at a distance with
Foy) and the 1st and Light Divisions on its left. At the same time
Wellington moved down the troops which had originally formed his
left wing (5th and 6th Divisions, España’s Spaniards, and Bradford’s
Portuguese) to a supporting position behind his centre, somewhere near
the village of Las Torres, where they could reinforce either his right
or his left, as might prove necessary in the end. As a further general
reserve G. Anson’s and Le Marchant’s cavalry brigades, and the greater
part of Victor Alten’s, were brought away from the original left, and
placed in reserve near the 6th Division; but Bock and two of Victor
Alten’s squadrons[519] remained on the left, opposite Boyer’s dragoons.

  [517] A K.G.L. unit--the only German artillery present at
  Salamanca.

  [518] All this from Vere’s _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 32.

  [519] From the 14th Light Dragoons.

In connexion with this same general move, Wellington sent a most
important order to the troops which he had left till this moment on
the north bank of the Tormes, covering Salamanca, in the position by
Cabrerizos. These consisted of the 3rd Division--which was under the
temporary command of Edward Pakenham (Wellington’s brother-in-law)
during Picton’s sickness--and the 500 sabres that remained of
D’Urban’s Portuguese horse, after one regiment had been sent off on
escort-duty with the baggage-train. These corps were directed to march
over the town-bridge of Salamanca, and take up a position between
Aldea Tejada and La Penilla, to the east of the high-road to Ciudad
Rodrigo. There placed, they were available either as a reserve to the
newly-formed right wing, or as a supporting échelon, if the whole
army should ultimately fall back for a retreat along the high-road,
or as a detached force placed so far to the right that it could
outflank or throw itself in front of any French troops which might
continue Marmont’s advance from the Arapiles westward. It is probable
that Wellington, at the moment when he gave the orders, would have
been quite unable to say which of these three duties would fall to
Pakenham’s share. The 3rd Division marched from Cabrerizos at noon,
passing through the city, which was at this moment full of alarms and
excursions. For the sight of Marmont close at hand, and of the British
baggage-train moving off hastily toward Rodrigo, had filled the
inhabitants with dismay. Some were hiding their more valuable property,
others (who had compromised themselves by their friendly reception of
the allied army) were preparing for hasty flight. Some used bitter
language of complaint--the English were retreating without a battle
after betraying their friends.

Pakenham and D’Urban reached their appointed station by two
o’clock,[520] and halted in a dip in the ground, well screened by
trees, between La Penilla and Aldea Tejada, where they could barely
be seen from the highest slopes of Wellington’s position, and not at
all from any other point. For some time they were left undisturbed,
listening to a growing noise of artillery fire to their left front,
where matters were evidently coming to a head.

  [520] The hours are taken from D’Urban’s diary.

At about eleven o’clock Marmont had climbed to the summit of the French
Arapile, from whence he obtained for the first time a partial view into
the British position; for looking up the dip in the ground between the
Lesser Arapile and the heights occupied by the Fusilier brigade of the
4th Division, he could catch a glimpse of some of the movements that
were going on at the back of Wellington’s first line. Apparently he saw
the 1st and Light Divisions behind the crest of their destined fighting
position, and the 5th and 6th and Bradford’s Portuguese taking ground
to their right. Pack’s Portuguese on the flank and rear of the British
Arapile must also have been visible at least in part. The conclusion to
which he came was that his adversary was accumulating forces behind the
Lesser Arapile with the object of sallying out against Bonnet, whose
post was very far advanced in front of the rest of the French army, and
against Foy and Ferey, who were left in a somewhat isolated position on
the plateau by Calvarisa, when the main body of the army had moved so
far to the west.

Some such intention seems for a moment to have been in Wellington’s
mind, though he says nothing of it in his dispatch. ‘About twelve
o’clock,’ writes one of the most trustworthy British diarists, ‘the
troops were ordered to attack, and the 1st Division moved forward
to gain the other Arapile, which the French had taken.... There was
something singular, I think, in Lord Wellington’s ordering the 1st and
Light Divisions to attack early in the day, and then counter-ordering
them after they had begun to move. Marshal Beresford, no doubt, was the
cause of the alteration, by what he urged. Yet at the same time Lord
W. is so little influenced (or indeed allows any person to say a word)
that his attending to the Marshal was considered singular. From all I
could collect and observe “the Peer” was a little nervous: it was the
first time he had ever attacked. When he _did_ finally determine on the
attack it was well done, in the most decided manner. There was possibly
some little trouble in arriving at that decision[521].’ Oddly enough
this contemporary note is exactly borne out by Marmont’s statement in
his _Mémoires_, that meeting Wellington years after, he inquired about
the point, and was frankly told that an attack had been projected
at this moment, but that it had been put off in consequence of the
representation of Beresford, who had counselled delay[522]. There was
a heavy mass of troops available behind the Lesser Arapile and to both
sides of it--the 4th Division, Pack’s Portuguese, and the 1st, 7th, and
Light Divisions, with the 5th and 6th and Bradford and the cavalry in
reserve. The blow might have succeeded--but undoubtedly that delivered
four hours later was much more effective.

  [521] Tomkinson’s _Diary_, pp. 187-9.

  [522] Marmont, _Mémoires_, iv. p. 256.

The idea of an attack at noon having been finally rejected Wellington
turned his mind to another possibility. If Marmont should commit no
blunders, and should continue his turning movement at a safe distance,
and with his whole army well concentrated, it was quite possible that
a retreat might become necessary. The Commander-in-Chief called up
Colonel Delancey, then acting as Adjutant-General[523], and directed
him to draft a comprehensive scheme for the order in which the troops
should be withdrawn, and the route which each division would take in
the event of an evacuation of the position. The next stand was to be
made, as Marmont had supposed, on the heights above Aldea Tejada,
behind the river Zurgain[524]. Such a move would have involved the
abandonment of the city of Salamanca to the French. The news spread
from the staff round the commanding officers of divisions, and so
downwards to the ranks, where it caused immense discontent. Every one
was ‘spoiling for a fight,’ and the cautious tactics of the last six
days had been causing murmurs, which were only kept from becoming acute
by the long-tried confidence that the army felt in its chief.

  [523] Charles Stewart (Lord Londonderry), who had held the post
  for the last three years had just gone home, and his successor
  had not yet come out to Spain.

  [524] The note concerning Delancey is from Vere’s _Marches of the
  4th Division_, p. 31.

At this very moment Marmont began to act in the fashion that Wellington
most desired, by making an altogether dangerous extension of his left
wing, and at the same time pressing in so close to his adversary
that he could not avoid a battle if it were thrust upon him. His own
explanation is that he took the putting off of Wellington’s tentative
movement against Bonnet as a sign that the allied army was actually
commencing its retreat. ‘Wellington renounced his intention of
fighting, and from that moment he had to prepare to draw away, for if
he had remained in his present position I should from the next day
have threatened his communications, by marching on to my left. His
withdrawal commenced at midday.... He had to retreat by his right, and
consequently he had to begin by strengthening his right. He therefore
weakened his left, and accumulated troops on his right. Then his more
distant units and his reserves commenced to move, and in succession
drew off towards Tejares [Aldea Tejada]. His intention was easy to
discern.... The enemy having carried off the bulk of his force to
his right, I had to reinforce my left, so as to be able to act with
promptness and vigour, without having to make new arrangements, when
the moment should arrive for falling upon the English rearguard[525].’

  [525] _Mémoires_, iv. p. 257.

It is clear that the Duke of Ragusa had drawn his conclusion that
Wellington was about to retreat at once, and had argued, from
partly-seen motions in his adversary’s rear, that the whole allied
army was moving off. But this was not yet the case: Wellington was
taking precautions, but he was still not without hope that the French
would commit themselves to some unwise and premature movement. He had
still every man in hand, and the supposed general retreat on Aldea
Tejada, which the Marshal thought that he saw, was in reality only the
shifting of reserves more to the right.

Unwitting of this, Marmont, a little before two o’clock, began his
extension to the left. To the westward of the woods on whose edge the
five divisions composing his main body were massed, is a long plateau
facing the village of Arapiles and the heights behind it. It is about
three-quarters of a mile broad and three miles long, gently undulating
and well suited for marching: in 1812 it seems to have been open
waste: to-day it is mainly under the plough. Its front or northern
side slopes gently down, toward the bottom in which lies the village
of Arapiles: at its back, which is steeper, are woods, outlying parts
of the great forest which extends to Alba de Tormes. It ends suddenly
in a knoll with an outcrop of rock, called the Pico de Miranda, above
the hamlet of Miranda de Azan, from which it draws its name. Along
this plateau was the obvious and easy route for a force marching to
turn Wellington’s right. It was a very tempting piece of ground, with
a glacis-like slope towards the English heights, which made it very
defensible--a better artillery position against a force advancing
from the village of Arapiles and the ridges behind it could not be
conceived. The only danger connected with it seemed to be that it was
over-long--it had more than two miles of front, and a very large force
would be required to hold it securely from end to end. From the Pico
de Miranda, if the French should extend so far, to Foy’s right wing by
Calvarisa de Ariba was a distance of six miles in all--far too much for
an army of 48,000 men in the battle-array of the Napoleonic period.

Marmont says that his first intention was only to occupy the nearer end
of the plateau, that part of it which faces the village of Arapiles.
In his apologetic dispatch to Berthier, he declares that he wished to
get a lodgement upon it, lest Wellington might seize it before him,
and so block his way westward. ‘It was indispensable to occupy it,
seeing that the enemy had just strengthened his centre, from whence he
could push out _en masse_ on to this plateau, and commence an attack
by taking possession of this important ground. Accordingly I ordered
the 5th Division (Maucune) to move out and form up on the right end of
the plateau, where his fire would link on perfectly with that from
the [Great] Arapile: the 7th Division [Thomières] was to place itself
in second line as a support, the 2nd Division (Clausel) to act as a
reserve to the 7th. The 6th Division (Brennier) was to occupy the high
ground in front of the wood, where a large number of my guns were still
stationed. I ordered General Bonnet at the same time to occupy with the
122nd regiment a knoll intermediate between the plateau and the hill
of the [Great] Arapile, which blocks the exit from the village of the
same name. Finally, I directed General Boyer to leave only one regiment
of his dragoons to watch Foy’s right, and to come round with the other
three to the front of the wood, beside the 2nd Division. The object of
this was that, supposing the enemy should attack the plateau, Boyer
could charge in on their right flank, while my light cavalry could
charge in on their left flank[526].’

  [526] Dispatch to Berthier, _Mémoires_, iv. pp. 445-6.

All this reads very plausibly and ingeniously, but unfortunately
it squares in neither with the psychology of the moment, nor with
the manœuvres which Maucune, Thomières, and Clausel executed, under
the Marshal’s eye and without his interference. He had forgotten
when he dictated this paragraph--and not unnaturally, for he wrote
sorely wounded, on his sick-bed, in pain, and with his head not too
clear--that he had just before stated that Wellington was obviously
retreating, and had begun to withdraw towards Aldea Tejada. If this
was so, how could he possibly have conceived at the moment that his
adversary, far from retreating, was preparing an offensive movement
_en masse_ against the left flank of the French position? The two
conceptions cannot be reconciled. The fact was, undoubtedly, that he
thought that Wellington was moving off, and pushed forward Maucune,
Thomières, and Clausel, with the object of molesting and detaining what
he supposed to be the rearguard of his adversary. The real idea of the
moment was the one which appears in the paragraph of his _Mémoires_,
already quoted on an earlier page: ‘I hoped that our respective
positions would bring on not a battle but an advantageous rearguard
action, in which, using my full force late in the day, with a part
only of the British army left in front of me, I should probably score
a point.’ Jourdan, a severe critic of his colleague, puts the matter
with perfect frankness in his _Guerre d’Espagne_. After quoting
Marmont’s insincere dispatch at length, he adds, ‘it is evident that
the Marshal, in order to menace the point of retreat of the allies,
extended his left much too far[527].’ Napoleon, after reading Marmont’s
dispatch in a Russian bivouac[528], pronounced that all his reasons and
explanations for the position into which he got himself had ‘as much
complicated stuffing as the inside of a clock, and not a word of truth
as to the real state of things.’

  [527] Jourdan’s _Mémoire sur la Guerre d’Espagne_, p. 418.

  [528] ‘Il y a plus de fatras et de rouages que dans une horloge,
  et pas un mot qui fasse connaître l’état réel des choses.’ For
  more hard words see Napoleon to Clarke, Ghiatz, September 2.

What happened under the eyes of Marmont, as he took a long-delayed
lunch on the top of the Greater Arapile[529], was as follows. Maucune,
with his strong division of nine battalions or 5,200 men, after
breaking out from the position in front of the woods where the French
main body was massed, marched across the open ground for about a mile
or more, till he had got well on to the central part of the plateau
which he was directed to occupy. He then drew up opposite the village
of Arapiles, and sent out his voltigeur companies to work down the
slope toward that place, which lay well in front of the British line.
The position which he took up was on that part of the plateau which
sweeps forward nearest to the opposite heights, and is little more
than half a mile from them. A fierce artillery engagement then set in:
Maucune’s divisional battery began to shell the village of Arapiles.
Sympher’s battery, belonging to the 4th Division, replied from the
slope behind the village and from two guns on the Lesser Arapile. The
French pieces which had been dragged up on to the Greater Arapile then
started shelling the Lesser, and silenced the two guns there, which
were drawn off, and sent to rejoin the rest of the battery, on a less
exposed position. The 3/27th on the hilltop had to take cover behind
rocks as best it could. Soon after at least two more French batteries,
from the artillery reserve, took ground to the right of Maucune, and
joined in the shelling of the village of Arapiles. Wellington presently
supported Sympher’s battery with that of Lawson, belonging to the
5th Division, which turned on to shell Maucune’s supporting columns
from ground on the lower slopes, not far to the right of Sympher’s
position. The effect was good, and the columns shifted sideways to get
out of range. But one [or perhaps two] of the French batteries then
shifted their position, and began to play upon Lawson diagonally from
the left, so enfilading him that he was ordered to limber up and move
higher on the hill behind the village, from whence he resumed his fire.
Wellington also, a little later, brought up the horse-artillery troop
belonging to the 7th Division [’E’, Macdonald’s troop] and placed it on
the Lesser Arapile--two guns on the summit, four on the lower slopes
near the 1/40th of W. Anson’s brigade. The British fire all along the
heights was effective and accurate, but quite unable to cope with that
of the French, who had apparently six batteries in action against
three. Marmont, indeed, had all along his line an immense superiority
of guns, having 78 pieces with him against Wellington’s 54. His
artillery-reserve consisted of four batteries--that of his adversary of
one only--Arriaga’s Portuguese 24-pounder howitzers[530].

  [529] See Memoirs of Parquin, who commanded his escort, p. 299.
  But he states the hour as 11 o’clock, much too early.

  [530] For this artillery business see especially the six
  narratives of artillery officers printed by Major Leslie in his
  _Dickson Papers_, ii. pp. 685-97. Also for doings of the 5th
  Division battery (Lawson’s), Leith Hay, ii. pp. 47-8, and of the
  4th Division battery (Sympher’s), Vere’s _Marches of the 4th
  Division_, pp. 33-4.

While Maucune and the French artillery were making a very noisy
demonstration against the British line between the Lesser Arapile and
the village of the same name, which looked like the preliminaries of
a serious attack, more troops emerged from the woods of Marmont’s
centre, and began to file along the plateau, under cover of Maucune’s
deployed line. These were Thomières’s division, succeeded after a long
interval by that of Clausel. ‘During the cannonade column followed
column in quick and continued succession along the heights occupied
by the enemy: Marmont was moving his army in battle-order along his
position, and gaining ground rapidly to his left[531].’ According
to the Marshal’s own account of his intentions, he had proposed to
place Maucune on the (French) right end of the plateau, Thomières and
Clausel in support of him. What happened, however, was that Maucune
went well forward on to the right-centre of the plateau, and that
Thomières marched along past Maucune’s rear, and continued moving in a
westerly direction along the summit of the plateau, though Clausel soon
halted: before Thomières stopped he had gone nearly three miles. It is
clear that if Marmont had chosen, he could have checked the manœuvres
of his subordinates, the moment that they passed the limit which he
alleges that he had set them. An aide-de-camp sent down from the back
of the Greater Arapile could have told Maucune not to press forward
toward the English position, or Thomières to stop his march, within a
matter of twenty minutes or half an hour. No such counterorders were
sent--and the reason clearly was that Marmont was satisfied with the
movements that he saw proceeding before him, until the moment when he
suddenly realized with dismay that Wellington was about to deliver a
counter-stroke in full force.

  [531] Vere’s _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 33.

We must now turn to the movements of the allied army. The instant that
Maucune deployed on the plateau in front of the village of Arapiles,
and that the cannonade began, Wellington judged that he was about to
be attacked--the thing that he most desired. A very few orders put his
army in a defensive battle-position. The 5th Division was sent from
the rear side of the heights to occupy the crest, continuing the line
of the 4th Division. The 6th Division was brought up from the rear
to a position behind the 4th. The 7th Division, abandoning the long
bickering with Foy in which its light troops had been engaged, was
drawn back from the left wing, and took post in second line parallel to
the 6th and in rear of the 5th Division. The place of its skirmishers
on the slopes in front of Nuestra Señora de la Peña was taken by some
companies of the 95th, sent out from the Light Division. That unit and
the 1st Division now formed the total of the allied left wing, with
Bock’s heavy dragoons covering their flank. They were ‘containing’ an
equivalent French force--Foy’s and Ferey’s infantry divisions, and the
single regiment of Boyer’s dragoons which Marmont had left in this
quarter.

There still remained in reserve, near the village of Las Torres,
Bradford’s Portuguese and España’s Spanish battalions, with the bulk
of the allied cavalry--all Anson’s and Le Marchant’s and the greater
part of Arentschildt’s squadrons, and in addition Pakenham and D’Urban
were available a little farther to the right, near Aldea Tejada. If the
French were going to attack the heights on each side of the village of
Arapiles, as seemed probable at the moment, all these remoter reserves
could be used as should seem most profitable.

But the battle did not go exactly as Wellington expected. The cannonade
continued, and Maucune’s skirmishing line pushed very boldly forward,
and actually attacked the village of Arapiles, which was defended by
the light companies of the Guards’ brigade of the 1st Division and of
the Fusilier brigade of the 4th Division. The _voltigeurs_ twice seized
the southern outlying houses of the straggling village, and were twice
driven out. But the battalions in support of them did not come forward,
nor did Bonnet attack on the right of them, nor Thomières on the left.
The former remained stationary, on and about the Great Arapile: the
latter continued to march westward along the plateau: a perceptible gap
began to appear between him and Maucune.

Wellington at this moment was toward the right rear of his own
line--occupied according to some authorities in snatching a late
and hasty lunch[532] while matters were developing, but not yet
developed--according to others in giving orders concerning the cavalry
to Stapleton Cotton, near Las Torres--when he received an urgent
message from Leith. It said that Maucune had ceased to advance, but
that the French extreme left was still in march westward. ‘On being
made acquainted with the posture of affairs,’ writes the officer who
bore Leith’s report[533], ‘Lord Wellington declared his intention of
riding to the spot and directed me to accompany him. When he arrived at
the ground of the 5th Division--now under arms and perfectly prepared
to receive the attack, his Lordship found the enemy still in the same
formation, but not displaying any intention of trying his fortune, by
crossing the valley at that point. He soon became satisfied that no
operation of consequence was intended against this part of the line. He
again galloped off toward the right, which at this time became the most
interesting and important scene of action.’

  [532] The traditional story may be found in Greville’s _Memoirs_,
  ii. p. 39. Wellington is said to have been in the courtyard of a
  farmhouse, where some food had been laid out for him, ‘stumping
  about and munching,’ and taking occasional peeps through his
  telescope. Presently came the aide-de-camp with Leith’s message.
  Wellington took another long look through his glass, and cried,
  ‘By God! that will do!’ his mouth still full. He then sprang on
  his horse and rode off, the staff following. Another version may
  be found in Grattan, pp. 239-40: ‘Lord W. had given his glass to
  an aide-de-camp, while he himself sat down to eat a few mouthfuls
  of cold beef. Presently the officer reported that the enemy were
  still extending to their left. “The devil they are! give me
  the glass quickly,” said his lordship--and then, after a long
  inspection, “This will do at last, I think--ride off.”’

  [533] His nephew, Leith Hay, whose memoir I have so often had to
  quote, here ii. p. 49.

The critical moment of the day was the short space of time when
Wellington was surveying the French army, from the height where
Leith’s men were lying prostrate behind the crest, above the village
of Arapiles, under a distant but not very effective artillery fire.
The whole plateau opposite was very visible: Maucune could be seen
halted and in line, with much artillery on his flank, but no infantry
force near--there was half a mile between him and Bonnet. Thomières
was still pushing away to his left, already separated by some distance
from Maucune. Clausel had apparently halted after the end of his march
out of the woods. Foy and Ferey were at least two miles off to the
French right. The enemy, in short, were in no solid battle order,
and were scattered on an immense arc, which enveloped on both sides
the obtuse angle _en potence_ formed by the main body of the allied
army. From Foy’s right to Thomières’s left there was length but no
depth. The only reserves were the troops imperfectly visible in the
woods behind the Great Arapile--where lay Brennier in first line, and
Sarrut who was now nearing Marmont’s artillery-park and baggage. Their
strength might be guessed from the fact that Marmont was known to have
eight infantry divisions, and that six were clearly visible elsewhere.
Wellington’s determination was suddenly taken, to turn what had been
intended for a defensive into an offensive battle. Seeing the enemy so
scattered, and so entirely out of regular formation, he would attack
him with the whole force that he had in position west of the little
Arapile, before Marmont could get into order. Leith, Cole, and Pack in
front line, supported by the 6th and 7th Divisions in second line,
and with Bradford, España, and Stapleton Cotton’s cavalry covering
their right flank in a protective échelon, should cross the valley and
fall upon Bonnet, Maucune, Clausel, and Thomières. Meanwhile Pakenham
and D’Urban, being in a hidden position from which they could easily
outflank Thomières, should ascend the western end of the plateau, get
across the head of his marching column, and drive it in upon Maucune,
whom Leith would be assailing at the same moment. Pakenham’s turning
movement was the most delicate part of the plan; wherefore Wellington
resolved to start it himself. He rode like the wind across the ground
behind the heights, past Las Torres and Penilla, and appeared all
alone before D’Urban’s Portuguese squadrons. It was only some time
later that first Colonel Delancey and then others of his staff, quite
outdistanced, came dropping in with blown horses. The orders to D’Urban
were short and clear: Pakenham was about to attack the western end of
the plateau where Thomières was moving--near the Pico de Miranda. It
would be D’Urban’s duty to cover his right flank[534]. A minute later
Wellington was before the 3rd Division, which had just received orders
to stand to its arms.

  [534] D’Urban’s unpublished diary gives the fact that he got his
  order from Wellington personally before Pakenham was reached.

‘The officers had not taken their places in the column, but were in a
group together, in front of it. As Lord Wellington rode up to Pakenham
every eye was turned towards him. He looked paler than usual; but,
notwithstanding the sudden change he had just made in the disposition
of his army, he was quite unruffled in his manner, as if the battle
to be fought was nothing but a field-day. His words were few and his
orders brief. Tapping Pakenham on the shoulder, he said, “Edward, move
on with the 3rd Division, take those heights in your front--and drive
everything before you.” “I will, my lord,” was the laconic reply of the
gallant Sir Edward. A moment after, Lord Wellington was galloping on to
the next division, to give (I suppose) orders to the same effect, and
in less than half an hour the battle had commenced[535].’ The time was
about a quarter to four in the afternoon.

  [535] Grattan’s _With the Connaught Rangers_, pp. 241-2.

Having set Pakenham and D’Urban in motion, Wellington rode back to the
ground of the 5th Division, sending on his way orders for Arentschildt
to leave the cavalry reserve, and join D’Urban with the five squadrons
that remained of Victor Alten’s brigade[536]. Bradford, España, and
Cotton at the same time were directed to come forward to Leith’s right
flank. On reaching the hilltop behind the village of Arapiles, the
Commander-in-Chief gave his orders to Leith: the 5th Division was to
advance downhill and attack Maucune across the valley, as soon as
Bradford’s Portuguese should be close up to support his right, and as
Pakenham’s distant movement should become visible. Wellington then rode
on to give the corresponding orders to Cole, more to the left[537].

  [536] Two of 14th Light Dragoons, three of 1st Hussars K.G.L.

  [537] All this from Leith Hay, ii. pp. 51-2.

The 5th Division thereupon sent out its light companies in skirmishing
line, and came up to the crest: the two neighbouring brigades of the
4th Division followed suit, and then Pack’s Portuguese, opposite the
Greater Arapile. Considerable loss was suffered in all these corps
from the French artillery fire, when the battalions rose from their
lying posture behind the crest and became visible. Some thirty or forty
minutes elapsed between Wellington’s arrival on the scene and the
commencement of the advance: the delay was caused by the necessity for
waiting for Bradford, who was coming up as fast as possible from Las
Torres. The attack did not begin till about 4.40 p.m.

By the time that Leith and Cole came into action the French army had
been deprived of its chief. Somewhere between three and four o’clock
in the afternoon[538], and certainly nearer the latter than the former
hour, Marmont had been severely wounded. According to his own narrative
he had begun to be troubled by seeing Maucune pressing in too close to
the village of Arapiles, and Thomières passing on too far to the left,
and had been roused to considerable vexation by getting a message
from the former that he observed that the troops in front of him were
retiring, and therefore would ask leave to support his _voltigeurs_
and attack the British position with his whole division. Marmont
says that it was his wish to stop Maucune from closing that induced
him to prepare to depart from his eyrie on the Great Arapile, and to
descend to take charge of his left wing. Be this as it may, there is
no doubt that he was starting to climb down and mount his horse, when
a shell from one of Dyneley’s two guns on the British Arapile burst
near him, and flung him to the ground with a lacerated right arm, and
a wound in his side which broke two ribs[539]. He himself says that
there was nothing irremediable in the state of his army at the moment
that he was disabled. His critic, Foy, held otherwise. ‘The Duke of
Ragusa,’ he wrote, ‘insinuated that the battle of the 22nd was lost
because, after his own wounding, there was a gap in the command,
anarchy, and disorder. But it was the Duke who forced on the battle,
and that contrary to the advice of General Clausel. His left was
already beaten when he was disabled: already it was impossible either
to refuse a battle or to give it a good turn. It was only possible to
attenuate the disaster--and that was what Clausel did[540].’ Foy also
insinuates that Maucune’s advance, at least in its early stages, was
consonant with Marmont’s intentions. ‘He had made his arrangements for
a decisive blow: when the English were seen to take up their position,
the heads of the columns were turned to the left, so as to occupy the
elevations which dominate the plain, and swell up one after another.
The occupation of one led to the temptation to seize the next, and so
by advance after advance the village of Arapiles was at last reached.
Maucune’s division actually held it for some minutes. Nevertheless we
had not yet made up our minds to deliver battle, and the necessary
dispositions for one had not been made. My division was still occupying
the plateau of Calvarisa, with the 3rd and 4th Divisions (Ferey and
Sarrut) and the dragoons supporting me in the rear. Here, then, was
a whole section of the army quite out of the fight: and the other
divisions were not well linked together, and could be beaten one after
the other.’

  [538] Marmont says that it was ‘environ trois heures du soir.’
  But I think that about 3.45 should be given as the hour, since
  Maucune only left the woods at 2 o’clock, and had to march
  on to the plateau, to take up his position, to send out his
  _voltigeurs_, and to get them close in to Arapiles before he
  would have sent such a message to his chief. Foy says ‘between 3
  and 4 p.m.’

  [539] Many years after, when Marmont, now a subject of Louis
  XVIII, was inspecting some British artillery, an officer had the
  maladroit idea of introducing to him the sergeant who had pointed
  the gun--the effect of the shot in the middle of the French staff
  had been noticed on the British Arapile.

  [540] _Vie militaire de Foy_, p. 177.

Foy is certainly correct in asserting that, at the moment of the
Marshal’s wound, he himself and Ferey were too far off to be brought
up in time to save Maucune, and that Bonnet, Maucune, Clausel, and
Thomières were in no solid connexion with each other. This indeed
was what made Wellington deliver his attack. It is probable that the
Marshal’s wound occurred just about the moment (3.45) when Pakenham
and D’Urban were being directed by Wellington to advance. Even if it
fell a trifle earlier, the French left wing was already too dislocated
to have time to get into a good position before it was attacked.
Marmont, it must be confessed, rather gave away his case when, in his
reply to Napoleon’s angry query why he had fought a battle on the
22nd, he answered that he had not intended to deliver a general action
at all--it had been forced on him by Wellington[541]. If so, he was
responsible for being caught by his adversary with his army strung out
in such a fashion that it had a very poor chance of avoiding disaster.
If it be granted that the unlucky shell had never struck him, it would
not have been in ‘a quarter of an hour[542]’ (as he himself pretends),
nor even in a whole hour, that he could have rearranged a line six
miles long[543], though he might have stopped Maucune’s attack and
Thomières’s flank march in a much shorter time.

  [541] Marmont to Berthier, _Mémoires_, iv. p. 468.

  [542] Ibid., ‘la gauche eut été formée en moins d’un quart
  d’heure’!

  [543] The exact moment of Marmont’s wound is very difficult to
  fix, as also that of Wellington’s attack. The Marshal himself
  (as mentioned above, p.438) says that he was hit ‘environ les
  trois heures,’ and that Leith and Cole advanced ‘peu après, sur
  les quatre heures.’ Foy places the wound merely ‘between 3 and
  4 p.m.’ Parquin, who commanded Marmont’s escort of _chasseurs_,
  says that the Marshal had been carried back to Alba de Tormes
  by 4 o’clock--impossibly early. On the other hand Napier gives
  too late an hour, when saying that Marmont was wounded only at
  the moment when Leith and Cole advanced, 4.45 or so, and was
  running down from the Arapile because of their movement. This
  is, I imagine, much too late. But it is supported by _Victoires
  et Conquêtes_, sometimes a well-documented work but often
  inaccurate, which places the unlucky shot at 4.30. Grattan places
  the order to the British infantry (Leith and Cole) to prepare to
  attack at 4.20--Leith Hay at ‘at least an hour after 3 o’clock.’
  Gomm, on the other hand, makes Wellington move ‘at 3 o’clock
  in the afternoon.’ Tomkinson (usually very accurate) places
  Pakenham’s and Leith’s success at ‘about 5 p.m.’ D’Urban thinks
  that he met Lord Wellington and received his orders _after_ 4
  p.m.--probably he is half an hour too late in his estimate.

On Marmont’s fall, the command of the army of Portugal fell to Bonnet,
the senior general of division. He was within a few yards of his
wounded chief, since his division was holding the Great Arapile, and
took up the charge at once. But it was an extraordinary piece of
ill-luck for the French that Bonnet also was wounded within an hour, so
that the command passed to Clausel before six o’clock. As Foy remarks,
however, no one could have saved the compromised left wing--Marmont had
let it get into a thoroughly vicious position before he was disabled.

Since the main clash of the battle of Salamanca started at the western
end of the field, it will be best to begin the narrative of the British
advance with the doings of Pakenham and D’Urban. These two officers
had some two miles of rough ground to cover between the point where
Wellington had parted from them, and the point which had now been
reached by the head of the French advance. They were ordered to move
in four ‘columns of lines,’ with D’Urban’s cavalry forming the two
outer or right-hand columns, the third composed of Wallace’s brigade
(1/45th, 1/88th, 74th) and of Power’s Portuguese (9th and 21st Line
and 12th Caçadores), while the fourth consisted of Campbell’s brigade
(1/5th, 2/5th, 94th, 2/83rd). The object of this formation was that
the division, when it came into action, should be able to deploy into
two lines, without the delay that would have been caused if the third
brigade had followed in the wake of the other two[544].

  [544] Wellington in his dispatch (ix. p. 302) speaks of the four
  columns, D’Urban makes it clear that his own squadrons formed the
  outer two, but the fact that Power’s Portuguese followed Wallace
  in the 3rd column only emerges in the Regimental History of the
  45th (Dalbiac), p. 103. This is quite consistent with the other
  information.

The way in which the two sides came into collision was rather peculiar.
Thomières’s column was accompanied by the whole, or nearly the whole,
of Curto’s light cavalry division, which, as one would have supposed,
would naturally have been keeping a squadron or so in advance to
explore the way, as well as others on the flanks to cover the
infantry. But it appears that this simple precaution was not taken,
for Pakenham and D’Urban met no French cavalry at all, till they had
got well in touch with the hostile infantry. Curto, we must suppose,
was marching parallel with the centre, not certainly with the head,
of Thomières’s division, without any vedettes or exploring parties in
front. For D’Urban describes the first meeting as follows:--

‘The enemy was marching by his left along the wooded heights, which
form the southern boundary of the valley of the Arapiles, and the
western extremity of which closes in a lower fall, which descends upon
the little stream of the Azan, near the village of Miranda. As the head
of our column approached this lower fall, or hill, skirting it near its
base, and having it on our left, we became aware that we were close to
the enemy, though we could not see them owing to the trees, the dust,
and the peculiar configuration of the ground. Anxious, therefore, to
ascertain their exact whereabouts I had ridden out a little in front,
having with me, I think, only my brigade-major Flangini and Da Camara,
when upon clearing the verge of a small clump of trees, a short way
up the slope, I came suddenly upon the head of a French column of
infantry, having about a company in front, and marching very fast
by its left. It was at once obvious that, as the columns of the 3rd
Division were marching on our left, the French must be already beyond
their right, and consequently I ought to attack at once[545].’

  [545] All this from D’Urban’s unpublished narrative in the
  D’Urban papers.

This was apparently the leading battalion of the French 101st, marching
with its front absolutely uncovered by either cavalry vedettes or
any exploring parties of its own. D’Urban galloped back, unseen by
the enemy, and wheeled his leading regiment, the 1st Portuguese
dragoons--three weak squadrons of little over 200 sabres--into line,
with orders to charge the French battalion, before it should take the
alarm and form square. The 11th Portuguese, and two squadrons of the
British 14th Light Dragoons, which had only just arrived on the ground,
being the foremost part of Arentschildt’s brigade, followed in support.
The charge was successful--the French were so much taken by surprise
that the only manœuvre they were able to perform was to close their
second company upon the first, so that their front was six deep. The
two squadrons of the Portuguese which attacked frontally suffered
severe loss, their colonel, Watson, falling severely wounded among the
French bayonets. But the right-hand squadron, which overlapped the
French left, broke in almost unopposed on the unformed flank of the
battalion, which then went to pieces, and was chased uphill by the
whole of the Portuguese horsemen, losing many prisoners[546].

  [546] All this is from D’Urban’s narrative, and letters from
  Colonel Watson to D’Urban. The colonel bitterly resented Napier’s
  account of the charge (_Peninsular War_, iv. p. 268).

This sudden assault on his leading unit, which seems to have been
acting as an advanced guard, and was considerably ahead of the next,
must have been sufficiently startling to Thomières, who was taken
wholly unawares. But the next moment brought worse trouble: the first
brigade of the 3rd Division--Wallace’s--emerged almost simultaneously
with the cavalry charge from the scattered trees which had hitherto
covered its advance, and was seen coming uphill in beautiful order
against him. He was caught in a long column--battalion marching behind
battalion, with considerable intervals between the regiments, of which
there were three (101st, three battalions; 62nd, two battalions; 1st,
three battalions)[547]. If he was able to see Pakenham’s supporting
lines, which is a little doubtful, Thomières must have known that
he was considerably outnumbered: the British division had 5,800
men against his 4,500, while Curto’s 1,800 light cavalry were not
forthcoming at the critical moment to save the situation.

  [547] The division was marching left in front, so that the senior
  regiment was in the rear. The fourth unit of the division (23rd
  Léger) was absent, garrisoning Astorga, as was also the 2nd
  battalion of the 1st, which was a very strong four-battalion
  corps. Hence there were only 8 battalions out of 11 present, or
  4,300 men out of 6,200.

The space between the advancing line of Wallace’s brigade and the head
of the French column, when they came in sight of each other, was about
1,000 yards--the time that it took to bring them into collision just
sufficed to enable Thomières to make some sort of hasty disposition
of his battalions: those in the rear pushed out on to the flanks
of the leading regiment, and made an irregular line of columns
badly spaced. The _voltigeurs_ of each battalion had time to run to
the front: ‘their light troops,’ says a witness from the Connaught
Rangers, ‘hoping to take advantage of the time which our deploying
from column into line would take, ran down the face of the hill in a
state of great excitement.’ Pakenham appears to have sent out against
them his three companies of the 5/60th and the whole of the 12th
Caçadores, a skirmishing line of superior strength. Wallace’s three
battalions formed line from open column without halting, when they had
got to within 250 yards of the enemy: ‘the different companies, by
throwing forward their right shoulders, were in line without the slow
manœuvre of a deployment.’ The French fire is said to have been rather
ineffective, because delivered downhill. The most serious loss was that
caused by Thomières’s divisional battery, which got up and into action
very promptly. It was answered by Douglas’s battery, the divisional
artillery of the 3rd Division, which unlimbered on a knoll at the edge
of the wood, and sent a raking discharge uphill, against the right
of the French division, shelling it over the heads of the brigade
advancing up the slope. The two Portuguese line regiments, from the
rear of Wallace’s brigade, formed in support of him: Campbell’s brigade
followed as a third line.

The main body of the French[548] stood in a group, rather than a line,
of battalion columns near the brow of the hill, while Wallace’s brigade
continued to press upwards with a front which outflanked the enemy
at both ends. ‘Regardless of the fire of the _tirailleurs_, and the
shower of grape and canister, the brigade continued to press onward.
The centre (88th regiment) suffered, but still advanced, the right
and left (l/45th and 74th) continued to go forward at a more rapid
pace, and as the wings inclined forward and outstripped the centre,
the brigade assumed the form of a crescent[549].’ They were nearly at
the brow, when Thomières directed the French columns to charge down
in support of his _tirailleurs_. The mass, with drums beating and
loud shouts of _Vive l’Empereur_, ran forward, and the leading files
delivered a heavy fire, which told severely on the 88th. But on coming
under fire in return the French halted, and then wavered: ‘their second
discharge was unlike the first--it was irregular and ill-directed,
the men acted without concert or method: many fired in the air.’ The
three British battalions then cheered and advanced, when the enemy,
his columns already in much confusion and mixed with the wrecks of his
_tirailleurs_, gave way completely, and went off in confusion along the
top of the plateau.

  [548] It is not certain that the whole of the rear regiment (the
  1st Line) was in the group: possibly one or two of its battalions
  were not yet on the ground.

  [549] Grattan, p. 245.

Just at this moment Curto’s _chasseurs_ at last appeared--where they
had been up to this moment does not appear, but certainly not in
their proper place. Now, however, six or seven squadrons of them came
trotting up on the outer flank of the broken division, of whom some
charged the two battalions which formed the right of Pakenham’s first
and third lines--the 1/45th and 1/5th respectively. The former, feebly
attacked, threw back some companies _en potence_ and beat off their
assailants easily. The latter fell back some little way, and had many
men cut up, but finally rallied in a clump and were not broken[550].
Their assailants disappeared a moment after, being driven off by
Arentschildt, who had just come up on Pakenham’s right with the five
squadrons of the 1st Hussars K.G.L. and 14th Light Dragoons[551].
D’Urban’s Portuguese were now a little to the rear, rallying after
their successful charge and collecting prisoners: their commander says
in his narrative of this part of the battle that he never saw any
French cavalry till later in the day, but does not dispute that the
5th may have been attacked by them without his knowledge.

  [550] The 1/5th lost 126 men, more than any other 3rd Division
  regiment except the 88th. Sergeant Morley of the 5th, its only
  Salamanca diarist, writes (p. 113): ‘There was a pause--a
  hesitation. Here I blush--but I should blush more if I were
  guilty of a falsehood. We retired--slowly, in good order, not
  far, not 100 paces. General Pakenham approached, and very
  good-naturedly said “re-form,” and after a moment “advance--there
  they are, my lads--let them feel the temper of your bayonets.”
  We advanced--rather slowly at first, a regiment of dragoons
  which had retired with us again accompanying ... and took our
  retribution for our repulse.’ The dragoon regiment was presumably
  part of D’Urban’s brigade.

  [551] This comes from the report of Arentschildt on the doings
  of his brigade: it is not mentioned by Napier, nor is there
  anything about it in Wellington’s dispatch. The time is fixed by
  Arentschildt speaking of it as ‘during the attack on the first
  hill.’ He says that he closed with the main body of the French
  horse and drove it off.

Curto’s cavalry being driven off, the 3rd Division and its attendant
squadrons pursued the broken French division of infantry along the top
of the plateau, and very nearly annihilated it. Thomières was killed,
his divisional battery was captured whole; of his two leading regiments
the 101st Line lost 1,031 men out of 1,449 present: its colonel and
eagle were both taken with many hundred unwounded prisoners: the 62nd
Line lost 868 men out of 1,123. The rear regiment, the 1st Line, got
off with the comparatively trifling casualty-list of 231 out of 1,743:
it was possibly not up in time to take part in resisting Pakenham’s
first attack, and may perhaps have done no more than cover the retreat
of the wrecks of the two leading regiments. The whole division was
out of action as a fighting body for the rest of the day, having lost
2,130 men out of a little over 4,500.[552] The victorious British 3rd
Division, whose casualties had not amounted to more than 500 of all
ranks, continued to press the fugitives before it, till it had gone a
mile, and came in on the flank of Maucune’s division, the next unit in
the French line; D’Urban’s cavalry accompanied it close on its right
flank, Arentschildt’s squadrons lay farther out, watching Curto’s
defeated first brigade of _chasseurs_, which rallied upon a reserve,
his second brigade, and made head once more against the pursuers, just
about the same time that Pakenham’s infantry began again to meet with
resistance.

  [552] The losses in officers of the three regiments were, taking
  killed and wounded only, not unwounded prisoners, 25 for the
  101st, 15 for the 62nd, 5 for the 1st, by Martinien’s lists.
  The British returns of prisoners sent to England, at the Record
  Office, show 6 officers from the 101st, 2 from the 62nd, and 1
  from the 1st, received after the battle. I presume that nearly
  all the wounded, both officers and rank and file, count among the
  prisoners. The 1st entered in its regimental report 176 _tués
  ou pris_, 22 _blessés_, 29 _disparus_: here the only people who
  got away would be the 22 _blessés_. The regimental return of the
  101st shows 31 officers wanting--which seems to correspond to the
  25 killed and wounded plus the 6 prisoners sent to England.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER VII

THE BATTLE OF SALAMANCA: THE MAIN ENGAGEMENT


We must now turn from the exploits of Pakenham and the 3rd Division to
deal with the great central attack of Wellington’s frontal striking
force, the 5th and 4th Divisions, under Leith and Cole, upon the French
left centre. They had been told to move on when Bradford’s Portuguese
brigade should be sufficiently near to cover the right flank of the
5th Division, and the necessity of waiting for this support caused
their attack to be delivered perceptibly later than that of Pakenham.
Leith had drawn out his division in two lines, the first consisting
of Greville’s brigade (3/1st, 1/9th, and both battalions of the
38th) and the first battalion of the 4th, brought up from the rear
brigade (Pringle’s) to equalize the front of the two lines: the second
consisted of the rest of that brigade (the second battalion of the
4th, the 2/30th, and 2/44th) and the Portuguese of Spry (3rd and 15th
Line). There was a heavy skirmishing line in front, composed of all the
British light companies and the 8th Caçadores[553]. Cole had a smaller
force, as his left brigade (Anson’s) had been told off to the defence
of the British Arapile: the 3/27th was holding that rocky knoll, the
1/40th was at its foot in support. Only therefore the Fusilier brigade
(under Ellis of the 23rd) and Stubbs’s Portuguese formed the attacking
force. They were in a single line of seven battalions, with a heavy
skirmishing screen composed of four light companies and the whole of
the 7th Caçadores[554]. The Fusilier brigade of the 4th Division went
through the end of the village of Arapiles, which it did by files from
the right of companies, the companies forming up again on the east side
of the place, upon their sergeants regularly sent out as markers. This
defile delayed the advance of the division, which therefore attacked
decidedly later than Leith’s men, the joint movement being in an
échelon, with the right leading and the left considerably refused. It
was obvious that when the 4th Division drew near to the French line
on the plateau, it would be exposing its left flank to the hostile
division (Bonnet’s) which was massed on and near the Greater Arapile.
Wellington had noted this, and had given special discretionary orders
to Pack, directing him to use his independent brigade for the sole
purpose of protecting the near flank of the 4th Division; he might
attack the Arapile, as the best means of holding back Bonnet from
descending against Cole’s line, or might manœuvre below the knoll for
the same purpose. When the dangerous moment came, Pack, as we shall
see, took the bull by the horns, and assailed the precipitous height in
front with his whole 2,000 men.

  [553] All this from Leith Hay, ii. p. 53. The 1/38th had joined
  from Lisbon only twelve hours back.

  [554] This is proved by the narrative of the Brunswick captain,
  Wachholz, who commanded the company of that corps attached to the
  Fusilier brigade.

In the rear of the 4th Division the 6th was now coming up the back
slope of the hill behind the Arapile in second line: similarly the 7th
Division was following the 5th. To the right of the 7th, Stapleton
Cotton was moving up from Las Torres with the cavalry reserve, now
consisting only of the six regiments of Le Marchant and G. Anson.
Bradford, more to the right still, and not yet in line with Leith and
Cole, moved with España’s small Spanish division behind him.

Of Wellington’s front line Leith with the 5th Division had Maucune in
front of him: Cole would have to deal with Clausel, who had arrived
late on the ground, and was only just taking up his position on the
extreme right end of the French plateau. Pack and W. Anson’s detached
brigade from the 4th Division, with the Lesser Arapile in their
power, looked across the valley at Bonnet, massed around its greater
twin-hill. The British attacking line was amply provided with reserves:
the defensive line of the French was still very thin, though Brennier’s
division was hurrying up from the head of the wood to support Maucune.
Sarrut’s division was still invisible in the forest far to the rear:
Ferey’s was better seen--it was hastening up across the open ground on
its way from the extreme French right, but must obviously be too late
to join in meeting Wellington’s first attack.

The roar of the cannon and musketry away in the direction of the Pico
de Miranda had been announcing for some time that Pakenham was at
close grips with Thomières, before Leith marched down from his heights
to cross the valley that separated him from Maucune’s position. Soon
after five, however, the 5th Division was in close contact with the
enemy, having suffered a considerable amount of casualties in reaching
him, mainly from the very superior French artillery fire, which swept
every yard of the glacis-like slope that ascends from the bottom of
the Arapiles valley to the brow of the plateau that forms its southern
limit.

‘The ground,’ writes Leith Hay, ‘between the advancing force and that
which it was to assail was crowded by the light troops of both sides in
extended order, carrying on a very incessant _tiraillade_. The general
desired me to ride forward, to make our light infantry press up the
heights to cover his line of march, and to bid them, if practicable,
make a rush at the enemy’s guns. Our light troops soon drove in those
opposed to them: the cannon were removed to the rear: every obstruction
to the general advance of our line vanished. In front of the centre
of that beautiful line rode General Leith, directing its movements.
Occasionally every soldier was visible, the sun shining bright upon
their arms, though at intervals all were enveloped in a dense cloud of
dust, from whence at times issued the animating cheer of the British
infantry.

[Illustration: SALAMANCA]

‘The French columns, retired from the crest of the heights, were formed
in squares, about fifty yards behind the line at which, when arrived,
the British regiments would become visible. Their artillery, although
placed more to the rear, still poured its fire upon our advancing
troops. We were now near the summit of the ridge. The men marched with
the same orderly steadiness as at the first: no advance in line at a
review was ever more correctly executed: the dressing was admirable,
and the gaps caused by casualties were filled up with the most perfect
regularity. General Leith and the officers of his staff, being on
horseback, first perceived the enemy, and had time to observe his
formation, before our infantry line became so visible as to induce him
to commence firing. He was drawn up in contiguous squares, the front
rank kneeling, and prepared to fire when the drum should beat. All
was still and quiet in these squares: not a musket was discharged until
the whole opened. Nearly at the same instant General Leith ordered our
line to fire and charge. At this moment the last thing I saw through
the smoke was the plunge of the horse of Colonel Greville, commanding
the leading brigade, who, shot through the head, reared and fell back
on his rider. In an instant every individual present was enveloped in
smoke and obscurity. No serious struggle for ascendancy followed, for
the French squares were penetrated, broken, and discomfited, and the
victorious 5th Division pressed forward no longer against troops formed
up, but against a mass of disorganized men flying in all directions....
When close to the enemy’s squares Leith had been severely wounded and
reluctantly forced to quit the field; at the same moment I was hit
myself, and my horse killed by a musket-ball: thus removed, I cannot
detail the further movements of the division[555].’

  [555] Leith Hay, ii. pp. 57-8.

In this clear and simple narrative the most remarkable point is Leith
Hay’s distinct statement that the French received the charge of the
5th Division in a line of squares, a most strange formation to adopt
against infantry advancing deployed, even when it was supplemented by
a strong screen of _tirailleurs_, and flanked by several batteries
of artillery. It is possible that Maucune adopted it because, from
his commanding position on the plateau, he could see a considerable
body of cavalry coming up on Leith’s right rear. This was composed
of the brigades of Le Marchant and G. Anson, which Stapleton Cotton
was bringing up to the front by Wellington’s orders. While Leith
was advancing they pressed forward, Le Marchant leading, and passed
up the hill in the interval between the 5th Division and Pakenham’s
front--leaving behind them Bradford, who had crossed the valley
parallel to, but much behind, the right of Leith. Bradford had no
solid body of troops in front of him, being outside Maucune’s extreme
left, and suffered practically no loss--the total casualty list of his
brigade that day was only seventeen men. This contrasts marvellously
with the loss of Leith’s front line, where Greville’s brigade in their
triumphant advance lost 350 men--mainly from the artillery fire
endured while the long slope of the French plateau was being mounted:
for there were at least four batteries aligned on Maucune’s right, and
their guns had been worked till the last possible minute.

Whatever was the cause of the formation in square adopted by the French
division, it would have been fortunate if only it could have preserved
that formation a little longer; for precisely when it had lost its
order, and fallen back before Leith’s shattering volleys of musketry,
Le Marchant’s heavy dragoons arrived upon the crest of the plateau. No
better opportunity for the use of cavalry could have been conceived,
than that which existed at this moment. Infantry already engaged with,
and worsted by, other infantry is the destined prey of cavalry coming
on the scene from the flank in unbroken order. Le Marchant had received
his instructions directly from Wellington, who had told him to ‘charge
in at all hazards[556],’ when he saw the French battalions on the
plateau hotly engaged. He had formed his 1,000 sabres in two lines,
the 5th Dragoon Guards and 4th Dragoons in front, the 3rd Dragoons
in support, and had come over the sky-line and trotted down into the
valley just as Leith’s division got to close quarters with Maucune.
Passing Bradford on his right, he came to the crest to find all
confusion in front of him. The squares that Leith had just broken were
rolling back in disorder: directly behind a new division (Brennier’s),
only just arriving upon the field, was beginning to form up, to cover
and support the shaken battalions. Some distance to their left rear the
remains of Thomières’s division, in a disorderly crowd, were falling
back in front of the triumphant advance of Pakenham.

  [556] See Le Marchant’s _Life_, from notes supplied by his son,
  in Cole’s _Peninsular Generals_, ii. p. 281.

Le Marchant charged in diagonally upon the flank of Maucune’s left
brigade, and caught the two battalions of the 66th regiment falling
back from the crest. The Frenchmen were courageous enough to make a
desperate attempt to club themselves together in a solid mass: their
rear ranks faced about and opened a heavy fire upon the advancing
squadrons. But it was given with uncertain aim and trifling effect, and
before they could reload the dragoons were among them. A desperate
minority attempted to resist with the bayonet, and were sabred: some
hundreds cast down their muskets, raised their hands, and asked
quarter. The rear ranks scattered and fled southward across the
plateau. Leaving the gathering up of the prisoners to the infantry of
Leith, Le Marchant led his brigade, so soon as some order could be
restored, against the next regiment of Maucune’s division, the 15th
Line; they were better prepared for resistance than the 66th, which
had been caught quite unawares, they showed a regular front, and gave
a more effective fire. Many of the dragoons fell; but nevertheless
their impetus carried them through the mass, which went to pieces and
dispersed into a disorderly crowd: it fled in the same direction as the
wrecks of the 66th.

Le Marchant’s brigade had now lost its formation, ‘the three regiments
had become mixed together, the officers rode where they could find
places: but a good front, without intervals, was still maintained, and
there was no confusion[557].’ In front of them there was now a fresh
enemy--the 22nd Line, the leading regiment of the division of Brennier,
which had just arrived on the field, and was getting into order to
save and support Maucune’s routed battalions. It would seem that in
the midst of the dust and smoke, and surrounded and interfered with by
the fugitives of the broken regiments, the 22nd had either no time or
no good opportunity for forming squares: they were found in _colonne
serrée_, in good order, partly covered by a clump of trees, an outlying
thicket from the great forest to their rear. They reserved their fire,
with great composure, till the dragoons were within ten yards distance,
and poured a volley so close and well aimed upon the leading squadron
[5th Dragoon Guards] that nearly a fourth of them fell. Tremendous
as was the effect of the discharge, the dragoons were not arrested:
they broke in through the opposing bayonets, and plunged into the
dense masses of the enemy. In the combat which ensued, broadsword
and bayonet were used against each other with various results: the
French, hewn down and trampled under the horses’ feet, offered all the
resistance that brave men could make. Le Marchant himself had some
narrow escapes--he fought like a private, and had to cut down more
than one of the enemy. It was only after a fierce struggle that the
French yielded, and he had the satisfaction of seeing them fly before
him in helpless confusion. The brigade had now lost all order: the
dragoons, excited by the struggle, vied with each other in the pursuit,
and galloped recklessly into the crowd of fugitives, sabring those who
came within their reach. To restrain them at such a moment was beyond
the power of their officers[558].’

  [557] _Life of Le Marchant_, p. 285.

  [558] _Life of Le Marchant_, pp. 286-7.

Le Marchant endeavoured to keep a few men in hand, in order to guard
against any attempt of the French to rally, but he had only about
half a squadron of the 4th Dragoons with him, when he came upon some
companies which were beginning to re-form in the edge of the great
wood. He led his party against them, and drove them back among the
trees, where they dispersed. But at the moment of contact he was shot
dead, by a ball which entered his groin and broke his spine. Thus fell
an officer of whom great things had been expected by all who knew him,
in the moment when he had just obtained and used to the full his first
chance of leading his brigade in a general action. One of the few
scientific soldiers in the cavalry arm whom the British army owned, Le
Marchant had been mainly known as the founder and administrator of the
Royal Military College at High Wycombe, which was already beginning to
send to the front many young officers trained as their predecessors
had never been. He was the author of many military pamphlets, and
of a new system of sword exercise which had lately been adopted for
the cavalry[559]. On his promotion to the rank of Major-General, in
1811, he had been unexpectedly sent to the Peninsula in command of
the heavy brigade, which reinforced Wellington during that autumn. As
an executive commander in the field he had given the first proofs of
his ability at the combat of Villagarcia[560]--but this was a small
affair--at Salamanca he proved himself a born commander of cavalry, and
his services would have been invaluable to Wellington in later fields
but for the disastrous shot that ended his career. He was a man of a
lofty and religious spirit, ill to be spared by his country[561].

  [559] Le Marchant was also an admirable artist in water colours.
  I saw many of his pleasing sketches of Peninsular landscapes when
  his grandson, Sir Henry Le Marchant, allowed me to look through
  his correspondence and notes.

  [560] See p. 277 above.

  [561] I have read with respect his admirable letters to his
  family. ‘I never go into battle,’ he said, ‘without subjecting
  myself to a strict self-examination: when, having (as I hope)
  humbly made my peace with God, I leave the result in His hands,
  with perfect confidence that He will determine what is best for
  me.’

