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BILLY AND HANS




William James Stillman was born in Schenectady, N. Y., June 1, 1828, and
died at Frimley Green, Surrey, England, July 6, 1901. In _The
Autobiography of a Journalist_, (1901), he has given one of the most
fascinating and spiritually truthful narratives ever written.

This lover of animals who numbered among his friends Lowell, Longfellow,
and Charles Eliot Norton, to name but three, wrote _Billy and Hans_ in
the last years of a long and beautiful life. The story was first
published in the _Century Magazine_ for February, 1897. It was later on
revised and enlarged, then reissued in the _Life and Light Books_
(George Bell & Sons, London, 1907). With the kind permission of Mrs.
Marie Stillman we now offer a reprint of this edition.




BILLY AND HANS
MY SQUIRREL FRIENDS

A True History by

W J STILLMAN


[Illustration]






Portland Maine
Thomas B Mosher
MDCCCCXIV

Copyright by
The Century Co.
1897

Copyright by
Marie Stillman
1914

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[Illustration]




                              INTRODUCTION


In our judgments of the respective intellectual capacities of the
animals which lend themselves to human companionship, any approach to
scientific accuracy in our comparative psychology demands that we should
compare our subjects in their native condition. Heredity plays a part
which often overtops Nature, and we have no means of ascertaining the
effect of such intellectual progress in the animal as may be due to the
influence of the mind of man in the process of domestication. When I was
living much with hunters in the American wilderness, I have been struck
with the differences between dogs of the same parentage owned by hunters
of different temperaments and intellectual capacities, and it is hardly
saying too much to say that the greater part of the power which is very
like that of reasoning in the domestic animals is the result of human
influence. In the range of my own studies of animals in a state of
nature, the squirrels have given me the greatest evidence of the
capacity for _humanisation_, and, at the same time, of such intellectual
powers as are within the limited range of the creatures we call brute.
In the different species of _Sciurus_ which I know, there is a wide
difference in the amenability to human influence, the _vulgaris_ being
that which wins closest to the heart of the lover of animals, nor do I
know another creature of the lower orders capable of exciting so much
affection in gentle souls.

The numerous expressions of pleasure at the reading of my history of two
pet squirrels, printed in the _Century Magazine_ several years ago,
persuaded me that in a more permanent and convenient form it may serve
still further the purpose for which it was written, and, in a more
distinctly pointed appeal, find its way to a place amongst the teachings
of a finer and broader humanity than that which commonly limits our
sympathies. The history—for it is the simple record as faithful to the
facts as my memory serves—of the little lives it deals with, was written
not merely to preserve the evidence of the unsuspected intelligence and
moral qualities of a humble creature, but to help in stimulating the
interest of my fellow-men in the enjoyment of existence by the
fellow-beings over whom we have, or assume, the lordship.

The entirely modern feeling of responsibility for the protection of the
lower animals, which has given rise to the noble Associations for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, is to my mind one of the most
irrefragable proofs of a definitely higher attainment of our modern
civilisation, and I have little respect for the Christianity or humanity
of any one who has no thought to spare the lower creatures useless pain.
But the early experiences of my own life, gained in a country and under
circumstances in which the killing of wild creatures was often the
necessary means of obtaining food, and the recognition of the
unquestionable utility of field sports as contributing to the greater
health, mental and physical, of men, forbid me to join in an
undiscriminating crusade against those field sports; but from having for
many of my earlier years been an ardent sportsman, I have grown so
tender of the suffering of my fellow-creatures of the lower ranks in
creation, that nothing could now induce me to take the life of a wild
creature, except the necessity of protecting another which needed
protection and deserved it. I do not discuss the question; I feel for
myself, and conform my own conduct to my feelings, without pretending to
prescribe for others. I have derived so much real happiness from the
cultivation of my love for the animals I used to kill that my opinion is
an interested one, and the little story of one of my experiences is told
in the hope that it may show some others the greater delight of loving
over killing.

Nor should my history be taken as a plea for keeping animals caged. The
cultivation of feelings of tenderness towards their kind might well
repay, in the large account of profit and loss, the teaching children to
make pets of wild creatures, but I cannot justify keeping any animal in
a cage or in a manner which makes a normal activity impossible. The
question of responsibility for keeping them in captivity I leave in
others’ cases to themselves; in my own, there is more pain than pleasure
in their captivity. I apprehend that we know so little about the sources
of pain and pleasure in animals that we may sometimes consider that to
be pain which is not so—and the animal may be no more capable of
choosing its greatest happiness than are children, whom we constantly
prevent from doing what they most desire to do. My Hans in his eagerness
to escape would probably have gone to a speedy death—with me he had a
sure protection, and if, as a result of that protection, he had his life
shortened, his chance of life was on the whole increased, and, as the
result showed, he found a certain advantage in it. How far the balance
lay on the side of liberty or my form of captivity, no one can be
entitled to decide; each case and every person may have a different
standard. The general rule, it seems to me, should be that the highest
apparent good must be permitted to justify the means, and in my own
experience, the keeping of tamed animals of any species is for children
of almost any growth the means of opening the nature to a higher
attainment of human sympathy. In the young the habit of regarding their
pets as objects of tenderness and sympathy is an unquestionable good,
and in my acquaintance with humanity I have never found a man or woman
who really loved animals who was not at heart a good man or woman.

Nor is there force in the objection, raised by a friend who is devoted
to certain forms of humanitarian activity, that there is such need of
work for the human sufferers that there is no place for keeping pets.
The capacity of either human love or human charity is not diminished by
the satisfaction of the thirst for something of our own on which to pour
out our love. Whatever awakens in the heart a new passion increases its
capacity for any and every other worthy object—

                    “Who loveth one, he loveth all.”

