The Annual Report on the Health of the Parish of St. Mary Abbotts, Kensington, during the year 1874, by T. Orme Dudfield

Transcribed from the 1875 J. Wakeham edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org

THE ANNUAL REPORT
ON
THE HEALTH
OF THE
Parish of St. Mary Abbotts,
KENSINGTON,
DURING THE YEAR
1874.

p. 3CONTENTS.

p. 5NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH,
Being for the year 1874.

I propose in this, the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Medical Officer of Health, to follow the plan adopted in my previous reports: that is to say, the vital statistics will be made up to the end of the registration year (January 2nd, 1875), for the sake of comparison with the Registrar-General’s figures for the entire Metropolis: the Tables, showing the sanitary work carried out by your very competent staff of inspectors, will be made up to the end of the Vestry year (March 25th, 1875); while, with respect to other matters calling for notice, I shall bring the report down to the latest possible period, no useful purpose being served by delay; it being, moreover, in every way the better plan to refer to subjects while they are tolerably fresh in recollection, and before they have lost their interest. I shall, as usual, preface my report with some general remarks, which, I trust, will be found worthy of perusal. And I may here mention that the first Six Tables in the Appendix are given in the form settled last year by the Society of Medical Officers of Health, with a view to ensure uniformity in statistical returns. The subject was brought under the notice of the Society by myself, and a great deal of thought and labour devoted to it, in order to make the tables generally acceptable. I now pass on to observe that the public health in this Parish, as gauged by the gross mortality, was not so good during the year 1874 as in the previous year, the deaths registered (2,696) showing an increase of 260. The increase in the rate of mortality, however, was not large in proportion, for as the population increased by 5,000, 91 deaths have to be deducted on that account, while 32 deaths are accounted for by an increase in the number of deaths of non-parishioners registered at the Brompton Hospital for Consumption and the Diseases of the Chest. The real excess of mortality, therefore, was 137, and of these deaths 98 belong to the group of zymotic diseases, and were due to a severe and prolonged epidemic of measles, leaving 39 deaths to be spread over the remainder of Table 3 (Appendix); but as a matter of fact the higher rate of mortality from chest diseases, which will be referred to hereafter, more than accounts for this number. If we assume that the deaths of Kensington parishioners outside the parish were as numerous as the deaths of non-parishioners at the Brompton Hospital, which is situated within the parish, the rate of mortality during the year would be 19.5 per 1,000 persons living—a rate that compares not unfavourably with the rate for p. 6the entire metropolis, which was 22.5 per 1000. If, however, in the absence of definite information respecting deaths of parishioners taking place out of the parish, we restrict our view to the deaths of parishioners registered within the parish—deducting 125 deaths at the hospital and 36 at St. Joseph’s House—the rate of mortality was only 18.3 per 1,000. The subjoined table shows the rate in the several great divisions of the metropolis, as given by the Registrar-General in his annual summary, and in Kensington:—

For registration purposes, Kensington [6a] is divided into two sub-districts of very unequal size and population, and which, as we shall see, are not less remarkable in other respects. The Kensington Town sub-district embraces everything north of the Kensington main road, and a good deal south of it. The Brompton sub-district completes the map of the parish, which, I may say, is exceedingly awkward in shape, being very long from north to south and very narrow from east to west, and therefore present considerable difficulties in the task of sanitary administrations. The Town sub-district comprises two wards, respectively named the Ward of St. Mary Abbott’s, Kensington, and the Ward of St. John, Notting Hill, and St. James, Norland. [6b] The latter ward p. 7contains the largest proportion of poor inhabitants. The greater number of poor comprised in this sub-district, as a whole, helps to explain the marked difference in the vital statistics of north and south, to which, I wish, in the present report, to give some prominence. The birth-rate of the parish in 1874 was 31.7 per 1,000 persons living, that of all London being 35.7, and of All England (1872) 35.8. But the birth-rate in the Town district was 33.6, and in Brompton only 24.8 per 1,000. The death-rate of the whole parish being taken at 19.5 per 1,000 (and the necessary redistribution of deaths in hospital and workhouse, in proportion to population, being made), it appears that the annual rate of mortality in the Town sub-district was 20.4 per 1,000 and in Brompton only 16.6. The above facts may be made more clear by a comparative statement. If the births and deaths in Brompton had been as numerous in proportion to population as they were in the Town sub-district, 1,122 children would have been born and 681 persons would have died; whereas, in fact, only 815 children were born, and the deaths, after correction, were only 548. Or, to put it the other way, if the births and deaths in the Town sub-district had been on the Brompton scale only 2,567 instead of 3,536 children would have been born, and only 1,726 persons, in place of 2,147, would have died. These remarkable discrepancies, quoad the birth-rate, may be in part explained by the somewhat larger proportion of females per 1,000 of the population in the Town sub-district compared with Brompton. The total estimated population in July was 138,000, viz., males 56,240, and females 81,760. In every 1,000 living, females were approximatively as 593 to males 407. In the Town sub-district there were, at the census in 1871, 587 females to 413 males; in Brompton the females were 608 and the males 392 per 1,000 persons living. We must assume, therefore, that there are fewer marriages in Brompton, and that those marriages are less fruitful than in the more densely-populated and poorer northern section of the parish. [7]

Less difficulty is experienced in accounting for the lower rate of mortality in Brompton, it being well known that the death-rate of females is considerably less than that of the male sex. Taking the whole parish, it appears that the rate of mortality was 23.9 in the male, and only 16.5 per 1,000 in the female sex. The magnitude of this difference may be illustrated by the statement that if the mortality in the entire population had been at the female rate, the deaths would have numbered only 2,208 instead of 2,696, while they would have been no fewer than 3,298 at the rate that prevailed amongst males.

The difference between the two districts is not confined merely to gross numbers of deaths. It is seen in the character of the prevalent fatal diseases, and points to a generally better state of health in Brompton, and to a better prospect of life for its inhabitants. This difference depends, no doubt, on the superior status p. 8of a large proportion of the population in the latter district, and on their possession of those necessaries and comforts of life to which the prolongation of existence is so largely due. I do not propose to enter at length upon this interesting subject now. I shall content myself for the present with putting on record the facts at which I have arrived, leaving them for the most part, to speak for themselves. The subjoined table shows the number of deaths from certain diseases in the two sub-districts, and the number that would have occurred in the Town sub-district had the mortality been on the same scale as in Brompton, due regard being had to population:—

p. 9The greater fatality of the zymotic diseases generally, and of measles in particular, in the Town sub-district, cannot fail to be noticed; as well as the high mortality from tuberculous and lung diseases, atrophy of children, croup, &c. It is obvious, in fact, that the diseases which depend on a lowered condition of vitality, or on hereditary taint, are more prevalent in the Town sub-district than in Brompton. So are the diseases that may be correctly described as of a more or less preventable character, such, for example, as the lung diseases which are so fatal at the extremes of life, when the influences of neglect and poverty, on the one hand, and of care and comfort on the other, are so strong for evil or for good in the exposure of young and old to, or their preservation from, the predisposing causes of disease. The diseases which mark the later periods of life are, as might be expected, prominently noticeable in the Brompton mortality, such, for instance, as the brain diseases, apoplexy and paralysis, and heart disease. Cancer was equally fatal in both districts. Croup, on the other hand, was most fatal in the “Town,” and Bright’s disease, by comparison, in Brompton. I say nothing on the relative numbers of deaths attributed to “old age,” as the employment of that term generally implies failure of diagnosis rather than death without disease.

Under the heads of the various diseases, and in Tables 3 and 3a (Appendix), I have specified in detail the causes of death; but in these introductory general remarks it will not be out of place to refer to the mortality in the parish as a whole from some of the principal classes and orders of diseases. Thus the seven principal diseases of the zymotic class (or rather six, for there was no death from small-pox) were accountable for 388 deaths—a mortality equivalent to 2.8 per 1,000 persons living, and to 144 out of every 1,000 deaths. Chest diseases, other than phthisis, killed 554 persons (an increase of 71 over 1873), equivalent to 4 per 1,000 of the population, and to 208 per 1,000 deaths. Tuberculous diseases (including phthisis, scrofula, rickets, and tabes) were the causes of 326 deaths, or 2.3 per 1,000 living, and 121 per 1,000 deaths. Nearly allied to these diseases, if not identical in origin, are the wasting diseases of children, viz., those registered as marasmus, atrophy, debility, want of breast milk, and premature birth. These killed 209 children under five years of age, equal to 1.5 per 1,000 living, and to 77 per 1,000 deaths. The convulsive diseases of infants (hydrocephalus, infantile meningitis, convulsions, and teething) were fatal to 161 infants under five, or 1.1 per 1,000 living, and 59 per 1,000 deaths (vide Table 4, Appendix). Constitutional diseases caused 591 deaths = 4.2 per 1,000 living, and 232 per 1,000 deaths. Local diseases caused 1,143 deaths = 8.3 per 1,000 living, and 434 per 1,000 deaths. Developmental diseases caused 356 deaths = 2.5 per 1,000 living, and 138 per 1,000 deaths. Violent deaths (50) were equal to .3 per 1,000 living and to 18 per 1,000 deaths. The deaths of which the causes were not specified, or were ill-defined, were 22 in number = .1 per 1,000 of the population and 7 per 1,000 deaths.

p. 10The subjoined table shows the death-rate in the parish for 13 periods of four weeks corresponding to my monthly reports, the deaths of non-parishioners in the Brompton Hospital being excluded:—

Before concluding these general and prefatory remarks, I think it right to say a few words on the subject of certain outbreaks of disease due, it is not unreasonably believed, to a contaminated condition of that important article of diet, milk. It is true that the facts to which I am about to advert belong rather to the sanitary history of the current year than to 1874; I feel, however, that it would not be right to defer the publication of them, and the subject can be referred to again, if necessary. With reference first, then, to scarlet fever, a remarkable outbreak occurred in the month of June (1875) in South Kensington. Within sixty hours after a dinner party of sixteen in one of the most splendid streets in the metropolis, and in a house which had no sanitary defect and no infected inmates, six of the party were prostrate with scarlet fever. There was a large assemblage at the “at home” after the dinner, and four or five of the guests were stricken either with primary scarlatina or with characteristic sore throat. Some of the servants and others, likewise, were similarly affected. A vigorous enquiry excluded all suspicion of personal contagion as the cause of the outbreak. The one fact clearly proved was that all the sufferers had partaken of cream in some form or other, cream being of course more largely consumed at the dinner than at the “at home.” Many persons, doubtless, who partook of cream escaped, and their immunity may be accounted for in a variety of ways; but it is certain that every one who was attacked had partaken of cream. There were several curious not to say crucial cases, pointing to the cream as the nidus of infection. But how the contagium found its way into the milk-pot, if there, is a question that has hitherto baffled enquiry. The dairy—in town, but not in Kensington—whence the offending fluid p. 11was obtained was carefully scrutinised as to the state of health of the cows and of the employés, but no fact was elicited to explain the occurrence. [11]

As bearing on this subject, I may remark that it is not very long ago that a number of cases of sore throat, occurring in families supplied from a certain dairy, were brought under my notice; and I ascertained that illness of a similar character had prevailed in the house of the dairyman.

Referring to this subject, Professor Parkes, in his “Practical Hygiene,” states that scarlet fever has appeared to get into milk from the cuticle or throat discharges of persons affected with scarlet fever who were employed in the dairy while ill or convalescent. Remarkable cases of this kind have already been reported, and the fact that another zymotic disease—viz., enteric or typhoid fever—has been spread widely through the medium of milk, only serves to increase the importance of the subject in a sanitary point of view. It is well ascertained, however, that enteric fever has been conveyed in the foul water used in diluting milk—a double evil being thus inflicted on unwary purchasers.

At about the same time as the scarlatina outbreak my attention was again directed to milk as a probable source of disease by a leading practitioner, who gave me the particulars of a very interesting series of cases of dysentery, attributed on apparently sufficient grounds to the use of milk from diseased cows; and of a further series of cases of diarrhæa, attributed to some change in the character of milk supposed to depend on the food on which the cows were being fed. The information came too late to admit of an investigation of the subject, but the facts deserve to be put on record for future guidance.

In the first set of cases, seven in number, the symptoms were generally of a severe character. Three of the patients were young children, and the other four adults. The child first attacked, aged 2½ years, died after seventeen days’ illness. The dysenteric symptoms were sharp and constant, and marked on the first evening by a strong convulsion. The little patient sank, worn out by incessant tenesmus and exhausted brain-power. The body temperature was p. 12high throughout. This was the only fatal case. The second case was that of the child’s nurse. She was sent home showing signs of fever, and was ill a long time. In the third case the child, aged six years, had dysenteric straining of almost pure blood. There was little constitutional disturbance, and the attack soon yielded to treatment. The fourth case was that of a middle-aged gentleman attacked with diarrhæa, which assumed a dysenteric character, as many as twenty-five motions being passed in a day. The attack, which left marked debility; lasted ten days. The next case was that of an old nurse, who, ridiculing the idea of the milk being the cause of illness, drank all that was left after tea one day, and was rewarded with a violent diarrhæa that lasted a whole week. Another case was that of a child (who, however, was teething, and) who, after partaking of milk from the same source, suffered during six or seven days under a severe dysenteric attack. The seventh case was that of a lady, who after some days of bowel irritation, was prostrated with acute dysentery which was long in yielding and left great debility.

Upon enquiry being made of the dairyman who supplied the affected families with milk, he acknowledged that two, if not three, of his cows were “wrong in their quarters”—i.e., they had diseased udders; but he hoped that the small amount of bad milk they yielded would not be felt with the large quantity of good milk with which it was mixed! In each case the supply of milk from that particular dairy was cut short, and as regards the families interested, a limit was thus set to the endemic. But what mischief, if any, was done in other directions does not appear, and it is too late to enquire.

The other cases referred to were eleven of diarrhæa, which occurred at about the same period of time. The milk supply was derived in part from a dairy and in part from cows kept for private use, the one point in common between the two sheds being that “distillers’ wash” formed part of the food of the cows. There is no history of any illness or disturbance of the secretion of the cows themselves.

I regret that I had not an opportunity of investigating these cases—and especially the first series—at the time of their occurrence, as they might have thrown some light on an obscure but very important, an increasingly important subject—viz., that of disease in animals as a factor of disease in man. Professor Parkes states, inter alia, that milk contaminated with pus from an inflamed udder will give rise to stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) in children and to apthæ (thrush) on the mucus membrane of the lips and gums. But there is no mention of these symptoms in the cases under review. Parkes also refers to the power of milk which contains large quantities of the fungus Oidium lactis, or Pennicillium, to produce dyspeptic symptoms, and even cholera-like attacks. Gastric irritation and febrile gastritis are also enumerated among the effects following the ingestion of impure milk.

p. 13But, after all the most important question is, how to prevent the occurrence of such cases? And here the difficulty is apparent of getting such regular skilled inspection of cowsheds (in Town, for it is hopeless, I fear, to attempt any supervision of the extra metropolitan sources of milk-supply!) as would suffice to detect disease in cows or employés, and secure effectual separation of diseased men and animals from the dairy. Probably nothing would have a greater effect in breeding caution in the vendors of milk than legislative enactment imposing severe penalties (not pecuniary only!) for the offence of selling for human food the milk of diseased cows.

In the case before us, it would appear that the dairyman knew that some of his cows were “wrong in their quarters,” and yet, though their milk could be of small value (for disease diminishes the yield rapidly and greatly), families were exposed to the risk of illness, and in one case the calamity of death was brought on a household, that no portion of the profits of business might be lost. We may charitably and reasonably believe that the dairyman anticipated no such consequences; but what so likely to prevent the recurrence of such a catastrophe as a consciousness of the risk incurred by vending diseased milk?

Before quitting this subject I may express my opinion that dairies are multiplied more than is desirable, and as a consequence (I have adverted to the subject in another part of this report), the sheds are often of a very unsatisfactory character. Large dairies, under careful supervision, managed with a due regard to sanitary requirements in man and animals, and situated in the suburbs or outskirts of the metropolis, would be a boon the value of which is likely to be the more appreciated as facts such as those noted above accumulate.

POPULATION, &c.

The estimated population of Kensington at the middle of the year was 138,000, an increase of 5,000 over 1873. The Town sub-district contained about 105,000, and the Brompton sub-district about 33,000 in round numbers. The males numbered about 56,240, and the females 81,760:—excess of females over males, 25,520. In every 1,000 there were approximatively 407 males and 593 females. The subjoined table shows the number of persons of each sex, arranged in groups of ages, at the Census, 1871:

p. 14From the above table it appears that there are an almost equal number of the sexes under the age of 5. Between 5 and 15 the excess of females begins, amounting to 1,329—this representing the “school” age, and the preponderance of females being explained, with probability, by the large number of girls’ schools in the parish. In the next three decades (15 to 45) there is a further large increase of females, viz., 7,637, 5,886, and 3,117 = (16,640), a considerable proportion of which doubtless consists of domestic servants. The increase is maintained throughout the table, but on a diminished scale, amounting in the three following decades (45–75) to 3,936, viz., 1,902, 1,304, and 730. Of persons above 75 years of age, 1,184 were enumerated; the excess of females being 358. The preponderance of females at middle life and in old age is probably due to the residence from choice of many independent persons, attracted by the salubrity and by the social and other advantages of Kensington; and to the greater longevity of women.

The superficial area of the parish is 2,190 acres, viz., 1,497 in the Town sub-district, and 639 in Brompton. Some 300 or 400 acres are still uncovered by buildings. The density of the population is about 74 persons to an acre. The total number of houses, including empties and those in course of erection, slightly exceeds 20,000. The inhabited houses at the middle of the year were about 17,667, an increase of 747 over the previous year. There were about 7.8 persons to each house on an average throughout the parish; but at the census, 1871, it appeared that the average in the Brompton Sub-district was only seven.

The subjoined table is of interest, showing as it does the remarkable growth of the parish in wealth and population during the present century:

MARRIAGES.

The marriages celebrated during the year were 1,311; one marriage to 105.2 of the population. Nineteen persons were married out of every 1,000 living. The marriage rate in all England in 1872 (last year of publication) was 17.5. The marriages in Kensington were celebrated as follows:

The marriages in the three previous years were: 1871, 1,131; 1872, 1,132; 1873, 1,241.

BIRTHS.

The births registered—registration not being compulsory—were 4,351. The annual birth rate in Kensington was 31.7 per 1,000 persons living, and in the Metropolis 35.7. The births in the Town sub-district were 3,536, and in Brompton 815: 2,216 males and 2,135 females were born. The males formed about 51, and the females 49 per cent of the births—104 males being born to 100 females: about the same proportion as in all England. One child was born to 31.6 of the population. The birth rate in the Town sub-district was 33.6, and in Brompton 24.8 per 1,000. The deficient birth rate, as compared with that of the Metropolis and England, is the result of the great disproportion in the relative number of the sexes already alluded to; the rate, however, is slightly increasing, as may be seen by reference to Tables 1 and 2 (Appendix.)

DEATHS.

