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PIG RAISING

A Manual for Pig Clubs

by

ARETAS W. NOLAN

Assistant Professor, Agricultural Extension,
University Of Illinois

and

JAMES H. GREENE

State Leader, Junior Extension Service,
University Of Illinois


[Illustration]






Chicago New York
Row, Peterson and Company

Copyright, 1918
Row, Peterson and Company




PREFACE


Whatever may be the status of the project system of teaching other
subjects, it is coming to be quite generally agreed that the home project
offers one of the best methods for teaching elementary agriculture. The
essentials of the home project plan are as follows: (1) A definite,
detailed plan for work at home covering a season or more or less extended
period of time; (2) it must be a part of the instruction of the school
in agriculture; (3) the parents and pupils should agree with the teacher
upon the plan; (4) the home work must have competent supervision; (5)
records and reports of time, method, cost and income must be honestly
kept and submitted to the teacher.

In the study and practice of a vocational subject such as agriculture,
we may distinguish three aspects, each involving distinct pedagogical
characteristics and special problems of administration. The first
includes the concrete, specific, or practical work, such as the actual
making of a garden, the raising of poultry, or the growing of corn; the
second involves a study of such technical sciences as botany, physics,
chemistry, and the principles of the agricultural science relating
directly to the subject of agriculture under consideration; the third
aspect includes such general information as the history, economic values,
and other interesting facts of that particular phase of agriculture being
studied. Doctor Snedden states in his “Problems of Secondary Education,”
that the keynote of the newer education in these fields is to be found
in the development of facilities for obtaining practical experience,
under conditions as nearly approximating those of the actual vocation as
can be obtained.

It is for the purpose of making as practical as possible some of the
principles of scientific agriculture for the boys and girls of the
public schools, and of giving direct vocational value to such work
that this little book, the third of a series, is submitted. The plan
outlines one project in each booklet, supplying the project directions,
practical exercises for laboratory work, subject-matter for study and
recitation, and notebook forms for accounts and records. The school work
in elementary agriculture for one year may be based upon one or two
projects, giving opportunity to supply new subject-matter by rotation
each year; or the project method may be used to supplement the text-book
method as used either in the elementary or high-school grades. In either
case, the boys and girls doing the project work should be organized into
a club and affiliated with the State Boys and Girls Club movement through
the state leader, usually located at the State College of Agriculture.

                                                            —THE AUTHORS.




CONTENTS


  PART ONE. PIG RAISING CALENDAR                           9

  PART TWO. PRACTICAL EXERCISES                           21

       1. Wild Relatives of Swine
       2. Swine on the Home Farm
       3. Market Prices
       4. Inspection Trips
       5. Comparative Judging
       6. Exercises in Judging
       7. Reports on Home Feeding
       8. Hog Houses
       9. Breed Directory
      10. Concrete Hog Wallow
      11. Wooden Troughs
      12. Hurdles
      13. Making a Collection of Feeds
      14. Weighing Pigs with Steelyards

  PART THREE. SWINE                                       29

       1. Origin
       2. Bacon-Type
       3. Lard-Type
       4. Breeds
       5. Bacon Breeds
       6. Lard Breeds
       7. Selecting the Pigs
       8. Getting Started
       9. Care and Management
      10. Houses
      11. Sanitation
      12. Wallows and Dips
      13. Worms
      14. Hog Cholera
      15. Feeds and Feeding
      16. Corn, Pasture and Other Supplements
      17. Mineral Matter
      18. Feeding and Care of the Sow
      19. Feeding the Pigs
      20. Markets
      21. Market Classes and Grades
      22. Notebook Questions

  APPENDIX                                                49

      A Model Constitution for Boys and Girls Clubs       49

      Parliamentary Practice, Hints and Suggestions,
        Duties of Officers                                50

      Suggestive Programs for Agricultural Clubs          53

      References on Pigs                                  53

  PART FOUR. THE HOME PROJECT NOTEBOOK                    57




TO THE TEACHER


Teachers of agriculture are beginning to realize that the swine industry
may be utilized to advantage in the training of young farmers. Pig
raising makes a good home project. Most boys in the country, and some
girls, will find a way to keep one or more pigs if their interest is
aroused. The class work may be centered around the project, or the
project may supplement and furnish the practical work in connection with
a text-book study of general agriculture. With one or two class-room
recitations a week based upon reports of the progress and problems of
the project, upon the practical exercises herein given, and upon the
subject-matter and project outline study presented in Part IV; including
also some Friday afternoon club programs as suggested, and with the
actual work being done at home, a course in agriculture of real,
practical worth may be given in any school. Pig raising enables a boy to
enter in a small way into the live-stock business. Comparatively little
capital is required and quick returns are secured. With good management
a small beginning will soon result in a herd of good size. The teacher
should make use of the studies connected with the pig raising project
to bring out the essentials of general animal production. Much that is
learned regarding the feeding and breeding of swine may be applied to
raising other animals.

It is not necessary that the teacher be an expert in swine husbandry to
make this project a success. The teacher may help greatly by being an
interested co-worker, encouraging the boys and girls, learning with them,
leading them to sources of information, and being a sympathetic friend in
their work and life on the farm.

If possible, each member of the class should be induced to begin the pig
raising project with a pure-bred gilt. If this is not possible, any pig
may be selected, fed, and cared for according to the project directions.
The home project may be carried on as an independent class activity, or
it may be correlated with the work of the pig club organization. It will
be an easy matter and a most desirable thing to do to organize the class
into a pig club, affiliate with the state club movement, and all work
together in the big business of food production.

                                                            —A. W. NOLAN.

[Illustration: A GOOD HERD IN PASTURE]




PART I

PIG PROJECT CALENDAR


SEPTEMBER

1. =Organization of the club.= See plans for club organization in the
appendix. The class in elementary agriculture undertaking to base its
work largely upon the home project should organize as directed by the
club plan. Each member of the class should become a member of the club
and plan to do all the work outlined for the project. The plan should
meet with the approval of the board of education, of the parents of
the boys and girls undertaking the project, and should have the hearty
support of the county superintendent of schools, of the teacher and of
the pupils themselves who are to do the work. The state club leader at
the State College of Agriculture should be notified of the organization
of the club so that he may send enrollment blanks and all such literature
and publications as will be helpful in the progress of the work.

2. =Getting started.= For the pig raising project members of the class
or club may start with one or several pigs, or with a sow pig (or gilt)
bred to farrow early in October, since this is to be a project for the
entire year. A pig belonging to one of the breeds most prevalent in the
community should be selected, provided, of course, that it is a breed
which is adapted to local conditions and meets market requirements.

In making the selection of the gilt, consider the pedigree and the
individuality of the animal. Unless you know the pedigree it is best
to leave that to the reliable breeder with whom you are dealing. Every
member of the class joining the pig club should learn how to pick out
a good pig. In the beginning, however, it would be well to depend upon
the judgment of an experienced man in the selection of the gilt for the
year’s project.

3. =Beginning the record.= On the blank pages provided in Part IV of
this book write a brief history and description of the breed of hog
you select. Each pupil should keep a neat and accurate record of all
operations, accounts, results, etc., on the pages provided for the pig
raising project.

4. =Registering the pigs.= If a pure-bred gilt is the starting point of
the project, the club member should get the experience of following the
rules of registration for the breed. Send to the secretary of the breed
association for full information and blank forms, free of charge. When an
animal is sold, a certificate of registration will be appreciated by the
purchaser. Fill out the registration record in the form given in Part IV
of this book.

5. =A place for the pig.= The first problem after securing a good pig is
that of proper care and management. Pigs need clean food, clean water,
exercise and a clean bed, if they are to thrive and be profitable.
See to it that your pigs have a dry, warm, clean, and well-ventilated
house. Sunshine is a good warmer and disinfectant of the hog house.
For the beginner the individual house of the A type or square type is
recommended. A good pasture will provide cheap, clean food, exercise and
a clean bed during the summer.


OCTOBER

1. =Feeding the young sow.= Not more than two-thirds of the grain ration
of the young brood sow should be corn. Good feeders prefer to use ground
oats and middlings with milk or tankage[1] in connection with corn. The
young sow should be kept in good, strong condition but not overloaded
with fat. The following ration is one good one recommended:

    (a) A pasture should furnish the bulky part of the ration.

    (b) A meal ration consisting of equal parts corn, ground oats
    and middlings. If the pasture is a good one the sow will need
    little other feed for several weeks. The meal ration should be
    begun several weeks before farrowing.

    (c) Roots may be fed whole or pulped and mixed with meal.

    (d) Alfalfa or clover hay is good in the ration.

    (e) Skim-milk is excellent for sows.

    (f) For minerals keep a mixture of slack coal, two parts by
    weight, air-slacked lime, one part, and salt, one part, before
    the hogs all the time.