The love of animals is the primary course in the school of humanity, and
a child once taught to love its pet, not because it is its personal
property, but because it needs and reciprocates the love given it, and
the protection our superior power and position enables him to give it,
is better prepared to understand any humanitarian work. The Society for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is the logical predecessor to that
for the Protection of Children; and as the sense of property is the
mother of thrift, so the love of our pets is the beginning of the love
of _all_ living things. I have always been a lover of animals, but never
kept one in close confinement, and perfect intimacy with a creature born
in freedom can never be gained from one in a cage. The healthy enjoyment
of them can only be full, therefore, when such a liberty is accorded as
gives full play to their peculiarities. The squirrel, if taken young,
can be made to enjoy his domestication so completely that he makes no
attempt to escape, and may be trusted in the open, with due precaution
from cats. My desire would be to so treat them in the free state as to
educate them to entire familiarity and to breeding in that condition.
That this is attainable is my conviction. I think the history of my two
squirrels, and of several others I know of, proves the capacity of the
species for a measure of devotion and teachableness of which few people
have any conception, and should the domestication become practical, the
development through heredity suggests the possibility of a race of
companions to man of a most fascinating quality.

But this the life in a cage will never lead to, and I should be sorry
that my little story should induce any lover of animals to condemn one
of these sprightly and clever beings to prison bars, even with the
solace of the wheel, which is the squirrel’s joy, and is a not uncommon
fate for its kind. I question if the squirrel taken _in maturity_ can
ever be made to reconcile itself to, or live long in, any prison. For
him the best result I can hope for from the reading of my little book
would be the protection and kindness we owe to every one of the harmless
creatures over which the order of Creation has given us the authority
and power of life and death, with, as it seems to me, the duty of
protection. In the desire to mitigate the suffering caused by the
struggle for existence, I can only constitute myself the advocate of
those creatures which seem to me to best repay it, as we do with our
fellow-men. The dog has his friends and the cat hers—I give my heart
amongst the dumb beasts to the squirrel, and accept the obloquy, if any,
of the championship. Having found the little being’s heart, I
confidently make my simple appeal to all gentle souls, that have found
the companionship of a bird or beast the solace of lonely hours, to
protect by all the means in their power the frolicsome spirit of the
woods.

I am told that the squirrel destroys the forest, and I know that in some
forests relentless war is waged against him—war with guns, which is at
least semi-merciful, but also with traps, that crush and torture this,
the most delicate and sensitive creature that runs on four legs, leaving
him mangled, and perhaps for hours tearing his tender limbs in an
exquisite torture which even a tiger should be spared. I do not deny
that in times of starvation the squirrel eats the green tips of the
twigs of certain trees, but they have always done so, and when Nature
ruled the forest and its tenants, were the trees truncated and dwarfed?
I have gone through the Black Forest, looking in vain for the truncated
trees, and in the pine-forests, in England, where I have been able to
investigate, I have never seen the work of the squirrels’ teeth.[1] Yet
I will not deny that when the poor little fellow, intelligent as he is,
is hard pushed for food, he may eat young wood and bite into the bark of
trees for the sap to quench his thirst; but instead of angering the
great land-owners by taking his little tithe of what Nature has given
for the universal good, he ought to induce them to provide the means of
a normal subsistence for him and his kind, and to put out dishes of
water to save their trees. It would cost less than killing them off.
Such evidence from disinterested quarters as I have been able to collect
leads to the conclusion that the damage done by the squirrel to the
forest is trivial, and probably does not repay the forester for the
expense of persecuting him. The following statement by an intelligent
Scotch gamekeeper, Mr. James Mutch, is sent me by one of my
squirrel-loving colleagues, and to me it is very conclusive, as it is
not only the evidence of a woodsman, but of a clever observer and
constitutional naturalist.

“I received your letter regarding the squirrel. You are quite right in
supposing it was an exaggerated idea that they did a lot of damage to
trees. I have often been told the same by foresters, and requested to
shoot them. But as I never shoot wantonly, I have often studied the
habits of the beautiful animal. There are a great many of them here.
They used to shoot them before I came, but after I explained to Colonel
F—— they were not disturbed. The food of the squirrel is cones or seed
of mostly all kinds of trees—the trees we have here—spruce-pine, Scotch
fir or pine, larch, oak, hazel, beech, elm. I have never seen a squirrel
eating or destroying the young shoots of forest trees, and there are
thousands of young trees here, Scotch fir or pine, the kind they are
blamed for destroying, and I am safe to say that I could not point out
one tree damaged by a squirrel. The squirrel also eats fungi of some
sorts, particularly the red kind. The only thing that vexes me with him
is that he will rob a nest sometimes, and it is always the nest of the
chaffinch. Why I think it does that, is because the chaffinch makes such
a noise when it sees it at that season. The squirrel wants to get it
away from the vicinity of his own nest, so as not to be betrayed itself,
as it is not for food, because it only breaks eggs or kills the young;
it does not eat them.[2] There is no doubt it is for a purpose, and
Nature has given it that great instinct. I regret to say there are so
many pretty animals and birds destroyed (from mere fanciful whims), that
do no one damage. The poor heron used to be shot here too, but now we
have a nice colony of them, and they are so pretty and amusing when they
have their nests....”

Another letter from a clergyman, Rev. Mr. Stevenson, also resident in
the country where the complaints of the damage done by _Sciurus_ are
loudest, says:

“I will duly investigate as to the squirlies. My own observation of
their tree-cutting propensities would limit these almost exclusively to
the common spruce and some other species of fir. Of these, at certain
seasons, they nibble off lots of the tips of the small branches, for the
sake apparently of some edible bit—but I never saw a leading branch
damaged, and so never knew the tree to be much the worse of them.