The deaths registered in 1874 were 2,696, viz., 2,102 in the Town sub-district and 594 in Brompton. After re-distribution of the deaths in the Workhouse and Hospital (the deaths in the latter institution remaining as a compensation allowance for the deaths of parishioners occurring outside the parish), the numbers in the respective districts stand thus: Town, 2,147; Brompton, 548. The death rate was 19-5 per 1,000 (all London 22.5), the death rate in the Town sub-district being 20.4, and in Brompton 16.6. Thirteen hundred and forty-seven males died, and 1,349 females; the deaths of females being only two above the males, p. 16although the females exceed the males in the population by no fewer than 25,520. The death rate of males was 23.9, of females 16.5 per 1,000. The general death rate in the parish, excluding the deaths of non-parishioners at the Brompton Hospital and the deaths at St. Joseph’s House, Notting-hill, was 18.3 per 1,000. The subjoined table shows the number of deaths in each quarter and in each district, excluding the deaths of non-parishioners in the Hospital at Brompton:

The deaths under one year of age (762) bear the proportion of 17.5 per cent. on the registered births (London 15.5), and they were equal to 28.5 per cent. of the total deaths (London 24.6.) The deaths under five (1,188) were equal to 27.7 per cent. on the number of births, and to 45.4 per cent of the total deaths; the relative proportions in all London being 26.3 and 41.6. The deaths at 60 years of age and upwards (582) formed 21.7 per cent. of the total mortality in Kensington, the relative proportion in all London being 21.6.

Impressed with the imperfections of mere general death rates and proportional relations as given above, I have, at considerable labour, estimated the population in groups of ages, and worked out the death rate for each group—showing the number of deaths per 1,000 persons living, as follows:

p. 17Since the preceding Table was worked out I have become acquainted with an interesting and valuable paper by Mr. Thomas A. Welton, F.S.S., on “The Effect of Migrations upon Death Rates,” read before the Statistical Society on the 15th June, 1875, and which enables me to supplement it by the following Table, in which are contrasted the death rates at certain ages in England and Wales, and in the Metropolis during the 10 years 1861–70, and in the Parish of Kensington in 1874, calculated on the number of deaths per 1,000 persons living at the several ages.

It must be obvious that the truest mode of calculating death rates is that used in the above Tables, and the result of such calculations is by no means unfavourable to the character for salubrity of the parish of Kensington. Did time permit of following out the method for the sexes, and in the two sub-districts, the results would, I doubt not, be very much more favourable for Brompton, and for the female sex, than they are for the entire parish, and for both sexes.

SPECIAL CAUSES OF DEATH.

Zymotic Diseases.—The deaths from the seven principal diseases of the zymotic class, named below, were 388 in number, viz.: 332 in the Town sub-district and 56 in Brompton, an increase of 98 over the previous year: 96 of the additional deaths belonging to the Town sub-district. Nevertheless, the mortality from these maladies was little above the average of the previous 10 years (380), and considerably below the corrected number, after due allowance for the increase of population. The deaths were equivalent to 2.8 per 1,000 persons living, and to 144 per 1,000 deaths, as against an average of 178 in the 10 years 1864–73. The deaths in London in 1874 from the same diseases were 147 per 1,000 deaths, and in all England in 1872 (the latest year of publication), 188.

p. 18It will be observed that there was no fatal cases of small-pox during the year: the first time during the decade of such immunity. But, on the other hand, the year was marked by an epidemic of measles of extraordinary severity, and confined entirely to the Town sub-district. During the year 1873 the deaths from this affection were 38, of which 31 occurred during the months of November and December, the commencement of the epidemic. Of these 38 deaths, 28 belong to the Town sub-district. The mortality in Brompton was 10 during the whole of 1873 but fell to 6 last year; while the deaths in the Town Sub-district rose to 115. Of the total of 121 deaths, 119 occurred under the age of 5 years. The highest total in the previous 10 years was noted in 1864, when 100 children died of this complaint (vide Table 5 Appendix). The total mortality during the last epidemic was 148, viz., 16 in November and 15 in December 1873, and 107 during the first five months of 1874, viz., January, 25; February, 31; March, 25; April, 16; and May, 10. Measles is always more fatal when it occurs as an epidemic, and especially during the winter months, the immediate cause of death being, in the majority of cases, some intercurrent complication affecting the lungs. The brunt of the epidemic fell on the poorer classes in the northern parts of the parish.

Scarlet Fever was fatal in 32 cases—an increase of 22 over the mortality of the previous year. 28 of the deaths took place in the Town sub-district, and 4 in Brompton—21 of the victims being under 5 years of age. The disease was, to a certain extent, epidemic in the Autumn, and, fears being entertained that it might spread, through the agency of the Board Schools, precautions were taken by the London School Board, acting on the suggestions I laid before your Vestry, to prevent children attending school from infected houses. The evil blew over as the winter advanced; but, in accordance with the usual course of epidemic scarlet fever, a more severe outbreak may be looked for during the current year, the signs of which are not wanting at the present writing.

I have already referred (p. 10, ante) to a curious outbreak of scarlet fever following on a dinner-party at South Kensington, and it may be here mentioned that a report of the occurrence having found its way, with more or less inaccuracy, into some of the papers, a good deal of alarm was created, and an impression got abroad that the disease was very prevalent in Kensington, his impression was not confined to the immediate locality, and the effect of it was to cause a considerable exodus of the wealthier classes at a prematurely early period of the “season,” as well as more or less consequent injury to trade. Some suspicions connected with the state of the Knightsbridge Barracks and the health of the soldiers’ families, including those that lived outside, added fuel to the fire, if indeed they did not kindle it. I had no reason, myself, to suspect any extensive prevalence of scarlet fever, for I knew that the deaths though rather above the average were still p. 19few in the aggregate, and I was aware, after repeated enquiry, that the cases under treatment at the three charitable dispensaries and by the five district Poor Law Medical Officers were astonishingly few. In fact, on several occasions when enquiry was made, it turned out that only one or two, or at the most three cases, were under the care of the Medical Officers, although they have many thousand cases of sickness among the poorest classes under their care during the year. I also ascertained from many medical men that they had very few cases under their care, most of them none at all. I stated these facts in my June report, but as the alarm was really great I thought it well to address a circular letter to the two hundred and fifty medical men whose names appear in the Medical Directory as residents in Kensington, asking for information and stating all I knew as to the actual dimensions of the epidemic, if it could be so called, and the comparative abeyance of scarlet fever in dispensary and parochial practice. To this letter I had fewer than fifty replies, including those that were viva voce. As I had asked for positive information only, it is probable that many of those who did not favor me with any reply were silent for the best of reasons, viz., that they had nothing to communicate. Of those gentlemen to whose courtesy I am indebted for their replies only six had any cases under treatment. The testimony of all my correspondents excepting two was unanimous in this—that the disease generally assumed a mild form, and the correctness of this view was supported by the fact that although adults formed a large proportion of the cases, the few deaths that occurred were those of young children. The exceptions referred to went to prove the rule. The first-named was a group of seven cases in one house of a person in good circumstances, in which it was subsequently discovered that the cistern was not only in untrapped connection with the drains but was also in a disgusting condition of filthiness, to which cause my informant attributed the outbreak. This fact, however, may perhaps with greater probability be the explanation of the severity of the disease, and the sharp sequelœ in all the cases. There were no deaths. In the second group of cases, eleven in number, occurring in three families of 21 persons occupying rooms in two small houses in a street at Notting Hill, there were five deaths, but, as I stated in my July report the causes of the severity and the fatality of the outbreak were to be found in the circumstances of the people and in their dwellings, “The fatality of the disease,” I remarked, “has been great in proportion to the number of cases . . . and this I attribute to the want of proper accommodation, etc., for the sick, the spread of the disease being the direct and necessary result of the retention for home treatment of first cases. It is practically impossible to isolate the patients in the crowded houses of the poor, and the parents are generally unwilling to allow their children to be removed to the hospital, the prejudice against which, however rarely survives actual experience.” In the same report I alluded to the concealment of cases, and to the fact that the registration p. 20of a death is oftentimes the first clue to the existence of the disease, and the information then comes too late for practical, i.e., preventive purposes. It is obvious, also, after repeated experience that some of the poor who can ill afford to pay a doctor, employ the services of private medical men for fear that if they applied for Parish relief the sick child, or children, will be sent to the hospital. Private practice, is, under such circumstances, conducted under great disadvantages, for the payment of the small fees with which the medical man is content in such cases, deprives the poor of the means of purchasing those comforts, not to say necessaries, of the sick chamber, on which, inter alia, recovery so largely depends. It is heart-breaking to see the wan faces of little sick children in their miserable rooms, especially when the contrast is mentally made between the condition prevailing “at home,” and the well-ordered hospital, with its staff of doctors and nurses, and all requisites for every stage of illness and convalescence. Another case that came under my notice in the course of the enquiry may be mentioned. The child was attended by a non-qualified practitioner; the parents, however, believing him to be a duly qualified medical man, for how should a poor ignorant Irish labourer know the difference between “Doctors”?

The other cases that have occurred up to the present time are too few, and otherwise offer nothing to call for special notice. All the fatal cases occurred in streets wholly occupied by the poorer classes. But, as I observed in my report,—

Before concluding my remarks on this subject, I may mention that I availed myself of the opportunity afforded by sending the circular letter to medical men to place in their hands the “Suggestions for preventing the spread of infectious diseases,” and other sanitary notices, pointing out that copies were always available for the use of their patients; asking their co-operation in aid of the efforts which it is at all times my duty to make, with a view to arrest the spread of infectious diseases, urging the importance of isolation of the sick, and the propriety of sending patients to the hospital when the home accommodation does not allow of isolation; offering the services of your sanitary staff in all such cases, and explaining the arrangements made for the disinfection of clothing, etc., in the absence of a public disinfecting chamber. It, of course, remains to be seen to what extent the epidemic will grow, and judging by past experience the disease may during this year and the next be expected to prove fatal above the average, but come what may I have the satisfaction of knowing that no means have been spared, or will be, which it is in the power of your Vestry to adopt with a view to arrest its progress.

Diphtheria.—This disease was the cause of 26 deaths (Town, 24; Brompton, 2), an increase of 15 over 1873—entirely in the Town sub-district. The deaths under five years were 14.

Whooping Cough.—The mortality from this complaint was 45, in the Town sub-district 36, and in Brompton 9. The deaths under five were 44.

Fever.—Typhus, was fatal in 9 cases, all in the Town sub-district. The number in the previous year was 6—all likewise in the Town.

Enteric Fever.—The registered deaths from this disease were 28—viz., 19 in the Town and 9 in Brompton. The numbers in 1873 were 19 and 8 respectively. The term Typhoid is often employed to designate this disease, and leads to error in the tabulation of the mortality returns. I have good reason to p. 22believe that some of the cases returned by the Registrar-General as typhoid fever were not cases of enteric fever, the word typhoid having been employed in medical certificates of the cause of death to describe a condition of the patient in the last stages of fatal illness of a nature entirely distinct from enteric fever.

Simple continued fever caused 15 deaths (8 under five years), viz., 11 in the Town sub-district and 4 in Brompton. The deaths in 1873 were 7 and I respectively in the two districts.

Diarrhœa was less fatal than in 1873, the deaths being in that year 145, and in 1874 only 112. The annual average number in ten years was 111, without allowances for increase of population. The deaths last year in the two sub-districts were 90 and 22; in the previous year 121 and 24. The large majority of fatal cases occurred in infancy, viz., 100 under one year and 8 between one and five. Above 65 years of age the deaths were 4. At intermediate ages there was no death. The principal mortality was experienced in the warm summer weather, viz., in July 38, and in August 31. Five deaths from Cholera were registered, viz., 3 in the Town and 2 in Brompton.

Other Zymotic Diseases.—Croup was the cause of 26 deaths, 25 under five years, and all save one in the Town sub-district. The deaths in the previous year were 20.

Erysipelas caused 21 deaths, viz., 13 and 8 in the Town and Brompton respectively. The deaths in 1873 were 24.

Puerperal Mortality.—Some difficulty is experienced in procuring a correct record of the deaths arising out of or connected with childbed, owing to the fact that reference to the previous occurrence of childbirth is sometimes omitted in the medical certificate of the cause of death. Some of the deaths, therefore, registered as Peritonitis, Pyæmia, Erysipelas, and even under less suggestive headings, may have been connected with the puerperal state. The deaths actually ascribed to childbed diseases were 24, other 14 being set down to the various accidents incident to that critical period. These numbers together represent a mortality somewhat below one per cent. (0.87) on the births registered. Dr. Matthews Duncan, the successor of Sir James Simpson at the University of Edinburgh, has promulgated an opinion that the true average mortality of the puerperal state is one per cent., i.e., one death in every hundred confinements; an estimate which a practitioner in this parish, who has a most extensive midwifery practice, tells me coincides with his personal experience. The causes of death as registered were:—Puerperal fever, 4; Puerperal peritonitis, 9; Pyæmia, 5; Septicæmia, 1; Metritis, 4; Pelvic cellulitis, 1. Eighteen of the deaths occurred in the Town sub-district, the mortality being pretty evenly spread over the parish, and none of the cases being traceable to contagion. They occurred in the four quarters respectively as follows—9, 6, 5, and 4. The ages at death were: 20–30 years, 18; 30–40 years, 4; 40 years and upwards, 2.

p. 23Syphilis nominally caused 12 deaths—a number we may well believe below the actual mortality from this Protean disease.

Constitutional Diseases.—Cancer was the cause of 67 deaths, viz., 51 in the Town and 16 in Brompton. Fifty-four of the deaths took place between the ages of 45 and 75.

The Tubercular Diseases caused 408 deaths, viz., 325 in the Town and 73 in Brompton. Scrofula was the registered disease in 27 cases, Tabes mesenterica in 53, Phthisis in 245, and Hydrocephalus or Meningitis in 82 cases. The numbers of deaths in the several quarters were—1st, 113; 2nd, 104; 3rd, 88; and 4th, 103:—216 in the winter and 192 in the summer quarters. One hundred and fifty-seven of the deaths were those of children under the age of five years. This mortality is exclusive of those brain affections, Convulsions, &c., and those diseases called developmental which, under the names of Atrophy and Premature birth, are nearly allied to the tubercular diseases specially so-called.

Local Diseases.—The diseases of the nervous system were fatal in 256 cases, viz., 199 in the Town and 57 in Brompton. Eighty-five of the deaths occurred under five years of age. Apoplexy was fatal in 64 cases, Paralysis in 47, Epilepsy in 13, Convulsions in 59, and Brain disease in 62. Apoplexy and Paralysis are diseases of old age; Convulsions, as a rule, of infancy. The deaths from this order of diseases were very equally spread over the whole year, the quarterly numbers being 66, 63, 61, and 66 respectively

The Diseases of the Organs of Circulation caused 149 deaths, viz., in the Town district 115, and in Brompton 34. Nine only of these deaths occurred under the age of five years. Pericarditis was the registered cause in 5 cases, Aneurism in 7, and “Heart disease” in the remainder, 137.

Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.—The deaths from this important order of diseases were 554, viz., 462 in the Town sub-district, and 92 in Brompton. Under five years of age the deaths were 244. The mortality from these affections is greatly influenced by season, more deaths occurring in winter than in summer, and a higher mortality prevailing in proportion as the winter is severe. These facts are illustrated by the subjoined figures, which show the mortality to have been in the four quarters of the year respectively 189, 80, 58, and 227. Thus in the winter quarters the deaths were 416, and in the summer quarters only 138. The deaths in the summer quarters of 1874 were seven less than in 1873; but there was an excess of 78 in the winter quarters of the former year, due to the long-continued cold weather that prevailed in the latter months. The several diseases of this order were the registered causes of death as follows:—Laryngitis 6, Bronchitis 300, Pleurisy 10, Pneumonia 176, Asthma 12, and Lung disease 41. The increased fatality of Bronchitis and Pneumonia helps to explain the higher mortality of 1874 as compared with 1873.

p. 24Diseases of the Digestive Organs were fatal in 118 cases (18 under five years), viz., 93 in the Town and 25 in Brompton. They include Enteritis 19, Peritonitis 20, and Liver disease 37.

Diseases of the Urinary Organs were fatal in 51 cases, including Kidney disease 12, Blight’s disease 22; Cystitis 7, and Diabetes 5.

Diseases of the Organs of Generation caused 7 deaths, 6 of them registered as Uterus disease, &c. These deaths are exclusive of malignant affections of the organs included under the head of Cancer.

The Diseases of Children were fatal in 75 cases, including Premature birth 46, Teething 25, and Malformations 4.

The Diseases of Adults include 14 deaths returned as Child-birth, these deaths being irrespective of those already alluded to under the head of Puerperal Fever.

Diseases of Old People (so described) were returned under the head of Old Age as the cause of 94 deaths.

Diseases of Nutrition, viz., Atrophy and Debility, were the cause of 163 deaths, all under five years of age, (153 in the first year of life) viz., 143 in the Town sub-district and 20 in Brompton.

Violent Deaths, 48 in number, were registered, including 10 due to fractures and contusions, 17 (all under one year) to suffocation, and four to drowning.

Causes not Specified or Ill-defined.—Twenty deaths registered came under this description.

DEATHS IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

The Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest. At this important institution 131 persons died, viz., 80 males and 51 females. All the deaths, with the exception of eight, were due to that hitherto incurable malady phthisis, or as it is popularly known, consumption. Five deaths were caused by heart disease, one by aneurism, and two by lung disease. The deaths in the four quarters respectively were 26, 30, 30, and 45. Six only of the deaths properly belong to the parish. Seventy-five of the deceased came from other parishes in London and the suburbs, and 50 from other than metropolitan counties. If the truth were known, it is not improbable that some few deaths from phthisis outside the hospital properly belong to other districts, the patients having come to town for medical treatment attracted by the fame of the institution, and being attended as out-patients.

St. Joseph’s House.—This large charitable establishment of the Roman Catholics, situated in Portobello Road, Notting Hill, is not classed as a public institution, although its inmates (about 200) are drawn from all parts. The deaths last year numbered 36—males 21 and females 15—all above 60 years of p. 25age, and due to the more common diseases of senility, as Brain disease 8, Lung and Heart disease 16, Cancer 3, Intestinal diseases 3, “Old Age” 2, other diseases 4.

The Parish Infirmary.—At this large and important hospital there were 221 deaths, viz., in the four quarters respectively 61, 40, 44, and 76; males 117, females 104. The deaths included 37 of infants under one year of age, and 86 of persons above 60 years of age, viz., between 60 and 70, 36; 70–80, 38; 80–90, 11; at 97, 1. Inquests were held in three cases, the verdicts returned being (1) “Sudden, apoplexy, natural causes,” (2) “Fall from a window, accidental,” (3) “Fall from a ladder, accidental.”

INQUESTS.

A large proportion of deaths form the subject of enquiry in the Coroner’s Court. Last year the number was 172, viz., 152 in the Town sub-district and 20 in Brompton, equal to 6.4 per cent. of the total deaths. One hundred of the subjects of enquiry were below the age of five years, 80 being less than a year old, mostly in fact infants of a few hours, days, or weeks. Forty-eight inquests were held on persons between the ages of 5 and 60, and 24 on persons above the age of 60. The great majority of the deaths were due to disease. Thus of the 99 sudden deaths the causes of death as found by post mortem examination (and post mortem examinations were made in 154 out of the total of 172 cases) were as follows:—

Various diseases were specified in other six cases in which the deaths were not returned as “sudden.” Death was found to be caused by disease in many of the cases in which the deceased were “found dead,” either in bed or otherwise, viz., from

With respect to the accidental or violent deaths it may be remarked that the 16 from suffocation were of infants and due to “accident.” One of the newly born infants was found in a box and another up a chimney; these being, as were some of the others, the children of single women. On four newly-born p. 27children the verdict of “murder” was found. In one case there had been “exposure,” in a second the child was found dead, and in the other cases the verdict was simply “wilful murder.” Of the four drowning cases one was suicidal. By hanging, cut-throat, and pistol-shot all the deaths recorded (two from each cause), were suicidal, making a total of seven suicidal deaths during the year. The remaining deaths by violence were accidentally caused.