Le Marchant’s charge made a complete wreck of the left wing of the
French army. The remnants of the eight battalions which he had broken
fled eastward in a confused mass, towards the edge of the woods,
becoming blended with the separate stream of fugitives from Thomières’s
division. The 5th Division swept in some 1,500 prisoners from them, as
also the eagle of the 22nd Line, which the heavy brigade had broken in
their last effort, while five guns were taken by the 4th Dragoons[562].
The French, flying blindly from the pursuit, were so scattered that
some of them actually ran in headlong among D’Urban’s Portuguese horse,
on the back side of the plateau. ‘We were so far in their rear,’
writes that officer, ‘that a mass of their routed infantry (to our
astonishment, since we did not know the cause) in the wildness of their
panic and confusion, and throwing away their arms, actually ran against
our horses, where many of them fell down exhausted, and incapable of
further movement.’ The same happened in the front of the 3rd Division,
where, according to a narrator in the Connaught Rangers, ‘hundreds of
men frightfully disfigured, black with dust, worn out with fatigue,
and covered with sabre-cuts and blood, threw themselves among us for
safety.’

  [562] It is vexatious to find that neither the 22nd nor the 66th
  was among the fourteen Salamanca regiments of which detailed
  casualty lists survive. The 15th Line returned 15 officers and
  359 men as their loss. Martinien’s tables show 21 officers
  lost in the 22nd, and 17 in the 66th. The deficits of these
  two regiments as shown by the muster-rolls of August 1 were
  respectively about 750 and 500, but these do not represent their
  total losses, as all the regiments present at the battle had
  picked up many men at their dépôts at Valladolid, and from the
  small evacuated posts, before August 1, e.g. the 15th had 52
  officers present on July 15, lost 15 at Salamanca, but showed 46
  present on August 1; 9 officers must have joined from somewhere
  in the interim. So the 66th had 38 officers present on July 15,
  lost 17, but showed 34 present on August 1. Thirteen more must
  have arrived, and accompanied of course by the corresponding rank
  and file.

The 3rd Division had now, in its advance along the plateau, come in
contact with the right flank of the fifth, and both of them fell into
one line reaching across the whole breadth of the heights, while in
front of them were recoiling the wrecks of Thomières, Maucune, and
Brennier. The four French regiments which had not been caught in Le
Marchant’s charge were still keeping together, and making occasional
attempts at a stand, but were always outflanked on their left by the
3rd Division and Arentschildt’s and D’Urban’s horse. Curto’s French
light cavalry had rallied, and picked up their second brigade, and were
now doing their best to cover the southern flank of the retreating
multitude[563]. An officer of one of their regiments speaks in his
memoirs of having charged with advantage against red dragoons--these
must apparently have been scattered parties of Le Marchant’s brigade,
pursuing far and furiously, since no other red-coated cavalry was in
this part of the field[564]. But Curto’s squadrons had mainly to do
with Arentschildt and D’Urban, both of whom report sharp fighting with
French horse at this moment. The 3rd French Hussars charged the 1st
Hussars K.G.L., while the latter were employed in gleaning prisoners
from the routed infantry, and were only driven off after a severe
combat[565]. The pursuit then continued until the disordered French
masses were driven off the plateau, and on to the wooded hills parallel
with the Greater Arapile, where Marmont had massed his army before his
fatal move to the left.

  [563] The regiments of Maucune’s brigade, which did not get
  caught in the cavalry charge (82nd and 86th), lost only 8 and 3
  officers respectively, as against the 15 and 17 lost by the 66th
  and 15th. Of Brennier’s division the 22nd Line had 21 casualties
  among officers, while the 65th and 17th Léger had only 3 and 9
  respectively.

  [564] So Parquin of the 13th Chasseurs in his _Mémoires_, p. 302.
  The only other red-coated dragoons in Wellington’s army, Bock’s
  brigade, were far away to the left.

  [565] Arentschildt reports that his and D’Urban’s men were all
  mixed and busy with the French infantry, when the French hussars
  charged in, and that he rallied, to beat them off, a body
  composed mostly of his own Germans, but with Portuguese and 14th
  Light Dragoons among them.

Meanwhile the 4th Division and Pack’s Portuguese had fought, with much
less fortunate results, against the French divisions of Clausel and
Bonnet. There are good narratives of their advance from three officers
who took part in it, all so full and clear that it is impossible
to have any doubts about its details. One comes from the Assistant
Quarter-Master-General of the 4th Division, Charles Vere: the second
is from the captain commanding one of the four light companies of the
Fusilier brigade, Ludwig von Wachholz of the Brunswick-Oels Jägers:
the third is the narrative of Pack’s aide-de-camp, Charles Synge,
who was with the front line of the Portuguese in their vigorous but
unsuccessful attack on the Greater Arapile. The three narratives have
nothing contradictory in them.

The sequence of events was as follows. After deploying the three
battalions of the Fusilier brigade (1/7th, 1/23rd, 1/48th) beyond the
end of the village of Arapiles, and Stubbs’s Portuguese brigade to
their left, Cole started to cross the valley, having a very strong
skirmishing line, composed of the whole of the 7th Caçadores and of the
four light companies of the British brigade. During the first stage of
the advance, which started at 5.45[566], a perceptible time after that
of the 5th Division, the two brigades suffered severely from French
artillery fire, but had no infantry opposed to them. Their objective
was the division of Clausel, which had by this time come into line on
the extreme eastern end of the plateau occupied by Maucune. When the
advancing line had reached the trough of the valley which separated it
from the French heights, Cole saw that his left front was faced by a
detached French force[567] on a low rocky ridge half-way between the
end of the plateau and the Great Arapile, and also that behind the
Arapile, and in a position to support this detachment, were several
other French battalions. Pack was deploying to assault the Arapile,
but even if he won a first success there was visible a considerable
mass of troops behind it. After the valley was crossed Stubbs’s
Portuguese brigade, coming first into action, with the caçadores in
front, attacked the French regiment on the knoll and drove it back.
It retired towards the Arapile and the bulk of Bonnet’s division, to
which it belonged. Cole detached his caçador battalion to follow it,
hoping that Pack might succeed in ‘containing’ the rest of the French
force in this direction. The remainder of his line pushed on, with
the light companies of the Fusilier brigade acting as its screen, and
attacked Clausel on the plateau. The advance was steady, but cost many
lives, and the line was enfiladed by a tiresome flank fire from the
French guns on the top of the Great Arapile. Nevertheless the crest
was reached--on it lay the front line of the French division--five
battalions--which engaged in a furious frontal combat of musketry with
the Fusiliers and their Portuguese comrades, but was beaten in it, and
fell back some 200 yards on to its reserves. The impetus of the attack
was exhausted, Cole had just been wounded, so that there was a gap
in the command, and the troops were re-forming and recovering their
breath, when it was seen that things were going very badly behind and
to the left. The attack on the Arapile had by this time been delivered,
and had failed completely.

  [566] The moment is fixed by Wachholz, who says that he looked at
  his watch, to fix the hour.

  [567] This was the 122nd (three battalions), of Bonnet’s
  division, which Marmont says (see above, p. 430) that he had
  placed as a connecting-link between the Arapile and the troops on
  the plateau.

Pack had grasped the fact that when the 4th Division had crossed
the valley, it would be much at the mercy of Bonnet’s troops in the
direction of the Arapile, which were now on its flank, and would
presently be almost in its rear. He therefore resolved to use the
option of attacking that Wellington had given him. He deployed the 4th
Caçadores as a skirmishing line, gave them as an immediate support
the four grenadier companies of his line regiments, and followed with
the rest in two columns, the 1st Line on the right, the 16th on the
left. The caçadores went up the comparatively level field which formed
the central slope between the two rocky ends of the Arapile--it was
sown with rye some three feet high that year. French skirmishers in
small numbers gave way before them, but the main opposition of the
enemy was from his battery placed on the summit. The skirmishing line
got four-fifths of the way to the crest, and then found an obstacle
before it, a bank of some four feet high, where the field ended. It was
perpendicular, and men scrambling up it had to sling their muskets, or
to lay them down, so as to be able to use both hands. The caçadores
were just tackling the bank--a few of them were over it--when the
French regiment on top, the 120th, which had been waiting till the
Portuguese should reach the obstacle, delivered a shattering volley
and charged. The caçadores were quite helpless, being more engaged
in climbing than in using their arms[568]. They were swept off in a
moment, and the French, jumping down into the field, pursued them
vigorously, and overthrew first the supporting grenadier companies,
and then the two regiments, which were caught half-way up the slope.
As Napier truly observes, ‘the Portuguese were scoffed at for their
failure--but unjustly: no troops could have withstood that crash upon
such steep ground, and the propriety of attacking the hill at all seems
questionable.’ Pack made the attempt purely because he thought that it
was the only way of taking off the attention of the French from Cole’s
flank. The brigade suffered heavily, losing 386 men in ten minutes. It
took refuge at the foot of the British Arapile, where it was covered by
the 1/40th of Anson’s brigade, which was standing there in reserve.

  [568] All this from the journal of Chas. Synge, Pack’s
  aide-de-camp, who was with the caçadores, and was desperately
  wounded at the bank, in the first clash. It was printed in the
  _Nineteenth Century_ for July 1912.

The French brigadier in command on the Greater Arapile wisely made
little attempt to pursue Pack’s fugitives, but having his front now
clear of any danger, sallied out from behind his hill with three
regiments, the 118th and 119th and the re-formed 122nd, against the
flank and rear of the British 4th Division. There was nothing in front
of him save the 7th Caçadores, which Cole had detached as a covering
force, when he stormed the heights with the remainder of the brigades
of Ellis and Stubbs. This isolated battalion behaved very well, it
stood its ground in line, but was absolutely overwhelmed and broken up
by the superior numbers converging on it[569].

  [569] See Vere’s _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 36.

Nearly at the same moment Clausel’s whole force in column charged the
two brigades of the 4th Division which had carried the heights. The
French were in superior numbers--ten battalions to seven--and their two
reserve regiments were fresh troops, acting against men who had just
won a dearly-bought success by a great effort. The Anglo-Portuguese
line gave way, from the left first, where the 23rd Portuguese began
the movement. But it spread down the whole front, and the Fusiliers,
no less than Stubbs’s brigade, recoiled to the very foot of the
plateau[570].

  [570] All this from Wachholz, who was now with the 7th Fusiliers.

This reverse gave Clausel, who was now in command since Bonnet’s wound,
an opportunity that looked unlikely a few minutes before. He could
either withdraw the Army of Portugal in retreat, covering the three
disorganized divisions with those which were still intact--his own,
Bonnet’s, and the two reserve divisions of Ferey and Sarrut, which had
just come on the ground--Foy was far off and otherwise engaged--or
he might adopt a bolder policy, and attempt to take advantage of the
disaster to Pack and Cole, by bursting into the gap between Leith and
the British Arapile, and trying to break Wellington’s centre. Being an
ambitious and resolute man he chose the latter alternative--though it
was a dangerous one when Leith and Pakenham were bearing in hard upon
his routed left wing. Accordingly he left Sarrut to rally and cover the
three beaten divisions, and attacked with his right centre. His own
division followed the retreating brigades of Ellis and Stubbs down the
heights, while the three disposable regiments of Bonnet came into line
to its right, and Boyer’s three regiments of dragoons advanced down the
depression between the Greater Arapile and the recovered plateau. Ferey
was left in second line or reserve on the crest.

At first the advance had considerable success. Bonnet’s regiments
pushed forward on the right, driving in the 1/40th[571], which had
come forward to cover Pack’s routed battalions, and pressing quite
close to the British Arapile, whose battery was turned upon them with
much effect. Clausel’s own division pushed the Fusiliers some way
down the slope and right into the valley at its foot. The dragoons
charged Stubbs’s retreating Portuguese, and cut up many of them,
though the 11th regiment finally succeeded in forming square with what
remained solid of its companies, and beat off the main attack. Part
of the French horsemen, however, pushed on, and reached the front of
Wellington’s reserve line, the 6th Division, which had now descended
the heights to relieve the broken 4th. One battalion of Hulse’s
brigade, the 2/53rd, was charged by several squadrons, but formed
square in time and repulsed them. Some little way to the right the
Fusiliers and the Portuguese 23rd formed a large parti-coloured square,
expecting a similar attack, but it did not come their way[572].

  [571] See Vere’s _Marches of the 4th Division_, p. 36. The 3/27th
  on top of the hill was not brought forward, as some wrongly say.

  [572] This from Wachholz’s narrative, very clearly explained. The
  Fusiliers were _not_ relieved by the advance of the 1/40th and
  3/27th, as some authorities state.

Wellington, thanks to his own prescience, had ample reserves with which
to parry Clausel’s desperate stroke. Setting aside the Light Division,
which now paired off against Foy on the extreme left of the field,
there were the 1st, 6th, and 7th Divisions, not to speak of Bradford’s
Portuguese and España’s Spaniards, all of them perfectly intact. And
of these, such was his strength, only one fresh unit, Clinton’s 6th
Division, required to be brought up to turn the day. It was now coming
over the valley where the 4th had preceded it, in a long majestic line,
Hulse’s brigade on the right, Hinde’s on the left, the Portuguese of
the Conde de Rezende in second line. The 1st Division, if it had been
needed, could have supported Clinton, from its post just to the north
of the Lesser Arapile, but had not yet got under way.

The repulse of the new French attack was carried out with no great
difficulty, if not without serious fighting. The advance of Clausel’s
own division was checked by Marshal Beresford, who took Spry’s
Portuguese brigade out of the second line of the victorious 5th
Division, and led it diagonally along the southern slope of the plateau
to fall upon Clausel’s flank. This it did effectively, for the French
division could not dare to press on against the Fusiliers, and had to
throw back its left, and form up opposite Spry, with whom it became
engaged in a lively musketry fight. It could no longer move forward,
and was immobilized, though it held its own: Beresford was wounded in
the chest and taken to the rear, but Spry’s five battalions had served
the desired purpose, and stopped the French advance in this quarter.

But the decisive check to Clausel’s offensive was given by Clinton and
the 6th Division, who advancing straight before them--over the ground
previously traversed by Cole--fell upon, overlapped at both ends,
and thoroughly discomfited in close musketry duel the nine battalions
of Bonnet’s division, which had pressed forward close to the Lesser
Arapile, as if to insert a wedge in the British line. Unsupported by
Boyer’s dragoons, who had shot their bolt too early, and were now
re-forming far to the rear, this French division was badly cut up. Each
of the three regiments which had taken part in its advance lost more
than 500 men in the struggle[573]: they fell back in disorder towards
the hill behind them, and their rout compelled Clausel’s division to
give way also, since it exposed its flank to the oncoming line of
Hulse’s brigade on Clinton’s right. Moreover the Great Arapile had to
be evacuated, for while the routed troops passed away to its left rear,
the 1st British Division was soon after seen steadily advancing towards
its right. The regiment on the hill (the 120th) was exposed to be cut
off and surrounded, and hastily ran down the back of the mount: while
retreating it was much molested by the skirmishers of the German Legion
Brigade of the 1st Division. It lost heavily, and the battery that had
been on the summit was captured before it could get away.

  [573] The 122nd lost 21 officers and 508 men, the 118th and
  119th probably as many or more--they had respectively 20 and
  26 officers hit. The 120th, the regiment on the Great Arapile,
  lost only 8 officers--but 580 men, an almost inexplicable
  disproportion. The 118th claimed to have taken a flag--perhaps
  one of the 7th Portuguese Caçadores, who were badly cut up when
  Bonnet first advanced.

Thus Clausel’s brief half-hour of triumph ended in complete disaster,
and the two divisions with which he had made his stroke were flung back
against the slope in front of the woods in their rear, where they took
refuge behind the intact division of Ferey, the sole available reserve
in this part of the field. They were now as badly beaten as Thomières
and Maucune had been earlier in the day[574].

  [574] The losses of three of Clausel’s four regiments chance to
  have been preserved--the 25th Léger lost 16 officers and 322 men:
  the 27th Ligne 7 officers and 159 men: the 59th Ligne 17 officers
  and 253 men. The 50th, which had 26 officers hit, must have
  had more casualties than any of the other three, so the total
  divisional loss must have been well over 1,200. But Bonnet’s
  division, much worse mauled, lost at least 2,200.

While this lively action was in progress, the 5th and 3rd Divisions,
supported by the 7th and by Bradford’s Portuguese, in second line,
and assisted on their flanks by Arentschildt’s, D’Urban’s, and Anson’s
horse, had been driving in the wrecks of the French left wing towards
the woods. There was much resistance: on Sarrut’s intact battalions
many of the broken regiments had rallied. ‘These men, besmeared with
blood, dust, and clay, half naked, and some carrying only broken
weapons, fought with a fury not to be surpassed,’ says a 3rd Division
narrator of the battle. But the tide of battle was always moving
backward, towards the woods from which the French had originally
issued, and though it sometimes seemed about to stop for a minute or
two, a new outflanking manœuvre by the troops of Pakenham, D’Urban, and
Arentschildt, sufficed on each occasion to set it in motion again.

The last stage of the conflict had now been reached: the French centre
was as thoroughly beaten as their left had been earlier in the day:
many of the battalions had gone completely to pieces, and were pouring
into the woods and making their way to the rear, with no thought
except for their personal safety. Of intact troops there were only
two divisions left, Ferey’s in the centre, and Foy’s on the extreme
right near Calvarisa de Ariba. It was generally considered that Foy
ought to have been overwhelmed by the much superior British force
in front of him, for not only was he opposed by the Light Division,
whose skirmishers had been bickering with him all the afternoon, but
the 1st Division became available for use against him the moment that
it was clear that the French offensive against the 4th Division had
been shattered, by the advance of Clinton and Spry. Wellington, it is
said[575], dispatched orders for the 1st Division to move forward and
strike in between Foy and the Greater Arapile, at the moment that he
saw that the 6th Division had broken Bonnet’s troops. If so, the order
was not executed, and General Campbell led out his three brigades much
too late, and not in time either to cut off Foy or to encircle the
right of the disordered mass of the enemy now retiring into the woods.
He seems to have acted simply as a link between the 6th Division on his
right, and the Light Division on his left, for the latter alone pressed
Foy vigorously. The only part of Campbell’s division which suffered
any appreciable loss at this time of the day were the light companies
of Löwe’s brigade--that which was composed of the King’s German Legion:
they fell on the flank of the French regiment that was evacuating the
Greater Arapile, and did it considerable harm[576].

  [575] This is stated by Napier, iv. p. 273, and seems reasonable.
  See also Tomkinson, p. 186.

  [576] The losses in Campbell’s Guards’ brigade (62 men) were in
  the companies which defended the village of Arapiles earlier in
  the day--those in his line brigade (Wheatley’s) were trifling--16
  wounded and no killed. The K.G.L. brigade lost 60 or so, all in
  the light companies, during the advance.

Meanwhile the last and not the least bloody fighting of the day was
beginning, on the hillside just outside the head of the forest, where
Marmont had deployed his main body at midday, and where Ferey’s
division was now standing in reserve, while the broken troops both from
its front and from its flank were streaming by to the rear. Clausel
had given Ferey orders to cover the retreat at all costs, warning him
that unless he could hold back the advancing enemy for some time the
disaster would be complete. The general to whom this unenviable task
was assigned carried it out with splendid courage, and by his constancy
gave time for the escape of the whole of the confused mass behind him.
He drew out his nine battalions in a single line, the centre a little
advanced to suit the shape of the hillside, the flanks a little thrown
back. The extreme battalions at each end were in square, to guard
against possible attacks by cavalry, but the seven central units were
deployed _en bataille_ in three-deep line, a formation which had not
been seen in the other episodes of the battle, and which made their
fire much more effective than that of regiments fighting in ‘column of
divisions,’ as most of their comrades had done[577].

  [577] All this from Lemonnier-Delafosse of Ferey’s division, pp.
  158-9.

Against the orderly front thus disposed Clinton came up with the 6th
Division, pursuing his victorious advance. He was flanked on the
left by the Fusilier brigade of the 4th Division, which had long ago
rallied and come up to the front since its disaster of an hour back.
On Clinton’s right were the 5th and 3rd Divisions, but both were at
the moment re-forming, after their long struggle with Sarrut and the
wrecks of the French left wing. Anson’s cavalry had at last got to the
front in this direction, and replaced D’Urban and Arentschildt--whose
squadrons were quite worn out--upon the extreme right of the allied
line.

Clinton, it is said[578], refused to wait till the troops on his right
were re-formed, and hurried on the attack: it was growing dark, and
a few more minutes of delay would allow the French to make off under
cover of the night. Therefore he advanced at once, and found himself
engaged at once in a most desperate musketry contest, whose deadly
results recalled Albuera, so heavy were the losses on both sides. But
here the French had the advantage of being deployed, and not (as at
Albuera) wedged in deep columns. The first fire of the French line,
as Clinton’s brigades closed in, was particularly murderous, and
swept away whole sections of the attacking force. ‘The ground over
which we had to pass,’ writes an officer in Hinde’s brigade[579],
‘was a remarkably clear slope, like the glacis of a fortress, most
favourable for the defensive fire of the enemy, and disadvantageous
for the assailant. The craggy ridge, on which the French were drawn
up, rose so abruptly that the rear ranks could fire over the heads of
the front. But we had approached within two hundred yards before the
musketry began: it was far the heaviest fire that I have ever seen, and
accompanied by constant discharges of grape. An uninterrupted blaze was
thus maintained, so that the crest of the hill seemed one long streak
of flame. Our men came down to the charging position, and commenced
firing from that level, at the same time keeping touch to the right, so
that the gaps opened by the enemy’s fire were instantly filled up. At
the first volley about eighty men of our right wing fell to the rear in
one group. Our commanding officer rode up to know the cause, and found
that they were every one wounded!’ But heavy as was the loss of this
regiment (137 out of 600 present), it was trifling compared to that of
its neighbours to the right, in Hulse’s brigade, where the right and
centre regiments in the line, the 1/11th and 1/61st, lost respectively
340 men out of 516 and 366 out of 546--a proportion to which only
Albuera could show a parallel. For many minutes--one observer calls it
nearly an hour, but the stress of the struggle multiplied time--the two
hostile lines continued blazing at each other in the growing dusk. ‘The
glare of light caused by the artillery, the continued fire of musketry,
and by the dry grass which had caught fire, gave the face of the hill
a terrific appearance: it was one sheet of flame, and Clinton’s men
seemed to be attacking a burning mountain, whose crater was defended by
a barrier of shining steel[580].’ The French, so far as losses went,
probably suffered no more, or perhaps less, than their assailants: but
their casualties were nevertheless appalling. And at last they gave
way: ‘the cruel fire cost us many lives,’ writes an officer of the 31st
Léger, ‘and at last, slowly, and after having given nearly an hour’s
respite to the remainder of the army, Ferey gave back, still protected
by his flanking squares, to the very edge of the forest, where he
halted our half-destroyed division. Formed in line it still presented a
respectable front, and halted, despite of the English batteries, which
enfiladed us with a thundering fire. Here Ferey met the form of death
which the soldier prefers to all others, he was slain outright by a
round-shot[581].’

  [578] But not on the best authority: regimental diaries are not
  always safe to follow on such points.

  [579] Ross Lewin of the 32nd, ii. pp. 25-6.

  [580] Grattan, p. 253.

  [581] Lemonnier-Delafosse, p. 159. This note about Ferey’s being
  slain outright does not agree with the usual statement that he
  was mortally wounded, and died two days later, given by several
  English diarists. But Lemonnier-Delafosse is first-hand authority.

Clinton’s English regiments were so disordered and reduced by the awful
fire through which they had passed in their victorious march, that he
put into front line for a final assault on the enemy his Portuguese
brigade, that of the Conde de Rezende, which was still intact, as
it had hitherto been in reserve. Its five battalions deployed, and
advanced against the now much contracted line of Ferey’s division: they
were supported on the left by the Fusilier brigade of the 4th Division,
on the right by the 5th Division, which was now re-formed and well to
the front. Anson’s cavalry was also in this direction.

The dying effort of Ferey’s division was worthy of its previous hard
fighting. ‘Formed right up against the trees,’ writes the French
officer, whom we have already quoted, ‘no longer with any artillery to
help, we saw the enemy marching up against us in two lines, the first
of which was composed of Portuguese. Our position was critical, but we
waited for the shock: the two lines moved up toward us; their order
was so regular that in the Portuguese regiment in front of us we could
see the company intervals, and note the officers behind keeping the
men in accurate line, by blows with the flat of their swords or their
canes. We fired first, the moment that they got within range: and the
volleys which we delivered from our two first ranks were so heavy and
so continuous that, though they tried to give us back fire for fire,
the whole melted away. The second line was coming up behind--this
was English, we should have tried to receive it in the same way,
still holding our ground though under a flank fire of artillery, when
suddenly the left of our line ceased firing and fell back into the
wood in complete disorder. The 70th Ligne had found itself turned by
cavalry; it broke; the rout spread down the front to the 26th and 77th;
only our two battalions of the 31st Léger held firm, under the fire of
the enemy, which continued so long as we showed outside the edge of the
forest. We only gave back as the day ended, retiring some 250 yards
from our original position, and keeping our _voltigeur_ companies still
in a skirmishing line in front[582].’

  [582] Lemonnier-Delafosse, pp. 161-2.

This vigorous account of the last stand of the French reserve is not
far from being accurate. It is quite true that the Portuguese brigade
of the 6th Division suffered terribly in its attack, and was completely
checked. It lost 487 men during the fifteen minutes in which it was
engaged--the heaviest casualty list in any of the brigades of its
nation, even heavier than that of Stubbs’s troops in the 4th Division.
The only point that requires to be added is that it was not so much a
panic caused by a partial cavalry charge which broke the 70th Ligne,
and finally dispersed Ferey’s regiments[583], as the pressure of the
5th Division upon the whole of the left of their line, which collapsed
almost simultaneously. But they had done their work--before they
dispersed, leaving only the 31st Léger to act as a most inadequate
rearguard, they had detained the allies for a half-hour or more, and
night had set in. Wellington ordered the 6th Division to pursue, but
it was so much cut up and fatigued that it only advanced a hundred
yards into the forest, and then halted and settled down for the night.
Why the intact 7th Division was not rather used for the pursuit it is
hard to understand. Still more so is the fact that no cavalry was sent
forward in this direction: the woods, no doubt, looked uninviting and
dangerous, but the enemy was in a state of absolute panic, and ready to
disperse at the least pressure. ‘But,’ says the most intelligent of the
British diarists with the mounted arm, ‘the cavalry during the assault
on the last hill was ordered back to the point on the left where we
assembled before the attack, leaving the infantry to pursue without
us. Had this not been done (though it might not have been prudent to
pursue with both in the night), yet by their being at hand there was a
greater chance of accomplishing more. The order came from Sir Stapleton
Cotton himself. The infantry moved in pursuit by moonlight.... I have
heard from an officer in the 6th Division that although they had been
marching all day, and were so tired, when ordered to halt for the
night, that they could not possibly have marched much farther, yet they
sat up through the night, talking over the action, each recalling to
his comrade the events that happened[584].’

  [583] Ferey’s four regiments probably lost somewhat over 1,100
  men--the 31st Léger had 380 casualties, the 47th Ligne (with
  18 officers killed and wounded) something like 500; the 70th
  suffered least, it returned only 111 casualties; the 26th
  slightly more, perhaps 150. The whole forms a moderate total,
  considering the work done.

  [584] Tomkinson (of Anson’s brigade), p. 187.

Some part of the slackness of the pursuit is to be explained by an
unfortunate misconception by which Wellington (through no fault of
his own) was obsessed that night. He was under the impression that
the Castle of Alba de Tormes was still held by the Spanish garrison
which he had left there, and that the bridge and the neighbouring ford
were therefore unavailable for the retreat of the French, who (as he
supposed) must be retiring by the fords of Huerta and Villa Gonzalo,
which they had used to reach the field. Unhappily--as has been already
mentioned--Carlos de España had withdrawn the battalion at Alba
without making any mention of the fact to his Commander-in-Chief[585].
Wellington therefore put more thought to urging the pursuit in the
direction of the East than of the South, and it was not till late in
the night, and when nothing but stragglers had been picked up on the
Huerta road, that he discovered what had really occurred.

  [585] Tomkinson in his diary (p. 188) has a curious story to the
  effect that ‘the Spanish general, before the action, asked if he
  should not take his troops out of Alba--after he had done it.
  Lord Wellington replied, “Certainly not,” and the Don was afraid
  to tell what he had done, Lord W. therefore acted, of course, as
  if the place had been in our possession still.’

It remains to relate the unimportant happenings on this front during
the evening. At the moment when the French attack on Wellington’s
centre failed, about 7 o’clock or soon after, Clausel sent to Foy,
whose division still lay behind Calvarisa de Ariba, covering the way to
the Huerta fords, the order to retire. His instructions were to cover
the flank of the line of retreat of the broken army, and to take up
successive detaining positions on its right, on the eastern side of the
brook and ravine which lie between the two Arapiles and the village
of Utrera. These orders Foy carried out skilfully and well. He fended
off the Light Division, which had moved out in pursuit of him, with
a heavy rearguard of light troops, always giving way when pressed.
His concern was almost entirely with this British unit, for the 1st
Division had started too late to get near him. The Light Division and
its battery kept him on the run, but never came up with his main body.
‘Night alone saved my division, and the troops that I was covering,’
wrote Foy, ‘without it I should probably have been crushed, and the
enemy would have arrived at Alba de Tormes before the wrecks of our
seven routed divisions got there. An hour after dark the English
cavalry was still pushing charges home against my regiments, which I
had placed in alternate chequers of line and column. I had the luck to
keep the division in hand till the last, and to steer it in the right
direction, though many routed battalions kept pressing in upon my left,
and threatened to carry disorder into my ranks. The pursuit ceased near
Santa Maria de Utrera[586].’

  [586] Foy, _Vie militaire_, pp. 176-7.

It is difficult to make out what became of the heavy dragoons of
Bock during this long retrograde movement of Foy’s division: they
were certainly not the cavalry of which the French general speaks as
charging him during his retreat, for they returned no single man or
horse killed or wounded that day[587]. Perhaps, far away to the left,
they may have been driving in from position to position, the one
regiment of Boyer’s dragoons which had been left to cover Foy’s extreme
outer flank. More probably they may have been pushing their march
towards the fords of Huerta, in the vain hope of finding masses of
disbanded enemies on the way, and ultimately cutting them off from the
river. This hypothesis is borne out by the fact that the bivouac of the
heavy German brigade was that night in front of Pelabravo, much to the
north-east of the resting-places of the rest of the army, and in the
general direction of the fords[588].

  [587] This cavalry _may_ have been the two detached squadrons
  of the 14th Light Dragoons, which had not followed the rest of
  Arentschildt’s brigade to the right.

  [588] See Schwertfeger’s _History of the German Legion_, i. p.
  378.

That the pursuit was misdirected was a most lamentable chance for
Wellington. If it had been urged in the right direction, the Army of
Portugal would have been annihilated as a fighting-body, and would
never have been able to make head again in the autumn. For the forest
of Alba de Tormes was full of nothing but a disorderly crowd, making
the best of its way towards the bridge, with no proper rearguard and
no commander in charge of the retreat. Clausel, wounded in the foot,
was being looked after by the surgeons in Alba, and was barely able
to mount his horse next day. The rout was complete: ‘a shapeless
mass of soldiery was rolling down the road like a torrent--infantry,
cavalry, artillery, wagons, carts, baggage-mules, the reserve park of
the artillery drawn by oxen, were all mixed up. The men, shouting,
swearing, running, were out of all order, each one looking after
himself alone--a complete stampede. The panic was inexplicable to one
who, coming from the extreme rear, knew that there was no pursuit by
the enemy to justify the terror shown. I had to stand off far from the
road, for if I had got near it, I should have been swept off by the
torrent in spite of myself[589].’ So writes the officer, already twice
quoted for the narrative of the end of the battle, whose regiment,
still hanging together in the most creditable fashion, brought up
the rear of the retreat. It is clear that any sort of a pursuit would
have produced such a general block at the bridge-head that a disaster
like that of Leipzig must have followed, and the whole of the rear of
the Army of Portugal, brought up against the river Tormes, must have
surrendered _en masse_.

  [589] Lemonnier-Delafosse, p. 164.

From eight o’clock at night till three in the morning the routed army
was streaming across the bridge and the ford. Once covered by the
Tormes some regiments regained a certain order, but many thousands of
fugitives, pressing on ahead in unthinking panic, were scattered all
over the country-side, and did not come back to their colours for many
days, or even weeks.

The actual loss of the Army of Portugal would appear to have been some
14,000 to 15,000 men, not including the ‘missing,’ who afterwards
turned up and came back to the ranks. Marmont in his dispatch had the
effrontery to write that he lost only 6,000 men[590], and 9 guns: a
statement only equalled in mendacity by Soult’s assertion that Albuera
had cost him but 2,800 casualties[591]. No general list of losses by
regiments was ever given to Napoleon, though he demanded it: but a
return proposing to include the casualties not only of Salamanca but
of the minor combats of Castrillo and Garcia Hernandez was drawn up,
giving a total of 12,435[592]. On the whole, however, it would be safe
to allow for 14,000 men as the total loss, exclusive of stragglers.
Among officers of rank the Commander-in-Chief was wounded: Ferey
and Thomières were killed: the latter died inside the English lines
after the battle. Clausel and Bonnet were both wounded, the former
slightly, the latter severely, so that four of the eight divisional
generals of infantry were hit. Of the brigadiers, Desgraviers (division
Thomières) was mortally and Menne (division Foy) severely wounded.
The trophies lost were 2 eagles (those of the 22nd and 101st), 6
other colours[593], and 20 guns[594]. Of these last 12 represented
the divisional batteries of Thomières and Bonnet, which were taken
whole, and the other 8, as it would seem, pieces captured from the
long line of batteries on Maucune’s flank, which was rolled up when Le
Marchant and Leith swept the plateau in their triumphant advance. Of
the eight French divisions those of Thomières and Bonnet would appear
to have lost about 2,200 men apiece, Maucune nearly 2,000, Clausel,
Brennier, and Ferey above 1,200 each, Sarrut perhaps 500: Foy’s very
heavy losses nearly all fell on the next day. The cavalry, with 43
officers hit, must account for at least 500 more of the total[595], and
the artillery must have lost, along with their 20 guns, at least 300
or 400 gunners[596]. Of prisoners (wounded and unwounded), there were
according to Wellington’s dispatch 137 officers[597] and nearly 7,000
men.

  [590] Marmont to Berthier, Tudela, July 31, in his _Mémoires_,
  iv. p. 448.

  [591] See vol. iv. p. 295.

  [592] viz. killed or prisoners--officers 162, men 3,867;
  wounded--officers 232, men 7,529; _traînards_, 645 men; 12 guns
  and 2 eagles missing. This return is in the Paris archives. It
  is certainly incomplete: 60 officers were killed, 137 prisoners,
  which makes 197 _tués ou pris_ instead of 162. And 20 guns were
  lost.

  [593] A regiment whose 1st battalion was elsewhere carried not
  an eagle but a simple standard per battalion instead. Of such
  regiments, wanting their senior battalion and therefore their
  eagle, there were with Marmont three. Two, the 66th and 82nd,
  were in Maucune’s division, one, the 26th, in Ferey’s. The
  colours probably belonged to some of these, of which several were
  much cut up, especially the 66th.

  [594] The returns of the Army of Portugal show a deficiency of
  20 guns between July 15 and August 1, of which 12 represent
  the divisional batteries of Thomières and Bonnet, which have
  completely disappeared. Wellington says, ‘official returns
  account for only 11 guns taken, but it is believed that 20 have
  fallen into our hands.’ This was correct.

  [595] The deficiency in cavalry rank and file shown by the muster
  rolls between July 15 and August 1 was 512.

  [596] Perhaps more: for the Reserve Artillery and Park alone show
  1,450 rank and file on July 15 and only 707 on August 1.

  [597] Sixty-three officers arrived in England as the Salamanca
  batch of prisoners; of these some were wounded, for their
  names occur both in Martinien’s tables as _blessés_, and in
  the Transport Office returns at the Record Office as prisoners
  shipped off. The remainder of the 137 were badly wounded, and
  came later, or died in hospital.

Wellington returned his loss in the British units as 3,129, in the
Portuguese as 2,078: of España’s Spaniards 2 were killed and 4 wounded.
This makes up the total of 5,173, sent off immediately after the
battle. The separate Portuguese return forwarded by Beresford to Lisbon
gives the loss of the troops of that nation as somewhat less--1,637
instead of 2,078: the difference of 441 is partly to be accounted
for by the reappearance of stragglers who were entered as ‘missing’
in the first casualty-sheet, but cannot entirely explain itself in
that fashion. Which of the returns is the more accurate it is hard
to be sure, but a prima facie preference would naturally be given to
the later and more carefully detailed document. Taking British and
Portuguese together, it is clear that the 6th Division, which lost
1,500 men, was far the hardest hit. The 3rd and 5th, which decided the
day on the right, got off easily, with a little more than 500 each: the
4th Division, owing to the mishap to the Fusilier brigade and Stubbs’s
Portuguese, had very nearly 1,000 casualties. Pack’s five battalions
lost 386 men in the one short episode of the battle in which they were
engaged, the unsuccessful attack on the Great Arapile, and were lucky
to fare no worse. The cavalry total of 173 killed and wounded was
also very moderate considering the good work that the brigades of Le
Marchant, D’Urban, and Arentschildt performed. In the 1st, 7th, and
Light Divisions, the trifling losses were all in the flank-companies
sent out in skirmishing line: of the battalions none was engaged as
a whole[598]. The artillery were overmatched by the French guns all
through the day, and it is surprising to find that they returned only
four men killed, and ten wounded. The casualty list of officers of high
rank was disproportionately large--not only was Le Marchant killed, but
Marshal Beresford, Stapleton Cotton, commanding the cavalry[599], and
Leith and Cole, each a divisional general, were disabled. Of officers
in the Portuguese service, Collins, commanding a brigade of the 7th
Division, was mortally hurt, and the Conde de Rezende, who led the
Portuguese of the 6th Division, was wounded.

  [598] The 7th Division would have had practically no loss but
  for the skirmishing in the early morning near Nuestra Señora de
  la Peña, and the heaviest item in the 1st Division casualties
  was the 62 men of the Guards’ flank-companies who were hit while
  defending the village of Arapiles.

  [599] Cotton was shot after the battle was over by a caçador
  sentry, whose challenge to halt he had disregarded while riding
  back from the pursuit.

The victory of Salamanca was certainly an astonishing feat of rapid
decision and instantaneous action. The epigrammatic description of it
as ‘the beating of 40,000 men in forty minutes’ hardly over-states its
triumphant celerity: before that time had elapsed, from the moment when
Pakenham and Leith struck the French left, the battle was undoubtedly
in such a condition that the enemy had no chance left--he could only
settle whether his retreat should be more or less prompt. Clausel chose
to make a hopeless counter-offensive move, and so prolonged the fight
till dark--he would probably have been wiser to break off at once, and
to retreat at six o’clock, covering his routed left with his intact
reserve divisions. He would certainly have lost several thousand men
less if he had retired after repulsing Cole and Pack, and had made no
attempt to press the advantage that he had gained over them. It may be
argued in his defence that the last hour of battle, costly though it
proved to him, prevented Wellington’s pursuit from commencing in the
daylight, an undoubted boon to the defeated army. But at the most the
victor would have had only one hour at his disposition before dusk; the
French were taking refuge in a forest, where orderly pursuit would have
been difficult; and looking at Wellington’s usual methods of utilizing
a victory (e. g. Vittoria) we may feel doubtful whether the beaten
enemy--if covered by Sarrut, Ferey, and Foy, as a regular rearguard,
would have suffered more than he actually did. For Wellington’s whole
idea of pursuit turned on the false notion that the castle, bridge,
and ford of Alba de Tormes were still blocked by the Spaniards whom he
had left there. By the time that he had discovered that the enemy was
not retreating towards Huerta and Villa Gonzalo, but escaping over the
Tormes in some other way, the hour would have been late.

Undoubtedly the best summary and encomium of Wellington’s tactics on
this eventful day is that of an honest enemy, the very capable and
clear-sighted Foy, who wrote in his diary six days after the fight[600]:

  [600] Diary in _Vie militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, p. 178.

‘The battle of Salamanca is the most masterly in its management,
the most considerable in the number of troops engaged, and the most
important in results of all the victories that the English have gained
in these latter days. It raises Lord Wellington almost to the level of
Marlborough. Hitherto we had been aware of his prudence, his eye for
choosing a position, and his skill in utilizing it. At Salamanca he
has shown himself a great and able master of manœuvres. He kept his
dispositions concealed for almost the whole day: he waited till we
were committed to our movement before he developed his own: he played
a safe game[601]: he fought in the oblique order--it was a battle in
the style of Frederic the Great. As for ourselves, we had no definite
intention of bringing on a battle, so that we found ourselves let in
for it without any preliminary arrangements having been made. The
army was moving without much impulse or supervision, and what little
there was stopped with the wounding of the Marshal.’ In another note
he adds: ‘The Duke of Ragusa committed us to the action--he brought
it on contrary to Clausel’s advice. The left was already checked when
he received his wound: after that moment it was impossible either to
refuse to fight, or to give the fight a good direction: all that could
be done was to attenuate the sum of the disaster--that Clausel did.
There was no gap in the command--we should have been no better off if
the Marshal had never been hurt. He is not quite honest on that point
in his dispatch[602].’

  [601] _Il a joué serré._ This idiom is explained in the
  Dictionary of the Academy as ‘jouer sans rien hasarder.’

  [602] Note in same volume, p. 177.

With this criticism we may undoubtedly agree. Foy has hit upon the
main points in which Salamanca was a startling revelation to the
contemporary observer--no one on the French side, and but few upon
the British, had yet realized that Wellington on the offensive could
be no less formidable and efficient than Wellington on the defensive.
After July 22, 1812, no opponent could dare to take liberties with
him, as Soult, Masséna, and Marmont, each in his turn, had done up
till that date. The possible penalty was now seen to be too great.
Moreover, the prestige of the British general was so much enhanced
that he could safely count upon it as not the least of his military
assets--as we shall see him do in the Pyrenees, a little more than a
year after Salamanca had been won. To the other thesis that Foy lays
down--the statement that Marmont had, by his initial movement, made
disaster inevitable before he was wounded--we may also give our assent.
Jourdan came to the same conclusion--the Emperor Napoleon also fixed
the responsibility in the same way. The Marshal’s ingenious special
pleading, to the effect that but for his personal misadventure he
would yet have won the day, will convince none but blind enemies of
Wellington. Of some of the charges which Napoleon laid to his charge
he must be acquitted: he did not know in the least that King Joseph
was on his way to join him from Madrid with 15,000 men. The dispatches
sent to warn him of this fact had all miscarried, and the last news
from the Army of the Centre which had reached him had intimated that
no immediate help was to be expected from that quarter. Nor was he
wrong in not waiting for the succours from Caffarelli: these were so
trifling--800 sabres and one horse battery--that their presence or
absence could make little difference in the battle.

But the Marshal’s flagrant and irreparable fault was that, having made
up his mind that Wellington would not fight under any provocation--a
conclusion for which the earlier episodes of the campaign gave him some
justification--he got his army into a position in which he had battle
suddenly forced upon him, at a moment when he was not in a position to
accept it with advantage. The attempt to turn Wellington’s right wing
on the afternoon of July 22nd was an unpardonable liberty, only taken
because the Marshal had come to despise his opponent. The liberty was
resented in the most forcible way--and there was no means of avoiding
disaster when Thomières and Maucune had once started out on their rash
turning movement.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER VIII

THE CONSEQUENCES OF SALAMANCA


The dawn of July 23rd revealed to Wellington that the French army had
passed the Tormes at the bridge and forts of Alba, and that nothing
remained on the western bank of the river save small parties of
fugitives and wounded, who had lost their way in the forest. Some of
these were gleaned up by Anson’s and Bock’s brigades of cavalry, who
were pushed forward to search the woods and seek for the enemy. Anson’s
patrols reached the bridge, and found a French rearguard watching it.
This was composed of Foy’s division, to whom Clausel had committed the
covering of his retreat. It cleared off, after firing a few shots. Foy
had been told to block the passage till 9 o’clock, but went off long
before, when the disordered main body had got a good start. On the
report that he was gone, Wellington sent Anson’s squadrons across the
bridge of Alba de Tormes, while Bock forded the river lower down at La
Encina. The state of the roads, strewn with baggage and wounded men,
showed that the French had used all the three roads leading east from
Alba[603], and were on their way to Arevalo, not towards their base at
Valladolid: to have marched in that direction would have brought them
right across the front of the advancing British army. Wellington sent
out detachments on all the roads which the enemy had taken, but urged
the main pursuit by the central and most important road, that by Garcia
Hernandez on Peñaranda. Contrary to his wont, he pushed on this day
with great celerity, riding himself with the head of the column formed
by the main body of Anson’s light dragoons. This vanguard was followed,
at some distance, by the 1st and Light Divisions. Those infantry units
which had fought hard on the previous day were allowed a rest. About
seven miles beyond Alba de Tormes Anson’s patrols came upon a regular
rearguard of the enemy, behind the Caballero brook (a tributary of the
Almar), in and about the village of Garcia Hernandez. This was, of
course, Foy and the French 1st Division, the only troops in Clausel’s
army which had not been seriously engaged in the battle. They were
accompanied by a battery and a brigade of Curto’s _chasseurs_. Around
and about the formed troops scattered parties were visible--the village
was full of men drawing water from the wells. On the approach of the
British cavalry column--the infantry were still miles behind--Foy
prepared to resume his retreat, the cavalry drew up on a rising ground,
to the north of Garcia Hernandez, to cover the movement: the leading
regiments of the foot started off at once along the high-road, the
others halted for a space, to the right of the _chasseurs_, out of
sight of the British, whose view of them was intercepted by the slope
on which the French cavalry were drawn up.

  [603] See Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 190. He gives the three roads
  used as (1) Alba, Mancera de Abaxo, Junialcon; (2) Alba, Garcia
  Hernandez, Peñaranda; (3) Encina, Zorita, Cebolla [names all badly
  spelled]. It is doubtful whether the troops on the last road were
  not disorderly masses of fugitives only. The bulk of the army
  certainly went by Peñaranda.

Wellington, as it seems, saw only the hostile squadrons, and resolved
to drive them off without delay, in order to be able to press in upon
the infantry columns which were retiring farther away. He directed
Anson to attack the _chasseurs_ with so much of his brigade as was
up at the front: several squadrons were absent, some guarding the
prisoners of yesterday, others exploring on distant roads. Two
squadrons each of the 11th and 16th Light Dragoons delivered the
frontal attack on the French brigade, while the leading squadrons of
Bock’s brigade, which was coming up rapidly from the flank, and was not
yet formed in line, were to turn its right wing.

The French light cavalry, which had been much mauled on the preceding
day, and was evidently in no fighting mood, gave way precipitately
before the attack of the Light Dragoons, and rode off in confusion to
their own right rear. There was no time for Bock’s Germans to come up
with them: but the leading squadrons of the 1st Heavy Dragoons of the
Legion, pushing on in pursuit, received, to their surprise, a heavy
volley in their flank from a French battalion in square, which they had
not noticed in their advance.

There were, in fact, two regiments of infantry to the right of the
routed _chasseurs_, and by the sudden flight of their comrades they
found themselves suddenly uncovered and engaged. They were the 6th
Léger and 76th Line, each two battalions strong, and counting together
about 2,400 bayonets. Of these the unit nearest the cavalry was a
battalion of the 76th in square: it was the fire of this body which
had struck the leading German squadron in flank, and thrown it into
disorder as it was charging the routed French horse. Farther to the
east were the other battalion of the 76th and the two of the 6th Léger,
on the slopes above the road, which here winds below the small eminence
which the French cavalry had occupied and the hill of La Serna, a long
and fairly steep height, which gives its name in many histories to the
combat that ensued.

What followed on the unexpected discovery of the French infantry was
the effect not of Wellington’s direct orders, nor of the leading of
the short-sighted Bock, who had hardly realized the situation when his
subordinates were already making their decision. It was entirely the
exploit of the gallant squadron-leaders of the two regiments of German
dragoons. They were coming up in a sort of échelon of squadrons, the
first regiment leading, so that when the fire of the French square
struck and disordered the leading unit, the responsibility for action
fell on the officers commanding the others. Captain von der Decken
who led the 3rd squadron determined without hesitation to charge the
French square--his men were already getting up speed, and the enemy
was but a short distance from him. Shouting to the squadron to throw
forward its right wing and ride home, he led it straight at the French.
The first fire of the square, delivered at eighty yards, brought down
several men and horses, and wounded (mortally as it proved in the end)
von der Decken himself. He kept his saddle, however, and only fell
when the second fire was given, at twenty yards range. This volley
was destructive, but did not break the impetus of the squadron, which
charged right home. In most cases where cavalry reached the bayonets of
a square during the Peninsular War, it had proved unable to break in,
and had recoiled with loss--like Craufurd’s squadrons at the combat
of Barquilla[604], and Montbrun’s at Fuentes de Oñoro. Here, however,
the rare feat of riding down well-formed infantry was performed--it is
said by several eye-witnesses that the breach was originally made by
a mortally-wounded horse, which reared right on top of the kneeling
front rank of the French, and then rolled over kicking, and bore down
six or eight men at once. Several dragoons leapt the bank of struggling
and overthrown soldiers, and broke into the rear ranks--thereupon the
whole square fell to pieces in disorder. Many of the Frenchmen were
hewn down, but the majority dropped their muskets and surrendered
unhurt. The lists of prisoners at the Record Office give the names of
sixteen officers of the 76th sent to England, of whom only two were
wounded. Of the rank and file not more than fifty, it is said, got
away[605]. Observers who came on the field later in the day noted with
curiosity the long lines of muskets laid down in orderly rows. This was
an astonishing achievement for a single squadron of 120 men--they had
captured or cut down five times their own numbers of veteran troops of
Ney’s old 6th Corps.

  [604] See vol. iii. p. 255.

  [605] I took the trouble to work out the names from the immense
  list of prisoners at the Record Office, in order to test the
  truth of the statement that the whole battalion was captured.
  The following names appear from the 76th--Bailly, Cavie, Catrin,
  Demarest, Denis, Duclos, Dupin, Dupont, Dusan, Gautier, Guimblot,
  L’Huissier, Richard, Ravenal, besides two wounded officers,
  Lambert and Martinot. In addition, one officer (Lebert) was
  killed, and in Martinien’s _Liste des officiers tués et blessés_
  we have five more down as wounded, Dessessard, Lanzavecchia,
  Massibot, Norry, Rossignol. These may have died of their wounds,
  and so never have reached England; or they may have escaped,
  though wounded. The twenty-two names must represent practically
  the whole of the officers of the battalion.

Some way to the right of this unlucky battalion were two more, forming
the 6th Léger. Seeing the havoc made of his comrades, and noting the
remaining squadrons of the Germans sweeping across the slope toward
him, the colonel of this regiment ordered his men to retreat uphill
and climb the steep slope behind. He hoped to get upon ground where
cavalry could not easily follow. The two battalions, still in column,
for they had not (like the 76th) formed square, moved hastily upwards:
the voices of officers were heard shouting, ‘_allongez le pas, gagnons
la hauteur_[606].’ The nearest enemy to them was the second squadron
of the 1st Dragoons K.G.L., led by Captain von Reizenstein, who put on
the pace when he saw the French scrambling higher, and came up with the
rearmost battalion before it was very far from the road. The two rear
companies faced about when the dragoons drew near, and delivered a fire
that was fairly effective, when it is considered that the men had been
going as hard as they could trot, and were halted and put into action
at a second’s notice. But it did not suffice to stop the dragoons,
who rode in, at the cost of many killed and wounded, and cut up the
companies that had stood to meet them: many men were sabred, more taken
prisoners. The rear of the column, however, scrambled uphill in a mass,
and there joined the other battalion of the 6th Léger, which formed
square on the sky-line. They had on their flank a squadron or so of
_chasseurs_, apparently a fragment of the brigade that had given way so
easily before Anson’s attack twenty minutes before.

  [606] All this from Schwertfeger, i. p. 381.

Against this mass charged the leading squadrons of the 2nd Heavy
Dragoons K.G.L., which had at last come up to the front, and some
of the officers and men of the 1st, who had already done such good
work lower down the hill. The French square was not perfect or
regular--apparently it was disordered by the fugitives from the broken
battalion, who ran in for shelter, and formed up as best they could.
The charge of the Germans was delivered with splendid impetus--though
the regiment had been galloping for 300 yards uphill--and was
completely successful. The French _chasseurs_ rode off without
engaging: the ill-formed square crumpled up: many of the men threw
down their arms and surrendered, the rest dispersed and ran in coveys
along the slopes of the plateau, towards the nearest friendly troops.
These were the four battalions of the 39th and 69th Line, the surviving
regiments of the division. Foy himself was in one of the squares; his
surviving brigadier, Chemineau, in the other.

Intoxicated with the glorious successes that they had gained, a
large but disordered mass of the victorious dragoons rode after the
fugitives, and charged the nearest of the French squares--one of the
69th Line. The enemy held firm, their fire was given with effect, and
killed the officer who led this last effort (Captain von Uslar) and
many of his men. The rest swerved back, and rode away under a pelting
fire from the battalion that they had attacked and from the other
three, which lay close on its flank.

So ended the charge of Garcia Hernandez, the most dashing and
successful attack made by any of Wellington’s cavalry during the
whole war, as Foy--the best of witnesses--formally states in his
history[607]. Though not more destructive in its results than Le
Marchant’s onslaught on Maucune at Salamanca, it was a far more
difficult affair. For Le Marchant had charged troops not in square,
and already shaken by conflict with Leith’s division; while the
Germans attacked without any infantry support, and fell upon intact
battalions, of which two at least had formed square. Moreover, the
French were supported by artillery and cavalry, though the former
cleared off promptly, and the latter allowed themselves to be routed
very easily by Anson’s squadrons. Altogether it was a glorious first
experience of war for the Heavy Dragoons--neither of the regiments
had ever charged before, and they had seen but a little skirmishing
during the six months since their arrival at Lisbon. They were duly
granted the battle-honour, ‘Garcia Hernandez,’ which they continued to
bear on their guidons as long as Hanover was an independent state. Two
Hanoverian cavalry regiments of to-day in the Prussian army continue
to show it, as theoretical heirs of the old Heavy Dragoons. The most
astonishing feature of the exploit was that it was the sole work of
the squadron-leaders--Wellington had only given the general order to
attack--Bock had been with the fraction of the 1st Dragoons which
charged along with Anson, and was not directing the marvellous uphill
ride. It was a regimental triumph, not an exhibition of cavalry tactics
by the Commander-in-Chief or the brigadier[608].

  [607] Foy, _Guerre de la Péninsule_, i. pp. 290-1.

  [608] I have used for the narrative of this interesting fight
  not only the numerous and valuable K.G.L. sources printed or
  quoted by Beamish and Schwertfeger, but the letters of von
  Hodenberg, aide-de-camp to Bock, lent me by his representative,
  Major von Hodenberg, now resident in Hanover. For this officer’s
  interesting career see _Blackwood_ for May 1912, where I
  published large sections from these letters.

[Illustration: SALAMANCA.

Part of the field, showing approximate position at the moment of the
advance of the 6th Division about 7 p.m.]

[Illustration: Combat of GARCIA HERNANDEZ (July 23 1812)]

The losses of the victors were very heavy--the 1st Regiment had 2
officers and 28 men killed, 2 other officers wounded (one--von der
Decken--mortally), and 37 men. The 2nd Regiment lost 1 officer (von
Uslar) killed, with 21 men, and 1 officer and 29 men wounded. In
this total the striking figure is the high proportion of killed to
wounded--52 to 69--which bears witness to the murderous power of the
old musket-ball when delivered point-blank, into the bodies of men
who were pressing right up to the muzzles of the infantry in square.
There were six men missing to be added to the total of losses--127 in
all--whether these were individuals who were taken prisoners in the
last attempt to break the square of the 69th, or whether they were
mortally wounded men, whose horses carried them far from the scene of
action and whose bodies were not found, it is impossible to say. The
loss of 127 officers and men out of about 770 present was, however, by
no means disproportionately heavy, when the results of the charge are
considered.