“Lots of tips of the smaller branches (chiefly the smaller ones, but not
exclusively) of the Scotch fir come tumbling down at certain seasons.
But this is not done by squirrels. It is done by the caterpillar of an
insect.[3] The insect pierces the soft young part of the branch near the
tip, and lays its egg near its centre. The caterpillar bores away the
pith, eating it. This enfeebles the stem, which breaks off on the
slightest provocation, as of wind. I have seen the ground covered with
such, but every one on examination I found to be tunnelled by the
caterpillar, the insect form of which I forget the name of. Once I
remember I saw a squirrel eating the buds of the sycamore, in the
spring.”

Other testimony of the highest authority shows that the squirrels, while
undoubtedly eating the young wood when nothing better offers, take
really a very small tithe of the realm which was once all their own.
Whether stern capital can afford this small taxation on its interest, it
is not for me to decide. At least, we have a right to hope that where
forestry is not a speculation, the squirrel may be protected when his
nature is understood. And since this book was published I have had an
experience in my own woodland, showing that when food of any kind and
water is provided for them the squirrels harm nothing.

In the large parks in the American cities—New York, Richmond,
Philadelphia, Baltimore (in Cambridge, even in the private grounds they
are protected,)—the American grey squirrel is acclimatised, and grows
very familiar, so much so, that to people with whom they become
acquainted, they will come to be fed, and search for their food in the
pockets of the friend they recognise. Nothing prevents this charming
sight from being common in the English parks (where indeed many
proprietors already forbid the destruction of the squirrel), but the
want of protection of the little creature, for he is already far more
advanced on the road to friendly relations than the American varieties,
which are generally shot when seen in their native resorts, the grey
squirrel especially, it being large enough to become an article of food.

For the _Sciurus vulgaris_ there is also the classical association to
entitle him to our sympathy, for there is no doubt that the pointed
ear of the Faun is derived from the pretty tufted ear of this spirit
of the woods, whose quaint and weird ways in the forest could not have
escaped the acute observation of the Greek, though he was no great
lover of the forest. Before the use of the easy methods of
destruction, and when the passion of killing harmless creatures for
the killing’s sake did not exist, the squirrel was probably a much
more familiar animal than it is now with us, and with its intense
vivacity and curious audacity, could not have failed to interest
greatly the subtle Greek mind. Where everything out of the range of
proper human cognisance was preternatural, the ways of the
predecessors of Billy and Hans could hardly escape the suspicion of so
much kinship with the lower gods, as to induce the nature-loving Greek
to make _Sciurus_ (σκίουρος—“Shadow-Tail”) cousin of the forest
deities, perhaps in the fancy of some unrecorded Darwin, the
progenitor of Faunus himself.

[Illustration]




                             BILLY AND HANS


[Illustration]




                             BILLY AND HANS


In my favourite summer resort at the lower edge of the Black Forest, the
quaint old town of Laufenburg, a farmer’s boy one day brought me a young
squirrel for sale. He was a tiny creature, probably not yet weaned, a
variation on the ordinary type of the European squirrel, dark grey
instead of the usual red, and with black tail and ears, so that at
first, as he contented himself with drinking his milk and sleeping, I
was not sure that he was not a dormouse. But examination of the paws,
with their delicate anatomy, so marvellously like the human hand in
their flexibility and handiness, and the graceful curl of his tail,
settled the question of genus; and mindful of my boyhood and a beloved
pet of the American species of his genus, I bought him and named him
Billy. From the first moment that he became my companion he gave me his
entire confidence, and accepted his domestication without the least
indication that he considered it captivity. There is generally a short
stage of mute rebellion in wild creatures before they come to accept us
entirely as their friends—a longing for freedom which makes precautions
against escape necessary. This never appeared in Billy; he came to me
for his bread and milk, and slept in my pocket, from the first, and
enjoyed being caressed as completely as if he had been born under my
roof. No other animal is so clean in its personal habits as the
squirrel, when in health; and Billy soon left the basket which cradled
his infancy, and habitually slept under a fold of my bed-cover,
sometimes making his way to my pillow and sleeping by my cheek; and he
never knew what a cage was except when travelling, and even then for the
most part he slept in my pocket, in which he went with me to the _table
d’hote_, and when invited out sat on the edge of the table and ate his
bit of bread with a decorum that made him the admiration of all the
children in the hotel, so that he accompanied me in all my journeys. He
acquired a passion for tea, sweet and warm, and to my indulgence of this
taste I fear I owe his early loss. He would, when placed on the
breakfast table, rush to my cup and plunge his nose in when it was hot
enough to scald him. This peculiar taste I could never account for. He
had full liberty to roam in my room; but his favourite resort was my
work-table when I was at work; and when his diet became nuts he used to
hide them among my books, and then come to hunt them out again, like a
child with its toys. I sometimes found my typewriter stopped, and
discovered a hazel nut in the works. And when tired of his hide-and-seek
he would come to the edge of the table and nod to me, to indicate that
he wished to go into my pocket or be put down to run about the room; and
he soon made a gesture-language of movements of his head to tell me his
few wants—food, drink, to sleep, or to take a climb on the highest piece
of furniture in the room. He was from the beginning devoted to me, and
naturally became like a spoiled child. If I gave him an uncracked nut,
he rammed it back into my hand to be cracked for him with irresistible
persistence. I did as many parents do, and indulged him, to his harm and
to my own later grief. I could not resist that coaxing nodding, and gave
him what he wished—tea when I had mine, and cracked his nuts, to the
injury of his teeth, I was told.[4] In short, I made him as happy as I
knew how.