Having carefully analysed the facts relating to these deaths as they appear in the weekly returns of mortality, I submit the results, which are, I think, worthy of attention. Of course the primary cause of an inquest being held is the absence of a medical certificate showing the cause of death. The reasons why certificates are not forthcoming, and therefore why inquests become necessary, may be inferred from certain particulars which appear in the returns, and may be summed up as follows:—

It is to the deaths from disease that I would draw particular attention, the bare facts appearing to point to a large amount of neglect of the sick, which, without explanation, would seem to border on the criminal. Fatal visceral diseases, it need hardly be said, present symptoms which the most ignorant cannot altogether overlook—fever, pain, exhaustion, &c.; and each disease has a more or less prolonged course, varying with the importance of the organ affected, and with the amount of care bestowed on the sufferer. It is not credible that any medical man would be unable to diagnose the existence of such a disease, e.g. as pneumonia, or would refuse to certify the cause of death of a patient who had died under his care. We are driven to the conclusion, therefore, that, in a great number of cases of disease, many of the victims being infants, no effort is made to obtain medical advice for the sufferers, and hence, when death ensues, an inquest becomes necessary, as there is no medical certificate to show the cause of death. A post-mortem examination is made, and then it becomes known that death was caused by a disease that might have been cured, and that certainly must have had a well-defined and often a lengthened course. Passing over such maladies as apoplexy and heart disease, it is only necessary to mention, in support of this view, such diseases as pneumonia, &c. (30 deaths); brain diseases (15); convulsions—a symptom rather than a disease (8); scrofula (5); syphilis (2); diarrhœa, diphtheria, &c. The question then arises, in connection with such cases as these, whether it is sufficient to record the cause of death? whether, in p. 28fact, some one should not be made responsible for the neglect to provide medical advice for a child who ultimately dies “suddenly” or is “found dead” as a consequence of an attack of pneumonia, that may have extended over one, two, or three weeks, or even a longer time? Not many weeks before this present writing one of the “Peculiar People” was found guilty of manslaughter, having neglected to provide medical attendance for his child, who died of pneumonia, although it was admitted that every care, otherwise, had been bestowed on the patient; and, notwithstanding the well-known fact that with such care a very large proportion of the cases, especially if one lung only is affected, will recover. It need scarcely be added that the parents’ neglect had its origin in conscientious motives, however mistaken and absurd. Can such a plea be made in all or many of the cases to which I have here alluded: and should negligent parents escape without punishment—without censure even?

True, the facts I have thus briefly brought under notice may be explained—and they certainly need explanation; for as they baldly appear in the returns of mortality they would seem to indicate an indifference to life which is not only shocking, but may be in some degree the cause of that terrible infantile mortality which all thinking persons deplore. I will only add that it is notorious that medical men are constantly called in to see children sick beyond the hope of recovery, in order that no fuss may arise after death—the death certificate being all-sufficient. No doubt in many cases, where the diagnosis is quite clear, the certificate is given, although the practitioner may be conscious of the neglect of the parents in applying for assistance when “too late;” and, I dare say, that in some at least of the cases which come before the Coroner the inquest has been brought about by the judicious refusal of medical men to give certificates under such circumstances. I venture to think, however, that a certificate should not be given in any such case, and that not only should an inquest be held, but that the mere fact of the responsible person in charge of the infant having failed to obtain that medical advice and assistance which the poor may have for the asking, should be regarded as establishing a prima facie charge of neglect, for which he or she should appear and answer at another tribunal in the absence of exculpatory evidence.

DEATHS “NOT CERTIFIED.”

The number of deaths “not certified,” that is, of persons who were attended in their last illness by non-qualified practitioners—generally professing to hold unregisterable foreign degrees, often obtained by purchase, in absentia, was 33. The numbers in the two previous years were 30 and 21. In my annual report for 1872 I mentioned that I had some time previously called the attention of the Registrar-General to the desirability of an addition to the form of certificate of death provided for the use of medical men, p. 29whereby it would be made clear whether the subscriber was or was not duly qualified, i.e., registered. The Registrar-General approved the suggestion, and his attention having, at my instance, been again directed to the subject by the Society of Medical Officers of Health last year, he has, in the new form of certificate brought into use at the commencement of the current year, added a line immediately below the place for signature on which the subscriber is required to enter his “registered qualification.” It is not probable that any unregistered practitioner would venture to use the certificate, should he inadvertently become possessed of it, as might happen through the almost unavoidable ignorance in which the sub-district registrars are left, from the want of an official list of registered practitioners. Not long ago I ventured to direct the attention of the Registrar-General and the Registrar to the General Medical Council to the importance of these officers being supplied with the Medical Register, issued annually by the Council; but these gentlemen, while appreciating the suggestion, were unable to hold out any hope that it would or could be carried into effect, inasmuch as the Government are unwilling to incur the necessary expense, and as the Register is too inaccurate to be implicitly relied on in doubtful cases. But now that medical men are required, under a penalty for neglect, to give certificates of the cause of death, some means ought to be found of restricting the use of them in any form, to registered practitioners. The sub-district Registrars do not knowingly accept a certificate from a non-qualified practitioner, but in some cases where a medical title is used by a stranger, “invalid” certificates obtain currency. In all other irregular cases the registrar returns the death as “not certified,” making use, nevertheless, of the information as to the cause of death contained in the certificate! If it were made an offence at law for any unregistered practitioner to give a certificate of death, the difficulty would probably be met. At present I do not know what course would be best to adopt, unless to hold inquests on the bodies of all persons who die under the treatment of non-qualified practitioners. This course was adopted in some cases in the northern part of the parish last year, and it led, in at least one instance, to the unsatisfactory, not to say discreditable result, of the Philadelphian M.D. who attended a sick child, calling in a registered practitioner at the last gasp, so that he might certify to the cause of death. An inquest, however, was held on the body, and the death was found to be due to quite a different disease to that entered in the certificate. I may add that the Board of Guardians, laudably anxious to put a stop to the scandal, took proceedings at the Hammersmith Police Court against an unregistered practitioner for signing a vaccination certificate, and thus “falsely pretending to be registered.” The case was dismissed, however, and no further steps have been taken in the matter. But something should be done for the protection of the poor, who are p. 30almost exclusively the patients of the unqualified man, being unable to realize the distinction; and action is rendered the more necessary by the fact that children—infants of tender age—are most commonly the victims of the practice. Thus, of the 33 cases of uncertified deaths referred to, 25 were children, of whom 18 were less than one year old. The causes of death returned included such diseases as typhus fever, scarlet fever, measles, diarrhœa, inflammation of the lungs and of the brain, and scrofulous maladies.

METEOROLOGY.

The mean temperature of the air at Greenwich during the registration year was 49.4° F., the average of 35 years being 49.3°. The averages of the four quarters were 41.6°, 53.5°, 60.6°, and 41.8°. The hottest week was that which ended on the 11th of July, mean temperature 66.8°; and the coldest week was that ended on the 2nd of January, 1875, mean temperature 28.8°. The highest reading of the thermometer was on the 9th of July, 92.0°, and the lowest on the first day of the current year 18.2°. The dryness of the atmosphere (i.e., the difference between the dew point temperature and air temperature) was 5.6 (average in 30 years 5.5.) The rainfall was 24.1 inches.

VACCINATION.

I am indebted to Mr. Shattock, the energetic Vaccination Officer, for the interesting particulars contained in Table IX, (Appendix), on the important subject of Vaccination. From it we learn that during the year 4,357 births were returned to him by the sub-district registrars, and that the successful vaccinations numbered 3,588. Twenty-three infants were certified as insusceptible of successful vaccination; in 74 cases the postponement of vaccination was sanctioned by medical certificate on account of the state of health, &c.; 27 children were removed to other districts, the vaccination officer of each district being duly apprized of such removal; 9 cases were still under proceedings (at the date of the report), by summons or otherwise; while 464 children died unvaccinated. The cases unaccounted for—either through the removal of the children to places unknown, or which cannot be reached, and cases not having been found—amounted in all to only 172, or a fraction below 4 per cent. of the total births—a result that must be considered very satisfactory, highly creditable to the vaccination officer, and, I would add, to the Board of Guardians; while I can hardly believe it has been surpassed in any other district of the Metropolis.

The Guardians have lately (August, 1875) prosecuted successfully a non-qualified practitioner for signing Vaccination Certificates. A penalty of Ten pounds was inflicted; the offence with which the defendant was charged being that of “falsely pretending to be registered” under the Medical Act, none but registered practitioners being qualified to sign Vaccination Certificates.

p. 31SANITARY WORK.

Table 6 (Appendix) contains a summary of the principal items of sanitary work accomplished during the Vestry year ended 25th March, 1875. The number of complaints received and entered in the complaint book was 1,482; viz., 820 in the North, and 662 in the South Sanitary District. Seven thousand two hundred and eighty-six houses were inspected—viz., 3,229 in the North, and 4,057 in the South district, besides mews, of which there are about 140 in the parish. The number of sanitary notices served for the amendment of houses, premises, &c., was 1,438, viz., 756 in the North and 682 in the South: 1,477 houses and premises were cleansed, &c.: 68 were disinfected after infectious diseases. The drains of 442 houses were cleansed and repaired; and trapped and ventilated in 341 other cases: 463 privies and water-closets were repaired and supplied with water; and 6 new water-closets were provided: 31 new dust-bins were erected, and 41 old ones covered, repaired, &c.: 8 water-cisterns were constructed, and 75 cleansed, covered and repaired—a very inadequate number it would seem, so far as regards cleansing, only that in a great number of cases this operation—so commonly neglected—was directed and carried out without formal notice: 115 accumulations of dung, stagnant water, animal and other refuse were removed, and in 58 cases animals improperly kept, or kept in unfit localities (swine especially), were removed.

The number of inspections in each district, and in each period of four weeks, covered by my monthly reports, may be seen, in Table 6A. Legal proceedings were had recourse to in 100 cases, viz., 82 in the North, and 18 in the South district, and generally with a successful result. A few of the cases deserve special notice.

And first I will mention the subject of boiling food for pigs. A greater nuisance than this is, it would be difficult to imagine in a parish like Kensington. The effluvia given off from the boiling of a quantity of animal and vegetable refuse, collected from the wash-tubs, and often in a semi-putrid state before cooking, is sickening and offensive to the last degree. It constitutes by far the greater part of the nuisance arising from the keeping of swine in an improper locality; and the efforts persistently made during the last four years to improve the condition of the Potteries have been sadly marred by the continuance of the process of food collection and preparation, which still goes on to some extent, although nearly all the swine have been removed. As no means were ever adopted to prevent the escape into the air of the noxious effluvia resulting from the cooking, we resolved to attack the nuisance under the 27th section of the Nuisances Removal Act, which enacts, in effect, that

Several prosecutions were undertaken successfully—fines varying from Forty Shillings to Five Pounds (including costs) being inflicted. The steps already taken will, it is hoped, prove sufficient, and render unnecessary any further appeal to the law, especially as a notice of your Vestry’s intention to proceed against offenders in every case has been widely distributed in the Potteries.

Twenty-four convictions were obtained against old offenders for keeping swine in an improper locality, and Mr. Bridge, one of the magistrates at the Hammersmith police-court, announced his intention of throwing on the defendants in any future cases that might be brought before him, the onus of proving that the pigs were not on the premises on days intervening between the days for which the defendants might be summoned for the offence of keeping pigs in a place under the ban of a “prohibitory order,” the penalty for this offence being Ten Shillings a day. Hitherto we have been required to prove the presence of swine on each day, so that, for example, to obtain in one week penalties to the amount of three pounds, it was necessary to visit the prohibited premises every day in the week. But if Mr. Bridge should feel justified in carrying out his views, it would only be necessary to visit the premises on Monday and Saturday to obtain the same amount of penalties which would be imposed, unless the defendant should be able to prove that the pigs were not on the premises on the intervening days, viz., Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday.

The proprietor of a licensed slaughter-house in the Potteries, Notting-hill, was fined in the sum of Ten pounds and costs for having on the premises the carcase of a cow, diseased and unfit for human food. The cow had been brought dead from another place, and after seizure it was stated that the carcase was not intended for food. But it was dressed in the usual way, and the meat having been condemned by Mr. Ingham, proceedings were taken before Mr. Bridge, with the result above stated, the magistrate ruling that the fact of the carcase being in the slaughterhouse was sufficient evidence of the intention to pass it off as food for man. The cow, it may be added, having died, or been killed, at a licensed cow-shed in the same locality, I pointed out to the licensee the great impropriety of his proceedings, and the risk he would run of losing his license, to say nothing of other consequences, on a repetition of his indiscretion. Subsequently, I received notice from the proprietor of a licensed slaughter-house p. 33that the carcase of another cow that had been killed in the last stage of the “lung disease” (pleuro-pneumonia) was awaiting my opinion of the fitness, or otherwise, of the meat for human food. I condemned the meat, which was removed to a knacker’s yard. No proceedings were taken in this case, but I cautioned the licensee not to admit diseased animals—living or dead—on his premises at any future time. Some time after the occurrence of this case I learnt, to my great surprise, that the instructions issued by the Metropolitan Board of Works, to the district veterinary cattle inspectors under the provisions of the Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act authorised the removal of diseased cows from cowsheds to a licensed slaughter-house for the purpose of being killed; or if killed at the shed, of being dressed, there to await the fiat of the inspector as to the fitness, or otherwise, of the meat for human food. This instruction seems to be at variance with the slaughter-house bye-laws, to say nothing on the question of the propriety of using for food the flesh of diseased animals. In the provinces it is the practice, I believe, to destroy and bury animals affected with pleuro-pneumonia; and I am under the impression that heavy fines have been inflicted on persons for selling or exposing for sale the flesh of such animals. In London cowkeepers are required, under a penalty for neglect, to give notice to the Metropolitan Board of Works of the occurrence of cases of pleuro-pneumonia; and they are entitled to compensation from the Board to the extent of a moiety of the value of any animals that may be killed with a view of “stamping out” the disease. It follows that the larger the amount realized by the sale of the carcase, for whatever purpose, whether for the food of man or of cats, the less is the amount payable to the owner in the way of compensation.

The proprietor of the slaughter-house in the Potteries first referred to above, was fined Five pounds and costs for allowing a large accumulation of putrid blood, &c., to remain on the premises after his attention had been repeatedly called to the necessity of properly storing and regularly removing all such matters before they became offensive.

A seizure of meat unfit for human food was made at Norfolk Terrace—at a mis-called “co-operative” store—and the defendant was fined Twenty pounds and costs.

A person who had formerly kept a licensed cow-shed was fined Forty shillings and costs for keeping cows for dairy purposes without a license.

A somewhat serious nuisance having been complained of, arising at an iron foundry at Notting Hill, from the escape of noxious fumes and grit from the low but capacious chimney above the melting furnaces, I gave a certificate to the effect necessary to found legal proceedings, which, however, were not had recourse to, the proprietors of the foundry having expressed their willingness to adopt any measures I might advise, with a view to remove p. 34the cause of complaint. They have done this by carrying up the shaft some 20 feet, and by the interposition of diaphragms to intercept the fine grit carried up by the draught; and I hope that in the result these measures will be found adequate for the purpose.

LICENSED SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

The licensed slaughter-houses—49 in number—viz., 28 in the North Sanitary District, and 21 in the South, have been duly inspected. In my last annual report I gave some account of the Slaughter Houses (Metropolis) Act, 1874, under which the Metropolitan Board of Works, as the “local authority,” were empowered to frame bye-laws, for regulating the conduct of the business of a slaughterer of cattle, and the structure of the premises in which the business is carried on. As it was impossible to get the bye-laws framed and confirmed by the Local Government Board previous to the annual licensing day in the month of October (as a matter of fact they were not confirmed until the 27th of May in the present year), your Vestry, on the recommendation of the Sanitary Committee, unanimously resolved that certain conditions were essential in order to fit a slaughter-house for the business, and decided to oppose the renewal of licenses in every case that did not come up to the standard. The conditions were as follows:

1. A slaughter-house should have an independent entrance, so that the cattle may not have to pass through the house or shop; and it should be at a reasonable distance from other buildings, particularly inhabited houses.

2. It should be open to the roof; or, at least, should have no inhabited rooms over it.

3. It should be well ventilated and properly lighted, so that the slaughtering may be done, as it always should be, with closed doors.

4. It should have walls and floor of smooth and impervious materials—the flooring being laid on concrete.

5. It should be well drained, with stone ware pipes, and the drains should be permanently trapped.

6. It should have attached to it ample and separate lairage, constructed with a due regard to sanitary and other requirements.

7. It should be effectually separated from any lair, stable, dung-pit, w.c., &c., so that the meat may not be exposed to any offensive effluvia.

8. It should be of adequate size, and should not be used for any other purpose than that for which it is licensed, and particularly it should not be used as a stable, a lair, or a cow-shed.

Upon viewing the several slaughter-houses by this standard, so many were found defective in one or other respect that it was thought best to give the formal notice of opposition required by the Act, in every case, but your Clerk and myself were directed to oppose the renewal of the license in those cases only that did not p. 35come up to the standard. We did this, but the justices overruled our objection in every case, on the ground that the premises, however faulty, had been licensed in former years, and time must be allowed to put them in proper order. At the same time, the justices gave the assembled licensees notice that at the next licensing day (in October of the current year, namely) they would not renew the license in any case that was not up to the standard. With reference to the decision of the magistrates, and the ground on which it was based, it is, perhaps, hardly necessary for me to state the fact, so well known already, that the existing slaughter-houses, were, without exception, licensed before I entered upon the duties of my appointment, and that the reason your Vestry did not oppose the renewal of the licenses in either of the subsequent years was that, in common with myself, you believed that the private slaughter-houses would be finally closed in 1874, under the operation of the Building Act, 1844. It only remains to add that the slaughter-houses will now have to be judged by the standard of the bye-laws; and it may therefore be useful to state in what respect the bye-laws differ—either in excess or defect—from the standard adopted by your Vestry in 1874. As regards new slaughter-houses, the requirements of the “local authority” are fully up to that standard; and, as regards existing slaughter-houses, the only material differences between the bye-laws and the standard relate to the points dealt with in clauses 1 and 6 (supra). The bye-laws do not require that a slaughter-house shall have an independent entrance, or be at all removed from other buildings; and they do not require provision to be made for housing cattle previous to slaughtering; but it is enacted that no animal shall be detained on the “premises” for a longer time than “absolutely necessary” previous to slaughtering, and that the “slaughter-house” (which is only a part of the “premises”) shall not be used for “any other purpose than that for which it is licensed,” viz., killing. It follows, then, that the slaughter-house itself may not be used as a lair, and the question arises—Where shall the animals be kept, if there be no lairage? It appears to me that the existence of lairage is assumed, and that the absence of this necessary accommodation would form a reasonable cause for opposition even under the bye-laws. But whether this is so or not, I venture to think that your Vestry would be fairly entitled to oppose the renewal of a license in the case of premises so obviously defective, and that you would be fully justified in taking the opinion of the justices as to the suitability of premises for a slaughter-house to which there is no access save through a butcher’s shop or dwelling-house.