2. =Farrowing time.= At farrowing time place the sow in a sheltered
building, dry, free from draughts and well-ventilated. To prevent the sow
from lying against the wall of the pen and thus injuring any little pigs
which may be lying there, it is a good plan to provide a guard rail made
of two by eight-inch planks fastened with their edges against the sides
of the pen a little above the bed. The young sow should have a liberal
amount of bedding of cut straw. She should have an individual pen or
house, receive kind treatment and have quiet quarters. If the sow remains
quiet for twelve hours or more after farrowing, so much the better.

3. =Feeding and care of the nursing sow.= The feed after farrowing should
be about the same as before. At first she should have little more than
a drink. A thin slop of middlings and water will serve. The sow should
not be overfed and should be given a week or ten days to come to a full
ration. The following is one good ration recommended:

    (a) Equal parts of ground oat and wheat middlings, allowed to
    soak between feeds.

    (b) Sweet skim-milk added to the above ration makes it almost
    ideal.

    (c) Corn may be used as recommended for sows before farrowing.

    (d) A certain amount of bulky, succulent feed such as hay and
    roots helps to keep the sow healthy.

    (e) When the pigs are weaned, the feed of the sow should be cut
    down to check the flow of the milk. Dry oats are recommended
    for this purpose.

4. =Record work.= Be sure to keep all records called for on the record
pages, including date of farrowing, number of pigs, method of housing,
feeding rations, successes, failures, etc. Provision for weighing the
pigs from time to time should be provided.

5. =Reading and study.= In connection with the practical work of raising
your pigs, read at this time what your text and reference books have to
say about care and management of the brood sow.


NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER

1. =Feeding the pigs.= About the first thought in connection with raising
pigs is that they eat. It is important that every pig in the litter get
its stomach full of the first milk of the sow. The young pigs will learn
to eat when about three weeks of age. If the pigs can be fed separately
from the sow, better results will be obtained. In one corner of the pen
place a small trough for the pigs and fence it off from the sow. At least
twice a day give the pigs as much sweet skim-milk as they will clean up.
Do not leave any milk to sour in the trough. Then a few days after they
begin to nibble grass and drink milk, a gruel of oats and wheat middlings
may be made with the milk. Later a small amount of corn soaked for
twenty-four hours may be placed in the trough. Do not feed more than they
will clean up. Young pigs may be weaned at from eight to ten weeks.

2. =Some standard rations for growing pigs.=

    (a) Fresh skim-milk as the base for a slop of oat middlings
    and wheat middlings, to which add a small amount of corn.
    (Feed three times daily.) As the pigs grow older the corn and
    middlings may be increased, but the corn should not be fed
    alone.

    (b) With corn and skim-milk or buttermilk, one part by weight
    of corn to three parts of milk is satisfactory after weaning.
    Gradually increase the amount of corn so that the 175-pound
    pigs get about one part of corn to two parts of skim-milk or
    buttermilk.

    (c) With corn and tankage the following proportions are advised:

       8 to 1 by weight for pigs weighing between 40 and 90 pounds
      10 to 1 for weights between 90 and 125 pounds
      12 to 1 for weights between 125 and 175 pounds
      14 to 1 for weights between 175 and 225 pounds
      16 to 1 for market hogs above 225 pounds

    (d) Garbage from the kitchen is usually valuable for hogs.
    The value depends largely upon the amount and kind of solid
    material which it contains. Where it is thin enough to pour
    readily from the bucket, but not watery, it may be fed in about
    the same proportion with corn as was recommended for milk.

    (e) To furnish minerals as recommended for the sow, keep the
    following before the pigs at all times:

      Slack coal or coal screenings  2 parts by weight
      Air-slacked lime               1 part  by weight
      Salt                           1 part  by weight

    (f) A good pasture is always an excellent supplement to
    any ration and lessens the amount of other feeds required.
    Pasture-fed pigs are thriftier and make cheaper gains than
    those fed in dry lots. In general feed from 3 to 5 pounds of
    concentrates,[2] such as corn, other grains, meals, tankage,
    etc., per 100 pounds live weight, according to age. For pigs
    in a dry lot at weaning time (weighing about 40 pounds) feed
    5 pounds concentrates per 100 pounds live weight, or 4 pounds
    concentrates per day per 100 pounds live weight in access
    to forage or pasture. No two herds of hogs feed just alike;
    therefore it is the problem of the feeder to study the needs of
    his hogs and try to supply them. Regularity in time of feeding,
    dry, comfortable quarters, and sanitary conditions in pen and
    lot are necessary to secure satisfactory gains.

3. =Housing the pigs.= Perhaps the main reason for housing the pigs is to
furnish a dry bed, and since hogs do not shed their hair for warmer coats
or thicken it up as horses do, provision should be made to shelter the
hogs from the cold of winter as well as from the extreme heat of summer.
Reference has already been made to the house for the sow and her litter
of pigs. It is not necessary to have expensive buildings, especially in
the beginning. Even a pen covered with boards and fresh straw may meet
all the requirements.

For the pig club boys and girls starting in to raise two litters in a
year, a good, cheap and easily constructed pen is described as follows in
Lippincott’s “Productive Swine Husbandry”;

“The pen is sixteen feet long and eight feet wide. It is seven feet high
in front and three and one-half feet high at the rear. It is boarded
with cheap lumber, but all cracks are securely battened. It should be
practically wind and rain proof. The opening should be a small door in
the southeast corner, as the house faces the south. Plenty of bedding
should be supplied, and the pen should be banked up outside with fresh
horse manure to a depth of about two feet in order to prevent drafts
about the floor.”

4. =Records.= During the winter months do not fail to make all records
and keep all accounts of operations, work, expenses, results, etc., that
are called for on the record pages of this book.

5. =Reference reading and study.= Read your texts, the farm papers, and
any reference books available on the problems of feeding, housing, care
and management of growing pigs. Consult experienced swine breeders and
feeders and learn all you can from them that will help you to succeed
with your pigs.


JANUARY AND FEBRUARY

1. =Breeding the sow for the second litter.= If an April litter of pigs
is desired, the sow should be bred during the month of December or early
January. Breed to a pure-bred boar if possible. Keep record of dates.

2. =Feeding continued.= Just as we use lumber, brick, cement, shingles,
nails, etc. in the proper form and proportion in building a house, so
must we use milk, corn, oats, grass or other feeds in the building of the
body of the hog or any other animal. Each feed is made up of different
food nutrients, and each food nutrient serves a definite purpose in the
body. Some of the food nutrients are used in the animal body to make
bone, others for fat, and still others for the manufacture of active
muscular tissue. Development will be incomplete if any class of food
material is neglected; hence the necessity of a balanced ration.

Follow carefully the feeding standards and rations suggested for November
and December.

3. =Keeping the pigs healthy.= It is much easier to keep pigs healthy
than it is to cure sick ones. Clean, dry quarters, proper feed, plenty of
sunlight and ventilation, and disinfection of houses will help to keep
pigs healthy.

Go over your pig pen this month, and as often thereafter as is necessary,
and clean out all filth from cracks and corners, floors and feeding
troughs. Apply the following disinfectant:

    5 parts crude carbolic acid in
  100 parts water

Once a year the pig house should be whitewashed. (See discussion in Part
III.) If possible, supply “hog wallows and dips” for your pigs. (See Part
III.)


MARCH AND APRIL

1. =Starting the pig project at this time.= If it is desired to start
the pig project at this time instead of in September, the club may be
organized, a pure-bred gilt to farrow in April purchased by each member
of the club, and the work started as suggested for September and October.

2. =See the September and October calendar.= In all essential points the
members of the class beginning the pig project at this time should follow
every detail outlined for September and October.

3. =The October pigs.= Continue the feeding rations of the October pigs
as suggested for other months, according to weights and gains, and make
larger use of the pasture as a supplement as the spring advances.

Alfalfa pasture has proven by many tests to be one of the best for
growing pigs. After the first season for alfalfa, an acre should pasture
two sows and their litters throughout the season. The corn rations may be
cut one-half with alfalfa as a pasture. “Pigs in clover” are contented
and happy. An acre of good clover should pasture one sow and her litter.
A Missouri bulletin recommends feeding shoats about a pound of corn per
head per day when on good clover pasture.

4. =The second litter.= If the second litter of pigs for the sow for the
year is farrowed in April, as was recommended at the beginning of this
project, quarters separate from the October pigs should be provided for
them for at least eight weeks, or until the second litter is weaned. See
directions for the care and management of the sow and pigs as given for
September and October.

5. =Records and study.= Continue to make all records called for in the
project. Read and study texts and reference books relating to the work
you are doing each month.


MAY AND JUNE

1. =Summer feeding and pasture.= An acre of cow peas or soy beans sown
in May will furnish excellent pasture for the spring pigs, especially
when the pods are formed about September. Rape is a good pasture crop for
hogs. It may be sown from April to June and will be ready for pasture
in about six weeks. Six to eight pounds of seed will suffice for an
acre when sown broadcast. An acre of rape should pasture a sow and her
October and spring litters. Corn and shorts may be used to supplement
rape pasture. Continue the feeding rations according to age and weight
recommended for former months.