Early in my possession of him I cast about if I might find in the
neighbourhood a companion of the other sex for him; and when finally I
heard that in a village just across the Rhine there was a captive
squirrel for sale, I sent my son with orders to buy it if a female. It
turned out to be a male, but Michael bought it just the same—a bright,
active, and quite unwilling prisoner, two months older than Billy, of
the orthodox red, just tamed enough to take his food from the hand, but
accustomed to be kept with his neck in a collar to which there was
attached a fathom of light dog-chain. He refused with his utmost energy
to be handled; and as it was not possible to keep the little creature in
the torture of that chain—for I refuse to keep a caged creature—I cut
the collar and turned him loose in my chamber, where he kept reluctant
company with Billy. The imprisonment of the half-tamed but wholly
unreconciled animal was perhaps more painful to me than to him, and my
first impulse was to turn him out into his native forest to take his
chances of life; but I considered that he was already too far
compromised with Mother Nature for this to be prudent; for having
learned to take his food from a man, the first attack of hunger was sure
to drive him to seek it where he had been accustomed to find it, and the
probable consequence was being knocked on the head by a village boy, or
at best reconsigned to a worse captivity than mine. He had no mother,
and he was still little more than a baby, so I decided to keep him and
make him as happy as he would let me. His name was Hans. Had I released
him as I thought to do, I had saved myself one sorrow, and this history
had lost its interest.

After a little strangeness the companionship between the two became as
perfect as the utterly diverse nature of their squirrelships would
permit. Billy was social and as friendly as a little dog, Hans always a
little morose and not over-ready to accept familiarities; Billy always
making friendly advances to his companion, which were at first
unnoticed, and afterward only submitted to with equanimity. It was as if
Billy had assumed the position of the spoiled child of the family, and
Hans reluctantly taken that of an elder brother who is always expected
to make way for the pet and baby of the house. Billy was full of fun,
and delighted to tease Hans when he was sleeping, by nibbling at his
toes and ears, biting him playfully anywhere he could get at him; and
Hans, after a little indignant bark, used to bolt away and find another
place to sleep in. As they both had the freedom of my large bedroom—the
door of which was carefully guarded, as Hans was always on the lookout
for a chance to bolt out into the unknown—they had plenty of room for
climbing, and comparative freedom; and after a little time Hans adopted
Billy’s habit of passing the night in the fold of my bed-rug, and even
of nestling with Billy near my head. Billy was from the beginning a bad
sleeper, probably owing to the tea, and in his waking moments his
standing amusement was nibbling at Hans, who would finally break out of
his sleep and go to the foot of the bed to lie—but never for long, for
he always worked his way back to Billy, and nestled down again. When I
gave Hans a nut, Billy would wait for him to crack it, and deliberately
take it out of his jaws and eat it, an aggression to which Hans
submitted without a fight, or a snarl even, though at first he held to
the nut a little; but the good humour and caressing ways of Billy were
as irresistible with Hans as with us, and I never knew him to retaliate
in any way.

No two animals of the most domesticated species could have differed in
disposition more than these. During the first phase of Hans’s life he
never lost his repugnance to being handled, while Billy delighted in
being fondled. The European squirrel is by nature one of the most timid
of animals, even more so than the hare, being equalled in this respect
only by the exquisite flying-squirrel of America; and when it is
frightened, as, for instance, when held fast in any way, or in a manner
that alarms it, it will generally bite even the most familiar hand, the
feeling being apparently that it is necessary to gnaw away the ligature
which holds it. Of course, considering the irreconcilability of Hans to
captivity, I was obliged, much against my will, to get a cage for him to
travel in; and I made a little dark chamber in the upper part of a wire
bird-cage in which the two squirrels were put for travelling. During the
first journeys the motion of the carriage or railway train made Hans
quite frantic, while Billy took it with absolute unconcern. On stopping
at a hotel, they were invariably released in my room, where they raced
about at will, climbing the highest pieces of furniture, and the
window-curtain, but always coming to sleep in the familiar fur
railway-rug which was my bed-cover. At this stage of his career Hans was
perfectly familiarised—came to me for his food and drink, and climbed on
me, getting on my hand when held out to him; but always resisting being
grasped round the body, and always watching diligently for a door left
ajar.

Arriving at Rome, I fitted up a deep window recess for their home; but
they always had the run of the study, and Hans, while watching the
chance-opened door, and often escaping into the adjoining rooms, made
himself apparently happy in his new quarters, climbing the high
curtains, racing along the curtain-poles, and at intervals making
excursions to the top of the book-case, though to both the table at
which I was at work soon became the favourite resort, and their antics
there were as amusing as those of a monkey. Toward the end of the year
Billy developed an indolent habit, which I now can trace to the disease
that finally took him from us; but he never lost his love for my
writing-table, where he used to lie and watch me at my work by the hour.
Hans soon learned to climb down from their window-bench, and up my legs
and arms to the writing-table, and down again by the same road when he
was tired of his exercises with the pencils or penholders he found
there, or of hunting out the nuts which he had hidden the day before
among the books and papers; but I never could induce him to stay in my
pocket with Billy, who on cold days preferred sleeping there, as the
warmth of my body was more agreeable than that of their fur-lined nest.
There was something uncanny in Billy—a preternatural animal intelligence
which one sees generally only in animals that have had training and
heredity to work on. He used his little gesture-language with great
volubility and on every occasion, insisting imperiously on my obeying
his summons; and one of the things which will never fade from my memory
was the pretty way in which he used to come to the edge of the
window-bench and nod his head to me to show that he wished to be taken;
for he soon learned that it was easier to call to me and be taken, than
it was to climb down the curtain and run across the room to me. He
nodded and wagged his head until I went to him, and his flexible nose
wrinkled into the grotesque semblance of a smile—he used all the
seductive entreaty an animal could show; so that we learned to
understand each other so well that I rarely mistook his want, were it
water or food, or to climb, or to get on my table, or rest in my pocket.
Notwithstanding all the forbearance which Hans showed for his
mischievous ways, and the real attachment he had for Billy, Billy
clearly preferred me to his companion; and when during the following
winter I was attacked by bronchitis, and was kept in my bedroom for
several days, my wife, going into the study after a day of my absence,
found him in an extraordinary state of excitement, which she said
resembled hysterics, and he insisted on being taken. It occurred to her
that he wanted me, and she brought him upstairs to my bedroom, when he
immediately pointed with his nose to be taken to me; and as she was
curious to see what he would do, and stopped at the threshold, he bit
her hand gently to spur her forward to the bed. When put on the bed, he
nestled down in the fur of my bed-cover perfectly contented. As long as
I kept my room, he was brought up every day, and passed the day on my
bed. At other times the two slept together in an open box lined with
fur, or, what they seemed greatly to delight in, a wisp of fragrant
new-mown hay, or the bend of the window-curtain, so nestled together
that it was hard to distinguish whether there were one or two.[5] The
attitudes they took in their sleep were so pretty that my daughter made
many attempts to draw them in their sleep, but we found that even then
they were in perpetual motion, and never in one pose long enough to get
even a satisfactory sketch. Their restlessness in sleep was only
interrupted when in my bed-cover, and not always then.