(The Vestry subsequently adopted these views. I here subjoin a synopsis of the bye-laws, which I have prepared for the guidance of the Sanitary Inspectors.)

Objects of the Bye Laws:—To regulate the conduct of the p. 36business of a slaughterer of cattle, and the structure of the premises on which such business is carried on, and the mode in which application is to be made for sanction to establish such business anew.

Definitions.—The Metropolitan Board of Works, as the “Local Authority,” is styled the “Board.” “The premises” include the Slaughter House and all the premises used for the business of a slaughterer of cattle. The “Slaughter House” means the portion of the premises used for the slaughtering and dressing of cattle. The “Occupier” means the occupier of premises where the business of a slaughterer of cattle is carried on; and “Slaughterer of cattle” means a person whose business it is to kill any kind of cattle for the purpose of its flesh being used as Butchers’ meat.

Bye-Laws as to the Structure of the Premises, (Nos. 15 to 21 inclusive.)—The slaughter house to be well paved with asphalte or flagstone set in cement, laid with a proper slope and channel towards a gulley, and effectually drained by an adequate drain of glazed pipes communicating with the public sewer. The gulley to be trapped by an appropriate trap and covered with a grating, the bars of which to be not more than ⅜ of an inch apart (16).

The inner walls of the Slaughter House to be covered with hard, smooth impervious material, to the height of four feet at the least, and to be always kept clean, and in good order, and repair (17).

An adequate tank or other proper receptacle for water and water supply to be provided, and so placed that the bottom of the same shall not be less than 6 feet above the floor level (15).

No water closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, or stable to be within, or to communicate directly with the Slaughter House (19).

The occupier to cause all needful works and repairs to the premises to be forthwith done and executed, as and when the same shall become requisite, and not to make any alteration in respect of the paving, drainage, ventilation, or water supply, to, or in the premises, without the consent of the “Board” (18).

Penalties.—For breach of any of the bye-laws, 15 to 20 inclusive, whether by omission, commission, or neglect, £5; and in the case of a continuing offence, the sum of £1 for every day during which such offence is continued after a conviction for the first offence (21).

Bye-Laws as to the Conduct of the Business Nos. 1 to 14 Inclusive:—The inner walls of the Slaughter House to be always kept clean and in good order and repair; and the internal surface of the roof and upper portions of the walls to be washed with quick-lime at least once in every three months (6).

The Slaughter House to be thoroughly washed and cleansed within three hours after the slaughtering is completed (7).

A sufficient number of tubs, boxes, or vessels, formed out of proper non-absorbent materials, with tight and close fitting p. 37covers thereto, to be provided for the purpose of receiving and carrying away all manure, garbage, offal and filth, and these products to be placed in the tubs, &c., immediately after the killing and dressing of any cattle. Blood to be put into similar but separate tubs, &c., and all such tubs, &c., with their contents to be removed from the premises within 24 hours (5).

The fat of any animal slaughtered to be kept freely exposed to the air until its removal from the premises; and all such fat, and also hides, skins, and tripes to be removed within 24 hours after the slaughtering is completed (9). Carcase, bone, hide, skin, and all meat, fat, offal, blood, garbage, and other articles, to be removed before the same have become putrid or offensive (10).

Every covered and other receptacle used in the Slaughter House to be kept cleansed and purified so as to avoid any offensive smell (8).

Cattle not to be kept in the “premises” except for the time absolutely necessary previous to slaughter (1). The Slaughter House not to be used for any purpose other than that for which it is licensed; and slaughtering not to be conducted within public view (4).

No animal that is not intended or fit for human food to be slaughtered in the premises (1); and if any diseased cattle should be brought to the Slaughter House, the occupier to give information thereof, forthwith, to the “Board,” and to the cattle inspector for the district, with all particulars in his knowledge as to where, from whom, and from what place it was received (11).

No fowl, pig, or other animal used for human food (except cattle about to be slaughtered), and no dog to be kept in or about the premises (2).

No room situated over the Slaughter House to be inhabited under any pretence whatsoever (3).

All persons lawfully entitled to admission to have free access to the premises during the times of slaughter and at all reasonable hours (12).

Penalties.—For breach of any of the Bye-laws, 1 to 12 inclusive, whether by omission, commission, or neglect, £3; and in the case of a continuing offence, £1 for every day during which such offence is continued after a conviction for the first offence; and every Court of Summary Jurisdiction, having Jurisdiction to hear and decide complaints of the breach of the Bye-laws, may by Summary Order suspend or deprive any occupier of a Slaughter House altogether of the right of carrying on any such business, as a penalty for the breach of any one of these Bye-laws (13–14).

As to the mode in which Application is to be made for sanction to Establish anew the Business of a Slaughterer of Cattle.—The Applicant to furnish the “Board” with a plan of the premises and sections of the building in which it is proposed to carry on such business, drawn to a scale of a quarter of an inch to the foot, and showing the provision made, or proposed to be made, for the drainage, lighting, ventilation, and water supply of the p. 38same; and also to furnish a key plan of the locality, showing the buildings and streets within 100 yards of the premises, drawn to a scale of five feet to the mile (22).

Notes.—It is required that the Slaughter House, in respect of structure, be brought into conformity forthwith with the Bye-laws (15 to 20); when this has been done, the Bye-laws, (1 to 12), which relate to the conduct of the business, will principally engage attention. The points to which attention will have more especially to be given are those that apply to—

2. The provision and condition of impermeable and covered vessels for the reception and removal of blood, offal, &c.

3. The exposure to air of fat, and the regular removal of all parts of animals, including blood, offal and manure, before the same become putrid or offensive.

4. The exclusive use of the Slaughter House for slaughtering. (It may not be used as a lair, or as a stable, or as a cart shed).

6. The detention in the premises for so long only as absolutely necessary of animals about to be slaughtered. The “Occupier,” it may be added, is the party responsible for the due execution of the Bye-laws.

LICENSED COW-SHEDS.

The licensed cow-sheds, 33 in number—viz., 17 in the North and 16 in the South district—have been regularly inspected. Your Vestry, after a careful consideration of the subject, and after making enquiries as to the practice adopted in other districts, have adopted a standard of capacity to be complied with in respect of cow-sheds, viz., an allowance of 800 cubic feet of space for each cow, no height of shed above 16 feet to be reckoned in the computation of cubic space; each single stall to be 4 feet, and a double stall for two cows, 7½ feet in width. It is to be desired that steps should be taken to obtain powers to frame bye-laws for regulating the structure of cow sheds, the same as slaughter-houses. Great improvements are necessary in many of the cow-sheds; some of the sheds are, in fact, ill-adapted for the purpose, and in the category I would include those that are not open to the roof—being, in fact, imperfectly ventilated stables. The importance of properly constructed—which means well drained, well paved, well lighted, and well ventilated—cow-sheds, is becoming better understood every year, and events to which reference has already been made (p. 10 ante) are likely to give an impetus in the direction of bringing cow sheds under much more strict supervision, as to construction and management than heretofore. It is not uncommon to hear complaints of offensive smells from cow-sheds, even where the premises are very well kept, and where the smell is really not greater than must needs be expected, regard being had to the number of cows kept, and the removal of p. 39manure, &c. Should cow-sheds become the subject of legislation, and precise regulation thereunder, it would be desirable to provide for a notice being posted, outside the premises, some days before the annual licensing day, the same as is done in the case of public-houses, and as ought to be done in respect of slaughter-houses, so that householders in the vicinity might, if necessary, attend and show cause against the renewal of the license.

BAKEHOUSES.

The bakehouses, 108 in number—viz., 60 in the North and 48 in the South district—have been regularly inspected during the year, and the provisions of the Act relating to them carried out as efficiently as circumstances would admit.

DUST REMOVAL

occupied, as usual, an inordinate amount of time in the way of inspection, correspondence and clerical work, the letters, and other communications received during the year being 5,891, viz., 2,560 in the North, and 3,331 in the South district. The actual number of complaints was 1,010, viz., 357 in the North, and 653 in the South contract district; while the orders issued for the removal of dust were 10,177, viz., 3,868 in the North District, and 6,309 in the South. The vexatious difficulties attending this important question led your Vestry to consider again the possibility of dispensing with the assistance of contractors; but no result has hitherto come out of the trouble that was taken by a Committee and by the Clerk of the Vestry to solve the difficulty. The same as with respect to the mortuary and the disinfecting chamber, the lack of a suitable site for the storing of the dust in the intermediate stage between the dust-bins and the final disposition of their contents, has practically rendered nugatory all the labour bestowed on the question. Towards the close of the contract year the complaints became so numerous that your Vestry not only employed a staff of horses, carts, and men to make up for the deficiencies of the contractor (and at his expense) but, also, imposed heavy pecuniary penalties. A somewhat curious result of this strictly equitable and, in fact, unavoidable severity was, that the new contractors for the North district expressed unwillingness to sign the contract, and did not sign it for a period of three months, during which time, as they preferred to set about their work in their own way, which only brought matters right after a considerable interval, the complaints in this district became very numerous, and the difficulty experienced in the first quarter of 1875 in the South district, was, in the second quarter, transferred to the North. But as not seldom happens, so in this case—out of evil came good, for your Vestry temporarily appointed, at my request, a Dust Inspector, whose services having given satisfaction, p. 40and proved very useful, have been permanently retained, thus affording a very much needed accession to the strength of the sanitary staff at my disposal.

DOMESTIC WATER STORAGE.

Next to the unwholesomeness of houses arising from the neglected state of dust bins—to whatever cause the neglect may be attributable—no subject, perhaps, so often engages the attention of Sanitary Inspectors as that of water supply and the neglected state of cisterns. It would almost seem as if many householders thought that the water supply needed no more attention than that of gas, which is usually comprised in a quarterly settlement with the collector. Months and probably years elapse in some cases without any attention being paid to the condition of cisterns which, I need hardly say, ought to be cleaned out periodically, and not less frequently than once a month. It is true that the inconvenient position in which the cisterns are sometimes placed occasions difficulties in getting at them, which may in some measure account for the neglect. But in other cases where no such difficulty exists the result is the same. One among the “water regulations” by which the Companies are almost constituted a sanitary authority, and which might be enforced with public advantage, relates to the position of cisterns which are required to be placed in accordance with their views. This regulation is of a retrospective character, but so far as I know it is not carried out. Another valuable regulation would abolish the “waste pipe”—a fertile and unsuspected cause of foul water, and, in many cases of illness, being often untrapped and then serving as a ventilator to the drains, giving exit to noxious gases which the water absorbs freely. But I cannot say that I have heard of any instance in which the Companies have exercised their powers in this respect—powers, be it understood, claimed by and conceded to them, not on sanitary grounds, but simply to prevent the waste of water. It is one of my most often repeated instructions to the Inspectors to view the apparatus for water supply when making a house inspection, and to abolish waste pipes whenever practicable. Another regulation has for its object, to prevent waste of water, by the intervention of a service box for the supply of the water closet, thus limiting the discharge at each elevation of the lever to a maximum of two gallons. This regulation I have no doubt is carried out in the case of new houses; but it is perhaps of even more importance in old ones, in which, as too often happens, the domestic and the closet service are drawn from one and the same cistern. In a special report (November 20, 1872) I referred to all these points, and to many others, and I have seen no reason to modify the expressions of regret with which I then had occasion to speak of the stringency of the regulations, which is, I apprehend, the main, if not the sole cause of our being still without the constant system of water supply which it was supposed the Act of 1871 would give us. The stringency to p. 41which I allude has reference principally to the costliness of the apparatus and fittings on which the companies insist as a condition of constant service; and not to the exercise of the powers they possess, but do not as a rule employ, to improve the present system by insisting on the due carrying out of the really useful and valuable regulations quoted above. The adoption of this constant system would enable us to get rid of our cisterns, if not altogether, yet so far as the supply of water for culinary use and drinking is concerned. The neglect of cisterns to which I referred above, would then be a matter of less moment; and as the pipes would be always charged, we should be less liable, than we are now, to the contamination of water, for such an accident as I am about to mention would be almost impossible.

Complaint was made that the first portion of water entering certain cisterns in a street and mews at Notting Hill, each time the water was turned on, was of a disgusting character; and this happened at a time when there was an obstruction of the sewer in the mews, the effect being to saturate the ground and flood the surface with sewage and surface drainage. I surmised that the main was defective, and that when the water was turned off the sewage was sucked into the pipe to fill the vacuum, and then forced through the service pipes so soon as the water was turned on. It turned out, so I was informed by the Company, that the defect really existed in a service pipe of one of the houses; the effect, however, was the same, and dangerous nuisances of this kind may occur at any time, or in any locality, under similar circumstances, so long as the intermittent system of water supply is continued. In the present instance several cases of illness were traced to this fouling of the water, and had the sewer contained typhoid excreta, the results might have been lamentable in the extreme, and of the same kind as at Over Darwen, and at Lewes during the recent epidemics of Enteric Fever. As I have remarked in another place, we seem as far off as ever from the constant system, the only gleam of hope in respect of it being that the companies have made, and are making extensive preparations, so as to enable them to supply their districts when called on to do so. They are enabled to give a constant supply even though it should not be required of them by the Metropolitan authority, and they would be gainers by so doing, if the prevention of waste is really of any moment to them, which may be reasonably doubted. The Metropolitan authority is the Metropolitan Board of Works, a body which it is well known are unwilling to execute the authority conferred on them by the Act, strongly disapproving, as they do, of the regulations, the stringency of which they did their utmost, but in vain, to modify.

MORTUARY.

I cannot allow the subject of a mortuary to pass without a brief reference, and an expression of my great regret that the parish is still unprovided with one. As I have stated in former reports, the p. 42burials, at the public expense, of poor persons, occupants in life of single rooms, are reckoned by hundreds every year; and I cannot doubt that in a large proportion of these cases the survivors would avail themselves of the privilege of depositing their dead in a public mortuary of suitable construction, and in a suitable locality. Poor persons in somewhat similar circumstances, but above the pauper class, would, in all probability, also use the mortuary. The law provides for the removal of the bodies of those who have died of an infectious disease, viz., on medical certificate and by Justice’s order. Bodies of persons found dead or accidentally killed, and not identified, would be received as a matter of course. A properly-designed mortuary would embrace a room for conducting post-mortem examinations, which are now often made under painful and distressing circumstances, to say nothing of the inconvenience to which the operator is put—and there were 154 such examinations last year by coroner’s order. It should also embrace a suitable Court for the due and proper execution of the coroner’s office.

No progress in this matter has been made since my last report, a conference with a Committee of the Board of Guardians, with a view to the appropriation of a portion of the stone yard at the Dispensary Buildings, Mary Place, Potteries, having proved abortive. I cannot say I regret this result, as I do not consider the site a desirable one. The mortuary should be quite distinct from any association with pauperism, and though privacy of site is desirable, I hold that it should be placed in the most respectable and the most central locality that can be obtained, in order to ensure its being used. I am still of opinion that the

DISINFECTING CHAMBER

should, if possible, be so far associated with the mortuary as to enable one and the same person to have the charge of both establishments. Proceedings in respect of both are alike at a standstill, because we have not been able to procure a site. Fortunately, during a considerable portion of the year there has not been very much need of a chamber, so far as need depends on the prevalence of infectious disease; but I am of opinion that a great amount of good sanitary work might be done with an efficient chamber, if only in purifying by heat the often foul and otherwise offensive bedding and clothing of the poor. Latterly, owing to the increased prevalence of scarlet fever, and also during the latter period of 1874, a good deal of disinfection has been satisfactorily carried out for your Vestry by Messrs. Wellan & Co., of Manchester Mews, Walmer Road, Notting Hill, by chemical agents and heat combined. As to the value of disinfection properly done there can be no doubt and I am not acquainted with a single instance in which clothing, bedding, &c., that has been properly submitted to the process, has been the medium of contagion.

p. 43BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES.

No steps were taken during the year to supply the parish with these valuable institutions. I hope, however, that the subject will be taken up again before long, your Vestry having already expressed an opinion favourable to the principle. I have no doubt that in a few years, and at whatever reasonable cost, Baths and Wash-houses will be regarded as indispensable parts of a well-regulated system of sanitary administration.

SEWER VENTILATION.

The subject of sewer ventilation has made little or no progress during the year, and, as usual, numerous complaints have been received of noxious smells emanating from the gullies and ventilators. Each case has been dealt with as far as possible; and in many of the cases charcoal filters have been introduced, with the result of putting a stop to complaints. I am, nevertheless, somewhat sceptical as to the value of this plan, as I cannot divest my own mind of the suspicion that they impede ventilation, and may prove effectual only by preventing the escape of foul air. The subject was brought very prominently before your Vestry during the current year, in consequence of numerous complaints by inhabitants of Elsham-road of bad smells, not only in the roadway, but also in the houses. I made an exhaustive report on the locality, and advised measures for diminishing pressure in the sewers, by opening up blind ends, and so allowing the gas to circulate, or, at least, to escape innocuously into the open air, rather than into the houses. I described the sanitary defects which existed in the houses, and recommended ventilation of the house drains by independent pipes carried from the highest point of the drain to some distance above the parapets of the houses, and I pointed out that this remedy alone would go far to remove the cause of complaint. To what extent the plans have been carried out I have not yet ascertained, but it is certain that a long period had since elapsed without any communication on the subject having been received in my department.

With respect to the question of circulation of air in sewers, plus ventilation, I may mention that a striking illustration of the value of this plan was afforded in the locality of Notting Hill Square. At one of the houses at the southern, or loftiest side of the square, there had been numerous cases of fever, and there was clear evidence of the escape of sewer gas into the house in question. Upon careful enquiry into the drainage of the locality, 1 ascertained that the sewer which received the house drainage originated in a dead or blind end, and that the ventilation was insufficient. Your Vestry directed a communication to be made between the blind end in question and another very near to it, thus setting up a free circulation in the system; and at the same time freely ventilated the sewer near the junction. The effect was everything that could be desired: for certain improvements in respect of the trapping and ventilation of the house drains having been carried out, the evil p. 44complained of was effectually removed, and no farther illness has been reported.

It is much to be wished that some effectual plan may be soon discovered for ventilating sewers; and, although I do not profess myself competent to decide what direction such a discovery is likely to take, the most promising idea I have yet heard proposes the extraction of foul air by the action of fans placed in suitable localities, the present ventilators being retained in the capacity of inlets for pure air, instead of outlets for foul air; acting, in fact, like the down draught in a mine. We all know, by reading, what great lengths of galleries in mines deep below the surface of the earth are ventilated, and very efficiently, in this manner, and it seems not unreasonable to hope that the system may be found applicable to the purpose under consideration. Certainly, there seems no reason to doubt the almost illimitable power of steam fans to induce currents in any direction; and leaving the question to be worked out by those who are making a practical study of it, I can but wish them every success, believing an effectual system of sewer ventilation to be one of the chief sanitary desiderata of the present day.

WATER SUPPLY.