Of the two French regiments engaged, a whole battalion of the 76th was
captured or destroyed--of the 27 officers with it one was killed, 5
wounded, 16 taken prisoners: taking the same proportion of its rank
and file, very few out of 650 can have escaped. The 6th Léger was less
completely annihilated, but it had its colonel (Molard) and 6 other
officers taken prisoners[609], and 8 more wounded, with about 500
rank and file taken or hurt. Allowing for some small losses to the
_chasseurs_, the total casualties of the French must have been about
1,100.

  [609] Their names were the colonel, Molard (who died, a prisoner,
  of his wounds, August 4), Baudart, Paulin, Piancet, Turpin,
  Paris, Bouteille; they were verified in the prisoners-rolls at
  the Record Office by me.

When the last charge of the Heavy Dragoons was over, Foy led his
surviving battalions off, followed at a distance by Anson’s brigade,
when it had re-formed. The Germans were too fatigued to do more: the
leading British infantry, the Light Division, was only just coming in
sight far to the rear. The pursuit, therefore, by the four British
squadrons had no further results--if they had chanced to have a horse
battery with them it might have been much more effective. Six miles
from Garcia Hernandez, Foy was relieved to find, waiting for him by
the roadside, the long-expected cavalry brigade from the Army of the
North--Chauvel’s 1st Hussars and 31st Chasseurs: these fresh squadrons
took up the rearguard duty for the rest of the day, and covered the
march of the infantry to Peñaranda.

From this day onward Wellington’s pursuit cannot be said to have been
urged with any great vigour. On the morning of the 24th the vanguard
entered Peñaranda, to find that the French had started off before
dawn. G. Anson’s brigade followed, accompanied this time by Bull’s
and Ross’s horse artillery, which had come up from the rear. The tail
of the enemy’s column was found at Aldea Seca, a few miles beyond
Peñaranda: he started off without firing a shot, and was out of sight
before more than two guns had been brought to shell him. It seems that
opportunities were lost this day--an intelligent observer remarks that
‘if only the whole brigade and twelve guns had come up, we might have
taken 500 of them--great part of the infantry were without arms[610].’

  [610] Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 191.

That night the British head-quarters and vanguard were at Flores de
Avila, but the enemy were quite out of sight. ‘How they get on their
troops at such a rate I cannot conceive,’ wrote Wellington, ‘but they
left this about two in the morning, and they will arrive in Valladolid
to-morrow[611].’ He gave up all attempt at close or rapid pursuit
on the 25th, reporting to Lord Bathurst, ‘I find the troops so much
fatigued by the battle and their previous and subsequent marches, and
the enemy have got so far before our infantry, that I halted this
day, and have sent on only the light cavalry and guerrillas.’ After
this there was no prospect of doing any further harm to Clausel, or
of scattering his demoralized army before it had time to recover its
cohesion. ‘This does not look like the quick advance following up a
great victory,’ wrote a critical dragoon[612], ‘and I think they will
be let off too easily. The peasants report them as in a dreadful state:
all their cavalry, except a few for their rearguard, is employed in
carrying their sick.’ It may be taken for certain that a general of the
Napoleonic school would have urged on his cavalry at all costs--there
was plenty of it, and none save Le Marchant’s and Bock’s brigades had
suffered any serious loss. Nor can it be doubted that such a hunt would
have been richly rewarded by captures. Clausel wrote on the 25th that
he could only rally 22,000 men[613]; and as some 48,000 had fought at
Salamanca, and the actual losses seem to have been about 14,000, it is
clear that he must be allowing for over 12,000 stragglers and unarmed
fugitives--whom an active pursuit might have swept up.

  [611] Wellington to Lord Bathurst, night of July 24.
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 309.

  [612] Tomkinson, p. 191.

  [613] Clausel to King Joseph from Arevalo. Joseph’s
  _Correspondence_, ix. p. 54.

Wellington’s defence for the slowness of his movement would undoubtedly
have been that a headlong chase might have cost him over-much--he
would have lost too many men, and--what was even more important--too
many horses by forcing the pace. Clausel’s army had been put out of
action for some weeks by the battle of Salamanca--to smash it up
still further would give him no such profit as would justify the
expenditure of several thousands of his precious British troops. He
was looking forward to the possibility of having to fight Soult and
Suchet--not to speak of King Joseph--and wished to be as strong as
possible for the present. It is probable that he made a mistake in
holding back--Clausel, being left practically unmolested, was able
to rally his army somewhat sooner than his adversary calculated. By
August it was again able to give trouble: in October its strength was
sufficient to wreck the Burgos campaign. If it had been well hunted
in the last days of July, it would seem that no such reorganization
would have been possible--only negligible fragments of it should have
reached Valladolid or Burgos. Yet it must always be remembered that
economy of men was the cardinal necessity for Wellington--his total
British force was so small, the difficulty of getting up drafts and
reinforcements was so enormous, the total number of the enemy’s armies
in the Peninsula was so overpowering, that he could not afford to
thin down his regiments by the exhausting forced marches that were
necessary in an active pursuit. It would have been little profit to
him if he had exterminated the Army of Portugal, only to find himself
left victorious, indeed, but with a force so weak and so tired out that
further exertion was impossible. As it was, many of his battalions in
August showed only 300 bayonets in line[614], and only recovered their
strength, by the reappearance of Badajoz and Salamanca convalescents,
and the arrival of drafts, during the following winter.

  [614] Already on the day of Salamanca there were eight battalions
  in the army with less than 400 men present. See the tables in
  Appendix.

It was at Flores de Avila on July 25th that Wellington received the
news that a new factor had come into the game. King Joseph had left
Madrid four days earlier with the Army of the Centre, and was marching
northward by the Guadarrama Pass and Villa Castin, with the obvious
intention of joining Marmont. This move would have been all-important
if it had taken place ten days earlier: but when the Army of Portugal
was in absolute rout, and flying by forced marches towards the Douro,
the appearance of the King was too late to be dangerous. He could not
strengthen the beaten army sufficiently to enable it to fight--and he
would expose himself to some peril if he continued his forward march,
and came any nearer to the British line of advance.

Joseph’s long hesitation and tardy start require a word of explanation.
It will be remembered[615] that his last communication which had
got through to Marmont was a dispatch dated June 30, in which he
had expressed his surprise that the Army of Portugal was refusing
battle, and stated that he could offer no immediate help. If Hill,
from Estremadura, should march to join Wellington, he had directed
that D’Erlon should move up in a similar fashion northward, and he
himself would come also, with all or part of the Army of the Centre.
But supposing that Hill should remain in the far south, beyond the
Guadiana, Joseph gave no promise of coming to Marmont’s aid. Indeed
he never mentioned this contingency at all, except to say that if
Wellington had not been joined by his lieutenant, ‘you should choose a
good position and give battle with all your troops united.’

  [615] See chapter v above, pp. 394-5.

Since writing this epistle Joseph had experienced many searchings
of heart. On the very day on which it was sent off he had received
a dispatch from Soult, which filled him with dismay: the Duke of
Dalmatia said that he had forbidden D’Erlon to cross to the north
bank of the Tagus, even if it were certain that Hill and his corps
had gone to join Wellington. Writing in high wrath, the King, on July
2nd, threatened to remove Soult from his command in Andalusia. ‘If you
have formally forbidden D’Erlon to pass the Tagus, in case the English
force in Estremadura goes off to join the enemy’s main body, you have
given him orders contradictory to those which I sent both to him and
to you. You set your authority above mine, you refuse to recognize me
as Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of Spain. Consequently, placed as
I may be between the two alternatives--of either depriving myself of
the service of your talent and military experience, or of allowing the
powers confided to me by the Emperor to be broken in my hand almost as
soon as given--I can have no hesitation.... Painful as it is to me,
therefore, I accept the offer which you formerly made me, to resign
your command if I do not revoke my original order; for not only do I
refuse to revoke it, but I hereby repeat it again both to you and to
Comte d’Erlon. If you prefer to take this extreme step of disobedience,
resign your command to D’Erlon, as your senior general of division, and
he will take it up till the Emperor shall nominate your successor[616].’

  [616] Joseph to Soult, Madrid, June 30. _Correspondence_ of
  Joseph, ix. p. 42.

This angry dispatch was followed by another, written on July 6th, which
varied the original order to Soult in an important feature. For instead
of speaking of a northern movement of D’Erlon’s troops as consequent on
a similar transference of Hill’s corps to Castile, it makes no mention
of Hill, but prescribes a definite manœuvre without any reference to
the action of that British general. ‘Send at once to Toledo a force of
10,000 men: 8,000 infantry, 2,000 horse, with the men and horses for 12
guns. By leaving the guns behind, the march of the corps will be made
more rapid, and the roads are good.... I authorize you to evacuate any
part of the occupied territory that you may choose, in order to hasten
the departure of these 10,000 men, whose arrival I await with great
impatience[617].’

  [617] _Correspondence_ of Joseph, ix. pp. 44-5.

Clearly it would take many days for these orders to get to Soult, who
was at this time before Cadiz. As a matter of fact they only reached
his hands on July 16th, and long before that date Joseph was becoming
very anxious at the state of affairs on the Douro. He got news that
Caffarelli, scared by Home Popham’s diversion, had sent no succours
to Marmont, and he received letters from Suchet, which showed him
that he could not count on any reinforcement from Valencia[618]. It
was certain that, even if Soult yielded to the peremptory orders sent
on July 2 and July 6, the detachment under D’Erlon could not reach
Toledo till somewhere about the 1st August. That it would start at all
seemed doubtful, in face of a letter of July 3 from D’Erlon, stating
that he was being ‘contained’ by no less than 30,000 men under Hill--a
scandalous perversion of fact, for Hill had not over two-thirds of that
force[619].

  [618] Joseph to Clarke, July 13, _Correspondence_, ix. p. 45.

  [619] For d’Erlon’s letter see Joseph to Clarke of July 17th;
  _Correspondence_, ix. p. 48.

The days were running on, Marmont was still unsuccoured: it seemed
likely that neither from the North, from Valencia, nor from Andalusia,
would any help come to hand. The King grew more and more anxious--all
the more so because he had ceased to receive reports from Marmont,
since the line of communication with him had been cut by the
guerrilleros. Finally, on July 9th[620], he made up his mind that,
since no other help could be got for the Army of Portugal, he would
march himself with the Army of the Centre, even though to concentrate
it he must evacuate all New Castile and La Mancha, and even imperil the
safety of Madrid. On that day he issued orders to Treillard to evacuate
the valley of the Tagus--all the Talavera and Almaraz region--and to
the Rheinbund Germans to abandon La Mancha. All the small posts in
the direction of the eastern mountains were also drawn in, even those
watching the passes of the Somosierra and the Guadarrama. Only in
Toledo, Guadalajara, and Segovia, were small garrisons left behind. By
the morning of the 19th July[621] the most distant detachments had all
come in, and the Army of the Centre was concentrated at Madrid, about
14,000 strong, and able to spare 10,000 for the field when the capital
had been garrisoned. But the King resolved to wait two days longer
before marching, because he had just received news of the approach
of an unexpected but most welcome reinforcement. Early in the month
he had heard that Palombini’s Italian division of the Army of Aragon
was hunting the Empecinado and Mina in the direction of Calatayud and
Tudela. He had sent out a Spanish emissary with a letter to Palombini,
bidding him to draw in towards Madrid, if he had not already marched
to join Marmont, who had hoped to get his assistance. It does not seem
that the King had built much upon the results of this letter: orders
sent to Suchet’s troops had generally been disregarded. But it chanced
to reach the Italian general at Alfaro on the Ebro on July 12th, and
Palombini, having no opportunity of referring the responsibility to his
immediate commander, who was 200 miles away at Valencia, resolved to
obey. He marched for Soria and Siguenza, brushing off guerrillero bands
that strove to molest him, and sent to Joseph the news that he might be
expected at Madrid on the 21st. These tidings came to hand on the 18th,
and filled the King with such high satisfaction that he resolved to
wait for the Italian division. It arrived on the appointed day, having
made a most creditable forced march of 150 miles by mountain roads,
through a burnt-up and desolate country. Without leaving it even one
night’s rest at Madrid, the King started it off in company with his own
troops, which had been awaiting all day the signal for departure[622].

  [620] This date is fixed by a letter of Joseph to Marmont, of
  that day, in the Scovell ciphers. It never got to Marmont.

  [621] Jourdan in his _Mémoires_ (p. 419) says that the
  concentration took place on the 17th, but Joseph’s letter to
  Clarke of July 18 says that Treillard’s dragoons would only reach
  Naval Carnero on the 19th, which is conclusive.

  [622] All this from Vacani, vi. p. 110, where the movements of
  Palombini are very carefully detailed.

Joseph’s expeditionary force, thus increased to 14,000 men, consisted
of his Guards, horse and foot, one French brigade (28th and 75th
Ligne), D’Armagnac’s Germans (five battalions and one cavalry
regiment), Treillard’s strong division of dragoons, and part of
Hugo’s division of Spanish _Juramentados_, together with Palombini’s
detachment, which amounted to six battalions and a regiment of
dragoons. The garrisons of Madrid, Toledo, Segovia, and Guadalajara
were made up partly of _Juramentados_, and partly of the large body
of drafts for the Army of Andalusia, which had accumulated at Madrid
since the posts in the Sierra Morena had been given up in April. The
King had been in no hurry to send them on to Soult, and now found them
very useful. The command of the garrison was left to General Lafon
Blaniac, who was acting as governor of Madrid and Captain-General of
New Castile. A few days after Joseph’s departure a welcome addition
turned up, in the shape of Suchet’s garrison of Cuenca, under General
Maupoint, consisting of two battalions of the 16th regiment and a
squadron of _chasseurs_. On getting the King’s order to evacuate
Cuenca, this officer (like Palombini) had obeyed it, and, instead of
retiring on Valencia, had come on to Madrid, with his 1,000 men and
three millions of reals, representing the provincial treasury[623].

  [623] Maupoint’s letter to the King, announcing his arrival at
  Madrid on the 29th-30th July, was captured by guerrilleros, and
  is in the Scovell collection of ciphers.

Having once collected his army, the King marched with great speed,
passed the defiles of the Guadarrama on the 22nd, and reached Espinar,
the great junction of roads in the province of Avila, next day. The
cavalry that night were at Villa Castin, eight miles farther to the
front, on the road to Arevalo and Valladolid. Here the news came to
hand, not from any authorized source but from the rumours of the
country-side, that Marmont had crossed the Douro on the 17th, and
was closely engaged with Wellington somewhere in the direction of
Salamanca. On receiving this information Joseph and Jourdan resolved
not to continue their march towards Valladolid, but to swerve westward,
with the intention of joining the Duke of Ragusa on the Tormes. Turning
off from the main road, the cavalry reached Villanueva de Gomez on the
night of the 24th; the King and the infantry got to Blasco Sancho.
Orders were issued for the whole army to march on Peñaranda next
morning. But during the hours of darkness rumours of the battle of
Salamanca and its results came to hand, and on the following morning
they were confirmed by the arrival of two Spanish emissaries, one
bearing a letter from the wounded Marmont, the other a second from
Clausel. The Marshal’s letter was insincere and inconclusive--after
giving a long account of the battle, which threw all the blame on
Maucune, he said that he had lost 5,000 men, the enemy infinitely
more (!), and that the army was falling back to take a position behind
the Eresma river[624], or perhaps behind the Douro. Clausel’s epistle
was a far more honest document; it said that he was in a state of
incapacity to resist Wellington, that he could not put even 20,000 men
in line for some days, that he must retreat as fast as possible on
Valladolid, to pick up his dépôts and magazines, which he must send
off without delay, and that he would then fall back on the Army of the
North. He distinctly told the King that, even if the Army of the Centre
joined him, they would be unable to resist Wellington for a moment.
He recommended Joseph to call up succours from Soult and Suchet: if
Wellington and the English main body marched on Madrid the Army of
Portugal would remain on the Douro, but only in that case. If pursued
by Wellington he must retire towards Burgos. He evidently regarded
any junction between his troops and the King’s as impracticable and
useless[625].

  [624] Which falls into the Adaja near Olmedo, twenty miles south
  of Valladolid.

  [625] Clausel to Joseph, _Correspondance_, ix. pp. 54-5.

Confronted by this new and unpromising situation, Joseph and Jourdan
had to choose between two policies--they might retire towards Madrid
and cover the capital, in the hope that Soult might conceivably
have carried out the orders given him on July 6th, and have sent
a detachment toward Toledo and Madrid. Or they might, despite of
Clausel’s advice and warning, move northward towards the Douro and try
to get into communication with the Army of Portugal. If the direct road
by Arevalo to Valladolid was too dangerous, there remained another and
more circuitous route by Cuellar, which Wellington was too far off to
reach.

The King and Jourdan chose the first alternative without a moment’s
hesitation[626]: if they joined the Army of Portugal, they had
Clausel’s assurance that they could effect nothing. They would be
driven back on Burgos; Madrid would be exposed to a raid by any small
detachment that Wellington might send against it, and touch with Soult
and Suchet would be lost. The King, therefore, marched back by the
way that he had come, and had reached on the 26th the Venta de San
Rafael, at the foot of the Guadarrama pass. He had got so rapidly out
of Wellington’s way that their armies did not touch--save indeed that
a patrol of Arentschildt’s brigade surprised and captured near Arevalo
2 officers and 25 men of the King’s light cavalry[627]--Juramentado
_chasseurs_.

  [626] ‘Certainement, c’était le meilleur,’ says Jourdan,
  commenting on the choice years after.

  [627] For this business see Hamilton’s _History of the 14th Light
  Dragoons_, p. 109. The leader of the patrol, a Corporal Hanley of
  that regiment, had only eight men, but surprised the _chasseurs_
  in an inn, and bluffed them into surrender.

When informed that the Army of the Centre had fallen back in haste
toward Madrid, Wellington resolved that his duty was to continue
pushing Clausel northward, and away from the King. The latter might be
disregarded; his strength was known, and it was almost certain that he
would not be reinforced. For Hill had just sent in a report, which had
come through in four days, that Drouet was showing no signs of moving
toward Toledo; and he enclosed an intercepted dispatch of Soult’s,
which proved that the latter had no intention whatever of carrying
out the King’s oft-repeated orders[628]. Accordingly the British
head-quarters were moved on to Arevalo on the 27th of July, and to
Olmedo on the 28th. Anson’s and Arentschildt’s light cavalry went on in
front: they reported that the enemy was still in a complete state of
disorganization. He was burning the villages as he went, and leaving
many stragglers dead in the cornfields beside the road, for the wounded
were sinking by the way, and any marauders who went far from the main
column were being killed by the peasantry and the guerrilleros[629].

  [628] See Wellington to Hill of July 26. _Dispatches_, ix. p.
  314. The Soult letter is in the Scovell collection of ciphers.

  [629] For details, see Tomkinson, p. 192.

Clausel crossed the Douro by the two bridges of Tudela and Puente de
Douro on the 27th-28th, leaving only some light troops to the south
of the river, and entered Valladolid, where he set to work at once to
evacuate all the more valuable stores, and so many of the sick and
wounded as could find transport, along the high-road to Palencia and
Burgos. The Anglo-Portuguese infantry was already approaching Medina
del Campo and Olmedo, while Santocildes, with the section of the
Army of Galicia which was not employed on the siege of Astorga, was
ordered to march past Toro and Tordesillas to threaten Valladolid from
the north bank of the Douro, and Silveira was directed to resume the
blockade of Zamora with his militia-division.

On the 29th the Light and 1st Divisions, Wellington’s infantry
vanguard, drove in the screen of light troops which Clausel had left
in front of the Douro: the French retired and blew up the bridges. But
this was of little avail, for the British cavalry forded the river at
Boecillo and continued their advance. Thereupon the enemy evacuated
the city of Valladolid, and withdrew along the direct road to Burgos,
save one division (Foy’s), which retreated excentrically, up the north
bank of the river toward Aranda. In Valladolid were found 17 guns,
800 sick and wounded, whose condition had rendered it impossible for
them to travel, and a large magazine filled with artillery material,
besides other stores. The people received Wellington with every
mark of enthusiasm, though they had the reputation of including a
greater proportion of _Afrancesados_ than any other city of northern
Spain[630]. They treated him to illuminations, a ball, and copious
harangues of congratulation. Meanwhile Anson’s brigade swept the
country to the east and north, and reported no enemy visible; while the
guerrillero Marquinez entered Palencia, and captured 300 stragglers
from Clausel’s rearguard. The French had gone back beyond the Arlanza
river, and were lying at Lerma, Torquemada, and Santa Maria del Campo,
ready to retreat to Burgos itself if any further pressure was applied.
It was not forthcoming--much to Clausel’s surprise--and he halted and
began to reorganize his shattered army. What survived of his train
and stores, his sick, and the _cadres_ of several skeleton battalions
were sent back to Burgos. The rest stood still, awaiting further
developments.

  [630] See von Hodenberg’s letter concerning this in _Blackwood_
  for June 1912.

Wellington, meanwhile, had brought none of his infantry north of the
Douro, though all were now near at hand, and the Light Division had
repaired the bridge of Tudela. He had resolved to turn his attention to
King Joseph and Madrid. Only Santocildes and his two Galician divisions
were ordered up to Valladolid (where they arrived on August 6th) to
support Anson’s cavalry, who took up cantonments at various villages
in front and to the flank of the city.

The movements of the King and his army on July 27th-31st had been
somewhat puzzling to the British general. On arriving at the foot of
the Guadarrama pass, they had halted, and then (instead of pursuing
the straight road to Madrid) had swerved off to Segovia, which lies on
the northern slope of the mountains, as if they had abandoned their
original intention of leaving the Army of Portugal to its own devices.
This flank march was the result of the receipt of letters borne by
Marmont’s aide-de-camp, Fabvier, which said that Clausel was no longer
being pursued with energy, and that it was possible that he might stop
on the Adaja and cover Valladolid[631]. It was a momentary inspiration,
with no reality behind it, for Clausel was in full retreat again before
the King reached Segovia. But misled by its fallacious cheerfulness,
Joseph had made a move which rendered it possible for him to join the
Army of Portugal, if it had really halted. He was soon undeceived, and
after remaining three days at Segovia in some peril, for Wellington had
now turned against him, he evacuated that high-lying city on August
1st, and made his final retreat on Madrid by the Guadarrama pass.

  [631] Printed in Joseph’s _Correspondence_, ix. pp. 46-7.

Just after he had left Segovia[632] King Joseph received a dispatch
from Soult, dated July 16. It was a reply to the peremptory orders sent
him on July 6th, which had directed him to evacuate part of Andalusia
and to send a large detachment to Toledo. This was a strange document,
which amounted to an absolute refusal to obey instructions. After
stating (quite falsely) that Hill was advancing with 30,000 men in
Estremadura, and that in consequence he was himself about to repair
thither, he announced that the evacuation of Andalusia would be ruinous
to the French cause in Spain. ‘We could not find means to subsist
either on the Tagus or in Estremadura, and from one position to another
we should retreat as far as the Ebro. There is a way to avoid this;
by taking the initiative we can save 6,000 sick and maimed men whom
I should probably have to abandon, as well as 200,000 Spaniards (who
have declared for your Majesty, and will be lost without hope), also
2,000 guns, and the only artillery arsenal now existing in Spain. A
single order by your Majesty can effect this, and shorten the Spanish
war by six campaigns. Let your Majesty come to Andalusia in person,
with every man that can be collected: if the number is large we can
increase the expeditionary force in Estremadura to 25,000 or 30,000
men, and transfer the seat of war to the left bank of the Tagus. The
Army of Portugal, being relieved of pressure, will be able to come into
line again. Whatever occurs, your Majesty will find yourself at the
head of a splendid army, ready to deliver battle. If the worst came,
and we were unlucky, there is always the resource of retiring on the
Army of Aragon [in Valencia] and so keeping the field.... I have the
honour to repeat to your Majesty that I cannot send any detachments
beyond the Sierra Morena or the Guadiana, save by evacuating all
Andalusia and marching with my whole army. I must have a positive order
from your Majesty to that effect[633].’

  [632] On the next day, August 2, the letter came to hand at
  Galapagar.

  [633] Soult to Joseph, _Correspondance_, ix. pp. 45-7.

This was an astonishing letter for a Commander-in-Chief to receive
from a subordinate. Instead of obeying a very definite order to move
a certain number of troops to a certain point, Soult replies by
sending to the King an alternative plan of campaign. And this plan,
it is not too much to say, was an absolutely perverse and insane one.
It must be remembered that, when Soult was writing, the battle of
Salamanca was still six days in the future, and the Army of Portugal
was known to be at close quarters with Wellington and in urgent need
of reinforcements. Soult urges his master to abandon Marmont to the
enemy, to evacuate Madrid, to give up his communication with France,
and to retire into Andalusia, where he would be cut off from all the
other imperial armies, for it was not possible even to communicate with
Suchet and Valencia, since the Spanish Army of Murcia blocked the way.
The cardinal sin of this project was that if the French were to hold
Spain at all, it was necessary for them to be strong in the North:
Soult proposed to deliver over the North to Wellington, by leaving
Marmont in the lurch. As Napoleon had observed, five months earlier,
‘a check to the Army of Portugal would be a calamity which would make
itself felt all over Spain. A check to the Army of the South might
force it back on Madrid or Valencia, but would be of a very different
degree of importance[634].’ He had said much the same thing four
years before, when first his armies were invading Spain; for he then
expressed the opinion that a disaster to Bessières in Castile would
be the one ruinous possibility: defeats in the South or East mattered
comparatively little. Soult, blinded by his own interest in the
viceroyalty of Andalusia, refused to see this obvious fact. Long after
he had received the news of Salamanca, he persisted in maintaining that
the true policy was to hold on to Seville, even when the British army
was at Madrid, and the wrecks of Marmont’s forces were retiring on
Burgos. Of this we shall hear more presently.

  [634] Berthier to Marmont--writing from the Emperor’s personal
  direction--of February 18th, 1812, printed in Marmont’s
  _Correspondence_, iv. p. 332.

King Joseph on receiving Soult’s letter returned answer: ‘You will see
by my letter of the 29th July the errors that you have been labouring
under as to Lord Wellington’s real designs. Hasten, therefore, to
carry out the orders which I give you--viz. to evacuate Andalusia and
march with your whole army on Toledo[635].’ Even so the King did not
obtain exact obedience to his commands, but received a second series
of counter-projects: and in the end Soult marched not on Toledo but on
Valencia, and only many days after he had been instructed to commence
his movement.

  [635] Joseph to Soult of 29 July and August 2, _Correspondence_,
  ix. pp. 60-1.

Wellington was, of course, unaware of the exact motives which had
induced King Joseph to make his flank march to Segovia, but he
considered that it might mean that there was some intention on the part
of Clausel to bring the Army of Portugal to join the Army of the Centre
by way of the Upper Douro [i. e. via Aranda]. He therefore resolved
to make such a conjunction impossible, by driving the King over the
mountains and towards Madrid[636].

  [636] Wellington to Bathurst, Olmedo, July 28: ‘I think it
  probable that they [the Army of Portugal] will endeavour to join
  the King on the Upper Douro, if the King should continue on this
  side of the mountains, unless I should previously have it in my
  power to strike a blow against his corps.’

While Anson’s and Arentschildt’s cavalry continued the pursuit of
Clausel on the 29th-30th, and the 1st and Light Divisions were brought
up to the neighbourhood of Tudela, opposite Valladolid, the rest of
the army was turned against King Joseph. It was necessary to find out,
as a preliminary, whether he was really making a stand at Segovia. To
ascertain this point D’Urban’s Portuguese horse pushed out from Olmedo
on the 29th, and found the King’s cavalry in Santa Maria de Nieva, ten
miles in front of Segovia. Deserters from the Spanish Guards here came
in to D’Urban, and gave him useful information as to the exact strength
of the Army of the Centre. On the 30th Wellington placed at D’Urban’s
disposal the German Heavy Dragoons, a battalion of Halkett’s brigade
of the 7th Division, and a British battery, telling him to drive in
the enemy’s screen. The French gave way reluctantly, and on hearing
of their attitude Wellington ordered the whole 7th Division to follow
D’Urban’s detachment, and other divisions to make ready to move in
succession. But the report that Segovia was being firmly held, as the
_point de rassemblement_[637] for Clausel, turned out to be false, for
when the flying column approached that city it learnt that the main
body of the enemy had left it in the morning for the Guadarrama pass.
A considerable rearguard, under General Espert[638], however, was left
to guard Segovia till the King should have got a fair start; and its
mediaeval walls made it defensible for a short time against a force
without heavy artillery. D’Urban could do nothing with his cavalry,
but sent to Wellington a request that the 7th Division might move
round to intercept Espert’s retreat towards the Guadarrama by a forced
march. His chief replied that he had no great faith in the success of
any of these attempts to ‘cut the French off,’ and that it did not
appear to him more practicable at Segovia than elsewhere. ‘The result
of such attempts would merely be to fatigue the troops in getting into
Segovia, and it might as well be done without fatiguing them.’ And
so it was, for Espert decamped by night on August 3 unmolested, and
D’Urban entered the place next morning, followed some time later by
the infantry. He at once explored the mountain road toward the pass,
and found that the French had completely disappeared: not even at the
‘Puerto’ of the Guadarrama was a vedette to be seen.

  [637] This was the term that D’Urban used when describing, on
  July 30, the position of the French.

  [638] Apparently two battalions of the Baden regiment, some
  _Juramentados_, and a regiment of dragoons, about 1,800 men.

Wellington had now to revise his whole plan of campaign, since it
had become clear that the two armies opposed to him had retreated in
different directions, and could not possibly combine. While it was
still conceivable that Clausel might defend the line of the Douro, he
had brought up the main body of his infantry to Olmedo. But after his
entry into Valladolid on the 30th, and the precipitate retreat of the
Army of Portugal toward Burgos, he had been for two days under the
impression that King Joseph might stand at Segovia. Not only had he
sent on the German dragoons and the 7th Division to follow D’Urban,
but on July 31st he moved his own head-quarters and the 3rd Division
to Cuellar, while the 4th, 5th, and 6th Divisions were at El Pino on
the Cega river, a few miles behind. He wrote next morning (August
1st) that he was in such a position that Joseph and Clausel could not
possibly join, and that if the King lingered any longer at Segovia, ‘I
can move upon him, and make him go quicker than he will like[639].’ But
he imagined that the Army of the Centre would fall back instantly on
Madrid--as indeed it was doing at the very moment that he was writing
his dispatch.

  [639] All these details are from dispatches of Wellington to
  D’Urban in the unpublished D’Urban papers, dated between July 30
  and August 2, or from D’Urban’s report to Wellington.

On receiving the information that Joseph had vanished, Wellington
halted for three whole days [August 2nd, 3rd, 4th] with his
head-quarters at Cuellar, and his infantry gathered round him in its
neighbourhood. The 1st and Light Divisions, which had marched as far
as the Douro, came southward to join the rest. But it was only on the
5th that orders were issued for the march of nearly the whole army on
Segovia, by the road to Mozencillo. During these three days of halt
Wellington had made up his mind as to his general policy. Clausel,
whose army was harmless for the present, was to be ignored: only a
small containing force was to be left in front of him, while the main
body of the Anglo-Portuguese host marched on Madrid.

The strategical purpose that determined this decision was never set
forth in full by Wellington. His contemporary dispatches to Lord
Bathurst and to Hill are short, and lack explanatory detail--he states
his decision, but says little of his reasons for making it. Nor did he,
at the end of the campaign, write any long official narrative of his
doings, as he had done in 1810 and 1811. The causes that governed his
action have to be deduced from scattered opinions expressed in many
different documents. We need hardly take seriously the common French
dictum, found in many a book written by his exasperated opponents,
that he ‘wished to parade himself as conqueror and liberator in the
Spanish capital.’ That was not the sort of motive which any serious
student of Wellington’s character would dream of imputing to him. Nor,
if we translate it into less offensive terms, would it be true to say
that it was the political advantage of expelling the King from Madrid,
and so demonstrating to all Europe the weakness of the French hold
on the Peninsula, that was the determining cause of the march into
New Castile and the abandonment of the campaign on the Douro. We must
rather look for definite military reasons. And of these the predominant
one was that he conceived that the most probable result of the battle
of Salamanca would be to force the King to call up Soult and Suchet to
Madrid, in order to check the Anglo-Portuguese army, even at the cost
of abandoning great tracts of conquered land in Andalusia and Valencia.
Such indeed, as we have already seen, was Joseph’s purpose. The order
to Soult to evacuate his viceroyalty and to march on Toledo with his
whole army had been issued a day or two before Wellington had made up
his mind to turn southward. Suchet had been directed at the same time
to send all that he could spare toward Madrid. Though the pursuit of
Clausel to the Ebro offered many advantages, it would be a ruinous move
if the enemy should concentrate 70,000 men at Madrid, and then march
on Valladolid, to take the allied army in the rear and cut it off from
Portugal.

It was quite uncertain whether Soult or Suchet would make this move.
But that it was the correct one is certain. Wellington was aware that
Soult had been summoned to send troops northward. Hitherto he had found
excuses for refusing to obey, as his last intercepted dispatch of July
8th sufficiently showed. But the results of Salamanca might probably
render further disobedience impossible: and the moment that Soult
should hear of that tremendous event, it was reasonable to suppose that
he would abandon his viceroyalty, and march to join the King with every
available man. If he found Joseph and his army still in possession of
Madrid, they would have a central base and magazines from which to
operate, and a very favourable strategic position. It was true that
Wellington could call up Hill’s 18,000 men, but this was the only
succour on which he could count: neither Ballasteros nor the numerous
garrison of Cadiz would ever appear in New Castile, if old experience
was to be trusted. If some Spaniards did arrive, they would be very
uncertain aid. Granted, therefore, that Soult marched on Toledo and
Madrid to join the King, Wellington must take almost every man of the
Salamanca army to face them, even allowing for the certain junction of
Hill. He could only afford to leave a small ‘containing force’ to look
after Clausel.

But there was another possibility which made the situation still more
doubtful. Would Suchet also push up to join King Joseph with the
Army of Valencia, or the greater part of it? If he should do so, the
odds would be too great, and a defensive campaign to cover Portugal,
and so much as was possible of the newly regained Spanish provinces,
would be the only resource. But Suchet’s action depended upon a factor
over which Wellington had some influence, though not a complete and
dominating control. When he had started on the Salamanca campaign he
had been relying on Lord William Bentinck’s Sicilian expedition to
keep the French in Valencia engaged: an attack on Catalonia would draw
Suchet northward with all his reserves, and nothing would be left
which O’Donnell and the Spanish army of Murcia could not ‘contain.’ It
will be remembered that a few days before the battle of Salamanca[640]
Wellington had received the disheartening news that Bentinck had
countermanded his expedition, and was turning himself to some
chimerical scheme for invading Italy. This had left Suchet’s attention
free for the moment, and he might conceivably have sent troops to
join the Army of the Centre. Fortunately he had not done so--only
Palombini’s division and the small garrison of Cuenca had been swept up
by King Joseph, without the Marshal’s consent and much to his disgust.

  [640] See above, p. 408.

Now, however, the whole prospect in eastern Spain had been transformed
by the cheering news, received on July 30th near Valladolid[641],
that Bentinck had once more changed his mind, and that a considerable
expeditionary force under General Maitland had been sent to Majorca, to
pick up the Spaniards of Whittingham and Roche, and to execute, after
all, the projected diversion. Maitland’s own dispatch arrived four
days later; it had travelled with extraordinary celerity from Palma to
Cuellar in fifteen days, and announced his arrival on the Spanish coast
and his intention to operate at once. This being so, Suchet would be
‘out of the game’ if all went well, and only the King and Soult need be
taken into consideration for the next month. But it was all-important
that the diversion on the East Coast should be executed with firmness
and decision.

  [641] See _Dispatches_, ix. p. 320.

The best summary of Wellington’s views at this moment is to be found in
his letter to Lord William Bentinck[642], explaining the importance of
Maitland’s action in August.

  [642] Ibid., p. 321.

‘I have lately, on the 22nd, beaten Marshal Marmont in a general
action near Salamanca, and I have pursued him beyond the Douro and
entered Valladolid. The King is at Segovia with 12,000 or 15,000
men, and, having driven Marmont from the lower Douro, my next object
is to prevent him and Marmont (if possible) from joining: this I am
about to attempt. Either the French [i. e. King Joseph] must lose all
communication with their troops in the north of Spain, or they must
oblige me to withdraw towards the frontiers of Portugal. This they
cannot effect without bringing against me either Suchet’s army, or
Soult’s army, or both. I cannot but think, therefore, that it is very
important that the attention of Suchet should be diverted from his
possible operations against me by the Sicilian army, which will go
to such important objects as Tarragona and Valencia.... If Suchet’s
attention cannot be diverted from me, and (notwithstanding Marmont’s
defeat) the French become too strong for me, I shall at least have
the satisfaction of reflecting, while I am retiring, that General
Maitland’s progress will be unopposed, and we shall take Tarragona and
Valencia.’

A few days later Wellington was pleased to find that Suchet had been
duly scared. An intercepted dispatch from him to King Joseph showed
that he was thinking of nothing but the appearance of an English fleet
off the Valencian coast, and that it was most unlikely that he would
send any serious succours to the King [643]. There remained therefore
only Soult to be considered. The natural thing for him to do would
be to evacuate Andalusia: as Wellington wrote a fortnight later,
‘any other but a modern French army would now leave that province
[644].’ Hill was writing at the same time, ‘Lord Wellington continues
advancing, and if he is able to keep his forward position, Soult will
be ordered to reinforce the King. Indeed I think that he _must_ quit
this part of the country entirely, if matters do not go better with
them’ [the French][645].

  [643] Wellington to Maitland, Cuellar, August 3rd, _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 327.

  [644] Wellington to Bathurst, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 370.

  [645] Letter in Sidney’s _Life of Hill_, p. 211.

What neither Wellington nor Hill could foresee, in early August, was
that the Marshal would still hang on to Andalusia, and renew, in a more
pressing form, his proposal of July 16th that Joseph and the Army of
the Centre should take refuge with him beyond the Sierra Morena. But
whether King Joseph received, or did not receive, succours from the
South or East, it was clearly good military policy to turn him out of
Madrid, while the Army of Portugal was still completely negligible as
a factor in the game. The loss of Madrid would be ruinous to him if
he was left without reinforcements: if he received them, the enemy
would find the problem of subsistence much more difficult if he had
not Madrid to rely upon as his central base and magazine. Toledo would
not serve him half so well. And the political effects of the recovery
of the Spanish capital, even if only for a time, must be well worth
gaining. It would shake the confidence of the _Afrancesado_ party all
over the Peninsula, and it would be noted all round Europe.

Accordingly Wellington resolved to leave only a small containing
detachment on the Douro, to look after Clausel, whose recuperative
power he somewhat underrated, and to march on Madrid with a force that
would enable him, if joined by Hill, to fight Soult and King Joseph in
combination. The containing body was put in charge of Clinton, who was
almost the only divisional general of the old stock who still remained
with the army. Graham and Picton were invalided, Leith and Lowry Cole
had been wounded at Salamanca, along with Beresford and Stapleton
Cotton. Nearly all the divisions were under interim commanders.
Another reason for choosing Clinton for the detached duty was that
his division, the 6th, had suffered more than any other unit at the
recent battle. It was very low in numbers, only 3,700 men, including
its Portuguese brigade, and needed to pick up convalescents and drafts
before it could be considered effective for field service. Along with
the 6th Division there were left the five battalions[646] that had
recently joined the army from England or the Mediterranean stations:
they were all Walcheren regiments, and still riddled with sickness; and
all had suffered from the forced marches which had brought them to the
front just before. Wellington was discontented with their condition.
‘The truth is, neither officers nor soldiers are accustomed to march.
The men are very irregular, and owing to their irregularities not able
to bear the labour of marching in the heat of the sun[647].’ They
were left to strengthen Clinton, and to acclimatize themselves to the
Spanish summer: if taken on to Madrid they would have sown the roadside
with broken-down stragglers.

  [646] viz. the 2/4th, 1/5th, 1/38th, 1/42nd, which had arrived in
  time for the battle of Salamanca, the 1/38th on the very battle
  morning, and the 1/82nd which came up after the battle. They were
  all Walcheren regiments: 1/82nd came from Gibraltar, 2/4th from
  Ceuta, the other three from England direct. The 1/5th and 2/82nd
  went on to Madrid in September.

  [647] Wellington to Bathurst, Cuellar, August 4. _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 339.

The five newly-arrived battalions brought Clinton’s strength up to
7,000 infantry. The whole of this force was cantoned in and about
Cuellar, while the cavalry allotted to it, Anson’s brigade, took a
more advanced position, along and beyond the Douro, covering not only
its own infantry but the two Spanish divisions of Santocildes, who
had occupied Valladolid on August 6th. The remainder of the Army
of Galicia was still occupied in the interminable siege of Astorga,
which to Wellington’s disgust still lingered on. The heavy guns had at
last come up from Corunna, but the bombardment seemed to have little
effect. Silveira had resumed the blockade of Zamora, but having no
siege artillery could only wait till starvation should compel its
garrison of 700 men to submit. Toro and Tordesillas were the only other
places where Marmont had left a detachment; the latter surrendered to
Santocildes on his march to Valladolid--about 300 French were taken
there. The former was still holding out, observed by a small Spanish
force. The task of keeping a close look-out upon Clausel was handed
over to the guerrilleros--the Castilian chiefs Saornil, Marquinez, and
Principe. An English officer, who spent some days with the two last at
this juncture, describes them as ‘bandits, but very troublesome ones
for the French.’ Deducting the Spaniards left before Astorga, and the
Portuguese left before Zamora, there were some 18,000 men in all told
off to ‘contain’ Clausel. The orders left behind[648] were that they
should remain in their cantonments unless the enemy should move--which
Wellington did not think a likely contingency, ‘as they have nothing
but their cavalry in a state fit for service.’ But if, rallying sooner
than he expected, the French should march by Palencia to try to rescue
the garrisons of Astorga and Zamora, Santocildes was to retire, and
to endeavour to defend the line of the Esla, while Silveira was to
raise the blockade of Zamora and fall back behind that same river. If,
instead of making a raid westward to save the garrisons, Clausel should
move against Valladolid and the line of the Douro, Anson’s cavalry was
to retire and join Clinton at Cuellar; and if the enemy came on against
them in full force, both were then to fall back on Segovia. Santocildes
was then directed to endeavour to move round Clausel’s rear, and
to cut his communication with Burgos. Contrary to Wellington’s
expectation[649], as we shall presently see, the French general made
both the moves suggested--he sent a column to relieve Astorga and
Zamora, and marched with his main body on Valladolid. The consequences
of his advance will be related in their due place.

  [648] Memorandum for General Clinton, to be communicated to
  General Santocildes. _Dispatches_, ix. pp. 344-6.

  [649] It is curious to find that while in the ‘Memorandum’ of
  August 4 Wellington states that it is ‘not very probable’ that
  Clausel will move, in a letter to Santocildes sent off the very
  next day, he remarks that an advance from Burgos into the kingdom
  of Leon, to relieve Astorga, is ‘most likely.’ I fancy that the
  former was his real opinion, and that the latter was spoken of
  with some stress in the directions to Santocildes, mainly because
  Wellington wished to impress on the Spaniard the duty of being
  cautious and retiring to the Esla without offering battle.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER IX

THE PURSUIT OF KING JOSEPH. MAJALAHONDA. WELLINGTON AT MADRID


Having thus made all his arrangements for ‘containing’ Clausel, and for
dealing with what he considered the unlikely chance of an offensive
move by the Army of Portugal, Wellington was at liberty to carry out
his new strategical move. The mass of troops collected at Cuellar and
its neighbourhood was at last set in motion, and, after his short
halt and time of doubting, he himself marched against Madrid with the
whole remaining force at his disposal--the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th,
and Light Divisions, Arentschildt’s, Bock’s, and Ponsonby’s [late Le
Marchant’s] cavalry brigades, the Portuguese infantry of Pack and
Bradford, with D’Urban’s horse of that same nation, as also Carlos de
España’s Spanish infantry and Julian Sanchez’s lancers. The whole,
allowing for Salamanca losses and the wear and tear of the high-roads,
amounted to about 36,000 men[650]. It was ample for the hunting of
King Joseph, and sufficient, if Hill were called up, to face the King
and Soult in conjunction, supposing that the latter should at last
evacuate Andalusia and march on Toledo. Santocildes and Clinton were
informed that it was the intention of the Commander-in-Chief to return
to Castile when affairs in the South had been settled in a satisfactory
fashion. No date, of course, could be assigned: all would depend on
Soult’s next move.

  [650] The 1st and 7th Divisions alone were up to their usual
  strength. The 4th and Light Divisions were still showing very
  weak battalions, owing to their dreadful Badajoz losses; and the
  former had also suffered very severely (1,000 casualties) at
  Salamanca. The 5th and 3rd had comparatively moderate casualties
  at each of these fights, but the combination of the two
  successive sets of losses had reduced them very considerably.

On August 7th the vanguard, consisting of the force that had occupied
Segovia--D’Urban’s Portuguese squadrons, the heavy German dragoons,
Macdonald’s horse artillery troop, and one light battalion of the
German Legion--marched forward six leagues, ‘five of them against the
collar,’ remarks an artillery officer. The steep route lay past the
royal summer-palace of San Ildefonso, ‘a beautiful place, and most
magnificently fitted up: what is very singular, the French have not
destroyed a single stick of it: the rooms are hung as thick as can be
with paintings _of sorts_[651].’ No hostile vedettes were discovered
on the Guadarrama, and a reconnoitring party pushed as far as the
Escurial, and reported that the enemy’s most outlying picket was at
Galapagar, three or four miles to the south-east of that melancholy
pile. Meanwhile the main body, a march behind the vanguard, started
from Segovia on the 8th, Ponsonby’s dragoons and the 7th Division
leading; then came Alten’s brigade, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Divisions,
and Pack. The rear was brought up by the 1st and Light Divisions and
Bradford, who only started from the neighbourhood of Segovia on the 9th
[652]. The necessity for moving the whole army by a single mountain
road--though it was a well-engineered one--caused the column to be of
an immoderate length, and progress was slow. Head-quarters were at San
Ildefonso on the 8th and 9th August, at Nava Cerrada (beyond the summit
of the Guadarrama) on the 10th, at Torre Lodones near the Escurial on
the 11th.

  [651] Dyneley’s diary in _R. A. Journal_, vol. xxiii. p. 454.

  [652] Many of the brigades did not march through Segovia, but by
  crossroads around it: steep gradients and fatigue were thereby
  avoided. One route was by the deserted palace of Rio Frio, an old
  royal hunting-box.

Meanwhile D’Urban, far ahead of the main body, occupied the Escurial
on the 9th, and pushed on cautiously to Galapagar, from whence the
enemy had vanished. His rearguard was discovered at Las Rosas and
Majalahonda, five miles nearer to Madrid. Wellington’s orders were that
his vanguard was to keep well closed up, the Germans close behind the
Portuguese, and that nothing was to be risked till support from the
leading divisions of the army was close at hand. Wherefore on the 10th
D’Urban, finding the French in force at Las Rosas, only advanced a few
miles, and bivouacked on the Guadarrama river at the bridge of Retamar.
He received news from the peasantry that King Joseph was preparing to
evacuate Madrid, that convoys had already started, and that the main
body of the Army of the Centre was to march by the road of Mostoles on
Toledo, where Soult was expected in a few days. The information--true
as regards the evacuation, false as regards the approach of Soult--was
duly sent back to Wellington, who lay that night at Nava Cerrada,
fifteen miles to the rear, with the 7th Division and Ponsonby’s cavalry
[653].

  [653] All this from D’Urban’s unpublished diary, as are also most
  of the details about the movements of the troops.

Madrid was at this moment a scene of tumult and despair. The King had
retired from Segovia still in a state of uncertainty as to whether
Wellington intended to turn against him, or whether he would pursue
Clausel. He quite recognized the fact that, even if Soult obeyed the
last dispatch sent to him on August 2nd, it would be too late for
him to arrive in time to save Madrid. But there was a pause of some
days, while Wellington was making up his mind at Cuellar, and it was
only on the morning of the 8th that the news arrived that a strong
column (D’Urban and the advanced guard) had started from Segovia on
the preceding day, and that more troops were following. The orders to
make ready for departure were issued at once, and a veritable panic
set in among the French residents and the _Afrancesados_. ‘Every one,’
wrote a keen observer on the 9th August, ‘is packing up his valuables
and making ready for a flitting. Not to speak of the many Spaniards of
birth and fortune who have committed themselves to the King’s cause,
there is an infinite number of minor officials and hangers-on of the
palace, who by preference or by force of habit stuck to their old
places. All these poor wretches dare not stay behind when the King
goes--their lot would be undoubtedly a dreadful one, they would fall
victims to the ferocious patriotism of their fellow-citizens, who have
never forgiven their desertion. Since the word for departure went
round, every one has been hunting for a vehicle or a saddle-beast, to
get off at all costs. Add to this crowd a swarm of valets, servants,
and dependants of all sorts. Most of the merchants and officials are,
as is natural, taking their families with them: the caravan will be
interminable. All night the noise of carriages, carts, and wagons,
rolling by without a moment’s cessation under my windows, kept me from
sleep.’ On the next morning he adds, ‘More than 2,000 vehicles of one
sort and another, loaded with bundles and bales and furniture, with
whole families squatting on top, have quitted Madrid. Adding those who
follow on foot or on horseback, there must be easily 10,000 of them.
They are mostly without arms, there are numbers of women, old people,
and children: it is a lamentable sight: they take the Aranjuez road,
guarded by a considerable escort[654].’

  [654] Reiset’s _Souvenirs_, ii. pp. 358-60.

The King, after resigning himself to the retreat, and giving orders for
the departure of the convoy and the greater part of his infantry, had
still one troublesome point to settle. Should he, or should he not,
leave a garrison behind, to defend the great fortified _enceinte_ on
the Retiro heights, outside the eastern gate of the city, which his
brother had constructed, to serve as a citadel to hold down Madrid,
and an arsenal to contain the assortment of stores of all kinds. Heavy
material, especially in the way of artillery--had been accumulating
there since the French occupation began. Here were parked all the guns
captured at Ucles, Almonaçid, and Ocaña, and tens of thousands of
muskets, the spoil of those same fields. There was a whole convoy of
clothing destined for the Army of the South, and much more that Joseph
had caused to be made for his skeleton army of _Juramentados_. There
were 900 barrels of powder and some millions of rounds of infantry
cartridges, not to speak of much arsenal plant of all kinds. All this
would have either to be blown up or to be defended. The fortifications
were good against guerrilleros or insurgents: there was a double
_enceinte_ and a star-fort in the interior. But against siege-guns
the place could obviously hold out for not more than a limited number
of days. After twenty-four hours of wavering, Joseph--contrary to
Jourdan’s advice--resolved to garrison the Retiro, on the chance that
it might defend itself till Soult reached Toledo, and a counter-attack
upon Madrid became possible. If Soult should not appear, the place
was doomed clearly enough: and the previous behaviour of the Duke of
Dalmatia made it by no means likely that he would present himself
in time. However, the King directed Lafon Blaniac, the governor of
the province of La Mancha, to shut himself in the works, with some
2,000 men, consisting mainly of the drafts belonging to the Army
of Andalusia: he would not leave any of the Army of the Centre.
Probably he considered that Soult would feel more interest in the
fate of the Retiro if his own men formed its garrison. They were a
haphazard assembly, belonging to some dozen different regiments[655],
under-officered and mostly conscripts. But they were all French troops
of the line; no _Juramentados_ were among them. To their charge were
handed over some 500 non-transportable sick of the Army of the Centre,
mostly men who had collapsed under the recent forced marches to and
from Blasco Sancho. They were not in the Retiro, but at the military
hospital in the Prado, outside the fortifications.

  [655] The surrender-rolls show that there were also some small
  leavings of Marmont’s troops in the Retiro, notably from the 50th
  Line [of which there were no less than six officers]. Of the Army
  of the South the 12th and 27th Léger, and 45th and 51st Line were
  strongly represented.

Having sent off towards Aranjuez his convoy and the larger part of
his troops, the King was suddenly seized with a qualm that he might
be flying from an imaginary danger. What if the column that had been
heard of on the Guadarrama was simply a demonstration--perhaps half a
dozen squadrons and a few battalions of infantry? He would be shamed
for ever if he evacuated his capital before a skeleton enemy. Obsessed
by this idea, he ordered General Treillard to take the whole of his
cavalry--over 2,000 sabres--and drive in Wellington’s advanced guard
at all costs: Palombini’s Italian division marched out from Madrid to
support the reconnaissance. Treillard was ordered to use every effort
to take prisoners, from whom information could probably be extracted by
judicious questioning.

On the morning of the 11th the French outpost-line outside of Madrid
had been held only by Reiset’s brigade of dragoons (13th and 18th
regiments), about 700 sabres. It was these troops that D’Urban had
discovered on the previous night at Las Rosas: at dawn he proceeded
to drive them in, making sure that they would retire, as they had
regularly done hitherto. His own force was much the same as that of
the enemy, his three weak regiments (seven squadrons) amounting to a
little over 700 men. But he had with him Macdonald’s horse artillery,
and the French were gunless. Demonstrating against Reiset’s front with
two regiments, D’Urban turned him with the third and two guns. The
flank movement had its due effect, and the dragoons gave back, when
shelled diagonally from a convenient slope. They retired as far as
the village of Las Rosas, and made a stand there: but on the flanking
movement being repeated, they again drew back, and passing a second
village--Majalahonda--went out of sight, taking cover in woods in the
direction of Mostoles and Boadilla. D’Urban was now within seven miles
of Madrid, and thought it well to write to Wellington to ask whether
he should endeavour to enter the city or not. The reply sent to him
was that he was to go no farther than Aravaca--three miles outside the
walls--till he should be supported; the head of the main column, headed
by Ponsonby’s heavy dragoons, would be up by the evening.

Long before this answer reached him D’Urban was in terrible trouble.
The manœuvring of the morning had taken up some four hours; it was
about 10 when the French disappeared. While waiting for orders, the
brigadier directed his regiments to quarter themselves in Majalahonda,
water their horses, and cook their midday meal. After the pickets had
been thrown out, all went quietly for five hours, and most of the men
were enjoying a siesta at 3.30. They had now support close behind them,
as the heavy German brigade, and the 1st Light Battalion of the K.G.L.
had come up as far as Las Rosas, only three-quarters of a mile to their
rear. The advance was to be resumed when the worst heat of the day
should be over.

But a little before four o’clock masses of French cavalry were seen
debouching from the woods in front of Boadilla. This was Treillard,
who had come up from the rear with four fresh regiments (19th and
22nd Dragoons, Palombini’s Italian _Dragons de Napoléon_, and the 1st
Westphalian Lancers[656]), and had picked up Reiset’s brigade on the
way. The whole force was over 2,000 strong, and was advancing in three
lines at a great pace, evidently prepared to attack without hesitation.
D’Urban had barely time to form a line in front of Majalahonda, when
the enemy were upon him.

  [656] Treillard calls them only _les lanciers_ in his report.
  Dyneley in his narrative calls them Polish lancers, but they were
  really the Westphalian _Chevaux-légers-lanciers_ of the Army of
  the Centre.

It is certain that the wise policy would have been to make a running
fight of it, and to fall back at once on the Germans at Las Rosas,
for the Portuguese were outnumbered three to one. But D’Urban was a
daring leader, honourably ambitious of distinction, and the excellent
behaviour of his brigade at Salamanca had inspired him with an
exaggerated confidence in their steadiness. He sent back messengers
to hurry up the German dragoons, and took position in front of
Majalahonda, throwing out one squadron in skirmishing line[657],
deploying five more in line of battle (1st and 12th regiments), and
keeping one in reserve on his left flank to cover four horse artillery
guns there placed. Here also were placed a party of forty of the German
Dragoons, who had been sent out on exploring duty, and joined the
Portuguese in time for the fight.

  [657] This was a squadron of the 11th, whose other squadron
  formed the reserve.