Some instincts of the woods they were long losing the use of, as the
habit of changing often their sleeping-places. I provided them with
several, of which the ultimate favourite was the bag of the
window-curtain; but sometimes, when Billy was missing, he was found in
my waste-paper basket, and even in the drawer of my typewriter desk,
asleep. In their native forests these squirrels have this habit of
changing their nests, and the mother will carry her little ones from one
tree to another to hide their resting-place, as if she suspected the
mischievous plans of the boys to hunt them; and probably she does. But
the nest I made my squirrels in their travelling carriage—of hard
cardboard well lined with fur—suited the hiding and secluding ways of
Hans for a long time best of all, and he abandoned it entirely only when
he grew so familiar as not to care to hide. They also lost the habit of
hiding their surplus food when they found food never wanting.

When the large cones of the stone-pine came into the market late in the
autumn, I got some, to give them a taste of fresh nuts; and the frantic
delight with which Hans recognised the relation to his national
fir-cones, far away and slight as it was, was touching. He raced around
the huge and impenetrable cone, tried it from every side, gnawed at the
stem and then at the apex, but in vain. Yet he persisted. The odour of
the pine seemed an intoxication to him, and the eager satisfaction with
which he split the nuts, once taken out for him—even when Billy was
watching him to confiscate them when open—was very interesting; for he
had never seen the fruit of the stone-pine, and knew only the little
seeds which the fir of the Northern Forest bears; and to extricate the
pine-nuts from their strong and hard cones was impossible to his tiny
teeth and I had to extract them for him. As for Billy, he was content to
sit and look on while Hans gnawed, and to take the kernel from him when
he had split the shell; and the charming _bonhomie_ with which he
appropriated it, and with which Hans submitted to the piracy, was a
study.

The friendship between the two was very interesting, for while Billy
generally preferred being with me to remaining on his window-bench with
Hans, he had intervals when he insisted on being with Hans, while the
latter seemed to care for nothing but Billy, and would not willingly
remain away from him as long as Billy lived. When the summer came again,
being unable to leave them with servants or the housekeeper, I put them
in their cage once more, and took them back to Laufenburg for my
vacation. Hans still retained his impatience at the confinement even of
my large chamber, and with a curious diligence watched the door for a
crack to escape by, though in all other respects he seemed happy and at
home, and perfectly familiar; and though always in this period of his
life shy with strangers, he climbed over me with perfect _nonchalance_.
Billy, on the contrary, refused freedom, and when I took him out into
his native woods he ran about a little, and came back to find his place
in my pocket as naturally as if it had been his birth-nest. But the
apparent yearning of Hans for liberty was to me an exquisite pain. He
would get up on the window-bench, looking out one way on the rushing
Rhine, and the other on the stretching pine forest, and stand with one
paw on the sash and the other laid across his breast, and turn his
bright black eyes from one to the other view incessantly, and with a
look of passionate eagerness which made my heart ache. If I could have
found a friendly park where he could have been turned loose in security
from hunger, the danger of hunting boys, and the snares which beset a
wild life, I would have released him at once. I never so felt the wrong
and mutual pain of imprisonment of God’s free creatures as then with
poor Hans, whose independent spirit had always made him the favourite of
the two with my wife; and now that the little drama of their lives is
over, and Nature has taken them both to herself again, I can never think
of this pretty little creature, with his eager outlook over the
Rhineland, without tears. But in the Rhineland, under the pretext that
they eat off the top twigs of the pine-trees, and so spoil their growth,
they hunt the poor things with a malignancy that makes it a wonder that
there is one left to be captured, and Hans’s chance of life in those
regions was the very least a creature could have. We have seen that the
poor little creatures, when famished, will eat the young twigs of trees;
but in my opinion the accusation is that of the wolf who wants an excuse
to eat the lamb. Hans and Billy were both fond of roses and lettuce; but
nothing else in the way of vegetation other than nuts and a very little
fruit would they eat.

The evolutionists tell us that we are descended from some common
ancestor of the monkey and the man. It may be so; and if, as has been
conjectured by one scientist, that ancestor was the lemur, which is the
link between the monkey and the squirrel, I should not object; but I
hope that we branched off at the _Sciurus_, for I would willingly be the
near cousin of my little pets.