The Report, by Professor Frankland, on the analysis of the waters supplied by the Metropolitan Water Companies during the several months of the year, is, on the whole, somewhat more favourable than usual. As regards “temperature,” he notices the wide variation in the waters derived from riverian sources, as compared with the narrow range in the deep well water of the Kent Company, derived from the chalk. The temperature of the Thames water varied from 36° Fahr. in February to 68°–9 in June, a range of 34°; while the range in the water of the Kent Company was only 7°–9 Fahr., viz., from 51–l° in May to 59° in September and October. The total solid impurities—composed of a great variety of substances, some of which are organic and very objectionable, and at times eminently noxious, while others are either entirely or comparatively harmless—was rather less than in previous years, the progressive increase in the quantity which had been noticed during the years 1871–2–3 having apparently ceased. The maximum was observed in January, and the minimum in July. The character of the Thames water, in respect of organic impurity—as represented by its two most important constituents, carbon and nitrogen—was practically the same as in the previous years. The maximum pollution occurred in March, April, and December, when the river was in a very objectionable condition. In December the Chelsea Company supplied this foul water in an unfiltered condition, and contaminated with fœcal matter. The subjoined table shows the maximum, minimum, and average quantity of organic matter in the water, the amount of organic element (organic carbon p. 45and organic nitrogen) in the Kent Company’s water being taken as unity, or the standard of comparison:—

Professor Frankland remarks that the water of the Thames is at its source as free from pollution as the chalk well water, but on its downward course becomes largely and progressively contaminated by sewage and the washings of cultivated land, especially during winter.

The average hardness of the Thames water—or the weight of carbonate of lime, or its equivalent of other soap-destroying substances, found in 100,000 parts of water was 21° or parts in 1873, and 19.7° in 1874. Large quantities of soap or soda are required to soften the water before it is used for washing; but this process could be accomplished for a small portion of the expense by substituting lime for soap or soda, as practised on similar waters at Aylesbury, Canterbury, Caterham, and Tring. The following table exhibits the degree of efficiency of filtration of the waters:—

The exceptional occasion on which the water supplied by the West Middlesex Company was slightly turbid was in December, when the condition of the Thames was bad for a lengthened time, so that even the large storage of the Company proved insufficient to render them independent of flood water; it being impossible, moreover, to separate by filtration the whole of the finely divided clay to which the turbidity of the water was due. The Kent Company’s deep well water, having already undergone natural filtration through an enormous thickness of chalk, is always clear and transparent, without artificial filtration. The appliances of the Companies supplying river water are, excepting in the case of the West Middlesex Company, unequal to the filtration work required of them. The microscope is called into use in the examination of potable water, and it always reveals numbers of living and moving organisms in the sediment deposited by turbid water on standing. The annexed table exhibits the results of such microscopic examinations during the past six years:—

p. 46To Professor Frankland’s valuable report, the main features of which I have thus summarised, are appended numerous tables setting forth, in detail, the various information condensed in the text. I subjoin, as of greatest general interest, Table M, which exhibits the

Averages for 1874.
(The numbers in this Table relate to 100,000 parts of each Water.)

But it is not to Professor Frankland alone that we are now indebted for information respecting the water we drink, many very interesting facts being supplied by Major Bolton, R.E., the water examiner appointed by the Board of Trade, under the provisions of the Metropolis Water Act, 1871. Major Bolton’s reports, which, by his courtesy, I receive every month, afford information on all points relative to the machinery for water supply, and to the provisions already made, or in progress, for giving a constant supply, the main object of the Act; and which, I suppose, we may, at some remote future, hope to obtain. As the information in question is not generally accessible, I make no apology for presenting a resumé of it on this occasion. And, first, with respect to the constant service, we learn that the West Middlesex Company are giving constant supply to a number of houses, on the application of the owners, and are fully prepared to extend the supply when called upon. Extensive works and additional engine power of 120 horse power are in course of construction at Hampton.

The Grand Junction Company have formed a high service reservoir near Kilburn, to contain 6,000,000 gallons, for constant service, and are completing the line of main pipes to connect up this reservoir with the works at Campden-hill; they are likewise erecting boilers and works at Hampton, for which place an additional 70-inch engine of 125 horse power is being constructed, and an extra 30-inch main from Hampton to Kew has been ordered to be laid down. The Chelsea Company does not appear to have taken, as yet, any steps in this matter, having, as we shall see, other and p. 47more pressing work in hand. The Act of 1871 provides power to compel the companies to give a constant supply as and when the “public authority” may see fit to move. The authority (Metropolitan Board of Works) has not seen fit to move in respect of the companies supplying this parish, nor is it probable that any steps will be taken until the stringency of the water regulations, to which I have already referred, has been modified.

The number of miles of streets in the Metropolis which contain mains constantly charged, and upon which hydrants could at once be fixed, is 666—including 67 in the West Middlesex, 41½ in the Grand Junction, and 50 in the Chelsea Company’s district. The companies are prepared to affix hydrants thereon when required by the authorities; but, in fact—although hydrants might be used for street watering—of 2,531 hydrants already erected, 1,996 are for private purposes, and only 535 for public purposes, including 267 for street watering, in the entire Metropolis.

The companies supplying this parish obtain water exclusively from the Thames, viz., the West Middlesex and Grand Junction Companies at Hampton, and the Chelsea Company at Ditton. The bad state of the water supplied by the last-named company in December appears to have been caused by the intake being “below the filthy outflow of the rivers Mole and Rye.” The total volume which may be supplied daily by each company is 20,000,000 gallons. The average daily supply during the month of December was—West Middlesex, 8,600,000; Grand Junction, 10,200,000; and Chelsea, 7,200,000 gallons—eleven to fourteen per cent. of the water (exclusive of waste, an enormous but unknown quantity!) being delivered for other than domestic purposes. The number of houses supplied in the several districts is—West Middlesex, 46,404; Grand Junction, 35,144; and Chelsea, 28,395. Only 401 houses in the West Middlesex district have a constant supply. The estimated population supplied is—West Middlesex, 348,000; Grand Junction, 316,000; Chelsea, 210,000. The West Middlesex Company possess eleven engines of 1,341 horse power; the Grand Junction, eleven of 1,820 horse power; and Chelsea, eight of 1,025 horse power. The number of miles of mains possessed by these companies in the Metropolis is—West Middlesex, 248; Grand Junction, 200; Chelsea, 170. The West Middlesex Company have three subsiding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water—area, 20½ acres; available capacity, 57,000,000 gallons: and three covered reservoirs for storing filtered water, of an aggregate capacity of 10,922,000 gallons. This company, by means of its large reservoir capacity, avoids taking in water during floods. The Grand Junction Company have four subsiding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water—area, 7 acres; available capacity, 19,500,000 gallons: the number of covered reservoirs for filtered water being three, their capacity 18,000,000 gallons. This company requires additional impounding and subsiding reservoirs. The Chelsea Company have no reservoirs for unfiltered water, and only two (capacity, 11,000,000 gallons) for storing filtered water. The p. 48filter beds of the several companies are as follows:—West Middlesex, five in number, area 8 acres, depth 5 feet, viz., Harwich sand 1ft. 9in., Barnes sand 1ft., and gravel (screened to different sizes and arranged in layers) 2ft. 3in. The average rate of filtration per square foot of area was, during December, 1½ gallons per hour. (It may be here observed that the quality of the water is improved by a slow rate of filtration—the rate should not exceeded 2½ gallons per square foot of filter bed per hour: this will give 540 gallons per square yard each 24 hours, and at this rate filtration should be effectual.) Grand Junction: Number of filter beds, 4; area in acres, 7¾; depth, 5ft. 6in.—viz., Harwich sand, 2ft. 6in.: Hoggin, 6in.: fine gravel, 9in.: coarse gravel, 9in.: boulders, 1ft.: average rate of filtration, 1⅓ gallons per square foot of area per hour. Chelsea: Filter beds, 7; area, 6¾ acres; depth, 8ft.—viz., Thames sand, 3ft. 3in.: shells, &c., 3in.: gravel, 4ft. 6in.; rate of filtration, 2⅓ gallons per square foot per hour. It will be observed that notwithstanding the greater depth of the filter beds of the Chelsea Company, the water supplied by the Company in all times of difficulty arising from a flooded state of the river is unfit for drinking, although the rate of filtration is slower than that deemed sufficient by the water examiner. This is due to the total absence of impounding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water, to the exceptionally bad quality of the water taken in by the Company, owing to the improper situation of the intake at Ditton, and to the impossibility of filter beds removing suspended matter when in any large quantity; that, moreover, being a principal object of the subsiding reservoirs. The disgusting condition in which the water of the Company was sent out during parts of the months of November and December formed the subject of many complaints, both in the public press and in communications addressed to myself, and was referred to in my reports, dated December 16th, 1874, and January 13th, 1875. I had, on former occasions, reported specially on the subject, and particularly in February, 1872. The dissatisfaction which the condition of the water at the latter date gave rise to induced the Company to take steps to improve their means of supply by enlarging their storage. The scheme submitted to Parliament in the Session of 1873 included the embanking of the Thames at Hampton Court, and was defeated by a strong public opposition, on what I described at the time as æsthetical grounds. No further attempt appears to have been made by the Company to put their supply on a proper footing until the great outcry referred to arose. On the 18th December, however, at a special meeting of the proprietors, a resolution to the following effect was passed:—

The measures taken by the directors to secure the land—an p. 49area of 50 acres, near Molesey—for the construction of impounding reservoirs, were approved and adopted, and the directors were authorised to apply to Parliament in the now current Session for the necessary powers. This they have done, and there is every probability that their Bill will pass, and that with the completion of the contemplated additions to their works this Company will be able, at no distant time, to supply its customers with water as clear and transparent as any derived from the River Thames.

GAS.

During the first half of the year the parish was supplied with cannel gas of 20 candle lighting power, and at the increased price of six shillings and threepence per thousand cubic feet. Since July common coal gas of 16 candles has been exclusively supplied at a charge of five shillings per thousand. The subjoined table, taken from the quarterly returns of the chief gas examiner, shows the results of the daily testings of the gas supplied by the Gas Light and Coke Company, at the testing station at 123, Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill:—

The next table shows the maxima, minima, and averages of lighting power stated quarterly:—

p. 50As regards sulphur impurity, the amount was in excess of the permitted quantity (25 grains in 100 cubic feet of gas), on one occasion only during the year, viz., 26.4 grains on 30th July. Sulphuretted hydrogen was found on three occasions—in the months of October and December respectively.

Ammonia was in excess on 19 occasions in the month of January, but of a total of 25 testings: the average for the entire month being 4.11 grains (maximum 7.5.) This excess above the maximum allowance (2.5 grains in 100 feet of gas) was due to unavoidable causes, in connection with alterations being then made in the purifying machinery, which, having since been perfected, the ammonia has sunk to an almost infinitesimal quantity.

In the Appendix I have given the quarterly returns of the chief examiner, showing the results of the daily testings—for which I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Wakefield, the Clerk to the Metropolitan Board of Works. These returns show in detail the facts above stated, and prove that the gas has been up to the Parliamentary standard, as estimated by the prescribed tests. Nevertheless, complaints have been made by persons living in various parts of the parish, of the deficient lighting power of the gas. It must be assumed, therefore, that in some cases the burners in use have been in fault. There can, indeed, be no doubt that many consumers fail to obtain a proper light, owing to the habitual use of bad burners, or to the neglect to cleanse good ones. Burners that were of sufficient capacity for the cannel gas, with which the parish was supplied during the first half of the year, are inadequate, and are not adapted to burn common gas so as to produce a good light. Some consumers who have reported the sufficiency of the light when proper burners have been employed, have complained of the great increase in the amount of their gas bills, and in a few instances, I understand, the dissatisfaction has been so great as to lead to a discontinuance of the use of gas. It is a remarkable fact, often observed—a fact that makes us almost despair of ever getting “cheap gas”—that the bills seem always to increase when the price is lowered! How this is brought about I do not pretend to explain; but, so far as my experience goes, it would seem that gas bills never were lower than when the price per thousand feet was at its highest. I do not think that extravagance in consumption—as a result of decrease in price—can be admitted to be a sufficient explanation of the phenomenon. There are mysteries in gas manufacture and supply, which may be revealed hereafter, and the discovery may both enlighten us on the point now mentioned, and also explain the occurrence of complaints of bad light, concurrently with the satisfactory results of the nightly examinations of the gas at the appointed testing station.

During some portion of the year the supply was scarce. The Company, when applied to for an explanation, attributed the scarcity to the refusal of a “sister Vestry” to allow the roads in their parish to be broken up for the purpose of laying down p. 51a larger main from the works at Horseferry Road, to supplement the supply from the Kensal Works, which are inadequate for the large district hitherto dependent on that source. I am not without hope that when the new 24-inch main is completed some of the causes of dissatisfaction to which I have adverted may be removed, and that a sufficient and well-regulated pressure, with a full supply of gas, will be obtained.

The dissatisfaction with the gas led your Vestry to adopt a curious experiment during the current year, viz., that of burning mineral oil with the Silber light in a certain number of street lamps in the Kensington Road. I offer no opinion at present on the comparative value of the two sources of light; but I may mention the fact already well known, and referred to in my monthly reports, that the lighting of the streets in this parish is very unsatisfactory, inasmuch as we are still using burners adapted to consume three feet per hour, as in the days of cannel gas, whereas 4½ feet burners, at the least, should be employed. A suggestion has been made that the average meter system should be adopted in this parish, and it has my cordial approval—already expressed in my monthly reports—as it is only fair and proper that public bodies should pay for the gas they consume and no more. The average meter system has been adopted in the parishes of Paddington and St. Pancras. It has given entire satisfaction, and in a very short space of time the first cost of applying the meters to every twelfth lamp will have been defrayed by the saving in expenditure on gas. In Paddington the Vestry have undertaken all the necessary work of lighting and repairing the lamps. The gas has been burned for a somewhat shorter average period nightly, and a further large saving in expenditure has thus been effected. With reference to the cost of gas in this parish, I may be permitted to mention that during the year the revenue of the Company was many thousand pounds more than necessary to pay the ten per cent. dividend—which, in fact, might have been paid without the increase in the price of the gas, sanctioned by the Commissioners appointed by the Board of Trade, in the month of January. If, however, the price had not been raised during 1874, it is probable that the price charged in 1873 would have been maintained. But, in the face of the enormous over-taxation of gas consumers in 1874, and the reduced cost of coal, the Company could not apply to the Board of Trade for a revision of the price in 1875, the result being that the charge reverted on the 1st of January to the Parliamentary price of three shillings and ninepence per 1,000 cubic feet.

I cannot conclude my report without special acknowledgment of the assistance rendered to me by the sub-district registrars of births, deaths, &c., during the past year, which has been one of crisis. For many years the Registrar-General had presented p. 52to the several Medical Officers of Health of the Metropolis the original manuscript returns of the causes of all deaths registered within their districts during the previous week, these returns being forwarded by the sub-district registrars to Somerset House, and forming the basis of the Registrar-General’s “Weekly Return.” For this duty the sub-district registrars received no remuneration. The necessity of similar information being supplied to Provincial Medical Officers of Health arose out of the passing of the Public Health Act, 1872, but no such returns being in existence, the information was not forthcoming. Hence many difficulties, into which I need not enter. Suffice it to say that in the Public Health Amendment Act provision was made for the payment of the sub-district registrars by Provincial Sanitary Authorities for information of a precisely similar character to that which had hitherto reached the Metropolitan Medical Officers without expense to the Local Boards. On the passing of the last-named Act, the London registrars, feeling themselves entitled to remuneration for the “secondary use,” by the Medical Officers of their manuscript returns, applied to the Registrar-General on the subject, and he, in turn, requested the Society of Medical Officers of Health to bring the question of payment on a proposed scale before the several Vestries and District Boards. The Society, however, declining the somewhat invidious task, the Registrar-General addressed a similar application to the Local Boards. In the result very few of them consented to the requisition of the Registrar-General, who thereupon gave notice to the Medical Officers that after an appointed day in October he should no longer forward the weekly returns; and he was as good as his word. Greatly to their credit, Messrs. Barnes and Hume spontaneously put themselves in communication with me, promising to send me a duplicate copy of the returns as before; and this they did, until, some time afterwards, a fair and mutually satisfactory arrangement was completed between your Vestry and these gentlemen. The upshot is that I obtain the returns early on Monday morning instead of on Wednesday evening, and I am thus enabled to tabulate the vital statistics up to a period within four days of the date of my monthly reports, instead of eleven days, as under the former arrangement. Additional information of value is also supplied by the registrars, and they continue to forward from day to day, on special forms, notice of any deaths that may have been registered from small-pox, scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhus, enteric, and simple continued fevers, and puerperal fever, &c., so that no time is lost in taking the necessary steps after fatal cases of these infectious diseases.

I have to express my obligations to the officers of the Board of Guardians for information of cases of infectious diseases, &c.; and I am happy to testify my sense of the cordial support I invariably receive from the Sanitary Inspectors, and of the efficient manner in which their onerous, often delicate, and always important duties p. 53have been performed. Some portion of the time of Messrs. Wood and Langman has been taken up in attending to the new duties imposed on them under the Adulteration of Food, &c., Act—especially in attending the police court to conduct prosecutions. Much of the work of general inspection is still done in a desultory way, owing to the magnitude and inconvenient configuration of the parish, and to the necessity of attending to complaints as they arise from day to day—a necessity that impedes, more or less, the important duty of systematic inspection of the houses in streets, &c., inhabited by the poorer classes of the population. It is desirable that the 35th clause of the Sanitary Act, 1866, should be adopted, in order to the registration and regular inspection of all houses which are let out in tenements. No doubt this would involve much additional work for a time, but the benefits would be commensurate, for the risk of overcrowding would be diminished, ventilation would be improved, and the cleansing of the rooms, staircases, &c., would be systematically carried out. It seems to me that this is the direction sanitary improvement should take in the future; and the staff having been increased by the appointment of an additional officer, I am not without hope of being able to bring the subject under the notice of your Vestry at an early date, with reasonable prospect of success. A principal difficulty in connection with sanitary administration is that of securing an efficient record of work done—a difficulty which has been much lessened in this parish by the conspicuous care and ability with which Mr. Rudman has performed the clerical duties of the department.

p. 55APPENDIX.

Note—The forms for Tables I.–VI. have been settled by the Society of Medical Officers of Health to ensure uniformity of Statistical returns.

p. 57TABLE I.

Estimated population 1874, at the middle of the year, and in 10 previous years; number of inhabited houses; Births, Deaths and Marriages (gross numbers).

p. 58TABLE II.

Showing Birth and Death Rate: Deaths of Children, and Deaths in Public Institutions 1874, and 10 previous years.

p. 59TABLE III.
Deaths Registered from all causes during the year 1874.

p. 60TABLE IV.

Showing Mortality from certain classes of Diseases, and proportions to Population, and to 1,000 Deaths, 1874, viz.—

1. Includes Small Pox, Measles, Scarlet Fever, Diphtheria, Whooping Cough, Fever and Diarrhœa.

4. Includes Marasmus, Atrophy, Debility, want of Breast Milk, and Premature Birth.

p. 61TABLE V.

Showing the number of Deaths in the 10 years 1864–1873, from the seven principal Zymotic Diseases, and the number in 1874, &c.

p. 62TABLE VI.