2. =Breeding for October pigs.= During the third or fourth week of June
breed the sow for the October litter of pigs. Breed to a pure-bred sire
if possible. Keep record of all dates.

3. =Shelter for the pigs.= During the summer it may be necessary to
provide a shelter from the direct rays of the sun. A frame of poles
covered with straw or corn-stalks will serve this purpose.

4. =Hog wallows.= Since pigs do not perspire they often suffer during
the extreme heat of the summer. They naturally seek the coolest wallow
even though it be a filthy mud hole. It would be humane as well as good
business to provide a concrete wallow and keep it filled with eight or
ten inches of water. Coal-tar or crude oil added to the water will help
to rid the pigs of lice.

5. =Sanitary conditions.= During the summer months continue to care for
the cleanliness of all the pens and house as suggested for the winter
season. Seek the advice of successful hog raisers and veterinarians upon
the slightest evidence of unhealthy pigs. See discussion on worms and
cholera in Part III.

6. =Ringing the pigs.= One ring should not be placed in the center of the
pig’s nose, but if ringed at all, use two rings, one on either side of
the center of the nose, close to the tendons running down to the pig’s
snout.


JULY AND AUGUST

1. =Getting ready for an exhibit.= If there is to be a local, county,
or state fair, club members will arrange through their leader to have
an exhibit of their pigs at the fair. Follow carefully and honestly all
directions and rules laid down by your state club leader in entering the
contest and exhibiting your pigs. If there is no fair or exhibit for you
to attend, make one at your local school. Your state club leader will
send full directions for all contests and exhibits.

2. =Preparing the pig for exhibition.=[3] The first thing to do toward
getting the pig ready for a show is to wash his body thoroughly with warm
rain water, and a good lathery soap. Use a stiff brush so that dirt and
dust will be removed. A little disinfectant in the wash water would be a
good thing. Thoroughly rinse the soap out of the hair after washing and
allow the pig to dry in a clean, dry stall.

=His coat.= When all the moisture has disappeared from the hair and skin,
a light application of sweet oil may well be made, taking particular
care to rub the oil well into the skin. The oil will keep the hair and
hide soft and will give the pig a shiny coat, thereby improving his
appearance. The use of too much oil is objectionable, both because it
is apt to become “gummed” in the hair and make the animal “sticky”,
and because it will soil the fingers of the people who will probably
stroke and pet the pig when he is taken to the show. If sweet oil is not
available, raw linseed oil may be used instead, but a somewhat lighter
application of linseed oil should be made. Oil is seldom used on white
pigs.

=The feet.= Frequently the pig’s feet will require some attention. If the
toes are too long or are broken off so that they are rough, they should
be trimmed with a good sharp jackknife. This can be done best when the
animal is lying down. If the boy has taken care of his animal properly,
the pig will submit to such handling without any objection. In fact he
will like to be played with and will enjoy having his master work with
him.

After the pig has been properly groomed he should be kept in a dry stall
that is bedded deep with clean straw. If he shows an inclination to root
down into the dirt and soil himself by digging beneath his bedding, rings
should be placed in his nose. If not absolutely necessary, however, it is
better not to ring hogs intended for show.

=Make your pig gentle.= An hour a day should be spent teaching the pig
to stand still while being examined. While it is not customary at big
shows to hold pigs while they are being judged, yet at a contest of this
kind the best trained pig will be looked upon with special favor, since
such a pig will signify to the judges that his master has done everything
possible “to bring him out.”

3. =Marketing the pigs.= The October pigs will be ready for the market
this summer, probably as early as July. Study carefully the market
classes and grades described in Part III. Determine to which classes and
grades your pigs should belong. Watch carefully the daily market reports
in the papers. Seek the best advice you can get on the important business
of marketing your pigs.

4. =Concluding work.= Finish all records called for in Part IV.
Achievement, as one boy puts it, is “getting into the game, sticking to
it, and finishing the job.” Here is your chance to achieve not only a
successful and profitable piece of work for yourself, but a man’s service
in adding to the food supply of your country.




PART II

PRACTICAL EXERCISES


1. =Wild relatives of swine.= Pupils should prepare written reports upon
the following wild relatives of the hog: peccary, wart hog, rhinoceros,
hippopotamus, wild boar. Consult geographies, natural histories and
encyclopedias for such information.

2. =Swine on the home farm.= Let each pupil report on the swine on the
home farm by filling out the following table:

  Types and  Number of  Characteristics  Average  Estimated
    Breeds     Each         of Each      Weight     Value
  _________  _________  _______________  _______  _________
  _________  _________  _______________  _______  _________
  _________  _________  _______________  _______  _________

3. =Market prices.= Pupils should record the market prices of hogs in a
tabular form, every day for a period of two weeks. Such daily quotations
may be obtained from the newspaper. If possible, record the number of the
“run” of hogs which were offered for sale at the market where prices are
quoted. Note any relation that may exist between price and number of hogs.

4. =Inspection trips.= The class should make a tour of the farms in the
community where the various breeds of swine may be studied. Note the
distinguishing characteristics. Use the following table in classifying
the distinguishing characteristics:

                Position                      Other
  Breed  Color  of Ears   Snout and Face  Characteristics
  _____  _____  ________  ______________  _______________
  _____  _____  ________  ______________  _______________
  _____  _____  ________  ______________  _______________

5. =Comparative judging.= Prepare a ring of swine, two, three, or four
animals, and have the pupils place these according to rank, basing their
judgment on form, condition, and quality of the swine in the ring. In
performing this exercise it may be necessary for the instructor to go
over the whole matter of conformation, condition, and quality as they
should be found in good swine.

6. =Exercises in judging.= After the pupils have become somewhat familiar
with the points in judging swine, information may be given as to the
judging of individuals by the score cards. Under the direction of the
instructor use the score card of your State Experiment Station.

7. =Reports on home feeding methods.= Let each pupil report on the
methods of feeding and managing swine at home, using the following
outline:

(a) The house, pen, or range in which the pigs are fed for fattening.

(b) The feed used, amount, kind, etc.

(c) Criticism of the above methods, and suggestions for improvement.

8. =Houses.= Pupils should bring pictures of hog houses, clipped from
farm papers or other publications in which they may be found, and in
class make a critical study of the illustrations assembled. Ground floor
plans should be drawn by each student for several types of house.

9. =Breed directory.= Let each pupil make a report on the names of swine
breeders in the locality and the breeds raised. This may be made into a
breed directory for the community.

10. =Making a concrete hog wallow.=[4] A hog perspires but little during
hot weather and is forced to seek a cool mud wallow if nothing else is
provided. This has resulted in the impression that the hog is a dirty
animal.

A concrete hog wallow provided with a drain will enable the hog raiser
to give his hogs a cool, clean refuge from the heat. If a small amount
of crude oil is poured on the surface of the water, it will serve to rid
the animals of lice and keep the skin in good condition. If possible, the
wallow should be located near the water supply, either a tank or spring.
The following sectional view of a wallow is taken from the Cement News
published by the Universal Portland Cement Co.

[Illustration: 1. SECTIONAL VIEW OF A CONCRETE WALLOW]

It is recommended that the pool be made rectangular with rounded corners.
It should not have a depth of more than 18 inches. The size should be
determined by the number of pigs kept. A concrete floor 4 feet wide laid
around the pool will prevent rooting and the carrying of mud into the
wallow.

[Illustration: 2. TROUGH FOR YOUNG PIGS]

11. =Wooden troughs for swine.= In figures 2 and 3 are shown two types of
wooden troughs that are used extensively by swine raisers. The one shown
in figure 2 is designed for use in feeding young pigs. As shown in the
drawing it is shallow and is constructed with a flat bottom and wide end
pieces. The shallowness makes it easy for the young pigs to get at the
feed, and the wide ends make it difficult for the pigs to overturn it.
The cross pieces prevent the hogs from lying in the trough. The drawing
gives all necessary dimensions. Make out a bill of material and a bill of
stock, cut the pieces, and assemble them.

[Illustration: 3. TROUGH FOR MATURE HOGS]

Figure 3 shows a V-shaped trough for older hogs. Like the one shown for
young pigs, it is wide at the ends and is provided with cross pieces. The
drawing gives all necessary dimensions. Make out bills of material and
stock, and construct.

12. =Hurdles for use in stock judging.= A hurdle as described in this
exercise is a panel of boards made as shown in figure 4. Hurdles are
portable and are useful when sorting hogs into groups or when scoring and
judging them. Three or four hurdles fastened together at the ends make a
very good temporary pen.

[Illustration: 4. HURDLE]

The materials required are four pieces 1 by 4 inches by 12 feet, one
piece 2 by 4 inches by 8 feet, and 2 pounds of eightpenny common nails.
To build the panel, cut the pieces as shown in the drawing. Lay the four
pieces of 2 by 4 inches on the floor, spacing them 4 feet apart, nail the
bottom board, space 2 inches and nail the second board, space 3 inches
and nail the third board, and nail the fourth board on the top.