Treillard came on in three successive lines of brigades, each composed
of six squadrons, Reiset’s dragoons (13th and 18th) forming the front
line, the other dragoon brigade (19th and 22nd) the second, and the
two foreign regiments the reserve. The clash came very quickly, before
the British guns had time to fire more than three or four rounds. The
Portuguese rode forward briskly enough till they were within a few
yards of the enemy, when they checked, wavered, and went about, leaving
their brigadier and their colonels, who were riding well in front,
actually in the French ranks. D’Urban cut his way out--the Visconde
de Barbaçena and Colonel Lobo were both severely wounded and taken
prisoners. The broken line shivered in all directions, and went to the
rear pursued by the French: some of the fugitives rode into and carried
away the reserve squadron, which abandoned the guns on the left as they
were limbering up. There was a wild chase for the mile that intervened
between the battle spot in front of Majalahonda and the village of Las
Rosas. In it three of the four horse artillery guns were captured--one
by a wheel breaking, the other two by their drivers being cut down by
the pursuing dragoons. Captain Dyneley, commanding the left section
of the battery, and fourteen of his men were taken prisoners--mostly
wounded. The small party of German dragoons, under an officer named
Kuhls, who chanced to be present, made a desperate attempt to save the
guns. ‘Oh, how those poor fellows behaved!’ wrote Dyneley, ‘they were
not much more than twenty in number, but when they saw the scrape our
guns were in, they formed up to support us, which they had no sooner
done than down came at least 150 dragoons and lancers: the poor fellows
fought like men, but of course they were soon overpowered, and every
soul of them cut to pieces.’

The main body of the leading French brigade rode, without a check,
up to the first houses of Las Rosas, where they found the German
heavy brigade only just getting into order, so swift had the rout
been. When D’Urban’s first alarm came to hand, the horses were all
unsaddled, the men, some asleep, some occupied in grooming their
mounts or leading them to water. The trumpets blew, but the squadrons
were only just assembling, when in a confused mass and a cloud of
dust flying Portuguese and pursuing French hurtled in among them.
That no irreparable disaster took place was due to two causes--two
captains[658], who had got a few of these men already together,
gallantly charged the head of the French to gain time, and some of the
light infantry opened a spattering fire upon them from the houses.
Reiset called back his regiments to re-form them, and meanwhile the
Germans came pouring out of the village and got into line anyhow, ‘some
on barebacked horses, some with bare heads, others in forage-caps, many
in their shirt-sleeves.’ By the time that the French were advancing
again, all the four squadrons of the heavies were more or less in
line, and D’Urban had rallied the greater part of his Portuguese on
their left. The fight in front of Las Rosas was very fierce, though
the Portuguese soon had enough of it and retired. But the Germans
made a splendid resistance, and ended by beating back the front line
of the enemy. Treillard then put in his second line, and under the
charge of these fresh squadrons the dragoons of the Legion, still
fighting obstinately, were pressed back to the entrance of the village:
Colonel Jonquières, commanding the brigade in Bock’s absence, was
taken prisoner with a few of his men. The salvation of the overmatched
cavalry was that the light infantry battalion of the Legion had now
lined the outskirts of the village, and opened such a hot fire that the
enemy had to draw back.

  [658] Reizenstein and Marshalk.

What Treillard would have done had he been left undisturbed it is
impossible to say, but just at this moment Ponsonby’s cavalry brigade
and the head of the infantry column of the 7th Division came in sight
from the rear, hurrying up to support the vanguard. The French drew
off, and retired in mass, with such haste that they did not even bring
off the captured guns, which were found by the roadside not much
damaged, though an attempt had been made to destroy their carriages.

In this fierce fight, which was so honourable to the Germans and so
much the reverse to the Portuguese, the vanguard lost nearly 200 men.
The heavy brigade had 1 officer and 13 men killed, 5 officers and 35
men wounded, 1 officer (Colonel Jonquières) and 6 men prisoners. The
Portuguese naturally suffered much more--by their own fault, for it
was in the rout that they were cut up. They had 3 officers and 30 men
killed, 3 officers and 49 men wounded, and 1 officer[659] and 22 men
missing. Macdonald’s unfortunate battery lost 6 killed, 6 wounded, and
its second captain (Dyneley) and 14 men missing: most of the latter
were more or less hurt. The K.G.L. light battalion had 7 wounded. The
total casualty list, therefore, was 15 officers and 182 men. It is
probable that the French did not suffer much less, for they had as
many as 17 officers disabled, including Reiset, the brigadier who led
the first line, and 11 more of the officers of his two regiments: the
supporting corps lost only 5 officers wounded among the four of them
[660]. But a loss of 17 officers must certainly imply that of at least
150 men: the Germans had used their broadswords most effectively.
Treillard sought to diminish the effect of his loss by making the
preposterous statement that he had killed 150 of the allies, wounded
500, and carried off 60 prisoners; he forgot also to mention that he
left the three captured guns behind him.

  [659] Colonel Lobo: the other colonel (the Visconde de Barbaçena)
  who was taken, had been so severely wounded that the French left
  him behind.

  [660] Three in the 19th Dragoons, one in the 22nd, one in the
  Italian regiment. Oddly enough, of seventeen officers in the
  casualty list, only one (a _chef d’escadron_ of the 13th) was
  killed. The sabre disables, but does not usually slay outright.

After this affair Wellington made the memorandum: ‘the occurrences of
the 22nd of July [Salamanca] had induced me to hope that the Portuguese
dragoons would have conducted themselves better, or I should not have
placed them at the outposts of the army. I shall not place them again
in situations in which, by their misconduct, they can influence the
safety of other troops[661].’ It is fair to D’Urban’s men, however,
to remember that they were put into action against superior numbers,
and with a knowledge that they themselves were unsupported, while the
enemy had two lines of reserve behind him. To be broken under such
circumstances was perhaps inevitable. But the second rout, in the
vicinity of Las Rosas, was much more discreditable. Their brigadier,
very reticent in his dispatch to Wellington, wrote in a private letter:
‘The same men who at Salamanca followed me into the French ranks like
British dragoons, on this 11th of August at the first charge went
just far enough to leave me in the midst of the enemy’s ranks. In the
second, which, having got them rallied, I attempted, I could not get
them within ten yards of the enemy-they left me alone, and vanished
from before the helmets like leaves before the autumn wind[662].’

  [661] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 354.

  [662] There are very full narratives of Majalahonda to be
  got from D’Urban’s correspondence, Reiset’s memoirs, and the
  letters of Dyneley, who was lucky enough to escape a few days
  later and rejoin his troop. Schwertfeger’s _History of the
  German Legion_ gives the facts about the part taken by the
  K.G.L. Light Battalion, whose service Wellington ignored in his
  dispatch--wrongly stating that it was not engaged. Treillard’s
  dispatch is a fine piece of exaggeration, but useful as giving
  the official French view of the affair.

Treillard brought back to King Joseph the news that Wellington in
person was certainly marching on Madrid with the greater part of his
army. Indeed his prisoners had tried to scare him by saying that 8,000
horse were coming down on him, and otherwise exaggerating the numbers
of the allies. The cavalry brigades fell back to form the rearguard
of the King’s army, which moved on Valdemoro and Aranjuez, not toward
Toledo, for certain information had come that none of Soult’s troops
were anywhere near that ancient city. The convoy had been turned
towards Ocaña, and the road to Valencia.

Wellington entered Madrid unopposed next day--vexed that his arrival
should have been marred by the untoward business at Majalahonda, ‘a
devil of an affair,’ as he called it in a private letter to Stapleton
Cotton[663]. But the inhabitants of the Spanish capital took little
heed of the mishap--the departure of the French was the only thing that
mattered. Their enthusiasm was unbounded.

  [663] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 351.

‘I never witnessed,’ wrote an intelligent observer in the ranks[664],
‘such a scene before. For a distance of five miles from the gates
the road was crowded with the people who had come out to meet us,
each bringing something--laurel boughs, flowers, bread, wine, grapes,
lemonade, sweetmeats, &c. The road was like a moving forest from the
multitude who carried palms, which they strewed in the way for us to
march over. Young ladies presented us with laurel, and even fixed it in
our caps: others handed us sweetmeats and fruit. Gentlemen had hired
porters to bring out wine, which they handed to us as we passed by:
every individual strove to outvie each other in good nature. On the
other hand the feelings of each British soldier were wound up to the
highest pitch--Wellington himself rode at the head of our regiment,
we were flushed with victory, and a defeated enemy was flying in
our front: proud of the honour paid us by the people, we entered
Madrid, the air rent with cries of “Long live Wellington, Long live
the English.” The crowd and shouts and ringing of bells was beyond
description. The men on the flanks were involuntarily dragged out of
their subdivisions into houses, and treated with the best that could be
found for them. It was with difficulty that Lord Wellington could keep
his seat on horseback-every one was pressing round him.’ They kissed
his hands, his sword, even his horse and the ground he had passed
over. It would have been a moment of intoxicating exultation to most
men: but Wellington looked beyond the laurels and the shouting. ‘It
is impossible to describe the joy of the inhabitants on our arrival:’
he wrote, in his rather ponderous style, ‘I hope that the prevalence
of the same sentiment of detestation of the French yoke which first
induced them to set the example of resistance to the usurper, will
again induce them to make exertions in the cause of their country,
which, being more wisely directed, will be more efficacious than those
they formerly made[665].’ But hope is not the same as expectation.

  [664] Journal of Wheeler of the 51st, p. 27.

  [665] To Lord Bathurst, August 13. _Dispatches_, ix. 355.

That evening the whole city was illuminated, and the streets were so
full, till long after midnight, of crowds tumultuously joyful, that
some cautious officers feared that the French garrison of the Retiro
might sally out to make mischief in the confusion. Lafon-Blaniac,
however, kept quiet--he was already quailing over two discoveries--the
one that his water supply was very short, the other that the inner
_enceinte_ of the works was so full of miscellaneous combustible stuff,
shot in at the last moment, that nothing was more probable than a
general conflagration if he were to be bombarded. It had also begun
to strike him that his outer line of defences was very weak, and his
second one very constricted for the amount of men and material that
he had in charge. The larger _enceinte_, indeed, only consisted, for
the greater part of its extent, of the loopholed wall of the Retiro
Park, with some _flèches_ placed in good flanking positions. On the
side facing the Prado were buildings--the Retiro Palace and the
Museum, which had been barricaded and made tenable: they formed the
strongest section of the exterior line. The inner _enceinte_ was a more
formidable affair--with ten bastioned fronts on the scale of a powerful
field-work. The star-fort, which constituted the final refuge for the
garrison, was built around the solid building that had once been the
royal porcelain manufactory (where the celebrated Buen Retiro china was
made): it had a ditch twelve feet deep and twenty-four wide, and was
formidably palisaded.

Wellington reconnoitred the works on the 13th, and directed that the
outer line should be stormed that night. Three hundred men of the
3rd Division were told off to break into the Park wall on the north,
near the Bull-Ring: 300 more from the 51st and 68th regiments of the
7th Division were to attack the south-west angle of the _enceinte_,
which was formed by the wall of the Botanical Garden. Both assaults
were completely successful--the walls were so flimsy that they
were easily hewn through with picks, or beaten in with beams used
as battering-rams, and the 68th found and broke open a postern. The
resistance was very weak--only ten of the storming-parties were killed
or wounded, and the enemy retired almost at once into his second line,
abandoning the Palace and other fortified buildings.

Lafon-Blaniac was now in a deplorable position, for there was only one
well of moderate capacity within the second _enceinte_ to serve the
whole garrison. He had lost those in the Palace at the foot of the
hill: and the old porcelain manufactory, within the star-fort, had been
wont to be supplied by a little aqueduct, which had of course been
cut by the British. It was clear that a lack of water would soon be a
serious problem: but a superfluity of fire was a still more probable
one--the garrison was crowded up among buildings and stores, and the
large factory inside the star-fort was specially dangerous--a very
few shells would suffice to kindle it and to smoke out or smother its
defenders.

On the morning of the 14th Lafon-Blaniac sent out a flag of truce,
ostensibly to deliver a threat to fire upon the town if he were
pressed, really to see if he could get tolerable terms, before the
British had begun to batter him, for he could note preparations to
bring up heavy guns being made. Wellington saw the _parlementaire_
in person, and a conclusion was arrived at in a very few minutes.
Tolerable conditions of surrender were granted--the garrison to march
out with honours of war, the officers to keep their swords, horses,
and baggage, the men their knapsacks unsearched. All arms and stores
were to be handed over intact. At four o’clock the French marched out,
‘most of them drunk, and affecting a great rage against the governor
for surrendering so tamely.’ Yet it is clear that he could not have
held out for more than a day or two, with great loss of life and no
strategical profit, since there was absolutely no chance of the place
being relieved. The prisoners were sent off under escort to Lisbon.
On the way they were joined by the garrison of Guadalajara, which
had surrendered with equal facility to the Empecinado--this was a
force of _Juramentados_ and foreigners--regiments Royal-Étranger and
Royal-Irlandais, about 900 strong, under a General de Prieux, of the
Spanish not the French service. They feared for their necks if they
resisted the guerrilleros, and made practically no resistance.

The stores in the Retiro proved most useful--nearly every regiment at
Madrid was supplied with new shoes from them: the stock of blue French
regimental coats was issued to the artillery and light dragoons, to be
cut up into jackets; Joseph’s _Juramentado_ uniforms served to reclothe
Carlos de España’s and Julian Sanchez’s men. The most unexpected find
in the fort was the eagles of the 51st Line and 12th Léger, which
had somehow got into the Retiro, though the bulk of those corps were
with Soult’s army, and only detachments of them were at Madrid. They
were sent to the Prince Regent, and now hang in the chapel of Chelsea
Hospital[666]. The garrison was found to consist of 4 _chefs de
bataillon_, 22 captains, 42 other officers, and 1,982 men--the latter
including some 200 non-military employés. In addition, 6 officers and
429 rank and file had been surrendered in the hospital, which was
outside the Retiro, before the attack on the place began[667].

  [666] The second eagle is in error described in Wellington’s
  dispatch as that of the 13th--which was in Russia at the time.

  [667] For the ‘siege’ of the Retiro see (besides the official
  sources) Burgoyne’s _Diary_, i. pp. 208-9, and the narratives of
  Green of the 68th and Wheeler of the 51st. For the use of the
  French uniforms see the _Dickson Papers_, ed. Major Leslie, ii.
  pp. 738-9.

Here we must leave Wellington for a space, triumphant in the Spanish
capital, and much worried by the polite and effusive attentions of
the authorities and inhabitants, who lavished on him and his officers
banquets, balls, and bull-fights for many days, in spite of the penury
which had been prevailing for years in the half-ruined city. Never was
an army better treated--wine could be had for the asking, and at last
the men had to be confined to their quarters for many hours a day, lest
they should be killed by kindness. The Constitution was proclaimed
in state, a patriotic municipality elected, and Carlos de España was
made governor. He signalized his appointment by arresting a good many
_Afrancesados_ and garotting with much ceremonial the priest Diego
Lopez, who had been one of King Joseph’s most noted spies.[668]

  [668] Grattan’s _With the Connaught Rangers_, p. 275.

  NOTE.--For the garrison of the Retiro I can find no regular
  details; Wellington gives only totals of the surrendered force.
  But a paper of Jourdan’s (at Paris), though dated so far back as
  July 17th, speaks of the Madrid garrison as containing 230 men
  of the 3/12th Léger, 250 of the 3/45th, and a whole _bataillon
  de marche_ more of Soult’s army, 750 strong, together with 200
  _hommes isolés_, and a considerable number of dismounted cavalry.
  I suspect that these formed the Retiro garrison in August as well
  as in July. The other troops noted as left at Madrid on July
  18th--a battalion of Nassau, the dépôts of the Royal Guard, 28th
  and 75th, and three Spanish battalions, were certainly _not_ in
  the surrender, and had marched off on August 10th with the King.
  But a good many scores of the 50th, belonging to Marmont’s army,
  were among the prisoners. I suspect that these were the garrison
  of Avila, which retired on Madrid on getting the news of the
  battle of Salamanca.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER X

AFFAIRS IN THE SOUTH. JUNE-AUGUST 1812. SOULT, HILL, AND BALLASTEROS


Two months elapsed between Wellington’s passage of the Agueda on his
offensive march into the kingdom of Leon, and his triumphal entry
into Madrid. During this critical time there had been constant alarms
and excursions in Andalusia and Estremadura, but nothing decisive had
occurred. This was all that Wellington wanted: if employment were
found for the French Army of the South, so that it got no chance of
interfering with the campaign on the Douro, he was perfectly satisfied,
and asked for nothing more.

It will be remembered that his instructions to Hill, before he started
on the march to Salamanca, were that Soult must be diverted as far
as possible from sending troops northward. The main scheme was that
Ballasteros and Hill should, if possible, combine their operations so
as to bring pressure upon the enemy alternately[669]. The Cadiz Regency
had readily agreed to stir up the Spanish general to activity: if he
would demonstrate once more (as in April) against Seville, so as to
attract Soult’s attention, and cause him to concentrate, Hill should
press in upon Drouet and the French troops in Estremadura, so as to
force the Marshal to draw off from the Spaniard. Similarly, if Soult
should concentrate against Hill, Ballasteros was to strike again at
Seville, or the rear of the Cadiz Lines, which would infallibly bring
the Marshal southward again in haste[670].

  [669] Wellington to Henry Wellesley at Cadiz, _Dispatches_,
  ix. p. 169, same to same of June 1, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 197,
  Wellington to Hill (June 6th), _Dispatches_, ix. p. 215, and more
  especially the last paragraph of Wellington to Henry Wellesley
  of June 7th, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 219, and same to same of June
  10th, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 224.

  [670] To quote Wellington’s own rather heavy but quite explicit
  phrases: ‘I am certain that the enemy will move into Estremadura
  upon Hill, as soon as it is known that _I_ have moved: and I
  hope everything will then be done by Ballasteros, and the Army
  of Murcia, and the troops in Cadiz, to divert the enemy from
  their intentions upon Hill.’ And, on the other hand, in a letter
  differing in date from that first cited by three days, ‘The
  Spanish government have desired that in case of a movement by
  Marshal Soult on General Ballasteros, General Hill should make
  a movement to divert his attention from Ballasteros. I have
  directed this movement, in the notion that the Conde de Villemur
  [the Spanish commander in Estremadura] will also co-operate
  in it.’ The see-saw of alternate distractions is clearly laid
  down--but Ballasteros (as usual) proved a difficult factor to
  manage.

When Wellington crossed the Agueda [June 13] Hill had his corps
collected in central Estremadura--head-quarters at Almendralejo, the
troops cantoned about Ribera, Villafranca, Fuente del Maestre, and Los
Santos, with Penne Villemur’s Spanish horse in front at Zafra. Hill
had in hand his old force--the 2nd Division and Hamilton’s Portuguese,
with two (instead of the usual one) British and one Portuguese cavalry
brigades. He could also call up, if needed, the three strong Portuguese
infantry regiments (5th, 17th, 22nd) which were holding Badajoz till
a sufficient native garrison should be provided for it. At present
only a few hundred Spaniards [Tiradores de Doyle] had appeared. Far
away, to the north of the Guadiana, observing the French posts on the
Tagus, there was a detached Portuguese cavalry regiment at Plasencia.
This outlying unit was also put under Hill’s charge: its object was to
give early notice of any possible stir by the French, in the direction
of Almaraz or the recently restored bridge of Alcantara. Morillo’s
infantry division of Castaños’s army was lying on the right of Hill,
in south-western Estremadura: Wellington suggested that the Spanish
general might be willing to throw it into Badajoz, and so liberate
the Portuguese regiments lying there, if Soult should advance before
the regular garrison intended for the great fortress should arrive
from Cadiz. The whole force watching Soult amounted to nearly 19,000
men, not including the Spaniards. Of this total about 7,500 sabres
and bayonets were British--something over 11,000 were Portuguese.
In addition, Morillo and Penne Villemur had not quite 4,000 Spanish
horse and foot. Supposing that a minimum garrison were thrown into
Badajoz--Morillo’s infantry for choice--Hill could dispose of 18,000
Anglo-Portuguese for field-operations, not including the Portuguese
cavalry by the Tagus, who had the separate duty of watching the Army of
the Centre.

The French in Estremadura still consisted of the old contingent which
D’Erlon had been administering since the year began, viz. his own
and Daricau’s infantry divisions, with Lallemand’s and Perreymond’s
cavalry--altogether not more than 12,000 men, for several of the
infantry regiments had lost a battalion apiece when Badajoz fell. Since
his excursion to Don Benito and Medellin at the time of Hill’s raid on
Almaraz, D’Erlon had drawn back, abandoning all southern and most of
eastern Estremadura to the allies. He himself was lying at Azuaga and
Fuente Ovejuna, on the slopes of the Sierra Morena, while Daricau was
more to the north, about Zalamea, rather too far off to give his chief
prompt support. Daricau’s detachment in this direction seems to have
been caused by a desire to make communication with the Army of Portugal
easy, if the latter should ever come southward again from the Tagus,
and push to Truxillo as in 1811. It was clear that unless Soult should
reinforce his troops to the north of the mountains, Hill need fear
nothing: indeed he had a distinct superiority over D’Erlon.

Early in June, however, there was no danger that any troops from
Seville would come northward, for Ballasteros’s diversion had taken
place somewhat earlier than Wellington had wished, and the disposable
reserve of the Army of Andalusia was far away in the extreme southern
point of the province. After his success at Alhaurin in April, and his
subsequent pursuit by Soult’s flying columns, Ballasteros had taken
refuge--as was his wont when hard pressed--under the guns of Gibraltar.
The French retired when they had consumed their provisions, and fell
back to their usual stations at Malaga and Ronda, and along the line
of the Guadalete. When they were gone, the Spanish general emerged in
May, and recommenced his wonted incursions, ranging over the whole
of the mountains of the South. Having received the dispatches of the
Regency, which directed him to execute a diversion in favour of the
allied army in Estremadura, he obeyed with unexpected celerity, and
took in hand a very bold enterprise. General Conroux, with the column
whose task it was to cover the rear of the Cadiz Lines, was lying at
Bornos, behind the Guadalete, in a slightly entrenched camp. He had
with him about 4,500 men[671]. Ballasteros resolved to attempt to
surprise him, on the morning of June 1. Having got together all his
disposable troops, 8,500 infantry and a few squadrons of horse[672],
he made a forced march, and, favoured by a heavy mist at dawn, fell
upon the enemy’s cantonments and surprised them. He won a considerable
success at first: but the French rallied, and after a hard fight broke
his line by a general charge, and drove him back across the Guadalete.
Conroux was too exhausted to pursue, and Ballasteros remained in
position, apparently meditating a second attack, when on seeing some
cavalry detachments coming up to join the enemy, he sullenly retired.
He had lost 1,500 men and 4 guns, the French over 400[673]. The first
note of alarm from Bornos had caused Soult to send what reserves he
could collect from the Cadiz Lines and Seville--six battalions and
two cavalry regiments, and since Ballasteros had been beaten, but
not routed, he thought it necessary to give prompt attention to him.
Thereupon the Spaniard retreated first to Ubrique, and when threatened
in that position, to his old refuge in the lines of San Roque before
Gibraltar.

  [671] 9th Léger, 96th Ligne, a battalion of the 16th Léger, and
  the 5th Chasseurs.

  [672] Figures in _Los Ejércitos españoles_, p. 128.

  [673] Possibly more--the casualty list of officers in Martinien’s
  admirable tables is very heavy--9 officers hit in the 9th Léger,
  13 in the 96th Ligne, 3 in the 16th Léger, 5 in the 5th Chasseurs
  à cheval. Thirty officers hit might very probably (but not
  certainly) mean 600 casualties in all.

Soult would have liked to make an end of him, and would also have been
glad to direct a new attack upon Tarifa, which served as a second base
to the roving Spanish corps; he mentions his wish to capture it in more
than one of his dispatches of this summer. But his attention was drawn
away from Ballasteros and the South by the prompt advance of Hill, who
(as had been settled) pressed in upon Drouet at the right moment. On
the 7th June he moved forward his head-quarters from Almendralejo to
Fuente del Maestre, and two days later to Zafra. On the 11th, Penne
Villemur’s cavalry pushed out from Llerena towards Azuaga, while
Slade’s brigade, advancing parallel with the Spanish general, pressed
forward from Llera on Maguilla, a village some fifteen miles in front
of Drouet’s head-quarters at Fuente Ovejuna. This reconnaissance in
force brought on the most unlucky combat that was ever fought by the
British cavalry during the Peninsular War, the skirmish of Maguilla.

Slade, an officer whose want of capacity we have before had occasion
to notice[674], after some hours of march began to get in touch
with French dragoon vedettes, and presently, after driving them in,
found himself facing Lallemand’s brigade. Their forces were nearly
equal--each having two regiments, Slade the 1st Royals and 3rd Dragoon
Guards, Lallemand the 17th and 27th Dragoons--they had about 700
sabres a side: if anything Slade was a little the stronger. The French
general showed considerable caution and retired for some distance,
till he had nearly reached Maguilla, where he turned to fight. Slade
at once charged him, with the Royals in front line and the 3rd Dragoon
Guards supporting. The first shock was completely successful, the
French line being broken, and more than 100 men being taken. But Slade
then followed the routed squadrons with headlong recklessness, ‘each
regiment,’ as he wrote in his very foolish report of the proceedings,
‘vying with the other which should most distinguish itself.’ The
pursuit was as reckless as that of the 13th Light Dragoons at Campo
Mayor in the preceding year, and resolved itself into a disorderly
gallop of several miles. After the French had passed a defile beyond
Maguilla a sudden cry was heard, ‘Look to your right’--a fresh squadron
which Lallemand had left in reserve was seen bearing down on the flank
of the disordered mass. Charged diagonally by a small force, but one
in good order, the British dragoons gave way. Lallemand’s main body
turned upon them, and ‘the whole brigade in the greatest disorder, and
regardless of all the exertions and appeals of their general and their
regimental officers, continued their disgraceful flight till victors
and fugitives, equally overcome and exhausted by the overpowering heat
and the clouds of thick dust, came to a standstill near Valencia de las
Torres, some four miles from Maguilla, where at last Slade was able to
collect his regiments, and to retire to the woods beyond Llera[675].’

  [674] See vol. iv. pp. 187 and 437.

  [675] See Ainslie’s _History of the 1st Royals_, p. 133.

In this discreditable affair Slade lost 22 killed, 26 wounded, and
no less than 2 officers and 116 men taken prisoners--most of the
latter wounded--a total casualty list of 166. Lallemand acknowledges
in his report a loss of 51 officers and men[676]. The defeated general
irritated Wellington by a very disingenuous report, in which he merely
wrote that ‘I am sorry to say our loss was severe, as the enemy brought
up a support, and my troops being too eager in pursuit, we were obliged
to relinquish a good number of prisoners that we had taken, and to
fall back on Llera.’ He then added, in the most inappropriate phrases,
‘nothing could exceed the gallantry displayed by both officers and men
on this occasion, in which Colonels Calcraft and Clinton, commanding
the two regiments, distinguished themselves, as well as all the other
officers present[677].’

  [676] Including one officer killed and four wounded.

  [677] See Slade’s report in _Dispatches_, ix. pp. 242-3.
  Tomkinson (p. 174) says that Slade’s report to Cotton, commanding
  the cavalry, was ‘the _best_ I ever saw. He made mention of his
  son having stained his maiden sword!’

Wellington’s scathing comment, in a letter to Hill, was: ‘I have never
been more annoyed than by Slade’s affair, and I entirely concur with
you in the necessity of inquiring into it. It is occasioned entirely
by the trick our officers of cavalry have acquired, of galloping
at everything--and then galloping _back_ as fast as they galloped
_on_ the enemy. They never consider their situation, never think of
manœuvring before an enemy--so little that one would think they cannot
manœuvre except on Wimbledon Common: and when they use their arm as it
ought to be used, viz. offensively, they never keep nor provide for a
reserve.... The Royals and 3rd Dragoon Guards were the best cavalry
regiments in this country, and it annoys me particularly that the
misfortune has happened to them. I do not wonder at the French boasting
of it: it is the greatest blow they have struck[678].’ It is curious
to find that Slade retained command of his brigade till May 1813. One
would have expected to find him relegated to Great Britain at a much
earlier date. But Wellington was not even yet in full control of the
removal or promotion of his senior officers. Other generals with whom
he was equally discontented, such as Erskine and Long, were also left
upon his hands after he had set a black mark against their names.

  [678] Wellington to Hill, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 238.

The combat of Maguilla, however unsatisfactory in itself, made no
difference to the general strategy of the campaign. Drouet, having
drawn back on Hill’s advance, sent messages to Soult, to the effect
that unless he were strongly reinforced he must retire from the Sierra
Morena, and cover the roads to Cordova on the Andalusian side of the
mountains. He reported that he had only 6,000 men in hand, and that
Hill was coming against him with 30,000, including the Spaniards. Both
these figures were fantastic--for reasons best known to himself D’Erlon
did not include Daricau’s division in his own total, while he credited
Hill with 15,000 men in the 2nd British division alone [which was
really 8,000 strong, including its Portuguese brigade], and reported
with circumstantial detail that the 7th Division had come down from
Portalegre and joined the 2nd[679].

  [679] Letters of D’Erlon to Jourdan on June 9th, and of Soult to
  King Joseph June 12, copies from the Paris archives--lent me by
  Mr. Fortescue.

Soult sent on D’Erlon’s dispatch to Madrid, with the comment that
Hill’s advance showed that the main intention of Wellington was
certainly to attack Andalusia, and not to fall upon Marmont. But that
he did not consider such an attack very imminent is sufficiently shown
by the fact that he detached to Drouet’s aid only one division of
infantry, that of Barrois--which composed his central reserve--and
one of cavalry, that of Pierre Soult, or a total of 6,000 infantry
and 2,200 cavalry: such a reinforcement would have been futile if he
had really believed that Wellington was marching against Seville.
His real view may be gathered from his estimate of Hill’s force at
15,000 Anglo-Portuguese and 5,000 Spaniards--a total very remote
from the alarmist reports of Drouet, and not far from the truth. The
reinforcement sent under Barrois would give the Estremaduran detachment
a practical equality in numbers with Hill, and a great superiority in
quality. The orders sent to Drouet were that he was to advance against
Hill, to strive to get him to an engagement, at any rate to ‘contain’
him, so that he should not detach troops north of the Guadiana to join
Wellington or to demonstrate against Madrid. If things went well,
Drouet was to invest Badajoz, and to occupy Merida, from whence he
would try to get into communication via Truxillo with the troops of the
Army of the Centre. The final paragraph of his directions stated that
Drouet’s main object must be to make such a formidable diversion that
Wellington would have to reinforce Hill. ‘When the Army of Portugal
finds that it has less of the English army in front of it, we may
perhaps persuade it [i. e. Marmont] that the enemy’s plan is certainly
to invade the provinces of the south of Spain before he acts directly
against the North: then, no doubt, changed dispositions will be made.’
Unfortunately for the strategical reputation of Soult, Wellington
crossed the Agueda with seven of his eight divisions to attack Marmont,
on the very day after this interesting dispatch was written.

D’Erlon had been promised that Barrois should march to his aid on the
14th, but it was not till the 16th that the column from Seville started
to join him, and then it marched not by the route of Constantina and
Guadalcanal, as D’Erlon had requested, but by the high-road from
Andalusia to Badajoz, via Monasterio. If Hill had been pressing the
troops in front of him with vigour, the French would have been in an
awkward position, since they were on separate roads, and might have
been driven apart, and kept from junction by a decisive movement from
Llerena, where Hill’s cavalry and advanced guard lay. But the British
general had orders to attract the attention of Soult and to ‘contain’
as many of the enemy as possible, rather than to risk anything. He
resolved, when he heard of the approach of Barrois, to retire to the
heights of Albuera, which Wellington had pointed out to him as the
most suitable position for standing at bay, if he were pressed hard.
Accordingly he drew back by slow stages from Zafra towards Badajoz,
covering his rear by his cavalry, which suffered little molestation.
Barrois joined Drouet at Bienvenida near Zafra on the 19th, and their
united force, since Daricau had come in to join them from the direction
of Zalamea, with the greater part of his division, must have amounted
to over 18,000 men, though Drouet in a report to King Joseph states it
at a decidedly lower figure[680]. They advanced cautiously as far as
Villafranca and Fuente del Maestre, which their infantry occupied on
June 21, while their numerous cavalry lay a little way in front, at
Villalba, Azeuchal, and Almendralejo. On the same day Hill had taken up
the Albuera position, on which several points had been entrenched.

  [680] In this report (the copy of which I owe to Mr. Fortescue’s
  kindness) Drouet says that Soult had told him to expect
  reinforcements to the total of some 15,000 men, but that Barrois
  brought him only 3,500 infantry and 1,500 horse, and Daricau
  4,500 infantry and 1,000 horse, so that his reinforcements were
  only 10,500 men instead of 15,000. Drouet stated his own force,
  horse and foot (his own division and Lallemand’s cavalry) in a
  preceding letter of June 9th at 6,000 of all arms, so that the
  concentration would only give 16,000 men. I fancy that he is
  deliberately understating Barrois, for that general had 7,000
  men in March, and 5,000 still in October at the end of a long
  and fatiguing campaign, and Pierre Soult too. Drouet’s object
  in giving these figures to Joseph was to prove that he was so
  weak that he could make no detachment towards the Tagus, as the
  King had directed him to do. Was it for the same purpose that he
  always over-stated Hill’s army? Or did he really believe that the
  latter had 30,000 men arranged opposite him, as he repeatedly
  told Soult?

As Hill had just called out the three garrison regiments of Portuguese
from Badajoz, he had now between 18,000 and 19,000 of his own army in
position, besides Villemur’s Spanish cavalry. This last, together with
Long’s and Slade’s squadrons, were thrown out in front of the Albuera
river, with their vedettes in Santa Marta, Almendral, and Corte de
Peleas, only a mile or two from the French advanced posts. They were
directed not to give way till they were severely pressed, as Hill
wished to avoid at all costs the kind of surprise that had befallen
Beresford in 1811, when Long had retired so precipitately before the
French horse that he could give no account of their strength, nor of
the position of Soult’s infantry. But the expected advance of the enemy
hung fire--from the 21st onwards Hill was waiting to be attacked, and
sending almost daily accounts of the situation to Wellington: but the
main body of the French moved no farther forward. This was all the more
surprising to the English general because he had intercepted a letter
written on May 31 from King Joseph to Drouet, in which the latter was
directed to ‘passer sur le corps à Hill[681],’ and then to come up to
the Tagus to join the Army of the Centre. Not knowing how entirely
Soult and D’Erlon were ignoring all orders from Madrid, both Wellington
and his trusty lieutenant thought that such instructions must almost
certainly bring about an action. The former wrote to the latter on
June 28th, after receiving several statements of the situation: ‘if
you should find that Drouet separates his troops, or if he pretends
to hold you in check with a smaller body of men than you think you can
get the better of, fall upon him, but take care to keep a very large
proportion of your troops in reserve.... I should prefer a partial
affair to a general one, but risk a general affair--keeping always
a large body of reserve, particularly of cavalry--rather than allow
Drouet to remain in Estremadura and keep you in check.’ But the enemy
neither came on for a general action, nor scattered his troops so
widely as to induce Hill to risk an attack on any point of his line.
He remained with his infantry massed about Villafranca and Fuente del
Maestre, and only demonstrated with his cavalry.

  [681] Cf. Wellington to Hill of July 11th. _Dispatches_, ix. p.
  280.

The cause of this inactivity on Drouet’s part was partly, perhaps, his
over-estimate of Hill’s strength, but much more Soult’s unwillingness
to obey the orders sent him from Madrid. He was determined not to
detach a third part of his army to the Tagus, to join the Army of
the Centre. He was by this time fully embarked on his long course of
insubordinate action, with which we have already dealt when writing
of the King’s desires and their frustration[682]. On the 26th May
Joseph had sent him the dispatch which directed that D’Erlon must come
up northward, if Wellington’s main attack turned out to be directed
against Marmont and the Army of Portugal: ‘his corps is the pivot on
which everything turns: he is the counterpoise which can be thrown
into the balance in one scale or the other, according as our forces
have to act on the one side or the other[683].’ Drouet himself had
at the same time received that order to the same effect, sent to
him directly and not through his immediate superior, which so much
scandalized Soult’s sense of hierarchical subordination[684]. On
getting the Madrid dispatch of May 26 upon June 8th, Soult had written
to say that Wellington’s real objective was Andalusia and not the
North, that Marmont was utterly misled if he supposed that he was to be
attacked by the main body of the allies, that Graham, with two British
divisions, was still at Portalegre in support of Hill, and that Drouet
had therefore been forbidden to lose touch with the Army of the South
by passing towards the Tagus. If he departed, the whole fabric of
French power in the South would go to pieces, ‘I should have to pack
up and evacuate Andalusia after the smallest check.’ Drouet should
‘contain’ Hill, but could do no more. In a supplementary dispatch of
June 12, provoked by the receipt of Joseph’s direct orders to Drouet,
Soult went further, definitely stating that the troops in Estremadura
should not go to the Tagus, ‘where they would be lost to the Army
of the South, but would never arrive in time to help the Army of
Portugal.’ If Drouet passed the Tagus, Hill would march on Seville,
and on the sixth day would capture that insufficiently garrisoned
capital, put himself in communication with Ballasteros, and raise the
siege of Cadiz. ‘I repeat that the Army of the South cannot carry
out its orders, and send Count D’Erlon and 15,000 men to the valley
of the Tagus, without being compelled to evacuate Andalusia within
the fortnight.... If your Majesty insists, remove me from command, I
do not wish to be responsible for the inevitable disaster that must
follow[685].’

  [682] See chapter i above, pp. 309-10.

  [683] Joseph to Soult, May 26, intercepted dispatch in the
  Scovell ciphers.

  [684] See above, p. 332.

  [685] Soult to Joseph, printed in Joseph’s _Correspondence_, ix.
  pp. 31-3.

[Illustration: ESTREMADURA]

At the same time Drouet, much vexed at having personal responsibility
thrown upon his shoulders, by the King’s direct orders to him to march
without consulting Soult, wrote to Madrid that he was very weak, that
Hill was in front of him with a superior force, and that Barrois and
Pierre Soult, who had just joined him, were under strict orders not to
go beyond the Guadiana, so that if he himself marched towards the Tagus
it would be with a very small force. But he dare not make that move:
‘I am absolutely obliged to stop where I am [Villafranca] in presence
of Hill, who still remains concentrated on the Albuera position, which
he has entrenched, with at least 25,000 men.’ Indeed an attack by Hill
was expected day by day: ‘at the moment of writing there is lively
skirmishing going on at the outposts, and news has come in that the
whole allied army is advancing[686].’ Drouet, in short, was determined
to evade responsibility, and summed up the situation by the conclusion
that he was acting for the best in ‘containing’ Hill and his very
large detachment, who could be of no use to Wellington in the campaign
which the latter was now reported to have begun against Marmont in the
North. He could do no more.

  [686] Drouet to Joseph, Villafranca, July 3, Paris Archives
  [paper communicated to me by Mr. Fortescue]. Cf. Drouet to
  Jourdan to much the same general effect, of June 18, in King
  Joseph’s _Correspondence_, ix. pp. 36-7.

The deadlock in front of the Albuera position lasted for many
days--from June 21st till July 2nd. This was a very trying time for
Hill’s corps--the weather was excessively hot, the ground was hideous
with the insufficiently buried corpses of the battle of last year, and
sickness was very prevalent in some regiments. For the first day or two
after the arrival of the French at Villafranca and Almendralejo, an
attack was expected each morning, but nothing in particular happened.
Drouet kept quiet behind his cavalry screen, and did no more than send
foraging parties out on his flanks, which ravaged the countryside as
far as Merida and Feria. Over-valuing Hill’s strength, he dreaded to
commit himself to an attack on a superior force, covered by field-works
and in a fine position. Nothing was seen of him for ten days, save that
on the 26th he felt the posts of the allies at Corte de Peleas and
Santa Marta, and retired after a little cavalry skirmishing. On July
1, however, he executed a more searching reconnaissance, with three
brigades of cavalry under the direction of Pierre Soult, Vinot’s in
the centre, Sparre’s on the right, Lallemand’s on the left. Barrois’s
infantry division came up in support. Vinot drove in a Portuguese
cavalry regiment of J. Campbell’s brigade from Corte de Peleas[687],
but retired when he found it supported by Long’s light dragoons in
front of the Albuera position. Lallemand found Santa Marta held by
Penne Villemur’s cavalry, and turned them out of it with considerable
loss, for the Spanish general unwisely offered battle, and was routed
after a very short contest. He retired into the wood of Albuera, whose
edge was occupied by Slade’s heavy dragoons, supported by the pickets
of Byng’s infantry brigade. A troop of the 3rd Dragoon Guards made a
gallant charge to cover the retreat of the Spaniards, and suffered some
loss in bringing them off. Lallemand at dusk pressed forward, and cut
off a small party of the Buffs, who would have been taken prisoners if
a troop of the 2nd Hussars K.G.L. had not rescued them by a sudden
counter-attack. Sparre’s brigade on the right did no more than skirmish
with the allied outposts along the lower course of the river Albuera.
At night all the French cavalry retired, and D’Erlon wrote to Soult
that his reconnaissance had ‘completely fulfilled its object,’ by
making him certain that Hill had 25,000 foot, 3,000 horse, and a very
strong force of artillery in position, so that it would be insane to
attack him[688].

  [687] Espinchal says that the 2nd Hussars captured a Portuguese
  gun: I have no corroboration for this.

  [688] Details of all this in Soult’s dispatch to Joseph of July
  10, in Espinchal’s _Mémoires_ (he served in Vinot’s brigade), and
  in the diaries of Swabey of the R.A. and of Stoltzenberg of the
  2nd Hussars K.G.L., printed in full in Schwertfeger’s _History of
  the K. G. Legion_, ii. pp. 257-8.

On the next morning, July 2nd, Hill determined to make use of
Wellington’s permission to bring on an action, if he should judge that
Drouet was not strong enough to face him. The weakness of the French
demonstration had convinced him that the enemy was not ready to fight.
Collecting the whole of his army, he advanced from the Albuera position
towards Santa Marta, thus challenging Drouet to a fight. The enemy’s
vedettes made no stand and retired when pushed. On reaching Santa Marta
Hill halted for the night in battle order, and on the morning of the
3rd resumed his movement, which was directed to cutting off Drouet from
the great road to Seville. While Erskine with the light cavalry (Long,
and J. Campbell’s Portuguese) advanced down the high-road to Villalba,
supported by one British and one Portuguese brigade of infantry, Hill
himself, with the rest of his army, executed a flank march to Feria,
and, having got behind the French left wing, turned inward and moved
toward Los Santos. The enemy’s main body, at Villafranca and Fuente
del Maestre, were thus prevented from using the high-road to Seville,
and placed in a position which compelled Drouet either to fight, or to
retire south-eastward towards Usagre and Llerena.

Next morning (July 4) Hill expected a battle, for Barrois’s division
and all Pierre Soult’s cavalry were found in a strong position at
Fuente del Maestre, and the rest of the French were close behind at
Almendralejo. But when he continued his movement toward the right,
outflanking Barrois instead of attacking him, the enemy gave way and
retired, protected by his cavalry, retreating on Ribera, Hinojosa,
and Usagre[689]. There was lively skirmishing between the squadrons of
the British advanced guard, and those of the French rearguard, but no
serious engagement.

  [689] All this from Hill’s dispatch to Wellington of July 4, from
  Los Santos.

The same general plan of action continued on the 5th. Hill, keeping
his army well concentrated, moved in two columns on Usagre and
Bienvenida, the bulk of his cavalry riding at the head of his left-hand
column and pressing in the French horse. Drouet took up a position at
Valencia de las Torres, where he had found strong ground, and thought
on the 6th that he would risk a defensive action. But Hill, instead
of marching in upon him, continued his flanking movement towards
Llerena. Thereupon Drouet, finding that he would be cut off from
Andalusia if he remained in his chosen position, evacuated it and fell
back by Maguilla on Berlanga and Azuaga [July 7]. The two armies had
thus got back into exactly the same positions in which they had lain
on June 19th, before Hill’s retreat to Albuera. The tale of their
manœuvres bears a curious resemblance to the contemporary movements of
Wellington and Marmont between Salamanca and Tordesillas. In each case
one combatant, when pressed, retired, and took up a strong position
(Marmont at Tordesillas-Pollos-Toro, Hill at Albuera). He then issued
from it after some days, and by persistent flank movements dislodged
his opponent, and drove him back to the same position from which he
had started, so that the situation came back to that which it had been
three weeks before. But here the parallel ended--Marmont pressed his
advantage too far, and got entangled in the disastrous manœuvre of
July 22, which brought on the battle of Salamanca and his own ruin.
Hill, contented with what he had achieved, halted at Llerena, and did
not push matters to a decisive action. He had done all that Wellington
desired in keeping Soult’s attention diverted from Marmont’s peril, and
in ‘containing’ a hostile force as great as his own. Moreover he had
driven it off the road to Seville, and if it retreated on Andalusia it
would have to be on Cordova, by the road of Constantina, since no other
remained available.

But a new development of this complicated and indecisive campaign
began on July 10th. Drouet, thinking apparently that Hill’s farther
advance might be stopped as effectively by assuming a position on
his flank as by direct opposition in front, shifted his right wing
(Daricau’s division and Sparre’s and Vinot’s cavalry) back to Zalamea
and its neighbourhood, where Daricau had lain in May and June. He
himself resumed his old head-quarters at Fuente Ovejuna. Now just at
this time Hill received an intercepted letter of King Joseph to Drouet,
dated June 21st, which repeated in angry terms the long-ignored orders
that the Estremaduran detachment of the Army of the South was to march
on Toledo without delay. ‘Vous aurez sans doute reçu les renforts que
j’ai donné l’ordre au duc de Dalmatie de vous envoyer. Vous devez avoir
quinze mille hommes. Agissez avec ce corps, et tout ce qui est sous
le commandement du général Daricau. Rapprochez-vous de moi: passez le
Tage, et mettez-vous en état d’agir suivant les événements; n’attendez
aucun ordre[690].’

  [690] See Wellington to Hill of July 11 (_Dispatches_, ix. p.
  280) and Hill to Wellington of July 9. The text of the order is
  in Joseph’s _Correspondence_, ix. p. 41.

The capture of this dispatch coincided with the news that Drouet had
pushed Daricau and a large body of cavalry towards Zalamea. Hill drew
the natural deduction that the French opposite him were at last about
to obey the King’s orders, and to march to the Tagus, via Zalamea,
Medellin, and Truxillo. ‘The intelligence that I have of the enemy’s
movements’ (he wrote to Wellington) ‘indicates his intention of
carrying Joseph’s instructions into execution.... I have received
information [false as it chanced] that Drouet was yesterday at Zalamea,
with his main body, having sent troops by Berlanga and Azuaga. I shall
move immediately in the direction of Zalamea.’ That is to say that if
Drouet was going off northward towards the King, Hill was prepared to
carry out the original instructions which Wellington had left him, and
if he could not stop the enemy, would move parallel to him, so as to
join his chief before Drouet could transfer himself to the northern
sphere of operations. His route would be by Badajoz or Merida and the
newly-restored bridge of Alcantara on Ciudad Rodrigo, a much shorter
one than that of his opponent. He had just begun to move his left wing
in the direction of Merida, when he received a letter from Wellington
exactly conforming to his own ideas. If Drouet is making for the Tagus
in full force, wrote Wellington, you must take all the cavalry except
one English regiment and Campbell’s Portuguese, along with Byng’s and
Howard’s brigades of the 2nd Division, and Hamilton’s division, and
send orders to have all preparations made at Alcantara to lay down the
bridge: your route across the mountains will be by the pass of Perales:
you will find elaborate instructions for the further movement at Ciudad
Rodrigo. If Drouet only takes a small force, more allied troops may
be left in Estremadura; Zafra had better be their head-quarters. Hill
would conduct the marching column as far as Perales, and then return to
take charge of whatever is left in the South to watch Soult[691].

  [691] Wellington to Hill, Rueda, July 11.

A few days later it became evident that no general movement of the
French towards the Tagus was in progress. Daricau’s infantry and the
attached cavalry settled down at and about Zalamea, and pushed nothing
but reconnaissances in the direction of the Guadiana--parties of
horse appeared about Don Benito and Medellin, but no solid columns in
support[692]. Hill therefore halted, with his head-quarters at Zafra
and his rearguard (which had but a moment before been his advanced
guard) at Llerena: only a few of J. Campbell’s Portuguese squadrons
moved to Merida, though some Spanish infantry came up to the same
direction[693]. Things then remained very quiet till July 24th, when
Drouet at last appeared to be on the move with some definite purpose.
On that day Lallemand’s dragoons appeared at Hinojosa, pressed in
a Portuguese cavalry regiment, and seemed inclined to push towards
Ribera, but retired when Long’s brigade came up against them: the
losses on both sides were trifling. Three days later (July 27) a
brigade of Daricau’s infantry advanced to Medellin and drove off
the observing force of the Spanish infantry, while Vinot’s cavalry
executed a raid on Merida, expelled the Portuguese detachment there,
and exacted a requisition of food from the town. They then retired in
haste; but Hill thought it well for the future to strengthen his left,
and moved up Byng’s British and A. Campbell’s Portuguese infantry
brigades to Merida. But Drouet was only feinting, and had no serious
intentions of drawing up to the Guadiana, or crossing that river
northward. His main purpose was simply the raising of requisitions; for
his detachments in the mountains of the Serena were living on the edge
of famine, and could only feed themselves by keeping constantly on the
move. It is curious to find from the dispatches of the two opposing
generals at this time that both were fairly satisfied with themselves:
each thought that he was ‘containing’ a somewhat superior force of the
enemy, and was doing his duty by keeping it from interfering in the
more important theatre of war. Hill knew that he was detaining Drouet,
when he was much wanted at Madrid: Drouet knew that he was preventing
Hill from joining Wellington on the Douro. But the real balance of
advantage was on the side of the allies: Hill, with only 8,000 British
and 11,000 Portuguese was claiming the attention of three veteran
divisions of the infantry of the Army of the South, and of the major
part of Soult’s cavalry. The French in Andalusia were left so weak by
the absence of 18,000 men beyond the Sierra Morena, that they could
neither molest Cadiz nor the Army of Murcia. Indeed, Ballasteros,
though his forces were less than they had been at the time of his
defeat at Bornos, was able to provide employment for all the troops
that Soult could spare for operations in the open field.

  [692] There is plenty of detail about these quite unimportant
  movements in Espinchal, ii. pp. 26-33.

  [693] Not, however, the bulk of Morillo’s division, which was at
  Medina de las Torres near Zafra, as the general’s correspondence
  of that date shows [Villa’s _Life of Morillo_, ii. p. 224].

Six weeks after his disaster of June 1st, that enterprising, if
irresponsible, general started out again from the lines of San Roque
with between 5,000 and 6,000 men. Keeping to mountain roads and
concealing his march, he surprised, on July 14, the great harbour-city
of Malaga, though he failed to capture its citadel, Gibalfaro, into
which the wrecks of the garrison escaped. Ballasteros got money,
stores, and recruits from the captured town, but knew that he dare not
tarry there for long. For Soult, naturally enraged at such a bold and
successful raid, turned troops toward him from all sides. Leval, the
governor of Granada, marched against him with every spare battalion
that could be got together from the eastern side of Andalusia, some
5,000 bayonets. Villatte, in command before Cadiz, came from the other
quarter with 6,000 men; they had orders to catch Ballasteros between
them, to intercept his retreat upon Gibraltar, and annihilate him.

In order to cut off the Spaniard from his usual place of refuge,
Villatte took a turn to the south, appeared in sight of Gibraltar on
July 20, and then, keeping himself between the British fortress and
Ballasteros, advanced northward to wait for him. Leval was to have
driven him into Villatte’s arms, advancing from Antequera and pressing
the hunt southward. But the raider, instead of retreating in the
expected direction, slipped unseen across Villatte’s front by Alora,
and made off into the plains of central Andalusia. On the 25th at dawn
he appeared, most unexpectedly, at Osuna and surprised the small French
garrison there. The governor, Colonel Beauvais, cut his way through the
streets to a fortified convent, where he held out. But Ballasteros,
satisfied with having captured a quantity of stores, mules, and
baggage, and a few prisoners, vanished. Leval was on his track, and
he had to evade his pursuer by a flank march, first to Grazalema and
then to Ubrique. This was bringing him dangerously near to Villatte’s
position. But that general had no accurate knowledge of what was going
on to the north, and having waited for ten days in the mountains beyond
Gibraltar for a prey that never appeared, found himself starved out. On
the 30th he started on his enforced return towards the Cadiz Lines, and
had reached Medina Sidonia when Ballasteros, who had quite outmarched
Leval, came down in safety to Ximena on August 1, and placed himself
in touch with Gibraltar once more. Thereupon Leval, seeing that it was
no use to push the Spaniard (for about the tenth time) under the guns
of the British fortress, and finding his column utterly worn out, went
home to Granada[694].

  [694] The best account of all this is in Schepeler, pp. 661-3.

Thus Ballasteros gave no small help to the allied cause by distracting
some 11,000 or 12,000 French troops for a long fortnight, while Hill
was detaining Drouet in Estremadura. By the time that the hunt after
the evasive Spaniard had come to an end, the battle of Salamanca
had been fought, and the aspect of affairs in the Peninsula had been
completely changed. Even Soult, who had so long shut his eyes to the
obvious, had at last to acknowledge that a new situation had arisen.

The news of Salamanca had reached Hill on July 29th, and caused a
general expectation that the French in Estremadura would retreat
at once, and that Soult would be retiring from Andalusia also in a
few days. No such results followed--the intelligence was late in
penetrating to the French camps; and Soult, still hoping to induce
King Joseph to join him, lingered for many days in his old posture. On
August 4 Hill wrote that the ‘recent glorious event’ appeared to have
had very little effect on his immediate opponent, who continued in a
strong position in his front. ‘Therefore for the present I shall remain
where I am, and watch for a favourable opportunity of acting[695].’
Soult at Seville had, as late as August 8, no official news of
Marmont’s defeat, and only knew of it by Spanish rumours, which he--of
set purpose--discounted. ‘Les relations qu’ils ont publiées exagèrent
sans doute les avantages: mais il paraît que quelque grand événement
s’est passé en Castille[696].’ He continued to urge King Joseph to come
to Seville, join him, and attack Hill with such superior forces that
Wellington would be forced to fly to the aid of his subordinate. It
was only on August 12th that certain information regarding the battle
of July 22nd reached the head-quarters of the Duke of Dalmatia, in
the form of Joseph’s Segovia dispatch of July 29th, containing the
orders for the complete evacuation of Andalusia, and the march of the
whole Army of the South upon Toledo. Even then Soult did not think it
too late to make a final appeal to the King: ‘the loss of a battle by
the Army of Portugal was nothing more than a great duel, which can
be undone by another similar duel. But the loss of Andalusia and the
raising of the siege of Cadiz would be events whose effects would be
felt all round Europe and the New World.... What does it matter if the
enemy is left in possession of the whole space between Burgos and the
Sierra Morena, until the moment when great reinforcements come from
France, and the Emperor has been able to make his arrangements? But
this sacrifice of Andalusia once made, there is no way of remedying
it. The imperial armies in Spain will have to repass the Ebro--famine
perhaps will drive them still farther[697],’ &c.

  [695] Letter of August 4 in Sidney’s _Life of Hill_, p. 210.

  [696] Soult to Joseph, August 8, Paris Archives (lent me by Mr.
  Fortescue).

  [697] Soult to Joseph, Seville, August 12, in Joseph’s
  _Correspondence_, ix. pp. 67-8.