Inspectors’ Report of the Sanitary Work completed in the year ended March 25th, 1875.

p. 63TABLE VIa.

p. 64TABLE VII.

Showing the Death rate per 1,000 living; the annual rate of Mortality per 1,000 living from seven Zymotic Diseases; and the proportion of Deaths from these Diseases to the total Deaths in Kensington and in all London in 1874, and in the ten years, 1864–73.

p. 65TABLE VIII.

Comparative Analysis of the Mortality in all London and in Kensington, in 53 weeks, ended 2nd January, 1875.

p. 66TABLE IX.

Shewing the Principal Localities in which of the chief Zymotic Diseases occurred in 1874.

In addition to the cases of Diarrhœa here referred to five cases of Simple or English and Infantile Cholera were registered, viz., one each in Child Street, Ladbroke Road, Pembroke Square, Portland Road, and St. Philip’s Terrace.

p. 68TABLE X.
PARISH OF SAINT MARY ABBOTTS, KENSINGTON.

Return respecting the Vaccination of Children whose Births were Registered during the year 1874.

p. 69TABLE XI.
LICENSED SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

p. 71TABLE XII.
LICENSED COW SHEDS.

p. 72TABLE XIII.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Cannel Gas.

Results of the Daily Testings of the Gas supplied by the Gas Light and Coke Company to the Testing Station, at 123, Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, during the months of January, February, and March, 1874.

p. 73TABLE XIV.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner

Cannel Gas.

Results of the Daily Testings of the Gas supplied by the Gas Light and Coke Company to the Testing Station at 123, Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, during the months of April, May, and June, 1874.

p. 74TABLE XV.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Common Gas.

Results of the Daily Testings of the Gas supplied by the Gas Light and Coke Company to the Testing Station at 123, Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, during the months of July, August, and September, 1874.

p. 75TABLE XVI.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Common Gas.

Results of the Daily Testings of the Gas supplied by the Gas Light and Coke Company to the Testing Station at 123, Ladbroke Grove, Notting Hill, during the months of October, November, and December, 1874.

FOOTNOTES.

[6a] The “Kensington” Registration District, by which most persons understand the parish of Kensington, really comprises a much larger area, embracing within its limits the whole of Paddington, Hammersmith, and Fulham. The subjoined table shows the proportion which Kensington proper bears to the other parts of the district.

[6b] The subjoined table shows the area, inhabited houses, and population of the three wards into which the parish is divided for parochial purposes:

[7] The births that took place in the Workhouse are all included in the Town registration, but the number (120) is too small to affect the calculation.

[11] P.S.—(August.)—It may be mentioned that no new facts came out subsequently either to strengthen or to weaken the suspicion above stated of milk being the carrier of the scarlatinal poison—beyond this, that there were several cases of the disease in another parish in which the dairy is situated, and in families supplied from the dairy. It may be added that the Kensington cases, which were remarkable for the suddenness with which the attack followed on the application of the supposed cause, all did well. They ran the usual course, and were followed by very free desquamation. There were no derivative cases. A similar outbreak was reported subsequently also within a few days after a dinner party at West Brompton. In this case, however, so far as I can gather—for I received little direct information on the subject—though the idea of a common cause of disease, as in the previous outbreak, was suggested, absolutely nothing could be traced to support the suspicion of milk-poisoning, for the dairy—several miles from Town—was found to be in an unimpeachable condition, and no sickness was discovered in the employés or their families, or at the London depôt. A very small quantity of cream appeared to have been consumed, the actual supply on the day in question being one shilling’s worth. For the present the bare facts of these cases can be simply stored for future use; and with the inferences which have been sought to be drawn from them must be taken quantum valeant.

[49b] On two occasions (October 20 & December 31) the Gas was less than 16 Candles.

[57a] The population is estimated to the middle of the year. Between 1863 and 1871 inclusive, a yearly addition has been made to the population based on the total increase between the Censuses of 1861 and 1871. The same principle has been adopted with regard to the number of inhabited houses, in the absence of specific information on the subject, such as has been forthcoming since 1871. Some of the figures in this and subsequent Tables differ from those in former reports, as the result of a revision of the estimated population, based upon the best attainable information. The population at the Census 1861 was 70,108.

[57b] The returns of marriages for the years 1865–70, inclusive, do not include those that took place at the Superintendent Registrars Office, concerning which I have no information.

[60] The Totals for England and Wales are for 10 years 1862–1871, compared with the year 1872, the latest year of publication at the present time.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANNUAL REPORT ON THE HEALTH OF THE PARISH OF ST. MARY ABBOTTS, KENSINGTON, DURING THE YEAR 1874 ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

		PAGE
Prefatory Remarks		5–13
Mortality, higher rate of, in 1874, accounted for		5
Death Rate, Metropolitan and Local		6
Kensington “Registration District”—what it comprises		6
„	Parish of, division into Wards	6
„	Town and Brompton “Sub-registration Districts,” contrast in the vital statistics of	7
Sexes, relative rate of mortality in the		7
Sub-districts, character of the prevalent fatal diseases in the		8
Kensington Town, greater fatality of Zymotic, Tubercular and Lung diseases in		9
Deaths, (whole Parish) numbers of, from classes and orders of diseases		9
Death Rate and Mean Temperature, monthly record of		10
Scarlet Fever, outbreaks of, supposed to depend on Contamination of Milk		10
Dysentery and Diarrhœa, supposed to be due to the use of the Milk of diseased Cows		11
Dairies, undesirable Multiplication of		13
Population		13
Males and Females, ages of, living at the Census, 1871		13
„	great disproportion in the relative numbers of	13
Parish, area of, density of Population, number of inhabited houses, &c.		14
„	growth of Population: increase in Rateable Value of Property	14
Marriages and Marriage-rate		14
Births and Birth-rate		15
Deaths and Death-rates of sexes and in Sub-districts		15
Death Rates at all Ages, the true method of calculating		17
„	Special causes of	17
Zymotic Diseases, deaths from		17
Measles, Epidemic of		18
Scarlet Fever		18
Puerperal Mortality		22
Public Institutions, Deaths in		24
Inquests, facts in relation to, requiring explanation		25
p. 4Deaths, “not certified”		28
Death, Certificates of the cause of, abuse of		29
Vaccination		30
Meteorology		30
Sanitary Work		31
Boiling offal for pigs’ food, nuisances from		31
Swine, convictions for keeping, on prohibited premises		32
Diseased Animal, conviction for allowing carcase of, in a Licensed Slaughter House		32
Diseased Animal in slaughter house, no offence under certain circumstances		33
Blood, Conviction for allowing offensive accumulation of, in a Licensed Slaughter House		33
Diseased Meat, seizure of		33
Iron Foundry, nuisance at an		33
Slaughter Houses		34
Cow Sheds		38
Bakehouses		39
Dust Removal		39
Water Storage, domestic		40
Mortuary		41
Disinfecting Chamber		42
Baths and Wash-houses		43
Sewer Ventilation		43
Water Supply		44
Gas		49
Mortality, weekly returns of, services of the Sub-district Registrars, in connection with the		51
Conclusion		51
Tables, Statistical (Appendix)		55

	per 1,000
Kensington	19.5
All London	22.5
West Districts	20.9
North	21.8
Central	25.6
East	25.4
South	21.5

Date of Report. Four weeks ended	Rate of Mortality per 1,000 living.	Mean temperature of the air.
January 31	19.8	41.6
February 28	23.2	38.7
March 28	22.0	43.0
April 25	16.8	49.5
May 23	16.8	48.2
June 20	14.1	58.4
July 18	17.5	62.8
August 15	19.9	61.1
September 12	14.7	59.4
October 10	13.7	55.3
November 7	15.3	51.6
December 5	21.4	39.1
January 2 (1875)	24.7	32.7
Average	18.4

All Ages.	Under 5	5 to 15	15 to 25	25 to 35	35 to 45	45 to 55	55 to 65	65 to 75	75 to 85	85 to 94	95 and upwds.
Males, 48977	7065	10198	8948	8317	5963	4339	2464	1270	378	33	2
Females 71322	7147	11527	16585	14203	9080	6241	3768	2000	667	97	7
Total, 120299	14212	21722	25533	22520	15043	10580	6232	3270	1045	130	9

The Year.	Population.	Rateable Value.	The Year.
1801	8,556	£75,916	1823
1821	14,428	93,397	1833
1841	26,834	142,772	1843
1851	44,053	257,103	1853
1861	70,108	375,333	1860
1871	120,299	590,711	1865
1874 (estmtd.)	138,000	817,326	1870
		£1,119,442	(April) 1875

Name of Disease	Actual No. of Deaths in the Town Sub-District.	Deaths in the Brompton Sub-District.	Calculated No. of Deaths in Town on the Brompton scale	Excess or Deficiency in Town compared with Brompton.
The Seven principal Zymotic Diseases	332	66	176	+ 156
Measles	115	6	20	+ 95
Diphtheria	24	2	6	+ 18
Scarlet Fever	28	4	12	+ 16
Typhus Fever	9	0	0	+ 9
Enteric Fever	19	9	28	- 9
Simple Continued Fever	11	4	13	- 2
Hooping Cough	36	9	28	+ 8
Diarrhœa	90	22	69	+ 21
Puerperal Fever	18	6	19	- 1
Croup	25	1	3	+ 22
Erysipelas	14	8	25	- 11
Cancer	51	16	50	+ 1
Tuberculous Diseases (phthisis, scrofula, &c.)	268	59	186	+ 82
Brain Disease, (Apoplexy and paralysis)	127	46	144	- 17
Convulsions	50	9	28	+ 22
Heart Disease	102	33	103	- 1
Lung Diseases	461	93	292	+ 169
Enteritis and Peritonitis	34	5	16	+ 18
Liver Disease	30	7	22	+ 8
Bright’s Disease	14	8	25	- 11
Atrophy of children	143	20	63	+ 80
Premature birth	35	11	34	+ 1
Childbirth	11	3	9	+ 2
Teething	26	9	28	- 2
Old age	79	15	47	+ 32

p. 15In Churches	1077
At Nonconformist Places of Worship	71
At Roman Catholic	70
At the Superintendent-Registrar’s Office	93
Total	1311

Kensington Town Sub-District.				Brompton Sub-District.
	Males.	Females.	Total.	Males.	Females.	Total.	Grand Total.
1st Quarter	484	475	959	94	111	205	1164
2nd	464	409	873	102	95	197	1070
3rd	435	405	840	84	103	187	1027
4th	448	416	864	105	121	226	1090
Total	1831	1705	3536	385	430	815	4351

Age.		Estimated Population.	Actual number of deaths.	Deaths per 1,000 persons living.
Under	1	3,762	762	202.8
1 and under	2	3,153	223	70.9
2 „	5	9,413	203	21.6
(0 „ 5)		(16,328)	(1,188)	(73.)
5 „	15	24,910	105	4.2
15 „	25	29,262	105	3.6
25 „	35	25,822	148	5.7
35 „	45	17.267	151	8.7
45 „	55	12,145	198	16.3
55 „	65	7,154	199	27.8
65 „	75	3,754	232	62.1
75 „	85	1,199	183	153.8
85 „	95	149	54	400
95 and upwards		10	8
		138,000	2571

Place.	Age.
	0–5	15–25	25–35	55–65	65–75
England & Wales (10 years)	68.5	7.3	..	..	..
London ( 1861–70)	81.9	6.3	9.8	38.8	75.4
Kensington (1874)	73.0	3.6	5.7	26.8	62.1

	Town.	Brompton.	Total.	Per 1,000 deaths.
Small Pox	0	0	0	0
Measles	115	6	121	45
Scarlet Fever	28	4	32	11.8
Diptheria	24	2	26	9.6
Whooping Cough	36	9	45	16.7
Fever	39	13	52	19.3
Diarrhœa	90	22	112	41.6
Total	332	56	388	144.0

Brain disease, Apoplexy, Paralysis, &c.	26
Lung diseases	37
Heart disease	7
Scrofulous or Tuberculous diseases, Phthisis, &c.	41
Wasting diseases, Debility, &c., of Children	21
Atelectasis (Imperfect expansion of lungs at birth)	5
Cancer	8
Enteric fever	2
Measles	4
Diarrhœa	3
Intestinal diseases, &c.	13
Kidney disease	4
Uterine diseases	2
Ulcer	3
Childbirth, &c.	3
Violent 2. Privation 1.	3
Old Age	23
Various	16
Total	221

p. 26Brain, Diseases of the	13
Apoplexy	11
Lungs, Diseases of the	24
Heart „ „	20
Scrofula	4
Convulsions	4
Spasm of the Glottis	7
Diarrhœa	3
Diphtheria	2
Syphilis	2
Premature birth and infantile debility	3
Visceral diseases (of Liver, Kidneys, &c.)	3
“Fever” 1; Thrush 1; “Sudden” 1	3
Total	99

Falls	7
Barns	1
Drowned	4
Suffocation	16
Cut throat	2
Pistol shot	2
Hanging	2
Run over by railway train	1
Wilful Murder	4
“Accident,” “Violence”	2
Total	41

Sudden Death	99
Found dead in bed (22) or otherwise (26)	48
Accident	3
Violence	15
Doubtful (none of the above reasons stated)	7
Total	172

Name of Company.	Maximum.	Minimum.	Average.
Kent	1.0	1.0	1.0
West Middlesex	4.3	2.0	3.0
Grand Junction	4.9	2.4	3.3
Chelsea	7.1	2.3	3.7

Names of Companies.	Temperature in Centigrade Degrees.	Total Solid Impurity.	Organic Carbon.	Organic Nitrogen.	Ammonia.	Nitrogen, as Nitrates and Nitrites.	Total Combined Nitrogen.	Previous Sewage or Animal Contamination. (Estimated.)	Chlorine.	Total Hardness.	Proportionate Amount of organic Elements, that in the Kent Company’s Water being taken as 1.
Thames.
Chelsea	11.8	26.46	.211	.039	.001	.155	.196	1250	1.87	19.3	3.7
West Middlesex	12 5	26.62	.176	.028	.001	.124	.153	930	1.83	19 4	3.0
Southwark	12.7	26.68	.192	.030	.001	.125	.155	940	1.83	20.0	3.3
Grand Junction	11. 4	27.00	.186	.033	.001	.129	.164	990	1.83	20 0	3.3
Lambeth	12.0	27.88	.196	.037	.001	.144	.181	1120	1.87	20.0	3.4
Other Sources.
New River	12.2	26.02	.087	.015	.001	.146	.162	1150	1.67	20.1	1.5
East London	11.8	27.13	.153	.027	.001	.076	.104	560	2.04	19.3	27
Kent	12.4	40.36	.057	.012	.000	.371	.383	3 40	2.48	28.1	1.0

Month.	Illuminating power in Sperm Candles.	Amount of Impurity.			Number of Examinations.
		Sulphuretted Hydrogen.	Ammonia per 100 feet Grains.	Sulphur per 100 feet Grains.
January	21.28		4.11	21.92	25
February	21.76		1.15	18.46	23
March	21.47		0.86	15.63	26
April	22.04		0.56	17.37	22
May	21.53		0.39	17.97	23
June	21.28		0.48	17.93	20
July	17.13		0.50	18.76	26
August	16 70		0.37	17.79	23
September	16.83		0.15	17.17	25
October	16.53	(Present 3 times)	0.19	16.44	26
November	16.67		0.19	17.02	24
December	16.68	(Present 3 times)		19.01	25

Period.	Maximum.	Minimum.	Average.
1st Quarter (Cannel Gas)	22.9	19.6 [49a]	21.50
2nd do. do.	23.0	20.3	21.62
3rd do. (Common Gas)	17.6	16.1	16.89
4th do. do.	18.2	15.5 [49b]	16.63

Name of Company.	No. of occasions when clear and transparent.	No. of occasions when slightly turbid.	No. of occasions when turbid.	No. of occasions when very turbid.
Chelsea	6	5	0	2
West Middlesex	12	1	0	0
Grand Junction	7	5	1	0

Name of Company.	Number of occasions when living organisms were found.
	1869.	1870.	1871.	1872.	1873.	1874.
Chelsea	3	2	2	3	2	5
West Middlesex	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grand Junction	4	1	1	2	3	5

Year.	Estimated Population. [57a]	Number of Houses.	Registered Births.	Deaths.	Marriages. [57b]
1874.	138,000.	17,667.	4,356.	2,696.	1,311.
1873	133,000	16,920	4,182	2,436	1,243
1872	127,400	16,206	4,041	2,171	1,132
1871	121,500	15,394	3,804	2,328	1,131
1870	116,350	15,279	3,705	2,473	892
1869	111,350	14,654	3,625	2,249	891
1868	106,350	14,029	3,522	2,232	984
1867	101,350	13,404	3,158	1,938	974
1866	96,350	12,779	3,080	1,966	984
1865	91,350	12,154	2,619	1,733	920
1864	86,350	11,529	2,494	1,849	No Information
Average of 10 years, 1864–1873	109,135	14,234	3,423	2,137	„

The Year.	Births per 1000 of the Population.	Death rate per 1000 living.	Deaths of Children under 1 year per cent. to Total Deaths.	Deaths of Children under 1 year per cent. to Registered Births.	Deaths of Children under 5 years per cent. to Total Deaths.	Deaths in Public Institutions.[58]
1874.	31.7	19.5	28.5	17.5	45.4	352
1873	31.4	18.3	27.0	15.9	40.0	272
1872	32.1	17.0	28.9	15.6	44.2	264
1871	31.3	19.1	25.0	15.0	41.6	252
1870	32.1	21.2	24.4	16.4	42.9	330
1869	32.5	20.2	†	†	†	318
1868	33.1	21.0	†	†	†	303
1867	31.2	19.0	†	†	40.6	221
1866	32.0	20.4	†	†	41.6	248
1865	28.7	19.0	†	†	†	250
1864	28.9	21.4	†	†	41.6	281
Average of 10 Years, 1864–1878.	31.3	19.6	†	†	41.8	273