13. =Making a collection of feeds.= Secure a supply of small bottles and
make and label a collection of samples of feeds suitable for pigs.

14. =Weighing pigs with steelyards.=[5] In the pig project it is
recommended that the pig or pigs be weighed each week. Where stock
or platform scales are at hand the weighing can be performed easily,
but, unfortunately, some boys do not have scales of any kind which
they can use for this purpose. In project work boys do not generally
feel that they can afford to purchase platform scales, but since the
weighing is a very important part of the work, some means should be
provided, and steelyards are suggested for the purpose. These are not
expensive, costing about $3.00, and with proper arrangement can be used
very satisfactorily. For weighing feed they can usually be suspended
from joists in granaries, but for weighing the pig it will probably be
necessary to construct a horse from which to suspend them. A crate also
will be needed for holding the pig while being weighed. The material
required for these articles is not expensive and both can be constructed
by the boys in the club or class.


SUGGESTIONS FOR MAKING HORSE AND CRATE[6]

=Material.= Any ordinary lumber having proper dimensions can be
used. If new lumber is purchased, yellow pine will serve the purpose
satisfactorily, costing 2½c or 3c per lumber foot. The length suggested
for the horse is 8 feet, though this can be reduced by placing the
steelyards at right angles to the length of the horse in place of in the
same direction, as suggested by the cut. The height should be 7 feet to
provide space for fastening the crate to the steelyards. The legs should
be beveled at upper ends before nailing to rail and should be spread at
bottom so as to measure 3½ feet. Stock required for constructing horse
is as follows: One piece 2″×6″×8′ if made eight feet long; two pieces
2″×6″×14′; or 2″×4″×14′ for legs; two pieces 1″×6″×10′ for braces.

In place of the crate any box of the proper size can be used for the
purpose by nailing strips on the sides for convenience in handling,
and for fastening rope to it. If a crate is constructed it should be 4
or 4½ feet long, 2½ feet high, and 20 inches wide. The slats on one end
of the crate should be securely nailed, and on the other they should be
arranged to slide into place, so that they can be removed easily after
each weighing.

[Illustration: 5. ARRANGEMENT FOR WEIGHING PIGS]

The pig to be weighed is securely fastened in the crate and the horse
placed over it so that the ring or hook of steelyards is nearly over
the center. The crate is then raised sufficiently to place 2×4 blocks
under it, and it is then fastened to the steelyards by means of a chain
or rope. The scale weight on the steelyards can be approximately placed
before the blocks are removed from under the crate. To remove blocks,
draw down on long end of steelyards, which will raise the crate from the
blocks and allow them to be easily removed. After the crate swings free
the scale weight can be carefully adjusted to ascertain exactly the gross
weight of the pig and crate. The weight of pig can, of course, be easily
ascertained by subtracting the weight of crate from the gross weight.

There are advantages in this arrangement for weighing, in addition to
its being inexpensive. The parts can easily be moved from place to
place without injury, and can be placed in any pen or hog lot without
difficulty, which is not always the case with platform or other scales.




PART III

SWINE


=Origin.= The ancestors of the hogs found on American farms came from two
sources, southeastern Asia and western Europe. These two families of hogs
are often designated by the names _Sus Indica_ and _Sus Scrofa_. Although
the word _sus_ is Latin, boys or girls who feed pigs use it when they
call “sui, sui,” to the pigs at feeding time.

[Illustration: 6. A RAZOR-BACK]

_Sus Indica_, a native of China, was a small, fine-boned animal much
prized by the people of southeastern Asia. Descendants of _Sus Scrofa_,
the wild boar of western Europe, are still hunted in forests and private
game preserves. The wild boar is a large, ferocious animal with thin hams
and a heavy shield. From its Chinese ancestor the modern hog has derived
its form and quality; from the wild boar it has obtained its size and
vigor.

Swine were probably introduced into this country by early Spanish
explorers. For many years wild hogs were found in the everglades of
Florida. It is recorded that Jamestown had to be fenced to keep out
the wild hogs, descendants of those brought over by earlier settlers.
Although the ancestors of the hog came from China and western Europe, it
remained for English breeders to blend the two and develop the earlier
breeds.

The earlier breeds like the Berkshire were developed where corn is not
grown successfully. Under such conditions the bacon-type of hog was
produced.

=Bacon-type.= The bacon hog has a longer side, less fat and a smaller
ham. Canada, Denmark, and Ireland produce the finest hogs of this
type. Bacon hogs furnish the “Wiltshire side,” in which ham, side, and
shoulder are marketed in one piece. This cut commands a higher price
on the European continent than pork from the lard hog. The weight of
this type of hog for market varies from 160 to 200 pounds. The form of
the bacon-type is quite different from the form of the lard-type. The
hog has longer legs, the body is not so thick or deep, the shoulders,
neck, and jowls are lighter. The hog should be longer from shoulder to
ham, with sufficient depth and thickness to denote good constitution.
Quality, as in the lard-type, is indicated by a smooth coat of hair and
an unwrinkled skin. The finished bacon hog “handles” firmer to the touch
than a finished lard hog. The bones of this type are larger, but they
should present a clean-cut appearance. The loin is the most valuable cut
in this hog, and should be as wide as the rest of the back, full, strong,
and well packed with flesh. The ribs should spring out boldly from the
backbone and turn sharply downward, giving a straight, flat side. The
leading breeds of the bacon-type of swine are the Tamworth and the Large
Yorkshire. Sometimes the Hampshire is so classed.

=Lard-type.= The lard hog is a native of the corn belt. This type of
hog has a compact, thick, deep, smooth body. The ham, back, loin and
shoulders are the most valuable parts and are developed to a higher
degree. The production of lard and fat is the principle aim of this
type. Quality is denoted by fine hair, smooth, clean, unwrinkled skin,
rather fine bone, and an even distribution of flesh. The jowls should
be broad, plump, and full, and the belly not baggy in appearance. The
hog should have short upright pasterns. The snout should be fine, the
face wide between the eyes, and the space between the ears wide and
full. Width between the eyes and fullness and width between the ears
indicate a good feeder. The neck should be short and deep and should
blend smoothly into the shoulder. The shoulder should be well developed,
blending smoothly into the body and covered evenly with flesh over all
parts. The back should be broad, slightly arched, of medium length and
thickly fleshed. The ribs should be well sprung, the sides deep and even
between the shoulders and ham. The ham should be broad, deep, plump,
and heavily fleshed well down toward the hocks. The rump should be as
wide as the back. The legs should be short, straight, set well apart and
squarely under the body. The above brief description is general for all
breeds of the lard hog. The Poland China, Chester White, Berkshire, and
Duroc-Jersey are the popular breeds of this type of hog.

=Breeds.= The selection of a good breed by a pig club member is an
important matter. He should be influenced by two conditions: the breeds
raised in the community and his own preference. The community which
confines its efforts to two, or better, to one breed of hog, will attract
buyers and its stock will command fancy prices. On the other hand, a
breeder will be most successful with the breed in which he has confidence.

To make an intelligent choice, every club member should become familiar
with the characteristics, advantages, and shortcomings of the several
breeds of hogs. It should be borne in mind that there is no “best breed.”


BACON BREEDS

[Illustration: 12. LARGE YORKSHIRE]

=The Large Yorkshire.= This large white breed, too, originated in
England. White spots are not desirable and black hairs disqualify
animals. The Large Yorkshire possesses the typical bacon conformation:
light hams and shoulders, long legs and a long, narrow and deep body. On
account of its size, strong bone, and ability to produce large litters,
Yorkshire boars have been used for crossing with breeds which are lacking
in these respects.

[Illustration: 13. TAMWORTH]

=The Tamworth.= This breed much resembles the Large Yorkshire in size
but has a longer snout. The Tamworths are good rustlers and produce bacon
which can be used for export purposes at a comparatively early age. They
are sometimes criticized for their inability to compete with the lard
breeds in the production of fat carcasses. It should be borne in mind,
however, that they are distinctly a bacon breed.

The Large Yorkshire and the Tamworth are the only two bacon breeds in
this country. Other minor breeds, both lard and bacon, which might be
mentioned are the Mule-Foot, Small Yorkshire, Essex, Cheshire, Victoria
and Large Black.


LARD BREEDS

[Illustration: 7. POLAND CHINA]

=Poland China.= The Poland China is one of the most popular breeds. It
is of medium size, black in color with “six white points” on face, tail
and feet. Its ears are not erect as are those of the Berkshire, but
break and fall forward about two-thirds of the length from the head.
The face is not dished as much as that of the Berkshire, another mark of
distinction.

Like all of the rest of the lard breeds, it should have heavy shoulders
and hind quarters, and deep, short sides. For a time there was a demand
upon the part of breeders for small, fine-boned animals. The demand of
the packers was too strong, however, and the development of the Big Type
Poland China marked the downfall of this “fad.”