On reflection, however, Soult did not venture to disobey, and, before
his last appeal could possibly have reached the King’s hands, began to
issue orders for evacuation. But so great was his rage that he wrote an
extraordinary letter to Clarke, the Minister of War at Paris, in which
he made the preposterous insinuation that Joseph was about to betray
his brother the Emperor, and to come to an agreement with the Cadiz
Cortes. The evidence which he cited for this strange charge was flimsy
in the extreme. ‘I have read in the Cadiz newspapers the statement that
His Majesty’s Ambassador in Russia has joined the Russian army: that
the King has opened intrigues with the Insurrectional Government[698].
Sweden has made peace with England, and the Hereditary Prince
(Bernadotte) has begun to treat with the Regency at Cadiz[699].... I
draw no deduction from all these facts, but I am all the more attentive
to them. I have thought it necessary to lay my fears before six
generals of my army, after having made them take an oath not to reveal
what I told them save to the Emperor himself, or to some one specially
commissioned by him. But it is my duty to inform your Excellency that
I have a fear that all the bad arrangements made [by the King] and
all the intrigues that have been going on, have the object of forcing
the imperial armies to retreat to the Ebro, or farther, and then of
representing this event as the “last possible resource” (an expression
used by the King himself in a letter of July 20), in the hope of
profiting by it to come to some compromise[700].

  [698] There _had_ been such intrigues between the King and
  persons in Cadiz (see above, p. 140), but they had been opened by
  Napoleon’s own advice, in order to sow seeds of dissension among
  the patriots.

  [699] The point of this insinuation is that Bernadotte and Joseph
  were brothers-in-law, having married the two sisters Clary.

  [700] Printed in Joseph’s _Correspondence_, ix. pp. 68-70.

This letter, as obscurely worded as it was malicious, was not sent
to France by the usual channels, lest the King should get wind of it,
but consigned to the captain of a French privateer, who was about to
sail from Malaga to Marseilles. By an ill chance for Soult, the vessel
was chased by a British ship, and compelled to run for shelter into
the harbour of Valencia. There the King had recently arrived, on his
retreat from Madrid. The privateer-captain, who did not know what he
was carrying, sent the letter in to the royal head-quarters. Hence came
an explosion of wrath, and a series of recriminations with which we
shall have to deal in their proper place.

The evacuation of Andalusia commenced from the western end, because
the retreat of the army was to be directed eastwards. The evacuation
of the Castle of Niebla on August 12th was its first sign--the troops
in the Condado had retired to San Lucar near Seville by the 15th. A
little later the garrisons in the extreme south, at Ronda and Medina
Sidonia, blew up their fortifications and retired. These were small
movements, but the dismantling of the Cadiz Lines was a formidable
business, and took several days. Soult covered it by ordering a furious
bombardment of the city and the Puntales fort from his batteries across
the bay; during each salvo of the heavy guns one or two of them were
disabled, others being fired at an angle against their muzzles, so as
to split them. More were burst by intentional over-loading, others
had their trunnions knocked off, but a good many were only spiked or
thrown into the water. The ammunition remaining after two days of
reckless bombardment was blown up; the stores set on fire; the flotilla
of gunboats was sunk, but so carelessly that thirty of them were
afterwards raised with no difficulty and found still seaworthy. This
orgy of destruction continued for the whole of the 24th: at night the
sky was red all round the bay, from Rota to Chiclana, with burning huts
and magazines, and the explosions were frequent.

This was the moment when the large allied force in Cadiz might well
have made a general sortie, for the purpose of cutting up the enemy
while he was engrossed in the work of destruction. Wellington had
written a week before, to General Cooke, then in command of the British
contingent in the Isla de Leon, to bid him fall upon the enemy when
opportunity should offer, considering that the French troops in the
Lines were reduced to a minimum by the detachment of the division
that had gone out to hunt Ballasteros. He suggested that the allies
should cross the Santi Petri river and attack Chiclana, taking care,
however, not to be cut off from their retreat. Unfortunately this
letter of August 16th came too late, for Cooke (after conferring with
the Spanish authorities) had committed himself to another and a more
circuitous expedition to molest the French. General Cruz Murgeon, with
a Spanish division of 4,000 men (which had originally been intended
for the reinforcing of Ballasteros) had landed at the port of Huelva,
in the Condado de Niebla, on August 11th. Cooke reinforced him with
the pick of the British contingent--six companies of Guards, half
of the 2/87th[701], two companies of Rifles[702], part of the 20th
Portuguese, and the squadron of the 2nd Hussars K.G.L., which was the
only cavalry at his disposition. These, placed under the charge of
Colonel Skerrett, made up 1,600 men in all[703]; they landed at Huelva,
joined Cruz Murgeon, and advanced with him against Seville. On the 24th
they discovered the French outposts at San Lucar la Mayor, and drove
them out of that town. But they hesitated over the idea of attacking
Seville, where French troops were collecting from all quarters, though
the divisions of Conroux and Villatte from the Cadiz Lines had not yet
come up.

  [701] Minus four companies left at Tarifa.

  [702] Two from the 2/95th, those of Cadoux and Jenkins.

  [703] Skerrett in his dispatch (Wellington, _Supplementary
  Dispatches_, xiv. p. 108), speaks of attacking San Lucar with 800
  men: but this was not his whole force.

On the night of August 26th-27th, however, Soult, apprised of the near
approach of his column from the Lines, evacuated Seville with the main
part of his force, escorting a vast horde of Spanish refugees, who
feared to remain behind to face their countrymen, and a long train
of wagons and carriages loaded with the accumulated spoils of three
years of tyrannous misrule in Andalusia. He left a rearguard to occupy
the outworks of the city, which was to be picked up and taken on by
Villatte when he should appear on the next day.

On hearing of the departure of the Marshal, Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett
resolved to attack Seville, knowing that the troops left behind to
guard it were insufficient to man effectively all its long line of
defences. Being on the western side of the Guadalquivir, they had first
to win the large transpontine suburb of Triana, the home of potters
and gipsies, through which alone access could be got to the city. It
was attacked at several points and stormed, but the enemy then held
to the great bridge over the river linking Triana and Seville, and
made a long resistance there. The bridge had been barricaded, part of
its planks had been pulled up, and artillery had been trained on it
from the farther side. Notwithstanding these obstacles the Spaniards
attacked it; the well-known Irish adventurer Colonel Downie charged
three times at the head of his Estremaduran Legion. Repelled twice by
the heavy fire, he reached the barricade at the third assault, and
leaped his horse over the cut which the French had made in front of it,
but found himself alone within the work, and was bayoneted and made
prisoner[704]. But soon after the allies brought up guns through the
streets of Triana, and so battered the barricade that the French were
compelled to evacuate it. Skerrett sent the Guards across: they passed
by the beams which had been left unbroken, and many Spanish troops
followed. After a running fight in the streets of the city, in which
some of the inhabitants took part, the garrison was completely driven
out, and fled by the Carmona Gate towards Alcala. The victors captured
two field-pieces, about 200 prisoners[705], and a rich convoy of
plunder, which was to have been escorted by the French rearguard[706].
Villatte’s column, approaching the city in its march from the Cadiz
Lines and Xeres, found it in the hands of the allies, so swerved off
eastward and followed Soult, picking up the expelled garrison by the
way.

  [704] Toreno (iii. p. 151) and other historians tell the tale how
  Downie, finding that none of his men had followed him, though
  they had reached the other side of the cut, flung back to them
  his sword, which was the rapier of the _Conquistador_ Pizarro,
  presented to him by a descendant of that great adventurer. It was
  caught and saved, and he recovered it, for he was left behind by
  the French a few miles from Seville, because of his wounds. They
  stripped him and left him by the wayside, where he was found and
  cared for by the pursuing Spaniards.

  [705] The defence of Seville seems mainly to have been by the
  French 63rd Ligne, which lost eight officers in the fight.

  [706] For a curious story of the contents of a captured carriage,
  which turned out to be stuffed with silver plate, see the Memoirs
  of Harley of the 47th, ii. p. 24.

Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett did not pursue, not thinking themselves
strong enough to meddle with the French, but only sent their cavalry
forward to watch their retreat. They stayed in Seville, where the Cadiz
Constitution was proclaimed with great enthusiasm on August 29th. On
the other flank of the French Ballasteros was trying at this moment to
molest the column formed by the garrisons retiring from Ronda, Malaga,
and Antequera on Granada. He followed them for ten days, and fought
their rearguard at Antequera on September 3rd, and at Loja on September
5th; but though he captured many stragglers and some baggage, as also
three guns, he was unable to do any material harm to the main body,
which General Sémélé brought in to join Leval at Granada on September
6th.

Soult, meanwhile, with the troops from Cadiz and Seville, had to halt
at Cordova for some days, to allow of the junction of Drouet from
Estremadura; for that general had to collect his troops and to bring
down detachments from places so far away as Don Benito and Zalamea,
before he could concentrate and march across the Sierra Morena to join
his chief. Drouet had kept up a bold countenance in front of Hill
to the last moment, even after he had received orders from Soult to
prepare for a sudden retreat. Indeed one of the most lively of the
many cavalry affairs fought in Estremadura during the summer of 1812
took place in August. On the 1st of that month, when Hill was already
expecting that the news of Salamanca would have driven his opponent
away, Pierre Soult tried a raid upon Ribera, with two regiments of
cavalry and two battalions, and drove in the 2nd Hussars of the Legion,
who maintained a long and gallant skirmishing fight, till General
Erskine came up with Long’s brigade, when the French retreated. Erskine
was thought to have missed a fine opportunity of cutting up the raiding
detachment by his slow and tentative pursuit[707]. On the 18th Soult
made another reconnaissance in force, with four regiments, in the
same direction, on a false report that Hill had moved from Ribera and
Almendralejo. This brought on another long day of bickering, with no
definite result: it was mainly remembered afterwards for the courteous
behaviour of Drouet in sending back unharmed Erskine’s aide-de-camp
Strenowitz, the most daring officer for raids and reconnaissance work
in the German Legion. He had been captured while scouting, and a
general fear prevailed that he would be shot, for he had served for
a short time in the French army, and might have been treated as a
deserter. Drouet most handsomely dispatched him to the British camp on
parole, with a request that he might be exchanged for an officer of
his own, who had been taken a few days before. ‘A most courteous and
liberal enemy!’ wrote a diarist in Hill’s camp, ‘Strenowitz’s exploits
are well known: certainly in strict law he might have been hung[708].’

  [707] ‘Confound all spiritless and dilatory generals,’ writes
  Swabey of the R.A. in his diary, ‘... Sir W. E. actually halted
  while four squadrons and 400 infantry were doing what they liked
  in Ribera, though he had the Hussars, the 9th and 13th Light
  Dragoons, the 3rd Dragoon Guards and our guns, and he might have
  had the 71st regiment also, though it did not arrive till all was
  over. The transaction was calculated to dispirit the soldier, to
  discontent the officers, and to take away all confidence in the
  general.’

  [708] Swabey’s diary, p. 307. There is an interesting account of
  Strenowitz’s capture and release in Espinchal’s _Mémoires_, ii.
  pp. 36-40, as also of the long skirmish of this day.

It was not till August 26th that all the French troops in front of Hill
suddenly vanished, Drouet having had orders to keep his position till
Seville was ready to be evacuated; for Soult feared that if he withdrew
his forces in Estremadura too early, in the direction of Cordova, the
allied troops might make a forced march on Seville, and arrive there
before the divisions from the Cadiz Lines had gone by. Wherefore Drouet
was in evidence before Hill till the precise day when Soult left
Seville. He then retired through the Sierra Morena, going by the remote
mountain road by Belalcazar with such speed that he reached Cordova on
the fourth day (August 30). He was not pursued by Hill, whose orders
from Wellington were to come up to the Tagus and join the main army,
and not to involve himself in operations in Andalusia. Only some of
Penne Villemur’s Spanish horse, under the German colonel Schepeler--one
of the best historians of the war--followed on Drouet’s track, and saw
him join Soult at Cordova[709]. The united French force then marched
on Granada, where the garrisons of eastern Andalusia, under Leval, had
concentrated to meet the Marshal. Up to this moment Soult had been
uncertain whether he should retreat by way of La Mancha, or across the
kingdom of Murcia. His decision was settled for him by news brought by
Drouet, who had heard in Estremadura of King Joseph’s evacuation of
Madrid and Toledo. Since the Army of the Centre was now known to be on
the road for Valencia, to join Suchet, it would be too dangerous to
cross La Mancha in search of it. Wellington might descend from Madrid
in force, upon an enemy who dared to march across his front. Wherefore
Soult resolved that his retreat must be made across the kingdom of
Murcia. It was true that O’Donnell’s army was in occupation of the
inland in that direction, but it was weak and disorganized. Moreover,
Suchet had lately inflicted a severe defeat upon it at Castalla (on
July 21st), and O’Donnell was practically a negligible quantity in the
problem. A far more important factor in determining Soult’s exact route
was the news that the yellow fever had broken out at Cartagena and was
spreading inland: it had reached the city of Murcia. Wherefore the
French army avoided the coast, and took the inferior roads across the
northern part of the province.

  [709] Schepeler says that he scared the French rearguard out
  of Cordova on September 3 by lighting fires along the mountain
  slopes, and giving out that Hill was behind him with his army.
  See p. 666 of his history.

Soult, when once he had concentrated 45,000 men at Granada, had nothing
to fear from any enemy. The gloomy picture of ‘a retreat harrassed by
60,000 foes,’ with which he had tried to scare King Joseph a month
before, turned out to be a work of pure imagination. Hill had turned
off towards the Tagus: Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett remained at Seville,
awaiting the appearance of the 10,000 men left in Cadiz. But these were
slow to move, because they had been on garrison duty for long years,
and had to provide themselves with transport. Only Ballasteros hung
about Granada, bickering with the outposts of the French army, and as
he had no more than 5,000 or 6,000 men he was not dangerous, but only
tiresome.

Soult therefore was able to spend many days at Granada, making
deliberate preparations for the toilsome march that was before him. He
only started out, after destroying the fortifications of the Alhambra
and other posts, on September 16th. His route was by Baza, Huescar,
Caravaca, and Hellin, through a mountainous and thinly-peopled country,
where his troops suffered considerable privations. But these were
nothing compared to the misery of the immense convoy of _Afrancesados_
of all ages and both sexes, who had joined themselves to his train, and
had to be brought through to a place of safety. Nor did the 6,000 sick
and wounded whom he was dragging with him enjoy a pleasant journey. Yet
it was only the September heat and the mountain roads that harassed the
army and its train: Ballasteros did not pursue farther than the borders
of Andalusia: the Murcians were cowed by the approach of a force which
could have destroyed them with ease if it had lingered within their
borders. Some of them shifted north toward Madrid, others south toward
Alicante: none did anything to attract the notice of such a formidable
enemy. Touch with Suchet’s outposts was secured before September was
quite ended, and by the appearance of the whole Army of Andalusia
near Valencia, a new military situation was produced by October 1st.
With this we shall have to deal in its proper place--the fortunes of
Wellington and the main army of the allies have not been followed
beyond the middle of August.

Summing up the events of June-July-August 1812 in southern Spain, it
is impossible to avoid the conclusion that Soult’s personal interests
wrecked any chance that the French might have had of retaining their
dominant position in the Peninsula, when once Wellington had committed
himself to his offensive campaign upon the Tormes and the Douro. If the
Duke of Dalmatia had obeyed in June King Joseph’s peremptory orders
to send Drouet to Toledo, he would have had, no doubt, to evacuate
certain parts of Andalusia. But Joseph and Jourdan could have marched
many weeks earlier, and with a doubled force, to interfere with
Wellington’s campaign against Marmont. It is true that Hill would have
made a corresponding movement by Alcantara, and would have joined the
main allied army under his chief many days before the King and Drouet
would have been able to link up with Marmont. But Hill, on leaving
Estremadura, would have removed the larger and more efficient part of
his corps from Soult’s vicinity, and the Marshal might easily have
held Seville and the Cadiz Lines, when faced by no stronger enemies
than Ballasteros and the garrison in the Isla. If Soult had made up his
mind to sacrifice Andalusia, and had marched with his whole army on
Toledo, in June or even early in July, Wellington’s whole game would
have been wrecked. It was, perhaps, too much to expect that the Marshal
would consent to such a disinterested policy. But if, without making
this sacrifice, he had merely obeyed King Joseph, and reinforced the
Army of the Centre at an early date, he would have made the Salamanca
campaign impossible. Wellington would probably have retired behind the
Agueda and abandoned his conquests in Leon, without risking a battle,
if the French forces in contact with him had been 25,000 men stronger
than they actually were. The junction of Hill and some 12,000 men of
the best of his Estremaduran detachment would have given him the power
to fight out a defensive campaign on the Portuguese frontier, but
hardly to deliver an offensive battle like Salamanca. The net results
of all his manœuvres in June would then have been no more than an
indirect success--the delivery of eastern Andalusia from Soult. Seville
and the Cadiz Lines might still have remained occupied by the French.

It is scarcely necessary to repeat once more that Soult’s counter-plan
of inviting the King and the Army of the Centre to retire to Andalusia,
throwing up all communication with France and the imperial armies
beyond the Douro, was wrongheaded in the extreme, though Napier calls
it ‘grand and vigorous[710].’ Joseph could have brought no more than
the 15,000 men that he owned, and they, when added to the 50,000 men
of the Army of the South, would not have provided a force large enough
to make a decisive move. For, as we have already seen, half the French
in Andalusia were necessarily pinned down to garrison duties, and the
‘containing’ of Ballasteros and other partisans. Soult could never
bring more than 25,000 men of his own into Estremadura: if 15,000 more
are added for King Joseph’s troops[711], only 40,000 in all would have
been available for a demonstration (or a serious invasion) in the
direction of Portugal. Such a force would have given Wellington no
very great alarm. It would have had to begin by besieging Badajoz and
Elvas, in face of the existing ‘containing’ army under Hill, a delicate
business, and one that would have taken time. Meanwhile Wellington
could have come down, with reinforcements strong enough to make up
a total sufficient to fight and beat 40,000 men, since he had the
advantage of a central position and the shorter roads. At the worst
he would have blocked the French advance by taking up an unassailable
position, as he had before on the Caya in June 1811. But now he would
have had a far superior game in his hands, since Badajoz was his and
not his enemy’s, and his total disposable force was considerably larger
than it had been in 1811.

  [710] Napier, iv. p. 371.

  [711] Soult suggested that the less efficient of Joseph’s troops
  should go on garrison duty, and set free a corresponding number
  of his own best battalions.

Thus, if Soult’s plan had been carried out, all central Spain,
including the capital, would have been lost just as much as it was by
the actual campaign of July-August 1812, and the disorganized Army of
Portugal could have done nothing. For Wellington could have left not
Clinton’s one division (as he actually did) but three at least to look
after it--not to speak of the Galicians and the _partidas_. Isolated
and cut off from all communication with other French armies, Soult and
the King would have had to evacuate Andalusia in the end, if they did
not suffer a worse fate--a crushing defeat in a position from which
there would have been no retreat possible. Hypothetical reconstructions
of campaigns which might have happened are proverbially futile--but it
is hard to see how any final profit to the French could have come from
Soult’s extraordinary plan.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER XI

  THE TWO DIVERSIONS: (1) OPERATIONS IN THE NORTH: SIR HOME POPHAM
  AND CAFFARELLI. (2) OPERATIONS IN THE EAST: SUCHET, O’DONNELL,
  AND MAITLAND. JUNE-AUGUST 1812


It has already been made clear that the whole of Wellington’s
victorious advance, from Ciudad Rodrigo to Madrid, was rendered
possible by the fact that he had only to deal with the Army of
Portugal, succoured when it was too late by the Army of the Centre.
If Caffarelli and his 35,000 men of the Army of the North had been
able to spare any help for Marmont, beyond the single cavalry brigade
of Chauvel, matters must have taken a very different turn from the
first, and the Douro (if not the Tormes) must have been the limit
of the activity of the Anglo-Portuguese army. How Caffarelli was to
be detained, according to Wellington’s plan, has been explained in
an earlier chapter[712]. The working out of the scheme must now be
described.

  [712] See above, pp. 340-1.

The essential duty of the French Army of the North was twofold,
according to Napoleon’s general conception of the Spanish war. It was
Marmont’s reserve, bound to assist him in time of trouble; but it was
also the force of occupation for the Biscayan provinces, Navarre,
Santander, and Burgos. Of its 35,000 men more than half were at all
times immobilized in the innumerable garrisons which protected the
high-road from Bayonne to Burgos, and the small harbours of the coast,
from San Sebastian to Santoña. The system of posts was complicated
and interdependent. Since the great guerrillero Mina started on his
busy career in 1810, it had been necessary that there should be
fortified places at short intervals, in which convoys moving to or
from France (whether by Vittoria and San Sebastian, or by Pampeluna
and Roncesvalles) could take refuge when attacked by the bands.
And since a convoy, when it had sought shelter in one of the minor
garrisons, might be blockaded there indefinitely, unless the high-road
were cleared betimes, large movable columns had to be ready in three
or four of the larger places. Their duty was to march out on the
first alarm, and sweep the guerrilleros away from any post that they
might have beset. Such bodies were to be found at Bayonne, where the
‘Reserve of the Army of Spain’ kept a brigade of 3,500 men under
General D’Aussenac to watch for any exceptional outbreak of trouble in
Guipuzcoa; at Pampeluna, where General Abbé had the head-quarters of
his division; and at Vittoria, where the General-in-Chief, Caffarelli
himself, normally lay with the brigade of Dumoustier--the last unit of
the Imperial Guard still remaining in Spain--ready to keep the line of
the Ebro under surveillance, and to communicate when necessary with
the three large outlying garrisons of Santoña, Santander, and Burgos.
Each of these last consisted of some 1,300 or 1,500 men[713]; even
so, they were only strong enough to provide for their own safety in
normal times, and might require assistance from head-quarters in face
of any specially large and threatening combination of the insurgents.
But the larger half of Caffarelli’s army was locked up in small towns,
forts, and blockhouses, in bodies ranging down from a battalion to
half a company. Every one of the dozen little ports on the Biscay
coast had to be held, in order to prevent the bands of the inland from
communicating with the English cruisers, which occasionally appeared
in the offing to throw weapons and ammunition ashore. And similarly
all the little towns along the Ebro had to be garrisoned, in order to
keep touch with Reille at Saragossa; wherever there was a gap Mina’s
Navarrese slipped in between.

  [713] In and about Santander, 2 battalions of the 130th, 2
  squadrons of gendarmes, &c. In Santoña, 93 officers and 1,382 men
  of the 28th, 75th, and 34th. In Burgos, 2 battalions of 34th Line.

Since the autumn of 1810, when Porlier and Renovales had made their
vain attempt, with British naval aid, to break up the line of
communication along the coast,[714] there had been no general attempt
to shake the French occupation of Biscay and Cantabria. The Spanish
resources were at a low ebb whenever Bonnet held the Asturias, and
(as we have seen) he was generally in possession of that province, or
at least of its capital and its chief harbours, from 1810 down to the
summer of 1812. The idea of attacking the harbour-fortresses of the
northern coast with a considerable naval force, which should get into
regular touch with the patriot forces of the inland, and establish
posts to be held permanently on suitable points of the northern
littoral, had been started by Sir Home Popham, approved by Sir Howard
Douglas, the British Commissioner in Galicia, and warmly adopted by
Wellington himself, who at once realized the pressure which such a
policy would bring upon Caffarelli. He counted upon this diversion as
one of his most valuable assets, when he drew up his scheme for the
invasion of Leon in May 1812. It more than fulfilled his expectation.

  [714] See vol. iii. pp. 486-7.

On June 17th, four days after the Anglo-Portuguese army crossed
the Agueda, Sir Home Popham sailed from Corunna with two line of
battleships[715], five frigates[716], two sloops[717], and one or
two smaller vessels, carrying two battalions of marines, and several
thousand stand of small-arms for the insurgents. Popham had credentials
from Castaños, as captain-general of Galicia, for Mendizabal, the
officer who was supposed to exercise authority over all the bands of
Cantabria and Biscay. These scattered forces consisted in the more
or less organized brigades of Porlier in the Eastern Asturias, and
Longa in Cantabria--both of which were reckoned part of the national
army--and in addition of the guerrilleros of Jauregui [’El Pastor’] in
Guipuzcoa, Renovales in Biscay, Marquinez, Saornil, the Curé Merino,
and others in the mountains between the Douro and the sea. These
were bands of varying strength, often scattered by the French, but
always reassembled after a space, who roamed from region to region
according as the enemy was stronger or weaker at one point or another.
Occasionally Mendizabal was in touch with Mina and the Navarrese, but
generally the French were in too great force about the high-road from
Burgos to Pampeluna to make co-operation practicable.

  [715] The _Venerable_ (his flag-ship) and the _Magnificent_. The
  _Magnificent_ went home with prisoners some weeks later, and
  was replaced for a time by the _Abercrombie_, from the Brest
  blockading squadron.

  [716] _Medusa_, _Isis_, _Diadem_, _Surveillante_, and _Rhin_. The
  _Belle Poule_ looked in for a short time later in the season.

  [717] _Sparrow_ and _Lyra_.

At the moment of Popham’s start matters were exceptionally favourable
along the Biscay coast, because Bonnet was just evacuating the
Asturias, in order to join his chief Marmont in the plains of Leon.
His departure isolated Santoña and Santander, which had been the links
by which he was joined to Caffarelli’s army. It also gave Porlier and
Longa an open communication with Galicia, from which they had hitherto
been cut off by Bonnet’s presence in Asturias, and a safe retreat
thitherward if they should be pressed. In addition Marmont had called
up all the small garrisons and detached columns from his rear, for
the main struggle with Wellington; so that the Upper Douro valley and
the Soria country were much more free from the French than they had
been for a long time. The opportunity for molesting Caffarelli and his
much-scattered Army of the North was unique.

The idea which lay at the back of Popham’s plan was that a fleet
furnished with the heaviest ship guns, and with a landing-force of
over 1,000 men, could operate at its choice against any one of the
long chain of posts which the French held, calling in to its aid the
local bands in each case. The insurgents had never been able to capture
any of these places because they lacked a battering-train. The fleet
supplied this want, and with few exceptions the French strongholds
were not suited for resistance against heavy guns. They were mediaeval
castles, fortified convents, or the patched-up walls of little towns,
all defensible against irregular bands without cannon, but most
vulnerable to 18-or 24-pounders. The number of the French garrisons
gave ample liberty of choice between one and another: individually
they were generally weak--not over 300, 500, or 1,000 men. There were
succouring columns, no doubt, ready to relieve them, at Bayonne and
Vittoria and elsewhere. But the squadron had the power of misleading
these forces to any extent--of drawing them from one remote port to
another by false attacks and demonstrations, and then of attacking
some third point when the enemy had been lured as far as possible
from it. Here lay the beauty of naval operations--the squadron could
appear to threaten any objective that it chose, could attract the enemy
thither, and then could vanish, and be fifty miles away next day. The
relieving column could only follow slowly over mountain roads, and
would invariably be late in learning what new direction the squadron
had taken. It was something like the advantage that the Danes had in
their attacks on England in the ninth century: a defending army cannot
guard all points of a coast-line at once against a movable landing
force on shipboard. The weaker points of the scheme were, firstly, the
dependence of all operations on fine weather--contrary winds could in
those days delay a fleet for whole weeks on end; secondly, the want of
a base nearer than Corunna, till some good and defensible haven should
have been captured; and third and greatest of all, the difficulty of
inducing the local chiefs to combine: they paid a very limited amount
of obedience to their nominal chief, Mendizabal: they had private
grievances and jealousies against each other: and each of them disliked
moving far from the particular region where his men were raised, and
where every inch of the mountain roads was known to him.

However, all these dangers were known and were chanced, and the game
was well worth the risk. The operations began with the appearance of
the squadron before Lequeitio on June 21st. Popham landed a heavy
gun and some marines, and the band of El Pastor [’Don Gaspar’ as
the English dispatches call him] appeared to co-operate from the
inland. The defences consisted of a fort and a fortified convent:
the 24-pounder breached the former, which was then stormed by the
guerrilleros in a very handsome fashion[718]: its garrison was slain or
captured. The gun was then brought up against the fortified convent,
whose commander, the _chef de bataillon_ Gillort, surrendered without
further fighting; the prisoners amounted to 290 men, a half-battalion
of the 119th regiment (June 22). Popham then moved off to Bermeo and
Plencia, both of which the French evacuated in haste, leaving guns
unspiked and some useful stores of provisions. The British force had
set the wildest rumours abroad, and Renovales, the Spanish commander
in Biscay, appeared at Orduna with his bands and threatened Bilbao, the
capital of the province. It was these reports which made Caffarelli
suddenly break off his project for sending reinforcements to Marmont,
and prepare rather to march northward when he was most wanted on the
Douro[719].

  [718] So says Popham in his dispatch at the Record Office: though
  Napier (iv. p. 246) says that the Spaniards attacked and were
  repulsed. But Popham must have known best! Sir Howard Douglas
  corroborates him, _Life_, p. 168.

  [719] See above, p. 378.

Popham’s next blow was at Guetaria, a most important post, owing to
its nearness to the great _chaussée_ leading to Bayonne, which passes
quite close to it between Tolosa and Ernani. If it had fallen, the main
road from France to Spain would have been blocked for all practical
purposes. But being far to the East and near the French border, it was
remote from the haunts of the guerrilleros: few of them turned up:
after a few days Popham had to re-embark guns and men, and to take his
departure, owing to the arrival in his neighbourhood of a strong French
flying column. He then sailed off to Castro Urdiales, where he had much
better luck: Longa had left the Upper Ebro with his brigade and joined
him there on July 6th, by Mendizabal’s orders. Their united force drove
off on the 7th a small French column which came up from Laredo to raise
the siege. The governor of Castro then surrendered with some 150 men,
and 20 guns on his walls fell into Popham’s hands (July 8). The place
seemed so strong that the commodore resolved to keep it as a temporary
base, and garrisoned it with some of his marines.

Three days later Popham appeared before Portugalete, the fortified
village at the mouth of the Bilbao river, and bombarded it from the
side of the sea, while Longa (who had marched parallel with the
squadron along the shore), demonstrated against its rear. But a French
flying column happened just to have arrived at Bilbao, and the force
which marched out against the assailants was so powerful that they
made off, each on his own element [July 11th.] Popham now turned his
attention for a second time to the important strategical post of
Guetaria; he had enlisted the support of the Guipuzcoan bands under
Jauregui, and the distant Mina had promised to send a battalion to his
aid from Navarre. Popham got heavy guns on shore, and began to batter
the place, while Jauregui blockaded it on the land side. This move
drew the attention of D’Aussenac, commanding the flying column which
belonged to the Bayonne reserve: he marched with 3,000 men towards
Guetaria, and drove off Jauregui, whereupon Popham had to re-embark in
haste, and lost two guns which could not be got off in time and thirty
men [July 19], Mina’s battalion came up a day too late to help the
discomfited besiegers.

This petty disaster was in the end more favourable than harmful
to Popham’s general plan, for he had succeeded in drawing all
the attention of the French to the eastern end of their chain of
coast-fortresses, between Santoña and San Sebastian. But now he used
his power of rapid movement to attack unexpectedly their most important
western stronghold. On July 22nd he appeared in front of the harbour of
Santander, while (by previous arrangement) Campillo--one of Porlier’s
lieutenants--invested it on the land side. Porlier himself, with his
main body, was blockading at the moment the not very distant and still
stronger Santoña.

There was very heavy fighting round Santander between the 22nd July
and August 2. Popham landed guns on the water-girt rock of Mouro, and
bombarded from it the castle at the mouth of the port: when its fire
was subdued, he ran his squadron in battle order past it, and entered
the harbour, receiving little damage from the other French works (July
24). The enemy then evacuated the castle, which the marines occupied:
but an attempt to storm the town with the aid of Campillo’s men failed,
with a rather heavy casualty list of two British captains[720] and many
marines and seamen disabled (July 27th). However, Popham and Campillo
held on in front of Santander, and Mendizabal came up on August 2nd
to join them, bringing a captured French dispatch, which proved that
the enemy intended to evacuate the place, a strong relieving column
under Caffarelli himself being at hand to bring off the garrison. And
this indeed happened: the General-in-Chief of the Army of the North
had marched with all the disposable troops at Vittoria to save his
detachment. The governor Dubreton--the same man who afterwards defended
Burgos so well--broke out of the place with his 1,600 men on the night
of the 2nd-3rd and joined his chief in safety: he left eighteen guns
spiked in his works. Caffarelli then drew off the garrison of the
neighbouring small post of Torrelavega, but threw a convoy and some
reinforcements into Santoña, which he had determined to hold as long as
possible. He then hastened back to Vittoria, being under the impression
at the moment that Wellington was in march against him from Valladolid,
in pursuit of the routed host of Clausel. But the Anglo-Portuguese main
army--as will be remembered--had really followed the retreating French
no farther than Valladolid, and no longer than the 30th July. Instead
of finding himself involved in the affairs of the Army of Portugal,
Caffarelli had soon another problem in hand.

  [720] One of them, Sir George Collier, commanding the _Medusa_.

The capture of Santander by the allies was the most important event
that had happened on the north coast of Spain since 1809, for it gave
the squadron of Popham possession of the sole really good harbor--open
to the largest ships, and safe at all times of the year--which lies
between Ferrol and the French frontier. At last the Spanish ‘Seventh
Army’ had a base behind it, and a free communication with England for
the stores and munitions that it so much needed. It might be developed
into a formidable force if so strengthened, and it lay in a position
most inconvenient for the French, directly in the rear of Clausel and
Caffarelli. Popham saw what might be made of Santander, and drew up for
Wellington’s benefit a report on the possibilities of the harbour, in
which he details, from the information given by Porlier and his staff,
the state of the roads between it and Burgos, Valladolid, and other
points. Six weeks before the siege of Burgos began, he wrote that by
all accounts six or eight heavy guns would be required to take that
fortress, and that he could manage that they should be got there--a
distance of 115 miles--by ox-draught, if they were wanted[721]. But
Wellington, at the moment that this useful information was being
compiled, was turning away from Valladolid and Burgos toward Madrid;
and when his attention was once more drawn back to Burgos, he made no
use of Popham’s offers till it was too late. Of this more in its proper
place.

  [721] Popham’s prescience is shown by the fact that his papers
  relating to Burgos began to be drawn up as early as July 26. He
  cross-questioned not only Porlier but other Spanish officers.
  Their answers did not always tally with each other. See all
  Popham’s dispatches of the time, in the Admiralty Section at the
  Record Office--under the general head ‘Channel Fleet!’ They have
  this misleading heading because Popham was under Lord Keith, then
  commanding that fleet.

Having brought all his squadron into Santander, and made himself a
fixed base in addition to his floating one, Popham began to concert
plans for further operations with Mendizabal, whom he described as
a man of ‘vacillating councils,’ and hard to screw up to any fixed
resolution. The scheme which the commodore most recommended to the
general was one for a general concentration of all his scattered forces
against Bilbao, in which the squadron should give its best help. But
he suggested as an alternative the sending of Porlier to join Longa,
who had already gone south to the Upper Ebro after the failure at
Portugalete on July 11th. Porlier and Longa would together be strong
enough to cut the road between Burgos and Vittoria, and so divide
Clausel from Caffarelli. If the two French generals combined against
them, they could always escape north-westward into their usual mountain
refuges.

According to Popham’s notes Mendizabal first seemed to incline to the
second scheme, and then decided for the first. He even in the end
ordered up Longa--then very usefully employed against Clausel’s rear
about Pancorbo and Cubo--to join in the attack upon Bilbao. But Longa
came late, being busy in operations that he liked better than those
which his chief imposed on him. After waiting a few days for him in
vain, Mendizabal marched against Bilbao by land with two battalions
belonging to Porlier and one recently raised in Alava, while Popham
took three Biscayan battalions belonging to Renovales on board his
squadron and sailed for Lequeitio, where he put them ashore. He himself
then made for Portugalete, at the mouth of the Bilbao river. The triple
attack, though made with no very great total force was successful.
The officer commanding in Bilbao, went out to meet Mendizabal, and in
order to collect as many men as possible, drew off the garrison of
Portugalete. The British squadron, arriving in front of the port, found
it undefended and threw the marines ashore. Hearing of this descent in
his rear the French general, then indecisively engaged with Mendizabal
and Renovales, thought that he was in danger of being surrounded, and
retired hastily toward Durango, abandoning Bilbao altogether [August
13].

Learning next day that they had overrated the enemy’s force, the
French returned and tried to reoccupy the Biscayan capital, but were
met outside by all Mendizabal’s troops, arrayed on the position of
Ollorgan. An attack entirely failed to move them, and the French
fell back to Durango. General Rouget, the commanding officer in the
province, then drew in all his minor garrisons, and sent Caffarelli
notice that all Biscay was lost, unless something could be done at
once to check Mendizabal’s progress [August 14]. Indeed the situation
looked most threatening, for Longa had at last come up and joined his
chief with 3,000 men, and the Biscayans were taking arms on every side.
A general junta of the Basque provinces was summoned by Mendizabal to
meet at Bilbao, and the French had for the moment no foothold left save
in San Sebastian and Guetaria. Thereupon Caffarelli, collecting every
man that he could at Vittoria, marched to join Rouget. Their united
forces, making some 7,000 men, attacked Bilbao on August 27th-29th,
and after much confused fighting drove Mendizabal and Longa out of
the place, only a fortnight after it had come into Spanish hands. The
defeated troops dispersed in all directions, each section seeking the
region that it had come from--Porlier’s men retired towards Cantabria,
Longa’s toward the Upper Ebro. Renovales and his Biscayan battalions
were caught in their retreat, and badly cut up at Dima.

While this fighting was going on around Bilbao, Popham was trying a
last attack on Guetaria, with his own resources only, as nearly all the
Spaniards were engaged elsewhere. He had accomplished nothing decisive
when he heard of Mendizabal’s defeat, and had to reship his guns and
take his departure before the victorious Caffarelli came up. He retired
to Santander, and heard there that Wellington was leaving Madrid, and
once more marching on Burgos. He determined to open up communications
with the British army without delay, and on August 31 sent off
Lieutenant Macfarlane to seek for the head of the approaching columns.
That officer, skirting the flank of Clausel’s retreating host, reached
Valladolid betimes, and explained to Wellington that the Santander road
would be open and available for the transport of ammunition, guns, and
even food, so soon as he should have driven the French past Burgos.
And--as will be seen--it was so used during the unlucky siege of that
fortress again and again--but not (as Popham recommended) for the
bringing up of the heavy artillery that Wellington so much lacked.

By September 1st Caffarelli had patched up matters for a time on the
side of Biscay, but though he had recovered Bilbao and preserved
Guetaria, all the other coast-towns were out of his power save Santoña,
and that important place was cut off from the nearest French garrison
by a gap of some sixty miles. Even now Popham’s useful diversion had
not ceased to have its effect. But its further working belongs to a
later chapter.

So much for the annals of the war in northern Spain from June
to August. The diversion which Wellington had planned had been
brilliantly successful. A very different story must be told of the
equally important scheme that he had concerted for keeping his enemies
distracted on the eastern side of the Peninsula, by means of the
Anglo-Sicilian expedition and the Spanish Army of Murcia.

Suchet, it will be remembered[722], had been stayed from further
conquests after the fall of Valencia partly by the indirect results
of Wellington’s operations on the Portuguese frontier--starting with
the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo--partly by Napoleon’s action in drawing
back to the Ebro the two divisions of Reille, and calling out of Spain
the numerous Polish battalions serving in the Army of Aragon. But
not the least of the hindering causes was a purely personal one--the
long illness which kept Suchet confined to his bed for ten weeks in
February, March, and April. By the time that he was in the saddle again
a notable change had come over the aspect of the war all over the
Peninsula. During his sickness his lieutenants, Habert and Harispe,
maintained their position in front of the Xucar river, and observed
the wrecks of the Valencian and Murcian divisions that had escaped
from Blake’s disaster in January. The whole force remaining under
Suchet--excluding the troops left behind in Catalonia and Aragon--was
not above 15,000 men, and of these nearly 4,000 were locked up in
garrisons, at Valencia, Saguntum, Peniscola, Morella, and other places.
It is not surprising, therefore, that no farther advance was made
against the Spaniards. Joseph O’Donnell, the successor of the unlucky
Mahy, was able during the spring to reorganize some 12,000 men on the
_cadres_ of his old battalions. In addition he had Roche’s reserve at
Alicante, 4,000 strong, which had now been profiting for many months
by the British subsidy and training, and was reckoned a solid corps.
He had also Bassecourt’s few battalions in the inland--the troops
that D’Armagnac had hunted in December and January in the district
about Requeña[723]. Cartagena, the only fortress on the coast still
in Spanish hands save Alicante, had been strengthened by the arrival
of a British detachment[724]. Altogether there were some 20,000
enemies facing Suchet in April, and he regarded it as impossible to
think of attacking Alicante, since he had not nearly enough men in
hand to besiege a place of considerable size, and at the same time
to provide a sufficient covering army against Joseph O’Donnell. So
little was the Murcian army molested that General Freire, O’Donnell’s
second-in-command, ignoring Suchet altogether, took advantage of
Soult’s absence in Estremadura, at the time of the fall of Badajoz,
to alarm eastern Andalusia. He occupied Baza on April 18th, and when
driven away after a time by Leval, governor of Granada, turned instead
against the coast-land of the South. On May 11th an expedition, aided
by English war-ships from Alicante, landed near Almeria, and cleared
out all the French garrisons from the small towns and shore batteries
as far west as Almunecar. Already before this (on May 1-3) an English
squadron had made a descent on Malaga, seized and destroyed the
harbour-works, and carried off some privateers and merchant vessels
from the port. But naught could be accomplished against the citadel
of Gibalfaro. Soult did little or nothing to resent these insults,
because he was at the time obsessed with his ever-recurring idea
that Wellington was about to invade Andalusia, and his attention was
entirely taken up with the movements of Hill and Ballasteros in the
West and North, so that the East was neglected. Leval at Granada had a
troublesome time, but was in no real danger, since Freire’s raids were
executed with a trifling force.

  [722] See above, p. 86.

  [723] See above, p. 56.

  [724] The 2/67th and a part of the foreign Regiment of de
  Watteville, also a British battery, from Cadiz.

Suchet was occupied at this time more with civil than with military
affairs: for some time after his convalescence he was engaged in
rearranging the administration of the kingdom of Valencia, and in
raising the enormous war-contribution which Napoleon had directed him
to exact--200,000,000 reals, or £2,800,000--in addition to the ordinary
taxes. The Marshal in his _Mémoires_ gives a most self-laudatory
account of his rule; according to his rose-coloured narrative[725],
the imposts were raised with wisdom and benevolence, the population
became contented and even loyal, the roads were safe, and material
prosperity commenced at once to revive. Napier has reproduced most of
Suchet’s testimonials to his own wisdom and integrity, without any hint
that the Spanish version of the story is different. The Marshal who
drove the civil population of Lerida under the fire of the cannon[726],
and who signalized his entry into Valencia by wholesale executions of
combatants and non-combatants[727], was not the benevolent being of
his own legend. Since that legend has been republished in many a later
volume, it may be well to give as a fair balance the version of an
enemy--not of a Spaniard, but of a Prussian, that Colonel Schepeler
whose authority on the war of Valencia we have so often had occasion to
quote.

  [725] See _Mémoires_, ii. pp. 283-99.

  [726] See vol. iii. p. 307.

  [727] See above, p. 75.

‘Napoleon Bonaparte looked upon Valencia as the prey of France, and
Suchet did not fall behind in his oppressive high-handedness. The
long-desired goal, the wealthy city, now lay open to their rapacity,
and the riches that the clergy had denied to the needs of the nation
went to fill the plunder-bag of the conqueror. The miraculous statue
of Our Lady of Pity was stripped of her ancient jewelled robe: only
a light mantle now draped her, and showed the cut of the nineteenth
century. The silver apostles of the cathedral took their way to France
with many other objects of value, and the Chapter was forced to pay
ransom for hidden treasures. The magnanimous marshal imposed on the
new French province, as a sort of “benevolence,” six million dollars
(ten had been spoken of at first), with an additional million for the
city of Valencia. The churches had to buy off their bells with another
60,000 dollars. Suchet, in his moderation, contented himself with
exacting 500 dollars a day for his own table and household expenses.

‘Political persecution began with a decree of March 11, which ordered
the judges of the local _Audiencia_ [Law Court] to meet as before,
but to administer justice in the name of Napoleon _Empereur et Roi_.
The patriots refused to serve and fled; whereupon their goods were
confiscated, their families were harried, and when some of them
were captured they were threatened with penal servitude or death. A
decree drawn up in words of cold ferocity, declared every Spaniard
who continued to oppose the French to be a rebel and a brigand, and
therefore condemned to capital punishment. Several villages were
punished with fire and sword, because they were too patriotic to
arrest and deliver up insurgents. Contrary to the promise made at the
capitulation in January[728], many patriots were arrested and executed,
under the pretence that they had been concerned in the murder of
Frenchmen in 1808, even though they might actually have saved the lives
of certain of those unfortunates at that time.

  [728] See p. 73 above.

‘Valencia produces little wheat: there was much lack of it, and the
French would not accept rice. Their requisitions were exacted with
cruel disregard of consequences, even from the poorest, and quickly
brought back to the patriotic side the mutable Valencian people, who
had already been sufficiently embittered when they found that they
were annexed to France. All over the province there began to appear
slaughter, rebellion, and finally guerrillero bands[729].’

  [729] Schepeler, pp. 609-10.

The point which Schepeler makes as to Valencia being practically
annexed to France--as shown by the administration of justice in the
name of Napoleon, not of King Joseph--should be noted. It illustrates
Suchet’s determination to consider himself as a French viceroy, rather
than as the general of one of the armies recently placed by the
Emperor under the King as Commander-in-Chief in the Peninsula. We have
already noted the way in which he contrived to plead special orders
from Paris, exempting him from the royal control, whenever Joseph
tried to borrow some of his troops for use against Wellington[730].
At the same time it must be conceded that he had a much better excuse
than Soult for his persistent disobedience to such orders--his whole
available force was so small, that if he had sent 6,000 men to San
Clemente or Ocaña, as Joseph directed, there would have been little or
nothing left in Valencia save the garrisons, and the Spaniards from
Alicante and Murcia could have taken their revenge for the disasters
of the past winter[731]. He represented to the King that to draw off
such a body of troops to La Mancha implied the abandonment of all his
recent conquests, and that if something had to be evacuated, it was
better that Soult should begin the process, since Andalusia was a more
outlying possession than Valencia--’les provinces du sud devaient
être évacuées avant celles de l’est.’ And here he was no doubt right:
as we have been remarking again and again, the only solution for the
situation created by Wellington’s successes was to concentrate a great
mass of troops at all costs, and the Army of the South could best
provide that mass. It had 50,000 men under arms at the moment--Suchet
had not in Valencia more than 15,000.

  [730] See above, pp. 304-5.

  [731] This is Suchet’s own view, see his _Mémoires_, ii. p. 251.

Hitherto we have spoken of those parts of the east coast of Spain
which lie south of the Ebro. But if the situation in Valencia had not
altered much between February and June, the same was also the case in
Catalonia. Since Eroles’s victory over Bourke at Roda in March[732]
there had been much marching and counter-marching in that principality,
but nothing decisive. Lacy, the unpopular captain-general, was at
odds with the Junta, and especially with Eroles, the best of his
divisional officers, who was the most influential man in Catalonia,
owing to his local connexions and his untiring energy. Lacy was a
stranger, an enemy of the ‘Somaten’ system, and a pronounced Liberal.
The political tendencies of the Catalans were distinctly favourable
to the other or ‘Servile’ party. The captain-general was also accused
of nourishing jealousy against Sarsfield, his second-in-command: and
it is certain that both that officer and Eroles believed him capable
of any mean trick toward them. But though divided counsels and mutual
suspicions often hindered the co-operation of the commanders and the
people, all were equally bitter enemies of the invader, and none of
them showed any signs of slackening in their grim resolve to hold
out to the end. The Catalan army did not now count more than 8,000
men in the field, but its central position in the mountains of the
interior, round which the French garrisons were dispersed in a long
semicircle, gave it advantages that compensated to a certain extent for
its lack of numbers. It could strike out at any isolated point on the
circumference, and, whether its blow failed or succeeded, generally
got off before the enemy had concentrated in sufficient numbers to do
it much harm. On the other hand, Decaen, now commanding in Catalonia,
and Maurice Mathieu, the governor of Barcelona, though they had some
three times as many men under arms as Lacy, were reduced to a position
that was little more than defensive. It is true that they occasionally
collected a heavy column and struck into the inland: but the enemy
avoided them, and replied by counter-attacks on depleted sections of
the French circle of garrisons. On April 9th, for example, 4,800 men
marched from Gerona against Olot: the local levies under Claros and
Rovira skirmished with them, giving ground, and finally losing the
town. But though they did not stop the advance of the enemy, Milans,
with a larger force, moved on the important harbour of Mataro, and laid
siege to the garrison there (April 22), a stroke which soon brought the
bulk of French troops back from Olot to drive him off. At the same time
Sarsfield’s division pressed in upon the garrison of Tarragona, and cut
off its communications with Barcelona.

  [732] See above, p. 98.

This forced Decaen to march to open the road, with all the men that
Maurice Mathieu could spare from Barcelona (April 28). Letting them go
by, Lacy at once renewed the attack on Mataro, bringing up the forces
of Sarsfield and Milans, and borrowing four ship-guns from Commodore
Codrington to batter the fort, in which the French had taken refuge
after evacuating the town [May 3]. Decaen and Lamarque promptly turned
back, and on the third day of the siege came hastily to break it up.
The Spaniards dispersed in various directions, after burying the guns,
which (much to Codrington’s regret) were discovered and exhumed by the
enemy. The net result of all this marching and counter-marching was
that much shoe-leather had been worn out, and a few hundred men killed
or wounded on each side: but certainly no progress had been made in
the conquest of Catalonia. Indeed, Manso, at the end of the campaign,
established himself at Molins de Rey, quite close to Barcelona, and
Sarsfield occupied Montserrat, so that between them they once more cut
off the communications from Barcelona southward and westward. Both had
to be driven off in June, in order that the roads might again be opened.

Early in July Lacy devised a scheme which made him more hated than ever
in Catalonia. He concerted with some Spanish employés in the French
commissariat service a plan for blowing up the powder magazine of the
great fortress of Lerida, and arranged to be outside its walls on the
day fixed for the explosion, and to storm it during the confusion that
would follow. Eroles and Sarsfield both protested, pointing out that a
whole quarter of the city must be destroyed, with great loss of life.
Lacy replied that the results would justify the sacrifice, persisted
in his scheme, and moved with every available man towards Lerida to be
ready on the appointed day. He miscalculated his hours, however; and,
though he left hundreds of stragglers behind from over-marching, his
column arrived too late. The explosion took place on the 16th, with
dreadful success; not only did a hundred of the garrison perish, but a
much larger number of the citizens; many houses and one of the bastions
fell. The governor Henriod, a very firm-handed man whose record in
Lerida was most tyrannical[733], had been entirely unaware of the
approach of the Spaniards, but proved equal to the occasion. He put his
garrison under arms, manned the breach, and showed such a firm front,
when Lacy appeared, that the captain-general, having tired troops and
no cannon, refused to attempt the storm. He went off as quickly as he
had come, having caused the death of several hundred of his countrymen
with no profit whatever. If he was ready to adopt such terrible means,
he should at least have had his plans correctly timed. The Catalans
never forgave him the useless atrocity[734].

  [733] See notes in Vidal de la Blache’s _L’Evacuation d’Espagne_,
  1914, which reaches me just as this goes to press, for anecdotes
  concerning his doings.

  [734] About the same time a still more dreadful plot was said
  to have been formed in Barcelona, with the knowledge and
  approval of Lacy--arsenic was to be mixed with the flour of the
  garrison’s rations by secret agents. [See Suchet’s _Mémoires_,
  ii. p. 256, and Arteche, xii. p. 353.] How far the plan was a
  reality is difficult to decide. There is a large file of papers
  in the Paris War Office concerning experiments carried out by a
  commission of army-doctors, in consequence of a sudden outbreak
  of sickness among the troops in July. One or two soldiers died,
  a great number were seized with vomiting and stomach-cramps;
  poison being suspected, the doctors took possession of the flour,
  attempted to analyse it, and tried its effects on a number of
  street dogs. A few of the animals died: most were violently sick,
  but got over the dose. Poison was not definitely proved, and
  dirty utensils and bad baking might conceivably have been the
  cause of the outbreak. Some Catalan writers say that there was a
  poisoning-plot, or I should have doubted the whole story. See the
  Appendix to Arteche, xii. p. 483.

Operations in Catalonia and Valencia were thus dragging on with no
great profit to one side or the other, when Wellington’s great scheme
for the Anglo-Sicilian diversion on the east coast began at last to
work, and--as he had expected--set a new face to affairs. Unfortunately
the expedition was conducted very differently from his desire. We have
already shown how, by Lord William Bentinck’s perversity, it started
too late, and was far weaker than was originally intended[735]. But on
July 15th General Maitland arrived at Port Mahon with a fleet carrying
three English[736] and two German battalions, and parts of three
foreign regiments, with a handful of cavalry, and two companies of
artillery. He sent messengers across Spain to announce to Wellington
his arrival, and his purpose of landing in Catalonia, as had been
directed. At Majorca he picked up Whittingham’s newly-organized
Balearic division, and after some delay he set sail on July 28 for
Palamos, a central point on the Catalan coast, off which he arrived on
the morning of July 31st with over 10,000 men on board.

  [735] See above, p. 347.

  [736] 1/10th, 1/81st, 1/58th, 4th and 6th Line battalions K.G.L.,
  and parts of the foreign battalions of De Roll, Dillon, and the
  Calabrian Free Corps. See table in Appendix XIV. The total was
  248 officers, and 6,643 rank and file.

Owing to Bentinck’s unhappy hesitation in May and June, after the
expedition had been announced and the troops ordered to prepare for
embarkation, French spies in Sicily had found the time to send warning
to Paris, and Suchet had been advised by the Minister of War that a
fleet from Palermo might appear in his neighbourhood at any moment.
He received his warning in the end of June, a month before Maitland’s
arrival[737], and this turned out in the end profitable to the allied
cause; for, though the fleet never appeared, he was always expecting
it, and used the argument that he was about to be attacked by an
English force as his most effective reply to King Joseph’s constant
demands for assistance in New Castile. The arrival at Alicante of
transports intended to carry Roche’s division to Catalonia, and of some
vessels bearing the battering-train which Wellington had sent round for
Bentinck’s use, was duly reported to him: for some time he took this
flotilla to be the Anglo-Sicilian squadron. Hence he was expecting all
through June and July the attack which (through Bentinck’s perversity)
was never delivered. The threat proved as effective as the actual
descent might have been, and Wellington would have been much relieved
if only he could have seen a few of Suchet’s many letters refusing to
move a man to support the King[738].

  [737] Clarke’s dispatch with the information was dated June 9th.

  [738] Two of them dated July 22 and August 12 did ultimately fall
  into his hands, but only after the victory of Salamanca. See
  below, pp. 617-18.

Suchet’s great trouble was that he could not tell in the least whether
the Sicilian expedition would land in Catalonia or in Valencia. It
might come ashore anywhere between Alicante and Rosas. He prepared a
small movable central reserve, with which he could march northward if
the blow should fall between Valencia and Tortosa, or southward--to
reinforce Habert and Harispe--if it should be struck in the South.
Decaen was warned to have a strong force concentrated in central
Catalonia, in case the descent came in his direction, and Suchet
promised him such assistance as he could spare. On a rumour that the
Sicilian fleet had turned northward--as a matter of fact it was not
yet in Spanish waters--the Marshal thought it worth while to make a
rapid visit to Catalonia, to concert matters with Decaen. He marched
by Tortosa with a flying column, and on July 10th met Decaen at Reus.
Here he learned that there were no signs of the enemy to be discovered,
and after visiting Tarragona, inspecting its fortifications, and
reinforcing its garrison, returned southward in a more leisurely
fashion than he had gone forth.