But before leaving Rome for my summer vacation at Laufenburg, the
artificial habits of life, and my ignorance of the condition of squirrel
health, had begun to work on Billy their usual consequences. He had
begun to droop, and symptoms of some organic malady appeared. Though he
grew more and more devoted to me, his ambition to climb and disport
himself diminished, and it was clear that his civilised life had done
for him what it does for many of us—shortened his existence. He never
showed signs of pain, but grew more sluggish, and would come to me and
rest, licking my hand like a little dog, and was as happy as his nature
could show. They both hailed again with greedy enthusiasm the first
nuts, fresh and crisp, and the first peaches, which I went to Bâsle to
purchase for them, and of which they ate small morsels; and what the
position permitted me I supplied them with, with a guilty feeling that I
could never atone for what they lost with freedom. I tried to make them
happy in any way in my limited abilities, and, the vacation over, we
went back to Rome and the fresh pine-cones and their window niche.

But there Billy grew rapidly worse, and I realised that a crisis had
come to our little _ménage_. He grew apathetic, and would lie with his
great black eyes looking into space, as if in a dream. It became tragedy
for me, for the symptoms were the same as those of a dear little fellow
who had first rejoiced my father’s heart in the years gone by, and who
lies in an old English churchyard; whose last hours I watched lapsing
painlessly into the eternity beyond, and he, thank God! understanding
nothing of the great change. When he could no longer speak, he beckoned
me to lay my head on the same pillow. He died of blood-poisoning, as I
found after Billy’s death that he also did; and the identity of the
symptoms (of the cause of which I then understood nothing) brought back
the memory of that last solitary night when my boy passed from under my
care, and his eyes, large and dark like Billy’s, grew dim and vacant
like his. Billy, too, clung the closer to me as his end approached; and
when the apathy left him almost no recognition of things around, he
would grasp one of my fingers with his two paws, and lick it till he
tired. It was clear that death was at hand, and on the last afternoon I
took him out into the grounds of Villa Borghese to lie in the sunshine,
and get perhaps a moment of return to Mother Nature; but when I put him
on the grass in the warm light he only looked away into vacancy, and lay
still, and after a little dreamily indicated to me to take him up again;
and I remembered that on the day before his death I had carried Russie
into the green fields, hoping they would revive him for one
breathing-space, for I knew that death was on him; and he lay and looked
off beyond the fields and flowers, and now he almost seemed to be
looking out of dear little Billy’s eyes. Billy signed to go into my
pocket and lay there, still, even in his apathy, grasping my forefinger
with his paws, and licking it as if in his approaching dissolution he
still wished to show his love for me.

I went out to walk early the next morning, and when I returned I found
Billy dead, still warm, and sitting up in his box of fresh hay in the
attitude of making his toilet; for to the last he would wash his face
and paws, and comb out his tail, even when his strength no longer
sufficed for more than the mere form of it. I am not ashamed to say that
I wept like a child.

The dear little creature had been to me not merely a pet to amuse my
vacant hours, though many of those most vacant which the tired brain
passes in its sleepless nights had been diverted by his pretty ways as
he shared my bed, and by his singular devotion to me; but he had been as
a door open into the world of God’s lesser creatures, an apostle of pity
and tenderness for all living things, and his memory stands on the
eternal threshold, nodding and beckoning to me to enter in and make part
of the creation I had ignored till he taught it to me, so that while
life lasts I can no longer idly inflict pain upon the least of God’s
creatures. If it be true that “to win the secret of a plain weed’s
heart” gives the winner a clue to the hidden things of the spiritual
life, how much more the conscient and reciprocal love which Billy and I
bore—and I could gladly say still bear—each other, must widen the sphere
of spiritual sympathy which, widening still, reaches at last the eternal
source of all life and love, and finds indeed that one touch of nature
makes all things kin. To me this fine contact with a subtle mute nature,
and the intense sympathy between us, was the touching of a hitherto
hidden vein of life which runs through the universe—it was as if a
little fact had revealed to me, as the fall of the apple had to Newton
the law of gravity, the great law of love which binds the God of our
reverence to the last and lowest of His creatures, and makes Creation
but one great fabric of spiritual affinities of which He is the weaver,
and over the furthest threads of which come to Him the appeals of all
His creatures:—

              “That thread of the all-sustaining beauty
              Which runs through all, and does all unite,”

and through which we are conscious of the Divinity in and around us.
Then I felt how it is that no sparrow falls without His knowledge, and
how Billy and I were only two links of the same chain in which this
eternal love bound us both to union in a common existence, if not a
common destiny. There flashed on me, like a vision, the mighty truth,
that this Love is the common life of all that lives. Living and dying,
Billy has opened to me a window into the universe, of the existence of
which I had no suspicion; his little history has added a chamber to that
eternal mansion into which my constant and humble faith assures me that
I shall some time enter: he has helped me to a higher life. If love
could confer immortality, he would share eternity with me, and I would
thank the Creator for the companionship; and if I have any conception of
the conditions of immortality, the love of my squirrel will no more
leave me than that of my own children. And who knows? Thousands of human
beings to whom we dare not deny the possession of immortal souls have
not half Billy’s claim to live for ever. May not the Indian philosopher,
with his transmigration of souls, have had some glimpses of a truth?