This breed is noted for its constitution and vigor. Much of this is due,
no doubt, to the fact that the originators of the breed in the Miami
Valley wished to develop a hog which could be driven to Cincinnati, the
great packing center of that period. The small type Poland China had
small litters. This fault has been remedied in the big type strains.

[Illustration: 8. BERKSHIRE]

=The Berkshire.= The erect ears, dished face and short snout of the
Berkshire distinguish it quite sharply from the Poland China. It is one
of the oldest breeds of swine, originating in Berkshire, a county of
England. The early Berkshire was a bacon, not a lard hog. It was large,
rough, and late maturing. Numerous crosses with Chinese and Neopolitan
pigs of fine quality have been instrumental in producing the modern,
medium sized, compact animal.

This breed has a broad back, a good spring of rib and thick rump and
hams. Berkshires are early maturing and breeders claim that the meat is
second in quality to none. Like the Poland China, it has white on the
feet, face and tip of tail.

[Illustration: 9. DUROC-JERSEY]

=Duroc-Jersey.= This breed of red hog is becoming very popular on account
of its constitution and ability to produce large litters. It resembles
the Poland China in size, shape and position of ear and snout. The color
desired by most breeders is a cherry and not a sandy red.

Nothing definite is known of its early history. Red hogs had often been
imported. Among the records of such importations are those of Henry Clay
from Spain and Daniel Webster from Portugal. Early Berkshires of red
color were thought to have been used in developing the breed.

Two breeds, a Jersey Red in New Jersey and a Duroc in New York State,
came into prominence. The former was a coarse hog of good length of body
and strong constitution. The union of these two breeds produced the
Duroc-Jersey.

Another point which especially recommends this breed in addition to those
already mentioned is its grazing ability.

[Illustration: 10. CHESTER WHITE]

=The Chester White.= This breed of white hog resembles the Poland China.
The ears are more drooping, however, than those of that breed and break
forward about one-third the distance from the head. The Chester White is
also wider, thicker and longer in body.

The breed originated in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Two other strains,
Todd’s Improved Chester White and the Ohio Improved Chester White, have
resulted from breed improvement. The latter has now developed its own
breed association.

The Chester White ranks second to Duroc-Jerseys in the size of its
litters, but the fact that its white color makes it subject to sunburn
prevents its development in the southern and middle western states.

=The Hampshire.= This breed is classed as between the fat and
bacon-types. This is due to a lighter shoulder and ham and a longer side
with less depth than those of the breeds previously described. Although
it will not meet the demands of the “Wiltshire side” for the English
market, it will provide bacon which meets the demands of the American
market.

[Illustration: 11. HAMPSHIRE]

The Hampshire is a black hog with a belt of white from 4 to 12 inches
in width encircling the body and including the forelegs. It is more
upstanding than the lard-type breeds, and has a broad and fairly deep
body. A narrow head with close set ears extending forward but not
breaking are other marks of distinction. The Hampshire matures early, has
good sized litters, and is a good grazer. The proportion of fat to lean
meat is very desirable. Little is known of its early history other than
that it originated in Hampshire, England, and that representatives were
brought to Kentucky at an early date.

=Selecting the pigs.= In choosing a breed a club member will do well to
select the one which is most prevalent in his community, provided, of
course, that it is a breed which meets the market requirements and in
other ways is adapted to local conditions. This will be the case if he
lives in a community of successful swine breeders.

=Getting started.= After a breed has been decided upon, the next thing is
to pick out the individuals. A pig club member may start with a pig or
pigs after weaning, or a bred gilt may be purchased.

Wherever possible a pure-bred sow pig or gilt should be secured. Two
things are to be considered, the pedigree and individuality of the
animal. Unless you are familiar with pedigrees, it is best to leave that
to the reliable breeder with whom you are dealing. Every pig club member,
however, should be able to pick out a good pig.

Four things should be considered in selecting a breeding animal: form,
quality, constitution, sex character and type. It is true that the matter
is more difficult with a young pig than with an older pig, but part or
all of these conditions may be noted in the young pig.

A pig with a comparatively long body and with good depth and width should
be selected. It should stand squarely on short legs of good bone. There
should be no wrinkles on the body.

A good heart girth indicates plenty of room for the lungs and denotes
a strong constitution. Quality is shown in fineness of bone and hair.
Too fine a bone should be avoided. To judge type one must be familiar
with the requirements of the various breeds. Above all, the pig selected
should be a good feeder.

=Care and management.= After the pig or pigs are secured, the next
problem is one of care and management. Every pig club member should keep
in mind that pigs require a variety of clean food, clean water, exercise
and, a clean bed if they are to thrive and be profitable. Being a large
feeder the pig will eat dirty food from a dirty trough if no other is
offered. On this account it is often thought that he will get along under
any sort of circumstances. Such is not the case. No animal will respond
more quickly to careful, intelligent treatment than the pig.

[Illustration: 14. A GOOD HOG HOUSE]

=Houses.= Hogs must be housed in dry, warm, clean, and well-ventilated
houses. Sunshine is a very important agent in disinfecting and warming
the hog house. The well-established breeder may have a colony house, but
for the beginner the individual house of the A or square type is to be
recommended.

During the summer a good pasture will provide cheap, clean feed,
exercise and a clean bed. It may be necessary, however, to provide a
shelter from the direct rays of the sun. This may be furnished by a frame
of poles covered with straw or corn stalks.

=Sanitation.= It is much easier to keep a pig healthy than it is to cure
him after he becomes sick. Cleanliness, proper feed, disinfection of
houses and animals, together with plenty of sunlight, ventilation and
dryness of quarters, will help to keep a pig in good health.

If care is taken that there are no unnecessary cracks or corners in which
filth may accumulate, it will be easy to keep houses, troughs and feeding
floors sanitary. A good disinfectant should be used regularly in the
pens. Five parts of crude carbolic acid in one hundred parts of water
is recommended. All filth should be removed before the disinfectant is
applied. Once a year all buildings should be whitewashed. A pint of crude
carbolic acid should be added to each three gallons of whitewash.

Feed lots and pastures cannot be disinfected in this fashion, but
applications of lime and an occasional plowing will help.

=Hog wallows and dips.= The pig is not naturally a filthy animal, and if
given an opportunity will keep fairly clean. During the extreme heat of
summer the pig suffers, owing to the fact that he perspires but little.
He seeks the shelter of a cool mud wallow to get relief from heat and
parasites. The intelligent hog raiser will provide a concrete wallow and
keep it filled with eight or ten inches of water. Coal-tar or crude oil
added to the water helps to rid the animal of lice. Where the animals are
badly infested with lice it will be necessary to wet them all over, as
the lice are found behind the ears, inside of the legs and in the folds
of the skin. A two per cent solution of creolin may be used for this
purpose.

=Worms.= Pigs are often affected with worms which interfere with their
thriftiness. A tablespoonful of castor oil and forty drops of oil of
American wormseed should be given in the slop to wormy pigs. Six grains
of santonin and four grains of calomel per 100 pound pig is also used
successfully.

=Hog cholera.= It is not possible within the scope of a small book to
describe all of the diseases that attack pigs. Every pig club member,
however, should know something about hog cholera, the greatest scourge
which attacks swine.

The germs of hog cholera may be carried on the boots of visitors, by
pigeons or dogs. It can only be combatted by vaccination of healthy hogs,
quarantining of all sick hogs, burning of all dead hogs and disinfection
of premises.

Three methods of vaccination are in use:

(1) The injection of an anti-cholera serum, which makes the hog immune
only a few months or weeks.

(2) The simultaneous treatment whereby the serum used in (1) and the
defibrinated blood or virus from a diseased hog are injected together.
This treatment renders the hog immune for life.

(3) In the combination method, serum alone is used first, and ten days
later the simultaneous treatment is administered. This method is seldom
used. The services of a skilled veterinarian should be secured to
vaccinate hogs.

=Feeds and feeding.= Protein, fats, and carbohydrates are the three
classes of nutrients found in feeds. These, in addition to mineral
matter and water, furnish material for the maintenance and growth of
the pig. Proteins furnish the material for the production of muscle.
Fats and carbohydrates provide fuel for heating the body and giving
activity to the muscles. An excess of food nutrients, especially fats and
carbohydrates, is stored in the body as fat. The mineral matter goes into
the production of bone.

All feeds do not contain these nutrients in the same proportions. Some
feeds, like corn, are deficient in protein, while others, like tankage,
contain a large percentage of protein.

[Illustration: 15. A SELF-FEEDER]

From the foregoing it is easily seen that the problem of the hog
raiser is to use a combination of feeds which will provide the proper
proportions of the various nutrients. While the pigs are young, bone and
muscle producing foods are especially necessary. Toward maturity the
percentage of fat producing foods may be increased.