During Suchet’s absence from his Valencian viceroyalty the
captain-general of Murcia took measures which brought about one of
the most needless and gratuitous disasters that ever befell the
ever-unlucky army of which he was in charge. Joseph O’Donnell knew
that the Sicilian expedition was due, and he had been warned that
Roche’s division would be taken off to join it; he was aware that
Maitland’s arrival would modify all Suchet’s arrangements, and would
force him to draw troops away from his own front. He had been requested
by Wellington to content himself with ‘containing’ the French force
in his front, and to risk nothing. But on July 18th he marched out
from his positions in front of Alicante with the design of surprising
General Harispe. He knew that Suchet had gone north, and was not aware
of his return; and he had been informed, quite truly, that Harispe’s
cantonments were much scattered. Unfortunately he was as incapable as
he was presumptuous, and he entirely lacked the fiery determination of
his brother Henry, the hero of La Bispal. According to contemporary
critics he was set, at this moment, on making what he thought would be
a brilliant descent on an unprepared enemy, without any reference to
his orders or to the general state of the war[739]. And he wished to
fight before Roche’s troops were taken from him, as they must soon be.

  [739] See Schepeler, pp. 617 and 623.

Harispe had only some 5,000 men--his own division, with one stray
battalion belonging to Habert[740], and Delort’s cavalry brigade[741].
He had one infantry regiment in reserve at Alcoy[742], another at
Ibi[743], the third[744]--with the bulk of Delort’s horsemen--in
and about Castalla, the nearest point in the French cantonments to
Alicante. O’Donnell’s ambitious plan was to surround the troops in
Castalla and Ibi by a concentric movement of several columns marching
far apart, and to destroy them before Harispe himself could come up
with his reserve from the rear. Bassecourt and his detachment from the
northern hills was ordered to fall in at the same time on Alcoy, so as
to distract Harispe and keep him engaged--a doubtful expedient since
he lay many marches away, and it was obvious that the timing of his
diversion would probably miscarry.

  [740] Of the 44th Line.

  [741] The 13th Cuirassiers and 24th Dragoons.

  [742] The 116th Line, 2 battalions.

  [743] The 1st Léger, 3 battalions.

  [744] The 7th Line, 2 battalions.

O’Donnell marched in three masses: on the right Roche’s division went
by Xixona with the order to surprise the French troops in Ibi. The
main body, three weak infantry brigades under Montijo, Mijares, and
Michelena, with two squadrons of cavalry and a battery, moved straight
upon Castalla. The main body of the horse, about 800 strong, under
General Santesteban, went out on the left on the side of Villena,
with orders to outflank the enemy and try to cut in upon his rear.
The whole force made up 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry, not taking
into account the possible (but unlikely) advent of Bassecourt, so that
Harispe was outnumbered by much more than two to one. As an extra
precaution all the transports ready in Alicante were sent out--with
only one battalion on board--along the coast, to demonstrate opposite
Denia and the mouth of the Xucar, in order to call off the attention of
Habert’s division, which lay in that direction.

Having marched all night on the 20th July, the Spanish columns found
themselves--in a very fatigued condition--in front of the enemy at
four o’clock on the morning of the 21st. They were out of touch with
each other, Roche being separated from the centre by the mountain-spur
called the Sierra de Cata, and the cavalry having been sent very far
out on the flank. General Mesclop was opposed to Roche at Ibi, with
four battalions and a squadron of cuirassiers--General Delort, at
Castalla, had only one squadron of the cuirassiers, two battalions, and
a battery, but was expecting the arrival of the 24th Dragoons from the
neighbouring town of Biar, some way to his right, and of the remaining
two squadrons of the 13th Cuirassiers from Onil on his left. Meanwhile
he evacuated Castalla, but took up a position on a hillside covered by
a stream and a ravine crossed by a narrow bridge, with his trifling
force. He had already sent orders to Mesclop at Ibi to come in to his
aid, leaving only a rearguard to hold off as long as possible the
Spanish column in front of him. The latter did as he was bid; he threw
into the Castle of Ibi a company of the 44th and two guns, and left the
rest of that battalion and a troop of cuirassiers to support them. With
the rest of his force, the three battalions of the 1st Léger and the
remaining troop of cuirassiers, he set off in haste for Castalla.

O’Donnell assailed Delort in a very leisurely way after occupying the
town of Castalla--his troops were tired, and four of his six guns had
fallen behind. But Montijo’s brigade and the two pieces which had kept
up with it were developing an attack on the bridge, and Michelena and
Mijares had passed the ravine higher up, when the French detached
troops began to appear from all directions. The first to get up were
the 400 men of the 24th Dragoons, who--screened by an olive wood--came
in with a tremendous impact, and quite unforeseen, upon Mijares’s
flank, and completely broke up his three battalions. They then, after
re-forming their ranks, formed in column and charged across the narrow
bridge in front of O’Donnell’s centre, though it was commanded by
his two guns. An attack delivered across such a defile, passable by
only two horses abreast, looked like madness--but was successful! The
guns only fired one round each before they were ridden over, and the
brigade supporting them broke up. Delort then attacked, with his two
battalions and with the cuirassiers who had just come up from Onil.
Montijo’s brigade, the only intact Spanish unit left, was thus driven
from the field and scattered. The 6,000 infantry of O’Donnell’s centre
became a mass of fugitives--only one regiment out of the whole[745]
kept its ranks and went off in decent order. Of the rest nearly half
were hunted down and captured in droves by the French cuirassiers
and dragoons. Mesclop with the three battalions from Ibi arrived too
late to take any part in the rout. Delort sent him back at once to
relieve the detachment that he had left in front of Roche. The latter
had driven it out of the village of Ibi after some skirmishing, when
he saw approaching him not only Mesclop’s column, but Harispe coming
up from Alcoy with the 116th of the Line. He at once halted, turned
to the rear, and retired in good order towards Xixona: the enemy’s
cavalry tried to break his rearguard but failed, and the whole
division got back to Alicante without loss. The same chance happened
to Santesteban’s cavalry, which, marching from Villena at 7 o’clock,
had reached Biar, in the enemy’s rear, only when the fighting--which
had begun at 4--was all over. O’Donnell tried to throw blame on this
officer; but the fact seems to be that his own calculation of time
and distance was faulty: he had sent his cavalry on too wide a sweep,
separated by hills from his main body, and had kept up no proper
communication with it. Nor does it appear that if Santesteban had come
up to Biar a little earlier he would have been able to accomplish
anything very essential. Bassecourt’s diversion, as might have been
expected, did not work: before he got near Alcoy the main body had been
cut to pieces: he retired in haste to Almanza on hearing the news.

  [745] Cuenca, of Montijo’s brigade. Schepeler, p. 619.

O’Donnell’s infantry was so shattered that his army was reduced to as
bad a condition as it had shown in January, after Blake’s original
disaster at Valencia. He had lost over 3,000 men, of whom 2,135 were
unwounded prisoners, three flags, and the only two guns that had got
to the front. The survivors of the three broken brigades had dispersed
all over the countryside, and took weeks to collect. It was fortunate
that Roche’s division had reached Alicante intact, or that city itself
might have been in danger. The French had lost, according to their own
account, no more than 200 men[746]: only the two cavalry regiments,
two battalions of the 7th Line, and one of the 44th had been put into
action. As Suchet truly remarks in his _Mémoires_[747] the total
numbers engaged--3,000 men[748]--on his side were somewhat less than
the casualty list of the enemy.

  [746] This is the figure given by Suchet in his contemporary
  dispatch to King Joseph, of which a copy lies in the Scovell
  papers. In some French accounts the number is cut down to 70.

  [747] Vol. ii. p. 260.

  [748] 7th Line, about 1,200; 13th Cuirassiers and 24th Dragoons,
  about 1,000; one battalion 44th, about 650; artillery, &c., about
  150 = 3,000 in all. The 1st Léger and 116th Line were practically
  not engaged.

The rout of Castalla put the Murcian army out of action for months--a
lucky thing for Suchet, since the force of the allies at Alicante
was just about to be increased by the arrival there of Maitland’s
expedition, and if O’Donnell’s army had been still intact, a very
formidable body of troops would have been collected opposite him.
It remains to explain the appearance of the Anglo-Sicilians in this
direction, contrary to the orders of Wellington, who had expressed his
wish that they should land in Catalonia, join Lacy, and lay siege to
Tarragona--an operation which he thought would force Suchet to evacuate
Valencia altogether, in order to bring help to Decaen.

We left Maitland anchored in the Bay of Palamos on July 31. The moment
that he appeared Eroles went on board his ship, to urge his immediate
disembarkation, and to promise the enthusiastic assistance of the
Catalans. The energetic baron gave a most optimistic picture of the
state of affairs, he declared that the whole country would rise at the
sight of the red-coats, that Tarragona was weakly held, and that the
total force of the French, including Suchet’s column near Tortosa, was
only 13,000 men. Lacy and Sarsfield appeared later, and gave much less
encouraging information: they rated the enemy at a far higher figure
than Eroles, and were right in so doing, for Decaen had some 25,000
men, and could by an effort have concentrated 15,000, exclusive of
succours from Suchet. The Spanish Army of Catalonia could only furnish
7,000 foot and 300 horse, of whom many were so far off at the moment
that Lacy declared that it would take six or eight days to bring them
up. By the time that they were all arrived, the French would have
concentrated also, and would be equal in numbers to the whole force
that the allies could collect. Tarragona was reported to be in a better
state of defence than Eroles allowed, and the engineers declared that
it might take ten days to reduce it. But the greatest problem of all
was that of provisions: Lacy declared that the country could furnish
little or nothing: he could not undertake to keep his own small army
concentrated for more than a week. The Anglo-Sicilians must be fed from
the fleet, and he could provide no transport. Evidently the expedition
would be tied down to the shore, and the siege of Tarragona was the
only possible operation. Since the Anglo-Sicilian army could not
manœuvre at large or retire into the inland, it would have to fight
Decaen, to cover the investment of Tarragona, within a few days of its
landing. On the other hand if, as Eroles promised, the _somatenes_
rose on every side at the news of the disembarkation, the outlying
French troops might not be able to get up to join Decaen, the roads
would be blocked, the enemy might never be able to concentrate, and the
force about Barcelona, his only immediately available field army, was
not more than 8,000 strong, and might be beaten.

There were those who said that Lacy never wished to see the expedition
land, because he was jealous of Eroles, and thought that a general
rising which ended in success would have meant the end of his own power
and tenure of office[749]. It is at least certain that the views which
he expressed caused Maitland much trouble, and made him to flinch from
his original idea of landing without delay and attacking Tarragona,
according to Wellington’s desire. The English general took refuge in a
council of war--the usual resource of commanders of a wavering purpose.
His lieutenants all advised him to refuse to land, on the ground that
his forces were too small and heterogeneous, that Lacy could give no
prompt assistance, and that there was no sign as yet of the general
rising which Eroles promised. Moreover, some of the naval officers told
him that anchorage off the Catalan coast was so dangerous, even in
summer, that they could not promise him that the army could be taken
safely on board in case of a defeat. To the intense disgust of Eroles
and the other Catalan leaders, but not at all to Lacy’s displeasure,
Maitland accepted the advice of his council of war, and resolved to
make off, and to land farther south. The original idea was to have
come ashore somewhere in the midst of the long coast-line south of
the Ebro, between Tortosa and Valencia, with the object of breaking
Suchet’s line in the middle. But the news of Joseph O’Donnell’s
gratuitous disaster at Castalla, which obviously enabled the Marshal
to use his whole army against a disembarking force, and the suggestion
that Alicante itself might be in danger, induced Maitland in the end
to order his whole armament to steer southward. He arrived at Alicante
on August 7th, and commenced to send his troops ashore--both his own
6,000 men and Whittingham’s 4,000 auxiliaries of the Balearic division.
Since Roche was already there, with his troops in good order, there
were 14,000 men collected in Alicante, over and above the wrecks of
O’Donnell’s force. If only the Murcians had been intact, the mass
assembled would have caused Suchet serious qualms, since it would have
outnumbered the French corps in Valencia very considerably, and there
was in it a nucleus of good troops in Maitland’s British and German
battalions. The news of Salamanca had also come to hand by this time,
and had transformed the general aspect of affairs in Suchet’s eyes:
King Joseph was again demanding instant help from him, in the hope of
retaining Madrid, and had called in (without his knowledge or consent)
the division of Palombini from Aragon, and the garrison of Cuenca[750].
If Wellington should advance--as he actually did--against the King,
and should drive him from his capital, it was possible that the main
theatre of the war might be transferred to the borders of Valencia.

  [749] This seems to have been Codrington’s view, see his
  _Memoirs_, i. p. 278, and he knew Lacy and the Catalans well.

  [750] See above, pp. 487 and 488.

The Marshal therefore resolved to concentrate: he ordered Habert and
Harispe to fall back behind the Xucar with their 8,000 men, abandoning
their advanced positions in front of Alicante, and placed them at
Jativa; here he threw up some field-works and armed a _tête-de-pont_ on
the Xucar at Alberique. He ordered Paris’s brigade to come down from
northern Aragon to Teruel, and he warned the generals in Catalonia that
he might ask for reinforcements from them.

Maitland therefore, after his landing, found that the French had
disappeared from his immediate front. He was joined by Roche, and by
the 67th regiment from Cartagena, and proposed to drive Harispe from
Castalla and Ibi. But he marched against him on August 16th-18th, only
to find that he had already retired behind the Xucar. Farther than
Monforte he found himself unable to advance, for want of transport
and food. For the expedition from Sicily had not been fitted out for
an advance into the inland. It had been supposed by Bentinck that
the troops would be able to hire or requisition in Spain the mules
and carts that they would require for a forward movement. But the
country-side about Alicante was already exhausted by the long stay
of the Murcian army in that region; and O’Donnell--before Maitland
had come to know the difficulties of his position, got from him a
pledge that he would not take anything from it either by purchase or
by requisition. The British general had hired mules to draw his guns,
but found that he could not feed them on a forward march, because the
resources of the district were denied him. He himself had to stop at
Elda, Roche at Alcoy, because the problem of transport and food could
not be solved. All that he could do was to feel the French line of
outposts behind the Xucar with a flying column composed of his own
handful of cavalry--200 sabres--and a detachment of Spanish horse lent
him by Elio, the successor of O’Donnell [August 20th-21st].

But even the thought of farther advance had now to be given up, for the
news arrived that King Joseph had evacuated Madrid on the 14th, and
was marching on Valencia with the 15,000 men that he had collected. To
have tried any further attack on Suchet, when such an army was coming
in from the flank to join the Marshal, would have been insane. The
French force in this region would be doubled in strength by the King’s
arrival. Wherefore Maitland drew back his own division to Alicante,
and brought Roche back to Xixona, not far in front of that fortress,
expecting that he might ere long be pushed back, and perhaps besieged
there. Wellington in the end of the month, having the same idea, sent
him elaborate directions for the defence of the place, bidding him to
hold it as long as possible, but to keep his transports close at hand,
and to re-embark if things came to the worst[751].

  [751] See Wellington to Maitland, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 386, dated
  Aug. 30.

On the 25th King Joseph’s army and its vast convoy of French and
Spanish refugees, joined Suchet’s outposts at Almanza, and the
dangerous combination which Maitland and Wellington had foreseen came
to pass. But what was still more threatening for the army at Alicante
was the rumour that Soult was about to evacuate Andalusia, and to
bring the whole of the Army of the South to Valencia. This would mean
that nearly 80,000 French troops would ere long be collected within
striking distance of the motley force over which Maitland and Elio now
held command, and it seemed probable that Soult in his march might
sweep over the whole country-side, disperse the Spanish forces on the
Murcian border, and perhaps besiege and take Cartagena and Alicante
as a _parergon_ on the way. We have seen in chapter X that nothing
of this kind happened: Soult hung on to Andalusia for a month longer
than Wellington or any one else deemed probable: he only left Granada
on September 17th, and when he did move on Valencia he took the bad
inland roads by Huescar, Calasparra, and Hellin, leaving Murcia and
Cartagena and the whole sea-coast undisturbed. The reason, as has been
already pointed out, was the outbreak of yellow fever at Cartagena,
which caused the Duke of Dalmatia so much concern that he preferred to
keep away from the infection, even at the cost of taking inferior and
circuitous roads.

For the whole of September, therefore, Suchet on the one side and
Maitland and the Spaniards on the other, were waiting on Soult: in the
expectation of his early arrival both sides kept quiet. Thus tamely
ended the first campaign of the Anglo-Sicilian army, on whose efforts
Wellington had so much counted. And its later operations, as we shall
presently see, were to be wholly in keeping with its unlucky start.




SECTION XXXIII: CHAPTER XII

WELLINGTON RETURNS TO THE DOURO. FINIS


The garrison of the Retiro had surrendered on August 14th: Wellington
remained for seventeen days longer in Madrid, and did not leave it,
to take the field again, until August 31st. His stay in the Spanish
capital was not due, in the first instance, to the causes which might
seem most plausible--a desire to give his war-worn infantry a rest
during the hottest weeks of the year, or a determination to reorganize
the military resources of Madrid and New Castile for the profit of
the allied cause[752]. Both these ideas existed, and the latter in
especial absorbed much of his attention--he spent long hours in trying
to concert, with Carlos de España, measures for the utilization of
the captured munitions of the Retiro, and for the recruiting of the
regiments of the Spanish ‘Fifth Army.’ In this he accomplished less
than he had hoped, partly because of the dreadful exhaustion of the
central provinces of Spain after the famine of the preceding year,
partly because of the inefficiency of most of the Spanish officials
with whom he had to deal. He was much discontented with the list of
persons appointed by the new Regency to take up authority in the
reconquered provinces; and Castaños, whom he most trusted, and desired
to have with him, was lingering in Galicia[753].

  [752] Wellington to Henry Wellesley, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 364.

  [753] Same to same, _Dispatches_, ix. p. 373. He was particularly
  indignant at the supersession of Mexia, Intendant of Castile, by
  Lozano de Torres, with whom he had quarrelled in Estremadura in
  1809, ‘the most useless and inefficient of all God’s creatures,
  and an impediment to all business.’

But the main reason for the halt at Madrid was the uncertainty as to
the movements of Soult. Was the Duke of Dalmatia about, as would seem
reasonable, to evacuate Andalusia? And if so, would he pick up King
Joseph and the Army of the Centre in La Mancha, and march on Madrid
with the 65,000 men whom they could collect? Or would he retire on
Valencia and join Suchet? Or again, would he persist in his intention,
expressed in dispatches to Joseph, which had fallen into Wellington’s
hands, of holding on to Andalusia and making it a separate base of
French power, despite of the fact that he had been cut off from
communication with the imperial armies of the East and North?

‘Any other but a modern French army would now leave the province [of
Andalusia],’ wrote Wellington to Lord Bathurst on July 18[754], ‘as
they have now absolutely no communication of any kind with France or
with any other French army; and they are pressed on all sides by troops
not to be despised, and can evidently do nothing. Yet I suspect that
Soult will not stir till I force him out by a direct movement upon him:
and I think of making that movement as soon as I can take the troops
to the South without injuring their health.’ All military reasons were
against the probability of Soult’s holding on in Andalusia, yet he had
certainly expressed his intention of doing so as late as the middle of
July, and, what was more important still in judging of his plans, he
had not made a sudden movement of retreat when the news of Salamanca
reached him. Hill writing on August 4th, six days after the receipt of
the tidings of Marmont’s disaster, had to report[755] that ‘the recent
glorious event’ seemed to have had very little effect on the enemy, who
‘continued in a strong position in his front.’ And this was true, for
Soult, after hearing the news of Salamanca, had made his last frantic
appeal to King Joseph to fall back on Andalusia, and make his base at
Seville if Madrid were lost. Wellington was right in suspecting that,
if the Marshal had got his desire, the South would have been maintained
against him, and he would have had to march thither in person, to pick
up Hill, and to bring matters to an issue by another pitched battle.
It was only on August 12th that Soult reluctantly resolved to evacuate
Andalusia: his first precautionary movements for retreat were made
on August 15th, but it was not till the 24th that the Cadiz Lines
were destroyed, or till the 26th that all the French troops in front
of Hill suddenly vanished. Wellington was therefore kept for more
than a fortnight in a state of complete uncertainty as to whether he
might not have to march southward in the end, to evict Soult from his
viceroyalty. It was only on the 24th that he got information from
Hill (written on the 17th) which gave the first premonitory warning
that the French seemed to be on the move[756]. Next day confirming
evidence began to come to hand: ‘it is generally reported, and I have
reason to believe, that the Army of the South is about to make a
general movement ... it is supposed in the direction of Granada and
Valencia[757].’ On August 30, ‘though Sir Rowland Hill on the 17th
instant had no intelligence that the march was commenced, there was
every appearance of it.’ The fact that seemed to make it incredible
that Soult could be proposing to hold Andalusia any longer, was precise
information that King Joseph and the Army of the Centre had marched
upon Valencia to join Suchet, and had passed Chinchilla on August 24th,
going eastward[758]. If the King had gone by the passes of the Sierra
Morena southward, to join Soult, doubt might still have been possible:
but since he had made Valencia his goal, and was crawling slowly along
in that direction with his immense convoy of refugees and baggage,
Soult--left entirely to his own resources--could not retain his present
position. He must march on Valencia also, and it would be many weeks
before he could place himself in touch with Suchet, and produce a
threatening combination on the Mediterranean coast.

  [754] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 370.

  [755] See above, p. 537.

  [756] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 377.

  [757] Ibid., ix. pp. 380-1.

  [758] News from Joseph O’Donnell commanding the Spanish army of
  Murcia. _Dispatches_, ix. p. 388.

On August 31st, therefore, with no absolutely certain news yet to hand
as to Soult’s retreat, but with every military probability in favour
of its having been begun, Wellington resolved to leave Madrid and to
return to the valley of the Douro, where the movements of Clausel and
the French Army of Portugal demanded his attention. He never thought
for a moment of endeavouring to march through La Mancha to intercept or
molest Soult’s retreat. The distance was too great, the roads unknown,
the problem of feeding the army in the desolate and thinly-peopled
country about the Murcian and Andalusian borders too difficult.
Wellington made up his mind that he had some time to spare: he would
march against Clausel and then ‘return to this part of the country
[Madrid] as soon as I shall have settled matters to my satisfaction
on the right of the Douro. And I hope I shall be here [Madrid] and
shall be joined by the troops under Sir Rowland Hill, before Soult
can have made much progress to form his junction with the King[759].’
It is important, therefore, to realize that, in Wellington’s original
conception, the operations in Old Castile, which we may call the
Burgos campaign, were to be but a side-issue, an intermediate and
secondary matter. The real danger in Spain, as he considered, was the
approaching, but not immediate, junction of Soult, Suchet, and King
Joseph at Valencia. And the Commander-in-Chief evidently proposed to
be at Madrid, to face this combination, by October 1st. How and why he
failed to carry out this intention must be explained at length in the
next volume.

  [759] Wellington to Lord Bathurst, August 30, from Madrid.
  _Dispatches_, ix. p. 390.

Meanwhile, when he marched off to the Douro with part of his army,
he had to make provisions for the conduct of affairs in the South
during his absence. Hill, as has been shown in another chapter, had
been told to march on Madrid, as soon as Soult’s forces had made their
definitive departure for the East. As Drouet only disappeared from
Hill’s front on August 26th, the northward march of the army from
Estremadura began late: it had not commenced to cross the Guadiana
on September 1: its progress to and along the Tagus valley was slow,
owing to the difficulty of procuring food, and its main body had not
reached Almaraz and Talavera before the 20th September, and was only
concentrated about and behind Toledo at the end of the month. But
though Hill’s movement was not rapid, it was made in sufficiently good
time to face the danger that was brewing on the side of Valencia. And
there can be no doubt that if he had received orders to hurry, he
could have been in line some days before he actually appeared[760]. He
brought up all his force[761] except Buchan’s Portuguese brigade[762],
which was left at Truxillo and Merida, to keep up his communication
with Elvas. Estremadura, so long the contending ground of armies, had
now no solid body of troops left in it save the Spanish garrison of
Badajoz. For Penne Villemur and Morillo, with the division which had
so long operated in Hill’s vicinity, moved with him into New Castile.
They went by the rugged roads through the mountains of the province of
Toledo[763], and took post at Herencia, on the high-road from Madrid to
the Despeñaperros pass, in front of the British 2nd Division.

  [760] The cavalry at the head of the column were at Truxillo
  on the 15th September, Almaraz on the 19th, Talavera on the
  21st. The infantry in the rear of the division only crossed the
  Guadiana at Medellin on September 14th, was at Truxillo on the
  17th, Almaraz on the 20th, Talavera on the 26th, Toledo on the
  30th (Swabey’s diary).

  [761] Hill brought up the 2nd Division--British, 7,000;
  Portuguese, 2,900; Hamilton’s Portuguese, 5,300; Long’s and
  Slade’s cavalry, about 1,900; artillery, about 400 = 17,500 of
  all ranks.

  [762] Late Power’s brigade: The 5th and 17th, the old garrison of
  Elvas, and the 22nd.

  [763] They marched from Cabeza del Buey, on the borders of
  Andalusia and Estremadura, via Talarubia and Mazarambros to
  Herencia. ‘Journal of Regiment of Leon,’ in Clonard, vol. iv.

In the rear of Hill’s column, and separated from it by many days’
march, was another small British force toiling up to Madrid from a very
distant point. This was the force under Colonel Skerrett, which had
taken part in the fighting round Seville. It consisted of the battalion
of the Guards from Cadiz, the 2/47th and 2/87th, two companies of the
2/95th, a squadron of the 2nd Hussars K.G.L., the 20th Portuguese
Line, and a battery. By Wellington’s orders no British troops were now
left in Cadiz save the 2/59th, part of de Watteville’s regiment, the
‘battalion of foreign recruits,’ soon to become the 8/60th, and a few
artillery. Skerrett’s column, some 4,000 strong, marched by Merida
and Truxillo, and reached Toledo in time to join Hill for the autumn
campaign in front of Madrid. Hill’s corps, when joined by Skerrett,
provided a force of over 20,000 men, about equally divided between
British and Portuguese.

It would have been profitable to Wellington, as matters went in the
end, if he had handed over the entire task of observing Soult’s
operations to Hill. But being under the impression that he would return
ere long to Madrid, he left there and in the neighbourhood nearly
half the force that he had brought from Salamanca. He only took with
him to oppose Clausel the 1st, 5th, and 7th Divisions, with Pack’s and
Bradford’s Portuguese, and Bock’s and Ponsonby’s (late Le Marchant’s)
brigades of heavy dragoons, a force of some 21,000 men[764]. He
left the 3rd and Light Divisions at Madrid, the 4th Division at the
Escurial, and Carlos de España’s Spaniards at Segovia. The cavalry of
Victor Alten and D’Urban were assigned to this force, and remained,
the former at Madrid, the latter at the Palacio de Rio Frio, near
Segovia. The British infantry divisions had all suffered heavily at
Badajoz, and the 4th at Salamanca also--they were weak in numbers, but
were expecting ere long to be joined by numerous convalescents. The
total force left behind amounted to about 17,000 men, including the
Spaniards[765]. Thus when Hill and Skerrett came up from the South,
there was a mass of nearly 40,000 men accumulated round Madrid, while
Wellington himself, after picking up Clinton and the 6th Division, and
the other troops left on the Douro, had a little under 30,000. This
proved in the autumn campaign an ideally bad partition of the army, for
on each wing the Anglo-Portuguese force was decidedly less numerous
than that which the French could bring against it. If Wellington had
taken his full strength to the North, he could have defied Clausel
and Caffarelli, and they could never have made head against him, or
pressed him away from Burgos. Hill, on the other hand, in front of
Madrid, would have been no more helpless with 22,000 men than he
actually was with 38,000 men, when Soult and King Joseph brought 60,000
against him in October. In either case he could only retreat without
offering battle. But Wellington, if the three additional divisions
left in New Castile had been brought to the North, would have had such
a superiority over the French in Old Castile that he could have dealt
with them as he pleased. The only explanation of the unfortunate
proportional division of his army, is that Wellington undervalued the
task he had to execute beyond the Douro, thought that he could finish
it more quickly than was to be the case, and calculated on being back
at Madrid in October before Soult could give trouble.

  [764] There marched with Wellington--1st Division, 5,980 of
  all ranks; 5th Division, 4,726; 7th Division, 4,841; Pack and
  Bradford, 3,954; Bock and Ponsonby, 1,673; artillery, &c., about
  500 = 21,674.

  [765] There remained at Madrid, the Escurial, &c.--Arentschildt’s
  cavalry, 515; D’Urban’s Portuguese cavalry, 552; 3rd Division,
  4,234; 4th Division, 4,548; Light Division, 3,462; artillery,
  about 350; Carlos de España’s Spaniards, about 3,000 = 16,661.

Yet when he started he was not comfortable in his mind about the
general situation. If the French drew together, their total strength
in Spain was far too great for him. In a moody moment he wrote to
his brother Henry: ‘though I still hope to be able to maintain our
position in Castile, and even to improve our advantages, I shudder when
I reflect upon the enormity of the task which I have undertaken, with
inadequate powers myself to do anything, and without assistance of any
kind from the Spaniards.... I am apprehensive that all this may turn
out ill for the Spanish cause. If by any cause I should be overwhelmed,
or should be obliged to retire, what will the world say? What will the
people of England say? What will those in Spain say?[766]’

  [766] _Dispatches_, ix. p. 375.

Wellington’s forebodings were, only too soon, to be justified. But the
tale of the campaign against Clausel and Caffarelli, of the advance to
and retreat from Burgos, must be told in another volume.




APPENDICES




I

SUCHET’S ARMY IN VALENCIA. MORNING STATE OF OCT. 1, 1811


  1st Division (Musnier):                      _Officers._  _Men._ _Total._
    Robert’s    { 114th Line (3 batts.)           58     1,579  1,637
      Brigade   { 1st of the Vistula (2 batts.)   27       836    863
    Ficatier’s  { 121st Line (3 batts.)           44     1,156  1,200
      Brigade   { 2nd of the Vistula (2 batts.)   26     1,103  1,129 = 4,829

  2nd Division (Harispe):
    Paris’s     { 7th Line (4 batts.)             55     1,584  1,639
      Brigade   { 116th Line (3 batts.)           42     1,105  1,147
    Chlopiski’s { 44th Line (2 batts.)            35     1,191  1,226
      Brigade   { 3rd of the Vistula (2 batts.)   26       724    750 = 4,762

  3rd Division (Habert):
    Montmarie’s { 5th Line (2 batts.)             31       771    802
      Brigade   { 16th Line (3 batts.)            56     1,261  1,317
    Bronikowski’s Brigade, 117th Line (3 batts.)  49     1,291  1,340 = 3,459

  Palombini’s Italian Division:
    Saint Paul’s{ 2nd Léger (3 batts.)            59     2,141  2,200
      Brigade   { 4th Line (3 batts.)             57     1,603  1,660
    Balathier’s { 5th Line (2 batts.)             37       893    930
      Brigade   { 6th Line (3 batts.)             51     1,378  1,429 = 6,219

  Compère’s Neapolitan Division:
    1st Léger (1 batt.)                           27       419    446
    1st Line (1 batt.)                            24       536    560
    2nd Line (1 batt.)                            27       358    385 = 1,391

  Cavalry (General Boussard):
    4th Hussars (4 squadrons)                     30       720    750
    24th Dragoons (2 squadrons)                   17       419    436
    13th Cuirassiers (4 squadrons)                27       557    584
    Italian ‘Dragoons of Napoleon’                24       442    466
    Neapolitan Chasseurs                          13       156    169 = 2,405

  Artillery (General Vallée)                      48     1,757  1,805
  Engineers (General Rogniat)                     16       584    600
  Équipages Militaires and Gendarmerie            10       653    663 = 3,068
                                                 ---    ------ ------  ------
                                                 916    25,217 26,133  26,133

N.B.--Ficatier’s Brigade, 3 battalions of Palombini’s division, and two
squadrons of 4th Hussars were not present at the battle of Saguntum,
being on the line of communications, and blockading Peniscola and
Oropesa.

This return, lent me by Mr. Fortescue who found it in the Paris
Archives, differs by over 2,000 men from Suchet’s figures given in
his _Mémoires_, p. 436 of vol. ii. The Marshal has left out the 3
battalions and 2 squadrons on the line of communications, mentioned
above.




II

STRENGTH OF BLAKE’S ARMY AT THE BATTLE OF SAGUNTUM


I. ‘THE EXPEDITIONARY CORPS.’
                                                   _Officers._  _Men._  _Total._

  Lardizabal’s Division: Africa (2 batts.), Murcia
    (2 batts.), 2nd of Badajoz (2 batts.),  Campo
    Mayor (1 batt.), Tiradores de Cuenca (1 batt.)        149    2,823   2,972

  Zayas’s Division: 2nd Spanish Guards, 4th ditto,
    1st Walloon Guards, Voluntarios de la Patria,
    Toledo, Ciudad Rodrigo, Legion Estrangera (1
    batt. each), Companies of Cazadores                   177    2,373   2,550

  Loy’s Cavalry: Granaderos (2 squadrons), Rey
    (1 ditto), Husares de Castilla (1 ditto)               50      244     294

  Horse Artillery: two batteries                           11      214     225
                                                          ---    -----   -----
      Total of the ‘Expeditionary Corps’                  387    5,654   6,041


II. VALENCIAN TROOPS (‘SECOND ARMY’).

  Miranda’s Division: Valencia (3 batts.), Voluntarios
    de Castilla (2 batts.), 1st of Avila (1 batt.),
    2nd Cazadores de Valencia (1 batt.)                    120  3,844   3,964

  Obispo’s Division: Cariñena (2 batts.) 2nd of Avila
    (1 batt.), 1st Voluntarios de Aragon (1 batt.),
    Daroca (1 batt.), Tiradores de Doyle (1 batt.)         110  3,290   3,400

  Villacampa’s Division: Princesa (2 batts.), Soria
    (2 batts.), 2nd Voluntarios de Aragon (1 batt.),
    1st Cazadores de Valencia (1 batt.), Molina
    (1 batt.)                                              162  3,190   3,352

  Reserve (General Velasco): 3rd Battalions of
    Voluntarios de Castilla, Don Carlos, Avila, Cazadores
    de Valencia, and Voluntarios de Orihuela                75  3,595   3,670

  San Juan’s Cavalry: Cuenca, Dragones del Rey,
    Reina, Numancia, Husares de Aragon, Cazadores
    de Valencia, Alcantara, Husares Españoles,
    Husares de Granada (none over two squadrons
    strong)                                                111   1,610  1,721

  Artillery: 1 horse, 2 field batteries                     21     340    361
                                                           ---  ------ ------
      Total ‘2nd Army’                                     599  15,869 16,468


III. MURCIAN TROOPS (‘3RD ARMY’).

                                              _Officers._  _Men._  _Total._
  Creagh’s Brigade: Corona, Alcazar,
    Tiradores de Cadiz (1 batt. each)                  97   2,121     2,218

  Montijo’s Brigade: 1st of Badajoz, 1st of
    Cuenca, Voluntarios de Burgos, Sappers
    (1 batt. each)                                    108   2,302     2,410

  Cavalry: Reina (2 squadrons), Pavia (2
    squadrons), Granada (2 squadrons),
    Madrid (1 squadron), Husares de Fernando
    7me (1 squadron)                                   83     743       826

  Horse Artillery: 1 battery                            3      78        81
                                                      ---   -----     -----
            Total ‘3rd Army’                          291   5,244     5,535

General Total of the Army: 1,277 officers, 26,767 men = Total, 28,044.




III

SUCHET’S ARMY AT THE SIEGE OF VALENCIA. MORNING STATE OF DEC. 31


N.B.--The regiments of the Army of Aragon are the same as in Appendix I.

I. ARMY OF ARAGON (officers and men).

  Musnier’s Division (10 battalions)                                  3,727
  Harispe’s Division (10 battalions)                                  4,828
  Habert’s Division (8 battalions)                                    3,150
  Palombini’s Division (10 battalions)                                3,591
  Compère’s Division (3 battalions)                                   1,092
  Boussard’s Cavalry (13 squadrons)                                   1,839
  Artillery                                                           1,511
  Engineers, &c.                                                        857
                                                                     ------
            Total Army of Aragon                                     20,595

II. REILLE’S CORPS (officers and men).

  Pannetier’s        { 10th and 81st Line (7 battalions)              2,834
  Brigade            {

  Bourke’s           { 20th and 60th Line (7 battalions)              3,961
  Brigade            {

  Severoli’s Italian { 1st Line (3 batts.)  }
                     { 7th Line (2 batts.)  }                         4,370
  Division           { 1st Léger (3 batts.) }

  Cavalry            { 9th Hussars                                      543
                     { 1st Italian Chasseurs                            262

  Artillery                                                           1,153
                                                                     ------
            Total Reille’s Corps                                     13,123

                  General Total of combined forces, 33,718.




IV

SURRENDER-ROLL OF BLAKE’S ARMY OF VALENCIA, JAN. 9, 1812


                                                    _Officers._    _Rank
                                                                 and file._
  Zayas’s Division                                         96       1,319
  Lardizabal’s Division                                   165       3,385
  Miranda’s Division                                      237       5,513
  Division of Reserve, &c.                                130       3,171
  Cavalry                                                  77         818
  Artillery                                                73       1,581
  Engineers and Sappers                                    38         383
                                                          ---      ------
            Total                                         816      16,170

General total, 16,986 of all ranks, not including 62 officers in staff
or administrative employments, 23 chaplains, and 19 surgeons.

Of the remainder of Blake’s army there had rallied at Alicante by
January 14 of infantry 361 officers and 5,125 men, of cavalry 164
officers and 671 men, of artillery 30 officers and 720 men--total of
all arms, 7,071.




V

FRENCH TROOPS EMPLOYED AT THE SIEGE OF TARIFA (DEC. 1811-JAN. 1812)


                  [From the table in Belmas, iv. pp. 40-2.]         _Of all
                                                                    ranks._
  From Leval’s Division, 43rd Line, 7th and 9th Poles (2 batts.
    each)                                                             3,000

  From Barrois’s Division, 16th Léger (3 batts.), 51st Ligne (2
    batts.), 54th Ligne (2 batts.)                                    4,200

  From Villatte’s Division, 27th Léger (1 batt.), 94th and 95th
    Ligne (1 batt. each)                                              1,800

  Cavalry, 16th Dragoons, and one squadron 21st Dragoons                585

  Artillery                                                             469

  Engineers, Sappers, Marines, &c.                                      385
                                                                     ------
            Total                                                    10,439

In addition three battalions of the 8th and 63rd line and two squadrons
of the 2nd Dragoons were occupied on the lines of communications,
between Vejer and Fascinas.


ANGLO-SPANISH GARRISON OF TARIFA

                                             _Of all
  British (Colonel Skerrett):                ranks._
    2/47th                                     570
    2/87th                                     560
    Battalion of Flank Companies               400
    1 company 95th regiment                     75
    1 troop 2nd Hussars K.G.L.                  70
    Artillery (Hughes’s Company R.A.)           83
                                             -----
            Total                            1,758

  Spanish (General Copons):
    Cantabria (1 batt.)                        450
    Irlanda (1 batt.)                          357
    Cazadores                                  333
    Artillery                                  106
    Sappers                                     83
    Cavalry                                     17
                                             -----
            Total                            1,346

N.B.--Another return makes the total of the British part of the
garrison 67 officers and 1,707 men, a total of 1,774.




VI

CIUDAD RODRIGO


A. THE FRENCH GARRISON

The garrison, according to Belmas, iv. pp. 282-3, stood on the day of
the investment as follows:

  34th Léger, one battalion                 975 officers and men effective.
  113th Ligne, one battalion                577    ”                 ”
  Artillery, 2 companies                    168    ”                 ”
  Engineers                                  15    ”                 ”
  Non-combatants (Civil officers, &c.)       36    ”                 ”
  Sick in Hospital                          163
  Staff                                       3
                                          -----
          Total                           1,937


B. BRITISH LOSSES DURING THE SIEGE

The British losses between the investment and the storm were, according
to the official returns at the Record Office, 1 officer and 69 men
killed, 19 officers and 462 men wounded, 2 men (both Portuguese)
missing, or a total of 553. These figures added to the 568 lost in the
storm (for details see below), make altogether 1,121, which does not
agree with the statement in Wellington _Dispatches_, viii. p. 557;
this gives as the total for the siege 9 officers and 169 men killed,
70 officers and 748 men wounded, 7 men missing, or only 1,003, over a
hundred less than the total from the return quoted above. Napier gives
1,290 as the casualties for the whole siege, which much exceeds the
return in the Record Office; he also makes the total for the storm 60
officers and 650 killed and wounded, while the official return here
printed makes it only 59 officers and 509 men. Lord Londonderry and Sir
John Jones also give figures agreeing with no others. I prefer to take
the total of the official report, which is here appended.


C. BRITISH LOSSES AT THE STORM OF CIUDAD RODRIGO. JANUARY 19, 1812

                               _Killed._          _Wounded._
                          _Officers._ _Men._  _Officers._ _Men._   _Total._
  Staff                        1[767]   --         2[768]   --        3
  Engineers                   --        --         2         2        4

    3rd Division:
               {1/45th         3        14         4        27       48
  Mackinnon’s  {5/60th        --         1         1         3        5
    Brigade    {74th          --         4         4        13       21
               {1/88th        --         7         4        23       34

               {2/5th          1        33         8        52       94
  Campbell’s   {77th          --        14         5        31       50
    Brigade    {2/83rd        --         1        --         4        5
               {94th           2        13         6        48       69
                                                                    ---
            Divisional Total                                        326

    Light Division:
  Vandeleur’s  {1/52nd         1         2         2        23       28
    Brigade    {2/52nd        --         1         1         7        9
               {3/95th        --        --        --         9        9

  Barnard’s    {1/43rd        --         7         3        31       41
    Brigade    {1/95th        --         1         3        16       20
               {2/95th        --        --         2         4        6
                                                                    ---
            Divisional Total                                        113

  Portuguese                  --        19         4        91      114
                              --       ---        --       ---      ---
            Grand Total        8       117        51       384      560

Adding 5 British and 3 Portuguese missing, the total loss is 568 in the
storm.

  [767] General Mackinnon.

  [768] Generals Craufurd and Vandeleur.




VII

NOTE ON SOME POINTS OF CONTROVERSY REGARDING THE STORM OF CIUDAD RODRIGO


Beside the controversy alluded to on page 183 about the exact amount
of co-operation by the Light Division in helping the 3rd to clear
the French from behind the Greater Breach, there are several other
vexed points concerning the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo. The one on which
most dispute arose was that concerning the capture of General Barrié.
Gurwood of the 52nd claimed to have been the first officer to enter
the Castle, and to receive the surrender of the governor and his
staff. He is mentioned as doing so in Wellington’s Rodrigo dispatch,
and generally had the credit at the time. But Lieutenant Mackie of
the 88th, who had led the forlorn hope of the 3rd Division, also put
in a claim, and had many supporters. Many years after the war was
over, Maxwell (the author of one of the several _Lives of the Duke
of Wellington_, which came out in early Victorian times) championed
Mackie’s claim with such vehemence that Gurwood issued a pamphlet
defending his own credit. Considerable controversy arose in the _United
Service Journal_ for 1843, and elsewhere. Mackie’s story was that
he, with some of the 88th, arrived first at the Castle, summoned the
governor to surrender, and was received by several French officers,
who handed him over a sword and announced that the general yielded.
Some moments after, according to Mackie, Gurwood came up, spoke to the
governor himself, and obtained his sword, which, when the prisoners
were brought before Wellington, he presented to his commander, who
gave it him back, telling him to retain it as a trophy, and entered
Gurwood’s name in his dispatch as the officer who had received the
surrender. Gurwood’s story, told with as much detail and circumstance
as Mackie’s, is that he, with two soldiers of the 52nd, arrived at the
citadel, got the gate opened by threatening the officer in charge that
no quarter would be given if resistance were made, and was received by
Barrié, who in a great state of nervousness, threw his arms round his
neck, kissed him, and said, ‘_je suis le Gouverneur de la place--je
suis votre prisonnier_,’ handing over his sword at the same time.
He accompanied the captive staff-officers to Wellington’s presence,
and presented them to him. It is difficult to come to any certain
conclusion in face of two such contradictory tales, but there is a
bare possibility of reconciling them, by supposing that Mackie entered
first, that the door was closed behind him and his party, and that
Gurwood was let in a moment later, and spoke to the governor, while
Mackie had been dealing only with his aide-de-camp, whose sword he had
received. But if so, it is odd that Gurwood never saw Mackie: Mackie is
quite positive that he saw Gurwood, and that he came in some minutes
later than himself. The dispute tended to become a controversy between
Light Division and 3rd Division veterans, each backing their own man. A
synopsis of the papers may be found in the last two chapters of vol. i
of Grattan’s second series of _Adventures with the Connaught Rangers_
(London, 1853). Napier, who was much interested in the discussion,
put in his final definitive edition the non-committal statement that
‘the garrison fled to the Castle, where Lieutenant Gurwood, who
though severely wounded had entered among the foremost at the Lesser
Breach, received the governor’s sword’ (iv. p. 90). Harry Smith says
(i. p. 58): ‘Gurwood got great credit here unfairly. Johnstone and poor
Uniacke were the first on the ramparts, Gurwood having been knocked
down in the breach, and momentarily stunned. However, Gurwood’s a sharp
fellow, and he cut off in search of the governor and brought his sword
to the Duke. He made the _most_ of it.’

Another controversy is as to which troops of the 3rd Division got first
into the body of the town. The 88th claimed the priority, but also the
94th. The late Mr. Andrew Lang lent me a very interesting letter of his
kinsman, William Lang of the 94th, very clearly stating that a solid
body of 200 men of his regiment were the first troops that penetrated
in force to the Plaza Mayor, and received the surrender of the garrison
there.

Still another controversy, about which there is much in the Rice Jones
papers, in the possession of Commander Hon. Henry Shore, R.N., is as to
what engineer officers conducted the storming-columns. Apparently some
credit has been misplaced among individuals here, but to decide upon
the point would take more space than a book like this can afford.




VIII

ARMY OF THE SOUTH

REORGANIZED AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE POLES AND OTHER REGIMENTS


RETURN OF MARCH 1, 1812

[From the returns in the _Archives Nationales_. Lent me by Mr.
Fortescue.]

                                                        _Officers._  _Men._
  1st Division: Conroux. Head-quarters: Villamartin
      (near Bornos).
    1st Brigade, Meunier; 9th Léger (2 batts.)*, 24th
      Ligne (3 batts.).
    2nd Brigade, Mocquery; 96th Ligne (3 batts.).

            Total, including artillery                      182      5,263

  2nd Division: Barrois. Head-quarters: Puerto Real
      (near Cadiz).
    1st Brigade, Cassagne: 16th Léger, 8th Ligne (3
      batts. each).
    2nd Brigade, Avril: 51st Ligne, 54th Ligne (3
      batts. each).

            Total, including artillery                      225      7,551

  3rd Division: Villatte. Head-quarters: Santa Maria
      (near Cadiz).
    1st Brigade, Pécheux: 27th Léger, 63rd Ligne (3
      batts. each).
    2nd Brigade, Lefol: 94th Ligne, 95th Ligne (3
      batts. each).

            Total, including artillery                      244      7,115

  4th Division: Leval. Head-quarters: Granada.
    1st Brigade, Rey: 32nd Ligne, 43rd Ligne (4 batts.
      each).
    2nd Brigade, Vichery: 55th Ligne (4 batts.), 58th
      Ligne* (3 batts.).

            Total, including artillery                      273      9,131

  5th Division: Drouet D’Erlon. Head-quarters: Zafra
      (Estremadura).
    1st Brigade, Dombrowski: 12th Léger, 45th Ligne
      (3 batts. each).
    2nd Brigade, Reymond: 64th Ligne* (2-2/3 batts.),
      88th Ligne* (2 batts.)

            Total, including artillery                      192      5,927

  6th Division: Daricau. Head-quarters: Zalamea
      (Estremadura).
    1st Brigade, Quiot: 21st Léger, 100th Ligne (3
      batts. each).
    2nd Brigade, St. Pol: 28th Léger*, 103rd Ligne*
      (2 batts. each).

            Total, including artillery                       174     4,854
                                                           -----    ------
          Total of six divisions                           1,290    39,841

The regiments marked * had each one battalion in garrison at Badajoz,
except the 64th, which had two companies there only [9th Léger, 28th
Léger, 58th, 88th, 103rd Ligne]. The total of these 5-1/3 battalions
was 2,951 officers and men. Adding these to the six divisions the total
was 44,082 French infantry present under arms.


CAVALRY.

  1st Division. Head-quarters: Ribera (Estremadura).
    1st Brigade, Perreymond: 2nd Hussars, 21st
      Chasseurs, 26th Dragoons.
    2nd Brigade, Bonnemain: 5th Chasseurs, 27th
      Chasseurs.

            Total                                            116     1,840

  2nd Division. Head-quarters: Cordova.
    1st Brigade, Digeon: 2nd, 4th, 5th Dragoons.
    2nd Brigade, Lallemand: 14th, 17th, 27th Dragoons.

            Total                                            170     3,307

  3rd Division, Pierre Soult. Head-quarters: Granada.
    1st Brigade, Boille: 10th Chasseurs, 12th
      Dragoons.
    2nd Brigade, Ormancey: 16th Dragoons, 21st
      Dragoons.

            Total                                            135     2,203
                                                             ---     -----
            Total Cavalry                                    421     7,350

N.B.--7th Lancers, a Polish regiment, is omitted here, but actually
stayed with the Army of the South till the end of 1812.

  Spanish Troops [by return of April 1]:                _Officers._  _Men._
    Infantry                                                218      2,732
    Cavalry                                                 163      2,358
                                                            ---      -----
            Total _Juramentados_                            381      5,090

  Artillery (deducting divisional batteries)                100      2,800
  Engineers and Sappers                                      20        900
  Three naval battalions (43rd and 44th _équipages de
      flotte_, and a battalion of _ouvriers de
      marine_)                                               60       1800
  Gendarmerie, &c.                                           10        600
                                                          -----     ------
            General Total of army                         2,282     58,381

Or adding the garrison of Badajoz (2,951 infantry, 268 artillery, 265
sappers, 42 cavalry, of the Army of the South, _not_ including 910
Hessians of the Army of the Centre), a total of 64,189, without sick,
&c.

When Soult on April 1st, 1812 marched to attempt the relief of Badajoz,
he drew up the following statistics as to the strength of his army,
_omitting the naval troops, and the gunners of the Cadiz Lines_:

  (1) Marched for Badajoz:                     _Officers._  _Men._
    Infantry                                       600      17,964
    Cavalry                                        237       3,944
    Artillery                                       26         613
    Engineers                                        2         116
                                                   ---      ------
            Total                                  865      22,637 = 23,502

  (2) Left before Cadiz and in Granada, &c.:
    Infantry                                       611      18,312
    Cavalry                                        152       2,555
                                                   ---      ------
            Total                                  763      20,867 = 21,630

  (3) Garrisons of the Provinces of Cordova,
      Jaen, Granada, and Seville:
    Infantry                                        90       2,547
    Cavalry                                         57       1,654
                                                   ---       -----
            Total                                  147       4,201 =  4,348

  (4) Spanish troops:
    Infantry                                       218       2,732
    Cavalry                                        163       2,358
                                                   ---       -----
            Total                                  381       5,090 =  5,471

Adding up these four totals we get officers 2,156, rank and file 52,795
= 54,951. This total omits the artillery in the Cadiz Lines and other
fortified places, and the three marine regiments, and such sappers,
gendarmes, military train, &c., as did not form part of the expedition
that marched with Soult to relieve Badajoz. Adding these, at their
strength of March 1, we get a total of about 59,000 of all ranks, not
including the garrison of Badajoz. This agrees well enough with the
March total of 60,663, allowing for a month’s wear and tear.




IX

THE SIEGE OF BADAJOZ, MARCH 15-APRIL 6, 1812


(A) STRENGTH OF THE FRENCH GARRISON ON MARCH 15

[See the Tables in Belmas, iv. pp. 364-5 and in Jones, i. p. 229.]

  Staff                                                25
  Infantry:
    3/9th Léger                     officers and men  580
    1/28th Léger                        ”      ”      597
    1/58th Ligne                        ”      ”      450
    3/88th Ligne                        ”      ”      600
    3/103rd Ligne                       ”      ”      540
    64th Ligne (2 companies)            ”      ”      130
    Hesse-Darmstadt (2 batts.)          ”      ”      910
    _Juramentados_                                     54 = 3,861 infantry.
  Cavalry                                              42
  Artillery                                           261
  Engineers and Sappers                               260
  Sick in Hospital                                    300
  Civil Departments, non-combatants, &c.              254
                                                    -----
                                                    5,003

A report of the governor at noon on April 5, found among his papers
after the storm, gave the following as surviving under arms (sick
excluded)--infantry 3,403, artillery 282, engineers 217, cavalry
50, _Juramentados_ 86. This report, printed in Jones, i. p. 230,
implies a higher original total than Belmas allows--the artillery and
_Juramentados_ are actually more numerous on April 5 than on March 15!
And the infantry are only 458 less, despite of losses of a considerably
higher figure, for another paper of the commandant shows (Jones, i. p.
230)--Sortie of March 19: killed 30, wounded 287=317[769]. Storm of
Picurina Fort: killed or prisoners, 8 officers, 278 men = 286. We have
thus 603 casualties in these two affairs only, beside the ordinary wear
and tear of the siege.

  [769] Phillipon’s report to Clarke, drawn up on June 12, gives
  273 instead of 317 for the loss in this sally (see Belmas, iv. p.
  414).

Noting the considerable number of ‘round figures’ in Belmas’s table, I
am inclined to think that the total of the garrison must have been a
few hundreds over what he allows.


(B) LOSSES AT STORM OF BADAJOZ, APRIL 6, 1811

[From the Returns at the Record Office.]

                            _Killed._            _Wounded._            _Missing._
                      _Officers._  _Men._   _Officers._  _Men._   _Officers._  _Men._  _Total._
  General Staff            1        --           16        --          --        --       17
  Royal Artillery          1         6            1         9          --        --       17
  Royal Engineers          2        --            3         5          --        --       10
  Assistant Engineers     --        --            3        --          --        --        3

    THIRD DIVISION.
  Kempt’s Brigade:
    1/45th Foot            6        19            8        64          --        --       97
    3/60th Foot            1         4            4        26          --        --       35
    74th Foot             --        12            7        33          --         2       54
    1/88th Foot            3        28            7       106          --        --      144
  J. Campbell’s Brigade:
    2/5th Foot             1        11            3        28          --        --       43
    77th Foot             --        --            3        11          --        --       14
    2/83rd Foot            1        22            7        39          --        --       69
    94th Foot              1        12            1        51          --        --       65
                          --       ---           --       ---          --        --      ---
      Total 3rd Division  13       108           40       358          --         2      521

    FOURTH DIVISION.
  Kemmis’s Brigade:
    3/27th Foot            4        37           12       132          --        --      185
    1/40th Foot            2        51           13       170          --        --      236
  Bowes’s Brigade:
    1/7th Foot             5        44           12       119          --        --      180
    1/23rd Foot            3        22           14        92          --        20      151
    1/48th Foot            3        32           16       122          --        --      173
                          --       ---           --       ---          --        --       --
      Total 4th Division  17       186           67       635          --        20      925

    FIFTH DIVISION.
  Hay’s Brigade:
    3/1st Foot            --        --           --        --          --        --       --
    1/9th Foot            --        --           --        --          --        --       --
    2/38th Foot            1        12            3        26          --        --       42
  Walker’s Brigade:
    1/4th Foot             2        40           15       173          --        --      230
    2/30th Foot           --        38            6        86          --        --      130
    2/44th Foot            2        37            7        88          --        --      134
                          --       ---           --       ---          --        --       --
      Total 5th Division   5       127           31       373          --        --      536

    LIGHT DIVISION:
  1/43rd Foot              3        74           15       249         --         --      341
  1/52nd Foot              5        53           14       248         --         --      320
  1/95th Foot              3        27           10       154         --         --      194
  3/95th Foot              4         9            4        47         --         --       64
                          --       ---           --       ---         --         --      ---
  Total Light Division    15       163           43       698         --         --      919

  Brunswick Oels, dispersed
    in companies in 4th and
    5th Divisions        --          7            2         26        --         --       35
                         --        ---          ---      -----        --         --    -----
  Total British loss     54        597          206      2,104        --         22    2,983

    PORTUGUESE            8        147           45        500        --         30      730
                         --        ---          ---      -----        --         --    -----
      General Total      62        744          251      2,604        --         52    3,713
                         --        ---          ---      -----        --         --    -----
  Losses during previous
    operations           10        219           54        661        --         13      957

The total loss during the siege and storm would therefore appear to
have been 4,670.