But my history is only half told, for the revelation which Billy brought
me was completed by Hans, by the finer touch of their mutual love. When
I found the little creature dead, and laid him down in an attitude
befitting death, Hans came to him, and making a careful and curious
study of him, seemed to realise that something strange had come, and
stretched himself out at full length on the body, evidently trying to
warm it into life again, or feeling that something was wanting which he
might impart, and this failing, began licking the body. When he found
that all this was of no avail, and he seemed to realise what must be
strange even to us at our first acquaintance with it, that this was
death—the last parting; and that Billy would no more respond to his
brotherly love, he went away into the remotest corner of his window
niche, refusing to lie any longer in their common bed, or stay where
they had been in the habit of staying together. All day he would touch
neither food nor drink, and for days following he took no interest in
anything, hardly touching his food. Fearing that he would starve himself
to death, I took him out on the large open terrace of my house, where,
owing to his old persistent desire to escape, I had never dared trust
him, and turned him loose among the plants. He wandered a few steps as
if bewildered; looked all about him, and then came deliberately to me,
climbed my leg, and went voluntarily into the pocket Billy loved to lie
in, and in which, even in Billy’s company, I had never been able to make
Hans stay for more than a minute or so. The whole nature of the creature
became changed. He reconciled himself to life but never again became
what he had been before. His gaiety was gone, his wandering ambitions
were forgotten, and his favourite place was my pocket—Billy’s pocket.
From that time he lost all desire to escape; even when I took him out
into the fields or woods he had no desire to leave me, but after a
little turn and a half-attempt to climb a tree, would come back
voluntarily to me, and soon grew as fond of being caressed and stroked
as Billy had been. It was as if the love he bore Billy had changed him
to Billy’s likeness. He never became as demonstrative as Billy was, and
to my wife, who was fond of teasing him, he always showed a little
pique, and even if buried in his curtain nest or in the fold of my rug,
and asleep, he would scold if she approached within several yards of
him; but to me he behaved as if he had consciously taken Billy’s place.
I sent to Turin to get him a companion, and the merchant sent me one
guaranteed young and a female; but I found it a male, which died of old
age within a few weeks of his arrival. Hans had hardly become
familiarised with him when he died. The night before his death I came
home late in the evening, and having occasion to go into my study, I was
surprised, when I opened the door, to find Hans on the threshold,
nodding to me to be taken, with no attempt to escape. I took him up,
wondering what had disturbed him at an hour when he was never accustomed
to be afoot, put him back in his bed, and went to mine. But thinking
over the strange occurrence, I got up, dressed myself, and went down to
see if anything was wrong, and found the new squirrel hanging under the
curtain in which the two had been sleeping, with his hind claws
entangled in the stuff, head down, and evidently very ill. He had
probably felt death coming, and tried to get down and find a
hiding-place, but got his claws entangled, and could not extricate them.
He died the next day, and I took Hans to sleep in his old place in the
fold of my bed-cover, where, with a few days’ interruption, he slept as
long as he lived. He insisted, in fact, on being taken when his
sleeping-time came; he would come to the edge of his shelf and nod to me
till I took him, or if I delayed he would climb down the curtain and
come to me. One night I was out late, and on reaching home I went to
take him, and not finding him in his place, alarmed the house to look
for him. After long search I found him sitting quietly under the chair I
always occupied in the study. He got very impatient if I delayed for
even a moment putting him to bed, and, like Billy, he used to nip my
hand to indicate his discontent, gently at first, but harder and harder
till I attended to him. When he saw that we were going upstairs to the
bedroom he became quiet.

Whether from artificial conditions of life, or, as I am now convinced by
greater experience of his kind, because he suffered from the loss of
Billy (after whose death he never recovered his spirits), his hind legs
became partially paralysed. He now ran with difficulty; but his eyes
were as bright and his intelligence was as quick as ever, and his fore
feet were as dexterous. His attachment to me increased as the malady
progressed, and though from habit he always scolded a little when my
wife approached him, he showed a great deal of affection for her toward
the end, which was clearly approaching. Vacation had come again, and I
took him once more with me to the Black Forest, hoping that his
mysterious intelligence might find some consolation in his native
air.[6] He was evidently growing weak, and occasionally showed
impatience as if in pain; but for the most of the time he rested quietly
in my pocket, and was most happy when I gave him my hand for a pillow,
and at night he would seek out the hand, and lay his head on it with a
curious persistence which showed a distinct pleasure in the contact,
sometimes, though rarely, licking the fingers, for he was even then far
more reserved in all his expressions of feeling than Billy. At times he
would sit on the window-bench, and scan the landscape with something of
the old eagerness that used to give me so much pain, snuffing the
mountain air eagerly for a half-hour, and then nod to go into my pocket
again; and at other times, as if restless, would insist, in the way he
had made me understand, that, like a baby, he wanted motion, and when I
walked about with him he grew quiet and content again. At home he had
been very fond of a dish of dried rose-leaves, in which he would wallow
and burrow, and my wife sent him from Rome a little bag of them, which
he enjoyed weakly for a little. But in his last days the time was spent
by day mostly in my pocket, and by night on my bed with his head on my
hand. It was only the morning before his death that he seemed really to
suffer, and then a great restlessness came on him, and a disposition to
bite convulsively whatever was near him, so that when the spasm was on
him I gave him a little chloroform to inhale till it had passed, and
then he lay quietly in my hand until another spasm came on, and when he
breathed his last in my pocket, I knew that he was dead only by my hand
on his heart. I buried him, as I had wished, in his native forest, in
his bed of rose-leaves, digging a grave for him under a great granite
boulder. He had survived his companion little more than six months, and
if the readers of my little history are disposed to think me weak when I
say that his death was to me a great and lasting grief, I am not
concerned to dispute their judgment. I have known grief in all its most
blinding and varied forms, and I thank God that He constituted me loving
enough to have kept a tender place in my heart “even for the least of
these,” the little companions of two years; and but for my having
perhaps shortened their innocent lives, I thank Him for having known and
loved them as I have. I cannot to this day decide if I wronged them even
unintentionally in depriving them of their liberty, and introducing them
to an artificial life. I possibly shortened their lives, but probably
made them in the main happier than a wild and hunted life could have
made them. Billy lived without care or unsatisfied desire, and died
without pain. He loved me above all things, and who knows what love
might have been to his little heart? Hans I rescued from a far more
bitter form of imprisonment, and I would fain believe that the intensity
of his life with me and Billy—the freedom from that fear which haunts
the lives of all hunted creatures—compensated him for what he lost in
the wild wood. And I will hope that this history will awaken in some
sympathetic hearts a tenderness to the wild creatures, which shall, in
the great balance of gain and loss, weigh down the little loss of one
poor beastie, sacrificed, not intentionally, to the good of his fellows.
And this is, after all, the noblest end even of our human lives—to die
that others may live.