=Corn, pasture and other supplements.= Corn is the most widely used feed
for pigs. As has been stated, it is essentially a fat producing food
and must be properly supplemented. Clover or alfalfa pasture supplies
the protein and part of the mineral matter which the corn lacks. Rape
furnishes good pasture for hogs, almost equal to clover and alfalfa. Rye,
blue grass, cow peas and soy beans together with various pasture mixtures
have value as hog pastures. Where pigs are fed in a dry lot, tankage
may be used to supply the protein. Pasture-fed pigs are thriftier and
make cheaper gains than those fed in a dry lot. Skim-milk or buttermilk
together with tankage makes an ideal supplement to corn. Middlings and
shorts may also be used.

=Mineral matter.= To insure pigs getting enough mineral matter it is
recommended that the following mixture be kept before them at all
times:[7]

  Wood ashes or coal screenings   1 bushel
  Air-slaked lime                 8 quarts
  Salt                            8 quarts
  Rock phosphate                  3 quarts
  Copperas (iron sulphate)        1 quart

The first four ingredients should be mixed thoroughly and the copperas
dissolved in warm water and poured over the mixture.

=Feeding and care of the sow.= In starting in the swine industry with one
or more gilts, it should be borne in mind that a sow should not be bred
until she is eight or ten months of age. Every hog raiser should aim to
have his sows produce two litters a year, farrowing in April and October.

Not more than two-thirds of the grain ration should be corn. Some feeders
prefer to use ground oats and middlings exclusively. In any event,
heating and fattening foods should be avoided. In addition to the grain
ration, roots and clover or alfalfa hay or skim-milk should be fed. Sows
on good pasture require little grain except just before farrowing.

At farrowing time the sow should be placed in a building, dry, free from
draughts, and well-ventilated.

The feed after farrowing should be about the same as before. After the
first week larger quantities are necessary for the sow in order to
maintain the pigs properly. When the pigs are weaned, the feed of the sow
should be cut down to check the flow of milk. Oats is recommended for
that purpose.

=Feeding the pigs.= The young pigs will learn to eat at about three weeks
of age. At this time if the pigs can be fed separately from the sow
better results will be obtained. Skim-milk, middlings and soaked corn are
recommended.

Young pigs should be given opportunity for exercise but should be
sheltered from cold winds or hot sun. Young pigs may be weaned at from 8
to 10 weeks. Avoid too heavy feeding at first.

Pasture-fed pigs may be given one-fourth of a pound of tankage, or one
and one-half to two pounds of skim-milk or buttermilk per day; one-half
pound of middlings may be added to the above ration. Adding bran or
finely ground oats to the middlings will prevent constipation in case the
middlings are too fine and floury.

What corn is readily cleaned up may be fed at the age of three months or
a little earlier if skim-milk is being fed. The pigs should be fed four
times a day at first and then three times. As the pigs grow older the
corn and middlings may be increased, but at no time should corn alone be
fed.

=Markets.= The successful stock man is the one who is familiar with
market requirements and tries to meet them. Every pig club member
should know something of the market classes and grades of hogs. These
differ somewhat according to local conditions, but in a general way the
classification used on the Chicago market may be taken as a standard.

Heavy hogs are no longer at a premium except when the price of lard is
high. They contain a large amount of fat. The various grades of hogs in
the several classes indicate the degree to which they have attained to
the standard of perfection, prime being the highest grade, and common and
inferior the lowest grades.

Butcher hogs are commonly used for fresh meat trade. They are principally
barrows.

The term packing refers to the use to which this class of hogs is
commonly put. They are inferior to butcher hogs and are cut up, cured,
and packed in boxes and barrels. Mixed packing hogs are those marketed
without grading. Speculators often buy them up and grade them.

The meat of pigs is unsuitable for curing and supplies part of the demand
for cheap, fresh meat.

Bacon hogs quoted on the Chicago market are not the bacon hogs which
furnish the Wiltshire sides. They are lard hogs that are not highly
finished, have a high per cent of lean meat, and supply the demand for
lean pork.

Stags are males castrated too late in life to grade as barrows. Boars are
used for sausage and supply cheap fresh meat.

The present demand is for hogs weighing from 200 to 250 pounds, and
the hog raiser should aim to finish and market his hogs at about these
weights.


MARKET CLASSES AND GRADES

  ===========+=======+======================+===========
      Class  | Weight|     Sub-Class        |   Grade
  -----------+-------+----------------------+-----------
  Prime heavy|350-500|                      |   Prime
             |       |{ Heavy        280-350|{  Prime
             |       |{                     |{  Good
             |       |{                     | { Prime
  Butcher    |180-350|{ Medium       220-280| { Good
             |       |{                     | { Common
             |       |{                     |{  Prime
             |       |{ Light        180-220|{  Good
             |       |                      |{  Common
             |       |                      | { Good
             |       |{ Heavy        300-500| { Common
             |       |{                     | { Inferior
             |       |{                     |{  Good
  Packing    |200-500|{ Medium       250-300|{  Common
             |       |{                     |{  Inferior
             |       |{                     | { Good
             |       |{ Mixed        200-280| { Common
             |       |                      | { Inferior
             |       |                      |{  Choice
             |       |      {English 160-220|{  Light
             |       |      {               |{  Fat
             |       |{Bacon{               | { Choice
             |       |{     { U. S.  155-195| { Good
             |       |{                     | { Common
  Light      |125-220|{                     |{  Good
             |       |{ Light light  125-150|{  Common
             |       |{                     |{  Inferior
             |       |{                     | { Good
             |       |{ Light mixed  150-220| { Common
             |       |                      | { Inferior
             |       |                      |{  Choice
  Pigs       | 60-125|                      |{  Good
             |       |                      |{  Common
  Roughs     |       |                      |
  Stags      |       |                      |
  Boars      |       |                      |
             |       |{ Roasting pigs       |
             |       |{ Feeders             |
  Misc.      |       |{ Governments         |
             |       |{ Pen holders         |
             |       |{ Dead hogs           |
  -----------+-------+----------------------+-----------


NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS

(Write brief answers on notebook pages.)

1. Why is hog raising such a popular form of live-stock production on the
farm?

2. In what important respects has the domestic pig been improved from the
wild hog?

3. What are the chief differences between the bacon-type and lard-type of
hog?

4. What are the characteristics of a good brood sow? Of a good boar?

5. Name the standard breeds of swine in this country.

6. What is your favorite breed and why?

7. What are some of the feeds supplementary to corn in productive swine
feeding?

8. Give some reasons why swine should be sheltered. What are the
essentials of a good piggery?

9. Name five things you consider essential in the care of the brood sow.

10. List some interesting hog habits.




APPENDIX

A MODEL CONSTITUTION, WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE[8]


CONSTITUTION

Article I. The name of this organization shall be the ____

    (School, township, county, etc.)

Club.

Article II. The object of this club is to increase the agricultural,
educational, and social advantages of ____

    (Name of geographical unit)

through home projects, entertainments, lectures, fairs, exhibits, etc.

Article III. All boys and girls living in ____

    (Geographical unit)

between the ages of 10 and 18 years shall be eligible for membership.

Article IV. Sec. 1. The officers of this club shall consist of a
president, a vice-president, a secretary, and a treasurer.

Sec. 2. A majority vote shall constitute an election.

Article V. Roberts’ Rules of Order shall govern the meetings of the club.

Article VI. The order of business for all regular meetings shall be as
follows.

  1. Call to order.
  2. Roll call.
  3. Reading of minutes of last meeting.
  4. Addition or corrections to the minutes.
  5. Reports of committees.
  6. Old business.
  7. New business.
  8. Considering new names for membership.
  9. Literary program.
  10. Recreation or refreshments.
  11. Adjournment.

Article VII. Committees for special purposes may be appointed by the
president at any time.


BY-LAWS

Article I. The club motto shall be “To make the BEST, BETTER,” and the
club emblem shall be a four-leaf clover bearing an H on each leaf.

Article II. The officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual
election in ____

    (Month)

of each year.

Article III. The regular meeting of the club shall take place at ____

    (Name of building)

on the ____.

    (Day of the month)

Article IV. Sec. 1. A quorum shall consist of ____

    (Usually two-thirds)

of the membership of the club.

Sec. 2. This constitution may be amended by a vote of ____

    (Two-thirds)

of the members present at any regular meeting.


PARLIAMENTARY PRACTICE HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS

_a._ Always address the president as Mr. or Miss President.

_b._ All remarks should be addressed to the president.

_c._ There should be no talking between members.

_d._ The president should recognize the person who seeks the floor by
saying: “Mr. or Miss ____.”

_e._ This indicates that the person thus recognized has the privilege of
speaking (of the floor) and must not be interrupted.

_f._ The only interruptions allowable are (1) a call for a point of
order, or (2) a question.

_g._ A point of order applies to a member who has made a motion which is
out of order because of another motion before the meeting, or to a member
whose remarks are not on the subject under consideration, or to a person
who is exceeding the time limit for discussion, etc. A point of order is
executed as follows:

Member rising while another is speaking: “Mr. President, I rise to a
point of order.”

The president will then recognize the speaker as follows: “Mr. ____,
please state your point of order.”