CAUSES OF DEATH.	AGES.													Total deaths under Five.	Grand Total.	SUB-DISTRICT.
	Under 1.	1 to 2.	2 to 5.	5 to 15.	15 to 25.	25 to 35.	35 to 45.	45 to 55.	55 to 65.	65 to 75.	75 to 85.	85 to 95.	95 and upwards.			Kensington Town.	Brompton.
(CLASSES).
I. ZYMOTIC DISEASES	187	89	95	40	24	26	13	13	10	8	3	1	...	371	509	424	85
II. CONSTITUTIONAL	69	46	44	40	49	60	58	56	32	29	8	...	...	159	491	399	92
III. LOCAL	242	66	52	21	27	54	75	121	152	180	129	22	4	360	1145	921	224
IV. DEVELOPMENTAL	228	16	4	...	4	6	4	1	1	14	43	31	4	248	356	296	60
V. VIOLENT DEATHS	28	...	2	4	1	2	1	7	4	1	...	...	...	30	50	44	6
(Not specified.)	8	6	6	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	20	20	18	2
Total	762	223	203	105	105	148	151	198	199	232	183	54	8	1188	2571	2102	469
I. ZYMOTIC DISEASES.
Order 1.—MIASMATIC.
Small-pox	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Measles	37	47	35	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	119	121	115	6
Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)	1	8	12	11	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	21	32	28	4
Diphtheria	3	2	9	7	...	2	1	1	1	...	...	...	...	14	26	24	2
Quinsy	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Croup	7	4	14	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	25	26	25	1
Whooping-cough	14	17	13	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	44	45	36	9
Typhus	...	...	1	2	...	...	...	3	1	1	1	...	...	1	9	9	...
Enteric or Typhoid Fever	...	3	2	7	6	1	4	3	...	2	...	...	...	5	28	19	9
Simple continued Fever	3	1	4	1	...	1	...	...	2	2	1	...	...	8	15	11	4
Erysipelas	3	...	1	2	4	3	2	3	2	1	...	...	...	4	21	13	8
Puerperal Fever (Metria)	...	...	...	...	9	12	3	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	24	18	6
Carbuncle	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	3	2	1
Influenza	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Dysentery	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	...	...	...	...	...	2	2	...
Diarrhœa	100	6	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	1	1	...	108	112	90	22
Simple Cholera	5	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	5	5	3	2
Ague	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...
Remittent Fever	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Rheumatism	1	...	2	5	5	3	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	3	17	13	4
Other Zymotic Diseases	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Order 2.—ENTHETIC.
Syphilis	11	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	12	12	10	2
Stricture of Urethra	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Hydrophobia	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Glanders	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Order 3.—DIETIC.
Privation	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Want of Breast-milk	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Purpura and Scurvy	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	1
Alcoholism: Del. Tremens	...	...	...	...	...	2	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	5	3	2
Alcoholism: Intemperance	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	...
Order 4.—PARASITIC.
Thrush	2	...	...	1	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	4	2	2
Worms, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
	187	89	95	40	24	26	13	13	10	8	3	1	...	371	509	424	85
II. CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.
Order 1.—DIATHETIC.
Gout	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	2	...	...	...	...	3	3	...
Dropsy	...	...	1	1	...	1	1	2	...	1	2	...	...	1	9	7	2
Cancer	...	...	...	...	1	1	6	17	18	19	5	...	...	...	67	51	16
Cancrum Oris (Noma)	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Mortification	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	1	...	...	1	4	3	1
Order 2.—TUBERCULAR.
Scrofula	11	6	4	2	1	...	1	2	...	...	...	...	...	21	27	23	4
Tabes Mesenterica	33	15	5	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	53	53	45	8
Phthisis	1	7	8	25	46	56	50	35	12	6	...	...	...	16	246	200	46
Hydrocephalus and Tubercular Meningitis	24	18	25	12	1	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	67	82	67	15
	69	46	44	40	49	60	58	56	32	29	8	...	...	159	491	399	92
III. LOCAL DISEASES.
Order 1.—NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Cephalitis	1	...	...	3	...	1	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	1	6	6	...
Apoplexy	2	1	1	...	1	1	2	15	16	18	7	...	...	4	64	45	19
Paralysis	...	1	...	1	...	1	3	6	7	15	13	...	...	1	47	32	15
Insanity	...	...	...	...	1	1	...	...	...	2	...	...	...	...	4	4	...
Chorea	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	1	...	1
Epilepsy	1	...	1	...	...	2	4	2	2	1	...	...	...	2	13	9	4
Convulsions	47	8	4	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	59	59	50	9
Brain Disease, &c.	9	4	5	2	2	1	6	7	9	11	6	...	...	18	62	53	9
Order 2.—ORGANS OF CIRCULATION.
Pericarditis	...	...	2	...	1	...	1	...	1	...	...	...	...	2	5	5	...
Aneurism	...	...	...	...	...	1	3	2	...	1	...	...	...	...	7	6	1
Heart Disease, &c.	2	2	3	3	5	5	6	13	23	29	31	12	3	7	137	104	33
Order 3.—RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Laryngitis	2	...	2	...	1	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	4	6	6	...
Bronchitis	91	25	10	3	3	6	13	19	32	53	48	5	1	126	309	258	51
Pleurisy	...	1	1	...	2	...	2	2	1	...	1	...	...	2	10	9	1
Pneumonia	55	20	19	3	4	14	13	18	11	13	5	1	...	94	176	150	26
Asthma	...	...	...	...	...	2	...	1	4	3	2	...	...	...	12	7	5
Lung disease, &c.	14	2	2	...	...	2	1	1	11	3	4	1	...	18	41	32	9
Order 4.—DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
Gastritis	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	2	1	1
Enteritis	7	1	...	1	1	3	1	1	2	2	...	...	...	8	19	16	3
Peritonitis	3	...	...	4	1	4	2	1	2	2	1	...	...	3	20	18	2
Ascites	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	2	...	...	...	...	...	2	1	1
Ulceration of Intestines	...	1	...	...	...	...	2	3	3	...	...	1	...	8	19	16	3
Hernia	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	3	20	18	2
Ileus	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	1	...	...	...	...	3	3	...
Intussusception	1	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	8	5	3
Stricture of Intestines	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	...	...	...	2	1	1
Fistula	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Stomach Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	5	2	...	...	...	...	8	6	2
Pancreas Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Hepatitis	...	...	...	1	...	1	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	5	4	1
Jaundice	3	...	...	...	...	...	...	3	...	...	...	...	...	3	7	6	1
Liver Disease, &c.	2	...	...	...	2	1	6	9	6	7	2	2	...	2	37	30	7
Spleen Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	1
Order 5.—URINARY DISEASES.
Nephritis	...	...	1	...	...	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	3	2	1
Ischuria	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	1
Blight’s Disease (Nephria)	...	...	...	...	1	2	3	5	4	5	2	...	...	...	22	14	8
Diabetes	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	1	1	1	...	...	...	5	4	1
Calculus (Stone)	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...
Cystitis	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	5	1	...	...	...	7	6	1
Kidney disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	1	...	3	3	3	1	1	...	...	...	12	10	2
Order 6.—ORGANS OF GENERATION.
Ovarian Dropsy	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...
Uterus Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	3	2	...	...	...	...	...	6	4	2
Order 7.—ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION.
Synovitis (Arthritis)	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Joint Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...
Order 8.—INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM.
Phlegmon	2	...	1	...	...	1	...	1	1	1	...	...	...	3	7	7	...
Ulcer	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	2	2	...
Skin Disease, &c.	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
	242	66	52	21	27	54	75	121	152	180	129	22	4	360	1145	921	224
IV. DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES.
Order 1.—DISEASES OF CHILDREN.
Premature Birth	46	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	46	46	35	11
Cyanosis	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	1	...
Spina Bifida	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Other Malformations	3	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	3	3	1	2
Teething	25	19	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	35	35	26	9
Order 2.—DISEASES OF ADULTS.
Paramenia	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Childbirth (see Puerperal fever)	...	...	...	...	4	6	4	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	14	11	3
Order 3.—DISEASES OF OLD PEOPLE.
Old Age	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	14	43	31	4	...	94	79	15
Order 4.—DISEASES OF NUTRITION.
Atrophy and Debility	153	6	4	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	163	163	143	20
	228	16	4	„,	4	6	4	1	1	14	43	31	4	248	356	296	60
V. VIOLENT DEATHS, &c.
Order 1.—ACCIDENT OR NEGLIGENCE.
Fractures and Contusions	1	...	...	1	1	2	...	2	2	1	...	...	...	1	10	10	...
Wounds	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	2	...
Burns and Scalds	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	1	...
Poison	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Drowning	1	...	1	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	4	3	1
Suffocation	17	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	17	17	15	2
Otherwise	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	1
Order 3.—HOMICIDE.
Murder and Manslaughter	4	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	4	4	2	2
Order 4.—SUICIDE.
Wounds: Gunshot, Cut, Stab	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	1	...	...	...	...	1	4	4	...
Poison	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Drowning	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...
Hanging	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	1	1	...	...	...	...	...	2	2	...
Otherwise	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Order 5.—EXECUTION.
Hanging	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
Violent Deaths (not classed)	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	2	2	...
Sudden deaths (cause unascertained)	2	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	2	2	2	...
	28	...	2	4	1	2	1	7	4	1	...	...	...	30	50	44	6
Causes not specified or ill defined	8	6	6	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	20	20	18	2

Diseases.	Total Deaths.	Deaths per 1000 of Population.	Proportion of Deaths to 1000 Deaths.
1. Seven Principal Zymotic Diseases	388	2.8	144
2. Pulmonary (other than Phthisis)	554	4.0	208
3. Tubercular	326	2.3	121
4. Wasting Diseases of Infants (under 5).	209	1.5	77
5. Convulsive Diseases of Infants (under 5).	161	1.1	59

Disease.	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870	1871	1872	1873	Annual Average 10 years, 1864–1873.	Proportion of Deaths to 1000 Deaths in 10 years, 1864–1873.	1874	Proportion of Deaths to 1000 Deaths in 1874.
Smallpox	5	18	10	29	4	6	8	120	68	1	26.9	12.5	121	45
Measles	100	52	40	19	84	27	70	64	43	38	53.7	25.3	32	11.8
Scarlet Fever	90	31	28	35	170	106	198	95	29	10	79.2	37.1	26	9.6
Diphtheria	Not separately registered.					9	14	11	14	11	5.9	2.7
Whooping Cough	56	37	28	68	34	71	55	72	77	44	54.2	25.3	45	16.7
Fever	60	77	33	46	52	42	46	48	42	41	48.7	22.8	52	19.3
Diarrhœa	63	104	112	78	113	108	154	129	110	145	111.6	52.3	112	41.6
Total, Kensington	374	319	251	275	457	369	545	539	383	290	380.2	178.0	388	144
Total, London.	16,029	14,272	14,761	11,660	14,925	17,413	16,476	19,455	12,699	11,385	14,907	198	11,230	147
Total. England & Wales 1862–1871 [60]	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870	1871	1862–71	1872	1872	1872
	73,220	98,490	96,279	92,030	82,692	72,587	97,352	90,380	100,497	103,801	90,732	188	91,743	188

Sub-Districts.	No. of Complaints received during the year.	No. of Houses and Premises, &c., inspected.	Results of Inspection.			House Drains.		Privies and W.C.’s.			Dust Bins.		Water Supply.		Miscellaneous.
			Orders issued for Sanitary Amendments of Houses and Premises.	Houses and Premises, &c., Cleansed, Repaired and Whitewashed.	Houses Disinfected after Infectious Diseases.	Repaired, Cleansed, &c.	Trapped or Ventilated.	Repaired, Cleansed, &c.	Supplied with Water.	New provided.	New provided.	Repaired, Covered, &c.	Cisterns (new) erected.	Cisterns Cleansed, Repaired and Covered.	No. of Lodging Houses registered under 35th Clause of Sanitary Acts, 1866. [62]	No. of Dust Complaints received and attended to.	Removal of accumulations of Dung, Stagnant Water, Animal and other Refuse.	Removal of Animals improperly kept.	Regularly Inspected			Other Proceedings, e.g. Legal Proceedings.
																			Bakehouses.	Licensed Cowhouses.	Licensed Slaughterhouses.
North.	820	3229	818	567	40	207	76	163	69	.4	20	25	5	38	...	2560	64	46	60	18	32	82
South.	662	4057	664	496	28	235	59	178	53	2	11	19	3	37	...	3331	51	12	48	18	22	18
Total.	1482	7286	1477	1063	68	442	135	341	122	6	31	44	8	75	...	5891	115	58	108	36	54	100

Date of Report.	Houses Inspected.		Mews Inspected.		Slaughter		Cowsheds Inspected.		Bakehouses Inspected.		Offensive		Sanitary Orders issued.		Letters &c. Received re Dust		Complaints of non-removal of Dust.		Orders issued for the removal of Dust.
	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South	North	South
May 6, 1874	388	532	48	72	11	14	13	14	15	8	9	0	65	88	136	258	15	95	302	601
June 3 „	360	475	42	61	7	16	19	14	14	23	11	0	61	31	161	222	14	64	294	528
July 1 „	416	520	58	75	18	14	12	10	14	9	10	1	39	86	208	193	26	42	312	335
July 29 „	314	337	48	69	16	8	14	14	13	12	16	0	81	32	187	189	31	36	254	360
Aug. 20 „	219	336	31	74	6	13	3	10	9	19	7	0	37	26	57	88	9	21	87	180
Sept. 23 „	189	216	22	47	11	9	14	8	10	11	4	0	42	35	69	84	12	10	95	106
Oct. 21 „	176	240	32	60	42	32	31	32	9	7	9	0	53	42	109	91	5	6	172	209
Nov. 18 „	225	364	36	62	14	7	12	9	13	16	10	2	48	61	150	121	22	19	210	231
Dec. 16 „	238	285	48	65	9	3	11	8	10	7	13	2	71	80	214	186	46	63	307	377
Jan. 13, 1875	185	202	30	37	10	6	11	9	16	12	3	0	59	32	345	372	69	66	565	635
Feb. 10 „	207	198	36	43	12	8	9	9	12	11	13	0	70	72	393	446	51	67	553	839
Mar. 10 „	186	214	24	22	8	7	9	6	12	10	14	0	67	55	293	622	18	96	392	1021
April 7 „	126	138	16	14	8	7	5	9	12	12	8	0	63	42	238	459	39	68	325	887
Totals.	3229	4057	471	701	172	144	163	152	159	157	127	7	756	682	2560	3331	357	653	3868	6309

The Year.	Deaths per 1000 living.		Total Deaths from seven Zymotic diseases, Kensington.	Annual rate of Mortality per 1,000 living from seven Zymotic diseases.		Proportion of Deaths to 1,000 Deaths from seven Zymotic diseases.
	Kensington.	London.		Kensington.	London.	Kensington.	London.
1864	21.4	26.5	374	4.3	5.4	204	204
1865	19.0	24.5	319	3.5	4.7	185	196
1866	20.4	26.4	259	2.6	4.8	133	185
1867	19.0	23.0	276	2.7	3.7	142	166
1868	21.0	23.6	457	4.2	4.7	208	200
1869	20.2	24.6	369	3.3	5.5	164	227
1870	21.2	24.1	545	4.6	5.1	222	213
1871	19.1	24.7	542	4.4	6.0	233	242
1872	17.0	21.4	390	3.0	3.8	181	179
1873	18.3	22.5	290	2.1	3.3	119	149
AVERAGE OF TEN YEARS	19.6	24.1	382	3.4	4.7	179	196
1874	19.5	22.5	388	2.8	3.3	144	147

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Annual Report on the Health of the Parish of St. Mary Abbotts, Kensington, during the year 1874

THE ANNUAL REPORT ON THE HEALTH OF THE Parish of St. Mary Abbotts, KENSINGTON, DURING THE YEAR 1874.

p. 3CONTENTS.

p. 5NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH, Being for the year 1874.

POPULATION, &c.

MARRIAGES.

BIRTHS.

DEATHS.

SPECIAL CAUSES OF DEATH.

DEATHS IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

INQUESTS.

DEATHS “NOT CERTIFIED.”

METEOROLOGY.

VACCINATION.

p. 31SANITARY WORK.

LICENSED SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

LICENSED COW-SHEDS.

BAKEHOUSES.

DUST REMOVAL

DOMESTIC WATER STORAGE.

MORTUARY.

DISINFECTING CHAMBER

p. 43BATHS AND WASH-HOUSES.

SEWER VENTILATION.

WATER SUPPLY.

GAS.

p. 55APPENDIX.

p. 57TABLE I.

p. 58TABLE II.

p. 59TABLE III. Deaths Registered from all causes during the year 1874.

p. 60TABLE IV.

p. 61TABLE V.

p. 62TABLE VI.

p. 63TABLE VIa.

p. 64TABLE VII.

p. 65TABLE VIII.

p. 66TABLE IX.

p. 68TABLE X. PARISH OF SAINT MARY ABBOTTS, KENSINGTON.

p. 69TABLE XI. LICENSED SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

p. 71TABLE XII. LICENSED COW SHEDS.

p. 72TABLE XIII. QUARTERLY RETURN Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Cannel Gas.

p. 73TABLE XIV. QUARTERLY RETURN Of the Chief Gas Examiner

Cannel Gas.

p. 74TABLE XV. QUARTERLY RETURN Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Common Gas.

p. 75TABLE XVI. QUARTERLY RETURN Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

Common Gas.

FOOTNOTES.

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

THE ANNUAL REPORT
ON
THE HEALTH
OF THE
Parish of St. Mary Abbotts,
KENSINGTON,
DURING THE YEAR
1874.

p. 5NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
MEDICAL OFFICER OF HEALTH,
Being for the year 1874.

p. 59TABLE III.
Deaths Registered from all causes during the year 1874.

p. 68TABLE X.
PARISH OF SAINT MARY ABBOTTS, KENSINGTON.

p. 69TABLE XI.
LICENSED SLAUGHTER HOUSES.

p. 71TABLE XII.
LICENSED COW SHEDS.

p. 72TABLE XIII.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

p. 73TABLE XIV.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner

p. 74TABLE XV.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

p. 75TABLE XVI.
QUARTERLY RETURN
Of the Chief Gas Examiner.