X

WELLINGTON’S ARMY AT SALAMANCA. STRENGTH AND LOSSES


N.B.--Strength by the morning state of July 15, 1812. Losses of the
British by the return annexed to Wellington’s dispatch: those of the
Portuguese from the official returns at Lisbon. The fighting strength
on July 22, owing to losses at Castrejon and Castrillo, and to weary
men falling out during the retreat, may have been perhaps 1,000 less.


I. BRITISH TROOPS

                                                                                         _Losses._
                                    _Strength._                _Killed._           _Wounded._    _Missing._
                          _Officers._  _Men._  _Total._  _Officers._  _Men._  _Officers._  _Men._  _Men._  _Total Loss._
    CAVALRY
      (Stapleton Cotton):
  Le Marchant’s Brigade
    3rd Dragoons              17        322       339         1          6         --        11       2          20
    4th Dragoons              22        336       358        --          7          1        21      --          29
    5th Dragoon Guards        22        313       325        --          9          2        42       3          56

  G. Anson’s Brigade
    11th Light Dragoons       30        361       391        --         --         --        --      --          --
    12th Light Dragoons       19        321       340         1          2         --         2      --           5
    16th Light Dragoons       14        259       273        --         --         --        --      --          --

  V. Alten’s Brigade
    14th Light Dragoons       23        324       347        --          1         --         2      --           3
    1st Hussars K.G.L.        23        376       399        --          2          5        16      --          23

  Bock’s Brigade
    1st Dragoons K.G.L.       25        339       364        --         --         --        --      --          --
    2nd Dragoons K.G.L.       23        384       407        --         --         --        --      --          --
                             ---      -----     -----        --         --         --        --      --         ---
      Total British Cavalry  218      3,335     3,543         2         27          8        94       5         136
                             ---      -----     -----        --         --         --        --      --         ---

      INFANTRY.
   1st Division (H. Campbell):
  Fermor’s Brigade
    1st Coldstream Guards      26       928      954         --          7          1        22       8          38
    1st Third Guards           23       938      961         --          1          1        20       2          24
    1 comp. 5/60th Foot         1        56       57         --         --         --        --      --          --

  Wheatley’s Brigade
    2/24th Foot                23       398      421         --        --          --         5      --           5
    1/42nd Foot                40     1,039    1,079         --        --          --         3      --           3
    2/58th Foot[770]           31       369      400         --        --          --         3       1           4
    1/79th Foot                40       634      674         --        --          --         1       3           4
    1 comp. 5/60th              1        53       54         --        --          --        --      --          --

  Löwe’s Brigade
    1st Line Battalion
      K.G.L.                   26       615      641         --         1          --         8      --           9
    2nd Line Battalion
      K.G.L.                   26       601      627         --         1           2        40       4          47
    5th Line Battalion
      K.G.L.                   30       525      555         --         1           1        17      --          19
                              ---     -----    -----         --        --          --       ---      --         ---
      Total 1st Division      267     6,156    6,423         --        11           5       119      18         153
                              ---     -----    -----         --        --          --       ---      --         ---
   3rd Division (Pakenham):

  Wallace’s Brigade
    1/45th Foot                26       416      442         --         5           5        45      --          55
    74th Foot                  23       420      443         --         3           2        40       4          49
    1/88th Foot                21       642      663          2        11           4       110       8         135
    3 comps. 5/60th Foot       11       243      254         --         6           3        24       3          36

  J. Campbell’s Brigade
    1/5th Foot                 32       870      902         --        10           6       110      --         126
    2/5th Foot                 19       289      308         --         1           2        21      --          24
    2/83rd Foot                24       295      319         --         2           2        30      --          34
    94th Foot                  24       323      347          1         3           3        21      --          28
                              ---     -----    -----         --        --          --       ---      --         ---
      Total 3rd Division      180     3,498    3,678          3        41          27       401      15         487
                              ---     -----    -----         --        --          --       ---      --         ---
   4th Division (Lowry Cole):

  W. Anson’s Brigade
    3/27th Foot                19       614      633         --        --           1         7      --           8
    1/40th Foot                24       558      582         --        12           5       115      --         132
    1 comp. 5/60th              2        44       46         --        --          --        --      --          --

  Ellis’s Brigade
    1/7th Foot                 24       471      495           1       19          10       165      --         195
    1/23rd Foot                19       427      446           1        9           6        90      --         106
    1/48th Foot                22       404      426          --        9          10        60      --          79
    1 comp. Brunswick
      Oels[771]                 1        53       54          --       --          --        --      --          --
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --       ---      --         ---
      Total 4th Division      111     2,571    2,682           2       49          32       437      --         520
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --       ---      --         ---
   5th Division (Leith):

  Greville’s Brigade
   { 3/1st Foot                32       729      761          --       23           8       129      --         160
   { 1/9th Foot                31       635      666          --        3           1        42      --          46
   { 1/38th Foot[772]          36       764      800           2       14          12       115      --         143
   { 2/38th Foot               20       281      301          --        9           2        40       1          52
   { 1 comp. Brunswick
   {   Oels[2]                  2        76       78          --       --          --        --      --          --

  Pringle’s Brigade
   { 1/4th Foot                36       421      457          --       --           1        17      --          18
   { 2/4th Foot                27       627      654          --        2          --        23       6          31
   { 2/30th Foot               20       329      349          --        3           1        22       1          27
   { 2/44th Foot               20       231      251           2        4          --        23      --          29
   { 1 comp. Brunswick
   {   Oels[2]                  3        66       69          --       --          --        --      --          --
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --       ---      --         ---
      Total 5th Division      227     4,159    4,386           4       58          25       411       8         506
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --       ---      --         ---
   6th Division (Clinton):

  Hulse’s Brigade
   { 1/11th Foot               31       485      516           1       44          14       281      --         340
   { 2/53rd Foot               25       316      341          --       26          11       105      --         142
   { 1/61st Foot               29       517      546           5       39          19       303      --         366
   { 1 comp. 5/60th             2        59       61          --       --          --        --      --          --

  Hinde’s Brigade
   { 2nd Foot                  27       381      408           1       13           6        77      12         109
   { 1/32nd Foot               33       576      609           2       15           9       111      --         137
   { 1/36 Foot                 29       400      429           4       16           5        74      --          99
                              ---     -----    -----          --      ---          --       ---      --       -----
      Total 6th Division      176     2,734    2,910          13      153          64       951      12       1,193
                              ---     -----    -----          --      ---          --       ---      --       -----
   7th Division (Hope):

  Halkett’s Brigade
   { 1st Light Batt. K.G.L.    25       544      569          --       --           2         7      --           9
   { 2nd Light Batt. K.G.L.    21       473      494           1        5           1         9      --          16
   { Brunswick Oels[773] (9
   {   companies)              23       573      596          --        4           2        42       1          49

  De Bernewitz’s Brigade
   { 51st Foot                 27       280      307          --       --          --         2      --           2
   { 68th Foot                 21       317      338           1        3           2        14      --          20
   { _Chasseurs_
   {   _Britanniques_          27       686      713          --        5          --        10      14          29
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --        --      --         ---
      Total 7th Division      144     2,873    3,017           2       17           7        84      15         125
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --        --      --         ---
   Light Division (Chas. Alten):

  Barnard’s Brigade
   { 1/43rd Foot               30       718      748          --       --           1        15      --          16
   { Detachments 2/95th and
   {   3/95th Rifles           19       373      392          --       --          --         5      --           5

  Vandeleur’s Brigade
   { 1/52nd Foot.              28       771      799          --       --          --         2      --           2
   { 8 comps. 1/95th           27       515      542          --       --          --         2       2           4
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --        --      --          --
      Total Light Division    104     2,377    2,481          --       --           1        24       2          27
                              ---     -----    -----          --       --          --        --      --          --

  Royal Horse Artillery
    (troops of Ross,
    Macdonald, and Bull,
    and drivers)               18       403      421          --        1          --         2      --           3
  Field Artillery
    (companies of Lawson,
    Gardiner, Greene,
    Douglas, May, and
    drivers)                   35       650      685          --        1          --         4      --           5
  King’s German Legion
    Artillery (battery of
    Sympher)                    5        75       80          --        2          --         4      --           6
                               --     -----     -----         --       --          --        --      --          --
      Artillery Total          58     1,128    1,186          --        4          --        10      --          14
                               --     -----    -----          --       --          --        --      --          --
  ENGINEERS                    12         9       21          --       --          --        --      --          --

  STAFF CORPS                   5        81       86          --       --          --        --      --          --

  WAGON TRAIN                  24       115      139          --       --          --        --      --          --

  [770] The 2/58th though properly belonging to the 5th Division,
  appears to have acted on this day with the 1st Division.

  [771] The losses of the attached companies of Brunswick Oels are
  only to be found under its regimental total in 7th Division.

  [772] This battalion only joined the division on the
  battle-morning.

  [773] The losses of the attached companies of Brunswick Oels are
  only to be found under its regimental total in 7th Division.

BRITISH TOTAL

  Infantry                  1,209    24,368   25,577          24      329         159     2,387      69       2,968
  Cavalry                     218     3,335    3,553           2       27           8        94       5         136
  Artillery                    58     1,128    1,186          --        4          --        10      --          14
  Engineers                    12         9       21          --       --          --        --      --          --
  Staff Corps                   5        81       86          --       --          --        --      --          --
  Train                        24       115      139          --       --          --        --      --          --
  General Staff                 ?         ?        ?           2       --           9        --      --          11
                            -----    ------   ------          --      ---         ---     -----      --       -----
  Total                     1,526    29,036   30,562          28      360         176     2,491      74       3,129


II. PORTUGUESE TROOPS

      CAVALRY:
  D’Urban’s Brigade: 1st
    and 11th Dragoons (12th
    Dragoons absent)[774]      32       450      482           2        5           2        18      10          37
      INFANTRY:
  Power’s Brigade, 3rd
    Division: 9th and 21st
    Line, 12th Caçadores       90     2,107    2,197           1       29           9        23      14          76
  Stubbs’s Brigade, 4th
    Division: 11th and 23rd
    Line, 7th Caçadores       137     2,417    2,554           3      177          18       267      11         476
  Spry’s Brigade, 5th
    Division: 3rd and 15th
    Line, 8th Caçadores       156     2,149    2,305           3       45           4        64       7         123
  Rezende’s Brigade, 6th
    Division: 8th and 12th
    Line, 9th Caçadores       134     2,497    2,631           8      113          10       336      20         487
  Collins’s Brigade, 7th
    Division: 7th and 19th
    Line, 2nd Caçadores       132     2,036    2,168          --        5           1        10       1          17
  Pack’s Independent
    Brigade: 1st and 16th
    Line, 4th Caçadores        85     2,520    2,605           5       97          15       242      17         376
  Bradford’s Independent
    Brigade: 13th and 14th
    Line, 5th Caçadores       112     1,782    1,894          --        8          --         3       6          17
  Attached to Light
    Division: 1st and 3rd
    Caçadores                  30     1,037    1,067          --        5          --        12      --          17
      ARTILLERY:
  Arriaga’s battery             4       110      114          --       --          --         1      --           1
                              ---    ------   ------          --      ---          --       ---      --       -----
      Total                   912    17,105   18,017          22      484          59       976      86       1,627

  [774] The 12th Dragoons were marching to the rear in charge of
  the baggage-train.


III. SPANISH TROOPS

  Carlos de España’s
    Division: 2nd of
    Princesa, Tiradores de
    Castilla, 2nd of Jaen,
    3rd of 1st Seville,
    Caçadores de Castilla,
    Lanceros de Castilla      160     3,200    3,360          --        2          --         4      --           6


GENERAL TOTAL

  BRITISH                   1,526    29,036   30,562          28      360         176     2,491      74       3,129
  PORTUGUESE                  912    17,105   18,017          22      484          59       976      86       1,627
  SPANISH                     160     3,200    3,360          --        2          --         4      --           6
                            -----    ------   ------          --      ---         ---     -----     ---       -----
      Total                 2,598    49,341   51,939          50      846         235     3,471     160       4,762




XI

STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF MARMONT’S ARMY AT SALAMANCA


To fix the fighting strength of Marmont’s army at Salamanca is
comparatively easy. It consisted of the 49,636 officers and men
accounted for by the return of July 15th printed on the next page,
minus some 700 men lost at the combats of Castrillo and Castrejon [also
called ‘combat of the Guarena’] on July 18, and such few hundreds
more as may have fallen behind from fatigue during the long marches
of July 20-1. Roughly speaking, it must have counted some 48,500 men,
as opposed to Wellington’s 50,000. The French translators of Napier’s
_Peninsular War_ (Mathieu Dumas and Foltz) only give a table of June
15, which is of course a month out of date for Salamanca, and append
a note that ‘deducting artillery, engineers, _équipages militaires_,
officers, sergeants, and garrisons, as also losses between June 15 and
July 15 they find the result of about 42,000 sabres and bayonets for
the battle.’ Why any sane person _should_ deduct officers, sergeants,
and artillerymen from a fighting total I am unable to conceive, though
contemporary British writers, including Wellington himself, often did
so. But the results of adding to their ‘42,000 sabres and bayonets’
the list of 1,925 officers, 3,244 artillerymen and artillery train
(both in the divisions and in the reserve), 332 engineers, and 742
_équipages militaires_, is to give the figure 48,343, which practically
agrees with the total that I state above; if sergeants are added it
would much exceed that total. We may take this, therefore, as fairly
correct--bearing in mind that the 26 officers and 742 men of the
_équipages militaires_ cannot be counted as combatants.

These totals do not include the 23rd Léger (2 batts.) and the 2/1st
Line, both from Thomières’s division, which were garrisoning Astorga,
about 1,500 strong. Nor do they include the minor garrisons left at
Toro, Zamora, Olmedo, Valdestillas, Tordesillas, Simancas, Cabezon,
Medina del Campo, Puente de Duero, Tudela de Douro, Amagro, &c., which
appear to have been altogether about 4,184 strong, nor the dépôts at
Valladolid, 3,307 strong on June 15, but probably much less on July
15, when Marmont had remounted nearly 1,000 dismounted dragoons and
picked up all detachments and convalescents that he could gather. Nor
do they include the sick, who had been 8,633 on June 15th, and 8,332
on May 15th--probably the total in hospital was a trifle more on July
15, owing to the fatigues of the campaigns round San Cristobal in the
latter days of June.

Parallel with the return of July 15th, I have printed that of August
1. The difference between the two--211 officers and 10,124 men--might
be supposed to represent the losses in the campaign between those
dates. It does not, however, because the total of August 1 represents
not only the survivors from the battle of Salamanca, but all the men
from garrisons evacuated after it, and from the Valladolid dépôt, who
joined the colours after the disaster of July 22, in consequence of the
district in which they were lying having been evacuated by the army.
The garrisons of Toro and Zamora held out till they were relieved, that
of Tordesillas surrendered to the Galicians: but the men from the other
smaller garrisons and from the dépôts fell in to their respective corps
before August 1. I imagine that we may take these additions to be some
5,000 men at least, but cannot give the exact figures, through being
unable to say what the Valladolid dépôts (3,307 strong on June 15)
amounted to on July 15.

After comparing the totals of the brigades and regiments shown under
July 15 and August 1, we must proceed to show the reasons why, in
individual cases, the regimental differences between the two sets of
figures cannot be taken to represent the sum of the losses in the
Salamanca campaign. The proof is clear.


THE ARMY OF PORTUGAL BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE OF SALAMANCA

From two returns of effectives in the Archives of the Ministry of War,
Paris, dated July 15 and August 1, respectively.

                                               _July 15._         _August 1._
                                          _Officers._  _Men._  _Officers._  _Men._
    1st DIVISION (Foy):

  Brigade       { 6th Léger (2 batts.)           46   1,055           41     684
   Chemineau    { 69th Ligne (2 batts.)          50   1,408           47   1,322

  Brigade       {
   Desgraviers- { 39th Ligne (2 batts.)          49     918           49     872
   Berthelot    { 76th Ligne (2 batts.)          56   1,351           45     887

  Artillery Train, &c.                            7     207            7     207
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        208   4,939          189   3,972
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    2nd DIVISION (Clausel):

  Brigade       { 25th Léger (3 batts.)          54   1,485           43   1,222
   Berlier      { 27th Ligne (2 batts.)          40   1,637           31   1,248

  Brigade       { 50th Ligne (3 batts.)          52   1,490           46   1,177
   Barbot       { 59th Ligne (2 batts.)          47   1,531           38   1,278

  Artillery Train, &c.                            7     219            7     216
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        200   6,362          165   5,141
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----

  Brigade       { 31st Léger (2 batts.)          46   1,359           45   1,325
   Menne        { 26th Ligne (2 batts.)          44   1,145           43   1,116

                { 47th Ligne (3 batts.)          67   1,558           62   1,650
        ?       { 70th Ligne (2 batts.)          49   1,114           36   1,061

  Artillery Train, &c.                            5     302            3     193
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        211   5,478          189   5,345
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    4th DIVISION (Sarrut):

  Brigade       { 2nd Léger (3 batts.)           66   1,772           68   1,702
   Fririon      { 36th Ligne (3 batts.)          69   1,570           71   1,514

  Brigade       { 4th Léger (3 batts.)           63   1,219           63     989
        ?       { 130th Ligne (absent)           --      --           --      --

  Artillery Train, &c.                            5     238            5     214
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        203   4,799          207   4,419
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    5th DIVISION (Maucune):

  Brigade       { 15th Ligne (3 batts.)          52   1,615           46   1,229
   Arnaud       { 66th Ligne (2 batts.)          38   1,131           34     661

  Brigade       { 82nd Ligne (2 batts.)          41     966           39     729
   Montfort     { 86th Ligne (2 batts.)          30   1,155           28     961

  Artillery Train, &c.                            4     212            4     212
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        165   5,079          151   3,792
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    6th DIVISION (Brennier):

  Brigade       { 17th Léger (2 batts.)          46   1,074           42     855
   Taupin       { 65th Ligne (3 batts.)          59   1,527           52   1,302

                { 22nd Ligne (3 batts.)          61   1,486           40     716
        ?       { Régiment de Prusse (remnant
                {   of)                           9      79            9      79

  Artillery Train, &c.                            4     213            4     213
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        179   4,379          147   3,165
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    7th DIVISION (Thomières):

  Brigade       { 1st Line (3 batts.)[775]       80   1,683           79   1,454
   Bonté        { 62nd Line (2 batts.)           47   1,076           45   1,048

                { 23rd Léger (absent)[776]       --      --           --      --
        ?       { 101st Line (3 batts.)          61   1,388           29     412

  Artillery Train, &c.                            5     203          nil     nil
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        193   4,350          153   2,914
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    8th DIVISION (Bonnet):

  Brigade       { 118th Line (3 batts.)          53   1,584           37   1,024
   Gautier      { 119th Line (3 batts.)          64   1,265           48     831

                { 120th Line (3 batts.)          63   1,745           66   1,152
        ?       { 122nd Line (3 batts.)          55   1,582           40   1,000

  Artillery train, &c.                            3     107          nil     nil
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        238   6,283          191   4,007
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    LIGHT CAVALRY DIVISION (Curto):

                { 3rd Hussars (3 squadrons)      17     231           14     165
                { 22nd Chasseurs (2 squadrons)   17     236           18     233
        ?       { 26th Chasseurs (2 squadrons)   16     278           18     225
                { 28th Chasseurs (1 squadron)     7      87            3      39

                { 13th Chasseurs (5 squadrons)   20     496           28     426
        ?       { 14th Chasseurs (4 squadrons)   14     308           18     332
                { Escadron de marche             11     141            9      52
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                        102   1,777          108   1,472
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
    HEAVY CAVALRY DIVISION (Boyer):

                { 6th Dragoons (2 squadrons)     19     376           19     332
        ?       { 11th Dragoons (2 squadrons)    19     411           18     359

  Brigade       { 15th Dragoons (2 squadrons)    15     328           16     294
   Carrié       { 25th Dragoons (2 squadrons)    18     314           18     282

  Artillery attached to cavalry                   3     193            3     148
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Divisional Total                         74   1,622           74   1,415
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
        Total Cavalry Divisions                 176   3,399          182   2,887
                                                ---   -----          ---   -----
  Artillery Reserve, Park, &c.                   50   1,450           22     707
  Engineers and Sappers                          17     332           16     345
  Gendarmerie                                     6     129            6     186
  _Équipages militaires_                         26     742           22     707
  État-Major Général                             54      --           54      --
                                              -----  ------        -----  ------
                      { Infantry Divisions    1,597  41,669        1,392  32,755
        General Total { Cavalry Divisions       176   3,399          182   2,887
                      { Auxiliary Arms          153   2,653          120   1,945
                                              -----  ------        -----  ------
                                              1,925  47,721        1,694  37,587

  [775] Not including 2nd battalion, about 450 strong, at Astorga
  in garrison.

  [776] In garrison at Astorga.

N.B.--Guns, July 15, 78; August 1, 58; lost 7 12-pounders, 3
8-pounders, 9 4-pounders, 1 3-pounder. Horses, July 15, 4,278; August
1, 3,231. Draught horses, July 15, 2,037; August 1, 1,847. _Équipages
militaires_, horses, July 15, 800; August 1, 331.

To these two tables we must append, as a side-light, the results of a
compilation of the totals of officers killed and wounded at Salamanca,
from Martinien’s admirable _Liste des officiers tués et blessés pendant
les guerres de l’Empire_. This of course does not include unwounded
prisoners.

              _Killed._  _Wounded._
    Foy’s Division (including
      losses at Garcia Hernandez
      on July 23rd):
  6th Léger           1  10    = 11
  69th Line           2   8    = 10
  39th Line          --   2    =  2
  76th Line           1   7    =  8
                                 --
        Total                    31

    Clausel’s Division:
  25th Léger          4  10    = 14[777]
  27th Line           2   5    =  7
  50th Line           9  17    = 26
  59th Line           4  15    = 19
                                 --
        Total                    66

    Ferey’s Division:
  31st Léger          1   6    =  7
  26th Line          --   6    =  6
  47th Line           5  13    = 18
  70th Line           2   3    =  5
                                 --
        Total                    36

    Sarrut’s Division:
  2nd Léger          --   3    =  3
  36th Line          --   3    =  3
  4th Léger          --   2    =  2
                                 --
        Total                     8

    Maucune’s Division:
  15th Line           4  12    = 16
  66th Line           2  15    = 17
  82nd Line           1   7    =  8
  86th Line          --   3    =  3
                                 --
        Total                    44

    Brennier’s Division:
  17th Léger          1   3    =  4[778]
  65th Line           1   8    =  9[779]
  22nd Line           2  19    = 21[780]
                                 --
        Total                    34

    Thomières’s Division:
  1st Line           --   4    =  4
  62nd Line           1  14    = 15
  101st Line          6  19    = 25
                                 --
        Total                    44

    Bonnet’s Division:
  118th Line          2  18    = 20
  119th Line          3  23    = 26
  120th Line         --   8    =  8
  122nd Line          3  13    = 16
                                 --
        Total                    70

    Curto’s Light Cavalry:
  3rd Hussars        --   2[781]
  13th Chasseurs     --   7
  14th Chasseurs     --   5[782]
  22nd Chasseurs     --   5
  26th Chasseurs     --   4
  28th Chasseurs     --   2
                         --
        Total            25

    Boyer’s Division of Dragoons:
  6th Dragoons       --   9
  11th Dragoons      --   2[783]
  15th Dragoons      --   1[784]
  25th Dragoons      --   6[785]
                         --
        Total            18

  Artillery, Horse   --   1
      ”      Field   --   5
      ”      Train   --   1
                         --
        Total             7

  Engineers          --   3    =  3
  Staff               3  17[786] = 20
  Miscellaneous
    officers, whose
    regiments were
    not present at
    Salamanca        --   2    =  2

  [777] Plus 1 killed and 5 wounded at the combat of the Guarena,
  July 18.

  [778] Plus 2 killed 6 wounded at the Guarena.

  [779] Plus 2 killed 1 wounded at the Guarena.

  [780] Plus 5 wounded at the Guarena.

  [781] Plus 1 killed 1 wounded at Castrejon.

  [782] Plus 3 wounded at Castrejon.

  [783] Plus 1 wounded on July 21, and 2 wounded at Garcia
  Hernandez, July 23.

  [784] Plus 1 killed 1 wounded at the Guarena, July 18.

  [785] Plus 4 wounded at the Guarena.

  [786] Plus 1 general wounded July 16, died next day (Dembouski),
  and 1 general wounded and taken July 18 (at the Guarena), Carrié,
  and 1 officer wounded at Garcia Hernandez.

General total 60 officers killed, 347 wounded at Salamanca and Garcia
Hernandez; plus 7 officers killed and 27 wounded at the Guarena on July
18, and 2 wounded in minor engagements.

Loss in killed and wounded, not including unwounded prisoners, during
the campaign, 67 killed, 376 wounded = 443 officers in all.

After arriving at this general loss in killed and wounded officers,
so far as is possible from Martinien’s tables, which are not quite
complete for all corps, it only remains to estimate the unwounded
prisoners. I searched the immense volumes of rolls of French officers
in captivity at the Record Office, and found 63 names of prisoners
taken at Salamanca, the Guarena, and Garcia Hernandez. A few of these
duplicate the names of wounded officers to be found in Martinien’s
tables, the remainder must represent the unwounded prisoners.
Wellington in his Salamanca dispatch wrote that he had 137 French
officers prisoners--evidently the larger number of them must have been
wounded, as only 63 were sent off to England that autumn. Probably many
died in hospital. Prisoners are most numerous from the 101st, 22nd, and
from Foy’s two regiments cut up at Garcia Hernandez, the 76th and 6th
Léger.

In the Library of the _Archives de la Guerre_ at the Paris Ministry of
War I went through the regimental histories of all the French infantry
regiments present at Salamanca. Like our own similar compilations, they
differ much in value--some are very full and with statistics carefully
worked out from regimental reports and pay-books; others are very thin
and factless. Fourteen units give their losses, which I herewith annex:

  Clausel’s Division: 25th Léger, 336; 27th Line, 159; 59th Line, 350.
  Ferey’s Division: 70th Line, 111; 31st Léger, 340.
  Sarrut’s Division: 2nd Léger, 202.
  Maucune’s Division: 15th Line, 359.
  Brennier’s Division: 17th Léger, 264; 65th Line, 359.
  Thomières’s Division: 1st Line, 227; 62nd Line, 868; 101st Line, 1,000.
  Bonnet’s Division: 120th, 458; 122nd, 527.

The total of this makes 5,560 for these fourteen corps; we leave
fifteen others unaccounted for. As a rough calculation I suppose that
we may hold that as these regiments lost, as we know from Martinien’s
lists [which are not _quite_ complete], at least 152 officers out of
5,560 of all ranks, then the other fifteen regiments with 181 officers
killed or wounded must have lost something like 6,000. The vagaries
of the proportion between officers and men hit are extraordinary in
individual units, but these tend to rectify themselves on a large
total consisting of many regiments. I therefore believe that 11,560
would be something very like the total loss _killed and wounded_ in the
French infantry. We have then to allow for some 40 unwounded officers
taken prisoners, and corresponding to them perhaps 1,200 unwounded men.
The total loss for the infantry would thus be 12,800. For cavalry and
artillery, &c., 53 officers hit--as by Martinien’s tables--must imply
something over a thousand men lost. We should thus arrive at a total of
14,000 for the casualties--the sum which I suggest in my text (p. 469).

To show the worthlessness of any attempt to deduce the French losses
by a mere comparison of the official ‘morning states’ of July 15 and
August 1, the following instances may suffice.

The 65th Line shows 59 officers and 1,527 men present on July 15, 52
officers and 1,302 men on August 1. The apparent loss is 7 officers and
225 men. But this unit’s regimental report shows 3 officers killed,
5 officers wounded, 204 men killed or prisoners, 106 men wounded, 39
missing; total, 8 officers and 349 men. Therefore, as is obvious,
one officer and 124 men must have joined from somewhere (dépôt at
Valladolid?) between the two dates, or the deficiency would be 125
greater between the ‘present under arms’ of the two dates than is shown.

A more striking case is the 62nd Line, of Thomières’s Division. It
shows present on July 15, 47 officers and 1,076 men, on August 1st 45
officers and 1,048 men--the apparent loss is only 2 officers and 28
men. But Martinien’s lists show us that the regiment lost at least
15 officers, killed and wounded, and the regimental report gives 20
officers and 848 men killed, wounded, or missing! The real loss is 868
not 30! Therefore 18 officers and about 800 men, the equivalent of a
strong battalion, must have joined between July 15 and August 1. This
corresponds to the fact that the 62nd showed only 2 battalions[787]
at Salamanca, while the ‘morning state’ of June 15th showed it as
having at the front three battalions and 1,900 rank and file. Clearly
the third battalion rejoined the colours after the battle--having
presumably been quartered in the small garrisons of Castile evacuated
after the disaster of July 22. Many men must also have rejoined the
other two battalions.

  [787] And one odd company of its 3rd battalion, 61 of all ranks,
  while in the return of August 1, the 3rd battalion has 13
  officers and 480 men.

But the most absurd case of all is that of the 47th Line, whose total
figures actually _go up_ from 1,625 to 1,712 of all ranks between
July 15th and August 1st--in despite of the fact that it lost (as
Martinien’s lists show), 18 officers and not less therefore than 360
rank and file (20 men per officer is a low allowance) at Salamanca. It
must have picked up from Valladolid and the small garrisons 13 officers
and 452 men at least[788].

  [788] The 2/47th shows on July 15, 310 of all ranks, on August 1,
  513.

Clausel, writing to King Joseph on July 25, said that of the whole
Army of Portugal he could not yet show in the field on that day 20,000
men. This tallies well enough with the conclusion that we have already
drawn, that the total loss from the army, which on July 15 had about
48,000 men, must have been some 14,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners,
and over 10,000 men dispersed who were only just rallying.




XII

BRITISH LOSSES AT THE COMBATS OF CASTREJON AND CASTRILLO[789], JULY 18,
1812

  [789] The fight at Castrillo is often called the ‘Combat of the
  Guarena’.


                     _Officers._             _Men._       _Missing_ _Total._
                 _Killed._ _Wounded._ _Killed._ _Wounded._  _Men._

  G. Anson’s Brigade:
    11th Lt. Dragoons   --          2         3         10     --        15
    12th Lt. Dragoons   --          1         5         11      1        18
    16th Lt. Dragoons   --         --        --         --     --        --

  V. Alten’s Brigade:
    1st Hussars K.G.L.  --          4         7         45      4        60
    14th Lt. Dragoons   --          3        14         49      9        75

  Bock’s Brigade:
    1st Dragoons K.G.L. --         --        --          1     --         1
    2nd Dragoons K.G.L. --         --         5          1      1         7

  Le Marchant’s Brigade:
    3rd Dragoons        --          1        --          9     --        10

    4th DIVISION.

  W. Anson’s Brigade:
    3/27th Foot          2          1        11         58     --        72
    1/40th Foot         --          1         8         59      1        69

  Ellis’s Brigade:
    1/7th Foot          --          1         1         14      3        19
    1/23rd Foot         --         --        --          2      2         4
    1/48th Foot         --         --        --          5      1         6

    5th DIVISION.

  Greville’s Brigade:
    3/1st               --         --        --          2     --         2
  Detached Companies
      of 5/60th         --         --        --          1      2         3
  Horse Artillery       --          1         2          2     --         5
  German Artillery      --         --        --          2     --         2
  Portuguese             1          6        33         90     27       157
                        --         --        --        ---     --       ---
      Total              3         21        89        361     51       525




XIII

SPANISH TROOPS ON THE EAST COAST OF SPAIN IN THE SPRING OF 1812


(A) REMAINS OF THE 2ND (VALENCIAN) AND 3RD (MURCIAN) ARMIES, MARCH 1

                                                          _Officers._  _Men._
  1st Division: Conde de Montijo, 1st of Badajoz (2
    batts.), Cuenca (2 batts.), 2 squadrons cavalry             110   2,049
  2nd Division: General Luis Riquelme, 2nd Walloon
    Guards, Guadalajara (3 batts.), 1st of Burgos (3
    batts.), Guadix (2 batts.), Baden (1 batt.),
    Alpujarras (1 batt.), dismounted cavalry (1 batt.)          335   5,214
  Reserve Division: General Philip Roche. Voluntarios
    de Aragon, Canarias, Alicante, 2nd of Murcia,
    Alcazar de San Juan, Chinchilla (1 batt. each), 2
    squadrons of Husares de Fernando 7º                         300   5,576
  Cavalry: General A. Rich. Principe (2 squadrons),
    España (2 squadrons), Reina (2 squadrons),
    Carabineros Reales, Farnesio, Montesa, Dragones del
    Rey, Cazadores de Valencia, Pavia, Rey, Granaderos
    a caballo, Husares de Castilla (one squadron
    each), three provisional squadrons                          321   1,565
  Cadres of dispersed battalions, now reorganizing:
    Lorca, Velez Malaga, Almanza, America                       98    1,079
  Artillery (Field)                                             38      651
  Artillery (Garrison) in Alicante and Cartagena                17      582
  Engineers                                                      8      202
                                                             -----   ------
            Total                                            1,227   16,918


(B) JOSEPH O’DONNELL’S ARMY, JULY 21, 1812, AND ITS LOSSES AT CASTALLA

[The figures of the former from _Los Ejércitos españoles_. The list of
prisoners from Suchet’s dispatch in the Paris _Archives de la Guerre_.]

                                                                  _Unwounded
                                             _Strength._           prisoners
                                       _Officers._ _Men._ _Total._ reported
                                                                   by Suchet._
  Michelena’s {Corona (1 Batt.)               24    630}               255
    Brigade   {Velez Malaga (1 batt.)         36    834}   2,035        --
              {Guadix                         24    487}               337

  Montijo’s   {2nd Walloon Guards (1 batt.)   20    569}               350
    Brigade   {Cuenca (2 batts.)              33    890}   2,152       112
              {1st of Badajoz (1 batt.)       27    613}                --

              {Bailen (1 batt.)               32    708}               405
  Mijares’s   {Alcazar de San Juan (1 batt.)  31    855}   2,187       434
    Brigade   {Lorca (1 batt.)                25    536}               242

  Cavalry (Provisional Regiment, 2 squadrons) 29    207                 --
  Engineers                                   26    325                 --

  Roche’s Division:
    1st of Burgos (2 batts.)                  27    786                 --
    Canarias (1 batt.)                        34    818                 --
    Alicante (2 batts.)                       35  1,110                 --
    Chinchilla (2 batts.)                     26    918                 --
                                             --- ------              -----
            Total                            429 10,286              2,135

Suchet also reports 697 wounded prisoners, of whom 56 died of their
wounds.

No figures are given for the detached cavalry division of Santesteban,
which was not in action at Castalla.




XIV

THE BRITISH FORCES ON THE EAST COAST OF SPAIN IN 1812

[A NOTE BY MR. C. T. ATKINSON]


I. MAITLAND’S FORCE, EMBARKATION RETURN, JUNE 25, 1812

(War Office: _Secretary of State’s Original Correspondence_, Series I,
vol. 311.)

                                          _Officers._  _N.C.O.’s
                                                        and Men._
  20th Light Dragoons                             9         158
  Foreign Troop of Hussars                        3          68
  R.A. (including drivers)                        8          73
  Marine Artillery                                1          29
  R.E.                                            5          42
  Staff Corps                                     1          13
  1/10th Foot                                    33         902
  1/58th Foot                                    31         840
  1/81st Foot                                    44       1,230
  4th Line Battalion, K.G.L.                     36         953
  6th Line Battalion, K.G.L.                     33       1,041
  De Roll’s Regiment (3 companies)               11         320
  Dillon’s Regiment (5 companies)                18         536
  Calabrian Free Corps (1 division)[790]         14         338
                                                ---       -----
      Total                                     247       6,543

  [790] This corps was organized in five ‘divisions,’ each of three
  companies.


II. CAMPBELL’S CORPS, EMBARKATION RETURN, PALERMO, NOVEMBER 14, 1812

(Ibid., vol. 312.)


                                          _Officers._  _N.C.O.’s
                                                        and Men._
  20th Light Dragoons                            --          13
  Guides                                         --          14
  R.A. (including drivers)                        4         131
  Grenadier Battalion[791]                       35         924
  Light Infantry Battalion[792]                  21         582
  1/27th Foot                                    25         828
  2nd Battalion, Anglo-Italian Levy[793]         33       1,184
  Sicilian Artillery                             --         155
  Sicilian Grenadiers[794]                       --         605
                                                ---       -----
    Total                                       118       4,436[795]

  [791] From 2/10th, 1/21st, 1/31st, 1/62nd, 1/75th, 3rd, 7th, and
  8th K.G.L.

  [792] Schwertfeger, i. pp. 480-1, says it was composed of the
  light companies of De Roll’s, Dillon’s, De Watteville’s (this is
  inaccurate, as De Watteville’s regiment had moved to Cadiz before
  the end of 1811), and the 3rd, 7th, and 8th K.G.L.

  [793] 150 men were left behind from lack of room but sent later.

  [794] 140 men were left behind from lack of room but sent later.

  [795] A ‘division’ of the Calabrian Free Corps, 300 strong, was
  left behind for want of room, as well as the Sicilian Regiment de
  Presidi, 1,200 strong.


III. SUBSEQUENTLY EMBARKED, DECEMBER 25[796]

  [796] In a letter to Lord Bathurst of December 9 Bentinck
  announces his intention to add to this force 2/27th Foot and
  1st Anglo-Italians, who had been 28 officers and 823 men and 40
  officers and 1,153 men respectively, in the ‘state’ of October
  25, but are not present in the ‘state’ of December 10 (except for
  288 men of 1st Anglo-Italians).

                                          _Officers._  _N.C.O.’s
                                                        and Men._
  20th Light Dragoons                             8         223
  R.A.                                           --          60
  2nd Anglo-Italians                              2         176
  Calabrian Free Corps (1 division)              14         325
  Sicilian Cavalry                               22         204
  Sicilian Infantry (the Estero Regiment)        77       1,185
                                                ---       -----
    Total                                       123       2,173

It may be well to give here the garrisons of Cadiz and Gibraltar in
1812, as both of them supplied troops to the field army during that
year.

In Gibraltar, under General Campbell, there were the 2/9th, 2/11th,
37th, and the 4th and 7th Veteran Battalions throughout the year. The
1/82nd was there till the summer, when it was relieved by the 1/26th,
sent back from Portugal by Wellington. The 1/82nd sailed for Lisbon and
marched up to the front, but arrived just too late for the battle of
Salamanca.

At Cadiz General Cooke commanded, at the commencement of the year, the
3/1st Guards (which had arrived and relieved the ‘composite battalion
of Guards’ before the end of 1811), also the 2/47th, 2/67th, 2/87th,
two companies of the _Chasseurs Britanniques_, De Watteville’s regiment
(which arrived before the end of 1811), the strange corps sometimes
called the ‘battalion of Foreign Deserters,’ sometimes the ‘battalion
of Foreign Recruits,’ two companies of the 2/95th, and a squadron of
the 2nd Hussars K.G.L., also the 20th Portuguese.

Early in the year the 2/67th and five companies of De Watteville’s
regiment were sent off to Cartagena.

In September the 3/1st Guards, 2/47th, 2/87th, two companies 95th, and
20th Portuguese marched to join Hill at Madrid, taking with them the
German squadron and two field-batteries: they were just 4,000 strong.

The 2/59th came out from home about the same time, and was in October
the only _British_ battalion at Cadiz. With them remained the ‘Foreign
Deserters,’ seven companies of De Watteville, and two companies of
_Chasseurs Britanniques_, as also some artillerymen.




XV

THE SCOVELL CIPHERS


By the very great kindness of Mr. G. Scovell of Brighton, I have had
placed at my disposition the papers of his great-uncle, General Sir
George Scovell, G.C.B., who served during the Peninsular War in the
Intelligence branch of the Quartermaster-General’s department. In
the beginning of 1812 the number of intercepted French dispatches
in cipher which came into Wellington’s hands, through the happy
activity of Julian Sanchez and other guerrillero chiefs, began to be
so considerable that the Commander-in-Chief thought it worth while to
detail a member of his staff to deal with them. Captain Scovell was
selected because of his ingenuity in this line, and became responsible
for attempting to interpret all the captured documents. They were made
over to him, and, having done what he could with them, he placed the
fair-copy of the ‘decoded’ result in Wellington’s hands, but seems
to have been allowed to keep the originals--which were, of course,
unintelligible because of their form, and therefore useless to his
chief. The file of documents which thus remained with him is most
interesting: they range in size from formal dispatches of considerable
bulk--eight or ten folio pages long--down to scraps of the smallest
size written on thin paper, and folded up so as to go into some secret
place of concealment on the bearer’s person. Some of them look as if
they had been sewed up in a button, or rolled under the leather of a
whip handle, or pushed along the seam of a garment. I take it that
these must all have been entrusted to emissaries sent in disguise,
_Afrancesados_ or peasants hired by a great bribe. Presumably each of
these scraps cost the life of the bearer when it was discovered--for
the guerrillero chiefs did not deal mildly with Spaniards caught
carrying French secret orders. The large folio dispatches, on the
other hand, must no doubt have been carried by French aides-de-camp or
couriers, whose escorts were dispersed or captured by the _partidas_ at
some corner of the mountain roads between Madrid and the head-quarters
of the Armies of Portugal and Andalusia.

The cipher letters are of two sorts--in the first (and more numerous)
class only the names of persons and places, and the most important
sentences are in cipher--invariably a numerical cipher of arbitrary
figures. In the other class the whole dispatch is written in figures,
not merely its more weighty clauses. The reason for adopting the former
method was that it saved much time; the transliterating of unimportant
parts of the dispatch (such as compliments, and personal remarks of
no strategical import) would have taken many extra hours, when it was
necessary to get a letter sent off in a hurry. But, as we shall see
later on, there was grave danger in using this system, because the
context might sometimes allow the decipherer to make a good guess at
the disguised words, after reading that part of the letter which was
not so guarded.

Occasionally a French dispatch is ciphered after the same infantile
system that readers of romances will remember in Poe’s _Gold Bug_ or
Conan Doyle’s _Sherlock Holmes_, where letters or numbers are merely
substituted for each other--where, for example, 2 always means letter
_e_, or 25 letter _r_. This sort of cipher is dangerously easy to
an expert reader, especially if the words are separated from each
other, so that the number of letters in each can be counted. Take,
for example, a letter sent to Soult in 1813 by Cassan, the blockaded
governor of Pampeluna[797]. Only one precaution had been taken in this
cipher-epistle, viz. that elaborate care has been taken to defeat the
attempt of the reader to arrive at results by counting what figures
appear most frequently, and so deducing by their repetition that these
must be _e_ (the most frequently used letter in French, as in English),
_s_, _i_, _a_, _t_, and other common letters. This is done by having
six alternative numbers for _e_, four each for _a_ and _i_, three for
_t_, _s_, and _n_. Taking the simple phrase

  47.50.40.41.14.26
  58.24
  3.51.10.36.44.23.17.24.10.50.53.27
  47.46
  11.18.39.17.46.21,

which deciphers into ‘depuis le commencement du blocus,’ we see that
_e_ appears five times, but is represented by both 50, 24, and 44; _u_
three times, but varied as 14 and 46; _m_ thrice, varied as 10 and
36. This made the reader’s work harder, but not nearly so difficult
as that required for certain other ciphers: for the whole set of
signs, being not much over 60 in number, there was a limited amount
of possibilities for each figure-interpretation. And the words being
separated by spaces, there was a certainty that some of the two-letter
units must represent _et_, _de_, _ce_, _eu_, _du_, and similar common
French two-letter words. As a matter of fact this particular dispatch
was deciphered in a few hours owing to the lucky guess that its initial
words

  10.45.23.21.16.2.41.25
  5.24
  10.4.25.24.3.9.8.5

might be ‘Monsieur le Maréchal,’ the preliminary address to the
intended recipient. This hypothesis was verified at once by finding
that this rendering made good sense for the two-letter words 23.24 =
_ne_, and 10.2 = _me_, lower down in the letter. After this all was
plain sailing.

  [797] This particular letter is _not_ one of the Scovell file.

But the usual French cipher, the ‘Great Paris Cipher’ as Scovell called
it, was a very much more complicated and difficult affair, as the list
of figures, instead of being only a few score, ran to many hundreds.
And of these only some few represented individual letters, more were
parts of a syllabary: _ma_, _me_, _mi_, _mo_, _mu_, for example, had
each a figure representing them, and so had _ab_- _ac_- _ad_- _af_-
_ag_- &c. Moreover, there was a multitude of arbitrary numbers,
representing under a single figure words that must often be used in a
dispatch, such as _hommes_, _armée_, _général_, _marche_, _ennemi_,
_corps d’armée_, _canons_. In addition there was a code of proper
names, e.g. 1216 meant the River Douro, 93 Portugal, 1279 Talavera,
585 King Joseph, 1391 General Dorsenne, 1327 the Army of the South,
1280 Soult, 1300 Wellington, 400 Ciudad Rodrigo, &c. If the King wished
the Duke of Dalmatia to send 9,000 men of the Army of the South to
Talavera, he had only to write

  ‘585 désire que 1280 dirige 1156 (neuf) 692 (mille) 1102 (hommes)
  de 1327 sur 1279.’

He would then cut up _désire_ and _dirige_ into the syllables
_de-si-re_ and _di-ri-ge_, for each of which the syllabary had set
figures; there were also arbitrary numbers for _sur_, _de_, and _que_.
So the whole sentence would take up only fourteen numbers when written
out.

It would seem at first sight that to interpret such a dispatch would be
a perfectly hopeless task, to any one who had not the key to the cipher
before him. That the admirably patient and ingenious Scovell at last
made out for himself a key from the laborious comparison of documents,
was nevertheless the fact. He was started on the track by the fortunate
circumstance that most of the intercepted dispatches were only _partly_
in cipher. Marmont would write

  ‘Avec les moyens que j’ai, et 798, 1118, 602, 131,
  1112.663.1135.502 au delà de Sabugal,’

or

  ‘J’avais donné l’ordre que 1003, 497, 1115, 1383, 69,711, 772,
  530, de descendre cette rivière et de se mettre en communication
  avec moi.’

Clearly the cipher-figures in the first case have something to do with
a march on Sabugal, in the second with orders to some general or body
of troops (to be identified hereafter) to march down a river which the
context shows must be the Tagus. This is not much help, and the task
looked still very hopeless. But when intercepted dispatches accumulated
in quantities, and the same cipher-figures kept occurring among
sentences of which part was written out in full, it became evident
that various cryptic figures must mean places and persons who could
be guessed at, with practical certainty. Occasionally a French writer
completely ‘gives himself away’ by carelessness: e.g. Dorsenne wrote on
April 16 to Jourdan,

  ‘Vous voulez de renseignement sur la situation militaire et
  administrative de 1238:’

obviously the probable interpretation of this number is ‘the Army of
the North,’ and this is rendered almost certain by passages lower down
the same letter. Equally incautious is King Joseph when he writes to
Marmont,

  ‘J’ai donné l’ordre au général Treillard de 117.8.7 la vallée du
  1383, afin de marcher à 498.’

Considering the situation of the moment 117.8.7 must almost certainly
mean _evacuate_, 1383 _Tagus_, and 498 some large town.[798] [The
particular dispatch in which this occurs is on a most curious piece of
paper, half an inch broad, a foot long, and excessively thin. It is
bent into twelve folds, and would fit into any small receptacle of one
inch by half an inch. I fear the bearer who had it on his person must
have come to a bad end.] Suchet also made Scovell the present of some
useful words when he wrote on September 17 to Soult,

  ‘Le Général Maitland commande l’expédition anglaise venue de 747:
  O’Donnell peut réunir 786 692 1102 en y comprenant le corps de
  l’Anglais Roche. Le 19 août je n’avais que 135 692 1102 à lui
  opposer.’

Here it is quite clear that ‘747’ means _Sicily_; that ‘692.1102’ in
the two statements of forces means _thousand men_. A little guessing
and comparison with other cryptic statements of forces would soon show
that 135 meant 7 and 786 meant 12.

  [798] Wellington wrongly guessed Plasencia: it was Aranjuez.

Notwithstanding much useful help it was still a marvellous feat of
Scovell to work out by the end of 1812 no less than _nine hundred_
separate cipher-numbers, ranging in complexity from the simple vowel
a to the symbol that represented ‘train des équipages militaires’! He
must have had a most ingenious brain, and unlimited patience. Down
to the end there remained numbers of unsolved riddles, figures that
represented persons or places so unfrequently mentioned that there was
no way of discovering, by comparison between several documents, what
the number was likely to mean.

Sometimes very small fish came into the net of the guerrilleros,
and were sent on to Wellington; take, for example, the tiny scrap
containing the pathetic letter of the young wife of General Merlin, of
the cavalry of the Army of the Centre--I fear that the bearer must have
fallen into the hands of Julian Sanchez or one of his lieutenants, and
have had short shrift:--

‘Mon cher Ami,--Depuis ton départ je n’ai reçu qu’un seul mot de
toi--pendant qu’il arrive des courriers (c’est-à-dire des paysans)
du quartier général. Mon oncle qui écrit régulièrement dit toujours
qu’on se porte bien, mais tu peux te mettre à ma place! Je crains que
ta goutte ne soit revenue, je crains tant de choses, qui peut-être
passent le sens commun, mais qui me tourmentent. Je ne dors plus, et
n’ai d’autre plaisir que celui de regarder ma fille, qui se porte
bien. Encore si elle pouvait m’entendre et me consoler! Adieu! Je
suis d’une tristesse insupportable, parce que je t’aime plus que
moi-même.--Mercédes.’

It may suffice to show the general character of a typical
cipher-dispatch if we give a few lines of one, with the interpretation
added below--the following comes from a dispatch of Marmont written on
April 22, 1812, to Berthier, from Fuente Guinaldo:--

  Le roi après m’avoir donné l’ordre

  1060 462  810  195 1034   1282
   de faire par- tir deux divisions

  971  216  13  192 614  20  90  92
   et  plus de  la  moi- ti- é  de la

    1265    582  637 851 809  388  177
  cavalerie dis- po- ni- ble,  et avoir

  669 112 923 2  786   692   1102
  ré- du-  it à douze mille hommes

  le nombre de troupes que j’ai disponible m’ordonne

  13   1040   1003  370 860      400       817  69 862 718 1100
  de chercher   à  pren-dre Ciudad Rodrigo lors que je  ne  ai

  423 815  591  710  850
  pas un  canon  de siège!

It will be noted that of all the words only _partir_, _moitié_,
_disponible_, _réduit_, _prendre_, required to be spelled out in the
syllabary: single fixed numbers existing for all the common words, and
for the military terms _siège_, _cavalerie_, and _division_.

It was, of course, only by degrees that Scovell succeeded in making out
the bulk of the French phrases. In Wellington’s dispatches there is
often, during the spring and summer of 1812, an allusion to information
only partly comprehensible, obtained from captured letters. On June 18
(_Dispatches_, ix. p. 241) Wellington writes to Lord Liverpool that he
‘is not able entirely to decipher’ the intercepted papers that have
been passing between King Joseph and Soult and Marmont. On June 25th
he sends to the same recipient the happy intelligence that he has now
the key to King Joseph’s cipher. Yet again, on July 16th (_Dispatches_,
ix. p. 290)--with No. 36 of the file catalogued below before him--he
says: ‘I have this day got a letter from the King to Marmont of the
9th inst. in cipher, which I cannot entirely decipher: it appears,
however, that he thinks Drouet will not cross the Tagus, and I suspect
he orders General Treillard to collect some troops in the valley of
the Tagus, and to move on Plasencia.’ The interpretation was correct,
save that Treillard was to move not on Plasencia but on Aranjuez. The
code-numbers for the two places were neither of them known as yet. But
by September all essential words were discovered, and Wellington could
comprehend nearly everything, unless Joseph or Soult was writing of
obscure places or distant generals.

A list of the whole of Scovell’s file of 52 French dispatches may be
useful: those whose number is marked with a star are wholly or partly
in cipher, the remaining minority are in plain French without disguise.
It is clear that Wellington had many more French papers not in cipher,
which did not get into Scovell’s portfolio.

         _Date._    _Sender._    _Recipient._      _Contents._
  1.   Mar. 6, 1812  Col.         Marmont     Long interview with
                     Jardet                     Berthier. He says you
                                                must ‘contain’
                                                Wellington in the
                                                North. All else in Spain
                                                matters comparatively
                                                little.
  2*.  April 11  ”   Marmont      Brennier    See that Silveira does not
                                                 molest my communications.
  3*.  April 14  ”   Soult        Berthier    Marmont has betrayed me, and
                                                caused the loss of Badajoz.
                                                Synopsis of Andalusian affairs.
  4*.  April 16  ”   Marmont      Berthier    As I prophesied, my raid into
                                                Portugal produces no effect:
                                                we begin to starve.
  5*.  April 16  ”   Dorsenne     Jourdan     I refuse to acknowledge the king
                                                as controlling my army.
  6*.  April 17  ”   Soult        Berthier    Details of the fall of Badajoz,
                                                ‘événement funeste.’
  7*.  April 22  ”   Marmont      Berthier    I have been starved out of
                                                Portugal. Have seen no
                                                British troops, save a few
                                                cavalry.

  8*.  April 23  ”   Foy          Jourdan     Send me food. My division is
                                                nearly starved.

  9*.  April 25  ”   King         Dorsenne    I am your Commander-in-Chief.
                     Joseph                     Send me a report of your army.

  10.  April 26  ”   Gen. Lafon-  Gen.        News from Andalusia at last:
                     Blaniac[799] Treillard[800] Soult has failed to save
                                                Badajoz.

  11*. April 28  ”   Marmont      Dorsenne    Send me 8,000 quintals of wheat
                                               at once.

  12*. April 28 ”    Marmont      Berthier    I have sent Bonnet, as ordered,
                                                to invade the Asturias.

  13.  April 28  ”   Gen.         Clarke      I send parole of Colquhoun
                     Lamar-                     Grant, a suspicious character.
                     tinière[801]               The police should look to
                                                him[802].

  14*. April 29  ”   Marmont      Jourdan     If I keep troops on the Tagus,
                                                I am too weak on the Douro
                                                and Tormes. I must draw my
                                                divisions northward.

  15*. April 29  ”   Marmont      Berthier    I find that five British divisions
                                                were chasing me last week.
                                                Wellington is very strong in
                                                the North.

  16*. April 30  ”   Marmont      Berthier    Send me a siege-train, I am
                                                helpless without one: also
                                                plenty of money.

  17.  April 30  ”   Marmont      Gen.        Come up at once to join my
                                  Tirlet[803]   army.

  18*. May 1     ”   Jourdan      Marmont     We will keep unhorsed guns for
                                                you at Talavera, so when
                                                moving South bring gunners
                                                and horses only.

  19*. May 1     ”    King        Dorsenne    You are placed under my command.
                      Joseph                    Obey my orders.

  20*. May 1     ”    Jourdan     Dorsenne    Send a division to Valladolid,
                                                to support Marmont.

  21*. May 1     ”    Jourdan     Marmont     You must send more troops to
                                                the Tagus: Drouet is hard
                                                pressed in Estremadura.

  22*. May 1     ”    Jourdan     Berthier    Wellington is advancing in
                                                Estremadura. Marmont must
                                                send troops southward.

  23*. May 1     ”    King        Berthier    Observations on the
                      Joseph                    military situation.

  24.  May 1     ”    Col.        Gen.        Technical artillery
                      Bousseroque Doguerau[804] matters.

  25.  May 20    ”    Proclamation by Suchet  The King is appointed
                                                Commander-in-Chief in Spain.