Member who has interrupted speaker: “Mr. President, the speaker, Mr. ____

    (Interrupted member’s name)

is out of order because his remarks are not on the subject under
consideration (or is out of order because there is another motion before
the meeting).”

President: “The chair decides that the point is (or is not) well taken.”

Whereupon the interrupted speaker takes his seat or makes an appeal from
the decision of the chair as follows:

Interrupted speaker: “Mr. President, I appeal from the decision of the
Chair.”

President: “Mr. ____ appeals from the decision of the chair. As many as
are in favor of sustaining the decision of the chair will make manifest
by saying ‘Aye;’ contrary-minded, ‘No.’”

The motion is (or is not) carried.

If the motion is carried, and the decision of the chair is thus
sustained, the interrupted speaker has no further recourse and must take
his seat. If, however, the motion is lost and the decision of the chair
is not sustained, the speaker may continue to speak.

Question. The speaker may be interrupted by any member for the purpose
of asking a question. This question may be one of personal privilege or
may be for the purpose of gaining information about the subject under
discussion. The execution of this motion may proceed as follows:

Member taking floor while another member is speaking: “Mr. President, I
rise to a question of information.”

Presiding officer: “State your question.”

Member: “Do I understand the speaker to mean that ____ etc.?”

The speaker then proceeds to give the information desired, and the
meeting proceeds.

In case of a question of personal privilege the process is as follows:

Member, rising and interrupting speaker: “Mr. President, I rise to a
question of personal privilege.”

Presiding officer: “State your question.”

Member: “Mr. President, this room is too warm for comfort, and I
therefore ask to have the windows opened.”

In either case the presiding officer may rule for or against the person
asking the question.

_h._ Never offer a motion by saying, “I move you—,” but simply with “I
move, etc.”

_i._ Never offer a motion while another motion is still before the
meeting.

_j._ Before any matter is voted upon the presiding officer must state the
motion fully and completely.

_k._ The ordinary form of voting upon regular motions is as follows:
Presiding officer: “All in favor of this motion say ‘Aye’ (a short pause
for the vote); contrary, ‘No.’” The presiding officer then announces the
result by saying: “The motion is carried,” or “The motion is lost.”

_l._ Motions for question of privilege or point of order take precedence
over all other motions.

_m._ Never attempt to place too many amendments to a motion. (Two are
allowable; that is, an amendment to an amendment.) It is usually much
better to offer a substitute motion.

_n._ A motion may not be put to a vote of the meeting until it has been
seconded or supported by some member other than the one making the motion.

_o._ In case of tie votes the president or presiding officer decides the
motion.

_p._ A motion to adjourn the meeting is in order at any time.

In addition to these simple rules which may serve for the beginning of
the club’s activities, each club library should contain a modern work on
parliamentary practice.


DUTIES OF THE OFFICERS


The President

1. Calls the meetings to order.

2. Announces the order of business.

3. Puts all questions and motions.

4. Decides points of order.

5. Decides the votes.

6. Calls another member to the chair if he or she wishes to take part in
the debate.


The Vice-President

1. Performs all the duties of the president in case he or she is absent.


The Secretary

1. Keeps the minutes of all meetings.

2. Handles all correspondence.

3. Sends or posts notices for meetings.

4. Reads the minutes of the previous meetings.

5. Acts as chairman in case both president and vice-president are absent.


The Treasurer

1. Collects all dues and moneys.

2. Keeps an account of all moneys collected and paid out.

3. Pays bills when ordered by the president or secretary.


SUGGESTIVE PROGRAMS FOR AGRICULTURAL CLUBS

The programs for club meetings will depend largely on the type of
project, the time to be devoted to meetings, and the originality of the
leader. There should be something for everyone to do; each individual
should have some share in each club meeting.

The general program might divide itself into: (1) project; (2) business,
literary, and demonstration; (3) social. No one of these three divisions
can be carried on exclusive of the others. The projects will have
their stories, the literary programs will sometimes include project
demonstrations, while the social spirit should always be present.

It would be well to combine as much of a “do” program as possible with
the literary work. Demonstrations, “stunts,” and contests always add
interest. Do not forget that music is always a welcome addition to a club
program. The following suggestions are given merely to assist the club
in arranging for the year’s work. Further suggestions may be obtained
by studying the programs of projects other than yours. Meetings should
be held at least once a month, perhaps oftener at certain seasons of
the year. They may be held in the schoolhouse Friday afternoon, and
the young pupils and others, not members of the club, may be guests.
Occasional evening meetings with social features and refreshments should
be held.

In the conduct of club meetings a good club leader (or teacher) will
remain in the background as much as possible, permitting the officers
of the club to conduct the meeting. Parents, patrons, members of the
advisory committee, and outside speakers should have a place on certain
programs, but it should ever be borne in mind that the club is for boys
and girls, and care should be exercised that the adults do not crowd them
off the programs. A club will be far more successful if it succeeds in
stimulating its own members to take part in club meetings, than if it
merely fills up its programs with outside speakers.

In connection with the club meetings, visits should be made to places
where actual club work can be observed. The corn plat, the pig pen, and
the garden should be utilized in this connection. Observation trips and
“hikes” should be taken to observe ideal conditions on farms or in homes.


GENERAL PROGRAM

ORGANIZATION

(1) Roll call.

Talks on:

  Purpose of organization.
  How we are connected with other organizations.
  What others will do for us.
  What we will do for ourselves.
  What we will do for others.
  How we are going to make our club a success.

Discussions of assignments for months.

Discussion of record books.


PIG CLUB PROGRAMS

(1) Roll call, answered by naming breeds or breed characteristics.

Talks on:

  Origin of swine.
  Characteristics of lard hog.
  Characteristics of bacon hog.

Demonstration: Locating and naming parts of a hog from a drawing,
picture, or chart

(2) Roll call, answered by names of prominent breeders.

Talks on:

  History of Duroc-Jersey.
  History of Poland China.
  History of Chester White.
  History of Berkshire.
  History of Hampshire.

(3) Roll call, answered by naming essentials for a healthy herd.

Talks on:

  Mineral matter in the ration.
  Sanitary hog houses.
  Individual hog houses vs. the colony hog house.
  Dipping hogs.

Demonstration: Making an individual hog house, using blackboard or model.

(4) Roll call, answered by naming forage crops suitable for swine.

Talks on:

  Alfalfa pasture.
  Rape.
  Other kinds of pasture.

(5) Roll call, answered by naming feeds suitable for swine.

Talks on:

  Home grown feeds.
  Feeds that must be purchased.

Demonstration: Blackboard explanation of nutritive ratio of a feed or a
ration.

(6) Judging contest: Each member to place three hogs.

(Basis of award: placing, 50; reasons, 50.)


REFERENCES ON PIGS


(Books)

  Productive Swine Husbandry—Day. No. 1.
  Swine in America—Coburn. No. 2.
  The Hog Book—Dawson. No. 3.
  Manual of Farm Animals—Harper. No. 4.
  Pigs for Profit—Walker. No. 5.
  Swine—Dietrich. No. 6.
  Feeds and Feeding—Henry and Morrison. No. 7.
  Judging Farm Animals—Plumb. No. 8.
  Principles and Practices of Judging Live Stock—Gay. No. 9.


(Bulletins)

  Bul. 109. The Location, Construction, and Operation of Hog Houses. Agr.
    Exp. Sta., Urbana, Ill. No. 10.
  Bul. 147. Pork Production. Agr. Exp. Sta., Lincoln, Neb. No. 11.
  Bul. 124. Fattening Hogs in Nebraska. Agr. Exp. Sta., Lincoln, Neb.
    No. 12.
  Bul. 136. Forage Crops for Swine. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ames, Ia. No. 13.
  Bul. 143. Hogging Down Corn—A Successful Practice. Agr. Exp. Sta., Ames,
    Ia. No. 14.
  Bul. 110. Forage Crop Rotations for Pork Production. Agr. Exp. Sta.,
    Columbia, Mo. No. 15.
  Farmers’ Bul. 205. U. S. Dept. of Agr., Washington, D. C. No. 16.




PART IV

THE HOME PROJECT NOTEBOOK


PIG RAISING PROJECT RECORD

  Year____________
  Name______________________________________________
  P. O. _________      Box ________     Route_______
  County____________________________________________
  Name of Club______________________________________
  School Dist. No___________________________________
  Teacher___________________________________________
  Club Leader_______________________________________


PIG PROJECT STUDY OUTLINE[9]

The following outline may serve as a guide to each pupil in the study
of his project, or it may be used by the class as a whole in their
discussion of the subject: (Each pupil should write the answers to the
questions.)

  I. Shall I raise pigs for my project?
      1. Do I like pigs?
      2. Is this section suited to the profitable production of pork?
      3. Do pigs fit in well with our farm management plan?
      4. Is cholera or any other disease likely to prevent profits?

  II. What shall be my aim in raising pigs?
      1. Shall I feed one or more pigs during the summer to market in
           the fall or winter?
      2. Shall I aim toward building up a pure-bred herd for breeding
           purposes?
      3. Shall I make a combination of the aims above?