Amongst the many letters I have received, called out by their story told
in the _Century_, not a small proportion express a vivid faith in the
immortality of animals, and it is known that Luther and Agassiz, amongst
others, so believed. At first thought it seemed to me fanciful, for
where shall it end? But when I think of Billy and Hans I cannot conceive
of them as no longer existing. Has the love my heart still holds for
them—little thread though it be, running into the eternal world—been
merely a floating spider’s thread, attached at my end and flying loose
at the other? While my heart beats it will always respond to the memory
of that little creature who first taught me what universal love was:
shall the love endure and the object of it perish? Problems, these, left
to the later wisdom—truths to be gathered in other fields than those
that Death garners on! Let no one scorn my passionate attachment for my
pet squirrels. Love does not measure itself by the dimensions of the
object, but by the capacity of the loving heart—the measure is the
giver’s; the reciprocity only is measured by the abilities of the
object, and Billy and Hans gave me all they had. Measured in the Divine
measure, the difference between theirs and mine was perhaps not
much—that of the Father must make them both but as dust-motes in the
sun. But Billy first made me understand Him and our place in His
creation. To me he is a dear part of my knowledge of the Eternal Life,
and I can no more dismiss him from the place he holds than I could my
first-born. In this feeling I can face serenely the derision of a world.
He taught me that Life is one, and Love one, and that the shades and
distinctions we make are only the result of alloys of the pure
metal—alloys with self and sense, the Love—the pure gold—being God’s
very self become evident. He who has felt it fully knows that it
embraces all His creatures.

This is my Religion, and the only article of my Creed. I will not urge
it on others—I hold it for myself.

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Footnote 1:

  I have seen my squirrels bite off small dry twigs of the fir to make
  their nest, but never a green twig excepting the tip. In my own wood I
  have never found a green twig bitten off by them.

Footnote 2:

  I am sorry to question the entire accuracy of this. I have never been
  able to see anything opposed to Mr. Mutch’s statement, nor have I ever
  been able to make my squirrels eat eggs, raw or cooked, but it is
  probable that real starvation will drive them to it.

Footnote 3:

  It is not a caterpillar, but the pine-beetle, a tiny insect which
  burrows in the pith of the small twigs and kills them. The squirrel
  may eat the young tip or nibble the bark of a young twig, but he never
  bites the branch off.

                         “PINES AND PINE-BEETLES

    “_To the Editor of ‘The Times’_

    “SIR,—In your paper of Saturday, p. 13, under the heading of
    ‘Pines and Squirrels,’ your correspondent mentions that he
    believes I could probably give the history of the insect, which he
    notices the attacks of, as causing much injury to pine shoots,
    which injury is popularly ascribed to mischief caused by
    squirrels.

    “From the main points of Mr. Stillman’s description it is
    presumable that this injury is caused by the infestation
    especially known as the ‘pine-beetle,’ the _Hylurgus piniperda_,
    scientifically. This beetle goes through its early life between
    the bark and wood of felled or sickly pines or fallen boughs, and
    when the beetles leave their place of development they fly to the
    shoots and tunnel them.

    “Consequent on this injury a high wind brings them down in great
    numbers, and some may be recently tunnelled and still have the
    beetles within, or some may be of much older date.

    “Without having a specimen I cannot speak with certainty, but the
    only point that differs in your correspondent’s description of the
    attack from that of the _H. piniperda_ is his mention of the
    tunnelling being done by a grub. Should this not be from his own
    observation, but merely from the general appearance, I should say
    the damage was certainly that of ‘the pine-beetle.’—Yours, etc.,

                                        “ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, F. E. S.”

    “Torrington House, St. Albans, _Sept. 19_.”

Footnote 4:

  This idea that a squirrel’s teeth grow too long from not gnawing hard
  food is, I think, a mistake, as Billy’s never grew beyond their proper
  form, nor did Hans’s. Billy used to sharpen his teeth by grinding them
  together. I have often heard the process going on as he lay by my ear
  on my pillow at night. The cases known of long teeth requiring cutting
  off were probably due to the breaking of the opposing tooth.

Footnote 5:

  My wife adds the following Note:—“In this bend of the curtain they
  would lie asleep the whole day in cold weather after having dragged
  over them their woollen and fur covers. They would scrape the wool
  from the former to line the nest with, and in this soft retreat passed
  most of their time. But Billy had a remarkable hearing, and even when
  asleep would recognise the sound of the nut-cracker, and, grunting
  with pleasure, rouse himself and come out of the nest, take a nut and
  greedily eat it, paring off the hull with his teeth before commencing
  to eat. Hans was slower to leave his comfortable bed, and would scold
  and mutter for some time before he came out, but when Billy had
  reached his second nut, Hans would arrive, claiming his share of the
  feast. He was not so greedy as Billy, and often refused the nut after
  coming out for it, and went back scolding as if at having been
  disturbed unreasonably.

  “The tastes of the two were very different. Hans was particularly fond
  of pomegranate, and would gnaw away the bitter rind to get at the
  kernels within. Billy, refusing pomegranates, would gladly eat apples,
  which Hans never touched. Neither would eat strawberries, which
  squirrels are accused of stealing.”

Footnote 6:

  On my way north I stopped at Zurich, and at the restaurant, one day,
  when he was on the bench which served as seat for the common table, a
  strange lady came in and sat at the other end of it, when Hans went
  off to make acquaintance with her, as if she might possibly be his
  mistress; and as, like all squirrels I have known, he was not disposed
  to be friendly with strangers, it was evident that he thought her his
  mistress.




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Transcriber’s note:

 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.

 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.

 3. The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the
    public domain.