  26*. May 26    ”    King        Soult       Hill has stormed Almaraz.
                      Joseph                    Why was not Drouet
                                                near enough to save it?

  27*. May 26    ”    Jourdan     Soult       Hill has stormed Almaraz. Try
                                                to re-open communications
                                                with Foy.

  28*. June 1    ”    Marmont     Jourdan     The fall of Almaraz means that
                                                Wellington will attack me next.
                                                He is not threatening Soult,
                                                but me.

  29*. June 22   ”    Marmont     King        I stop in front of Salamanca
                                  Joseph        manœuvring. I dare not attack
                                                Wellington till Caffarelli’s
                                                reinforcements arrive.

  30*. June 24   ”    Marmont     Caffarelli  I am manœuvring opposite
                                                Wellington. Your reinforcements
                                                are required _at once_.

  31*. July 1    ”    Marmont     King        When the Salamanca forts fell,
                                  Joseph        I retreated to the Douro.
                                                I cannot fight Wellington till
                                                I get 1,500 more horse and 7,000
                                                more infantry.

  32.  July 1    ”    Suchet      King        Narrative of guerrilla war
                                  Joseph        in Aragon.

  33.  July 1    ”    Suchet      King        Favour shall be shown to
                                  Joseph        _Afrancesados_.

  34*. July 6    ”    Marmont     Jourdan     I had to retreat to the Douro
                                                because Caffarelli sent no
                                                help. Can you lend me
                                                Treillard’s cavalry division?

  35*. July 7    ”    King        Soult       Send 10,000 men to Toledo
                      Joseph                    _at once_.

  36*. July 9    ”    King        Marmont     I shall march to your aid in a
                      Joseph                    few days, when my troops are
                                                collected.

  37*. July 22   ”    Suchet      King        I am much worried by Maitland’s
                                  Joseph        approach. Have beaten Joseph
                                                O’Donnell at Castalla.

  38.  July 29   ”    Gen. Lafon-  King       Madrid remains tranquil.
                      Blaniac[805] Joseph

  41*. July 30   ”    Marmont     King        We can never hope to unite.
                                  Joseph        My army retires via Lerma on
                                                Burgos.

  42.  Aug. 2    ”    Gen.        King        Wellington is marching on
                      Espert[806] Joseph        Segovia.

  43*. Aug. 7    ”    King        Marmont     Communicate with me by the
                      Joseph                    Somosierra Pass.

  44*. Aug. 12   ”    Suchet      King        I am much alarmed at the possible
                                  Joseph        results of Maitland’s landing.

  45*. Aug. 12   ”    Soult       Clarke      The King is betraying the Emperor
                                                and negotiating with the Cadiz
                                                Cortes[807].

  46*. Sept. 17  ”    Suchet      Soult       Explains situation in Valencia.

  47*. Dec. 9    ”    King        Napoleon    Plans for reorganizing
                      Joseph                    the armies.

  48*. Dec. 22   ”    King        Napoleon    Plans for next year. Should I
                      Joseph                    make Burgos my capital, and hold
                                                Madrid only as an outpost?

  49*. Jan. 8, 1813   King        Napoleon    Soult is intolerable. Let D’Erlon
                      Joseph                    replace him. Send us money.

  50*. Jan. 28   ”    King        Napoleon    Your decision about Soult shocks
                      Joseph                    me. I shall send him away on
                                                my own authority.

  51*. Mar. 14   ”    King        Gen.        D’Erlon shall look after Salamanca.
                      Joseph      Reille        Send two divisions to hunt the
                                                guerrilleros.

  52.  Mar. 16   ”    Col.        King        Discouraging news from Paris. No
                      Lucotte     Joseph        men or money for Spain!

  [799] Governor of La Mancha.

  [800] Commanding cavalry on the Tagus.

  [801] Marmont’s Chief-of-the-Staff.

  [802] See above, p. 293.

  [803] Commanding artillery of the Army of Portugal, on leave.

  [804] Commanding artillery of the Army of the Centre.

  [805] Now governor of Madrid.

  [806] Governor of Segovia.

  [807] For the story of this letter see above, pp. 538-9.

In addition to the ciphers, the Scovell papers consist of short diaries
of Major Scovell for the Corunna Campaign, and for 1809-10-11-12-13,
as also a large bundle of reports and maps of roads and passes in
Portugal, all the papers concerning the raising of the Corps of Guides,
a number of notes and reports on suggested travelling forges for the
artillery and engineers, and some whole or mutilated contemporary
Spanish newspapers. There is some curious and interesting information
scattered through all of them.




XVI

BRITISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY IN THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1812

[DETAILS COLLECTED BY MAJOR J. H. LESLIE, R.A.]


I. ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY

The following troops were serving in the Peninsula in 1812:--

  _Troop._     _Under Command of_      _Arrived in    _Designation in 1914._
                                       Peninsula._
     A      Brevet Major H. D. Ross    July 1809       ‘A’ Battery, R.H.A.
     D      Captain G. Lefebure[808]   March 1810      ‘V’ Battery, R.H.A.
            [Later 2nd Captain E. C.
              Whinyates]
     E      Captain R. Macdonald       August 1811     ‘E’ Battery, R.H.A.
     I      Brevet Major R. Bull       August 1809     ‘I’ Battery, R.H.A.

  [808] Lefebure died of sickness in October, and the battery was
  commanded till next spring by Whinyates.

A, E, and I were serving with Wellington’s main army in 1812, attached
respectively to the Light Division, the 7th Division, and the 1st
Division of Cavalry (Stapleton Cotton). All three were present at
Salamanca, but A was left at Madrid in August with the Light Division,
and did not take part in the Burgos Campaign. D was attached to
Erskine’s ‘2nd Cavalry Division,’ and served under Hill in Estremadura
from the beginning of the year till Hill marched up to Madrid in
October.


II. ROYAL (FOOT) ARTILLERY


A.

The seven companies shown in the following tables were serving in the
Peninsula in 1812 with the field army.

NOTE.--In 1812 there were ten battalions of Royal (Foot) Artillery, the
companies of which were always designated by the name of the commanding
officer, whether he was actually present with his company or no.

  _Bat-        _Under Command of_      _Arrived in    _Designation in 1914._
  talion._                             Peninsula._

    1st     Captain J. May[809]        March 1809      2nd Battery, R.F.A.
    4th     Captain S. Maxwell         October 1810    72 Company, R.G.A.
    5th     Captain F. Glubb[810]      March 1809      48 Company, R.G.A.
    8th     Brevet Major R. W.         April 1811      78 Company, R.G.A.
              Gardiner
    8th     Captain R. Lawson          August 1808     87th Battery, R.F.A.
    8th     Captain J. P. Eligé[811]   October 1810    Reduced in 1819.
            [Later, Captain T. A.
               Brandreth]
    9th     Captain R. Douglas         March 1812      45th Battery, R.F.A.

  [809] Actually under command of 2nd Captain H. Baynes.

  [810] Actually under command of 2nd Captain W. G. Power.

  [811] Eligé was shot through the heart on the second day of the
  siege of the Salamanca forts. 2nd Captain W. Greene commanded the
  company at the battle of Salamanca.

Of these, Gardiner’s company was attached to the 1st Division,
Maxwell’s to the 2nd, Douglas’s to the 3rd, Lawson’s to the 5th,
Eligé’s to the 6th. May’s company accompanied the main army without
guns, in charge of the Reserve ammunition train.

Glubb’s company was attached to the heavy 18-pounders and 24-pounder
howitzers of the Reserve Artillery.

Gardiner’s, Douglas’s, Lawson’s, and Eligé’s [now temporarily under 2nd
Captain W. Greene, Eligé having been killed at the Salamanca forts]
companies were present at Salamanca, as was also the Reserve Artillery,
but the last-named was not engaged.

Maxwell’s company was with Hill in Estremadura from January till the
march to Madrid in September-October. Part of it was present at the
capture of Almaraz on 19 May.


B.

The following additional companies were in Portugal in 1812, but did
not join the field army:--

  _Bat-        _Under Command of_      _Arrived in    _Designation in 1914._
  talion._                             Peninsula._
    6th     Brevet Major H. F.         April 1811      102 Company, R.G.A.
              Holcombe
    1st     Captain A. Bredin          September 1808  37th Battery, R.F.A.
    6th     Captain G. Thompson        March 1809      18th Battery, R.F.A.
    5th     Captain H. Stone           March 1812      92 Company, R.G.A.
    6th     Captain W. Morrison        October 1812    51 Company, R.G.A.

Of these Holcombe’s company was employed at the sieges of Ciudad
Rodrigo and Badajoz. The other companies present at these leaguers were
Glubb’s and Lawson’s at Rodrigo, and Glubb’s and Gardiner’s at Badajoz.

In June Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies were sent round by sea to
the east coast of Spain, and there joined the Anglo-Sicilian expedition
of General Maitland, with which they continued to serve.


C.

At the beginning of 1812, there were present at Cadiz, Cartagena, and
Tarifa, doing garrison duty, the following companies under Lieut.-Col.
A. Duncan:--

  _Bat-        _Under Command of_      _Arrived in    _Designation in 1914._
  talion._                             Peninsula._
    2nd     Captain P. Campbell[812]   March 1810[813] 62 Company, R.G.A.
    5th     Captain H. Owen            January 1810    60 Company, R.G.A.
    9th     Captain P. J. Hughes       January 1810    Reduced in 1819.
   10th     Captain W. Roberts         March 1810      63 Company, R.G.A.
   10th     Major A. Dickson           April 1810      21 Company, R.G.A.
   10th     Captain W. Shenley         April 1810      11 Company, R.G.A.

  [812] This company went to Cartagena from Cadiz at the end
  of January 1812, where it remained until the end of the war.
  Campbell was not with it, having command of an infantry regiment
  in the Spanish Army.

  [813] From Gibraltar.

Of these Hughes’s company was detached to Tarifa, and took a brilliant
part in its defence in Dec. 1811-Jan. 1812. The rest were in Cadiz and
the Isle of Leon. Owen’s and Dickson’s companies (the latter until July
1812 being commanded by Captain R. H. Birch, whose own company of the
10th battalion was at Gibraltar, as Dickson, with the rank of Major,
was serving with the Portuguese Army) marched from Cadiz to Madrid
with Skerrett’s column at the end of September 1812, and in October
joined Wellington’s main field army. Hughes’s, Roberts’s, and Shenley’s
companies remained in garrison at Cadiz, and Campbell’s was divided
between Cartagena and Tarifa.


D.

At Alicante, under General Maitland, there were present during the
later months of the year not only Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies,
which had come round from Lisbon, but also the two following British
companies from Sicily:--

  _Bat-        _Under Command of_      _Arrived in    _Designation in 1914._
  talion._                             Peninsula._
    8th     Captain J. S. Williamson   August 1812     40th Battery, R.F.A.
    4th     Captain R. G. Lacy         December 1812   25 Company, R.G.A.


III. KING’S GERMAN LEGION ARTILLERY

Of the three companies of the Legionary Artillery in the Peninsula
only one (No. 4) was with the field army, that of Captain F. Sympher,
attached to the 4th Division. This unit was present at the siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo, and also at the battle of Salamanca.

Captain K. Rettberg’s (No. 1) and Captain A. Cleeves’s (No. 2)
companies were doing garrison duty in the Lisbon forts; but Rettberg
himself, with a detachment of two officers and thirty men of his
company, came up to the siege of Badajoz in March-April.


IV. PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY

[The details are taken from Major Teixeira Botelho’s _Subsidios_.]

Only three field batteries accompanied the allied field army during the
campaign of 1812, though seven had been at the front in 1811. These
batteries were:--

Captain J. da Cunha Preto’s 6-pounder [from the 1st regiment] and
Captain W. Braun’s 9-pounder [from the 2nd regiment] batteries, both
attached to General Hamilton’s Portuguese division, which always acted
with Hill in Estremadura, and Major S. J. de Arriaga’s 24-pounder
howitzer battery, which formed part of the Artillery Reserve, and
accompanied Wellington’s own army to Badajoz, Salamanca, and Burgos.
This company came from the 1st (Lisbon) regiment.

But in addition the 2nd or Algarve regiment supplied one company, under
Captain J. C. Pereira do Amaral for the siege of Badajoz.

The 4th or Oporto regiment gave two companies (200 men) under Captain
J. V. Miron for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and one (70 men) under
Captain William Cox for the siege of Badajoz. Cox’s company was sent
round to Alicante in June, along with the British companies of Holcombe
and Thompson, and joined Maitland’s Anglo-Sicilian corps for the rest
of the war.

Another company of the 4th regiment under Captain D. G. Ferreri formed
the divisional artillery of Silveira’s Militia corps, and was present
at the blockade of Zamora in June-July 1812.

The 1st or Lisbon regiment sent a company under Captain M. A. Penedo to
Alicante, along with the company of Cox mentioned above from the 4th
regiment. It also supplied one company under Lieutenant A. da Costa e
Silva for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo.

The 3rd or Elvas regiment supplied three companies, under the command
of Major A. Tulloh[814], for the siege of Badajoz--they were those of
Captains A. V. Barreiros, J. Elizeu, and J. M. Delgado.

  [814] Captain R.A., but now serving in the Portuguese Artillery,
  with the rank of Major.




INDEX


  Abadia, Francisco Xavier, general, orders for, 220;
    tiresome conduct of, 337.

  Abbé, general, governor of Navarre, his proclamation against
      guerrilleros, 102;
    defeated by Mina, 198.

  Alba de Tormes, Carlos de España fails to hold castle of, 415, 466.

  Albuera, Hill in position at, 269;
    combats in front of, 527-30.

  Alcantara, bridge of, restored by Wellington, 333.

  Aldaya, combat of, 64.

  Alicante, occupied by Mahy, repulses Montbrun, 78, 79;
    Maitland lands at, 573.

  Almaraz, forts of, stormed by Hill, 322-30.

  Almeida, re-fortified by Wellington, 160;
    repulses the attack of Clausel, 281.

  Almendralejo, seized by Hill, 132.

  Altafulla, combat of, 96.

  Alten, Victor, general, fails to assist Carlos de España at Rodrigo, 280;
    retreats to Villa Velha, 284;
    results of his action, 290;
    with Wellington’s advance into Spain, 352;
    at Salamanca, 365, 369, 372-3;
    at Pollos, 389, 399, 401;
    his successful charge at Castrillo, 405-6;
    wounded at Salamanca, 422.

  America, Spanish colonies in, troubles of, 136-8, 337.

  Andalusia, position of Soult in, 80, 108, 109, 110, 274, 305;
    evacuation of, proposed by Jourdan, 307, 308;
    resisted by Soult, 309-10;
    operations in, during June-August, 521, 522, 535, 536;
    evacuation of, by Soult, 539-43.

  Andriani, Luis, colonel, defends Saguntum, 13, 17-30;
    surrenders, 45-6.

  Anson, George, major-general, operations of his cavalry, 401, 402;
    at Salamanca, 449, 461;
    at Garcia Hernandez, 501.

  Anson, William, major-general, his brigade at Castrillo, 406;
    at Salamanca, 457, 458.

  Aragon, French army of, 5;
    Suchet’s garrisons in, 6;
    operations of Duran and the guerrilleros in, 21-3;
    French reinforcements for, 51-2;
    Palombini’s and Severoli’s campaigns in, 98-101.

  Arentschildt, Friedrich, colonel, takes command of a brigade at
      Salamanca, 442-5, 454, 461, 494;
    marches on Madrid, 504.

  Artificers, Royal Military, at siege of Badajoz, 225, 255-6;
    converted into Royal Sappers and Miners, 256.

  Artillery, the allied, table of the, in 1812, Appendix, pp. 619-22.

  Astorga, siege of, 337-8, 388, 502.

  Asturias, the, evacuated by Bonnet, 196-8;
    reconquered by him, 338;
    evacuated again, 390, 391.

  Aubert, colonel, governor of Almaraz, slain there, 324-6.

  Ayerbe, skirmish at, 22.


  Baccelar, Manuel, general, commands Portuguese of the North, 219-21;
    concentrates to keep off Marmont, 282-3;
    dissuades Trant from attacking Marmont, 285.

  Badajoz, siege of, 217-56;
    disgraceful sack of, 256-64.

  Ballasteros, Francisco, general, harasses Soult in south Andalusia, 111;
    harasses the besiegers of Tarifa, 116-17;
    unwilling to receive orders from British, 230;
    threatens Seville, 274;
    retires prematurely, 275;
    his ineffective raids on Zahara and Osuna, 275;
    routs Rey at Alhaurin, 276;
    checked at battle of Bornos, 336, 348, 385;
    instructed by Wellington to threaten Seville, 519;
    defeated at Bornos, 521, 522;
    surprises Malaga, 535;
    and Osuna, 536;
    harasses retreating French, 542, 544.

  Barcelona, alleged poisoning plot at, 565.

  Barnard, Andrew, colonel, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 179;
    becomes commander of the Light Division on Craufurd’s death, 182, 184.

  Barrié, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, 165, 173, 188.

  Barrois, general, takes part in siege of Tarifa, 116;
    sent to Drouet’s aid by Soult, 525, 531.

  Bathurst, Henry, second earl, his correspondence with Wellington on
      financial difficulties, 350, 351.

  Bentinck, Lord Frederick, negotiates with Wellington, 344.

  Bentinck, Lord William, commander of British forces in Sicily,
      proposes expedition against east coast of Spain, 342, 343;
    sends only a small force, 346, 347;
    his indecision, 386, 408;
    the expedition starts, 499, 565.

  Beresford, William Carr, marshal, his strict discipline for Portuguese
      army, 149;
    at siege of Badajoz, 217, 228;
    leads centre of army advancing into Leon, 352;
    nominated by Wellington second in command in event of his being
      disabled, 353;
    before Salamanca, 359;
    with Wellington involved in skirmish of Castrejon, 402;
    urges delay in attack at Salamanca, 427;
    in the battle, 459;
    wounded, 471.

  Berkeley, admiral, sends Russian guns for siege of Badajoz, 224.

  Berthier, Louis Alexander, marshal, his dispatch to Marmont on
      reorganization of army of Portugal, 189;
    sends news of Joseph’s appointment as Commander-in-Chief to the
      marshals in the Peninsula, 298-9.

  Bertoletti, general, governor of Tarragona, 96.

  Bilbao, taken by Popham and Mendizabal, 556;
    recaptured by Caffarelli, 557.

  Blake, Joaquim, general, Spanish commander-in-chief in Valencia,
      assumes defensive against Suchet, 10;
    his plans, 19-23;
    advances against Suchet, 31;
    defeated at battle of Saguntum, 36-43;
    besieged by Suchet in Valencia, 47-72;
    surrenders, 73;
    imprisoned at Vincennes, 73.

  Blaniac, H. Lafon, general, appointed governor of Madrid on Joseph’s
      departure, 488;
    defends the Retiro against Wellington, 507;
    surrenders, 516.

  Bock, Eberhard, major-general, commanding Heavy Dragoons K.G.L. at
      Badajoz, 219, 229;
    with army advancing into Leon, 352;
    at Salamanca, 365, 372, 373;
    at Pollos, 389;
    at Castrillo, 399;
    at Salamanca, 403, 425;
    at Garcia Hernandez, 476-7;
    marches on Madrid, 504;
    goes north with Wellington, 581.

  Bonnet, general, his expedition into the Asturias, 338;
    summoned by Marmont before Salamanca, 354;
    joins him, 381, 390, 391;
    his feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
    at Salamanca, 424-39;
    assumes command on Marmont’s being disabled, 440;
    wounded, 440, 469.

  Bornos, battle of, 336, 385.

  Bourke, general, defeated by Eroles at Roda, 98.

  Boussard, general, wounded at Aldaya, 64.

  Brennier, Antoine François, general, blockades Rodrigo, 281;
    beaten at Castrillo, 405, 406;
    his division routed at Salamanca, 451.

  Burgoyne, John, major of engineers, takes charge of assault on
      castle of Badajoz, 251;
    besieges the forts of Salamanca, 362.


  Cadiz, bombardment of by the French, 167, 168;
    politics at, 137-44;
    siege of, raised, 539, 540.

  Caffarelli, Louis Marie, general, occupies Saragossa, 57;
    troubles of, in Aragon, 82;
    vainly pursues Mina, 103;
    Wellington’s plans against, 339, 340;
    promises help to Marmont, 356, 372;
    fails to send it, 378, 393, 394;
    sends cavalry brigade under Chauvel, 419;
    relieves Santander, 554;
    retakes Bilbao from Mendizabal, 556, 557.

  Calatayud, captured by Duran, 21, 22;
    attacked by Montijo, 51-2;
    captured by Gayan, 101.

  Campbell, Colin, general, governor of Gibraltar, garrisons Tarifa, 112;
    forbids abandonment of the town, 123.

  Campbell, John, colonel, commands brigade of Portuguese horse in
      Estremadura, 219, 530, 531, 534.

  Caro, José, general, at battle of Saguntum, 33, 41, 42.

  Caroline, queen of the Two Sicilies, her intrigues against the
      British, 346, 347.

  Carrera, La, Martin, brigadier, encompasses Boussard’s cavalry at
      Aldaya, 64;
    his gallant raid on Murcia, 81;
    death, 81.

  Carrié, general, beaten and captured at Castrillo, 405.

  Castalla, battle of, 567-70.

  Castaños, Francis Xavier, general, in command in Galicia, 197, 219,
      337, 388.

  Castello Branco, sacked by Clausel, 284.

  Castlereagh, Lord, succeeds Canning at the Foreign Office, 155, 349.

  Castrejon, combat of, 401, 402.

  Castrillo, combat of, 405, 406.

  Castro Urdiales, taken by Popham, 553.

  Catalonia, French army of, 4, 5;
    operations of Lacy, Eroles, and Decaen in, 90-9;
    formally annexed by Napoleon, 97;
    projected British landing in, 344;
    Lacy’s summer campaign in, 562-4;
    Maitland refuses to land in, 571.

  Ceccopieri, colonel, slain near Ayerbe, 22.

  Cerdagne, ravaged by Eroles, 93;
    by Sarsfield, 99.

  Chauvel, general, arrives after Salamanca, and covers retreat of
      French army, 482.

  Chlopiski, general, commands flank-guard at Saguntum, 35;
    his victorious charge, 37.

  Chowne, Christopher Tilson, general, makes false attack on castle of
      Miravete, 324-8.

  Ciudad Real, seized by Morillo, 134.

  Clausel, Bertrand, general, fails to attack Almeida, 281;
    occupies Castello Branco, 284;
    dissuades Marmont from attacking at Salamanca, 367, 368;
    his unsuccessful attack at Castrillo, 405, 406;
    at battle of Salamanca, 430, 435;
    assumes command after Marmont and Bonnet are disabled, 440;
    advances on Wellington’s centre, 458;
    repulsed, 460;
    wounded, 469;
    his dispatch to Joseph, 489;
    continues to retreat north, 491.

  Clinton, Henry, general, his victorious advance at Salamanca, 459-60;
    left to contain Clausel, 501.

  Codrington, Edward, captain R.N., operations of, on the coast of
      Catalonia, 92, 563, 564;
    his views on Lacy and Eroles, 572.

  Colborne, John, colonel, leads storming-party at Ciudad Rodrigo, 167;
    wounded, 182, 184.

  Cole, Hon. Lowry, general, his operations on June 10, 403-6;
    his advance at Salamanca, 455;
    wounded, 456.

  Conroux, Nicolas, general, surprised by Ballasteros, 522.

  Constitution, the Spanish, drawn up by the Cortes, 140, 144.

  Copons, Francisco, general, at the siege of Tarifa, 112, 118;
    opposes evacuation of the town, 123, 125.

  Cortes, the, at Cadiz, Constitution drawn up by, 140.

  Cotton, Stapleton, general, routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia,
      278;
    commands rearguard on retreat to Salamanca, 401;
    in the battle, 434-47, 449;
    wounded there, 471.

  Craufurd, Robert, general, observing Ciudad Rodrigo, 159;
    mortally wounded in storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 182;
    Charles Stewart’s high estimate of him, 186.

  Creagh, Juan, general, at Valencia, 60, 65.

  Cruz Murgeon, Juan, general, storms Seville, 540, 541.

  Cuenca, occupied by Mahy, 24;
    taken by D’Armagnac, 56;
    evacuated by Maupoint, 488.


  Daricau, general, operations of, in Estremadura, 233, 275, 521, 526,
      533.

  D’Armagnac, general, goes to aid Suchet in Valencia, 56-76;
    co-operates with Montbrun, 478.

  Decaen, Charles, general, commands in Catalonia, 4, 5, 90;
    his difficulties with Barcelona, 92;
    relieves Barcelona, 94;
    harassed by the Catalan army under Lacy, 563.

  Decken, Gustav von der, captain, his gallant charge and mortal wound
      at Garcia Hernandez, 477.

  Delort, colonel, defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 568, 569.

  D’Erlon, _see_ Drouet.

  Denia, captured by General Harispe, 87.

  Dickson, Alexander, colonel, brings up siege-guns to Ciudad Rodrigo,
      160;
    prepares for siege of Badajoz, 201, 224;
    his account of the storm, 247;
    with Hill’s expedition to Almaraz, 322;
    at Salamanca, 364.

  Dombrouski, general, driven from Merida, 131, 132.

  Dorsenne, Jean Marie, general, ignores the danger of Ciudad Rodrigo,
      187, 188, 194;
    meets Marmont at Valladolid, 192;
    declines to obey Jourdan’s orders, 300, 304.

  Downie, John, colonel, his gallant conduct at Seville, 541.

  Doyle, Charles, general, suggests fortification of Saguntum
      (Murviedro), 11, 12.

  Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’Erlon, in Estremadura, observing Hill,
      106, 107;
    driven from Almendralejo by Hill, 132;
    retires before Graham, 230, 231;
    sends pressing summons to Soult, 267;
    routed by Le Marchant at Villagarcia, 277;
    fails to intercept Hill after Almaraz, 330, 331;
    threatened by Hill, 525;
    his manœuvres against Hill, 531-5;
    retreats suddenly to join Soult, 543.

  Duran, José, chief of guerrilleros, seizes Calatayud, 21;
    attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
    seizes Almunia, and retires to Molina, 51.

  D’Urban, Benjamin, colonel, chief of the Portuguese staff, his views
      on Wellington’s advance into Leon, 317;
    with Silveira on the Douro, 339;
    his activity, 386, 387, 409;
    joins Wellington before Salamanca, 410-13;
    in the battle, 426-36;
    his charge, 441-5, 453, 454, 461;
    in pursuit of Joseph at Segovia, 495;
    enters the town, 496;
    marches on Madrid, 504;
    routed by Treillard at Majalahonda, 509-13.


  ‘El Manco,’ guerrillero chief, 102.

  Empecinado, Juan Martin, the, his co-operation with the army of
      Valencia, 3, 5, 10;
    seizes Calatayud, 21;
    attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
    attacks Mazzuchelli, 51;
    his jealousy of Montijo, 52;
    his disaster at Siguenza, 102;
    captures the garrison of Guadalajara, 516.

  Engineers, Wellington’s demand for sappers and miners, 255, 256.

  Eroles, General Baron, raids French frontier, 93;
    destroys a French column at Villaseca, 95;
    defeated at Altafulla, 96;
    defeats Bourke at Roda, 98;
    his differences with Lacy, 562-3.

  Erskine, Sir William, lieut.-general, sends false intelligence of
      French advance to Hill, 330;
    Wellington’s comments on, 331-2;
    his slack pursuit of Pierre Soult, 542.

  España, Carlos de, general, 220;
    retires from Rodrigo before Marmont’s advance, 280, 281;
    reports lack of provisions to Wellington, 290;
    joins Wellington before Salamanca, 355, 365;
    at the ford of Pollos, 389;
    at Castrillo, 399;
    at Salamanca, 411;
    fails to hold castle of Alba de Tormes, 415, 466;
    marches on Madrid, 504;
    governor of Madrid, 517, 567.

  Estremadura, invaded by Hill, 133, 134;
    operations by Hill and Graham in, 228-33;
    campaign of Hill and Drouet in, June-August, 520-33.


  Ferey, general, advises Marmont to fight at San Cristobal, 367;
    covers retreat of French at Salamanca, 462-5;
    slain, 464, 469.

  Figueras, fall of, 1.

  Fletcher, Richard, colonel, engineer officer directing siege of
      Ciudad Rodrigo, 170;
    at Badajoz, 228, 237;
    wounded, 238;
    again on duty, 243.

  Fortescue, Hon. John, his estimate of the British Ministers and their
      dealings with Wellington, 152.

  Foy, Maximilien, general, moves with Montbrun against Valencia, 52-78;
    attempts to divert British from Badajoz, 233, 266;
    fails to help Almaraz, 329;
    his description of Marmont’s plans at San Cristobal, 367;
    at Toro, 390;
    makes feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
    describes opening of battle of Salamanca, 420, 421, 424, 433;
    criticism of Marmont, 438, 461;
    successfully covers French retreat, 467;
    his account of battle of Salamanca, 472-3;
    defeated at Garcia Hernandez, 475-8.

  Freire, Manuel, general, prevented from joining Blake at Valencia, 57;
    with Mahy’s force, 77, 78;
    his raid on eastern Andalusia, 559.

  Frère, general, protects Suchet’s rear in Catalonia, 6, 92.


  Galicia, state of, in 1812, 220, 337, 338.

  Garcia Hernandez, combat of, 467-8.

  Gaspard-Thierry, colonel, governor of Picurina fort at Badajoz, taken
      prisoner, 240.

  Gayan, guerrillero chief, seizes Calatayud, 101.

  Gijon, occupied by the French, 338.

  Gough, Hugh, colonel, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 118;
    opposes its evacuation, 122-7.

  Graham, Thomas, general, overruns Estremadura, 228;
    fails to catch Reymond, 230-2;
    falls back on Albuera, 268;
    obliged to throw up his command, 352-3;
    before Salamanca, 359, 369, 373-5.

  Granada, evacuated by Soult, 544, 545.

  Grant, Colquhoun, major, captured at Idanha Nova, 292, 318.

  Guarda, Trant’s disaster at, 285-6.

  Guarena, combat of the, 404-5.

  Gudin, colonel, at the storming of Saguntum, 17, 18.

  Guetaria, attacked by Home Popham, 553, 557.

  Gurwood, lieutenant, J., leads forlorn hope at storm of Ciudad
      Rodrigo, 181;
    controversy concerning, 589.


  Habert, general, at storming of Saguntum, 17, 28, 33, 39;
    at capture of Valencia, 58-63;
    joins Harispe, 67;
    at Gandia, 85.

  Hamilton, general A., commands a Portuguese division under Hill, 130,
      520.

  Harispe, general, in invasion of Valencia, 14;
    at battle of Saguntum, 34, 40;
    at capture of Valencia, 58, 61-4;
    moves toward Alicante, 85;
    defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 567-70;
    retires behind the Xucar, 573.

  Hay, Andrew Leith, captain, his account of the storming of Badajoz,
      255;
    of the battle of Salamanca, 448-9.

  Henriod, governor of Lerida, repulses Lacy, 564.

  Hill, Rowland, General, his advance into Estremadura, 86:
    retires into Portugal, 106;
    seizes Merida, 130-2;
    forms covering force for siege of Badajoz, 218, 228, 233;
    joins Graham at Albuera, 268;
    contains Drouet in Estremadura, 291;
    his raid on Almaraz, 311-29, 348;
    Wellington’s instructions to him to harass Drouet, 519;
    advances to Zafra, 522;
    awaits Drouet’s attack, 527;
    his manœuvres against Drouet, 531-5;
    does not pursue when Drouet joins Soult, 543;
    warns Wellington of Soult’s evacuation of Andalusia, 578;
    marches on Madrid, 579.

  Hodenberg, Karl, captain in the K.G.L., his account of the sack of
      Badajoz, 262;
    of Garcia Hernandez, 480.


  Infantado, J. de Silva, Duke of, created a member of the Regency 144,
      145.


  Jones, John, colonel R.E., his remarks on the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo,
      173;
    on the storming of Badajoz, 247;
    on the siege of the Salamanca forts, 371.

  Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, Napoleon’s instructions to him to
      send troops to Valencia, 53;
    he negotiates with the Cortes at Cadiz, 138;
    receives news of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 188;
    appointed commander-in-chief by Napoleon, 298;
    difficulties of his situation, 301, 302;
    determines to march to Marmont’s aid, 385;
    authorizes Marmont to give battle, 395;
    marches north to join Marmont, 484;
    receives news of the defeat of Salamanca, 488;
    retreats to Madrid, 489;
    halts at Segovia, 492;
    evacuates Madrid, 505;
    orders Drouet to join him, 533;
    marches on Valencia, 574-8.

  Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, appointed Chief-of-the-Staff to
      Joseph, 298;
    his comments on the situation, 301;
    his _Mémoire_ of May 1812, 303-7;
    urges Marmont to attack Wellington, 394, 395;
    his criticism of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 430, 473;
    marches with Joseph to aid Marmont, 488;
    and retreats, 489;
    urges evacuation of the Retiro, 507.


  Kempt, James, major-general, leads assault on castle of Badajoz,
      239-40;
    takes command when Picton is disabled, 251;
    wounded, 252.

  Kincaid, John, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 261.

  King, Henry, major, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 112,  118;
    opposes its evacuation, 122, 123.


  La Carrera, _see_ Carrera.

  Lacy, Luis, general, his raids against Igualada, Cervera, and
      Montserrat, 5;
    his quarrels with the Catalan Junta, 91;
    endeavours to starve out Barcelona and Tarragona, 94;
    his unpopularity, 91, 562, 563;
    his fruitless attack on Lerida, 564;
    dissuades Maitland from landing at Palamos, 571.

  Lafosse, general, governor of Tortosa, surprised and routed by Eroles,
      95.

  Lallemand, general, defeats Slade at Maguilla, 523, 524;
    skirmishes with Hill’s cavalry, 530, 531.

  Lamare, commandant of engineers at Badajoz, 235;
    his able conduct in the defence, 246.

  La Peña, Canon, secret agent of King Joseph, 139, 140.

  Lardizabal, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
    at battle of Saguntum, 32, 40, 44;
    at siege of Valencia, 60, 66;
    fails to cut his way out, 70;
    surrender of, 73.

  Leith, James, general, commanding 5th Division, his successful
      escalade at Badajoz, 245, 253, 254;
    at Salamanca, 434, 435;
    leads central attack, 446, 448;
    wounded, 449, 471.

  Le Marchant, John Gaspard, general, commanding heavy dragoons, 219,
      228;
    routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia, 277;
    with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
    at Salamanca, 365, 374;
    at Pollos, 389;
    to Fuente la Peña, 399;
    at Salamanca, 403, 425, 447, 449;
    charges Maucune’s division, 450, 451;
    fatally wounded, 452;
    founder of Military College at High Wycombe, 452.

  Le Mesurier, Haviland, general, governor of Almeida, repulses Clausel,
      281;
    his report on the defences of the city, 283.

  Leval, Jean François, general, besieges Tarifa, 116-29;
    fails to catch Ballasteros, 536;
    harassed by Freire, 559, 560.

  Liverpool, Lord, his support of Wellington, 152-6, 349;
    sanctions Sir Home Popham’s naval expedition on coast of Biscay,
      340;
    and Bentinck’s scheme for attacking Catalonian coast, 342, 343.

  Llerena, Graham’s operations round, 230, 231.

  Longa, Juan, guerrillero chief, 340;
    joins Popham’s raid on Biscayan coast, 553;
    joins Mendizabal at Bilbao, 557.

  Lübeck, sack of, by Bernadotte’s troops a parallel to that of Badajoz,
      262.

  Luddites, the, riots of, 153.


  Macdonald, Étienne, marshal, Duke of Tarentum, recall of, 1.

  Mackinnon, Henry, major-general, at siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 178, 180;
    killed in the storm, 181.

  Madrid, Wellington marches on, 497;
    evacuated by Joseph, 506, 507;
    Wellington’s triumphal entry, 513, 514.

  Maguilla, combat of, 385, 523, 524.

  Mahy, Nicolas, general, commands Murcian army, 20;
    his abortive expedition against Cuenca, 23;
    joins Blake in attacking Suchet, 31;
    at battle of Saguntum, 36-8;
    his comments, 39;
    opinion of Valencians, 50;
    abandons Valencia, escapes to the south, 64, 68;
    occupies Alicante, 78;
    abandons Denia, 87;
    removed from his command, 87.

  Maitland, Frederick, general, leads Sicilian expedition against
      Catalonia, 346, 347, 499, 565;
    arrives at Palamos, 571;
    at Alicante, 572;
    threatens Harispe, 573;
    withdraws to Alicante, 574.

  Majalahonda, combat of, 509-13.

  Malaga, surprised by Ballasteros, 535;
    seized by English squadron, 559.

  Marmont, Auguste Frédéric, marshal, Duke of Ragusa, sends expedition
      to Valencia, 53, 157, 161;
    receives news of fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 187, 188;
    reorganization of his army by Napoleon, 190, 191;
    warned by Thiébault of Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 192,
      195;
    concentrates troops to oppose him, 196;
    retires to Valladolid 199;
    deprived of some troops by the Emperor, 203, 204;
    severely criticized by Napoleon, 203-6, 221-6;
    makes a raid on central Portugal, 243;
    concerts joint action with Soult against Wellington, 266;
    masks Rodrigo and Almeida, and marches to Sabugal, 283;
    surprises Trant at Guarda, 285;
    returns to Sabugal, 288;
    and Fuente Guinaldo, 288;
    escapes from Wellington at Fuente Guinaldo, 290-5;
    receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 298-9;
    sends in report to Joseph, 302;
    his partial compliance with Joseph’s orders, 310-11;
    his intercepted dispatches, 318-19;
    evacuates Salamanca, 354;
    his dispatch to Joseph, 370;
    waits vainly for Caffarelli, 370-8;
    retreats on to the Douro, 380;
    requisitions horses, 391;
    advances against Wellington, 397;
    long strategical movements, 398-417;
    opens battle of Salamanca, 421-37;
    wounded, 437;
    his dispatch, 469;
    criticism of his actions, 472-4;
    his report to Joseph, 488.

  Mathieu, Maurice, general, operations of, in Catalonia, 94-6, 563.

  Maucune, general, at Salamanca, 430-7.

  May, John, brevet-major, R.A., in charge of siege of forts of
      Salamanca, 362.

  Mazzuchelli, general, his skirmishes with Aragonese guerrilleros, 51.

  Melito, André, Miot de, Joseph’s minister, his comments on his
      master’s situation, 301.

  Mendizabal, Gabriel, general, commanding 7th army, employed by
      Wellington to harass Caffarelli, 339, 348;
    comes to aid Popham, 554;
    in conjunction with Popham captures Bilbao, 550-7;
    driven out by Caffarelli, 557.

  Merida, seized and evacuated by Hill, 130-2;
    reoccupied, 233;
    raided by the French, 535.

  Merino, guerrillero chief, his cruelty, 102.

  Mina, Francisco, guerrilla chief, 4, 6, 21;
    destroys Ceccopieri, 22;
    eludes Musnier, 23;
    his reprisals against the governor of Navarre, 102;
    escapes into Aragon, 103;
    seizes French convoy in the Pass of Salinas, 103;
    escapes from Pannetier, 104;
    his activity in the North, 190;
    defeats Abbé near Pampeluna, 198;
    his activity 548, 549;
    sends aid to Popham, 553.

  Miranda, José, general, at battle of Saguntum 36-44;
    at Valencia, 60.

  Mislata, combat of, 65-6.

  Montbrun, Louis Pierre, general, leads expedition against Valencia, 53,
      76;
    advances on Alicante, 77;
    retires, 78;
    returns to Toledo, 79, 265.

  Montijo, conde de, commands irregular troops against Suchet, 49, 52;
    besieges Soria, 198;
    with O’Donnell at rout of Castalla, 568-9.

  Morillo, Pablo, general, his raid on La Mancha, 134, 135;
    with Penne-Villemur threatens Seville, 274;
    co-operates with Hill, 520;
    marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.

  Mosquera, Joaquim, member of the Council of the Indies, created member
      of the Spanish Regency, 144.

  Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, failure of his expedition against
      Sicily, 341.

  Murcia, captured and evacuated by Pierre Soult, 80, 81.

  Murviedro, _see_ Saguntum.

  Musnier, general, 9;
    opposed by guerrilleros, 21-3;
    marches on Valencia, 57;
    attacks Valencia, 61, 69:
    relieves Tarragona, 94-6.


  Napier, George, major, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 181;
    wounded, 182.

  Napier, Sir William, historian, his remarks on the surrender of
      Peniscola, 88;
    comments on the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 194;
    account of the storming of Badajoz, 247;
    of Salamanca, 407, 457;
    comments on Soult’s plan for retiring on Andalusia, 546;
    accepts Suchet’s version of his administration in Valencia, 560, 561.

  Napoleon, Emperor, his plans for the invasion of Valencia, 2;
    arrangements for reinforcing Suchet, 53-5, 80;
    withdraws troops from Spain for the Russian War, 83-4, 189;
    his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 96-7;
    fails to foresee Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 193, 194;
    withdraws troops from Marmont, 203:
    his criticism on the fall of Badajoz, 270;
    his forebodings about the Russian campaign, 297;
    appoints Joseph commander-in-chief of forces in the Peninsula, 298;
    further instructions to Joseph, 312, 313;
    his condemnation of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 396, 397, 431,
      439, 473.

  Navarro, Garcia, treacherously surrenders Peniscola, 87;
    deserts to the French, 89.

  Navas de Membrillo, combat of, 131.

  Neveux, captain, exploit of, at Navas de Membrillo, 131.

  Nevill, P. P., colonel, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 263, 264.

  Ney, Michel, marshal, Duke of Elchingen, his views on the treatment of
      a garrison that held out to the last, 259.

  Niebla, the Condado of (western Andalusia), operations in, 107, 274,
      539.


  Obispo, José, general, cuts French communications, 20;
    driven away by Palombini, 24;
    returns to Segorbe, 30;
    advances on Saguntum, 32, 35;
    arrives too late for the battle, 36, 38;
    at Valencia, 60;
    retires to Cullera, 65.

  O’Donnell, Charles, general, threatens Suchet’s flank, 20, 21;
    forced to retire from Benaguacil by Suchet, 24, 25;
    at battle of Saguntum, 35, 544.

  O’Donnell, Henry, conde de la Bispal, made member of the Regency, 144.

  O’Donnell, Joseph, general, captain-general of Murcia, reorganizes
      Mahy’s troops, 559;
    routed by Harispe at Castalla, 567-70.

  Ollorgan, combat of, 557.

  O’Ronan, colonel, at battle of Saguntum, 32, 37.

  Oropesa, garrisoned by Blake, 13, 14;
    taken by Suchet, its garrison escapes, 25.

  O’Toole, Bryan, major, commanding Portuguese caçadores at Ciudad
      Rodrigo, 179, 183.

  Oviedo, captured by Bonnet, 338;
    evacuated by him, 381.


  Pack, Denis, general, commanding Portuguese brigade at Ciudad Rodrigo,
      179, 183;
    sent to Badajoz, 217, 229;
    to Portalegre, 291;
    with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
    at Salamanca, 365;
    at Pollos, 389;
    at Salamanca, 411, 424, 425;
    his attack on the Greater Arapile, 455, 457;
    marches on Madrid, 504;
    with Wellington’s army moves North, 581.

  Pakenham, Hon. Edward, major-general, takes command of the 3rd
      Division before Salamanca, 352, 353;
    in battle, 425, 426;
    executes turning movement, 436;
    routs Thomières, 443, 445, 461.

  Palacio, Marquis, captain-general of Valencia, 20.

  Palamos, Maitland at, 571.

  Palombini, general, sent against Obispo, 24, 30;
    at siege and battle of Saguntum, 28, 33, 41;
    at capture of Valencia, 63, 65, 66;
    moved to southern Aragon, 85;
    checked by Villacampa, 100;
    summoned by Joseph to Madrid, 487;
    at Majalahonda, 509.

  Peña La, Canon, employed by Joseph to negotiate with Cortes at Cadiz,
      139.

  Peniscola, held by General Garcia Navarro, 13;
    treacherously surrendered by him, 87, 88.

  Penne-Villemur, Conde de, threatens Seville, 229, 230;
    with Morillo makes a raid on Seville, 274;
    co-operates with Hill, 520, 522;
    routed by Lallemand at Santa Marta, 530;
    pursues Drouet, 543;
    marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.

  Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister, his troubles, 151-6.

  Phillipon, Armand, general, governor of Badajoz, 235;
    his energy and ability, 236, 240, 242;
    his gallant defence at the storm of the city, 45, 246;
    surrenders, 254;
    Soult’s over-confidence in him, 270.

  Picurina, fort at Badajoz, stormed, 239, 240.

  Ponsonby, Hon. William, commanding cavalry brigade at Villagarcia,
      278;
    at Salamanca, 365;
    marches on Madrid, 504;
    drives away Treillard from Majalahonda, 512;
    goes north with Wellington’s army, 58.

  Popham, Sir Home, leads naval expedition against coast-forts of
      Cantabria and Biscay, 340-8;
    prevents Caffarelli from joining Marmont, 378, 384, 393;
    his descent on the Biscayan coast, 550;
    his successes, 552, 553;
    captures Santander, 554, 555;
    captures Bilbao, 556, 557.

  Porlier, Juan Diaz, guerrillero leader, in Cantabria, 338, 339, 340,
      555, 556.

  Regency, the, of Portugal, its financial difficulties, 145, 350-51.

  Regency, the, of Spain, its composition changed, 144.

  Reille, Honoré Charles, general, commands division on Upper Ebro, 4;
    joins Suchet, 7, 48, 52, 57;
    attacks Valencia, 61;
    appointed chief of the army of the Ebro, 96;
    his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 98;
    fails to capture Mina, 104.

  Reizenstein, August von, captain K.G.L., leads charge at Garcia
      Hernandez, 479.

  Renaud Redoute, at Rodrigo, stormed by Colborne, 167, 168.

  Renovales, Colonel, his operation in Biscay, 556-7.

  Reymond, general, escapes from Graham, 230, 231.

  Ridge, Henry, lieut.-colonel, killed at the storm of Badajoz, 252.

  Rignoux, general, governor of Seville, alarmed by raids of
      guerrilleros, 274, 275.

  Rivas, Ignacio Rodriguez de, member of the Cadiz Regency, 144.

  Roche, Philip K., general, organizes a Spanish division at Alicante,
      85;
    his operations at the battle of Castalla, 567-70;
    joins Maitland at Alicante, 572.

  Roda, combat of, 98.

  Rodrigo, Ciudad, siege of, 158, 161-86;
    defies Marmont, 281;
    blockaded by Brennier, 281.

  Rogniat, general, at the storm of Saguntum, 27.

  Ross, captain, killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 170.

  Rouget, general, his campaign about Bilbao, 557.

  Russia, Napoleon’s war with, causes withdrawal of French troops from
      the Peninsula, 83.


  Saguntum (_or_ Murviedro), its defences, 11, 16, 17;
    ineffectually stormed by Suchet, 17-19;
    battle of, 26-45;
    surrender of, 45.

  Salamanca, evacuated by Marmont, 354;
    Wellington enters, 360;
    its forts besieged, 361-79;
    Marmont and Wellington manœuvre before, 402-17;
    battle of, 421-70.

  Salinas (Puerto de Arlaban), Mina’s victory at, 102.

  Sanchez, Julian, guerrillero chief, his activity in the neighbourhood
      of Salamanca, 188, 220, 299;
    marches with Wellington on Madrid, 504.

  San Juan, José, general, rout of his Valencian cavalry at Saguntum,
      37.

  Santander, captured by Popham, 554-5.

  Santesteban, general, in the Castalla campaign, 568, 570.

  Santocildes, José Maria, general, his half-hearted attack on Astorga,
      386-9;
    comes to Benavente, 409;
    sent to threaten Valladolid, 490;
    occupies the town, 502, 503.

  Santoña, French garrison at, 551, 555, 558.

  Sarrut, general, joins expedition against Valencia, 53;
    guards the fords of Huerta, 415-16;
    his action at Salamanca, 458-61.

  Sarsfield, Pedro, general, his raid on Foix, 99;
    Lacy’s jealousy of, 563.

  Schepeler, colonel, his account of Blake at Saguntum, 43;
    and at Valencia, 66;
    seizes Cordova, 543;
    his notes on Suchet’s tyranny, in Valencia, 560, 561.

  Scovell, George, captain, his ingenuity as cipher-secretary to
      Wellington, 317;
    account of his file of ciphers, Appendix, 611-18.

  Segovia, Joseph, halts at, 492;
    occupied by D’Urban, 495.

  Severoli, general, commands a division on Upper Ebro, 4;
    joins Suchet, 4;
    occupies western Aragon, 22, 23;
    summoned to Valencia, 48, 52, 57.

  Seville, attacked by Penne Villemur, 274, 275;
    stormed by Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett, 540, 541.

  Silveira, Francisco, general, commanding Portuguese in Tras-os-Montes,
      219, 220;
    moves on Lamego to protect Beira, 282;
    told off by Wellington to blockade Zamora, 339, 348, 386, 387, 491,
      502.

  Slade, John, general, defeated at Maguilla, 385, 523, 524.

  Smith, Charles F., captain R.E., opposes evacuation of Tarifa, 122.

  Smith, Harry, 95th regiment, his romantic marriage at Badajoz, 264.

  Souham, Joseph, general, put under Marmont’s orders, 189;
    summoned by Marmont to Salamanca, 198.

  Soult, Nicolas, marshal, Duke of Dalmatia, Napoleon orders him to
      assist Suchet, 80;
    failure of his expedition to Tarifa, 78;
    disposition of his troops in Andalusia, 106-10;
    sends Victor to besiege Tarifa, 115;
    denounces King Joseph to Napoleon, 140;
    moves toward Badajoz, 243, 268;
    concerts action with Marmont against Wellington, 265, 266;
    retires on hearing of the fall of Badajoz, 269;
    reproaches Marmont, 271;
    summoned back to Seville, 274, 275;
    receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
    his recalcitrance, 302, 309;
    threatens to give up command of Army of the South, 332;
    believes Wellington is about to attack him, 357;
    refuses to obey Joseph, 485, 492, 493, 495, 528;
    denounces Joseph to Napoleon, 538;
    begins to evacuate Andalusia, 539, 540, 557;
    at Granada, 544;
    joins Suchet, 545;
    results of his insubordination, 545.

  Soult, Pierre, general, seizes Murcia, 80, 81;
    marches against Ballasteros, 276;
    sent to Drouet’s help, 525, 531;
    his raid on Ribera, 542.

  Stewart, Charles (Lord Londonderry), his estimate of Craufurd, 186.

  Stuart, Charles, British Ambassador in Lisbon, 145, 148.

  Sturgeon, Henry, colonel, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333.

  Suchet, Louis Gabriel, marshal, invades Valencia, 2;
    takes Murviedro and Valencia, 2;
    estimate of his forces, 4-9;
    crosses Valencian frontier, 14;
    fails to storm Saguntum, 17-19;
    besieges Saguntum, 26-30;
    wins battle, 34-45;
    attacks and takes Valencia, 57-73;
    violates treaty of capitulation, 74, 75;
    deprived of troops for the Russian War, 84;
    his illness, 86;
    his threats to the governor of Tortosa, and governor of Tarragona, 259;
    and Blake, 260;
    receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
    refuses obedience, 304, 309, 341;
    alarmed by reports of the Sicilian expedition, 345, 346, 500, 566;
    weakness of his position, 559;
    raises a war-contribution, 560;
    Schepeler’s account of his methods, 561.

  Synge, Charles, his narrative of Pack’s attack on the Greater
      Arapile, 455.


  Tarifa, garrisoned by General Colin Campbell, 112;
    siege of, 114-29.

  Tarragona, blockaded by the Catalans, 94, 95, 563;
    Wellington’s designs against, 344.

  Taupin, general, anecdote concerning, 392.

  Thiébault, Paul, general, governor of Salamanca, revictuals Ciudad
      Rodrigo, 159;
    warns Marmont and Dorsenne of Wellington’s movement on Ciudad
      Rodrigo, 187, 192, 194.

  Thomières, general, his division at Salamanca, 432;
    his rout and death, 445, 469.

  Todd, Alex., major, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333, 334.

  Tordesillas, captured by Santocildes, 502.

  Toreno, conde de, his account of Joseph’s negotiations with the Cortes
      at Cadiz, 139.

  Trant, Nicholas, general, protects Almeida, 281;
    moves to Guarda, 283;
    his rash scheme for attacking Marmont, 284, 285;
    surprised and routed at Guarda, 285.

  Treillard, general, routs D’Urban’s force at Majalahonda, 508-13.


  Uslar, Frederich von, captain, leads the last charge at Garcia
      Hernandez, 486.


  Valencia, kingdom of, invasion of by Suchet, 2;
    Napoleon’s opinion of the importance of its subjection, 53;
    Suchet’s campaign of conquest in, 8-67;
    Suchet’s levy of a war-contribution on, 560, 561.

  Valencia, city of, 10;
    fortified by Blake, 48, 49;
    attacked by Suchet, 61-9;
    siege of, 70-3;
    surrendered by Blake, 73;
    oppression of by Suchet, 560.

  Valladolid, abandoned by French, entered by Wellington, 491.

  Vallée, general, at the siege of Saguntum, 27.

  Vandeleur, J. Ormsby, general, commands brigade at the storm of Ciudad
      Rodrigo, 179, 181;
    wounded, 182.

  Vere, Charles, A.Q.M.G., his account of the battle of Salamanca, 455-6.

  Victor, Claude Perrin, marshal, Duke of Belluno, his unsuccessful siege
      of Tarifa, 115-29.

  Villacampa, Pedro, general, rout of his infantry at Saguntum, 37;
    at Valencia, 60;
    moves to Aragon, 89;
    his activity in southern Aragon, 100, 101.

  Villagarcia, combat of, 277, 278.

  Villa Velha, bridge of, its importance, 284, 333.

  Villavicencio, admiral, member for the Cadiz Regency, 144.

  Vives, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, refuses Marmont’s summons
      to surrender, 280, 281;
    commended by Wellington, 296.


  Wachholz, Ludwig von, Captain Brunswick-Oels Jägers, his account of
      Salamanca, 455, 456.

  Wellesley, Richard, marquis, resignation of, 153-6, 349.

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Marquis of, takes Ciudad Rodrigo, 2;
    his relations with the Portuguese Regency, 145;
    financial difficulties, 146-50;
    his support by the Home Government, 151-6;
    prepares for siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 161-7, 186;
    prepares to be attacked by Marmont, 199;
    plans attack on Badajoz, 201-17;
    moves to Elvas, 219;
    his memorandum on Marmont’s probable action, 221-3;
    comments on fall of Badajoz, 255;
    his views on giving quarter to a resisting garrison, 260;
    soundness of his plan for taking Badajoz, 272;
    determines to march on Marmont, 290;
    his plan for Hill’s raid on Almaraz, 320, 321;
    advances into Leon, 335;
    approves Bentinck’s plan for attacking French on Catalonian coast,
      343-8;
    his financial difficulties, 348-52;
    advances on Salamanca, 353-8;
    his adventure with French cavalry skirmishers, 402;
    long strategical movements, 402-17;
    battle of Salamanca, 421-70;
    summary of, 470-4;
    urges on pursuit of enemy, 475;
    gives up pursuit, 483;
    enters Valladolid, 491;
    marches on Madrid, 497;
    his letter to Bentinck, 499;
    triumphal entry into Madrid, 514;
    his comments on Slade’s defeat at Maguilla, 524;
    leaves Madrid for the valley of the Douro, 578;
    division of his forces on advancing toward Burgos, 582.

  Whigs, their factious opposition to the Peninsular War, 151.

  Whittingham, Samuel Ford, general, leads Balearic division to descent
      on coast of Catalonia, 565;
    at Alicante, 572.

  Wilson, John, general, brings Portuguese militia to Guarda, 283;
    surprised by Marmont at Guarda, 285.


  Zamora, besieged by Silveira, 386-7, 502.

  Zayas, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
    at battle of Saguntum, 32, 39;
    at siege of Valencia, 60-6.


END OF VOL. V