  III. How shall I get a start?
      1. Shall I buy one or more young pigs?
      2. Shall I buy a sow which has been bred?
      3. Shall I buy pure-bred pigs or grades?
      4. What breed shall I buy?
      5. Do I know the points of a good pig?

  IV. Can I give breeding animals proper management?
      1. Do I know how to manage the boar and sow at breeding time?
      2. Can I give a brood sow the proper care?
      3. Can I manage sow and pigs properly at farrowing time?

  V. How shall I care for young pigs?
      1. What attention do they need before weaning?
      2. What care and feed shall I give them after weaning?
      3. What is the best method of weaning?
      4. Shall I allow my pigs to run in a pasture, or shall I feed
           them in a pen?
      5. What crops shall I raise for my growing pigs?
      6. What special care will my pigs need in summer?

  VI. How shall I fatten my pigs for market?
      1. What records shall I keep that I may know how much the pork I
           am producing will cost?
      2. At what age will fattening for the market be most profitable?
      3. What is the most satisfactory ration I may feed for fattening?
      4. What methods of feeding shall I use?

  VII. How shall I care for my pigs during the winter?
      1. What is the most satisfactory method of feeding for maintenance
           during the winter?
      2. What special care will my pigs need in winter?

  VIII. What kind of hog house shall I build?
      1. What factors shall I keep in mind in building a hog house?
      2. Can I afford an elaborate house?
      3. Can I make a plan for such a house as I need and build it?

  IX. How can I prevent disease?
      1. Do I appreciate the importance of cleanliness and sanitation?
      2. Will I give the pigs a chance to keep clean?
      3. Do I know how to prevent such common ailments as scours, worms,
           and lice?
      4. Do I know the nature of hog cholera, how to handle a case of
           infection, and how to prevent such infection?

The pupil is urged to answer all questions, make all records, describe
all operations, and give all results called for in the calendar of
monthly activities on the following notebook pages.

   1. Breed of hog________________________________________
   2. Sex_________________________________________________
   3. Name of hog_________________________________________
   4. Is it pure-bred?____________________________________
   5. Is it registered?___________________________________
   6. If so, give its number______________________________
   7. Date record started_________________________________
   8. Age of hog at that time_____________________________
   9. Value at that time__________________________________
  10. Weight at that time_________________________________
  11. About how many minutes did you spend each day caring
        for your pig?_____________________________________
  12. How many hours does this amount to for the whole
        project?__________________________________________

  I state upon my honor as a Pig Club member that I have
  answered all of the questions as correctly as I am able.
                (Signed)__________________________________

  Date when record is finished:
                __________________________________________


REGISTRATION RECORD

  ===================+============+===========+============+======+========
        Sow          |Service Boar|  Date of  |  Date of   |No. of| Remarks
                     |            |  Service  | Farrowing  | Pigs |
  -------------------+------------+-----------+------------+------+--------
      Name       No. | Name   No. |           |            |      |
  -------------------+------------+-----------+------------+------+--------
  Queen’s Model 13271|Big Lad 2683|Jan. 1, ’18|Apr. 22, ’18|  10  |All O.K.
  -------------------+------------+-----------+------------+------+--------


HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE BREED SELECTED

  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________


FEED RECORD

Each time any feed is weighed out the kind and weight should be entered
below. By weighing out a sack of feed or several bushels of grain at a
time, this can be simplified. (Use the standard prices in figuring cost
of feed, pasture, grazing crops, and waste.)

  ========+==============+================+=============
          |              |                |    Value
    Date  | Kind of Feed | Pounds of Feed +-------+-----
          |              |                |Dollars|Cents
  --------+--------------+----------------+-------+-----
          |              |                |       |
          |              |                |       |
          |              |                |       |
   Totals |              |                |       |
  --------+--------------+----------------+-------+-----

Give Record for Wastes in Space Below.

  ===============+===========+==========+=============
                 |Average No.| Total No.|    Value
   Kind of Waste |of gallons |of gallons+-------+-----
                 | per day   |per month |Dollars|Cents
  ---------------+-----------+----------+-------+-----
                 |           |          |       |
                 |           |          |       |
                 |           |          |       |
                 |    Totals |          |       |
  ---------------+-----------+----------+-------+-----

  1. What kind of pasture did you use? ______________________
  2. For how many months did your pig run on pasture? _______
  3. Did you cut green feed for your pig? ___________________
  4. If so, for how many months? ____________________________

  ======================================+=======+=====
                                        |Dollars|Cents
  --------------------------------------+-------+-----
  Total value of pasture                |       |
  Total value of green feed             |       |
  --------------------------------------+-------+-----


RECORD OF WEIGHTS BY MONTHS

If scales can not be obtained, all except the first and last weights of
the pig may be estimated.

  ======================================++=============================
  Month          Weight in Pounds       ||      Gain in Pounds
  --------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--
          | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10|| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9|10
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  First   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Second  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Third   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Fourth  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Fifth   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Sixth   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Seventh |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Eighth  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Ninth   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Tenth   |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Eleventh|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Twelfth |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
          |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
    Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  ||  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  --------+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--++--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--


STANDARD PRICES OF FEEDS TO BE USED IN KEEPING RECORDS

Write to your state club leader for the standard prices to be used for
feeds. If such are not available, use local prices which may be obtained
from elevators, feed stores, or local papers. For purposes of comparison
feed prices should be uniform for a club or class.


FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND SUMMARY

    NOTE.—Do not fill this page until the project is finished.

                       EXPENSES

  Value of pigs at beginning               $ ________
  Value of pasture                         __________
  Value of green feed                      __________
  Value of feed                            __________
  Value of kitchen or other wastes         __________
  Amount of labor, ____ hrs.
  Value of labor at 10 cents per hour      __________
        Total expense                      __________

                       RECEIPTS

  NOTE.—Use only spaces that apply to your pig.

  Final value meat hog, ______    lbs.,
    at ____ per lb.                      $ __________
                    —or—
  If a pig for breeding purposes, its
    weight in lbs. ____   and value      $ __________
        Total receipts                   $ __________

                       SUMMARY

  1. Weight at beginning                 ________lbs.

  2. Weight at end of project            ________lbs.

  3. Total gain in weight                ________lbs.
      (Subtract answer to No. 1 from answer to No. 2.)

  4. Number of days fed                  ________
      Average daily gain                 ________lbs.
      (Divide answer to No. 3 by answer to No. 4.)

  5. Cost per pound of gain              $ __________
      (Divide cost of feed by total gain in weight.)

  6. Final net profit                    $ __________
      (Subtract total expenses from total receipts.)

  7. At what fairs did you show your pig? __________
  __________________________________________________

  8. Did you win a prize? __________________________

  9. What were they? _______________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________


ANSWERS TO NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS

  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________


THE STORY OF MY PIG

    NOTE.—Write your story on sheets the size of these and correct
    it carefully before copying it into this book. Insert a picture
    of you and your pig together, if possible.

Use the following questions as suggestions in writing your story. Use
some other title if you prefer:

Why are you a Pig Club member?

How did you get your pig?

What did you name your pig and why?

Why did you select this breed?

Why are pastures or green crops important in pig raising?

Did your pig drink much water?

How did you weigh your pig?

How did you feed your pig?

When did you feed your pig?

What did you feed your pig?

How did you spend your time with your pig?

Did your pig become a pet?

Who visited you and told you how to care for your pig?

What did you see and learn at the pig show and prize contest?

Why are well-bred pigs better than scrubs?

What are you planning to do in the Pig Club work next year?

What have you learned about pigs?

What kind of a boy makes a good Pig Club member?


THE STORY OF MY PIG

  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________


REFERENCE READING I HAVE DONE

(References are numbered on last page of this book.)

  ===============+============+=================
   Reference No. | Pages Read | Your Opinion of
                 |            | the Matter Read
  ---------------+------------+-----------------
       No. 1     |   12-26    | Good, etc.
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |
                 |            |




FOOTNOTES


[1] A kind of flesh meal prepared from refuse meat, entrails and other
wastes that accumulate in slaughter-houses.

[2] Any form of fodder or food, rich in nitrogenous elements and
containing a relatively smaller proportion of fibrous matter and water
than coarse fodder or “long feed.”

[3] Courtesy of W. Kendrick, State Club Leader, West Virginia.

[4] Credit is due the Universal Portland Cement Co. for this material.

[5] Paragraphs 11 and 12 are taken from U. S. Dept. of Agr. Bull. 527.

[6] Taken from Pig Club Instructions, prepared by George E. Bray,
Industrial Engineer, Extension Division, Kansas State Agricultural
College, Manhattan, Kans.

[7] This or the simpler mixture recommended in the project calendar may
be used.

[8] Credit is due Mr. E. C. Lindeman, State Club Leader of Michigan, for
this material.

[9] Courtesy of C. H. Lane, States Relation Service, U. S. Dept. of
Agriculture.