LOCALITY.	Annual Death Rate per 1000 Living from all causes.	Annual Death Rate per 1000 Living from principal Zymotic Diseases.	Per centage of Deaths under 1 year to Births Registered.	Per Centage of Deaths to Total Deaths.
				Under 1 year of age.	At 60 years of age and upwards.	From 7 Zymotic Diseases.	From Violence.	Registered upon information of the Coroner (Inquests.)	Registered in large Public Institutions.
London	22.5	3.3	15.5	24.6	21.6	14.7	3.6	7.2	17.2
Kensington	19.5	2.8	17.5	28.5	21.7	14.4	1.8	6.4	13.1

Name of Street or Place.	Measles.	Scarlet Fever.	Diphtheria.	Whooping Cough.	FEVER.			Diarrhœa.	Total.
					Typhus.	Enteric.	Simple Contind.
Absolom Road	l								1
Admiral Place and Terrace	2					1			3
Abingdon Road		2						1	3
Acklam Road					1	1			2
Brown’s Buildings	2								2
Blenheim Crescent								3	3
Blechynden Street	6			2			1		9
Bramley Road	2			2				1	5
Bomore Road	2								2
Boundary Villas		1							1
„ Cottages		2							2
Bangor Street		1						1	2
Cromwell Road (West)						1			1
Cornwall Road	1					1		1	3
Child Street and Place	3								3
Coleherne Road			1						1
Clarendon Road		1	2						2
Crescent Street							1	2	3
Campden Street	3	1				1		1	5
„ Hill Road			1						2
Calverley Street				1				1	2
Dartmoor Street		1					1		2
Devonshire Terrace, Kensington						1			1
Dulford Street		2							2
Edge Terrace	1			1				1	3
Earl’s Court Road					1			2	3
Faraday Road		1	l						1
Fulham Road						1			1
Gordon Cottages			1						1
Golborne Road	1							4	5
Glo’ster Terrace, Kensington					1				1
Grange (The)					1				1
Holland Street			1	1					2
Hurstway Street	4							1	5
Holland Villas Road		1							1
Ifield Road	l	2						1	4
James’ Street, Kensington					1				1
Kenilworth Terrace	1	1							2
Kensington High Street			1						1
Kensington Park Road			1					1	2
„ „ Gardens Mews		1							1
Ladbroke Grove Road	2		1			3			6
Lancaster Road	2	1				1	1	2	7
Lockton Street	1							3
Lonsdale Road	1	2		1					4
„ Mews		1							1
Montpelier Street						1			1
p. 67Manchester Street	2	2							4
„ Road					1			2	3
New Street	2			1				2	5
Neville Street						1		1	2
Powis Square						l			1
Prince’s Gate						l			1
„ Mews	2								2
Pembroke Place	2			1				1	4
Pelham Crescent		1							1
Peel Street	2				1	1	1		5
Portland Road	3			2				2	7
Portobello Road	7	1	2					5	15
Phœnix Place					1				1
Phillimore Place (Lower)									1
Royal Crescent		4							4
Rillington Place			1	1					2
Raddington Road	2								2
Swinbroke Road					1			2	3
Silchester Road		1						1	2
„ Terrace	2								2
South Street, St. Mark’s								2	2
St. James Street, Notting Hill	2		1					2	5
St. Katherine’s Road	1			2			1	4	8
St. Clement’s Road	1				1			2	4
Stanley Gardens Mews			1						1
Southam Street	11					1	1	2	15
Stoneleigh Street							2		2
Sheffield Gardens			1						1
St. Ann’s Road	2			1					3
St. Luke’s Mews			1						1
Seymour Place						1			1
Thistle Grove		2		1				1	4
Thomas Mews, Place and Street Notting Dale	4		2					1	7
Testerton Street	1	1		2				1	5
Tabernacle Terrace	2	1							3
Talbot Mews	1							2	3
Talbot Grove	2		1	1	1			1	6
Warwick Place				1					1
Wornington Road						1			1
Wilby Mews						1			1
Warwick Road	1			2				4	7
Walmer Road	4			2			1	3	10
William Street, Norlands	2							2	4
„ Notting Hill	2								2
Workhouse	4					2		3	9

DATE.	Registration Sub-Districts comprised in Vaccination Officer’s District.	Number of Births returned in Birth List Sheets.	Number of these Births duly entered in Columns 10, 11, and 13 of the Vaccination Register (Birth List Sheets) viz.:—				Number of these Births which are not entered in the Vaccination Register, on account, as shown by Report Book) of
			Column 10. Successfully Vaccination.	Column 11.		Column 13. Dead. Un-vaccinated.	Postponement by Medical Certificate.	Removal to Districts, the Vaccination Officer of which has been duly apprized.	Removal to places unknown, or which cannot be reached, and cases not having been found.	Cases still under proceedings by summons and otherwise.
				Insusceptible of Successful Vaccination.	Had Small-pox.
	1	2	3	4	5	6	8	9	10
1st January to 30th June.	Kensington Town	1833	1520	12		209	20	8	64
	Brompton	400	338	1		35	6	4	16
1st July to 31st Dec.	Kensington Town	1708	1380	9		178	40	12	82	7
	Brompton	416	350	1		42	8	3	10	2
	Totals	4357	3588	23		464	74	27	172	9

SOUTH SANITARY DISTRICT, (20.)
LOCALITY.	LICENSEE.
Glo’ster Grove East	Mrs. Nutkins
11, Church Street, Kensington	Mr. Stimpson
11, Peel Place, Silver Street	„ Andrews
The Mall, Silver Street	„ Wright
57, Fulham Road	„ Turner
356, Ditto	„ Smith
37, Brompton Road	„ Shackell
121, Ditto	„ Cox
183, Ditto	„ French
12, New Street, Brompton	„ Lidstone
7, Montpelier Street, Brompton	„ Hall
60, Kensington High Street	„ English
Phillimore Mews	„ Clayton
1, Newland Place	„ Sandford
15, High Street, Notting Hill	„ Short
133, Ditto ditto	„ Candy
6, Hope Terrace, Notting Hill	„ Beall
35, Earl’s Court Road	„ Matson
Ditto ditto	„ Collins
Warwick Road	„ Fazan
NORTH SANITARY DISTRICT, (28.)
13, Archer Mews	Mr. H. Rush
Ditto	„ Ward
20, Bolton Mews	Messrs. Smith and Son
p. 70195, Clarendon Road	Mr. J. W. Rush
142, Ditto ditto	„ Rutland
10, Edenham Mews	„ Gibson
Tavistock Mews, Portobello Road	„ Hughes
8, Vernon Mews, Portobello Road	„ Young
196, Portobello Road	„ Scoles
Ledbury Mews	„ French
Lonsdale Mews	„ Olney
50, Prince’s Road, Notting Hill	„ Parratt
98, Ditto ditto	„ Roser
10, Prince’s Mews, Notting Hill	„ Cole
10, Prince’s Road Mews, ditto	„ Coles
Portland Road ditto	„ Colley
41, Prince’s Place ditto	„ Pickworth
23, Norfolk Terrace	„ Matthews
61, Silchester Road	„ Matthews
5, James Street, Potteries	„ Van
Mary Place, Potteries	„ Nind
7, Thomas Street, Potteries	„ Squire
27, Ditto ditto	„ Squire
Royal Crescent Mews	„ Blackburn
Ditto ditto	„ Macpherson
Ditto ditto	„ Down
140, Walmer Road	„ Seaton
144, Ditto	„ Baker

SOUTH SANITARY DISTRICT. (16.)
LOCALITY.	LICENSEE.
5, Glos’ter Grove East	Mrs. Reeves
7, Silver Street	Mr. Mackenzie
7, The Mall, Notting Hill.	„ Edwards
Ditto ditto	„ Draper
Fulham Road (St. Mark’s Place)	„ Starr
Holland Park Farm	Messrs. Tunks and Tisdall
Newland Terrace	Mr. Harman
Gore Lane	„ Thompson
Earl’s Court Road (Pembroke Place)	„ Harman
Ditto ditto	„ Jones
Ditto ditto	„ Clark
Warwick Road	„ Pool
South End, Kensington	„ Woolhouse
Ditto ditto	„ Lunn
Stratford Road	„ Clark
Addison Cottage, Lorne Gardens	„ Lyons
Thistle Grove	„ Burgar
NORTH SANITARY DISTRICT, (17.)
191, Portobello Road	Mr. D. Hughes
207, ditto	Aylesbury Dairy Company
Ditto (Angola Mews)	Mr. Johnson
Wornington Mews	„ Jones
Ledbury Mews	„ Boon
Ditto	„ Liddiard
Notting Barn Farm	„ Liddiard
James’ Street, Potteries	„ Arnsby
5, Ditto ditto	„ Van
21, Thomas Street, Potteries	„ Bidgood
12, Blechynden Mews	„ White
14, ditto	„ Copperwheat
15, ditto	„ Cockman
9, East Road Mews	„ Stephen Keen
165, Walmer Road	„ Fredk. Keen
10, Talbot Mews	„ Hornsby
3 & 4, Archer Mews	„ Skingle

January.
	Illuminating Power in Standard Sperm Candles.	Amount of Impurity.
		Sulphuretted Hydrogen.	Ammonia per 100 feet, grains.	Sulphur per 100 feet, grains.
1	20.7	None	7.4	23 0
2	21.1	„	5.0	23.3
3	20.3	„	4.6	...
5	20.2	„	7.5	23.7
6	22.2	„	6.4	23.1
7	22.4	„	4.6	22.1
8	22.4	„	4.2	22.5
9	22.7	„	3.8	21.4
10	21.9	„	3.2	21.8
12	22.7	„	...	22.3
13	22.2	„	4.6	22.6
14	22.2	„	5.0	18.4
15	22 3	„	5.2	15.1
16	22.1	„	5.2	20.3
17	20.2	„	3.2	19.7
19	20.7	„	2.0	21.0
20	21.0	„	4.0	22.4
21	Not received.
22	19.7	„	4.6	22.8
23	20 8	„	2.4	23.3
24	19.6	„	2.2	24.2
26	22 2	„	2.4	24.0
27	Not received.
28	20.2	„	4.0	23.6
29	20.9	„	3.0	17.3
30	21.0	„	2.6	24.3
31	20.5	„	1.7	24.0
Mean	21.28	„	4.11	21.92
February.
2	20.7	None	1.8	21.0
3	20.5	„	1.6	20.8
4	22.1	„	1.8	19.2
5	20.9	„	1.2	18 8
6	21.1	„	0.6	19.1
7	21.7	„	1.2	...
9	21.7	„	1.2	...
10	21.2	„	1.4	...
11	20.7	„	1.2	...
12	21.7	„	0.8	...
13	22.1	„	0.6	20.6
14	22.0	„	1.0	20 9
16	22.8	„	1.3	19.1
17	22.9	„	1.6	18.8
18	22.5	„	1.2	18.8
19	22.5	„	1.2	15.7
20	21.1	„	1.0	15.4
21	Not received.
23	22.6	„	0.6	16.1
24	21.3	„	2.0	16.4
25	21.3	„	0.6	16.8
26	22.6	„	1.0	16.0
27	23.3	„	1.2	19.2
28	21.1	„	0.0	19.6
Mean	21.76		1.15	18.46
March.
2	21.4	None	2.4	19.2
3	21.0	„	0.2	10 4
4	21.9	„	0.8	13.0
5	21.3	„	1.0	14.5
6	22.8	„	1.0	15.1
7	21.9	„	1.0	15.1
9	22.1	„	0.8	15.3
10	21.0	„	1.4	15.3
11	21.4	„	0.0	12.9
12	20 4	„	1.0	14.3
13	20.9	„	0.6	15.1
14	21.0	„	0.6	16.4
16	21.1	„	0.4	17.7
17	21 6	„	1.2	17.1
18	21.5	„	2.0	17.2
19	21.4	„	0.8	17.5
20	21.2	„	0.5	17.3
21	21.8	„	1.0	17.3
23	21.9	„	...	...
24	21.2	„	...	...
25	21.7	„	...	...
26	21 4	„	...	...
27	21.0	„	0.8	...
28	21.4	„	0.6	15.5
30	21.1	„	0.8	15.7
31	22.9	„	0.0	16.0
Mean	21.47	„	0.86	15.63

April.
	Illuminating Power in Standard Sperm Candles.		Amount of Impurity.
			Sulphuretted Hydrogen.		Ammonia per 100 feet, grains.		Sulphur per 100 feet, grains.
1	22.1		None		None		17.0
2	23.0		„		„		13.7
3	Not received
4	22.1	„		0.4		14.2
6	Not received
7	21.7	„		2.4		16.8
8	21.5	„		0.6		17.8
9	22.5	„		1.2		16.9
10	22.2	„		...		17.2
11	22.3	„		None		17.2
13	22.7	„		0.4		17.3
14	21.0	„		0.4		17.3
15	21.0	„		1.4		17.1
16	22.9	„		0.7		17.4
17	21.6	„		0.4		19.0
18	21.2	„		0.2		17.9
20	22.2	„		0.0		19.5
21	Not received
22	22.5	„		0.2		9.5
23	22.5	„		1.4		18.7
24	22.2	„		0.6		18.1
25	23.0	„		0.4		18.2
27	22 2	„		0.0		18.0
28	22.0	„		0.0		18.1
29	21.2	„		1.0		15.4
30	Not received
Mean	22.04	„		0.56		17.37
May.
1	21.9	„		0.2		16.6
2	21.5	„		0.6		16.4
4	20.9	„		None		18 4
5	21.5	„		„		18.9
6	22.0	„		„		17.4
7	21.4	„		0.8		17.4
8	21.4	„		None		20.2
9	20 5	„		„		17.9
11	Not received
12	21.5	„		„		18.9
13	21.6	„		1.0		1 .8
14	22.0	„		0.8		16.7
15	22.2	„		0.2		16.3
16	20.7	„		None		17.9
18	21.2	„		0.4		16.0
19	21.6	„		0.4		17.3
20	21.8	„		0.8		17.8
21	21.4	„		0.6		17.7
22	Not received
23	21.7	„		0.4		18.0
25	Not received
26	21.7	„		0.6		18.4
27	21.7	„		0.4		20.0
28	21.7	„		0.6		19 9
29	22 0	„		0.5		19.3
30	21.4	„		0.6		18.3
Mean	21.53	„		0.39		17.97
June.
1	21.3	None		None		17.9
2	21 3	„		0.4		19.1
3	21.5	„		None		18.2
4	21.6	„		„		17.8
5	22.0	„		„		...
6	Not received
8	22.0	„		„		17.8
9	21.9	„		„		...
10	21.8	„		0.8		...
11	20.8	„		1.2		17.7
12	20.3	„		0.5		17.8
13	20.7	„		0.8		17.1
15	20.6	„		1.0		17.3
16	20.8	„		0.6		17.3
17	21.1	„		0.6		16.9
18	21.1	„		0.5		16.1
19	Not received
20	Not received
22	21.4	„		0.5		16.2
23	21.4	„		1.0		17.4
24	Not received
25	Not received
26	Not received
27	21.4	„		0.8		17.3
29	21.4	„		05		17.3
30	21.3	„		0.4		16.4
Mean	21.28	„		0.48		17.39

July.
	Illuminating Power in Standard Sperm Candles.	Amount of Impurity.
		Sulphuretted Hydrogen.	Ammonia per 100 feet, grains.	Sulphur per 100 feet, grains.
1	18.6	None	0.8	16.4
2	17.6	„	1.2	19.2
3	...	„	0.0	19.1
4	...	„	1.2	19.6
6	...	„	0.0	20.4
7	17.6	„	0.8	20.1
8	17.6	„	0.8	20.2
9	17.4	„	1.0	20.2
10	17.4	„	1.0	20.3
11	17.3	„	0.0	19.3
13	17.5	„	1.8	19.6
14	17.3	„	1.0	20.3
15	17.5	„	0.0	20.5
16	16.6	„	0.0	19.5
17	16.6	„	1.0	19.4
18	16.7	„	0.6	19.4
20	16.9	„	0.2	19.4
21	16.8	„	0.0	16.0
22	17.0	„	0.0	14.4
23	17.2	„	0.0	16.0
24	Not received
25	16.8	„	0.0	16.5
27	16.7	„	0.0	16.0
28	16.7	„	0.0	16.3
29	16.5	„	0.4	16.2
30	16.6	„	0.6	26.4
31	17.1	„	0.6	16.5
Mean	17.13	„	0.50	18.76
August.
1	16.8	None	0.3	15.7
3	Not received
4	17.0	„	0.8	17.0
5	16.6	„	0.6	17.2
6	16.6	„	0.6	17.4
7	17.2	„	0.0	17.1
8	16.9	„	0.6	16.9
10	16.9	„	0.4	18.5
11	16.9	„	0.4	18.1
12	16.5	„	0.0	18.5
13	16.8	„	0.4	18.4
14	16.9	„	1.0	18.8
15	16.7	„	0.4	8.4
17	16.5	„	0.6	18.6
18	16.1	„	0.3	18.1
19	16.4	„	0.4	17.6
20	16.3	„	0.5	17.5
21	Not received
22	16.5	„	0.5	17.4
24	16.9	„	0.6	19.8
25	16.5	„	0.0	19.7
26	16.5	„	0.0	18.4
27	16.9	„	0.0	17.7
28	Not received
29	16.4	„	0.0	...
31	17.3	„	0.0	...
Mean	16.70	„	0.37	17.93
September.
1	16.8	None	...	...
2	16.7	„	...	...
3	16.7	„	...	...
4	16.6	„	...	...
5	17.1	„	None	...
7	17.3	„	„	16.5
8	16.7	„	„	16.6
9	16.6	„	„	16.5
10	16.2	„	„	21.8
11	17.0	„	0.6	18.6
12	16.6	„	0.3	15.3
14	16.5	„	0.4	18.1
15	17.1	„	0.0	16.9
16	17.0	„	1.2	16.8
17	Not received
18	16.7	„	None	17.1
19	16.8	„	„	17.1
21	16.7	„	„	17.1
22	16.8	„	„	17.4
23	16.6	...	„	17.4
24	16.8	...	„	17.1
25	16.9	...	„	17.0
26	17.1	„	0.5	17.1
28	17.5	„	0.0	16.9
29	16.6	„	0.6	14.3
30	17.4	„	0.6	17.9
Mean	16.83	„	0.15	17.17

October.
	Illuminating Power in Standard Sperm Candles.	Amount of Impurity.
		Sulphuretted Hydrogen.	Ammonia per 100 feet, grains.	Sulphur per 100 feet, grains.
1	17.3	None	0.8	16.5
2	16.7	„	0.2	18.1
3	16.6	„	0.3	16.2
5	16.4	„	0.2	15.3
6	16.6	„	0.1	13.2
7	16.4	„	0.2	14.1
8	16.3	„	0.0	17.0
9	16.5	„	1.0	16.1
10	16.3	„	0.5	15.6
12	16.3	„	0.4	16.1
13	16.1	„	0.2	16.2
14	16.3	„	0.0	17.1
15	16.7	„	0.0	17.2
16	16.6	„	0.0	17.3
17	Not received
19	16.6	„	0.0	17.5
20	15.5	„	0.0	17.4
21	16.2	„	0.6	15.7
22	16.5	„	0.4	15.7
23	16.4	„	0.0	16.2
24	16.4	„	0.0	15.8
26	17.8	traces	0.0	15.4
27	17.4	much	0.0	15.3
28	16.8	trace	0.0	18.4
29	16.3	None	0.0	18.2
30	16.4	„	0.0	18.2
31	16.3	„	0.0	17.8
Mean	16.53	prsnt. three times.	0.19	16.44
November.
2	16.3	None	None	17.6
3	16.9	„	„	17.5
4	16.9	„	„	17.5
5	16.7	„	„	17.3
6	16.8	„	„	16.5
7	16.1	„	„	17.3
9	16.7	„	„	18.1
10	16.8	„	„	14.5
11	16.7	„	0.4	15.5
12	Not received
13	16.7	„	0.4	15.0
14	16.6	„	None	16.0
16	16.6	„	„	14.4
17	16.5	„	1.0	18.3
18	17.7	„	0.8	19.1
19	17.3	„	0.6	...
20	16.7	„	None	18.8
21	16.2	„	„	18.8
23	16.1	„	1.0	16.7
24	16.4	„	None	16.7
25	16.6	„	„	16.5
26	16.6	„	„	...
27	16.5	„,	0.3	...
28	16.9	„	0.0	16.9
30	16.7	„	0.0	18.4
Mean	16.67	„	0.19	17.02
December.
1	18.2	None	None	15.9
2	17.1	„	„	16.8
3	17.1	„	„	16.8
4	16.4	„	„	16.1
5	17.0	„	„	16.0
7	16.5	„	„	19.4
8	17.0	„	„	19.5
9	16.7	„	„	19.1
10	15.8	prsnt.	„	18.2
11	17.4	do.	0.4	22.0
12	17.2	trace	None	22.1
14	16.6	None	„	24.0
15	17.0	„	„	22.1
16	16.6	„	„	15.9
17	16.5	„	...	16.2
18	16.5	„	...	16.1
19	16.5	„	...	16.3
21	15.9	„	„	16.6
22	16.4	„	„	22.4
23	16.5	„	„	...
24	17.2	„	„	22.2
25	...	...	...	...
26	...	...	...	...
28	16.6	„	„	22.3
29	16.7	„	„	...
30	16.0	„	„	20.5
31	15.8	„	„	20.7
Mean	16.68	prsnt. three times	„	19.01

	Area in statute acres.	Inhabited houses, 1871.	Population, 1871.
Kensington	2,190	15,735	120,299
Paddington	1,251	11,847	96,813
Hammersmith	2,287	6,719	42,691
Fulham	1,716	3,469	23,350